\ QOH SY MY LLY Vt Kitties <& Se SE EET ne sedsaelstadeinetak rciaunmiaen sapessnn osocsisaoommandarenoometanancn emaemonmetremmane oe nomena oscar renee eee Re Re — seeeeg eerste greene ee rn emer y . ; - ‘ , C «ks eS ck : . ‘ A onaenaieemeeanian SRR NS ALANA BAND ANOS ASE ARSENIO ERE BEN Sbaatebas hanes SERENE OO a a —_—— 5 3 : s SEO Le ESE : POR S EPS ME os ee Rs > percrerenerenngi SST : SiS ek ee ane CLK, O59 Nat see = - — > —_ Scie ee eNO Li RE Nae Ses: pe te es * = eer OS « r i} 4 H 4 a f : g. : ee " air “ ‘ -< SS Ie i q - - re ry oe | | | | Supplement to this day's issue. a COMMENCED IN 1881. “Step after step the ladder is ascended.”—George Herbert, Jacula Prudentum Ss S \ Monthiy Record of Information for Planters | OF TEA, CACAO, COFFEE, CINCHONA, SUGAR, COTTON, TOBACCO, PALMS, SPICES, RUBBER, RICE, — A= \Srl N AND OTHER PRODUCTS SUITHD..FOR CULTIVATION IN THE TROPICS. (So Seah) D Ue serene GeO) S Gang, of the “ Ceylon Observer,” ce. “Tt is both the duty and interest of every owner and cultivator of the soil to study the best means of rendering that soil subservient to his own and the general wants of the community ; and he who introduces, beneficially, a new and useful Seed, Plant, or Shrub into his district, is.a blessing and an honour to his country.”—Sir J. SINCLAIR. VOL. XIII. [Containing Numbers I. to XII.: July 1893 to June 1894.) Golombe, Ceylon: Mae. (Se. FERGUSON. LONDON : Mussrs. JoHN HAappon & Co.; Kegan Pau, Truspner & Co, Lrp.; Luzac & Co.; &c. Mapras: Appison & Co. ; CALcurra: THACKER, SPINK & Co.; Bombay: THacker & Co., Lrp. ; AUSTRALIAN CoLonius: Gordon & GorcH, MDCCCXCIY, orate saab Sey hot omen - bobAioas wratasll ‘yok poitamtntel a bnoafl ue A eee t ee me ah Se oe Miche Mo ase ana” | us, eOIF08Y BHT WE Mora vErayy aot asi arouaon 5 a eS “py et ae | 5a is ‘tye te" ial pana: : : TALGAMISS | - ie ee ear Moe AU Dae % | ah “Ayre noid” ayo o> atk ye yo # : iia Mee » as The trad gild whbds of Ter’ ott Yo rotevitlns bik. week Hove to teint bon i " “STi eect ait ys edewice Iotagey tutt Wie. tere shod ae fee 0 ardap ed otar Gated cw Aap nest lptee “fae een ihe othentad: j Layne ee Ciitias. ail v4, tenet ae 7 aa ue: 40V r ae 5 Me. (8881 emul of best gist; Ux ot - 3 4 eda : astaiel at 6. ONL): BD oes ta as PaaS oe ee at So onto B << TO OUR READERS > In closing the Thirteenth Volume of the ‘Tropical Agriculturist,” we would once more direct attention to the large amount of useful information afforded and to the great variety of topics treated in the several numbers. From month to month, we have endeavoured to embody in these pages the latest results of practical experience and scientific teaching in all that concerns tropical agriculture; and our ambition has been to make our periodical not only indispensable to the planter, but of service to business men and capitalists, never forgetting that agriculture trenches upon every department of human knowledge, beside being the basis of personal and communal wealth, While directing our attention chiefly to the products prominently mentioned on our title-page, we have always taken care to notice minor industries likely to fit in with sub-tropical conditions ; and our readers have an ample guarantee in the pages before them, that, in the future, no pains will be spared to bring together all available information both from the West and East, the same being examined in the light of the teachings of common sense as well as of prolonged tropical experience in this, the leading Crown and Planting Colony of the British Empire. Special attention has, during the past year, been given to the extension of the planting enterprise in coffee, cacao and rubber in Mexico, Central and some parts of South America; to the wide field for coffee and other products in British Central, and by and*bye in British East, Africa; to new developments in coffee in the Malayan Peninsula, North Borneo, Sumatra and Java, in which last Dutch Dependency several Ceylon planters have been investing largely. The Tea-planting Industry has sprung into so much importance in India and Ceylon that a considerable amount of space is naturally given to this great staple, and we think it will be admitted by impartial judges that the Tropical Agriculturist should be filed, for ready reference, in every Tea Factory in this Island and India, “The Manual of Chemical Analyses” prepared by Mr. M. Cochran specially for the benefit of planters, and which was begun in January 1893, cannot fail to instruct all who give ita careful persual. The present volume is enlivened by the Collotype Portraits and _ interesting Biographical Notices of a number of the Pioneers connected with the development of the Planting Enterprise in this island, the whole forming an instructive chapter in the history of the Colony. A full and accurate Index affords the means of ready reference to every subject treated in this, the thirteenth volume, which we now place in our subscribers’ hands, in full confidence that it will be received with an amount of approval, at least equal to that which has been so kindly extended to its predecessors. We are convinced that no more suitable or useful gift can be made to the tropical planter or agriculturist, whether he be about to enter on his career, or with many years of experience behind him, than the thirteen volumes of our periodical which we have now made available. They are full of information bearing on every department and relating to nearly every product within the scope of sub-tropical industry. In conclusion, we have to tender our thanks to readers and contributors, and our wish that all friends may continue to write instructively and to read with approval ; for then, indeed, must the “ Tropical Agriculturist ” continue to do well. J, FERGUSON, CoLompBpo, CRYLON: IST JULY 1894, Lintadinotea A: ‘Lunt ore ih fas ibn HOH matsp, fideo tii pL he Ata wre et ri hay it utr - Rh Sn fe ‘ir: PTO Te ges Me hat AT Ty et lates jeadat: ae ma WX} oan re . = Mao “Pirie iG lho? dane - 1 Mptalstoinip, Tasiquas aa es BAe one ie Fics Ji at etl dd a ofa nstonpatins lite “Jo ees enh. Reta epee Jott a. dnt} WI WOT Vey 94 Bartiee, } Be) Rhee Tirieitievinion) bens Tis (yrtaty 10 “ata ari Qittil ySodaet! Pah shire yaa iat Lda tinea ee sibory od) it Hotels tCidsred ly Seta ft nips % Tid’ dotigden hfe TALENT SSE ote u tes” aVawls eth e ftiaes rote Tesiny ade ay oagttad’ ah ik bed ePebae cer heme atrogit Hiuk woiseurtoind sfdnhier ie ify awistdatiden) Dering a. ip] Brey bine A MOO ofp mruaie me. ous dozsifagl dy ah he Bhi tia aay) Hor “uf SAT Mink wire, pia’ arene Ou ecithuval aS: Pi Al Hotidityey st .- ‘ee od ME ip kiame tyes ek op Py iy toad HES EY Sling scuch ETE eT tiee vaya ~ bogey, tenons) Mae IE pteraduid hai, ond MOTD eitiat” ut etanh oly toddn hike salou Tot ied Martell oddone soliton af athe re Whit _ et odoiet i Ml vod fides vane fnadio(T fSen€I dent ¢ lotdiye int acon bene idadieidl feed ; Lee ey tnt aie bear a Pe a“ oonebrocuni doit oa uit quays “od veut -e Coit wy Lest hifi ta dav eransls® om dona iocn tad 4 romney ig wet Dalit al hhyods Winey Fat sa ayant Hy vita. geeks eeghit hirodeah aubol fine T ‘ile! winkd «etd wonton’, 25 “4 Eas: A ele Tok yilesute ieplath eae Ue Bessoagss sian fesiacydt) 1 “gel lhe dositivai ot hy t SORA 4 fae wrested, irae}! rise emt ‘hain he * sme Bis nee ee gre * bres ay Tobey ad H nm wide SS “= a Bish Duh esti adiot J aqdeanon) ad sonata, “i ens ins «10. duigntol is raly-onbtediinr< fadénanos eonaelt ‘di “Te base *% eens Ch dears sisi ifs oor ead ah. uitianot after gift’ fiaelat aide ad Bip aK Bike J ; A) ’ ro” eau Viy8 -of- duniglore wha 97) te TT st Std ahrelfiy xabyl Berit CS a obisscd Sey aelroned daa 10 AP Waly winew shold ddtulordisaotad ot tbs bee Oo ld unt se formosa, Lon dence gu bli: | froyp ¥ _ ; oo) ORS abi vy efi coli one ae ~ ' Ss gow, 5s os vbelae wel sam sig Lua: 1) bldndilud “angie wg 7 haiH Ee, pitas: Nis TO Weed: ati He Wad Ok tool gel se ta fans 84d a; ASR fontbalredg tie dee Sginstle? Wot Ais edit sseigder | bah : auoettsaaohs RP) HO gtk? wottiignnetae: a, aes ee a my, rienhar lLanigotd thie. PO: gt ae PEF RNIE? 7 ols rap Shs berg, paren dria falda wished oFne Mags The ib 4 % hay sabeare 95, 182 —— —-— Sales 16, 5], 87, 110, 111, 116, 124, 188, 245, 252, 315, 332, 390, 417, 490, 5 D233 596, 606, 779, oo ———— Supplies iooeeee ap SAHA — Trade 48, bank} 700, 7 —_-_—., Travancore a, 384 Cinchonidine in India nn aa 4] , Sulphate of oa 401 Cinnamon Cultivation i in Ceylon ca 549 —-- Oil, Analysis of 369 —-- Sales 490 Citronella Oil, Adulteration of 404 —-- , Analysis of 550 369 Clove Galture in Penziher S30 117 Cloves 214, 297 Coea, Analysis « ot 2 290 —- Growing in New York A 798 Cocaine-making im Peru *., S00 51 Cocoa, Analysis of AaB or 30, 226 —--, Consumption of... ot 110 —--, Curing i = 667 —-- ——— in Ceylon... Be 149 -—-- in London vee obi 390 —-- in Paramaribo ois obs 774 —=- Markes.. mH 234 —.--, Mr, Ernest Hart on. a 772 -, North Matale AS: be, 126 ._—--, Pure 28 111 ——-- Sales in London , Tea and Coffee Coconut Cracking or Splitting Machine 738 Crop Prospects 500 ee 6385 Cultivationin Australia. 810 —— in Ceylon 16, 22, 42, 55, 103, 378, 380, 549, 823, 836, 847 [See Supplement] ——— Industry me ce 92, 581 Oia: fat 373 —— Palm, Chemistry ofthe... 106 -~—— Enemies of 101, 102, 117, 134, 143, 166, 725, 732, 818, 831, 836, 840, S47 Coconuts aud Monkeys ..., ocr 247 PAGE. Coconuts, Consumption of bd 31 -, Desiceated 339, 541 ————.-, Habits of ns 250 ——_.’ in Chilaw and Puttalam .. 823, 824 ———.- in Fiji 500 ate 843 — —- in Jaffna a was 191 - in Pemba Isl ands oh 81 -——- in Uva oo ase 42 - in V eddukaddu 699 ——-- in Zanzibar 30, S1 - in the Batticaloa District 335, 343, 651 ‘“ Cottea ”’ Sas on 422 Coffee, Adulterated 423 , Analyses of 153, 846 -~———, A New Book on as 622 — and Cholera Bacillus as 230 ——— and Fibre Cultivation ari 501 —-— and Rubber 5c es 596 —— Berry, Dey elopment of the A23 5 Dr. azilian 126, 240 —— Brg... fan se 774 ——, Consumption of ... ae 109 ——-, Coorg, in Dumbara Valley 245 Cultivation in Brazil 124, 258, 310, 410, 748 —— Culture aye «. 29, 168, 230 ——--- near Bangalore AD 274 -—-—, Customs Duty on... oa 850 ——— Disease in Jamaice. Fe 96 ——— Drinking S 320 -- Drinking i in England sf 707 —— , Duty on nce Ach 32, 110 ——., Fine ... és 50 674 = “orow ing in Bur ma. ae 207 ——, “Hybrid... “0 380 ———, Indian... a aie 462 in America “4 263, 264, 272, 493 in Bogaw. antalawa.. i 701 in British North Borneo Re, 122 ——— in Ceylon . 279, 417, 419 —— inChicago :. cio 12 —— in Coorg ach a9: 811 327 in Dolosbage Ba 380, 385, 039 in Guatemala —— in Haputale cs oA 387 —— in India ae oe 701, 700 —— in Java 164, 188, 653, 678, os oa) 738, 763 Sas in London ‘ 390 — in Malay States ... 14 ——— in Mexico 110, 160, 169, 312, 313, 314, 778 — in Montserrat ii 368 —w— in Mysore as 747 —— in Neétherlands India Ae 121 —— in Nicaragua aes ws 244 —— in Perak cae 812 ——— in Queensland »» P= 1517S ——— in Sandakan a aa 85 == ingthe wal Mastic. a 387 ————._ in the Straits se 103, 129 —— in Uvya.. a 830 Investments in My sore ns 524 —-— [Lands in Mexico .., es, 93 ——— Leaf Disease in Ceylon Jeet 16815,680 a - in Costa Rica... 807 —— Leaves as a Beverage rc §45 ——— Machinery 3 510 —— Manure, Analysis ‘of es 156 ——., Maragogipe Pe aa 24 Market... 376, 381, 469 ———-, Mexican = As 93 Mixtures Rie “3 24. , Mocha . an 601 —— ” Mr. Ernest Hart on a 7i2 ———— near Kandy 384 Notes 110, 150, 188, 231, 2 272, 314, 320 ——— Plantation, A Large ae 391 —— Plantation, A Unique Ses 223 INDEX PAGE. PAGE Coffee Planting in East Africa 527, 738 Electric Light, Tea Curing by © 739 —" -—— in Jamaica 558, 706 Electrical Motors 839 ___________.. in Netherlands Aalean 38, 62 Electricity and Sulphate ‘of Quinine 341 —- in Selangor .. 36, 87, 315 — in Agriculture Bye 41 —— Prospects 964, 387, 388 402, 527, 628, Elliott, Christopher, M.D. me 261 635, 662, 676, 853 English Farm, Story of an a 388 —_--- in the Straits n 24 —— Patents, Selected . 186 ——, Roast ... as a 709 —- Vegetables in Nuwara Eliya 411 --—— Sales in London [See Supplements] — Youths, Ceylon Situations for 16 ———— Seed, Brazilian, for East Afcica 469 Englishman, Tropical... 248 ——— Seed, Wild : 249 Entomologist for Ceylon... 599, 626, 627, 628 ——— Shares, An Action Alien 27 Entomologists for India ... af 29 oes ee i 152, 169, 236, Pa Entomology as pry im for Women 849 ocoa ok state Management in Ceylor + __.__ Trade, English EY, a 126 ~=©Estates, Sale “of 304, 328, 7, 493, 6 666 700, Pa Coir Fibre e 463 Essential Oils 17, 369 Coolies ae the Straits Settlements... 37 Eucalyptus, A New Use of ia 274 ——-— for Tea Plantations ce 151) — - Coccifera... PES 104 Cooly, aaa the West janice 388 —- dae 5 aaa 104 ongo, Prairies of the... j 388 —m— - Regnans ~ Tea Pr ospects an the 679 Thera ry, A Jeylon prhoel of 569, 678 Dyes, Vegetable 7 eee Tea + BAD, 32 Dysentery and Milk Trees 409, 414, 623 Ene yas ‘ae “6 27 4 Poo 7 Hf fone | aoe Frozen Meat, Australian ” 601 E Fruit, Colonial ab ie $08 ; —— Crystalizing of ... 623 Earthworms 3. wig: | eRe Culture, Artificial Manures for 63 East Africa Be Planters. 548, 548 = Bee eae palit 2 Oe Janting in gna. mon 62 Boas se a 749 Eastern Produce and Estates Co., Jl. Ce Pupmne + 384, 426 ey see of ond W Boys Se Cyaan, ee Singapore a aoe Bee ron Bu White’ yShelled Ae a , BOE we 406 > anit i a oe Fruits, pad: of | a as 32 ace i Age of pss le ral tye Seacecs x. pgp =: ila Tea Compa ‘ : Pie > tee wes Bary got OE yagi d 234, 375 Fungicides, Corrosive... 7 se INDEX. G. PAGE. Galaha Ceylon Tea Co. ... one 198 Tea Factory : 344, 610 Ganja, Cultivation and Manufacture of 699 Gavin, John, Esq. : 647, 707 Gemming and Mining Co. ‘of Ceylon... 492 . 70, 142, 215, 288, 358, 644, 716, 789, 860 General Ttems .. Geranium Oil : 478 Gilt Frames, To Brighten ‘ih 411 Gingelly i ee 283 —-— Oil ace 374 Ginseng oct 282 Girls: what to do with them i 518 Glasgow Estate Co. oes 747 Gold Coast Botanical Station a 301 —— in South Africa oe mee 9 ——, Silver and Tea 2 39 Grafting “140, 295, 734 Grape-growing in California ee 125 Grape Vine Be Ae 786 Graphite, Preparation of . Ace 112 Guttapercha, Indian 300 Grasse Perfume Industry .. 51, 304 Great Western Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 344, 347 Greece, Currant Crops in.. 31 Greenbug, Destruction of a 240, 467 Grevillea, Enemies of the bes 626 ————- Robusta Bop ae 389 ———— - Leaves, Analyses of 6 Groundnuts 429, 570, 810 Guatemala, Coftee and Tea in 380, 385, 521 Guineagrass as Fodder... Ge 35 Gum Tree Timber and Tea Firing ... 760 —— Trees be [See Eucalyptus] Guttapercha, Indian ; 00 300 in the Philippines be 134 Hi. Hail .. Soe 853 Hamburg versus Amsterdam as a Cinchona Market ae 769 Haputale, Notes from 484, 529, 536, 537 ———-— , Planting and Transport in 128 Hashish es ‘pe 296 Hawaii, Labour in a8 re 167 Hay, Preparation of 785 Helopeltis e 229, 250, 258, 261, 268, 635 Hemp Drugs and their Uses 379 =, Indian 296 Henequen Fibre 473 216 Hibiscus Esculentus as a Fibre Plant — Hills, From the 5: A 11, 51 Holly Tea ae £33 fas 24 Honey, Analysis of ss wee 799 Hornsey Estate Co., Ld. 340 Horsebreeding 5 142, 214 Horticultural College, Swanby Sc 195 Horticulture seei podsi26, 3d Hughes, Mr. John, and Tea Analyses 246 Hunasgeriya Tea Co., Ld. * 102 ar “ Thea” [See parce, British East] Tiluk Grass, How to Get Rid of ; 773 Imperial Institute, Ceylon Tea at the 198 es . West Indian Courts at the 203 India, Cinchonidine in. 41 ——.-, Natural and Industrial Resources of 379 ——--, Northern, Ceylon Eiaters in 87 ——--, Planting in 526 Indian Agriculture 143, 168, "267, 307, 567 ——— and Ceylon Tea 94, 700, 748, 882 ———. — Companies 337, 338, 409 Investors’ Exchange (Ld.) we 691 PAGE. Indian and Ceylon Tea, Taring of _ ... 181 ««____. Forester ” rs es 29 ——— Guttapercha on 300 —— Jottings 429, 871, 641, 784 ——— Patents 16, 28, 117, 186, 255; "348, 402; 539, 567, 653, 758, 778, 844 Planters, Supplementary Cultivation for 733 Tea 1, 489, 605, 822 —————— and the Chicago ‘Exhibition 25, 123, 489 ——-——— Association 33, 200, 688, 843 —-——— Companies 308, 686, 725, 748, 798 — Crop 182, 555, 678, 818 — Districts ot 754 —— — Exports me oa 347 ———— _ Freights me 781 — Gar dens, Fine Plucking ¢ on 12 ———~— in America 35}, 377, 454, 548, 554, 629, §51, 652, 677, 683, 687, 688, 691, 704, hae 764, 767 — in Australia ... ‘ 266 ——— —— in Persia ; A 238 — Industry, Rise of the... 91 —— ——,, Notesand News 39, 205, 224, 232, 309. 331, 429, 606 -—_-——.--, Progress of ..., 83 ~———, Quality of : 204, 838 = St) Saleg : 460, oo 596, 606 ————— Shares 38 ee — Supplies, Regulation of . 419 Indiarubber as a Covering for House- floors and Stairways Se 806 ——-———,, High Prices for i ll -—— , Prospects of . 470 Insect, A Rare and Large.. 245 Enemies “812, 846, 853 Pests and an Entomologist for Ceylon 599, 626, 627, 628 ——- in Australia ... ; 680 -—— in England ... oie 754. Insects on Fruit Trees 406 Insecticides a : 240, 248, 467, 484 Iron Sulphate as a Stimulant to Plants 360 Ivory and Bone S Eee 846 ——-, Vegetable ong Hd Wy AA Jaffa Orange Trade =f ae 126, 404 Jaffna, Agriculture in 572, 643, 712 Jade Industry of Burma. ... es 627 Jak Seed for Planting oe ue 137 Jamaica at the Chicago Exhibition —. 465 , Chemical Industry i in 542 ’ Coffee and Cocoa in ic 542 —— Planting in = 161 - , Ginger use se 732 —_——., Planting in ae Ace 692 =—————_ Plum... Sie ia 635 Statistics 88 Japan, Agricultural Experiments i in. 32 ——.-- Tea Season i 3 101 Java, Crops in ... att - 150 ——-, Culture System in ... “or 259 ——- Petrcleum eek a 308 Johore, News ... wt 707 Jungle, Extermination of .. 367, 368, 482, 496 Jute Cultivation in Ceylon mt 839 —— Plant oat ae: i 716 K. Kainit 88 Kalawewa Colonization Scheme a4 262 Kangra Valley and Tea... i 820 —_ , Planting in ot 120 Kauri Gum Exports eS. An 526 Kapok Kelani Valley Tea Co. 771, 774, 780 Kerosine Oil, Analysis of .. 372 Kew Gardens 93, 101, 190, 267, 273, 393, 628, 701, 709, 750, 818 Knight, Mr. H. M. a nie 31 ~ Klang, Planting in ori 160 Kola .. 110, 121, 135, 137, 556 Kwanto Tea Association ... oh 738 L. Labour in the West Indies 388 -—_—-, Native, Encouragement of .. 831 Lactic Ferments en 784 Lady Agricultural Investigator, A 248 Laggala District, Rainfall in fad 668 Lanka Plantations Co... 410, 414, 483 Lavender Fields, Surrey ... ny 339 Lawn, Nice, How to Have a os 36 Legal Notes ae 4 Average Per cent. per ent Moisture 5:830 to 6°325 5:938 Extract 57°800 to 40°350 38-841 Total Ash ; 5-050 to 6-024 5°613 Ash soluble in Water... 3122 to 4-280 3-516 Ash insoluble in Water 1°890'to 2:255 2-092 Ash insoluble in Acid... 120 to 296 A arid Insoluble Leaf .. 47:120 to 55°870 51.910 Tannin et . 13:040 to 18:868 15°323 Theine 1°88 to 3°24 2°736 Theine in Tea. Dr. B. H. Paul of London is of opinion that the older processes for estimating the theine in tea are all more or less defective, giving in most cases results that are too low. He has accordingly adopted a different process by which he has determined the amount of theine in a great many different samples of tea. He finds that the theine in Indian and Ceylon teas varies in amount from 3:22 to 4:66 per cent, or in the perfectly dry tea from 3°43 to 4:96 per cent. The following is a table of 28 determinations of teas from various elevations in Ceylon and India. The value of the teas varied from 7d. to 3s. per pound, while No. 10 was valued at from 6s. to 7s. per pound. A. J. Cownley was associated with Dr. Paul in these determinations, and the results were first published in the Pharmaceu- tical Journal. CoO NAN ON Pwrne oe Ps SS) 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Theine in Ceylon and Indian Teas. (PAUL & COWNLEY.) CEYLON TEA. Penrhos ... By si Ons Nahalma AR Hairs from tea leaves . HardenhuishPekoe| Woodstock Pekoe | Souchong nul Radella Broken Pekoe.. R Morton Pekoe Penrhos Broken Pekoe.. Strathellie Orange Pekoe.. Nahalma Orange | Pekoe.. oa Venture prnge Pekoe... 3 St. Leys Pekoe Dust:s... satel Venture Pekoe Souchong Venture Broken Orange Pekoe ...| Calsay “Pekoe Sou- chong ... . Venture Pekoe St. Clair Grange Pekoe.. “| | | INDIAN TEA. Pekoe Tips, mee out tee Broken Pekoe Pekoe fic Orange Pekoe © ...| Pekoe ... Broken Pekoe Pekoe .... “Weak” Tea Strong Tea Mixture.. Average exelud- ing No. 4 ace] 13 Approximate ele vation of place o 1.) 1 ON oS oO 3,500 4,200 .| 4,800 400 2,500 -| 2,000 300 growth in feet. m Theine per g cent. 2s hss : 536 3 S a, |) | 6°8 | 4:56] 4:89 6-0 | 4:56] 4-35 56 | 454) 4:80 6'6 | 2°40 | 2°57 3°8 | 4:08 | 4-24 3:6 | 3-44 | 3°57 4:10 | 4°30 4°6 ; 4:2 |} 3:98 | 4-15 6°4 | 4:64 | 4:96 5:4 | 4:10} 4°33 54 | 4:06 | 4:29 5:4.) 3°74.) 3:95 56 | 3°46 | 3:66 48 | 3:40] 3°57 66 | 3:98 | 4:26 6-2 | 3:22] 3-43 56 | 3°48 | 3:68 4:6 | 3:90 | 4-09 | | | | : 7:56 | 4:27 | 4-62 7:00 | 4°48] 4-81- | G40 | 4:16 | 4-4¢ 4:80 | 4:66] 4-89 5:60 | 4-48 | 4-74 480°} 3:76 | 3-95 5°40 | 3°66} 3-86 6°89 | 4:06 | 4:35 5°80 | 4:18 | 4-43 6°00 | 3:64 | 3°87 5:58-| 4-02 | 4-26 —- 2 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jury 5, 1893, Tannin m Tea. The amount of tannin in Indian and Ceylon teas has beem made a special subject of in- vestigat.on by Mr. David Hooper, F.C.s., F.LC. The process he employed is that known as the acetate of lead process. His results were com- municated in a paper to the Chemical News, 1890. Of prior determinations of tannin he says : **Mulder’s determinations of tannin in teas are often quoted in text books; his figures for black tea are 12°88 and 17°80 per cent. Dragendorff found in teas of Russian commerce 9°42 to 12°70 per cent; Janke obtained a maximum of 9°14 and .a minimum of 6°92 per cent in eighteen samples. Wigner analysing some astringent teas reported as much as 277 to 42:3 per cent. Hassall gives asthe average 15°24in black and 18-69 per cent in green teas; Clark found from 5 to 19 per cent; and Geisler, an American chemist obtained 14°87 as the average percentage of tannin in a Jarge number of packages of Indian teas imported into New York.” Mr. Hooper enumerates 29 determinations of tannin in Nilgiri teas grown at elevations varying from: 3,100 to 7,800 feet. The amount of tannin found yaried from 10°14 per cent in Aratapara congou (3,400 feet elevation) to 24°37 in Green Mandarin broken pekoe (4,000 feet elevation). In six samples of Travancore tea grown at elevations from. 2,500 to 2,600 feet, the tannin varied from 17°37 per cent in Poonmuddie pekoe (2,600 feet elevation) to 21°22 per cent in Seafield broken pekoe (2,500 feet elevation), ? Three samples of Coorg tea at an elevation of 4,000 feet. yielded 15°15 to 16:93 per cent. In Darjeeling tea, at an elevation of 3,000 feet, the-range was from 13°61 in orange pekoe to 17:74. in broken pekoe. In Assam tea, grown at an elevation of 600 feet, he found from 16°18 per cent in pekoe rouchong, to '20°80 per cent in broken pekoe. The following are the results Mr. ooper obtained from 13 samples of Ceylon tea :— Determinations of Tannin in Ceylon Teas. (HOOPER.) No. |Name of Estate.) Description of is | Tea. 10v parts. Elevation Feet Tannin in es | | Glenorchy... Broken pekoe 5,7 19-00 | ‘ 0. .. | Pekoe : 17:90 Brownlow ...| Do ,000 | 20-80" Do «: |) Do 19-22 Yellangowry | Pekoe ¢ Do ... || Do souchong' Bandarapolla | Broken pekoe | 1,600 Do ... | Pekoe 66 Do souchong 1 2 3 4 re “ a Ancombra Broken pekoe | 2,500 7 4) 8 9 10 Do 11} Kanangama * Broken pekoe 20} 20°87 12 Do ... | Pekoe rll 5 § 1748 13 Do Do souchong! Aa 15-41 Average of thirteen determinations | 17-91 From his analyses Mr. Hooper draws the conelusions ‘‘that the finest teas are those that see most tannin, that there is a gradual declensign: of this principle as we approach the souchongs! and |congoys, and) that elevation does not appear to affect the amount ‘of tannin as is commonly supposed.” | Tea Prunings. Tea bushes are pruned about once in eighteen months. The prunings may be buried, sg Fe on the ground or removed ejther to be adde: directly or after burning to the ¢om heap. In any case it is interesting to know amount of fertilising matter contained in the -prunings. Estimation of Fertilising matter and Oxide of Manganese in Tea-prunings. The following is an estimation of the amount of fertilising matter and of oxide of manganese in tea prunings based upon an analysis of the prunings of ten trees from Madulkelle Estate, Ceylon. The prunings were received made up into two parcels for separate analysis, one of which contained leaves, twigs and a few seeds, the other the stronger portions of the branches together with some twigs. Analysis of Leaves, Twigs and Seeds. When dried the parcel was found te. contain 56°67 ounces of dry matter. The dry metter yielded 2:794 per cent of nitrogen and 6°02 per cent of.ash. The ash had the following eomposition:— Analysis of Ash of Tea prinings (Leaves, Twigs-and Seeds). Lime # a a #h 15°61 Potash _... RS yas a 22°13 Phosphoric acid... ey: sy 591 Red oxide of Manganese... eas 291 Other constituents % + 53°44 100°(0 The total weight of each of the above in- gredients in the 56°67 ounces of dry matter was therefore as follows:— Nitrogen ... +5 qed 1583 ounces. Lime a oe i 533 ~ Potash ... ia it. 755 an Phosphoric acid .., ‘a: 22 Red oxide of Manganese... 199: = 55 Other constituents of Ash .. 1823 a Total Ash vee aoe 3°412 a Analysis of Branches and Twigs. When dried this pareel was found to contain 46'257 ounces of dry matter. The dry matter yielded 1-26 per cent of nitrogen and 2°05 per eent of ash. The ash had the following composition:— Analysis of Ash of Tea prunings (Branches and Twigs). Lime 20°300 Potash ... ae Lae sap 2a BOD: Phosphoric acid. “i .. 9°350 Red oxide of Manganese ... of 2420 Other constituents - «-- 42°330 100-000 The total weight of each of the above in- gredients in the 46°257 ounces of dry matter was therefore as follows ;:— Nitrogen “= 583 Ounces. Lime ai se 3 “192 ‘eo Potash” “=: ee a 243 5 Phosphoric acid -. 89 = Red oxide of Manganese... 023 45 Other constituents of ash .. 401 ae Total ash... : 948 The following then gives in tabular form the amounts of the important, ingredients of | plant food contained in the pruwings of ten tea trees land also in the prunings of tea per acre of 3,110 trees:— s MOL sHOt Jury 1, 1893.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3 Important constituents of plant food in the prunings of 10 and 3,110 tea trees respectively. 10 Tea trees. a wn 5 28 z b= RR £EG|RZEe| 62 a+ OS 80) oS 80). ao Bali ifm So Slr lanl = = Sar) aoe} 2+ om Pll sei os aos AZ R'E et 3 Ounces Ounces. Ounces. Pounds. Nitrogen 1583 583 | 27166 | 42°10 Potash... 3 “759 243 998 | 19°40 Phosphoric acid ..| °202) 089 | 291] 5:66 Lime® <--. we] 0383 “192 *725 | 14:09 3°073 | 1-107 4-180_| 81°25- Calculation of the amount of fertilising material removed per annum fron one acre of land by the tea crop. A sample of Ceylon unassorted tea (August 1892) consisting of one-third high-grown from the Great) Western Estate, 4,400 to 5,200 feet elevation, one-third grown. at medium elevation 2,400. feetifrom-Roseneath Estate, and one-third giown on a. lewcountry Estate, Degalessa, was analysed by Mr., R. R. Tatlock F.R.S.E., F-I.C., F.C.S., City Analyst for Glasgow with the follow- ing result:— Agricultural: Analysis of a sample of Ceylon unassorted Tea from High, Medium and Low Elevations. (TATLOCK.) Ash Analysis Per cent. per cent. Moisture ... 4°82 = Nitrogen . 4°38 — Potash ... 2°27 42°04 Lime ase 00 57 10°56 Phosphoric Acid .... “76 14:08 Total Ash 5°40 a If we take the crop of made tea at 400 Ib. er acre per annum, we can with the above ata readily calculate the amounts of the import- ant constituents of plant food removed from the soil per acre per annum by the tea crop, thus :— Nitrogen ... 4°38 per cent of 400 lb. =19°52 Ib. Potash ... Bie PII ” 400 lb. = 10°08 Ib. Phosphoric Acid -°76 ” 400 lb.= 3°04 Ib. Lime ... veel a 400 lb.= 2:28 Ib. 34°92 Ib. The total amount of the important constituents of plant food removed annually from the soil by the tea plant, supposing the prunings are all: returned, amounts to rather less than 35 pounds. If the prunings are lost, the total amount of important constituents of plant food withdrawn from the soil per acre annually is caleulated by- adding to the loss by crop two-thirds of the fertilizing. material in the prunings, as pruning only takes place about once in eighteen months. The loss thus. calculated amounts to 47°59 Ib. of nitrogen, 6°82 lb. of phosphoric acid and 23:02 Ib, otash—total 77'43 Ibe When the prunings are urned and the ashes only returned to the soil, the loss to the soil is all the nitrogen in both crop and prunings, #.e., 47°591b; but the phos- phorie acid and potash in the crop only are lost, yiz., 3°04 and 10°08 lb. respectively—total 47°59 Ib, Manuring of Tea. The planter naturally looks to the Agricultural Chemist for useful suggestions onthe subject of a would give an idea _ portant manuring, and it is certainly greatly to be desired that a simple rule could be laid down for compounding a manure for any particular crop that would yield economically the best results. There are, however, a good deal of data wanting before it is possible to calculate with anything approaching scientific accuracy the composition of a manure that will, even on a given estate, be agriculturally sufficient, without some ingredient being in excess. We require to know the proportion of plant food supplied in the annual rainfall and the proportion lost b drainage as well as the composition of the soil. The amount of. plant food lost in the. soil removed by surface wash would also require to be known and_ allowed for. Supposing the weight of soil lost per acre were approximatel determined, an ordinary analysis of such goil of the loss of available plant food by this cause, e.g., if the analysis were to shew ‘2 per cent of nitrogen, ‘1° of phosphoric acid and -1 of potash, then the loss of important ingredients of plant food would be 43 lbs. of nitrogen, 24 lbs. of phosphoric acid and 2+ lbs. of potash, inall 9 Ibs. of available plant food per ton of soil lost. The amount of plant food removed from-the soil by the tea crop, and also by tea prunings when these are not returned to the soil, has been determined with all the requisite accuracy, and the results have been recorded in the foregoing pages. The analyses of manures will be given in very full detail, in the Chapter dealing with Manures as a special subject. The necessary data for arriving at the approximate commercial value of manures will also be there given ; meanwhile, I give in three tables what. cannot fail to be useful data for manuring experiments with tea. With reference to these I shall first offer a few words of explanation. The amount of manure required to return to the soil exactly what has been removed by crop only, or by crop and prunings may. be termed: a theoretical dose, and in this connection we confine our calculations to the three most im: ingredients of plant food—nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. From the agricul- tural analysis of Ceylon tea and of tea prunings already given, we therefore calculate the theo: retical dose of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash (in the case of crop only) as the weight of these three constituents contained in two years’ plucking, or 800 Ibs. of made tea; and, “in the case of both crop and prunings, as the weight in 800 Ibs. made tea plus that in 14d times the amount of a single pruning, as this operation is conducted at intervals of about eighteen months, thus :— Theoretical doses of Manure. For tea crop For tea crop Plant food, only. & prunings, : lb. per acre, Ib. per acre, Nitrogen 39°04, 95:17 Potash 30 20°16 nee 46:03 Phosphorie Acid . 6:08 ace 13°63 The nitrogen table, therefore, gives the weights of manures in pounds per acre which contain 39-04 Ibs. and 95°17 Ibs, respectively of nitrogen. _ The potash table gives the weights of manures in pounds per acre which contain 20°16 Ibs, and 46°03 lbs. respectively of potash. The phosphorie acid table gives the weights of manures in pounds per acre which contain 6:08 Ibs, and 13°63 Ibs, respectively of phosphoyig acid. { 4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jury 1, 1893. ee | NITROGEN |TABLE. This table gives the weights of varions manures per acre which will return to the soil nitrogen equal to that removed by two years’ plucking, viz., 39°04 lbs.; also to that removed two years’ plucking and pruning, viz., 95°17 lbs., together with the respective weights of phosphoric acid and potash which accompany the nitrogen in the manures. For TWO YEARS’ Crop For Two YEaRs’ Cro ONLY =800 Ibs. AND PRUNINGS. { 7.5 7 c | Ho ae = ; 4 Pa £ = | Boats full Be & £8 a sate Zs | P4bas) £22 2 ease £85 | 2e, | S68 bo] SCf2 | Ses [SESE See | See Description oF MANURE. |Z” .35) 25 57? IEcchEl 264 S28 | feos o's| Bes cr pep eles) Eee ot met | eee? "| See | Se fetee") Sake | oe So aecsaccttes | ie rdenge * < SRs | > Sle Fn ne i oe ne oo STia ao | (1) Cattle Manure No. 1. PB ST ae) Beer 83°3 21,339 53-3 203 (2) me No. 2. v1 6,062 | 5°6 647 | 14,778)" 136 157°8 (3) Sulphate of Ammonia coe 198 _— “= 483 — = ea (4) Nitrate of Soda... a 250 | — = 610 — 8 , (By 208 9089" Botashe., at 340 — 136 828 me 331° (6) Dried Blood Bo i 316 | 5'5 10 770 r2 2°5 (7) Meat Meal (Liebig’s) ad 365 "| — _ 890 — = (7a) sp SfOviy ye San ae 780: | 131° -- 1,889 318° — (g) Guano Ichaboe sh Ace 361 | 34:7 4:3 88] 84-6 106 (O) tee Perinat ees: ie 390° | | 61-7 117 952 150'5 286 (10), ~~ Equalized Peruvian fh 536 | 75° 107 1,305 | 182°7 26°1 | ft) ,, Fish Superior “ 413°} 328 | — 1,008 | 80 bie | 17 ie ee 5 Sold in Ceylon «. 912 47° — 2,223 | 1146 5 | (18) Woollen Refuse (Good) “Fi 580 | 7 1:3 1,291 »} lj 82 (14) Castor Cake = 5 558 16°74 7 1,359 | 39°4 | 17° | Gay aee 4 ,, (Lower quality) ... 780 | 117 117 1,903 | 285 28-5 | (16) Coconut Cake ie fd 1,235 | 16:2 257 3,011 | 39°4 62°6 (17) Bone dust mee : 1,115 | 2565 | 11.2 2,719 | 625°4 27-2 Norr.—Analyses of above manures:—N standing for nitrogen, P,O, for phosphoric acid, K,O } tor potash (1) N -446, P,O, :25, K,O :951. (2) N ‘644, P,O, 092, K,01°068. (3)N 19-7. (4) N 15°6. | (5) 11°5, K,O. 40. (6) N 12°36, P,O, (16, K,O0 °33. (7)N10°7. (7a) N5:04,P,0, 16°8. (8) N 10:8, | P,0, 9:6, K,0 1-2. (9)N 10, P,O, 15°81, K, “03. (10) N7-29,P,0, 14, K,0 2. (11) N945, P,O, 7-93. (12) "N 428, P,0, 5:15. (13) N 7°37 P,O, 13, K,0 25. (14) N7, P.O, 2°9, K,0 1-25, (15) NG, P,O, | 1:5; K,01°5. (16) N 3:16, P,O, 1:31, K,0 2:08. (17) N35, P,O, 23, K,O 1. POTASH TABLE. This table gives the weights of various manures per acre which will return to the o/S n° 4 ; aS e548| 2 | 7 eves | 2 | x Pog oS | Nitrogen in dry matte per cent. .. oe 4°62 | 1:08 | 1:07 Totai ash do do} — 5°67 | 6°637 | 6:871 Ash | Ash | Ash | Ash per | per per |,.per --| cent. | cent. | cent. | cent. Lime te 10°24 | 10°56 | 40:26 | 19-32 Potash ob --| 41°96 | 42°04 | 12°75 |-3 51 Phosphoric acid --| 16°04 | 14:08} 2°05 | 1°83 In the chapter which treats of Cocoa will be found tables shewing the respective amounts of plant food removed from the soil by equal weights and also by average crops of tea, coffee and vocoa. —————— Toe Crimate or Sriancor.—The following particulars regarding the climate of Selangor are of interest. They are taken from meteoro- logical observations for 1892 by Dr. Travers, the Residency Surgeon, It ia stated that the mean average temperature for the year was 80-6° F., being slightly lower than during 1891, when the average was 81°F. The highest reading of the barometer was 29997 on 6th April and 6th December. The lowest reading was 29.628 on 5th October. The highest temperature in the shade recorded -at Kuala Lumpur was 91°F. on 10th, 15th and 22nd Marchand 4th-and 7th April. The lowest.was 61° F, on 9th Februray, 5th and 6th March and 13th October. The greatest range of temperature was at Kuala jumpur, with an average of 24.89. The total rainfall at Kuala Lumpur was 72.43 inches only, against 98 02 inches in 1891. At Ulu Selangor the rainfall was exceptionally heavy, no less than 180-26 inches being registered during the year. No particular season can -be called a regular wet season in Salangor ; thus at Kuala Lumpur the months of Qctoher, November and December were very wet in 1891, no less than 41-56 inches falling, while in 1892 only 14°77 inches were registered during the same period. ®Not determined, THE AVERAGES OF UVA ESTATES. A correspondent interested in Badulla sends us the following with reference to the averages of Uva estates :— : “7 gee you have corrected a mistake made in Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co.’s circuiar affect- ing a Badulla estate. This error is more important however, than you seemed to be aware of, since it very considerably affects the average for the Badulla district, In the circular before me Uva is fifth in order of the list of districts—so far as averages are concerned, Bogawantalawa being first with 11d, Nuwara Eliya next with 102, Dimbula third with 10}d, Dikoya and Uva being bracketed next with 93d. The mistake about the Narangalas, however, makes all the difference. When this is put right, the Uva average—that is the average for all the Uva districts, Madulsima, Badulla, and Haputale—is found to be not 9$d but 10d. This makes Uva the district with the sbird best average, coming immediately after Dimbula, and only 3d, leas than Nuwara Eliya, The proper order of the districts is thus :— Ibe. d Bogawantalawa ... 3 000,000 11 Nuwera Eliya we 2,500,000 103 Dimbula ... 10,500,000 103 Uva «. 2,449,000 10 But if Bogawantalawa ia thus to be separated from Dikoys, I don’t see why Badulla should not te separately shown. I have taken out the figures from the aboye list, and they work out for Badulla, Madul- sima, and Haputale as follows :— BaDULLA AND PassErea.—Average for the district 43:42 farthings or 103d. Mapvursima.—Average for the district 38°60 farthings or 98d. Teen Aware for the district 37:32 farthinga or 93d. Badulla and Passarea one 103d Madulsima vee toe d Haputale see oo Average for the whole of Uva 10d. From the above it will be seen that the average for Badulla alone was 103d which gives the district the second best average in the Island and equal to that obtained by the Nuwara Eliya and Matarata district, much higher in general altitude. I think you will agree with me that justice to Badulle de- mands that you should publish these figures, as Messrs. Wilson, Smithett’s statistics would lead the casual observer to think poorly of the result obtained by Badulla and Passara factories, whercas, taking their altitude into consideration, they obtain the highest average inthe Island, and without any allow- ance at all, are only beaten by one district in the whole Igland.—Local ** Times.” 8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, THE CEYLON AND ORIENTAL KSTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. The Directors beg to submit their Report and Audited Accounts for the nine months ending 31st December last. The purchase ofall the estates set out in the Pros- pectus .was duly carried out, and, in addition, the second half-share of Oodewelle Estate was subse- quently bought upon fayourable terms, The Directors are glad to say that this last acquisition has proved even more a age ee than they anticipated. The weather during the year was unfavourable for Tea, flushing, consequently the crop was not so large as expected, either from the Company’s Hstates, or the Island generally. The entire crops (with the exception of 7,970 lb. Tea and 116 cwt. Coffee. the value of which is setimated) have been sold: the average selling price fo the Tea, in London, being 9°22 pence per lb. During the nine months the sum of £1,230 8s 11d has been spent upon new buildings and machinery, and £1,684 5s Od upon extensions of Vea, Coffee and Cocoa, and these amounts have been charged to capital. Upon renewals and repairs of buildings and machinery the sum of £726 11s 10d has been expended and defrayed ont of revenue. The ex- tensions comprise about 230 acres of ‘Tea, and 245 acres of Cocoa, interplanted with Coffee. The first clearing of 100 acres, planted with Cocoa and Coffee, on Pathraallga, promises +o well that orders have been given to increase the cultivated area of these products by another 80 acres. Mr. Thring, who has recently visited and x ported upon all the Company's estates, is of opinion that both the soil and climate of Pathragalla are eminently suited \o the cultivation of Cocoa—the growth of the plants to date has been most vigorous and satisfactory. It is hoped that this estate will eventually prove a most profitable source of income. Mr. Thring has also assured the Di- rectors that all the estates are in good order, and in charge of thoroug? ly experienced superintendents, and he is satistied that the shareholders can look forward to an increased output of Tea at a reduced cost of production. Recent advices from Ceylon state that the weather was favourable, and the Tea bushes flushing freely. At foot will be founda schedule of the properties, and their respective acreages. In pursuance of the conditions under which the Debentures were issued, viz., that at least 35 Bonds of £100 each be redeemed yearly, the first instalment of £3,500 was paid off on the 30th ultimo. The balance at credit of Profit and Loss Account for the nine months’ working, after paying all charges and interest, and setting aside £1,039 18s 10d. for the estimated loss on the deposit with the New Oriental Bank (but subject to Income Tax), is £5,122 7s. 9d., setae the Directors recommend be appropriated as ollows :— Sie ds To writing off the Preliminary Expenses : Account 5p ee 1,339.16 11 » reduction of the Debenture Issue Expenses Account 1,500 0 O », payment of the Preference Dividend at the rate of 6 per cent per annum are a - 004 0 9 »» payment of an Ordinary Dividend a therate of 4 per cent. per annum, free of Income Tax .. +. 1,485 8 11 » earry forward to next account (sub- ject to Income Tax) .. BsFk. SOURDOSF MieeD The net earnings of the Company, it will be ob- seryed, show a return at the rate of about 12 per cent. per annum on the Ordinary Share Capital, after providing for the dividend upon the Preference Shares. Huen C. Suiru, Chairman, J. Huntiny Ture, Managing Director. Hvuen Cuarman, Secretary. [Jury 1, 1893. ed ScHEeDULE or EsrarTes. Waste and (Approxi- Name of Estee, aoreage = ( Ap- proximate.) Coffee, Acreage Cocos. mate.) Total Acreage Cocoa and Chena Acreage Tea Acreage Ooffee. Aorge. Oardamones. Forest Bogehawatte aaj, DSO sas te. SUR 618 Le Vellon and R -je- falawa me ys Mer | Denegame (one-half) or 416-440 5-1 eee 224 Peacock Hill 50/800) .tlbs (ied eee ade Keenakelle .. 240 180 €0 . .. 530 1,030 Peracenia oo B14 gi au) ae) ae ee O:deville oo B12. UD. cs: wie See a ee Wiltshire and Hampshire ... 285 .. .. 48 12 504 B44 Wanangu Oys ~ .. 445s 30 sean re Moralievya aid Wilton ee Mee Pothiagilla oo OO os) BID aes oe 585 Nortbapane a:d Di egal.a wie £183 = aps Maer. hi eee eae 4,309 334 295 43 12 6,385 11,378 Revenue accovnt from Ist Jan, to 3lst Dec. 1892. To Esrares Workine Ac- 2 +80 £ 8 couNT— Expenditure ineluding an outlay of £726 11s 10d on Buildings Machinery &c. : », GENERAL CHARGES— Managing Director's expenses to Ceylon.. Telegrams end other Disbursements és 1145 1 0 25,506 6 2 1400 15 3. 265 16 3 ;, Lonpon ExpensEs— Directors’ Fees (surren- dered) 2a ~~ ewes Managing Director's re- niuneration, Salaries, Office & Law Expen- ses, Auditors’ Fee,&e, 1,659 9 5 ee 1,659 9 5 ;, Balance to Profit and Loss Account 915499 4 ~), £36,576; 1 2 By Estates Propucr— Net proceeds Ae must show him ways of procedure for gathering further knowledge. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {[AucusT 1, 1893. One would haye naturally expected to see in this work some light thrown on the much-vexed question of the value of salt in coconut cultivation. owever Mr. Cochran cautiously leayes it where it was. lt must anyhow be admitted that coconut trees growing along the sea-border fiourish better and give heavier crops than those grown inland and the point that has to be determined is, whether this improved growth and yield of the plant is due to the large percentage of salt found in such places or whether it may be attributed to any other cause, such as the climate, rainfall or the chemical composition or the mechanical state of the soil. It was desirable that at least one analysis each of the different coconut soils should have been pre- sented to the readers; and until such data are ob- tained, no conclusions could be drawn on the point, though one may be quite convinced that salt plays animportant and rether a peculiar part inthe economy of the coconut tree. The natural habitat of the coconut tree is the sea coast and the borders of the salt creeks, there it flourished without any cultivation whatever, and even when it was cultivated we find the growers selecting similar situations. The extended use of the free products of the palm demanded a larger area under lt and gradually the cultivation spread inland, where we do not find it to flourish as well as it does in the coast. This fact strongly leads one to mark salt as the substance which causes the difference. How- ever it has also been noted that these coast soils are generally free sandy soils whereas the character of the soil assumes a harder texture as we proceed inland. Even in inland districts the coconut thrives better in light soils than in heavy ones. The second observation leads one to the conclusion that the coconut thrives better in loose soils. Now it re- solves itself to the one question whether the soils in the coast are superior to those which are inland, and if so where does that superiority lie? Only an analysis of these different soils could throw a light on this point. The word coconut milk seems to be pretty gene- rally used by foreign writers for the water in the nut. In Ceylon we use the word milk to denote the expressed juice of kernel, which in appearance as well as in composition closely resemble the genuine article after which it is named, and if six to seven parts of water be added to the thick ex- pressed coconut milk, it would form a fair substi- tute for cows’ milk, with rather a higher percentage of fat and less of sugar. The tables Nos. 1 and 2 give the general yield of nuts per tree in different soils, and the manures, quantities, cost and yield respectively, given in the chapter on the products of the coconut palm (chapter iii)* seem torequire much explanation. The tables are quoted from a statement supplied to the Observer by Mr. Davidson. When the figures are analysed and tabulated some strange facts come to light which appear to be against the results ob- tained by practical planters. I give below an ana- lysis of the above mentioned tables which I have made :— I. Unmanured. Yield. 1 Poor soils (whitesandy) .. 2 10 0 2 Dark mould = oF 5 0.0 3 Reddish aoe = 7 0 O 4 Strong rich upland soil bordering the barks of a Yiver .. x 8 15 0 II. Manured with Hultsdorf Mills’ Compost. Profit and Loss. Cost of Mantring. Yield. Loss. £548: 40 1 Poor soil 14 00 1010 0 =830 1060 2 Dark mculd 1010 0 13 2 6 plus 2 11 6 3 Reddish Se ) 14-09 0) Rhee? 4 Strong rich soil 7 00 17 02 0st aero: 0 * Ceylon Manual and Chemical Analysis by Mr. Cochran, vide ‘* Tropical Agriculturist” for 1893. AUGUST 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 107 III. Poonae mixed with bullock manure, &e. Cost of Manuring. Yield. Profit. Liisee id. AS ERATE 1 Poor soil 5 10 0 ieyt OieeO Le LOO 2 Dark mould 3 10 0 815 0 Gao 3 Reddish 2 1Gin 8 9 12 .6 ee LO 4 Rich 2 010 1010 O Hr EPew IV. Tying a pair of bullocks for ten nights. V. One Cart load of husks, Ory uss as Crees nie 1 Poor soil Le 6 43 nO}. 0 Due Loae9 2 Dark mould i 46) 413 8 15 0 (E18 XY: 3 Reddish etal} bo: 912 6 Sins 6nd 4 Rich 1ehG 43 10 10 10 ETS 1G Thus the poor soil yields £5 13s 9d manured with a cart load husks ox by tying bullocks round the trees. aS es The same soil unmanured yield .. We 10". 0 Manured with poonac Ibis KOs (0) Whilst manured with Hultsdorf compost there is a cleanloss of £31Us per acre. The dark mould yield £7 8s 9d manured with husks or by tying cattle; £6 5s, manured with poonac and cattle dung; £5, unmanured and only £2 11s 6d manured with the compost. The reddish soil gives the highest return manured with husks or by tying cattle £8 6s 3d; poonac and cattle manure £7 5s 16d, unmanured £7, with the compost £6 14s‘d. The rich soil gives the higbest return with the compost £10, followed closely by the husks or cattle with £9 3s 9d, unmanured £815, and manured with poonac and cattle manure £8 9s 2d. From the above it is seen that the manures which haye proved most successful in all soils are coconut husks and fresh dung and urine from cattle tied under the trees. The costly compostis a failure in all soils except the richest, and strangely enough it has decreased the net profit in all other soils, The composition of this compost is not given any- where ane it would be interesting to know ib if possible. ns The mixture of poonac and cattle dung appears from the above ta:le to be far inferior to coconut husks and in the case of a poor soil the profits are less than when unmanured. But the question comes now. Have the tables been correctly prepared ? Ifso is it possible, that, coconut husk is a better manure than others ? That rich manures have no effect (comparatively) on poor soils? Or, does the coconut plant depend more on the texture of the soil and the moisture which it is able toabsorb than on rich and concen- trated nutritive matter? Does salt act in keeping the soil moist and porous and improve the condition of the coconut plant? ‘These are questions which if even partly decided should prove of value to the coconut planter. The values of the respective manures were computed above after deducting their costs. But if we look at them for a while without taking into considera- tion the cost of manuring, we find the compost standing first in the list, for it has been able to increase the crop nearly five times in the poor soil, and to a large extent in all the other soils. Poonac mixed with bullock dung and mud; coconut husks; fresh dung and urine from cattle tied under the trees, all take the same rank as regards the crops they produce. The cost of the composts prevents its profitable use in any but vey rich soils. Poonac and dung mixed together must according to the analysis of the manures contain more nutritive matter than husks Butinthe yield of nuts they have proved to be of equal value with the dis- advantage for poonac in its higher cost. However well husks*’are represented in the tables referred to, many practical planters do not rely much on its value except perhaps in very heavy soils, besides it takesa long time to decompose and be of use to the plant. Chemically the substances contained in the husks are not equal to those in other manures, however the former has a large percentage of potash; and has the great advantage of “ quantity,’ and cheapness, It would be well to ascertain from your numerous correspondents whether “husks” conld be given so high a rank as a coconut manure and for my part [am sceptical on that point. Fresh dung and urine obtained by tying cattle round the trees have come up in the same rank as husks and poonac, as regards its yield and when the cost is compared it takes the first rank along with husks. As regards the chemical composition of this manure it is decidedly superior to ‘thysks’ and contain more nitrogen than the poonac, (in the absence of the compositicn of the composts there is no way of comparing withit). The only difficuity which presents itself in the way of adopting this form of manure is the want of a sufficient number of cattle to effect it systematically. Way AGED 2S! Bombay. (The above reviewed by W. J.) The first part of W. A. D. S.’s paper deals almost exclusively with the question as to whether salt is the cause of the heavier crops yielded by coconut trees growing within the fluence of the sea air, over those growing inland, or whether soil, rainfall and other conditions have a part in it. I,;am entirely of the latter opinion and deny that trees growing along the sea-borde are heavier producers than those growing inland in free soils such as are common along the coast. It should also be remein- bered that the coconut groves along the coast are thickly inhabited and are constantly receiving assist- ance from man, cattle, pigs, refuse, &c,; and a garden under the same conditions inland would bear equally well, I have in my Review of the chapter on the Coconut, in Dr. H. A. Nicholls’ ‘ Tropical Agricul- ture,” already expressed my views upon this matter. Here is Liebig’s opinion of salt as a manure :—‘‘ We haye every reason to believe thatwhere the crops are increased by manuring with common ealt alone, or where the favourable influence of salts of ammo. nia or nitrate of soda is augmented by the addition of common salt, the operations of these three salts essentially depends upon their power of diffusing the nutritiye substances p:esent in the soil, or of pre- paring those substances for absorption. * * * As that part of the action of nitrate of soda, sea salt; and salts of ammonia, which consists in effecting the distribution in the soil of other elements of food, may consequently be replaced by careful tillage, the effects produced upon the crops by these salts affords a pretty safe indication of the condition of a field. If all other circumstances are the same, their effect will be much less marked upon a well-tilled field than upon one not in the same condition.” Again after recording the results of certain experiments with salt he says:—‘‘In both these series of experiments the crops of corn and straw were remarkably increased by the addition of common salt; and it is scarcely necessary to repeat that such augmentation could not possibly have taken place unless the soil had contained a certain quantity of phosphoric acid, silicic acid, potash, &c., capable of being brought into operation, but which without common salt was not assimilable.’ These extracts show that SALT can hardly be classei as a manure, as it scarcely, if at all, adds anything to the fertility of a soil; but that it is a most yaluable agent for dis- solying and bringing into an assimilable condition ingredients already in the soil, and thus increasing crops. But this very property would soon exhaust a soil unless the ingredients removed in the shape of crops were restored by suitable manures. W. A, D’S.’s analysesof the tables given in ‘‘All About Joconuts,’ and quoted by Mr. Cochran are in- teresting; and, as he says, raise important questions which it would be well to haye established or re futed. Especially is this the case with reference to the yalue given to coconut husks as a manure; they are placed on a par with pure cattle dung applied directly to the trees by tying cattle to them. This does not tally with experience, whatever deductions may be drawn from a chemical analysis of husks. If the analysis given in “Allabout Coconuts,” of the * Zotad tnorganig 108 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (AucusT 1, 1893. and fied matter drawn up annually by the deciduous parts of % coconut tree Pigs an acre of land by 75 trees bearing 80 nuts per tree, shew the coconut husks are a most valuable manure ; for they contain 611:04 out of 795°06 lb. Troy—the total quantity of mineral ingredients taken up by an acre of trees: that is to say that coconut husks appropriate to themselves 34 times as much nutriment from the soil as the fruit and other parts of the tree (stem excepted) put together! This is truly a reyo- lution, and to me seemsincredible. That planters should have had such a valuable manurial sub- stance at their very doors, for almost next to nothing and still should not have known it sounds ridicu- lous; and if true, would brand us as, at least, a most unobservant lot of men. The husks, penduncle and spathe being restored to the soil, all that would b> necessary, to keep an estate in perpetual good bearing would be tosupply those ingredients removed in the shell, kernel and water of the nut, and these according to the analysis, would be as under for one acre of 75 trees giving 80 nuts per tree: Chloride of Sodium ren He 14-09 Salts of Potash ... cri a 80°20 Phosphate of Lime mts 21°55 Salts of Lime ... nr a 3°50 119°34 Not having avy works of reference by me on this subject, l am not in a position to say how man lb. bone meal and how many lb. wood ashes it would require to furnish 80 lb. salts of potash, 4 lb. phosphate of lime, and 34 salts of lime. I shoul feel much obliged to any local chemist who would afford this information as it would be useful to compare with the quantities of those ingredients usually applied by coconut planters who cultivate. Most planters are awarethat coconut husks contain a large amount of potash; but, believing that the increase in yield would not pay for the cost of burying, they burn them and apply the ashes; but few do even this systematically, or return to eich tree its proper share. They should be burned as directed by me in my letter in the Observer of the 4th April last. What WHOLESALE ROBBERY OF THE SOIL must take place when coconuts are sold with the husks, and on estates where coir is manu- fa tured! We are told that coir dust is of no value as a manure, therefore all the virtue must be in the fibre; let no one henceforth speak disrespectfully of old coir rope: what old rags are to tea, such are old coir ropes to coconuts! To burn husks does seem a waste of valuable vegetable matter which being incorporated with the coil would greatly improve its mechanical condition as well as afford food for the trees; but until it is proved that the increase in the yield of nuts will repay the cost of burying, and leave a profit besides, T think few will care to adopt the planonany large scale. Husks are so unmanageable that they cannot be dug or ploughed into the soillike weeds. Toanyone wishing to experiment on a few acres I would recommend digging a trench between every other row of trees, 24 feetdeep by 3feet wide and fil) in with a layer of husks and a layer.of earth alternately; they de- compose more readily when brought in contact with earth than when they are putin alone. ~ It would be easy enough to institute a comparison between the THREE FIRST DESCRIPTIONS OF MANURE applied, as their effects would be apparent about the same time and also be exbausted simultanecusly ; while the effects produced by the husks would only begin to be seen about the time the other manures were exhausted and would last for two or three years after.. ‘How then the comparison was arrived at it is hard. to say ; probably it was simply based upon the, analysis of the constituents of the husks, and not by actual experiment; and this I think is very likely, and would account for such a high place being ac- corded to it, It remains however, to be awed by careful experiment, whether we may not have hitherto too much neglected what may turn out to he a ' cheap and yaluable addition to more costl c.,”is correct. These assuredly ' manures. If I remember rightly the Hultsdorf Mills’ compost consisted of night-soil, cattle manure, ashes, refuse poonac and the parchment covering of the coffee bean, This manure gave the best results on all soils, but owing to its cost the profits from it were not as high as from some of the others. I am a little puzzled however to know how No. 4 soil with one half the quantity of manure applied to No.1 gave the same increase, The circumstance too that tbe increase from manures 2, 3 and 4 on all the soilsie the same, is a very suspicious coincidence and tends to throw doubt upon the reliability of these labels; and to W. A: De 8: belongsthe credit of having drawa atten- tion to them. ‘The following table shows the yearly value of crop from the poor soils inan unmanured condition, and after being manured; also the enhanced value owing to the manuring: m Value of yield Value of yield 2, after manur- before manur- Increase @ ing ing No. 1. 1 10 10 O ee 210 0 + 8 00 2 1362 °6 oe 6 00 ~ 8 26 3 14 O00 o* 7 00 + Tr=2.0:-0 4 47.) O30 ee 8 15 0 ~ Such O No. 2. 1 y Ba, Ob ia 2 10 0 + 410 0 2 8 15 0 ee 56 00 - 8 15 0 8 9 12 6 ae 7 00 - 2 12 6 4 10 10 0 se 8 15 0 + 1 15 0 Nos. 8 & 4, 1 q ip A 210 0 > 41 0 2 8 15 0 7 6 00 ~ 8 15 0 8 9 12 6 Ge : eee | ~ 2126 4 10 10 0 a 8 15 0 + 1 1 6 ee GARDENING NOTES. RHUBARB CULTURE, 1 have found it best to open a trench 18 in. deep, and sbout the same in width, fill to within 6 in. of the top with well-rotted manure and fine eoil mixed and trampled down. On this I place large pieces of roots having one strong bud, 8 ft. apart, and cover with good mellow soil, rounding it up in a ridge, This ridge will settle 4 in. to 6 in., and oul- tivation levels the service. Planing is done as early in the spring as the ground can be worked. The soil is kept mellowand free of weeds with cultivator and hoe, and the plants make a rapid growth. Late in the autumn they are covered with 6 in. of strong manure, which is raked aside early in the following spring. —_—______.—____ THE MERGUI PEARLING COMPANY, LIMITED. This young Company, floated in Singapore, has the distinction of having already obtained financially the strongest position of any joint stock enterprise in the Straits. It has been started to work pearl apd pearl shell fisheries on the Mergui ecast at the southern extremity of the province of Tennas- serim in British Burmah. The fishery distric*, comprising the islands and narrow waters of the Mergui archipelago, has been divided into four blocks of similar area. Three of these are in the hands of native concessionaries, who hold them directly from the Burma Government. Block No, 3 is that held by the Company, and they have just acquired a lease for three years, ratified by the Government of Budat. The area is roughly 1,200 square miles, and approximately the con- cession is a parallelogram of 40 miles by 30, The directors reside in Singapore and are themselves the chief ehareholders, there being no shares on the market, Aveéust 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 109 In three and a half months’ work the Com pany have raised 25 tons of pearl-shell, of the average value of £120 perton, some realiring as much as £126. The quality of the pearl-shell is much the same as that from Weetern Australia and Torres Straits, which may be put at from £90 to £150 per ton. £80 a ton is advanced on the shell by two firms in Singapore on delivery here, s0 that it can be seen that the Company are turning out a product of good market value. In addition about $3,000 worth of pearls have been obtained, and besides these two of good quality, valued by a professional dealer respeotively at R800 and R6,000, the letter, an exceptionally fine pear), having been got just the other day. It will be sent down to Singapore, and will probably be exhibited on arrival. If disposed of in Hatton Garden it might fetch.even £150 more than its local valuation.— Free Press. ———E——E THE CONSUMPTION OF TEA AND OTHER STAPLE DRINKS. The following is the conclusion of the article con- tributed tothe Aconomic Journal, under the above heading, by Mr. C. H. Denyer :— Sir Andrew's attack on Indian tea crea'ed quite a stir in the “‘ West End,” and a friend tells me there were fora time so many applications for pure China tea that he had to keep a special canister at hand for it. In afew weeks, however, came the reaction}; the Chinese product had not flavour enough, and all his customers returned to their old love. Professional tea-tasting is now partly carried on by smell instead of taste, yet a tea-‘aster tells me that he and his craft suffer acutely from weakness and nervous affections, and are for the most part strong:y tempted to keep out the winter’s cold by liberal alcoholic potations. Would it not seem, then, that there is some possibility of danger if English people take too much t a, and take it too strong ? etit isin these directions that the tide seems to be running: we may, therefore, well question the wisdom of any further reduction iu the tea duty. It was not long since asserted in the House of Commons that the fact that the consump- tion increased 63 per cent. when the duty was reduced to 4d. tended to show that there were-still many persons kept from tea by its high price. It is urged, too, that every increase of tea drinking means a decrease of alcoholic intoxication. These sta‘ements require further proof. My own ex- perience tends to show that tea, and sometimes strong tea, has largely becn substituted for the gruel or milk and water which an old labourer assures me used thirty years ago to form the staple drink of workmen’s children. Of course, the added sugar and milk make this tea, to some _ ex- tent, nourishing, but, nevertheless, the medical profession is strongly and _ rightly opposed to the growing practice of rearing infants on a drink so utterly unsuitable as tea. THE INCREASED POPULARITY OF TEA. One hundred and twenty years ago Arthur Young complained bitterly of ‘tthe custom coming in of men making tea an article of their food almost as much as women; labourers losing their time to go and come to the tea table; nay, farmers’ servants demanding tea for their breakfast with the maids! which has actually been the case in Hast Kent.” (‘The Farmers’ Tour,” vol. iv, pp. 350—2) One may contrast with the aboye the story my father tells of the consternation caused nearly tifty years agoin the then listle village of Leyton, Essex, by the advent ot a new groom from Suffolk, wao actually asked to be allowed to drink beer instead of tea for breakfast, this being the custom of his home. ‘he squire’s wife would not hear of a man wanting beer for breakfast, s0 completely had the customs of the country changed, and that, though you could not then buy tea much under 6s a lb.! So far as I have been able to asorrtain, it is the usual opinion both of doctors and laymen that tea is by no means the thing to aid in the digestion of a heavy meal; yet the so-called ‘‘ meat teas” have be- come in many parts quite a social institution. Our stomachs are hardly like those of the ‘! Cannibal Tartars”’ of whom Dr. Short says: —“ Their deli- cate dish is raw horseflesh, and when their din- ner sits uneasy upon their stomachs, they drink of this (coarse green tea), and it rarely fails to restore their appetite and digestion.” William Cobbett, writing in 1821 (Cottage Economy, p. 13 et seqg.), and vehemently urging a reduction in the tax on malt, so that the labourer might be en- couraged to brew and drink his own beer, draws a highly-coloured picture of the ruin brought into the homes of the poor by tea. He says :—‘‘The drink which has come to supply the place of beer has in general been tea. tt is notorious that tea has no useful strength init. . . that besides being good for nothing, it has badness init because, it is well known to shake and weaken the nerves.” He maintains that an average labourer’s family would save £4 a year by brewing their own beer and giving up “ the troublesome and pernicious habit of drinking tea, ’’ and he goes even further :— ‘IT view the tea drinking as a destroyer of health, an enfeebler of the frame, an engenderer of effemi- necy and laziness, a debaucher of youth, and a maker of misery for old sge, If you fed a lean hog ontea messes instead of malt, he would starve,” and the effect is a8 bad on men asit would be on hogs, Again, “Ts it in the power of any man who has attained the age of fifty to look back upon the last thirty years of his life without cursing the day in which tea was introduced into England ?”’ Cobbett’s argument as to expense has long since fallen through, for the relative prices of tes and beer have now, largely owing to legislative interference, completely changed in favour of tea; and so curse or no curse, we drink four times as much tea per head as in 1821, whiletoday tea is hailed by the advocates oftemperance as havingalready done much tosave the country from the curse of drunkenness. We can perhaps adopt a via media, We may agree with the writer of a paper in vol. xv. of the Statis- tical Society’s Jouraal, that “the consumption of tea and coffee has contributed materially io the sobricty, decency, and eyen morality of the inhabitants of thia country ;’’ but we must aleo remember that, as is maintained by the writer of the article ‘‘Tea” in the Encyclopedia Britannica, “the large quantity of strong tea taken by the poor, though it blunts the edge of bunger, works sad havoc with the digestive and ner- vous systems,” and we oan fairly claim careful cor- sideration of ths whole question before further legis- lative steps are taken iu favour of tea as against beer. Having discussed our tea at such length, and it- deed, the garrulity connected with this beverage is ore of Cobbett’s serious objections to it, I do not propose to do more than glance at the other items in my list of staple drinks. COFFEE, Among non-alcoholic beverages coffee takes the second place; but comes, in this country, a long way after its great rival, the annual consumption in 1890 being only 3 lb per bead. In the Mohammedan world, and in most Oonti- nental countries, especially France, coffee is beyond question more popular than tea; but Mr. S. Dowell (History of Taxation, vol. iv., p. 231) assigns the thre following causes for its secondary importance here :— (1) The incompetence, want of attention, and laziness of our servants in preparing the drink; (2) a» belief that coffee is heating and more suited to a dry than ® moist climate; (3) the heavy taxation to which it was subjected in former years, to which must be added in Iste years the cheapness and excellence of tea and white sugar. Too much weight must certainly not be assigned to the last two points; for tea was always, and ia still, more heavily tixed than coffee, and it was not till 1847, when the taxes on coffee had already been muoh reduced, that tbe consumption first began tio THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {AuGcusT 1, 1892. to decline, a decline that has continued ever rince, in spite of further reductions in the duty, which is n.w only lis, per cwt. Coffee is largely adulterated with the root of a plart which grows freely in Europe, viz., the wild ¢ndivr, or chicory. It is possible that on the Continent chicory was ured as a Grink before the introduction of coffer; certainly it bas been freely imported into Englaud since 1833 to be mixed with coffee. Soon after this dste its cultivation became popular in England; but by 1860, when duty was first levied on it, the home production bad all but died away again under the stress of foreign competition. It has often been stated that the decline of coffee in public favour is dne to the allbut invariable presence of this bitter-tasting aduiterant, but it must te remembered that tho latter is no less usedin Belgium and Devmaik without causing apy apparent declice in the consumption of coffee. In their report for 1888, the Customs Commissioners note that some coffee mixtures sold by retailers coutein as much as 90 per cent of chicory, avd discuss the opinion of the trade tliat the sale of such mix‘ ures injuriously affects that of pure coifee. This they admit to some extent, but urge that the growing preference for tea aud cocoa is chiefly due to the small amount of time and trouble required in the preparation of these Jatter. The duty on chicory is slightly Jess than thaton coffee, avd the receipt therefrom yary from 32 to 88 per cent of thcse from the latter, In 1882a tax of 4d was imposed, by means of a stamp on the labe}, on every ¢ !b. of coffee mixture containing any yegetable matter other than coffee or chicory. here were 2,242,739 such labels issued in 1882, but the number rapidly declined to 887,753 in ’89, though it rose slightly iu ’90. The Oustoms Oommissioners would probably not be sorry to lose the modest £200,000 or less yielded by coffee and chicory, seeing that whereas we con- sume 72 per ceat of the cocoa we import, and 87 per cent of the tea, we only keep 29 per cent of the coffee, the duty on which is thus necessarily collected at a high comparative ocst. COCcoA. Cocoa is gencrally classed by the Ohancellor of the Exchequer in what is called the “coffee group,” aud thus undeservedly comes in for a share of the annual sigh heaved over tke want of elasticity showa by the group. Cocca and chocolate sre manufactured from the exceedingly nutritious fruit of the cacao theobroma. Since 1832, when the previously heavy duty wes reduced, the drinks prepared from cocoa have beeo vapidly and deservedly rising in putlic fayour, The consumption was only ‘018 lb per head in 1831; in 1852 it was ‘121;io0 1872 ‘244 and in 1891 °571. In 1888 the Customs Oommissioners noted tbat the consumption of cocoa had increased 75 per cent. in eight years, owing to its nutritiousness, its ease of preparation, and its cheapness in public cocoa rooms, of which the number was rapidly growing. They held that it was “ largely displacing coffee,and no doubt also alcobolic drinke.’”—H.and C. Mail, May 9. ————————— THE USE OF KOLA. ‘With reference to the report of the recent sale of o large quantity of kola-nuts in Holland in our last issue, Mr. Thomas Obristie writes:—‘‘I hear that the kola-nuts that were sent from Holland to Fraces were wanted for two purposes—the better quality for the food of man, and the commonquality to improve the ‘norse-bread’ which is Leing made in France to replace bay. Tbe French have never bsen clever in making, storing, or cutting bay for transport, but this year the hay crop in France has failed altogether, and so a cemand for food to be pressed into brick-bread, or § briquets,’ after being ground and mixed, has sprung up in that country. The Americans have already had to face this quves- tion and haye found that nothing answered better thin poplar-wood as a bese for the ‘ briquets.’ I wes recommeded by friecds in Paris to adept this wood for more then one reason, especially as it is known ond they ‘an commend any quantity. We have supplied kole-powder for years to certain feeders of horses here, and a small quantity mixed with the food snswers weil.” —Chemist and Drugyist. — —-— > -—. —_ — CLEARING OFF OLD CINCHONA BARK STOCKS. We call atter tion to the following curious episode of bark sales related by the Chemist and Druggist :— In our Trade Report we refer to an extraordivary incicent at Tuesday’s cinchona auctions, viz., the sale of 463 bales of hard Pitayo bark, imported ten years ago, when good bark of this kind was still quoted at 2s per lb. The greater part of this particular parce! was bark of very poor quality, however, and even at the time of its importation it went from London to the Continent, and vice versa, Without findinga buyer. At an average value of, say,6d a pound, the 463 packages which were old on Tuesday represented, ut the t me, a value of about £1,500. They bave teen since quietly resting in 8 warehouse, the owners of which, fail- ing to find the warrant-holders who are responsible for the rent, advertised them for sale ‘* without reserve’ the other day, in accordance with an Act of Parliament which gives them the right to diepose of unclaimed goods in this manner after a certain period. The warrant- holders, of course, knew better than to reveal their identity, and at the hark eales about two-thirds of the bark was sold, much to the amusement of all present, at the record breaking prices of one-eighth to one-sixteenth of a penny a pcund for the greater part, while the best lots brought from lid to 2d. per lb. The aggregate amount realised by the lot was about 1801. tor which the happy buyers secured about 26 tons of cinchona. Everybody was amused excepting probably the original importers who are said to have refused from 4d to 64 per lb. for the parcel ten years ago. The lowest-priced lots were bought by German quinine-makers the remainder by various druggists. Even the best ‘ots do not contain more than 1 per cent., while the commoner kinds are said to represent less than 4 per cent. of eulphate of quinine, Still, the bark purchased by the druggists is partly packed in hide-serons which are worth when in gocd condition about 5s. a piece. SS SS SS COFFEE NOTES. A telegram from the city of Mexico says that energetic preparations are being made in Vera Cruz and Oaxaca to extend the cultivation of coffee. Large sales of land suitable for the purpose have taken place,and the culture is expected to assume great proportions in afew years. It is also stated that this year’s coffee crop in Oaxaca will be very large. There isno doubt that the a prices of coff.e are stimulating coffee productign in all the countries that have suitable land tospare, but for some years the effects of the iucreased planting will probably be slight, as the coffee tree does not bear until the fourth year.—Werchants’ Review, New York. An editorial in the American Grocer ridicules the notion that the duty on Venezuelan, Columbian and Haytian coff:e has materially enhanced the value of ali kinds ofcoffee in this market, but an advertisement in the same paper, over the signature of a jobbing firm, stated that owing to the duty shortening the supply from those countries, the advertisers are importing Java coffee to fillup the gap. Thesupply of Java in this market is very much heayier than a year ago, which fact bears out the statement in the advertisement, Jaya coffee is more costly than the Avcust 1, 1893. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. rit grades that have been partly exciuded by the duty, and itis easy to see how the duty has indirectly affected the pockets of the American consumer when a higher-priced substitute has been used in some | cases. We say, in somecases, because Brazil grades have also taken the place of Maracaibo and Laguayra coffees, at a higher price than they would have realized if Maracaibos and Laguayras had never been dis- criminated against. Itis strange that some papers will not admit that import duties enhance prices, when they are so unwilling to hsve the duties remoyed. If the duties do not increase prices, they must be use’ess; and if they are useless, why not remove them.—/bid. ———————_——____— THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA AUCTIONS. (Telegram from our Correspondent.) AmsTERDAM, Thursday evening, At today’s cinchona-auctions 5,734 bales Java bark were offered, of which only 3,235 found buyers, at a decline of 5 per cent upon the Jast auction rates, the unit averaging on this occasion 43 cents (—about | gd per Jb) For manufacturing bark in quills, *hips | wud crushed from 5c. to 590. (=1d to 103d). ; ditto toot, 9c. to 32c, (= 1%d to 53d); druggists’ barks | jn quilJ, broken quill and chips 10. to dle. (=1$d to 91d); ditto root, 14c. to 27c. (23d to 47d per Ib.) was paid. The principal buyers, in the order of their quinine-purchases, were the Brunswick, the Amsterdam and Munnheim,and the Auerback factories, Messrs. Matthes & Bormerster, and the Frankfort- on-Main and Stuttgart work.—Chemist and Druggist, | June 3. en PURE OOCOA. Srr,—Referring to my le!ter in your journal of May 20, Messrs. Van Houten direct my attention to the fact that their cocoa is not describe as “‘pure,’’ but as “ pure soluble.” There may be more in this distinction than prima facie appears, There is no cocoa in the market which is “ abeolately pure,” strictly spraking. Every manutac'urer cither removes a poriion ot the fat oradds something to the ground nib to makethe preparation more palatable when | infused. A cocoa may be correctly described as ‘‘pure soluble” from a dietetic point of vicw, although it has been treated in a perfect innocuous manner, ¢0 as increzse the proportion of soluble constituents.—Your very truly, D. B. Dorr. 104 South Canowgate, Edinburgh, May 31. —Chenist and Druggist, Juce 3. ——— 2? PLANTING “PICKINGS” WITH A PRACTICAL APPLICATION. The ‘“‘cures” for all the ills that fleshis beir to are legion, but probably many people have not heard, ot that common agreeable and cheap medicament to wit Sucar. “The :ugarcane” is the tile of a long description in the Produce Markets Review of how sugar of which the patients are advised at firs to take not more than lb and never over 3 lb (though 141]b. may be taken afterwards) can cure indigestion, pains, oppression, acidity, nausea, in- somnia, loss of appetite, debility, nervousness, wounds, sores, spo!s of hard skin, ulcerated ears, laringitis, &e , &e., &e. Let there be no fear of any dangerous results from this treatment, for we are told that “of 202 patients treated with sugar only 5 died.” What a good time there isin store for our little ones among whom there would seem to bea prospect of much sickness (though not of a fatal nature) in the near future, and for he yrocerymen too, who will be a'so our drugsisis. Our doctors of medicine would do well to throw physic to the dogs and take to sugarcane culture. The stock movement reports in the Queenslander, give ore an idea of the scale on which stock farm- ing is carried on in the southern continent. Here | area few items: ‘Today there are passing through Jundah, 1112 bullocks from Spring Creek, George- ‘ town. P. Collins owner, George Blackall in charge. The bullocks are in exceptionally fine condition.” * On the 12th inst. Mr. Wiglesworth, with 13 000 good wethers from Beaconsfield, destination Yundilla.” “1,000 bullocks and 600 cows, the property of T. B. Nimmo. passed on the 18th.” This is something like farming ! The following quotation from the Melbourne Leader of June 3rd is of interest at the present moment :— It may not be out of place, without any necessity | for creating a scare, to call attention to the desira- | bleness of improving our system of CarTLE Inspection, more particularly with reference to the dairy herds. | The growing importance of the dairying industry in ; connection with the interests of the producers and consumers alike demands a complete revision of the present extremely slip-shod system. The staff of stock inspectors attached to the Department of Agri- culture has not, we believe, at any time been sub- jected to a very severe veterinary examination test as a condition of admission to office; but if it be granted that some of the older officers in the service | may have some practical experience in lieu of pro- fessional qualifications, that shouid certainly be no excuse for laxity in later appointments. It may of course be regarded as sufficiently in order fiom a Public Service Board point of view to transfer—as per a recent instance—a telegraph line repairer to a postal stock inspector, but to those outside who , have no access to the sources of wisdom which actuate the members of that peculiar institution, the action is not altogether destitute of apparent anomaly. Even supposing the status of the stock | inspectors was improved in a_ professional sense | instead of weakened, it might be argued that the | field of inspection is now becoming wide enough to | demand eyen a more numerously officered system than the Department of Agriculture in these retrench- ment times is likely to be able to command. In such case it might be as well to remember that clause 24 of the Public Health Amendment Act authorises borough and shire councils to register i all dairies within their districts and appoint in- spectors. Surely thisis a duty that these bodies should undertake. For an annual fee that need not be beyond the ability of these bodies to easily defray the services of a competent veterinarian might be obtained to act jointly for several districts. One of the metropolitan districts, we note, has recently seen its way to adopt this course, with the resuit that already upwards of a score of cows have been ' marked as unfit fordairy use. It is not at allimpro- bable that these condemned animals may have beeu transferred to some other district where inspection is not so methodically carried out, and if so that only adds weight to the reason why each local body should appoint its own inspector. The Auckland Weekly News. under “Science and Inventi: ns” refers thus to VEGETABLE Iyory, alluded to in our columns some time back :—This is furnished from the Andean palm tree, one of the most heantifal of all the palm tribes, a native of South Ameri-a, but found especislly in Pern. The stem of the tree is straight and short, and the crown ends in a splendid tuft of light green foliage, somewhat resembling an enormous ostrich plume running up for about 30 it. or 40 ft, in height. The fruitis of great size and con- tains 2 namber of cells or drupes all close together, In these cells are a number of nuts, each about the size of a hen’s egg, which, when ripe, are extremely hard and known to commerce as corrozzo nuts. The kernels are quite white, and have a very close re- semblance in their general appearance to ivory. Many millions of the nu‘s are now imported into thiscountry. The resultant ivory-like substarce is of very wide utility, and in various parts, Birmingham especially, the matcrial is already being used for many purposes, useful as wel as ornamental, for which pre- viously true ivory was exclusively employed. In ‘his curious natural product—or the resultant substance— | there prebably lies» grcat tuture, since (bere apprars to be no practical limit to the production of the nuts, 112 pace sincenttl ie CULTIVA'TION OF COCOA 1N CUBA. The Frenab Oonsul at Santiago, in a report to his Goveriyment, says thet the cultivation of cocoa is clogelyy connected in Cuba with that of coffee, and is carried on at the same time and on the same properties. In fact, every colice planter, if the mature of the soil permits him to do so, sows batween the rows of young plants cocoa berries, which will produce trees that will continue to bear crops when the coffee plants haye ceased to pioduce. It is impossible to dis- cover the preoiae date at which the cultivation of cocoa was introduced into the island, but as this plant was @ultivated in Mexico and New Grenada before thie Conquest, it cannot long have remained unknow:n to the Spanish colonists in Ouba, who kept up constant communication with the possessions of Spain on the American Jon- tinent. It was not, however, until about 1830 that several plantirs made an effort to in- troduce cocoa inta Ouba, and at this time planta- tiong of a certain importance were formed at Figueroa and elsewhere. Unfortunately, for many years the cultivation of the cocoa remained unprofitable, in consequence of the small demand and the low selling price. The price slowly rose how- ever, the number of .tocoa plantations increased, and by 1860 every,coffee plantation in Cuba combined the cultivation of the cocoa, if the nature of the soil permitted it, The cocoa tree lives longer than the ovffee plant, but it is much slower in producing. It takes, in fact, five or six years before the newly plamted cocoa begins to bear fruit; it is at its full ‘bearing at the end of the seventh year, and begins’ to decline at the end of fifteen, but without ceasiing to bear; on some old estates there exist cocoa trees of upwards of fifty years Of age, which still produce. The cocoa is usually planted in sprinjz, by preference directly after rain; an interval of 10 to 12 feet is usually left between the plants. The kinds which are most used are those of Caracas, Guayaquil, and the Creole variety, which latter is said to come from Trinidad. The Oaracas and Guayaquil varieties bear the finest fruit, but they are not so hardy and donot bearso well in Oubaas the Creole variety. The Oaracas, however, fetches the best prices. The crop is gathered from the month of October to the month of August. During this period the trees are covered with blossom, and little bunches of ripe and half-ripe pods. The crop may therefore be gathered day by day, but as it is difficult to obtain the laborers neces- gary for the work, the owners generally pre- fer to harvest monthly or fortnightly. To pre- vent fraud as much as possible, the laborers sre paid by piece-work and receive wages cal- culated upon the number of measures of fruit which they pick. There is no harm done by leaving the pods onthe bushes for one, two, or even four weeks, except, in the spring, when if possible, they should be picked at shorter in- tervals. The cultivation of cocoa, like that of coffee, is undertaken with the aid of colonists, who are hired by the day: The day is‘caloulated from 6a.m.(o0 4p.m., for which time & man is paid about 28. 6d., if food is not included, and about 6d, Jess if it is. The colonists are farmers to whom the proprietor of a coffee plantation has let apiece of ground, with the right to oultivate fruit or vegetables, but with the obligation of yielding the planter half or two-thirds of the cocos gathered on the same piece of ground. Oocoa is weeded in the game way as coffee, but as the cocoa tree sometimes grows toa height of 16 or 20 feet, itis not so much troubled by coarse weeds as the coffee is. The spread of weeds is morcover, chegked in THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘Bpot. fAvcust 1, 1893. cocoa plantations by the continual fall of leaves, which soon cover the grourd. The cocoa is pruned the same way as the’ coffee tree, with a viewto prevent each plant growing too high and mingling its branches with those of its neighbours. It is necessary always to take great care to remove the suckers which are continuelly being thrown up from the foot of the tree. As soonas the podsare ripe, theyare picked and broken on the The berrice, which arefull of a curious syrup are measured and piled up in heaps, covered with leaves. These heap: are ellowed to ferment for two or three days, the fermentation being regulated every morning by a rearrangement of the heaps. This process softens the bitterness of the berry, destroys the gum which eurrounds it, and enables the cocos to dry more rapidly. Moreover, the color of the berry depends on the proper conduct of the fermentation. Cocoa, like coffee, ie then spread for two or thrve deys on a sort of platform made of cemented stones, called a secadero, there to be exposed to the sun and dried. As soon as the cocoa is thoroughly dry, it is rubbed, cleaned of all the detritus which hes gathered upon it, placed into bags, each containing about 105 ib. of cocon, and sont on the backs of mules to the market at Santiago. The conditions of trane- port are the same as in the case of erffee. Each mule carrics two sacke, or 210lb, of cocoa, and travels tcn leagues every day. Each group of twenty mules is led by a capataz and two watch- men, and travels by night to avoid the heat. The conductor, or arriero, is responsible for the arrival of the convoy, which is puid at the rate of 6d. per mile and per mule, or from 65s. 6d. per day's journey of ten leagues. Part of the cocoa grown in Cuba is consumed in the island, but the ber- ries of the finest quality are sent abroad, and generally to Barcelona. Franceimports no Ouban cocon whatever. The Cuban cocoa is, says the French Coneul, exce:dingly fine in quality, and it appears strange that there is no market for it in France, The price of cocoa in Ouba varivs from 12 to 16 pisstres the quintil, and sometimes, but rarely, rises to 18 pisetres, The Osracas berries are sold one piastre dearer than the other varieties. The Consul says it would be difficult to foretell the future of cocoa cultivation in ( ubs. Many cocoa plantations were destroyed during thecivil war, but cocoa has suffered on the whole much Iess than coffee from the effects. In many of the largest plantations in the island, the cultivation of c ffee is now entirely abandoner, and thecocoa plants only are depended uponfcer a return. Many planters, moreover, prefer cocoa planting, because for small planting it isan indus- try which requires much less outlay than coffee.— Journai of the Society of Arts. —————_—___ THe PREPARATION oF GraPHITE.—The action of nitric-acid on graphite, to which H. Luz? has drawn attention, is s'ated to be of contiderable practical importance. The mechanical preparation of gra- phite is not perfectly satisfactory iu its results, and the Prodir me:hod has also its disadvantages, in that it leaves a graphite containing hydrozen and oxygen snd resembling lamp-black rather than graphite: Luzi moistens the graphite with con- centrated nitric acid, and then ignites immediately. A number cf fibres then form on the graphite which largely increases in volume. These fibres are chemically unchanged graphite, and are so light that they floas on water, whilst the inorganic constituents liberated by this change of volume sink to the bottom, The nitric acid can be re-gollected. —Indian Engineer. AuousT 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 113 MR. J. H. ROBERTS ON THE PERMANENCE OF TEA IN CEYLON. Ata time when the question of the permanence of our present staple industry is widely discussed, the opinion of a practical authority in the tea tade with respect to it, is of considerable in- terest. Such a critic s undoubtedly Mr. John Roberts of Measrs. 8. Rucker & Co. He has s!own himself not only ove of the most reliable authorities as to our teas in the home market; but he seems to have seen the various methcds of tea planting in many of the countries whcrein itis pur- sued. There has been much conflicting testimony adduced from time to time relative to this question of permanency. The importance attached to it by the planters of this island wa3 strongly evidenced by the expression of adverse feeling which followed remarks by Mr. J, L, Shand in his speech at the dinner given by the Ceylon Association in London to Sir Arthur Havelock. Mr. Shand assigned a possible failure to what is a comparatively remote epoch, but even this view did not find a willing acceptance by his audience! It is but natural that the planters of C-ylon should wish to remain under the assurance that aa regards tea they have not tolook forward to such a failure as attended the cultivation which preceded it. Therefore they will gladly read what Mr. Roberts said on the topic to our London Correspondent, as reported in his present letter. Not only does Mr. Roberts fully believe in the permanence of the tea-bush, but he further credits it with exceptional powers of resistance to visitations of the character which have almost entirely destroyed the coffee trees that once thickly covered our hill-sides. The ar- gument advanced by him to support this opinion would seem to be cogent enough to warrant hia holding it. The facts he adduced are well-known to all of us. In this respect he is no doubt ina much more safe position than that multiplicity of counsellors in whom we fear that as yet we have not found the safety traditionally assigned to them. In fact no matter that has as yet cowe under public discussion has evoked a greater contrariety of opinion than has this particular one of the permanence of tea. Foremost among those who have of late contributed to this subject hos been Mr. John Hughes. That. well-known expert has told us that tea is a most exhausting crop, far more so than is coffee, and that therefore it behoves us to take heed how we continue to draw upon the constituents of our soil without in some way ensuring to it the return of those constituents, Mr, Roberts does not dispute that from the chemical expert’s point of view alone, this advice is to be justified, but he contends that in his judgment it has been based upon insufficient consideration of the struc- tural peculiarities of the plant itself. These, he contends, make it to a great extent independent of the constituents of the surface soil, which he presumes to be that from which Mr. Hughes ob- tained the sample upon which he has experimented; Deductions based upon such experiments, Mr, Robert asserts, might be fully justified in the case of coffee, while they must be utterly misleading in the case of tea. He reminded our London correspondent that the roots of the first are essen- tially surface roots, baying but little hold on the 15 soil. When thoee roots, as the result of leaf disease, became weakened, they could not take up the nourizhment, however liberally provided in the shape of manure. The oase of tea Mr. Roberts believe to be entirely different. The long deep root seeks a soil which coffee had never touched. It was, in thecase of Ceylon therefore, a purely virgin soil, and to that fact Mr Roberts attributes the wonderful vigour which has been developed by the tea bush in Ceylon. Such a soil, be further argues, cannot become exhausted for centuries (?)yet to come! —and it promises togive the tca tree a permanence and hold of the soil that could never be antioi- pated for the coffes tree, In addition he points out that the tea bush is cow known to take up a large proportion of its nourishment from the air and from the moisture falling upon its leaves, and he contends that this fact largely increases the relative probabilities of the permanence of tea when compared with coffee. He declares his con- viction that with respest to tea, this island is possessed of a virgin soil abundantly supplied with all the constituents required for its healthy and long-continued life. Practically, he believes that we may regard our present cultivation as one having a very permanent character. So far asthe comparison between the coffee and tea bushes and the greater vigour and longer life of the latter in an average Oeylon soil and climate are concerned, we are with Mr. Roberts. But in speaking of a permanence covering ‘‘ centuries,” we fear he goes too far. The subject is, however, a very big one; but on the facts related by our correspondent, two qualifying questions arise in our mind First, did Mr. Hughes analyse soil taken from the depths reashed by the tap root of the tea bush, or only that obtained merely from the surface, or 8 foot or two below it? Secondly,—has Mr. Roberts sufficiently borne in mind the fact that in many localities wherein tea has been planted the depth of scil, though ample for coffee, can hardly be sufficient to satisfy the needs for any long number of years of the deeper-seeking tea bush? On the replies to these two queries must depend to a considerable extent, the amouat of relative value to be given to the opinion of Mr. Roberts and Mr. Hughes respectively. © a TEA AND “THE BITTER CRY.” Lonpon, June 23, The letter which expressed to you ‘the Bitter Ory of Mincing Lane” has called forth a large amount of remark and attention here, Observing how widely this was the case, it appeared to me to be desirable to seek the opinion of Mr. John Roberts of Messrs. S. Rucker & Co. with respect to that letter. That gentleman had not ceen anything of it or of your editorial remarks upon it before the interview had by me wit him, He was much inter$ ested in the perusal of the extracts shown to him, and observed :—‘‘ Iconfess myself unable to even suggest any present solution of the question as to fine and coarse plucking. It seems to me that in time it will find that solution for itself, but without any attempt by any expert to forecast it. To do that, in my belief, is a simple impossibility, for it depends on so many varying considerations and conditions. Stillwe are not with-outa precedent to guide us. Don’t you recollect when the continental demand was all for Rio coffee, and when fiae Ceylon fell as low as 70/ and remained at that figure for an appreciable term? Well Rio went up and up in the market until it reached 60/. Then the buyers for the Continent— mainly Germans—began to think that with 114 a difference of only 10s between the coarse Brazilian kinds and the best Ceylon plantation it was time they changed their operations and bought the latter. They were tempted by the narrow margin. The demand for Rio fell off and prices began to dwindle correspondingly. That for Oeylon improved, and prices went up as the result, Now that is precisely the same state of things, it seems to me, that we have to face now. The cry is everywhere for cheap- ness. It is probably the blending trade which is largely accountable for this, but certainly the reduced means of the general consumer is quite as largely responsible for it. What do we see as the consequence? Pekoes and Souchongs ap- proaching each other so nearly in price that the margin is @ very narrow one indeed. Directly the large buyers begin to see that there is no appreciable relative difference, they will seek the better sorts again. Then up will go Pekoes, and Souchongs will probably remain stationary, for I do not think it possible they can fall much lower than they are at present.’’ It is evident Mr. Roberts does not think anyone can offer your planters reliable advice as to the quality of the tea they shall send home. At the same time he admits that it is a disgrace to Ceylon that its name should father a very largé proportion of the stuff now sold at the auction as Ceylon tea. He fully endorsed the remark made to me by the broker who, as you were told by me recently, was seen by me fuming with rage over a dozen or so of liquored samples of your tea. I8 TEA EXHAUSTING AS COMPARED WITH COFFEE ? In the matter treated of above you will see that I failed in getting any directly useful suggestion from Mr. Roberts, but further conversation had with him on another point of recent controversy bad a more useful result, On my asking Mr. Roberts if he was of opinion that tea was an exhausting crop as compared with coffee, he re- plied :—‘‘I should say decidedly not. No doubt Mr. Hughes was perfectly correct in all that he stated to you, but it does not seem to me that chemical analysis alone should decide this question, There are other important points which must not be lost sight of in determining this matter, one which we know has been left open to much dispute. It is my belief that, as regards Ceylon, tea has every prospect of being permanent. It may be true that the tea bush requires great nutriment, but then it certainly derives much of this from the air and also from moisture falling on its leaves without calling again the soil to furnish it. I think sufficient distinctionis not drawn between the structural characteristics of the tea and coffee plants, and those have a most material bearing on this question, Coffee has wide-spreading roots, but they go to no great depth. It is dependent therefore upon the first foot or twoin depth of soil for its nourishment, and readily takes up manure applied on the surface arcund it. It has no great hold on the soil, acd my belief is that the weakening of the plants by repeated attacks of leaf disease so relaxed the roots that they were powerless to supply from the surface soil, that there was no strength to support the tree. The roots did not nourishit. Now withtea the condi- tions are quite the reverse. It sends down a tap root deep into the soil, soil which had never been drawn upon in any way by the roots of the expire1 coffee. In Ceylon, therefore, when tea took the place of the latter cultivation, the planters had what was practically a virgin soil to draw upon. From this arose no doubt the vigour with which tea flourished in Ceylon from the first, and my THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [AuGusT 1, 1893. view is that it must be centuries yet before tee, which draws only a proportion of its Dutriment from the soil, sbows any eigns of exhaustion or could evffer materially by apy attack of widespread direare. Under these conditions it appears to me that it must be useless to apply manure unless it was dug down to a very considerable depth ; and moreover, as I have said, the deeper subeoil is yet of too virgin 6 character to need this, of course I don’t at- tempt to deny anything of what Mr. Hughes hes written, but I should like to know whence the soil was taken of which he made analysis. If, as may be suspected perhaps, it was only surface eoil, it seems tome that the constituents found do not affect the case of the tea tree as they did, undou! t dly, that of coffee. In the latter instance the surface coil bad certainly become greatly exhausted bad no nourishment to yield. How then can the facts be explained that, following the almost entire failure of coffee, tea, flourished from its first planting in Ceylon in an slmost unprecedented degree? Simply because its roots drew nourish- ment from a soil which had neyer been, and could never have been, drawn upon by coffee. Now it seems to be evident that a few years of tea cul- tivation could not possibly have produced exhaus- tion in a great depth of feeding ground, aud, as I have said, it is my belief that for centuries to come the tea bush is likely to flourish in Ceylon as greatly as it has hitherto done, and [I really think that manuring is ard would befor a long time yet, quite an un- necessary expenditure. Aeration of the soil by turning it over to a considerable depth must, however, always be a good thing, whether manure be applied or not. You denude the tea bush of the greater part of the leaf through which agency it takes up both nitrogen and moisture from the air, and therefore it might be well to aid the plant by thoroughly aerating the soil as deeply as pos— sible. Beyond doing this, it does not seem to me to be necessary to adopt any meascures. Rely upon it tea has practically an unlimited life before it in Ceylon, at least that is the opinion of my owa experience, and what I have beenable to learn from experts, has led me to form.” So much has been written of an alarmist charac— ter respecting the permanence of tea that no doubt the favourable view expressed by so practical an authority as in Mr. Roberts will be consoling to many. His opinion seems to me to be supported upon & common cenge reasoning. TEA IN AMERICA, I found that Mr. Roberts is not at all sanguine as to the future chances of tea in America, He doubts if the climatic infiuences of that country will not prove too strong for you :—‘‘ Look,” he observed, ‘‘at the character. and variety of the drinks which the Americans prefer. They are all strong and highly flavorued, They evidently meet some want due to climatic causes. Hence strong coffee must always remain the favorite beverage of the Yankees. If they drink tea, it must be sharp and biting, and a large amount of green tea is in consequence drunk by them. The delicate fiavored teas of Oeylon will never meet this requirement, and it is im- possible to ignore the demands naturally due to the peculiar character of the American climate. Consequently I never expect to hear that Ceylon teas will ever obtain a bold upon the people there except among the more refined classes, who have probably acquired a taste for delicate teas during repeated visits to Kurops. But that it will ever become popularized I more than greatly doubt.” ‘ AuGust 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1i5 Mr. Roberts’ views on the several points above dealt with have been given by me at considerable length, but previous experience of the value of his opinions has inclined me so to give them.—London Cor: ee PLANTING REPORT FROM THE UVA DISTRICTS CEYLON. Badulla, July 5th. For the past ten days the WEATHER has been very extraordinary. Dull, cloudy, heavy showers. On the 23rd there was a heavy storm and a very sharp fall of hail. I never remember such weather in June—in Ouvih, before. We are now once more having bright sun, with a little wind. It has again been a favourable month for Tua, and Factories have been busy; but pruning has now commenced generally and there will be comparatively little tea sent away from the district for the next few months. Prices of our tea, in common with those of other districts have been disappointing. Considerable acreages of CoFFEE are now being cut out for tea and there will be alarge acreage put under that product in the coming year. ‘The wet weather has been aga’nst poor old corrrr, and unless July- August are dry months very little voffee will leave the district next year. Autumn crops are everywhere short, but high coffee is looking fairly well and only requires alittle dry weather to blossom. 1 think buy has received a check. It does not strike meas haying spread at all during the last month. The Indian Government action with regard to Ex- CHANGE is the subject—naturally—of conversation ; while no doubt it will give investors confidence, itis without doubt aheavy blow to producers for the time, already crippled by the present wretched prices for tea. We can only hope they will rise with the value of the rupee. It would have been a satisfaction had the Indian Government given the public some assurance that they did not propose raising the rate to 1/6 at an early date. ——_—_———_——__—— P LANTING AND PRODUCE IN NETHERLANDS INDIA. Oonsul 8S. R. Lankester writes to the Earl of Rose- bery from Batsyis, March 9th, enclosing his report on the trade, commerce and general matters relating to the Island of Java tor the year 1892. Mr. dan- kestec states :— Generslly speaking the year 1892 has been a fairly posperous one from an agricultural point of view, crops of most export products having bsen normal ones, and in the case of some articles, such as tea and tobasco, considerably above the average, whilat prices, except tor tea, ranged On about the same level as dur- ing the preceding year. importers have also reason to be satisfied with the results of the year’s business, demand having been goodand money plentiful, while the general advance in Prices of manufactures in Europe prevented excessive shipments during the closing months of the year, thereby imparting a healthy tone to the market, EXPORTS Suear.—As mentioned in my lastreport, the weather duriug tae planting season, May to September 1891,” was aaiything but favourable, and although the cane iu most parts of the island rec verad in great measure from the effects of the drouzht, thanks to the rains during the early mouths of 1392, tne qnality of the juice especially in Hist Jsva, seems to have suffered, thereby increasing the cost of extracting th) sugar. Very little was heard in West and Middle Java of the once for- midsbie sere disease, and even in the eastern districts where it still continues moreor less prevalent, it has not spread to any alarming extent nor is it expected to influence much the prospects of the coming crop. The more enterprising among the planters have continued their effor‘s to keep abreast of the times by the introduction of the newest appliances for simplifying aud perfecting the manufacture of sugar, and sundry minor improvements are being made year by year in the method of treating the cane, Prices opened on about the same level as in the Frevious campaign, but were even better maintained so that the average rates obtained by planters were higher than in the preceding year. The total pro- duciion exceeded that of 1891 by about 16,000 tons, about 6,000 tons of which iucrease is due to the out-tura of several new estates in Hastand Middle Java, Up to Dec. 31st the exports of the 1892 crop were :— Country. 1892 1891 Tongs Tons To Europe. 117,548 149,900 Australia 40,800 42,594 China, 52,213 64,227 America 89,792 51,039 Sundries 17,162 10,317 Total 317,515 318,077 The prospects for the coming sugar crop are satis- factory, and by the end of 1892 more than half the estimated production had already found buyers, at rates showing a considerable advance on those Taling for the crop just harvested. For a considerable propor- tion of the sugars rold, the buyers have stipulated the option of taking delivery in an assortment snit- able for the United States, which fact pcinats to the probability of a good demand from that quarter during 1893, No final decision has yet beencore to by Govern- ment as to the torm the tax shall take, which is in- tended ultima*ely to supersede the export duty on sugar. As a provisional measure, however, a tax bas been imposed, to be levied first, durivg 1893, on all sugar estates not producing sugar exclusively for con- sumption in the country, Each estate will be taxed in proportion to the ave-age income which has been derived therefrom during the three preceding years, and the total sum anvually levied will be equivalent to the amount which the Treasury would have received on an average for export duty during the three preceding years had the lat‘er form of taxation not been suspended. Corrre,—The crop of the past year on priva'e estates did not quite come up to expectations, ag many of the low-lying lande suffered from drocgt, but on the whole was a satisfactory one, and with the high prices raliag at bome mus: have given good results to planters. Prospects for next year, owipg to heavy rains in August-November, which prevented the bloseom from setting, are unfavourable, the crop will be one of the smallest on record, but the plan- tations in general look very well, the rains having brought the trees forward, and after the present rest they should bear well in 1893-94, The estimates published of the Government crop in the early part of the year were largely exceeded, the out-tnrn having basen abont 42,000 tons, of which quantity it is understood that about 12,000 tons will be retained for shipment in 1893. For the coming year the yield of Government coffee estimated at not more than 9,000 tons. TEA —Statistice show an iucrease of from about 6,000,000 tb. in 1891 to 9,000,000 Ib. in 1892, but prices in Hurope ruled on such a comparatively low level that planters will hardly have been compensated even by the extremely heayy oropso'tained. Topacco.—The production was exceedingly Isrge, especially of scrubs a3 usually produced by the natives, with the exception of the Bezoekie Residency, where the crop, being a late one, was almost ruined by heavy rain. The quality was fairly good, and prices ruled much the same as the preceding year. Rios.—In consequence of the drought in 1891, the crop although it eventually turned out a large one in East Java, was much retarded, and imports took pace on a large acale during the early months of the year, especially in Mid Java. The harvest was, however, abundant ia the east of the Island, and the 116 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aucusr 1, 1893. natives in that part of tbe country had s0 li'tie need to work that labour could only be procured with difficulty in June, July, and Augnst for suger and coftee estates. The exporte, which concern principally West Java, showed a considerable de- crease as compared with 1891, having only amounted to 18,895 tons. Cocoa.—A larger area ie gradually coming under cultivation, but in consequence of Jss propiticus weather last year’s production was rather smaller then during the previous twelve months. Prices in the Euro- pean markets, however, were somewhat higher; and planters were thus parily compensated for the small- ness of the crop. O1inoHonA Bark.—The production of both Govern- ment and private estates (vide statistics) was con- siderably smaller than in 1891 and prices in Burcpe ruled low, so that this culture cannot be siid to be in a flourishing condition. Planters are discursing the advisability of erecting a cinchora manufactory in Java in order to saye the heavy charges now in- curred by the export of the bark, Nothing definite has, however, yet been decided. Oorra,—TLhe exports last year were quite insigni- ficant; the coconut trees, in consequence of the wholesale manner in which they bad been despoiled of their froit during the previous season, yielded this year little or none. beyond what was required for consumption inthe country, and for the local extrac- tion of oil. It is expected that o fsir crop will be obtained in 1893, but it is likely to be rather a late one. Annex I—Suger prop from July to Juneof following yeer. Country 1889-90 1890-91 1891-92 Tons Tons Tons Europe «y 172,597 194,571 215,431 Australia es B4,468 82,185 48,410 China os 62,688 79,450 98,558 America an 46,301 83,114 60,788 Sundries ae 18,824 23,460 16,518 Total $29,878 412,780 439,705 Annex 2.—Government Java Coffee Sales during 189%. Piculs Average . CG Preanger Sept15 10,000 62 00 Malangs do 5,000 659 76 Sisir WIP Oct. 20 4,000 68 33 Malangs OP do 21,000 62 1h Sisir WIP Nov. 24 400 68 55 Malangs OP do 24.400 62 83 Batoe WIP do 20 67 90 Karangan WIP Dec. 29 786 65 50 Sisir do 496 63 80J Malangs OP do 23,718 61 16) Total Piculs 100,000 ‘ Annex 3,—Government Padang Coffee Sales during ‘92, Piculs eta 102 First quality, April 5 8,190 ox Second quality, do 180 43 00 First quality, June 28 22,316 ae Second quality, do 700 32 80 First quality, Sept. 27 11,345 Second quality, do 420 25°50 First quality, Dec. 27 14,326 on Second quality, do 230 37 «52 —__—_—_——_— PLANTING PROGRESS AT THE STRAITS. From the Report of Mr. C. H. A. Turner, Senior District Officer on the Sepang district in the Selangore Government Gazette, June 23rd; we quote as follows :— ‘The District is purely an agricultural one at present, and, with the exception of the large concession at Sepang, planted with gambier and pepper (10,111 aéres), the other holdings are only small ones. The cultivation of arecanuts had been abandoned for the more remunerative product, coffee. About 350 acres are now growh with padi, the culture of which has been patronised by H. H. the Sultan, by a very sub- stantial loan of over $3,000 to the people in the District, who have promising fields in ‘Tanjong, Duablas and other places, The Raja Muda’ property at Bandar has no lorger the melancholy aspect of neglect which it bore lest year. The smali Malay holdings ae being slowly cleared under the isfluence of the Pengbulus of the mukime, The small coffee plantations on Jugra Hill, worked by Tamils, is prospering, aud I am glad to say that a neglected coffee garden, held under a loan from Government, has changed hands, aod with the short attention it bas received looks promising and remu- nerative. Tho Javanese gardens at Kiapang are all that ean be desired, and a greet many of there useful aud industrious people, who last year dererted their holdings, are returning. Attempts have been made at Klanang, by Chinese and Javanese, at indigo, tobacco and patchouli, which gave good results, but the minds of the agriculturists of the District are now set on coffee, the preeent price of which I bope will con- tinue for some time in the interests of the people and Dietrict. Planting in Lob Cheng Keng’s large estate st Sepang continues to extend, but I think it is more in favour of pepper than gambier. The output of pepper from the estate was greater than last year, bat that of gambier was legs. The soil leid bare by the opening of the Kleng- Langat Road is surprisingly rich, on which coffee, sugar, indigo, padi, fruit and vegetables could be grown successfully and remuneratively, end with little pecuniary belp from the Governwent apd some spread of a knowledge of a District eo little known in planting circles, I see no resson why the whole region between Bandar and Pangkalan Batu shou'd noi be opened up and cultivated. On the whole, I consider that agriculture has progressed during the yesr, as indi- cated by the large export of garden produce, such ss pepper, arecannts, indigo, &., over last year, THE DUTCH MARKET. AMSTESDAM, June 15.—The einchona-auctions to be held in Amsterdam on July 6th will consist of 246 cases and 6,364 bales, about 557 to, divicei as follows:—From Government plantations, 343 bales (about 33 tons); from private plantations 6,021 bales and 246 cases (about 524 tons.) This quensity con- tains: Of druggists’ bark—Succirubra gills, 186 cases; broken quills and chips, 68 bales ang 48 casts; root, 23 bales. Officinalis quills, 12 cases. Of manu- facturing bark—Ledgeriana broken quills and chips, 4,615 bales; root 912 bales. Hybrid broken quills aud chips, 492 bales; root, 68 bales. Officinalis broken quills and chips, 154 bales ; root, 32 bales.— Chemist and Druggist. —_————____——_——_ THE QUALITY OF CEYLON TEA. .{The most cerious view yet expressed bearing on the ‘‘ Bitter Cry ’’ discussion is surely that sent out from London by the veteran London correspondent of the local ‘‘ Times’’ with a full realization of his responeibility.—Ep. T.A.] You will not have failed to notice a passage in the after-dinner speech of your Governor, on the 14th inst.,[in which he cautions Ceylon plante rs as to the policy of maintaivingthe good name they bayve wen for their tea by not allowing the quality to fall off. This advice was well intended, and was well timed if the assertion so often made by your “ annexation” contemporary is correct—that planters can make as good tea as they have ever made if it would pay; but that it does not pay. Now that point is one that deserves special attention at the present time, when Indian tea-growers are constantly asserting that Ceylon is going back in the quality of much, if not most, of its tea, I bave discussed the matter with any number of Oeylon men and Ceylon brokers, and, howeyer unwillingly, they have had to confess that, owing to some unknown cause a number of once well-known teas which took a AUGUST 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 117 high position in averages are now low down in the list. I might name several of these, bat refrain from doing sc, not wishing to sit in judgment on the quality of any particuler outturn of leaf, noris it necessary I should do so, as the fact must be too well-known to need illustration, There are now Broken Pekoes and Broken Orange Pekoes coming to market and selling for $1, which early in last year or the year before realized Is 6d or more, The teas shew no inferiority of make: there ig no fault to lay at the factory door, for they are in appearabce as good as ever they were: bat the old quality is not there. It is useless to continue to live in a fool’s paradise aud delude ourselves with the belief that Oeylon planters can make as good tea as ever. They cannct, and the fault does not lie with them. It is not a question of fine or coarse plucking, of careful or indifferent make; the leaf is no longer the same; it has lost the old malty flayour—so -oft and so fragrant—which was formerly the feature of your high-grown teas. Now all this has left them, and they come out in the cup & weak, washy liquor tasting of nothing in particular. My objeot in putting all this before your readers is to lead them to think the subject out and take action. There is no doubt that some element which formerly was in the soil, and which gave high- grown teas their fine delicate flavour, is now absent and the course to be adopted is to my mind, to obtain the services of a high'y-qualified chemist for a term of years, whose duty it svall be to determine what steps are necessary to return to the soil the element of which it is deiicient. Ceylonis spending £20,000 to open s market for its tea in America, Is it not worth while to spend a few thousands in mantainiug existing markets by improving the quality of your teas? It was thought at one time that Ceylon had a great advantage over other tea producing countries in that the bush could be plucked throughout the year. May not this be a disadvantage! May it not be possible to give the bush an artificial rest, and so help to improve quality ? These are questions thas may te worth considering. What is taking place with high-grown tea from crack ertates happened to my knowledge thirty years ago with high-grown coffee; so long as there were certain elemen's in the go:l on which the coffee bash could feed uigh-grown coffee from the Ramboda, Pussellawa, Maturata and Upper Hewsheta districts fetched in the London market 203 p-r owt. more than coffee from Kurunegala, Dolosbage and such distriets; but in time this advantage disappeared, for the reason that the element in question had become exhausted. It must have been so! On the above the local editor remarks as follows :— The position taken up by our London correspondent on this subject is not likely to commend itself to Ceylon pluntere, nor do we think it tenable. It may be perfectly true that certain estate teas which once fetched a higher price in the London market no lorger do so. But why is this? It is because they are rece:ving less for the same class of tea made from the same cliss of leaf as before, or because they are making common teas in larger quantities. We believe that, if our London correspondent makes due inquiry, he will find the iatter to be the case, The reai test after all is this: Are the estates he refers to paying better now, when they are receiving poor prices tor their teas, than before, when they obtained higher prices? If the answer is that they are doing better now than before all the talk about “deterioration ” will not alter the mode of manufac- tare now pursued. For ourselves we believe that, Sliven only the stimulus of high prices for really fine teas, and Ceylon would produce a larger number of really ‘“‘stand out” full-tlavored teas than ever before. But inducement must first be offered, and the remedy does not wholly lie in the hands of p‘anters. Bat we think most readers will agree with us that if only to satisfy criticism, there ought to be a P, A., if not a scientific, inquiry, THE ZANZIBAR CLOVE-CROP, The 25 per cent ad valorem export duty on cloves constitutes the chief part of the revenue of Zanzibar, This duty, says the British Oonsul, is always collected in kind, eni the sums realised by sales in the course of the year, together with. the balance remaining in hand cn December 3lst calculated at the current rate produce a total value of 400,340r., which falls short 14,896r. of the total realised in 1891. The clove-crop as has been frequently pointed out, suffers from the insufficiency of available labour in Zanzibar. Domestic slave labour is, under present con- ditions'a steedily diminishing resource, and the Arab pro- prietors mortgaged as they are through both the islands to the Indian money-lenders have no available money, even had they the habit and inclination to hire additional 1-bour. They barely contrive to make both ends meet by such crops as they can gather in with their domestic slaves, whom they pass on reciprocally from farm to farm when the short gathering season arrives. A considerable proportion of the crop always remains ungathered, and it is noticeable that large portions of various big estates are falling out of cultivation, It is not surprising, therefore, to find that the total produce of the clove-crops in 792 has fallen short of that of ’91 by some 50,000 frasilas, while that of 790 again was upwards of 100,000 frasilas better than that of ‘91. The steady decline in the produce of Pemba has in ’92 been somewhat compensated by a considerable extension in the Zanzibar crop, but the cultivation generally seems to be decreasing; the crops for the current year do not promise to be very heavy, and prices may therefore still further advance. —Chemist and Druggist. woe INDIAN PATENTS. No, 161 of 1892.—Alfred Horatio Bell Sharpe, Engi- neer, 32, Foss Bank, Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire, Hngland, for combined steam-boilers and hair-heaters for tea-driving and other drying purposes, (Filed 5th June 1893.) No. 28 of 1893.—Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco Works, Belfast, Ireland, Merchant, for im- provements in apparatus for drying tea or other vegetabie substances or other material. (Filed 7th June 1893.) ead COCONUT PALM WEEVIL IN BRITISH HONDURAS,* I.—INTRODUCTION. The industry of coconut palm growing, established within recent years in British Honduras, has been seriously discouraged during the past five or six years by the attacks of the insect commonly known as the Palm Weevil on the trees, a large proportion of which haye been killed. In the year 1888, the Govy- ernment of British Honduras recognised the fact that the annual Joss thus incurred menaced the prosperity of the Colony, and therefore appointed a Commission to examine into and report on these attacks. The Commissioners issued their report early in 1889, and the Government, acting upon the recommendations contained in it, issued a draft ordinance. This or- dinance, which was designed to enforce under penalties the destruction of attacked trees, and was ofa very stringent character, was not persevered in and did not become law. In the autumn of 1892, specimen- of the mature beetles were received at the Royal Gardens, Kew, both from the Government and from Mr, C. T. Hunter, of Belize, who is largely inter- ested in the industry concerned. The specimens belonged to two species of weevils, of which the majority were, as was anticipated would be the case, examples of the well-known American Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum, Linn.). It was then decided to publish an account of the known habits and economic treatment of this insect, so as to present * With two plates, in Kew Bulletin, 118 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUORIST [AuGus? 1, 1893. them in a convenient form for the use of plantrrs engaged in coconut palm growing, who, according to the Gommi*sioners, appear to be generally “‘unac- quainted with the various stages in the existence of the Weevil;” and to serve as a guide towards obtaining a more thorough knowledge of the insect’s habits and of the class of measures most efficient in keeping it in check. The present paper has been written and is published as the result of that decision. {I.—Sources or InvorMATION. The Palm Weevil of Central and South America (Rhynchophorus palmarum, Linn.) is one of the tropical insects, with which zoologists have been longest familiar. i we 3? There is auother and distinct species, the Asiatic Palm Weevil, or ‘“ red-beetle ” of the planters, (/thyx- chophorus fervugineus, Fabr.), a native of India and the Malay region, which also attacks the coconut palm, and closely resembles its American congener in habits. There has always been a tendency on the paxt of writers to confuse these two species, a tend- ency which no doubt has caused the geographical vagaries referred to. Though closely allied they differ in appearance, if not in habits; and it is desirable to yvemember that writers who speak of the Palm Weevil in Asia as Rhynchophorus or Calan- dra palmarum axe referring to R. Serrugineus, and not to the American weevil. Attention to this point is necessary, particularly in the study of periodicals devoted to tropical agriculture, in which the mis- take is constantly made. TIl._Hasirs AND Lire History or THE PALM Wervit.— The Palm Weevil is one of the largest in- sects contained in that very important and extensive group of beetles, the Weevils, of which the most characteristic feature is the prolongation of the head forwards so as to form a snout or rostrum, some- times of great length, into the sides of which the horns of antenne are inserted. The snout, which is always distinguishable in the true weevils, bears at its extreme tip the mouth, very small but neyer- theless elficient. ; The mouthis used for feeding, and by the females in drilling holes, which operation is rendered possi- ble by its position at the end of the snout, or in nibbling patches from the rind of plants in which the eggs are then laid. There has been a good deal of misunderstanding about the snout of the Indian Palm Weevil, and it has been several times said that that insect possesses no, alimentary appara- tus whatever. This is not the case. The beetle, like other weevils, which are, as a rule, long-lived insects in the adult state, can and does feed, and the observer, mindful of the elephant, has probably looked for the mouth under the head, at the base of the snout, which he has taken to be merely a horn with pevetrating power limited by the force with which the beetle can drive it in. The insect can pierce far harder tissues by gnawing than it could ever do by mere pushing. } When the grub has become mature by continuous feeding, broken, however, by intervals when itchanges its skin and emerges from itsold garment clad in a new and larger one, it transforms by a further change ofskin into a pupa. This takes place near the surface of the plant, so that the erfect insect, whose burrow- ing powers are in most 0: the true weevils limited, can break without difficulty through the structures which shield it from the air. The pupa, sometimes enclosed in a cocoon or covering constructed by the grub, resembles the perfect insect, but is soft and pale with the wings and limbs neatly folded down on its under side. ‘he limbs are separately enclosed in a thin skin which is not continuous over the surface, as in the pupaof a moth. As a pupa the insect lies dor- mant for ashorter or longer time, taking no food and being absolutely harmless. At last the perfect beetle, which has slowly matured in the pupal covering, throws it off andissues forth. It is at first soft and pale, and remains in shelter till its outer integuments have hardened, when it sets forth on its work of feeding and reproduction. If an American Palm Weevil is carefully examined from above, it is seen to be a large oval beetle with its upper surface slightly flattened and of a deep velvety-black, with little or no lustre. Specimens which are glossy appear to have lost their velvety pile by being rubbed, and have probably emerged some time; they frequently have a shiny streak along the middle of the back, while the sides are dull. The statement that all the larger and more bulky specimens are females is wrong; both sexes are very variable in size. The structure of the weevil is not adapted for bur- rowing into hard vegetable tissues, and it does not do so, though it may creep into crevices, or dig its way into loose, rotten material and soft structures like the split cabbage of a palm, in which they are sometimes found. In boring beetles the body is narrow and cylindrical, so as to fit the burrow, and the snout, if present, is short and strong, while the shanks, as a rule, are strengthened with teeth or spines set along their outer edge, sometimes for excavating, usually to resist the friction of burrowing, and to throw out of the burrow the debris that is bitten away. The Palm Weevil, with its unarmed shanks and its very small mouth, would have great difficulty in making a hole big enough to accommodate it in the trunk of a tree, and when specimens are found inside a tree, they have got there either through a wound, by entering the hole of another insect, or the soft ts of the split bud, or have been bred in the tree and not yet quitted it. In the latter case the immature beetles will be found near the surface with a thin layer of rind between them and the outer air, oe which they can easily break. One observer speaks of finding the “ parent beetle and three large grubs wrap in the fibre about three inches from the bark.” The beetle certainly was not the parent ofthe grubs, and it must be distinctly borne in mind that, except perhaps when the tree has external wounds, the tle does not bore but lays its eggs from the outside. The perfect weevils are mainly nocturnal in habit, and fly at dusk or by night with a loud booming noise (the Indian weevil is said, however, to fly frequently by day as well). They hide from daylight in rubbish at the foot of the trees, and occasionally, it is stated, burrow in sand; they are also to be found concealed in the folds of the leaf-sheaths and the matted fibre of the head of the tree, or in the holes made by other insects. hey feed freely on decaying sap or fruit, such as mangoes or bread-fruit, and on the rotten tissues of the palm- and cabbage pith, to which they are attracted by the smell of the fermenting juices, a circumstance that affords the readiest and best means of capturing them.* In the adult state they are not known to injure the palms for the purpose of feeding, and as they are the parents of further broods of destructive grubs, the chief point for study in their habits is the method of egg-laying, which is regulated by the iustinct of the insect to place itaeggs ina situation where the inactive grub can, upon hatching, get the food it requires. Whether a tree is selected for egg-laying in pre- ference to others is obviously determined by its condi- tion at that time. As arule, the act of egg-laying passes unnoticed, and the health of the tree only becomes a subject for irqury sometime later, wheu the work of the grabs is apparent; and the inquiry is therefore complicated by the necessity for distinguish- ing between an unhealthy condition occuring as a result of the infestation, and one which may have originally brought it about. The female ig stated to lay ber eggs singly, in ac- cordance with the habit of other weevils, by perforating the rind of the tree and depositing an egg in the hole made. The appearance of the eggs and the number laid by each female have not yet been recorded. It is desirable to know the exact spot selected for oviposition in order that it may be artificially protected. At present the evidence does not place it beyond doubt. It is generally admitted that eggs are not laid in *They also frequent freshly planted sugar-cane sets, in which the female deposits her eggs; this habit is as yet unrecorded from Honduras. Aucust 1, 1893. | the leaf-stalks nor upon the leaf-spike, when their hard silicious surface is unbroken; and the laying of eggs on the stem is limited below by its maturity, and the consequent presence under the rind of hard wood, for the grub is not a hard-wood feeder, but devours the pithy interior of the stem, and, as before stated, the beetle will not lay its eggs where the young larva cannot get ita proper food. Tbe vu'nerable point lies, therefore, about the upper part of the stem, below the attachments of the leaves, and above the woody portion. In young trees, where the wood h:s hardly begun to firm, and the stem is only from one or thres feet long, any point above ground is open to attack, and even, according to Mr. Bellamy, below it. But fuller evidence is required in support of this statemeut, which may rest oa the erroneous interpretation of observed facts. Ta the Oommissioners’ report, the practice of trim- ming the leaves is condemned, but a reason is not given, and cannot be inferred from the statements there made about egg-laying. But in India this fact has been more genera'ly recognieed. Mr. Ridley writes about the weevil, ‘‘it finds its way to the base of the leaf-stalk of the palm, and pushes the egg as deeply into the body of the tree as it cau. Some persons affirm that the beetle lays its eggs in the base of the tree, and that the grubs then burrow upwards. IT have seen nocaseof this. . . . . I bave certainly seen burrows made by some insect in the old stems of the cocoa palm, but I do not believe that they were the work of this animal, but probably of some Lo. gicorn beetle.” All observers agree in condemning the practice of stripping off the old fronds, which by their leat- sheaths so thoroughly protect the tenderest part of the stem. The simplest plan of dealing with them is to bend them down without breaking them, or even to tie them up. It is doub‘ful whether it 13 sufficieat to cut off the fronds at some distance from the stem. If the stalks are not dry the exudation of sap from the cut ends probably attracts the beetles. The female is also ready to take advantage of any wounds on the surface or cracks in the bark of the tree in which to lay her eggs. Such wounds may be made by other insects, for example in India by the Rhinoceros or Elephant beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros, Liup.), in tbe burrows of which into the head of the palm the weevils take shelter; they may also be caused by unskilful trimming of the leaves and fibrous sheaths, and thus afford another reason for giving up this practice. The cracking of the rind is to a large extent due to the same act which prematurely exposes it. From the egg of the grub, at first minute, hatches and begins to bore into the pithof the tree. An observer should be able to recognise the grub, and distinguish it, even when small, from other larve to be found in the palm, those of longicorn beetles and of other weevils especially. In several accounts of grubs being found in trees in various stages of decay, thereis nothing to show that they did not belong to some other species ofinsect. The larva, or gru gru worm is, when fully erown, about two to three inches long, and ofa yellow- ish-white or brownish-yellow colour. Its body is slightly bent and is very stout in proportion to its length, so that the skin whea stripped off is nearly circular. The head is large and horny, and the mouth is at its lower and anterior part; the jaws, which work, as in all insects, sidsways, are ehort, stout aud rather blunt. Its colour is a deep pitchy brown and the jaws are the darkest parts. It is set with a small number of bristles, and there are also a few on the. hind segment, while the rest of the surface is hairless. The skin of the body is loose und wrinkled, and, if the underside be looked at, is seen to be thrown into 11 folde, so as to divide the body into 12 tings of segments. These folds are continued round to the upper side, where there between most of them an additional transverse fold. The body is stoutest at the seventh or eighth segment aud tapers sharply from the ninth t» the tail. The boring of the grubs is said to be upwards, a statement that Mr, Ridley contes's. They feed ou the soft pith that fills the inside of the stem up to the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1f9 growing point, and can be found in any part of it: The tree is killed by their feeding at the base of the eabbage and injuring the growing pcint, whereas damage done to the pith in the lower pirt of the stem does not necessarily provefatal. There is some con- fusion as to their feeding in the head of the tree or not, due partly to the lirve of other insects beicg mistaken for them, partly to a loose use of the term * cabbage,” the limits of which are not taken to be the same by different obeervers. It is the pith im- mediately below the true cabbage that appears to form their favourite source of food. The grub in boring makes a tunne! corresponding to the diameter of its body and becoming larger as the latter increases in size. Itdoes not make holes on the outside of the trunk which can serve aS ®& conspicuous sign of its presence. When approaching maturity it returns to the outside of the tree, according to Dr. Gabb by en- larging the channel along which it has come, a process that must necessitate its turning round in its tunnel. Arriving near the outside, it eats away the inner rind so as to leave a thio sheli,’‘ of the ‘ thickness of foolscap paper,” between it and the outer air, through which shell the beetle can easily break. It then retreats a little way aud constructs a close oval cocoon of the fibres surrounding the pith, that is, of the fibro-vascular bundles running to the fronds. This cocoon is three or more inches long and about one anda half in diameter, and consist of a dense mass of interlacing fibres, mostly arranged circularly and sug- gesting a bird’s nest. No gum or silk is employed in the cocoon, within which the grub casts ita skin for the last time, and appears asa pupa, The pupa, perfectly harmless—tor it takes no food snd cannot quit the cocoon—has a general likeness to the beetle to which it changes. It is light-coloured with a thin delicate skin ; the snout, antenne, legs and wings are neatly and symmetricaly folded on the underside, the snout extending along the middle of the body, the two anterior pairs of legs doubled up and covering the wing-cases and winge. These ore shorter than in the mature insect and lie over the hind legs, the wings projecting beyond the wing cases. The upperside of the abdomen is exposed and its spiracles are now con- spicuous. Under the investing skin of the pupa the beetle slowy develops its organs, and at last splits it and emerges. Soft and pale, it does not leave the tree at once,but waits until its iuteguments have hardened and have acquired their full colour. Then it breaks through the rind which shelters it and coms out as an adult weevil. A certain number are unable to escape from different causes and perish in the tree, The holes made by :the exit of beetles are cons- picuous, and may ,afford the careless observer the first clear sign of the mischief that is going on. They occur anywhere in the soft part of the palm stem, and most frequently just below the head. Cocoons are not to be found in the cabbage, but only close to the out- side in the neighvourhood of the fibre from which they are made. The length of life of the perfect weevil and the time passed in the early stages have not been ascertained, nor have the periods at which egg-laying is performed. These points are less important in tropical than in temperate countries, where the life-periods of an insect are closely related to seasonal change, But in the tropics the dry and wet seasons, at least, infiu- ence the stages of i: sect life, and an effort should be made to obt.in accurate knowledge of matters which are of so grest importance, Prevention of egg- laying for «xample is likely to be more successful if carried out in reference to the seasons of oviposition should any such exist. The Palmetto Weevil of the Gulf States of North Amer’ca (a feeder on Sabal Palmetto) is ssid by Sum- mers (13) to emerge asa pertect insect in September and October, to live through the winter and lay eggs in the early summer, the grubs being found in the latter part of Juneand July. Adult weevils are usually long-lived, and it is possible that the Palm Weevil lives nearly a year a8 a perfect inseot. 120 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [AUGUST 1, 1893. Mr. Hunter believes that there is more than ope brood a year, which is probable, and specimens in all stages sre said to have been taken from the same tree This would show that seasonal development is not well marked, but the observer may have been mistaken as to the identity of some of the younger Specimens found, The American Palm Weevilfeeds on several kinds of palm, probably on almost any kind, particularly of the soft-stemmed palms; among the species it is known to attack are the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), the Oohoon palm (Attalea Cohune) the cabbage palm (Oreodoua oleracea), the Big Thatch palm (Sabal umbraculifera) and the Macaw tree or Gru-gro palm (A crocomia sclerocarpa). It also attacks sugar-cane. Its range extends from South Oalifornia over Central and South America asfar as Brazil, and itis found in the West Indian Islands. The Indian species occurs throughout the Oriental region of naturalists (India, Borneo, Java, &c.), and isalso a general feeder on palms, particularly on the coconut palm and the toddy tree (Phoenix sylvestris) (35.) The range of the coconut palm is therefore wider than that of either insect, and being largely indepen- deat of human agency is so extensive—while its original home, which De Candolle finally considered as being in the Old World, is so doubtful—that it is now impossible to speculate on the length of time that the tree and either species of weevil have been in association. But whether it has always served as food for the American Palm Weevil or not, it is now perfectly clear that the insect is not dependent on that tree alone, and that ‘‘its extirpation could not be effected in Honduras by cutting down and destroying every single coconut palm in the colony.” Honduras possesses as large if not a larger variety and number of palms than perhaps any other region where the coconut is cultivated, and the greater proportion of the country is in a wild state and can- not be dealt with by any economic measures; there at all events, it would appear that the natural food of the insect consists of wild palms, from which its attention has been civerted to the coconut plantations. Of these wild species the chief is the common Cohoon or Corozo palm, which does not grow in the same situations as the coconut tree, but in the rich alluvial soil of the Oorozal, or cohoon ridges. These ridges are really depressions between the series of quartz elevations running more or less at right angles to the seaboard. The coconut, a lover of sandy soil near the coast, is grown in plantations as a rule not nearer than five or six miles to the cohoon ridges, but which in some _ cases lie close to them. The land of the ridges is valued for banana growing, and for this purpose, and not for growing coconuts for which the goil is un- suitable, the cohoon and other palms have been ex- tensively felled and allowed to lie upon the ground ; this has resulted in a large increase in the numbers of the weevils, which have bred in the felled trunks. As long as they are feeding on wild plants they are | not likely to multiply fast, because a balance will have established itself between the rate of increase of the trees and the causes tending to diminish the number of the beetles on the one hand, and the rate of propagation and destructiveness of the latter on the other hand—otherwise beetles or palms must gradually die out; and observers in Jamaica and India have roticed that the number of wild palms is not sensibly affected by the presence of the weevils. But if this balance is disturbed by external causes such a3 the cutting of cohoon palms, which fayour the qecemles a large inoreate in their numbers will result, There is good reason for supposing that the exten- siye injury to coconnt plantations is largely due to the swarms of weevils thus bred. In the Commis- -Bioners’ report Mr. Baber in his evidence states that he oconciders the proximity of a cohoon ridge to be a source of danger; and Mr. Hunter has in- formed the writer that little was known of the beetle until about 1888, a period which coincided with wholesale felling of cohoon palms in order to bring the ridges under cultivation, As there is o particular sage when the eoconuts becomes liable to attack, namely, at the time of its first bearing, between four ani six years old, it is possible that there is mercly a coincidence in time and no further connexion between the clearing of the ridge and the damege dove to the palms on their approach to maturity, Mr. Schofield, however, states that among some 2,000 trees planted about seven or eight years previously only a tew isolate! cases of disease had appeared until the end of 1888, * some five trees alto- gether having succumbed to the attecks of “ the bug,”’ This tends to negative the idea of a coincidence for the majority of his trees must bave rcached maturity without being immediately attacked. As before mentioned the palm does not prove at- tractive tothe beetle till it begins to come into bearing at an age from four to seven years, when the terminal bud becomes larger and more juicy, Atthis period the tree has some three feet of stem, and it remains liable to attack until it is about 12 years old and has some 12 or 14 feet of stem. If itis free up to that age it is rarely attacked afterwards, The greatest damage takes place from the middle to the end of the dry eeason, that is, about July to September, and perhaps corresponds to a period of egg-laying at the begin- ning of the season, It bas been stat____—_- Tue Kanera Vattey Tea planters are at last becoming alive to the immense value of the water power that at present runs to waste at their very doors. This has been recently utilized by the Manager of the Bundla Tea Company Limited who has erected a ‘Hercules’ type turbine for driving his tea machin ry, Heis the first to aval himself of water power in the Kangra Valley. If his example is followed it will, says the Lahore paper, almost revolutionise the tea industry and save lakhs of rupees to the large concerns which at present use steam, firewood for which has to be carried on coolies’ heads at great expense. Mor- over, ‘he indigcrimate cutting of timber has a direct influence on the rainfall and nothing whatever is being done by goshi or private individuals to plant out.—Madras Wail, June 13th. Avcust 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. rat nn nnn nn EIEN CHINA TEA AND PROSPECTS. Consul RB. W. Mansfield, in his latest report, on the trade of Foochow, to the Harl of Rosebery, states :— The days of empty steamers coming to lie here to await high freigh's on the opeving of the tea market have gone never to return. The Foochow tea business in London is now 60 small that shippers absolutely decline to ship in empty bottoms, which means flood- ing the market with more tea than is wanted at cne time aod an uonaturel depression of prices. When the market opens in June the ordinary liners call in on their way home from Shanghai and take what- ever oargo may be Offering. After referring to last year’s tea trade experiences, it is stated :— A good deal has been said of late about a reaction of taste in the United Kingdom in favour of Ohina tea, but it is slow in becoming apparent to those engaged in the trade of the Far Hist. It is idle to talk of the remission of the Jekin tax, or partial reduction of the export duty, as the Ohinese Government will not listen to it; but assisted in thia way, were it possible, Ohina tea would be placed on fair competing terms with India and Oeylon, and a resuscitation of the trade come about. Hach session for 12 years past the supplies of tea have grown smaller and gmaller, and this season proves no ex- ception. The falling off is about 20,000 chesta of Oongou, or 6 per cent the figures being 327,000 chests against 347,000. Unless something be done towards lowering the heavy charges by the Chinese Government on teas before they leave the country, it is hopeless to expect the Foochow articleto compete with the untaxed product of India and Ceylon, and the trade must inevitably dwind'’e away. The charges I allude to are, roughly speaking, per picul--Lekin taxand other charges from the producing districts to Foochow, Tls. 2°70; export duty, Tle 2°50; total Tls. 5:20. Thisis an enormous percentage, especially on the cheap Congous which form the bulk of the Foochow export. By their short sighted policy the Chinese authorities are thus gradually but surely killing a once prosperous industry which gave employment to thouss:da of their people. A Temoval or even a consicerable reduction in these im- posts would doubtless go far to revive the trate even now in almost its moribund state, for the cost of production must always be less than in India and Oeylop, and the question of price is, I take, after all the crucial point. If fair Ohina tea is to be bought in England considerably cheaper than other kinds, the poorer olasses will inevitably use it, I merely record the above opinion, but have little expectation that the Ohinese authorities will ever be induced to take this practical view of the question. een NETHERLANDS INDIA; OorrrE—Topacco GROWING, The Surabaya Courant states that, in Hast Javs, the coffee crop has turned out disappointingly short. Planters complain, too, of unseasonably wet weather which seriously interferes with clearing operations. Papers laid before the Netherlands States General show that tobacco growing in Palembing does not answer expectations, av, out of 15 estates leased out in 1891, only two are now under cultivation. On one of these remaining estates, the yield is found too small to prove remunerative. On the other estate, the outturn was larger, but the quality fell short. In Indragiri, a Horopean has started tobacco growing with encouraging results at the outset, but further trials show that the cultivation of the leaf does not turn out profitable there. 1n Sambas, three tobacco plantations, passing by the names of Serabe, Sikam- poug, and Lorong have raised large crops.—Straits Times, July 4th. 16 A TEA GARDEN AND FACTORY AT THE CRYSTAL PALACE. (Fron a Correspondent.) London, June 28. On page 739 of the Tropical Agriculturist you refer to the tea garden at the Crystal Palace. You may not know that it was Mr. Gaselee who was induced to embark in this speculation, The loss he sus- tained so preyed on his mind that he committed suicide by shooting himself. It was a wild specu- lation and was unknown to his friends until it was too late to extricate him from his liability. I enclose you the only card I have:— Maccrecor & GdAsELFE, Tea Planters, late of Assam. Royal Indian Tea Factory, Near North Tower, Crystal Palace, S.E. Mr. Gasslee had been for years in Ceylon and India, ao uncle of his was a judge in India for years. Si “THE MAGAZINE OF THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE,” In the July number, with which begins the fifth volume, the discussion on the subject of supplement- ing our fodder supply by pressing the leaves and twigs of trees into use, is taken up, and the latest researches and opinions on the subject noticed. The articles on red spider and the orange rust mite deal with the nature of the work, and methods of meeting tbe attack, of thesecommon pests. —___—_ THE DUTCH MARKET. AmsTERDAM, June 23. CixcHons.—All the analyses for our sales on July 6th next have been published now: The manufactnri bark containe 25 tons sulphate of quinine, or 46 per cent on the average. About 6 tons contein 1-2 per cent, 49 tons 2-3 per cent, 141 tons 8-4 per cent, 162 tons 4-5 per cent, 93 tone 56 percent, 54 tons 67 per cent, 39 tons 7-8 per cent, and 1 ton 9-10 per cent tulphate of quinine. The auctions contain 556 tons, instead of 657 toos as formerly stated.— Chemist and Drvggist. —_——— A CEYLON PLANTER IN BRAZIL, (For the “Ceylon Observer” and“ Tropical Agriculturist.”) COFFEE is the only thing tliat holds its own: the Fazendeiros or Coffee Planters continue to increase theie fortune with low exchange, for the gold value of coffee still keeps up. The coffee crop for Rio is estimated at 2,700,000 bags of 60 kilos. Santos nearly as much. 1n S. Paulo old coffee will give little owing to « long drought last year, but there is a large extent of young coffee coming into bearing, which dry weather did not much damage, which will make up the de- ficiency on tte old. In that State Inbour forces are being kept up by European immigration. A law was passed last year for allowing Chinese Immigration, and a Mission consisling of an Am- barsador and staff went from here a month ago to Ohina, to. make a treaty with the Celestial Empire. They will have past by your port before you receive this. A war ship is to join them in eastern waters and it will call at Oolombo. She arrived at Port Said fifteen days ago. ; By the way the ex-Minister of Marine Custodio de Mello was in Oommand of the Brazilian man-of- war the “Almarant Barrosa” the eame vessel now going to China and which was in your port when news of the Brazalian Revolution in Nov. 1889 was telegraphed. He, I noticed, wrote a letter to your psper in reply to some reports of Brazilian sailors having been flogged. He was the leader of the Revo- lution which made Theodore resign. He has since been rather satirically ‘‘badgered” about his ship when at the head of the fleet on that occasion stick ing in the mud of the Rio harbour just as the in. habitants of peaceful Rio de Janeiro expected he wag to hlow their great city to ‘‘ smithereens.” > A, scotr BLAOKLAW, Aveust 1, 1893. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 125 GRAPE-GROWING IN CALIFORNIA. Now that public interest is excited by the recol- lection of the great anatomist, Sir Richard Owen, the following record of the adventures of one of his grandsons in California may be read with in- terest :— Misled by the representations of interested persons, Mr. Owen leased a 30-acre vineyard lying 1 mile outside of Santa Barbara, expecting to realise several thousand dollars from the year’s crop. He under- took to cultivate it himself, but, after smashing three ploughs in his endeayour to train a spirited horse to rustic accomplishments, he called in help. Before the summer was over, the pay-roll of his vineyard had mounted to a very pretty sum, but he still looked confidently at the handsome bunches hanging in the shelter of the green foliage, and counted his harvest, At about this time he bethought himself that it would be a good idea to negociate his crop with some fruit dealer. To his surprise, he found that not a single fruit dealer or grocer of Santa Barbara would agree to take it at any price. A few Italians sometimes bought Grapes for wine, but their offers were so low that to accept them seemed a crayen retreat from his high expectations. San Francisco was too far away and freights too high to send his Grapes there. “The Grapes are there,” said he, ‘and they are exceedingly nice Grapes—except where the mildew struck them. There is just one thing left to do. I shall not stand by and see them spoil on the Vines. I will peddle them from house to house,’ he said, Some one mildly suggested to him that he might suffer disagreeable experiences, but he was not to be baulked by fate or the storekeepers. He bought an old waggon from a peddler and as soon as his Grapes had taken on a deep colour he began his new career, Being very anxious to be the first in market, and to sell his fruit while prices were high, he started out before Dame Nature had served the Grares with their full portion of saccharine matter. That evening he presented himself at a neighbour’s house in a state of riotous indignation. He presented his hostess with a basket of Grapes, “Thave had the most extraordinary experience to-day,” he announced. ‘‘ Hyerybody is accusing me of solling sour Grapes. Now, these Grapes seem sweet and delicious to my English palate. Will ou be kind enough to try them, and give me the benefit of your opinion ?” The lady did not make a wry face. very nice,” she said. The keen sense of the young Englishman detected the reserve in her speech, “T shall have to give up,’ he said, with a merry langh. ‘‘And I'll own to you, that these are some of my choicest specimens. All that I took out did not come up to these. And you Americans haye auch an awfully sweet tooth. Still, I would have got along very well if I could only have persuaded my customers to try my samples.” “T picked out my nicest and ripest specimens and put them in a basket, along with a few other bunches that were not so ripe,’ he continued. ‘ The first house that I visited was that picturesque Swiss Cottage on the hill. Itis inhabited by an old maid. How do I know? A feather duster hangs beside the door, as a suggestion to people to brush the dust off their feet before entering. Wherever a feather duster is hung out in Santa Barbara there is an old maid within. It is an infallible sign. This lady was very nice, however, and when I asked her if she wanted to buy some Grapes, she responded with a cordiality that made me rejoice in my calling. * But itis yery early for Grapes. Are they sweet?’ she asked, ‘Try one,’ I rejoined, with confidence. I pointed to a luscious bunch. She reached beyond it for another, and my heart quaked. She madea Wry face. ‘Try this one,’ I insisted, pointing to one of my samples. ‘I prefer to try this,’ she re- plied, and to my horror she reached for another that was a little off colour, Then she beat a hasty Eethanty saying politely, ‘ Thank but I believe “They are I do not care about any Grapes to-day.’ I have repeated this experience all day, in different keys. Fortunately, I started out with bat little fruit. Now I shall lay off for a week or two, till the Grapes are riper.” A couple of weeks later Mr. Owen took up his new profession in good earnest. He was snubbed and patronised, haggled with over prices, impatiently turned away, or kindly invited to rest, and his wares were praised as cordially by one customer as they were depreciated by the next. He enjoyed some experiences that he would not have been likely to encounter if he had canvassed the United Kingdom for a life-time in a similar capacity. Kind-hearted old ladies noticing his refined manners and his English accent, were perpetually inviting him to take a cup of tea, attentions which he appreciated, but, it is needless to say, courteously declined, for he was disinclined to mix social and business matters. Occasionally he had an amusing encounter. He aimed to ayoid the houses of his few acquaintances, but now and then he stumbled upon one, and erx- planations ensued, or an embarrassing scene occured, according “to the real gentility of the people. Alan Owen’s career as a peddler was of short duration, but he did not forsake it because he was at all daunted by its results. He had been for some time conducting negotiations for an important stock range over the mountains. The bargain was con- summated. He sold the remainder of his Grape crop to the Italians, a younger brother and two other young English gentlemen came out from England to join him, and he is now herding his cattle over 75,000 acres of land. He has taken out his first naturalisation papers, and expectsin a few more years to become an American citizen.—(Gar- deners’ Chronicle. = eee Se THE CULTIVATION OF CINCHONA IN JAVA. At the general meeting cf shareholders in the Western Java Oinchona Company, which was held in Amsterdam on May 26th, it was stated that the next receipts by the company from the eale of cinchona during the year were 151,610f., the year’s trading showing a vet profit of 58,522. The coms pany owns four plantations, and derives practically the whole of its revenue from cinchona. ‘T'wo of the plantations are being uprooted,and at the meeting aforesaid it was decided to uproot the third plantation also, and to sell the oleared ground at the first opportunity. The fourth plantation, Panjairan which is considered an exceedingly valuable one, and promises well for the future, although thus far no bark has been harvested from it will be continued.— Chemist and Druggist. ee _ Tut Tea TrapE ar Home.—I do not think there is any trade in London in which the competition ig 80 fierce as in the teatrade. It is a simple fact to state that every grocer and provision man in London has visits each week from at Jeast 40 travellers. But this is not all. The trade is simply choked up and sub-divided to an enormous extent by the men who, in the old drinking days, used to “go into the wine trade” and now in these temperance days “ go into the tea trade,” A private business is doubtless very nice, if there were enough of it procurable to make it pay expenses. But everybody bas a relation or friend in the tea trade who can get their tea for them ‘wholesale’; every hotel-k¢eper, canteen, hydropathic establishment, and other kindred places, is already secured by some one interested in tha supply to make a profit out of it. There is but one chance of doing a turnover which will pay and that is through travellers or heavy and con- tinuous advertising. Neither of these channels for seouring a tea trade can be gone into by inex- perienced individuals, The result is certsin loss,— Cor., looal “Times,” 126 VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Braziztan Corvez.—In the Mew York Herald’s account of the Agricultural Building at the Chicago Exhibition the following occurred :—Brazil, now a sister republic, sends the entire national dieplay from, last year’s exhibition at Rio Janeiro. Coffee is naturally the staple of the exhibit, and it will be in evidence from the berry to the liquid in the breakfast cup. The entire process of its production from first to last will be elaborately illustrated, and a series of samples will show the different varieties. It. will be the most complete showing Brazil has ever made, Tun inouisn Corvez Trape thinks that some of the vendors of the ‘finest French coffee’’ and other similar compounds of chicory are not too par- ticular, but we (Produce Markets Review) think that sven they will be amused at the unblushing impu- dence and absence of any moral misgiving shown in the following copy of an actual letter recently received in’ America:—‘‘ We have mailed you samples of steamed, cooked, and prepared peas, and Germanian coffee, which we trust you will not cast in the waste- basket without ingpeotion, If you cell ground coffee we confidently state that you are notinit. Where are we now at? Teet these goods, and you will find your trade and bank account increased by their use. Write us, and we will give you special prices accord- ing to quantity. Be sure to draw and test these goods; you will find you have struck a bonanza. “ AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES” are most favourably reported on by Miss Shaw, the London Times’ Special Correspondent, whose letters have recently been attracting a great deal of attention. Her latest letter published about a month ago and from which we extract on our last page, cannot fail to have an influence in restoring confidence in Victoria, where ‘‘small farming” especially is rapidly advancing. The great want here, as in every one of the Southern Colonies, is of course desoribed as ‘population’; but then the population to benefit the community as well as themselves out there, must be of the right sort—willing to work in the country rather than lounge about the towns, In this connection, attention may be called to ‘the Agricultural Paradox” as discussed by the Australasian elsewhere. Tre Onaneb TrapE or Jarra.—Jaffa Oranges, which have appeared in the English markets of late in increasing quantities, seem to have become such an important item of export in the trade returns of Jerusalem, that a new system of steam communication has been established for their rapid transit to this country, ‘This was established last autumn, with the object of shipping the Oranges direct to Liverpool. According to the report of Mr. QOonsul Dickson on the trade and commerce of Palestine for the year 1892, one firm sent on an average & steamer every ten days from the commencement of the Orange crop, each vessel loading irom 15,000 to 20,000 boxes at a time, the freight, varying from 1s 8d to 3s or 5s per box. This system of conveying Oranges direct to the United | Kingdom ‘has not only proved a profitable business to the steamship companies, but great service has been rendered to the shippers, as the fruit reaches its destination in a shorter time and in: better condition than if sent via Egypt. In former years the Oranges were forwarded to Port Said in the coasting steamers, and.then transhipped in vessels. sailing for the United Kingdom, but.b this. method much damage was occasioned as well as-delay. Nearly three-fifths of the whole Orange crop.of Jaffa is now shipped to Liverpool, the rest ,being exported, for, the most part to Austria pnd Egypt,—Gardeners’ Chronicle, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. |AuGus?T 1, 1899. Oacao CULTIVATION is extending in Eest Java we read in a Sireits paper; bution certain districts the inhsbitants will not lease Jand suitable for the purpose except at exborbitant rates. The Government are not inclined to lease out Crown land forthis line of cultivation in that neighbourhood, because the still available area most be reserved for the ure of the people.—Atraits Times. Braziz is waiting (says Zhe India-Rubber Journal) with open arme to welcome at leat a million immigrants. Unless more labour can be procured the rubber and ajl other crops will suffer. Nevertheless we do not advise anyone to rush of without full enquiries as to cost of living, de. When Amazonia separates itself from Brazil, the case willbe different. Tes In Genmany.—A Calcutta paper calls atten- tion to Germany as & new market for Indian tea, and remarks:—‘‘If Indian tea is only pushed with skill and energy it may have a great future before it in the fatherland. Only let us beware that Ceylon does not get the start.’’ The advice is well-meant, but comes a little late, says the Madras Times.—Why this jealousy of Ceylon we ask? What both India and Ceylon haye to do is to fight Ohina, Norte Marae “ Cocoa”—selling up to 181s per cwt, No wonder though, as we learn from Mr. D. Edwardes, the Ceylon Land and Produce Qo., already the owners of a considerable extent under the chocolate plant, should bave lately been freely extending ite cultivation. We wish Mr. Edwards, who is now the sole representative of the Company in Ceylon, all success in his further development of this very desirable branch of cultivation, In tea, the Company has also some very valuable properties; but the Chairman, Mr, Wilson, returned home after his recent visit to the island, greatly strengthened in his belief, in the future of ‘‘Oeylon Cocoa.’ Tae “ Ratnapura” Tea DistRict—is coming to the front. Mr. Dunbar's fine property, part of which touches the gravets of the town, is doing so well that it is expected 100,000 lb. of made tea will be got from the 200 acres cultivated (some of it young) during the coming year. Fifty additional a-res are to be planted. There is also to be a new clearing on the adjacent property, a share of which Mr. Hardie has just sold to the Messrs Lamont. It is quite cheering to hear of the old veteran, Mr: W. By: Lamont acting the tea-wattie superintendent, and’ doing rough work and long walking trips too, as’ if he had not borne the heat and burden of* planting life for over the half century. We trust. he and his son and their partner will be very successful in this new venture. “Some Economic Prant oF “ Sizrré Le&onz’’ is the heading of a concise paper in the Phar- maceutical Journal being an abstract from a Colonia’ Report by G. F. Scott Elliott and we are res publishing itin the“ 7A.” A wild native bush coffee: (coffee stenophylla) is described which grows freely, yields as much as Liberian and in the opinion of * some people, has a superior flavour, The cultiya- tion of “Liberian” is said to be extremely profitable in the Sierra Leone district. So with “ Kola’’ which grows freely (especialiy on dis- integrated. gneiss or laterite) from sea-level to fully. over. 3,000 feet, begins to bear in 7 years and:each tree yields £3 to £4 per annum! Cosonut * palms (so spelt by Mr. Elliott) long established” are said to bear 12 dozen nuts a year; there is one big plantation in full bearing 10 years old but~ troubled by beetles, ; Avcust 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i24 A Tart Gum Tree Yann.—The tallest tree on earth so far as is known isa gum tree (Hucalyptus yegnans) in the Cape Otway Range, Victoria. It is 415 feet high. Gum trees grow very rapidly; one in Florida shot up 40 feet in four years with a stem one foot in diameter, and another in Guatemala grew 120 feetin twelve years, with a stem nine feet thick. This is at the rate of 10 feet a year, or nearly a foot per month.—Z#. Mail, Tra Propuction anp ADULTERATION.—The Review of New York of May 4th had a lengthy article on the subject of tea production and adul- teration. It contained the statement that ‘the present consumption of tea per capita approximately 1:33 pounds per year. We derive about 51 per cent of our tea from China, 42 per cent from Japan, and all but a small fraction of the remainder from the British possessions.’—London Cor. Tur. Action cr Licur on Baoreria anp Funat Sponrs.— Professor Marshall Ward, at a recent con- versazione of the Royal Society, exhibited by the aid of the eleatric lantern some photomicographs illus- trating the action of solar and electric light on the sporesof bacteria and fungi. He demonstrated that the action of strong light is to kill these when the exposure is long enough, amounting in some cases to two houre, and the blue rays are most powerful in producing the _ effect: the less refrangible waves of the spectrun have little in- fluence in the matter. You will perhaps recollect that I noticed in these letters some time back a lecture on a kindred subject by Professor Ward demonstrating the effect of strong sunlight on bacteria.—London Cor, Mroa in Inp1a.—We have received No. 1 of the Indian Section Imperial Institute Series; being Guides to Commercial Collections. This is & guide to collections of 1892, and is published jo Oalcutta and the following are the subjects yety briefly treated ;— Adbatoda Vasica; Coal: Cotton :—Bengal, Madras, North-Western Provinces, Central Provinces, Assam $ Cutch ; Fibres used for brush-making; Indigo; Ipecacuanha; Iron :—Southern districts of Madras, Bar- _yakar Iron Works, Bengal; Jute; Mica ; Moricda (Al dye;) Padauk Timber ; Podophyllum emodi ; Resin and Turpentine from Todian Pines; Sida Fibre; Silk; Oastor oil; Linseed; Gingelly (Sesamum). We quote the page of most local interest :— Rough and cut mica (Muscovite) from Bengal mines, obtained in the Calcutta bazaar. Rawand prepared mica (Muscovite), ruby-tinted. From the Gaya Dis- trict, Bengal. From the Monghir District, Bengal. The following specimen from the Iuikurti mines, Nel- lore District, Madras :—Length 3 ft., breath 2 ft. 6in. weight 633 lb., remarks excellent quality. Collection of paintings on mica from Benares, Cal- cutta bazaar, and Trichinoply is parchased from the Marakoyers (a class of Muhammadans) of Negapatam, who purchase large quantities of mics every year from ships arriving from Calcutta, for making their big taboots for the Kanthiri festival. Ourtaiaspangled with mica. From Lahore, Mica fans from Poona. Fans ornamented with micafrom the ( alcutta bazaar. Mica ornaments (flowers, flower-trees, etc.) and lamps used in processions in Calcutta. Tbe United States are the principal consumers of Indian mica, and the quantity exported from I: dia has increased coinci- dently with a falling-off of production from the North Osrolina deposits. It has been estimated that from Bengal alone there will be an output of 500 tons during this year, which is abont one and a half times the production of North Oarolina from 1868 to 1887, and more than fifteen times the amount raised in the United States in 1887, Heavy Ratyrauty.—Mr. Clement Wragge, the well-known meteorologist, has, cays the Globe, drawn attention to the fact that at Crohamhurst, Queens- land; no less than 77in, ot rain fell in the four days from February ist to 4th last. On the 3rd nearly 38 in. fell during the 24 hours. Such heavy rainfalls have been observed in India, but probably the above makes the record. Cuina TEA Exports.—Our Speeial Telegram from the Far East conveys to us, the unex- pectedly good news that the tea shipments from China and Japan to date to the United Kingdom are no less than eight million lb. less than at the same date last year. It is evident therefore that there was no room to operate during the days of very low exchange; for as was said here, the first China crop had probably been disposed of, and before the second comes into play we may expect to be on more equal terms even in respect of exchange, At any rate China buyers for London have a good deal of leeway to make up before they are ona level with last year’s shipments.—The Indian shipments for June are only 6 million lb.; from Ceylon 7} million—so_ that, altogether the home market should become firmer in view of limited shipments. TEA IN WeEsr InDIES.—Lord Brassey in writ- ing of the West Indies says that the future ‘‘of the islands will depend on the introduction of new tropical cultures, among which those of fruit, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, nutmeg, are specified.’’ To that list the London Spectator adds:—‘ And, as we should think, tea, may safely be reckoned. It is to be noted, as a curiosity in commeroial history, that the taste for spiees cnce world-wide has seriously declined, and in some countries maybe said to be extinct.” The Spectator is not wise in adding ‘‘tea” considering the dearness of labour in the West Indies. Lord Brassey if we mistake not, was influenced by the objeotiong we offered at the Royal Colonial Institute and elsewhere to the spread of tea cultivation under British suspices beyond India and Ceylon. ‘A CoMPANION FOR THE QUEENSLAND Stupent or Puant Lire,” by F. M. Bailey, F.L.8., Colonial Botanist—is the title of a pamphlet of over 100 pages issued by the Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Queensland; and which cannot fail to be very useful to colonists. It is stated that copies can be obtained free by such persons interested, on application to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, Brisbane, the object being to interest residents in Queensland in the plant life of the country. There is a helpful * Totroduotion or Prefatory Notice,’ (15 pages) giving information in a popular form to help the beginners. Mr. Bailey states :— The compiler has been frequently urged to publish a full glossary of the terms use in botanic descriptions and in complying with this request he has aimed at combining with a glossary a view of plant life ia general. Thus, not only ara explanations of the terms used to des‘goate the various organs or parts of plants given, but some account will be found of the functicns of the organs themselves. The main portion is thus headed :— Glossary of Botanic Terma, their Explanation and Bephoation, Functions of the Various Organs, &c., and Hints about Plant Life in General. In Addenda, specimen descriptions are given having particular reference to Australian plants. Altogether this little companion ought to be very useful to the Australian colonist aod Mr, Bailey has to be congratulated on its compilation. 128 Conzugatep Iron Burupines,—Messre. Bruce & Btill Ltd. of the Mersey Galvanizing Works Liver- poo], who are advertising in the Tropical Agricul- turist have issued a beautifully illustrated catalogue of which we would recommend our readers to obtain a copy. It shows substantial and artistically designed corrugated iron buildings suitable as re- sidences, clubs, warehouses, hal’s, &c, and the Prices stated seem yery moderate, Tea CULTIVATION: PROSPECTIVE EXTENSION. —We take the following from the 77. and 0. Mail:— A notable feature of the past week is the issue of a ‘confidential ” circular to its shareholders by the administration of the two large Glasgow companies engaged in tea planting, informing them of their intention to increase the joint capital by the issue of £800,000 of fresh capital for the purpose of extending operations to the Bramapootra Valley and Ceylon, in both of which districts land has been applied for. One-half of this same it is intended immediately to offer to existing shareholders in the two companies. Can this have reference to the pioneering already reported in our Balangoda-Bamberabotuwa district ? Cryton TEA Exports.—The total for the half- ear, according to the Customs accounts, is 43,913,878 lb, as compared with 39,639,796 lb. for the same half-year of 1892. This would point in the oase of the current year to an aggregate total as per Oustome, of about 82 millionlb. But the Chamber of Commerce figures for the half-year indicate a total for the year under rather than above 80 million lb., for the shipments during the second half of the year have always been about ten per cent less than in the first six months; while if fine tea-making becomes more general we may even sée a shorter outturn. Messrs. Forbes and Walker give the exports to date (6th July) as follows: — To United Kingdom » Australasia ... ove 41,461,000 Ib. 3,032,000 ,, 44,493,000 Ib. One reason, undoubtedly, why the total of our exports has not reached larger figures in pro- portion to acreage during the past eighteen months, is that a good many corners put into tea on some of the older coffee estates, have latterly been left without plucking. The acreage so treated may be comparatively trifling in each individual ease, but when the aggregate is made up for the whole country, it is undoubtedly appreciable. Tea is euch a hardy plant that non-cultivation does not affect it in the same way as coffee, and in the event of a better market and higher prices by and bye, a resumption cf plucking, after getting the bushes into order, might take place in the cases referred to. It will be of interest to see how our total acreage under tea works out this time for our Directory. We are not prepared to say as yet; ’ but hope before long to be able to lay the figures before our readers. Tue Action or LiaotNiInc oN THE VINE.—A memoir, having the above title, has just been presented by E. Rathay tothe Academy of Science at Vienna, in which the following affirmations are made :— ; 1. Colladon’s statement with regard to the redden- ing of the Vine-leaves during thunder-weather is confirmed. It had been impugned by Caspary, but Rathay finds that it is common amongst all Vines, the leaves of which redden in the autumn. 2. The reddening of the leaves occurs in Vitis sylvestris; it does not affect some of the American ines. 8. The phenomena are comparable to those which result from various mechanical injuries, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘Heputale railway station. |Aucust 1, 1893. 4. The colouring is an immediate consequence of the lightning, and is followed by troubles im the cambium, and by decortication. 5. The fruit suffers, and appears to wither. A number of statements of less importance are also made.—Gardeners' Chronicle. Senecst Roseer should be “ looking up” « little, as the Belgian Vice-Consul et Gorée eaye, only five or six years ago the exports of esovtchouc only attained 50 to 60 tons, but in 1892 they reached 306 tons He states that the quality bas been censibly improved ‘‘ by proceeses that the natives have borrowed from Europeans” Caya- mance is the district where rubber collection has most progressively developed.—Hlectrical Trades Journal, June 8. Pronina or Tea.—No hard and fast rule can be laid down for this important work on a tea estate. A mistake many of us have made, was in cutting down our bushes too soon, and getting leaf out of them before they came to maturity. One of our most successful coffee planters, as he is as a tea planter—Mr. Blackett or Dolosbage—is now reaping the fruits of being in no hurry to cut down or to prune. Jat, soil, and climate have all to be taken into account in this important work. It cannot be managed from Colombo at any rate. Puants 4s BAakomMETERS.—A French observer, named M. Cans, has been for some time past closely observirg the action of several common plants when the barometer indicated a change of weather. He found that if the heads of clover and other leguminous plants stand upright there will be rain. If the leaves of sorrel turn up, it is a sure sign of storm, which is also foretold by the leaves of willow gracs slowly turning up. The closing of the flowers of convolvulus indicates rain, which, as is so generally believed, may be said of the flowers of the pimperne!, and also the hibiscus flowers. When the flowers of the sorrel open, it is said to be a eure sign of fine weather, but if they closeit willrain. If the flowers of the carline thistle close, there will be a storm. The expanding flowers of cinquefoil suggest rain, but their closing means fine weather. The African marigold flowers close before rain; while the scales of the teasel, pressing close together, pretty surely mean rain,— Boston Commonwealth. PLANTING AND TRANSPORT 1N HapuTaLe.—We learn that planters in Eastern Haputale are on the whole well-pleased with the railway rate equi- valent to 14 cent. per lb. on their tea to Colombo. Thig has hitherto been the cart rate from the Koslande end of the district to the capital, and steps sre now being taken to secure carts on estate account to work to and from the Of covree thie will add ecmewhat to the transport charges down ; but there will be a saving on goods up, apart from the immense advantage in time and safety en route. There is a talk of a wire shoot through Kelburne to connect with the railway station as there used to be of one between Batgodde and Idulgashena when that station was projected. More likely will be road extensions to serve the Eastern valleys from Bandarawella, though it will not be easy to get a _ route that will be convenient for all_—We hear very gcod accounts of the prospects for an autumn coffee crop; green bug ia not so prevalent, and still more satisfactory, some fields that were treated to a brushing of lime solution after a severe pruning of the bushes, have kept free of bug since. We sincerely trust that it may be pos- sible by fighting bug with lime to keep in profitable cultivation, even a remnant of coffee in Haputale and othcr Uva districts.—Oacao in some parte is also doing well, : Aveust 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 133 puffy sort of strain? Were this limited to the describing of the natural beauties of the island, truth would not be violated ;—but when the same inflated style is applied to our agricultural indus- tries—-it may be at some sacrifice of veracity— and this invariably does harm, in the long run. The fact is this is a very poor country: one enterprise has failed after another, and but for the perseverance and special aptitude of Ceylon men for surmounting difficulties, the island would have been abandoned (byplanters) a while ago. Our standard product tea shows signs of instability; any how, it has had to take a back seat against Indian tea, within last season or two, and for aught we konow—may have to remain there. ‘Is our tea deteriorating’? is the question of the day. I would reply that any felling-off is yet but inappreciable, eas regards quality. In fact with improvements in factories—and better appli- ances—our tea is likely, all round, to be much better made than formerly. Indian tea is stronger and harsher and more suited to disguise inferior stuff for the ‘‘ canister’? trade—which has developed enormoutly of late; this with hard times at home—accounts for our low prices—and the difference to Indian tea. But it would be unwise to neglect precautions against ‘‘ deterioration.’’ You, sir, are instant in warning, on the subject of cultivation and the expediency of growing as many products as possible, There is wisdom in this. Neglect of such per— cautions can only end in disaster more or less emphatic. At the higher elevations, wa are confined to the one product—tea—and there does not appear, at present, any other product as an adjunct—to grow profitably, though something may be found, It was well remarked by that observant and highly- gifted writer ‘Old Colonist’? that a lowcountry estate has the great advantage of being fit for a variety of products as compared with those situated at high and cool elevations. So it is; but those in each condition must just work to gain all possible good results. Cultivation on the hills is most difficult, and no doubt deterrent in a measure from the not very certain results. The first great drawback is the generally poor soil to be dealt with. The ex- Gersive wash of the same from the heavy rains, which nothing can prevent, unless we could terrace the land on the stupendous scale— practised by the Etruscans of old. The soluble constituents of the manures applied are in part lost by this heavy rainfall, For months on end the sunsbine is deficient and in the clear weather, cold nights do harm in retarding growth or “flush.” Shall we sit down with folded hands and await the upshot of circumstances ? Certainly not, Much canbe done, enough can be done; but is enough being done in cultivation? I fear mot; if so, ‘‘deterioration” in quantity and quality of our tea, is a certain sequence, and not a very remote one. Some soils in patches here and there in favoured localities may stand the strain on them for a conciderable time; but in general most require cultivation to keep them up toa profitable standard of fertility. To quote ‘‘ Old Oolonist” again. In writing on farminy ino Australia, he said that agriculture as a acience is the same all tke world over; no doubt about that, it only varies in practica to suit conditions of differences. Now, Mr. Editor, I must differ from your dictum that Ceylon is a good place to learn Tropical Agri- culture in—vide your remarks lately regarding young men of the ‘‘Oreeper” persuasion. All young men can leara much better in England or in some of the continental states the poience of agriculture with practice combined. Tillage, manuring, rotation of crops, the effect of seasons and the thousand and one facts &c., belonging to the oraft of the cultivator. The money sometimes given by ‘‘ Creepers” in premium to men, without any special knowledge of “the reason why ”’’ in agriculture would have paid for a training at Cirencester Oollege! Here the usual routine is but weeding, pruning, and plucking &., with the contingency of seeing some manure put out at haphazard; this to a young man not to remain in the island is little worth his while.* One evil more in “‘Cheery Ceylon’ is our Labour Supply—always uncertain, dear and generally bad. It has undoubtedly ‘' deteriorated." From the fairly good gangs of people in their prime which used to come to us in the good old days of coffee, we have come down to a lot of mff-raff, the aged and decrepit, “‘halt” “lame,” and ‘‘blind” &c., bring- ing to mind the company (in the parable) invited to the rich man’s supper. Tbis leads me to expatiate on the Advance System—a veritable curse to those concerned. It is allowed by all that our labour force is demoralized by the system, and there is no feasible remedy for it; at least experts say that the system can only be altered, abated or abolished by the united action of the employers of the labour. This union is, I think, just as likely to ocme in our time, as the MiJlenium! Now, Mr. Editor, you who in a few leaders with your incontrovertible facts and invincible figures, have done much already to alter the des- tinies of this ‘the land we live in” (and I believe “annexation to India’ would in most respects be advantageous to Ceylon) can you not suggest a practical remedy for this ‘‘ Coast Advance” evil? There can be no mistake, local advances amount in effect often to a species of bribery: employers with a press of work on, out-bid each other for labour. Kanganies will naturally go where they can get more money at the time, regardless of future consequences. Now if this is an evil, in the long run to both parties, I think the only and correct plan is that a law be made making Jocal advances for immigrant labour illegal. For advances bona fide given for road expenses, some simple precautions might be made, such as the payment of the money in India &c. I trust you will be pleased to look into this matter; with your powerful position, in the matter of a thorough knowledge of both sides of the ques- tion it is not beyond you, but it is beyond the control of individual planters. A railway to join us to India, of which an annexation scheme is the precursor, would doubtless help us with labour amongst other benefits.—I am, yours faithfully, “ SENEX ”’ BIG TEA BUSHES: BALANGODA TO THE FRONT. Hatpummucta, July 14th. DraR OBsERVER,—As the big tea bush season appears to have set in again, I send herewith measurement of a tea bush that [ measured last week on Keenagaha Ella, They were taken 4 in, above ground surface :— Diameter 13 ft. and 10 ft. Girth of Stem 3 ft. 3 in. Several other bushes measured 11 ft. and 8 ft. * Surely there is an advantagein learning how to work coolie labourers, and in seeing how tropical planting and preparation whether of tea, cocoa, cottce, etc., are curried out.—Ep, 714. 134 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aucust 1, 1893. in diameter. This is not bad for trees growing in old coffee land.—Youra faithfully, H. H. KIRBY. [Well done the Balangoda—Haldumulla region ! We had long ago heard of the magnificent growth of tea on Mr. Bastard's{fine plantation. The above champion trees are not quite equal to the St. John’s one,—Ep. 7.A.] HOW TO IMPROVE CEYLON TEAS. Upcountry, July 18. Dear S1z,—Don’t you think that a good plan for & Start in improving the quality of our teas would be for Superintendents when in Colombo, for a holiday; to take lessons in tasting from the brokers, two or three of whom could hold an ‘exam’ and give a diploma, according to qualifications. I only throw this out as a hint. At present one brain manufactures for a Oompany—rule of thumb—but if a man had a diploma in degrees, he would no doubt be allowed to use his own brain a bit; then the best brain would get its reward. A little science in manufacture would cost less than in manuring and would have the advantage of not increasing the output.—Yours truly, AN OLD COFFEE STUMP. Gurta-PERCHA AND NEW Pxopucrs IN THE PuHILIP- PINES,—ConsuL Wess, oF Manica:—As far as is known to the department of forests and mountains of the Philippines, the caoutchouoc or India-rubber tree is not found in the Philippine Archipelago; it is certain that India-rubber has never been a product of this covsular district. But it is quite probsble that an exploration of the hitherto unexplored jungles of tbe southern islands would result in the discovery of this valuable tree, for the climate and apparently the soil aro favourable toits growth. There is a widespread conviction that this archipelago will yet be made to yield many articles of commerce the existence of which is yetunknown here, for the whole vast country, with the exception of the environs of the three principal ports, Manila, Lloilo,and Zebu, is almost as completely wild and undeveloped as it was three hundred years ago. There are hundreds of square miles of jungle rich with botanioal treasures that are never disturbed by human foot, black or white, and it will probably never be kncwo what they really contain until the Spanish Government awakes to the advau- tege and necessity of removing some of the obstacles that stand in the way of immigration to the Philip- _ pines, and of encouraging American and English capital to come in and develope the country. But it may be of interest to those engaged in the rubber trade to know that about fourteen months ago Gutta-percha found its way to Manila and that it promises to teke a prominent place among the exports. For several yess the natives of Zamboanga, Jolo, acd other southern islands have been sending the orude Gutta-percha under the name of ‘“goma,”’ by sailing vesses, to Singapore, from whence it was shipped to Hagland, and it, apparently, meyer occurred to them that a market mig! t be found for it in Manila until some evterprising Chinamen sent a consignment here, which was promptly sold at $12 per picul of 140 pounds. Since then the price has steadily advanced and Gutta- percha is sold now at $34 per pioul. Within the past year about 1,000. piculs have been received, all of which has been sent to. England, and agents have been sent to Zamboanga and the Sooloo Islands by two English houses in Manila to endeavour to secure Jarger qusn- tities than have yet been sent here. For the past four monthag the receipts have averaged about 100 piculs per month, and four houses are now handling it instead of the one which received the fict consignment.—Llecti- cat Trades Jowrnal. _THE KILLED TREES, THE MOST PROMISING.’’ THE COCONUT PALM AND ITS ENEMIES. On pege 117 will be found the firet portion in an abridged form of the valuable paper on the ‘‘ Oeconut-palm Weevil” or beetle which is re- sponsible for special ravages in Honduras. This peper appears with a esries of admirably executed plates in the June number of the “‘ Kew Gardens Bulletin.” We give today an instalment of what we have marked, and the balance will follow in another ieeue. There*is no need that we should enter on a review of the contents of th's paper; for we have received one from ae gentleman who is about the most competent to discuss the subject of any we know in the island. He writes as follows :— Thanks for sending me the Kew “* Bulletin of miscellaneous information” for February and March, containing the paper on the “Palm Weevil in British Honduras.’’ The paper is a most valuable end interesting contribution to our knowledge of the history of the Coconut Weevil. It is thoroughly exhaustive; and as far as 1 know it leaves scarcely apything more to be said upon the subject. Every intelligent coconut planter should have a copy. Flate I. gives capitel illustrations of the American palm weevil in all stages of ite life, and is easily recognizable as identical with our Ceylon red beetle (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Srn- HALESE, Kandapanuwa), only that the colour is « velvetty black, while the Oeylon variety is red, with 5or 6 black spots on the upper surface of the thorax. Judging from the drawings the American variety is a little larger, more powerful and evidently more destructive. Such alarming havoc as it commits in Hondures is fortunately quite unknown in Ceylon. The habiis of the two ipseci(s seem to be identical, and their life-history the same. Several remedies are suggested for the prevention of egg-laying in the trees, and for the cure of those injured; but I doubt if any of them would be of much use; though where from 30 to 40 per cent of trees are destroyed one cannot be surprised that a variety of remedies have been suggested. With such an insidious enemy to combat, constant and careful examination of the trees would be necessary to detect the first signe of attack and to apply a remedy early. When there are signs of the epike leaf beginning to wither it is too late to try remedies; for the tree must die, “The above list of remedies is intended to in- clude all that have been tried and are likely to be of success under different conditions. Tux PROTECTION OF TREES AGAINST EGG-LAYING, BY NOT TRIMMING THEM, AND THE CAPTURE OF TH® WEEVILS ARE, TOGETHER WITH THE CAREFUL DESTRUCTION OF I have underlined this para for small caps, as it contains in my opinion, the whole secret of preventing destruction by thece insects. Of all the methods suggested for the capture of the beetles that by bait strikes me as the best. It is recommended that the stumps and soft tissues—the split cab- bage—of the destroyed coconut palms should be left exposed, and when the surfaces dry, split again, to expose other fresh surfaces ; the fermenting juice will attract the beetles, andthey can be captured by examining the baits at stated intervals. ‘‘As the weevil, like many other kinds, seeks shelter;by day, the stumps and other baits should be visited at different times, particularly at day-break, to find out when the insects frequent them most; and the stumps will probably last longer and keep fresher if protected from the sun with a light covering of leaves and fibre, which can be removed to get at the insects.” It is also suggested that fermenting mangoes should be used as attracting Aveust 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 135 baits. It is so seldom that the mischief going on in darkness, is discovered in time to admit of attempts at cure, that it is rare for any one to try a remedy. It is only on estates where sys- tematic hunting for Rhinoceros beetles is carried on, that there is any hope of trees attacked by the weevils being discovered before theiz destruc- tive work has been carried too far; and I doubt if there is any estate in Ceylon where spear- ing of the black beetle is now attempted, it being generally believed that more mischief is often caused by the use of the spear than there is harm done by the beetle. The late Mr. David Wilson however had a good ‘try’ at saving frees attacked by the weevil. He had made a receptacle of iron—a oylinder 6 inches long and 4 inches deep, with a hinged lid, and a nozzle 6 inches long at eech end. Into the chamber was put coarse tobacco leaves and sulphur which were ignited. When as much as possible of the affected portion of the tree had been removed with chisel and mallet, and all the grubs within reach destroyed, the orifice was shut with a piece of board and olay, leaving only a small opening at one corner ; into this, one nozzle ef the instrument was inserted, and into the other the snout of a small hand-bellows, by the gentle use of which the smoke was forced into the tree. This was continued for about a quarter of an hour each day till there was no sound heard of the gnawing of the grub:, If the work of destruction had not proceeded too far this remedy proved effectual ; but in most oases it was tried too late. ‘The coconut palms of Honduras appear also to suffer from disease, and disease of an obscure kind not due to insects. It is known as fever, &o.” This desease from its obscurity and proving rapidly destructive, would, if it spread to any extent, be far more to be dreaded than the weevils which can be combated, Fortunately nothing of this disease is known in Ceylon, W, J. ee MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM SIERRA LEONE, KOLA—VANILLA— CUBEBS, A report on the botany and geology of Sierra Leone has just been published by the Foreign Office. It is the joint work of Mr. G. F. Scott Elliot and Miss Catherine A. Raisin, and contains some infor- mation of pharmaceutical interest. Mr. Elliot was attached to the Anglo-French boundary commiesion, which has lately traversed the interior of the country and he had therefore exceptional facilities for col- lecting specimens of native plants of medicinal and other economic value. He has brought with him about 2,000 specimens of thease, most of them quite unknown to European materia medica. Some of them have already been identified, othera are at present being examined by Mr. EH. M. Holmes, who proposes to publish the result of his investigatic ns shortly. Some of the native medicines may ultimately acquire « footing in Hurope, but most of them are not likely ever to possess more than an aocademio interest, Of the kola, Mr. Elliot says tbat it “ grows freely everywhere, and was found from the sea-level to fully 3,000 feet at Sumbaraya in the Talla high- lands. It begins to bear in seven years, and is in tall bearing after eight to ten years. Each tree is said to yield 3/. to 47. per annum, and hence a plantation ought certainly to include a large number of these trees. The yield given by Mr. Fawcett is 125 lb., or 4,000 seeds per tree—that ie, 8/7. to 10/. per tree, or 8007. an acre.”” Mr. Elliott’s views of the market value of the drugs which he describes are I:kely to lead to disappointment if anyone should be induced $0 plart drug-collecting or dreg-growing in Sierra Leone upon the strength of them. Thus he would have it that African vanilla would be worth from 20s to 25s per lb., whereas it is hardly likely, even when of fice quality, to catch more than half that figure; and he tells us that cubebs, Piper Clusii— (sic)—grows freely at Sierra Leone,” ani that ‘ its seeds are worth some 20/ per cwt.”” Apart from the fact that even true cubebs are not worth now a third of the figure mentioned, ® little investigation would have shown Mr. Elliott that the fruits of Piper Clussi are quite unlike those of the true cubeb io their medicinal action, that theyare well known to phar macologists, and would probably be unsaleable if con- signed to our drug-market.—Chemist and Druggist, A New Foracz Puiant has appeared—says the London Globe—in the form of the Polygonum Saghali which grows in the island of Saghalien, near Japan. It shoots very fast, and in three or four weeks is over six feet high, and covered with large leaves, of which cattle are very fond. When cut it rapidly puehes a second growth. A single plant covers more than a square yard, and the weight of leaves is stated to exceed eighty pounds. The new plant has been tried experimentally at Alliers, in France, and is said to require little or no care. CEYLON EXPORTS AND CISTRIBUTION, 1893. 2 CAgors mow = lene ease Bee BRS IS - |mscewco 3: Svielasts 2 sie s Sane a/S3t |S '°8 58 ia ON : Seiad Hep Lead na aK DD Fe 5 a ANS JfasMses su 8 RPE -/|Se bom oOo: 33 SES SEES SB =o [Ro x) ob = c1nOw ie = woos 3 1OmwD SE D a Oo ai Sa | STNS 8 Sa See eR ' £355 21S—B [ERS iw AIS SPS 2:) AaaH 51 a : ~ 7S Ne for} : col ~ 3 ie a 7 OS N a oon z & Sse ss ZS otaS -1a GQ sONtOO +s sees Ge «2 6 Sie ao) a oi: : a ee aNDe Sh sel Sa ais” racks aa ees Fst Qsowu 3 NOUN 3 a Dm SS0a009 ae al|2 ® SS8ES28 ss s Ss s ay | Le S&S -O4SSaSO + -AND JO) gi zis 23Sa3 27S [ScSSESSesz BA PIS hit Soe [a~ BAY 9 Re sICS be} nN re rer OR eacoe = Ray |e so Peay Pre) Ee a ae SS . = MOOS ves 8) 5) pce b= Kelissis 2 < AQosrs 5 s So Cmts eat o>) sn 3 a fo>) q FI 2 = es) EES Bt Leal | aazs 5 = oa ox aS +S cf Prete" GS eNOS Gar Ae Eee apes 83.52 Anse 5] B Ri saicisdianicwens soucomacse 2] Sesa 8| ° a pees Asam = WOABHKERSOASS SDDAOA 7 ies SESSAR SNS BTAGASSSS | SRESES 2/2 BwRACeHSSs iSPSSSaVOs SPon >| D. Oo Ses HAR anew wos e mote | > bed k=) maN =—ODsao o = on ol Doan = ) ie mao-@ 7 aa )2 = a ——_ S33 sj;33 Ss as Saas a I S a BWRWOOD S\i« > re) NOreaw ERA ee SUG S US Ou se fe) ss sie stress: 3 mm ) oe a > : e383 3 ess sess IDDNAND 3|36 Anda Alo 5148 1 : MMDMOADA mMADS oo= A P=j 38 mc . > .DON sms Ss Noro e ° a oS SN . rFAaan = i=] RMARO ° 2 > od _) woo Ad (We ae ohoee 23a ..7.5 .| S383 gis Secpisaamel ist swetstss we 2.3 i} (SReae Ol]. iS A | ADD DaADA DAOD OW F 9/88 |SSS4Saq RSAHS“*S Sese S:= aS eno : Si al 2. DWM O>s as a™ ~ . SeaeS fe} OAM ae Ee ee EE ee es SHerSHsnsietshsgetsisi€rs sesrspsisus panos SOD Sse ° mR = ap g =] 3 vs SVR RRR AR EA ROO OE z an [--} 1 aya istsi sits) sas Byte ses 8 Ss 2 eg a a ax a] an a rs a err: Prey S oS 2 52 Besse Sneboga > s.S ea a~ 2 ORKSCgs Bh2o,ne Re hna Ho RA ° Hema ks bsg oases S2a8t= ye = ABSEOSSZAPOS SARS SSEILLA P4QhOR TZ RaHsd< Bae) Ceriyay itadras bar and Madras Coast, QUALITY, QUOTATIONS. “cas Ae é pete | : = Bengal. | ALOES, Socotrine ... .-.|Good aud fine dry liver... £4a £5 ; " hagkaahente . oe ——— Zanzibar & Hepatic,\Common and good v1+{408 a £5 108 {NDIGO, Bengal —— ra op me lie 24d a 63 BARK, CINCHONA Crown'Renewed «0. a La Bd and [Parapet be eee? sibs bd a Bs Medium to fine Quill .,..3d_a 6d Eps a ter e mye Violtizs 6d a de Spoke shavings ... v(t a 4d Mad weadting 09 mes pa i 4d a 3s 3d Branch ih se “lta li Madras (Dry Leaf).)Mi dling to & -19g Bd.a 38 24 Red...\Renewed .. ss “lad a 6a [VORY--Elephants’ Teett Low to ordinary “lls 3d a Je 4d Medium to good Quill,,.,34 a 64 sib. Ae aac aang 4 Spoke shavings ... [19d a 3d 01>, & BDWare oft eoun £72 10s a £83 Branch = re “lida 2d over 30 & under 60 Ib. ” ” £57 a £71 Twig ws “lid a 14d =a | oe ” £45 « £40 10s BEES’ WAX, E.L, White|Good to fine “"le7 a £8108 crivelloes -»»|80 rye ” £20 a £38 10s Yellow ...| 45 a “|£6.a £7 ia fan Hath Shanes She Shak tan ” £158 £19 Mauritius & Madagascar...|Fair to fine ., $6 0s 2 £6 153 |Dilliard Ball Pieces 2ts 3tin)20ue soft ++ /£75 & £82 CARDAMOMS— 4 one Bagatelle Points ve») Sli, def.to fine sound soft) £63 a £72 10s Allepee a «.|Fair to fine clipped ls a 28 6d Cut Points for Balls Shaky to fine solid sd. sft! es) 9 £72 Mangalore .. «..|Bold, bright, fairto san ls 6d a 33 Mixed Points & Tips... Defective, part £35 a £48 108 Malabar 4 ...|Good to fine plump, cliped Zsa 2s 6d Cut Hollows | Lbin ne Sho to sound, ) Ceylon. Malabar sort) Fairto fiae bold bleached 2s 31 a 38 3d aa H soft one + |£30 a £50 10s oy Medium ,, 1s 6d a 28 2d Sea Horse Teeth— P sant ’ Is als 6d . § a 1} lb, Straight erked part close |js 94 a 4s Small to bold brown. ...|# & 1s 64 UYRABOLANES, Bombay|Bhimlies I, good & fine Alleppee and|Fair to fine bold vl wg ds {I, fair DP pe - uate ae l 2 ” a 6s Te pe Be i ta \JubbieporeI, good & fine| Long wild Ceylon... Common to good ““\sd a 28 20 i. 16 palei7s Od a 9s CASTOR OIL, Asts|White ee eo a aA ) ”” iectious ee a. 6s nds|Fair and good pale agi a4 v d and finele OHWILLIES, Zanzibar ...| Fai Aaebrie “1343 a 368 i ingorlas. good and fineiés a 7s ’, ati cece. ae 253 a 303 Madras, Upper Godarery|Good to as ee ie qT 6a a o CINNAMON 1sts|Ord’y, “lod a 1s 5d ” og Sh ORRe +7 |d8 Od & 6s , Sia Ord’y, to fine pale quill... Pe oR Conat 6) Cus woe|P@ir .. se ---|6s 64 8 78 Brds| ” ” » l5kda 10d Pickings «+ Burnt and defective ...\4s 6d a 5« 9d 4the ” ” ” ” “lod a 92 MACE, Bombay ... Dark to good bold pale... ls 6d a 2s Chips nie a a4 au ” “l2hd a 7d w'd com, darktotine bold|4d a 104 OLOVES, Zanzibar Fair to fine bright a ae agi |NUTMEGS, ” ++ O58 " SS - «a . » lid iy es 2:4 > 4 ee - CR Csi ane Aull oat mized id a ‘id r NUX Cochin, Madras| eon to fine bold fresh|3s a Ls cocufus INDICUS «pair eitted °°. [esa 86a, USrr IGA and Boabay| | Sey goeheary «(id 6 2 ‘ Ee RO-F , CINN b ...|Fair to fine heavy soe a 2 Cee ol coils ge) nr Sn aot Ama toes a 1028 CITRONELLE | Bright & good flavour.. fd a 3d cuLOMBO ROOT:.. |.-\Good to fine bright sound|!8s & 2's LEMONGRASS --" s4iq"’ to fine, not_ woody Fe “ie : Ordinary& middiing ., |L#s @ Dos ORCHRIAA Zauribat * Picked cleau flat leaf .. lds a 280 CROTON SEEDS, sifted...|Fair to tine fresh |208 a 27560 WEED M. face win ‘78 0 B58 OOS ENS a SF Fair to fine dry "1208 a 328 oEPPRE— ozambique =» yl aw Se RA , Zan.|Ordinary to good d ~_ {aus a 6038 / a2 | Pai GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey A Se As Lee BInG “|553 a 6)s } wees cee ite SD pasanaliban! err ga | =} thd 6 2}1 Se ea appt nike and green ....08 # 37861 | ar ee White wien Come momilod a 1s GINGER, Cochin, i: eee Peon p ape sits caer am | PLUMBAGO, Lump wa Fair to fixe bright bold ibs a 25s el < sede in, gooa small Sa ids Rough...) Fair to fine bold oa. ey apa he Chips ...|Sli’tly foul to fine bright/9s a 12s ” -.-|Small and medium vee Dust "Ordinary to fine bright.../28 91 a 5s Bevgal, Rough |fFair to good... 53a 453 RED WOOD Fair and fine boid £3 a £3 108 @Q@UM AMMONIACUM ...|Blocky to tine clean “"/2a8 a 50s SAFFLOWER, Bengal * Goodtofinepinkynominal 80s @ 100s ANIMI, washed ...|Picked fine pale in sorts |*!1 03a £13 05 Ordinary to fair ---/608 & 70s Part yellow & mixed do. Bean & Pea size ditto ... Amber and red bolé Medium & bold sorts Good to fine pale frosted sifted scraped... ARABIC E.I, & Aden .. 408 a 503 £5 a £8 lds 163 64 a 17s £8 Os a £0 153 3ALTPETKE, Bengal Ordinary to go 1680s a £9 SANDAL WOOD, Logs...|Fair to fine flavour .,.\435 a £55 Bs 52 os Chips..|{nferior to fine we kd @ £30 SAPAN WOOD .. . |Gean to good bold | £4 @& £7 SEEDLAC “lordinary to fine bright|40s a 70s Sorts, dull red to fair ... he a 45s SENNA, Tinnevelly ..|Good to fine bold green... 9ia ls 4d _ |Good to fine pale selected] ).° ps Bed Medium to bold green...\61 a 8d Ghatti ...]3orts middling to good...\“25 * us Small and medium greenj3d a 54 Good and fine pale. ...|}>8 @ (ue (Common dark and smali|id a 3d Amrad cha.|Reddish to pale brown ... fee = one Bombay ...(Ordinary to good jid a 3d Riera Derk fg fine nae eo La heed SHELLS, M.-o'-P. _../E@yPTIAN—bold clean... pein 100s +) Fair to fine pin ock |. medium paft stout}! 17 ASSAFCETIDA anddrOn i aoa ose 808 cariiacra: beagle Ordinary stony to midling 208 @ 45s large ae am {BOMBAY—Q00d tofinetnic}10U8 a 1055 KINO as, { fair to tine bright #15 a £20 medium part stout clean part good color} .Ubs a 125s MYRRH, picked _ |Fair to fine pale we (£9 B27 chicken part stout 3 » 1003 @ 107s 6d Aden sorts|Middling to good ,. (898 @ 953 oyster & broken pes 4. sy op_-(( 708 @ 82s 6d OLIBANUM, 4rop...|Fair to fine white 7008, 60s Mussel ... _ -. |bold sorts ew #08 @ 578 6d »» |Beddish to middling... 223 6d a 328 6d small and medium sorts|a0s a 425 6d pickings...| Middling to good pale... las a 183 Lingah Ceylon .../Thinand good stout sorts) 12s siftings ...|Slightly foultofine ... 128.4 163 fAMARLNDS a" “lid. tofineblacknotstony 83 & 9s INDIARUBBER ...__ ...|Red hard clean ball .,,|L8 Lld a Qs 23d Stony and inferior .../48.4 68 East African Ports, Zanzi- White sofushditto ... le 7d a 23 TORTOISESHELL _.. {Sorts good moztle, heavy 21s a 23s 6d bar and Mozambique Coast|Unripe root ve Uda Ts 6d Zanzibar and Bombay|Pickings thin to heavy 6s a 16s Liver ©, UL {Sits 4d als 11d |/PURMERIC,Bengal ... Leansh to fine plump Sausage, fair to fine... Is9daids 10d | nger ...(L78 & 208 ae Y Seow sticks... e Se aa aa | Madras ...|Fia. fair to fine bold bret 23s a ee BER Assam ood to fine ...(L8 Td a 23 - “IMixed middling... — «».,208 & 2: INDIARUBEE * |Gommon foul & middling|94_4 1s 6d ' 5 ve.|Bulbs oe oar (108 & 168 Rangoon . sa|Fair to good clean ..,|5° 7d als tld | Cochin... |Finger + see wee (LTS @& 208 Madagascar, Tamatave, Goodto fine pinky & white 2s a 2s 61 | VANILLOES, 2 Majunga and Nossibe } Fair to good black .,, [ds 64 a 1s 1d Bourbon, ists ,,.|Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9in. 10sa 17s G4 ISINGLASS or \ ip AS good fo fine pale —....48 sda 2. 6d Mauritius, 2uds...\Foxy & reidish 5 to 8 in, 78,8 1js FISH sats} ongue.|\dar« to fair “194 a Ls 6d Seychelles, } Srds...|Leat & dry to mid. un- Bladder Pipe ...|Cleau thin to nae bold...|'§ 6d a 33 der 6 in, 23.8 78 Purse .,\Dark mixed to fine pale ot ® Is ad Madagascar, ) 4ths,,.|Low, foxy, inferior and) Karraches Leaf — ...j0mamon fo fine pale ol da asd ! | pickiags ee Avcust 1, 1893:| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 129 SSS TT COFFEE CULTIVATION IN THE STRAITS, —— Bukit Nanas, Sungei Ujong, Malay Peninsula, 7th Tune. To tHE Eprror or tHE “ STRAITS TIMES.” Sir,—Your late articles, and the letters subsequently published in your paper lead one to hope that the public are taking somewhat more interest in the agricultural future of the Native States than has hitherto been the case, Herewith, you will find sundry crop returns for the year 1892, which I trust may prove of general interest; in looking at them, it will be well in all cases to note the age of the field referred to. Whilst I was in England in 1892, certain estimates were published in connection with a proposed scheme for the opening of the Govern- ment Plantations in the State of Selangor, and in referrence to them it was stated that it would be more satisfactory to the public and more reliable if such returns were available from Government sour- ces. In reply, I would wish here to explain that the return per acre has always been open to Government verification both as to the areas from which the crops have been gathered and the amount of such crops; indeed it was part of the original understanding upon which the concessions were made, and the Residents haye been notified to this effect from time to time by me; if therefore, the Government have not taken such steps, itis to be premised that they are satisfied of the correctness of such statements as have been laid before them, The system that has been followed in arriving at the area of any given field is the number of plants that have been put out originally making no subsequent deductions for deaths; and in all cases when surveys have followed, the area stated has been proved accurate or rather less than that stated thus increasing the yield per acre. One acre is 43,560 superficial feet, therefore, planted 9x10, would contain in a clearing of 50 acres 24,200 plants and so on, With these remarks in explanation, I send a few notes on the yields for 1892 and other mattersin connection with planting in the Native States. The system of cultivation followed has not been altogether in accordance with the more modern Ceylon school of absolutely clean weeding at all times, which in my opinion has its cheapness as its chief recommendation; for, para- doxical as it may sound, it ismuch cheaper to keep an estate clean, than in weeds if under control; the more so in each series of years. Perhaps the re- sults have justified the means. ‘Lhe formulas fol- lowed for manuring have been, if I may say so, in accordance with the most advanced system of. en- riching the soil at present followed in Hurope. And, whilst differing with the system of Monsieur George Ville as to the manner of application, the actual manures used have been generally in accordance with the formulas recommended by him; although the system followed was arrived at by correspondence held by a large proprietor in Ceylon with the late Baron Liebig ana which { had the adyantage of haying held at my disposal some years ago. I took the opportunity of my last visit to Europe to en- quire with care into these matters, with the result that in a series of years for the future I should look With confidence, always premising that the climate remained the same, of attaining at least eqnally favourable results, Whilst there are many planters who disbelieve in what they are pleased to call "artificial manures,’ I would call their attention to the experiments at Rothamstead, by which it has been proved to be practicable, to grow the same crop on the same land for 30 to 40 years in suc- cession with artificial manures alone, and in instances the resuits, not a few, haye equalled that of land yearly manured with cake-fed, farm yard manure M at ‘the rate of 14 tons per acre per annum for the same term of years, These papers are open to the con- sideration of all by the great liberality of Sir John Dawes and Dr. J, H. Gilbert. In comparing these examples with a perennial cultivation like coffee, the value is very great; owing to the same crop haying been and continuing to be grown on the same land for a long term of years. On the other hand, we find further corroboration starting later on 80 far as I have been able to learn, only published in a more summarised form in the book published by M. George Ville entitled ‘“ Artificial Manure.” After looking carefully over the formulas, for manur- ing employed on Rothamstead, it is most reassuring to find that the nearer the manures employed ap- proach to that advocated by M. George Ville, not- withstanding the variety of the crops generally, the results are the most favourable; thus, by an inde- pendent source proving the enormous value of the work that has been done at Rothamstead to the whole agricultural community of the world. The kindness, consideration, and liberal way in which Dr. Gilbert assists and lays his stores of knowledge open to visitors is worthy of the highest public gratitude and greatest praise. You will observe from the fore- going that I am of opinion that high cultivation is necessary to produce large crops and that the soil in itself is not rich enough to bear a succession of large crops; this is so, and whilst nature has most richly endowed the Malay Peninsula with an ex- tremely fertile climate, the soils, neither by analysis nor results without cultivation, are found sufficiently rich to produce a succession of heavy crops without skilled manuring and careful cultivation. When it is brought to notice that for each picul of clean coffee (in which the returns are given) it has taken 9 piculs of fruit to produce it, the desirability of high cultivation becomes at once apparent. On looking back over a series of years of the crop returns from different fields it becomes plain that, for many years, I have been removing a gross weight of from 4 to 5 tons per acre. The year 1892 was a late one and, owing to the concentration of the rainfall and the numerous unusual short spells of hot dry weather, a good deal of coffee that would under ordinary circumstances have ripened and been gathered during 1892, was not gathered until 1893; thus in all pro- bability if the year 1893 continues as fayourable as it has been hitherto the yield will be large. Linsum Estratr.— With regard to the yield of field No. VII during its third and fourth year, it is a remarkable indication of what may be done in four generations of selected seed from selected trees. No. VIII, a clearing planted in 1891 October to December, will certainly give acrop of 10 piculs from the 50 acres within 26 months of planting and I shall be much sur- prised if in 1894 it does not beat the record of No. VII, S’n1ALL Esvarre.—77 piculs of clean coffee were gathered off, in January; of course going into the 1893 crop account. Although it was ripe previous to the 31st December, the labour was not available to pick it. Baru Caves figures speak for themselves and, having little cultivation, shew some falling off on the older coffee; the durians are responsible in some measure. WEvp’s Hitt.—This Estate is on an isolated hill near Kuala Lumpur and it shews some falling off also, there are also a very large number of durians on the estate which are now being removed; and when this is completed I expect the crop to go back to what I consider normal, under the system of cultivation followed. In connection with this estate, I attach the Weather Report taken at the General Hospital within a mile as the crow flies, shewing that, against an average number of days on which rain fell for the preceding 7 years of 180 days per annum, rain only fell on 110 in 1892. This I submit is worth consideration on the part of the Selangor Goyernment, as to whether it would not be to the advantage of the State to have the lallang fields and bare bills of mine-refuse lying exposed to the rays of the sun for a_ large area surrounding Kuala Lumpur economically re- afforested, either the Tumbooso (as seen in Singapore) 140 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aveust 1, 1893. ee eee or Albiggia Moluccana grow in the lalang, if not Kamuning Estate, Perak; there are many yaeancies burnt, and eventually smother it. Having removed | in the early plantings owing to the usual agree | the tin which is part of the capital of the country ; | difficulties in a new district. The soil is bey in all equity to future generations, some steps should | the average and as the later planting. t-c. su be taken to preserve another important capital | come into besring I have no doubt that this estate item; the climate: | will give a good account of itself. S'LIAN ESTATE, SUNGEI UJONG. Crop from Ist January to 31st December 1892. Aveo in, Field Cherry injOutturn 9 boxes|Clean offee in) Yield per were Acres, | No. Date Planted. Age. Boxes. |to 1 picul coffee.| piculs. ots. | in mA cts. 4 I in 1888 | 4 years. 2264 | @ 9 boxes. 25 00 6 mm 25 9 II in 1881 {11 years. 7824 ” 87 00 9 95 | IIT August ’82 |10 years 5 months 1005 9 112 00 4 6 9 |1V Sept. 1883 | 9 years 4 months 540 ” 60 600 6 50 aw 2554 RE RETR E Ps Remarks.—Formerly shaded. LINSUM ESTATE, SUNGEI UJONG. Crop from Ist January to 81st December 1892. j { Clean Coffee|,; i Area in| Field! Innted: in ey _Cherry Outturn @ 8 1% box (Eiel¢ per acee In Acres. | No. Date Plante 8 in Boxes, to 1 piculclean ©o ffee erieenmend! . cts. “te | 1 |May/July ‘81| 114 years 854} |@815-16boxtolpicull 95 50| 6 88 a5 | IL | Harly in '80 12 1, - 00 a) 35 | IIL |Dec.’87-May'88 4 2774 " 3L BO Oo «(87 92 \IV &V\April to June '82 10 1,5354 ” 1722 «= 8 7 ae is | VII anuary’89 |3 years 11 months 854 T 195 = BO 5 = 88 44 |VIIL| 11. 12. '89 |37y.&12 months, 10914 ne ar) 2 % ———— ee) | Se eS oe 159 | 5,896 659 50 Remarks.—70 % young plants. Old Cacao Lands replanted. RainFALy.—Kvava LUMPor. En P77 TT OO —— a Month. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. , 1890. 1891. 1892. —_—— ~_—|—- ee ee | January .- --| 5 | 1.12 7.12 | 14 1l | 6862) 12 | 8.96] 9 | 7.19) 19 16.24] 6 | 6.31 Dys,, In. pies In. |Dys. me Dys.{ In. |Dys.| In. |Dys.; In. |Dys.) In. |Dys., In, February .- -- 10 1.47 7 1.96 | 14 2.93 7 6.13 7 4.00 |} 17 |13.56 | 11 5.42 | 18 {10.44 1 mh pan [568 | 14 | 6.33 |17 | 877] 19 [1470] 14 [1.25 | 10 | 7.31) 9 | 417) 713 ]10. aed AR ee 4, PRON G39] AG 8) OB 18 (12:10 | 2l {10.15 | 19 |10:05 | 17 |12.16 | 17 | 5.47 | 16 es Ay we le ef 19 [tage | 19 fl47 [11 | 8.92 | 21 | 6.09) 18 15.11 | 14 | B41 | 14 | 7.968) 9 | 6.69 Tune. owe Dees! i797 81/380 11 | 440/15 | 3.97| 16 |6.97] 9 ; 3.751 9 '2951 8 | 3.47 July loose cep 22 [452] 14 | 7.391 8 | 451] IL | 181) 18 1407 | 12 | 6.67) «8 | 4.26 | 1 | 0.20 August .. 11 | 9:75 | 20 | 9.40] 20 \13.90| 16 | 669) 19 10.78] 38 |12.79| 11 (4.61) 11 | 4.97 Bet ember *} 19 | 9.55] 15 | 6.76) 7 | 184) 19 [14.60 | 18 8.12} 12 | 5.58118 16.16) 7 | 3.53 October .. .-| 25 {16.09 | 13 | 8.32] 22 [10-31 | 28 15.14] 18 | 7.38] 14 | 7.07; 25 | 2531/10 | 2.95 November... ..| 18 {11.69 | 20 (10.76 | 21 {11.79 | 26 13.32 | 18 | 5.64/15 | 4.75) 18 10.48/10 | 4.45 Devember.. .-| 13 | 3.27| 14 [11.71 | 20 | 9.31 19 {12.54 | 13 | 7.09/17 | 7.44/19 0.55 | 6 | 7.37 ee a | Total .. ..(177_ |97.86 |176 (94.86 183 (94.43 [208 (115.73/185 |100.92\164 |96.65 |178 '98.02 \t10 72.43 WELD’S HILL ESTATE, KUALA LUMPUR. Crop from Ist January to 31st December 1892. ~--— | — —— | - ———-]} - —— - | 6 | - - e } - Outturn @ 8°24 Cherry Aa Fi Area in Field ; ! b t icu] | Clean Coffee in Aetenibanony ee ee in Boxes.| "O*CS'8? Pict! | Piculs & Ots. 5 cap a a ae i ee se | re a | | ee =e Monkey Coffee 17 48 |) at 8.24 295 37 4° 2Bl 65 August ’82 |10 years 4months.| 2,434 |Monkey Coffee. 8 74 at8.24 163 95 85 October ’87 | 5 years 2 months.) 1,351 " ae 4 393 6 June ’89 | 3 years 6 months. 27- I ” 65 —— i———— > (ae | a a he a fees eo —-—a 105 3,812 488 81 Remarks.—Many Durains, Monkey Coffee-26 pls, 22 cts. Avcvst 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 13t BATU CAVES ESTATES, KUALA LUMPUR, SELANGOR. Crop from Ist January to 31st December 1892. : e Outturn @ 8.15, Clean coffee Yield Ares, in| Field Date Planted Age Cherry Boresto1 picul in Piculs and er acre in Aores../)iNo: 4 in Boxes Sates cts. “ Pls. cts. 11} ie I | May/June ’84. 84 years. 7 377 Monkey coffee) 1 04 at 8.15. 46 24 4 20 9 II December ’88. 4 do 222 Monkey coffee! 81 do 27 22 3 11 8 | III | November '87. | 5 years 1 month. Monkey coffee 32 te) 16 43 5 15 13 III { 6A-December '88, 4 years jase Monkey coffee, 1 17 s 7A-November '89 3 years 1 month do 29 43 | 2 385 17 IV June 88. 4 years 5 months., 407 Monkey coffee 1 53 ds 49 92 | 8 02 534 | "1380 + 74 Remarks.—Many Durians. Monkey eoffee 4 pls. 87 cts. KAMUNING, KUALA KANGSA, PERAK, Crop trom Ist January to 31st December 1892. : - {Outturn at 8.36)Clean Coffee Yield Bren ial iets Date Planted. Age. Chery: Boxes to 1 Pl. jinPiculsand| per acre in i ; oxen Coffee. Catties. Pls. Cts. 82 1 |Oct./Dec. ’88.../4 years ... .» ...{ 1,125 | At 8°36 per pl.| 137 50 1 67 56 2 INov. ‘88 .. «(4 years and 1 month} 1,504 183. 80 8 $8 3 234 2 80 4 19 | 2 25 __ 138 as. 2,672 | 32635 Remarks.—=Large percentage of supplies. not in bearing: NOTES ON CEYLON PRODUCTS. PLumsBago.—The Reichstag has passed the “ Ger- man Arpy Bill ” and dealers are expecting a better time then before. They are in hopes of heering that Europe will send Jarge orders for the Mineral, and that the large stock—oured and unoured—lying iu the stores will soon disappear. However, the market ia still very weak, and there is no demand what- ever for low qualities. I: quiries are made for Chips and Dust of the finest quality only, which some dealers call the “ Ashk Bee” mark. Since my last notes appeared, only two transactions have been made in the Colombo market in these two grades. In large lumps aud ordinary no business is being done atall. These remarks stand good for Galle too. Still the closing of pits is the chief topic among owners, and news bas been received here that several pits have been closed and are bring closed at Pasium Kora'e, too. Some exceptionally fine plumbago (uncured) turned out from a pit at Kurunegala bas found a purchaser in a rich European house here. The dealers are very chary about making purchases of the uncured stuff before finishing off the large quantity they have in ' hand; and the result is that.the price of plumbago in its raw state at the mouth of the pits is very low, Cinnamon.—Fairly good supplies are finding their way to the market, both from down South and the Negombo district. As a rule, the cinnamon brought from the South does not fetch a good price. The mske is clumsy and the colour and flavour are poor; while Negombo supplies the best staff and peelers pay. special attention to the turning out of pretty quills. For the best plantation cinnamon from the Negombo District the price varies from 30 to 42 cents per pound while the price for usual assortment now prevailing in the market is 35 to 36 cents per pound. The supply of chips is also incrcasing slowly, but surely. During the last week about one hundred candies found their way to Oclombo market and the prices paid were from K36 to R40 per candy. CorreRaAH AND Coconut O1L.—The price has gone up since the last notes appeared by 50 cents and the price paid this morning for “‘ Calpentyn”’ was R51 per candy, Madampe and Marayilla fetch R43 to R48, There has been no marked improvement in the arrivals of the boats. It is believed that this being theseagon for the Festival of St. Anne, the copperah Dealers and the Boatmen (the majority of whom era Roman Oatholice) prefer to attend the services, and a lull in the market may possibly ensue. During last week abouttwo dozen pipes of chekkoo oil arrived. Up till yesterday morning, k14°874 per cwt. was theclosing price and today there was a de- orease of 123c. Oil dealers are also doing very little business now. Inthe Fort, during the week ending yesterday only 500 cwt. of dealers’ oil were purchased by a firm at 215 percwt. There is a demand for oil at Calcutta, Bombay and Singapore, but Native shippers cannot buy oil at the rates demanded by the sellers. This is chiefly due to the sudden rise in the copperah market. Chekkoooil cannot be shipped in the state in which it is purchased. It has to be cleaned and filtered, when it becomes merchantable. Coconut Poonac.—There is nothing doing in this stuff. A native ‘* Miller” has in his hands three con- tracts to supply mill poonac to three European Houses, The contrsots were made about a couple of months ago. R75 to £0 pertonF OB is about a fair value for the article now. CarpamMoms.—Native dealers have abont a couple thousand pounds in their hands unsold. Some of them have commenced to ‘bleach’ with a view of effecting salea sooner or Jater—(the latter more likely.) The native dealers, as arule, find a market in Oaloutta and Bombay; but there is not much of a demand now. ‘If we get very cheap, we'll buy’ isthe sentiment of the day. As cheap as dust, of course ! and Jet the poor native dealer go to the——! One Calcutta merchant is offer- ing for sale locally about two thonsend pounds of good ‘Mysore’ for which he cannot find a market at Calcutta. ArnEca Nuts.—The searon for thes* nuts will be in very soon and the Coast Moormen and Obetties who monopolise the trade are making prepsrations for re- ceiving and curing the large supplies expect d. Saran Woop.—No arrivals at Oolombo during lest week, OHIPS. —Local “ Examiner,” July 19th. 132. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Avcusr 1, 1893. Corysspondenoa, ne To the L£ditor. THE INDIAN TEA CROPS. Indian Tea Ascociation, Calcutta, July 1. Dear 81r,—In reply to your favour of the 16th ult., I have posted to your address as reque-ted Btatements giving the statistics you ask for. The comparison with past years will be given from 1st April to meet the new conditions.—Yours faithfully, W. PARTOHL, Asst. Seoretary. (We wished to know whether any change had been made in the Estimate under the new arrange- ment by which the Season is counted from Ist April, It may be well to repeat the figures sent us for the benefit of our planting readers :— Actual Outturn of Crop of 1892. Ib Assam Ayn) 46,307,348 Cachar a Xo «« 16,110,506 Sylhet me af .» 17,744,557 Darjeeling .. oe 6,796,315 Terai . ae at 2,807,530 Dooars s0 1 14,889,006 Chittagong .. ae 830,293 Chota-Nagpore oe 201,328 Dehra Dun, Kumaon and Kangra 4,000,000 Private and Native Gardens 4,000,000 113,686,883 Original Estimate of Crop of 1893. lb Assam an 40 50,326,320 Cachar oi Hd 18,216 560 » Sylhet aN a 20,387,680 Darjeeling .. is 7,330,430 Terai a 5 3,427,200 Dooars wa on 16,085,056 Chittagong .. da 1,008,000 Chota-Nagpore ps 267,000 Dehra’ Dun, Kumaon and Kangra 4,500,0:'0 Private and Native Gardens 4,000,000 125,548,246 being 11,861,363 lb. over the actual outturn of the crop of 1892, but 34 million lb. less than original estimate of that crop. Hstimating shipments to the Colonies and other Pome with local consumption at 9 millions, there will remain about 116} million lb. for export to Great Britain. —Epb. T,4.] THE FINEST TEA BUSH IN CEYLON: July 7th, 1893. Dar Sirn,—A correspondent im your psp yr challenged anybody to beat his big tea bush, the other day. I do not know what his dimensions were, but on this estate there is a tree 13ft, Qin. in diameter and over 4lft. in cireamference measured last week, What were his dimensions? This bush was pruned about 3 months ago. So that its present diameter is pruned wood. I have no doubt this is ¢he finest bush in (‘eylon. ; WALTER W. SEVIER. [The challenge came from a Travancore corres- pondent to the Observer, was copi:d into the Madras papere, and from there as s:mething new into the local “Times” and other papers! The Travancore dimensions given were :—‘ Diameter of plucking surface 9ft. 24in., height 3ft. S8in., tree 7 years old,” so that it is quite clear the bush Mr. Sevier has measured on St. John’s, is by far the larger; and probably the thampion tea tree in the island. It ought to he photogra; hed.— Ep. 7.4,] “BIG TEA BUSHES.” Abbotsford; Nanuoya, July 10. Dear Srz,—I had the pleasure of seeing the Bt. John's giant tea tree some three years ago and I had then no doubt it was the largest tea bush in Ceylon as it probably is still. We, on Abbotsford, might have had a look-in for premier place had we not circumscribed the size of our larger bushes some five or six years ago as we found them inconveniently large for pluck- ing purposes, I have measured one of our larger bushes today and I find it is only 11’ 3” x 9’ in diameter with a circumference of 30 ft. The tree has a stem girth of 36” and is not at all a bad specimen, but as it has not been pruned for some time, it is not in it with the giant of St. Jobn’e. We have some enormous masses formed by root- suckers from the original plant but as these might be encouraged in the course of time to cover acres, I do not think they would te a fair comparison to a tree etanding on its own footing as, if I re- member rightly, the St. John’s tree does. These enormous bushes are all very well for bringing forward like the ‘‘big gooseberries” of the season—as your Travancore correspondent did with his bush (only to be beaten though) ;—but for ordinary paying purposes give me a few hundred acres of good jat ordinarily-sized bushes 4 ft, or so across and I don’t want anything better or bigger.—Yours truly, THE CHAMPION TEA TREE? Gallebodde, Galboda, July 10th, 1893. In ‘ast evening’s issue of the local “Times” the following letler appeared :— Sin,—I noticed in the “Times” the other day that an ex-Ceylon planter bad seen a tea bush in Travancore which measured over 9 feet in diameter and wished to know if Oeyln could beat that. There is a tea bush on this estate, grown from a single plant, which measures over 13 feet in dia- meter, and would be more than that had it not been pruned recently.—Yours &o., W. WILSON SMITH. [In a note the “Times” editor asked :—“Now Tra- vancore i3 ‘knocked out,’ can any other Ceylon estate beat this?” For answer we would refer to the letter of Mr. W. W. Sevier of St. Jobn's, which appeared in our issue cf the 8th inst, Mr. Sevier there stated that on his estate there was a tree 13 feet 9 inches diameter and over 41 feet in circumference.—Ep, T.A.] CEYLON, “A POOR COUNTRY”:—ITS LA- TEST STAPLE AND CLIMATE ; AND NOT THE SCHOOL FOR TROPICAL AGRI- CULTURE; ON COAST ADVANCES AND DEMORALIZED LABOUR RAILWAY TO INDIA. Dimbula, July 1893, Dean Sir,—‘‘ Oheery Ceylon "—is it? Per— haps so—to favoured individuals like the talented Mr. Clement Scott who came here in the bast weather, went to see the best tea estates in the dest climate and sees everything, figuratively speaking, on but one side of the shield—on whish is not the baser metal. Now I like to call a spade—a spade; and a spade is @ spade—and nothing more. With this premoni-. _tion—may I ack why most people in writing of Ceylon fallinto a sort of gaseous, exaggerative or THE MAGAZINE OF THE SCHOOL OR AGRICULTURE, COLOMBO. Added as a Supplement monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Agriculture for August :— contents of the Magazine of the School of Vol. VJ AUGUST, 1893. [Nor 2: OCCASIONAL NOTES. seed for plaating should be obtained from pods growing on the stem of the It not germinate sooner than tree. does the seeds from branch pods; but I have observed it grows into a more robust plant than the latter. Since adhering strictly to this rule, and sowing the seed in small baskets made of areka bark, and planting them out just when they were old, during the middle of April planting them out whenever a two months last—in fact couple of days’ rain gave me a chance, albeit the proper time for planting or not—but with sufficient artificial shade to protect it from the direct rays of the sun; I have found that even after that protracted drought of twenty-three days between April and May last, the mortality | among them from want of moisture in the ground was not at all what one might have expected under these circumstances. I assure my readers that in a field of 3,000 of these plants where I expected 90 % damaged, there were only about 200 failures! It is not advisable to get the cacao seed to grow too soon as many people do by placing it about half an inch below the surface of the soil; for the result then is a very thin and wiry-looking plant liable to be blown down by the wind or scorched by the heat of the sun, On the contrary, plant it flat 1) inch deep ; it takes from two to three weeks to rise, when only good seeds grow and give fine strong | plants, Although the genera and species of the two | are wide apart, there is a strong affinity between ~ the cacao and the jak fruit tree—both produce fruits from the stem as well as from the branches. It strikes me therefore as likely that | the reason why jak trees cannot be evenly grown, | even where the seed has been obtained from the best and largest fruit, is because the fruit has been one grown from the branch of the tree. In 1877 I planted several thousands of jak seed at stake along the roadsides of that well-known coffee estate Gallekoluan,” then | only a new clearing, from fruits procured from the adjacent villages. These of course must | have been fruits plucked from different trees | and different parts of the trees. It wasa severe disappointment to me to have seen that more than half of these seedlings had failed—some growing very poorly, and only a very small | number rising up to beautiful plants. The estate has since changed hands and partly aban- doned, but the jak plants that survived are now lofty trees infull bearing. Whocan say whether these trees were not grown from stem fruit seed, and those that failed were all from branch Sruit seed? | : { AA on 2 Ce lz S a S = OmNote > ‘aan Bysog «| 3 | PESRERZ | S| > , , co | Ho” MoS S > sn el oS | < eis = 09 C2 0 60 1D os a "BAB at | EECSASS | in eer st itwm om Oe lia 2 1 —s oO | | bee > } . oe a ie nm oe | « | when | F BSSFFSS | 12 | > AABN give # eo! !/¢e | x 3 ae 1 ) . 2A ~~) oe | =: uo] £2.) = SSF SAE | | S| s UOIRIUB] i td” ISS a = cs — x eee ee Ie ee = P= 8 Te ot EF | 23 -3.2 | <8 Sh eee ZEEE | a $os884 | 4 SP a feces cs sz | | _— Ea i “s | Stns ves aS S | : SNe es eMOCk Ae | The remarkable features of these analyses are the high proportion of potash and the absence of soda-and silica. These characteristics together with the small S iprggens of chlorine and ferric oxide are useful in enabling the analyst to decide whether or not a sample of coffee has been adulterated with chicory :— Dr. Winter Blyth furnishes the annexed table shewing the. characteristic differences between the ash of coffee and of chicory. Comparison of the Ash of Coffee and of Chicory. Percentage. j Coffee Ash. Chicory Ash. Silica and sand None 10°69 to 35°88 Carbonic acid on 14-92 1°78 to 3:19 Ferric oxide... ‘44to 98 313to 5°32 Chlorine 2b to. LI Sao. 4-05 Phosphoric acid ... 10° to11:00 5° to 600 Total soluble ash ... 75° to 85°00 21: to 35°00 The following are analyses of the ash of cofiee and of chicory by Dr. ). P. Battershall :— Analyses of the Ash of Coffee and of Chicory. Java Chicory Coffee Ash. HKoot Ash. Potash “a 53°37 23°00 Soda — 13°13 Lime 5.84 9°40 Magnesia... 9°09 5°88 Alumina .. 43 — Ferric oxide *33 5°00 Sulphuric acid 3:19 9°75 Chlorine ... eS, ne 78 4,93 Carbonic acid ... aia oe 4-01 Phosphoric acid... Boo ha athe’ 8 8-44 Silica and sand ,.. 5 "25 16°46 100:00 100-00 Total ash per cent moo 4-4] Ceylon Ground and Roasted Coffee. Two samples of ground roasted coffee prepared in Ceylon were sent to me in order that'l ona certify to their being free from chicory. This THE TROPICAL AGIRCULTURIST. Sept. 1, 1893.] I was able to do from the result of a micros- copical examination of the sample confirmed by the examination of the solubility of the ash. One sample yielded 5-44 per cent of ash, of which 83°45 per cent was soluble in water. The other yielded 5°38 per cent of ash, of which 78°8 per cent was soluble in water. toasted coffee of course contains a higher per- centage of ash than raw coffee. A sample of Liberian coffee (raw) prown in Ceylon yielded ash 4:23 per cent. In Levesie’s table of analyses of coffee seeds already quoted the total ash varied from 3°8 to 4:9 per cent, shewing an average of 4:28 per cent, while the figure for Ceylon plantation was 4 per cent. The following are additional deter- minations of the ash of coffee from Dr. Hassall’s work on food and its adulterations :— Mineral Matter in Coffee. Percentage. Total Ash. Soluble Ash. Cottee 4°75 —_~ ss 4-50 Bs He ne 4:17 = Mysore Coffee .., 4:29 3°53 Rast India ,, ... 4:07 3°24 Jamaica ,, 4°59 3°71 Average ... 4°56 3°49 An interesting table of ash analyses of the different parts of the Brazilian coftee tree by H. Ludwig appeared in the Archiv. der Pharmacie which has been extracted without criticism for the article ‘Coffee’ in Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. I therefore quote them here, although I think it would be desirable if some other analyst would take the trouble to verify experimentally, the results arrived at. Ludwig’s figures shew a tendency of phosphoric acid to accumulate in the reots of old trees, the pro- portion in the ash of the root of an old coffee tree being about five times as great as in the ash of the root of a young coffee tree in bearing. The analyses undertaken to investigate the effect of different soils on the composition of the ash of the coffee bean yield very remarkable results. The limestone soil yielded a bean, the ash of Which was poorer in lime and phosphoric acid than, hut contained more than three times as much potash as, the ash of the bean grown on gneiss soil. The latter soil also yielded pro- portions of ferrie oxide and sulphurie acid which seem to me to be phenomenally high. Soda, which was absent from the ash of coffee beans analysed by Messrs. Graham, Stenholme and Campbell was found in both cases by Ludwig to the extent of fully 5°8 percent. Alumina, which is an ingredient very sparingly assimilated by plants was found in considerable proportion in the roots (young), leaves and parchment skin. Ash Analysis of Parts of the Brazilian Coffee Tree. (H. LupwIa.) No. 1 Root of a young tree in bearing. 2 Root of an old tree. 3 Leaves. 4 Pulp of the pericarp. 5 Parchment-like coating of Coffee beans. 6 Coffee beans grown in eneiss soil. 7 Cotfee-beans grown in lime-stone soil, 155 lomane S$orewtHo = | Se PSF EeHNSSS | 5 J im bap ton S8° TS a" fr) | | + as Na | | o | sora ks OO KOH HH BDID HD r ; Bee sins OI~SMOAS & © | 419 Dao @ dim co coi & | a a ml ae) ars a LS ee ee | rOoOanga O18 DOD 7 IBSSSR 2hKkees 18 1D faba a He taneous! lo aa aoa 5 S 0.0.49. 29.00 5. DO 92.2 st Hoo | 188882 gsesesaz ls tH [ase -MNEwSoaGwA” |S —6S- —- 5'B5EAa0N — ID-2D.AODO BDAnom'aac6d 4 |S2988 Soseaas , (2 6 | kaghs do. StS coca | = = oR ost | Loum | | Rot RDM Yoarnocann ey) 2 | POO ROS QO MAH eH 2 |a|xonode Saher | 1S | of ts Aaa i=) = | HIG Wid wcigpne m2) ~(assak FSEERRS ro = |/onnsto momaae | = aa nN S = Lea a ae Were c= san Sao eae 2 = Sas re Shi ig ss Fee ee SS BUNA cB tcai re eu tabs nor Me Be Eluics cs CyMVe-e BSS BZeokn he fe S Mah 2 Sea ook to FO 2 a0 8 PSE Ah ee Ot oS Ls 5Se Ps sR ss sss Oa GNOAMDOY The following are partial analyses John Hughes of Parchment Coffee from Badulla, Ceylon, and of partially dried Coffee leaves :— by Mr. Analyses of Ceylon Pare hment Coffee.—(HUGHRs). Water lost at 212° F... wee ace 13°31 Fat ... ode 508 é 10°97 *Other organic matter Sie a 72°42 Mineral matter (ash) .. Ss e 3°30 ; 100-00 *Centaining Nitrogen... a 1:47 The total Mineral matter 3°50 per cent con- sisted of :— Potash 1°349 Soda... os 065 Lime... "193 Magnesia 86 6 219 Ebosphorie acid 0 -260 Culphurie acid ae . ‘076 arbonic acid "921 hlorine 028 ilica 000 “094 Oxide of iron... “095 3°300 Analyses of Partially-dried Coffee Leaves. (HUGHEs. ) Water lost at 212°F. .., Soo 9-750 * Organic matter soluble in water 23-760 Mineral matter soluble in water C 3°8390 + Organic matter insoluble in water —., 58°890 Mineral matter insoluble in water 3-710 100-000 * Containing nitrogen ... se 994 + Do do Ses ove 1678 Total Nitrogen ... 2°672 The total Mineral matter 7°60 per cent con- sisted of :— Potash Soda... wee 2-078 483 156 Lime... So is "9 ee 1°689 Magnesia ae tes 919 Phosphoric acid s09 5 "B52 Sulphuric acid oes aoa 261 Carbonic acid 75 aes 995 Chlorine Oe we Soe = “082 Silica and Pastules of Quartz ... ae 641 Oxide of Iron... ba ne ; 100 7600 The following are percentage results calculated from Mr. Hughes’ analyses showing the com- position of the Ash of Ceylon Coffee Leaves, Coffee Pulp and Coffee Parchment :—- ; Ash Analyses. Coffee Coffee Coffee in Parch- Leaves.| Pulp. sient: Potash 27°34| 4776} 40°88 Soda A ae 6°36 169 1:97 Lime soe «| 22°23) 10°06 5°85 Magnesia .. Bp CA) 2-02 6°64 Ferric oxide .., 5% 1°32 1°59 2°88 Magnetic oxide of Man- ganese oon ef oo — = Alumina 26 al) — — Silica soe oor 8°43 3°93 2°85 Carbon dioxide ..-| 13°09] 22°40) 27°89 Phosphoric acid aoe 4°63 4°59 7°88 Salphurie acid 3°43 3°39 2°31 Chlorine 1-08 2°57 85 100°00 | 100-00} 100-00 The above analyses of the ash of Ceylon coffee leaves and coftee pulp differ widely in some respects from the corresponding analysis of Brazilian coffee. Ceylon ashes are richer in potashes but not so rich in phosphoric acid. The following is Mr. John Hughes’ estimate of the constituents removeil per acre by an average crop of coffee, assuming 7 ewts. of parchment from 1,200 trees: — Estimate. Seed | Palp Leaf | Total. > .| a. zg * i 334| 22 (5 24| #2 225) Me laos) BS o92| GH Sal So mey| ei SS al Ba) 13g I aN Water 33 --| 104-3 | 664°8 | 24:0} 793-1 *Organie matter ---| 653°8 | 168°7 | 214-2 | 1026-7 Mineral (Ash) matter | 25°9} 155! 188] 60-2 Ibs...| 784:0 | 849 0 | 247-0 | 1880-0 *Containing nitrogen...| 11°53) 28 66 ~ 20-9 The Ashconsists of:— is Potash 300 --| 10°6 75 Sih BSB} Soda coc ste 5 “3 163 2°0 Lime See waef S165 15) 42 42 Magnesia 197i 3 2:3 43 Phosphoric acid 21 “a 9 3°7 Sulphuric acid 8 6 5 6 1-7 Chiorine = WY 4 2 8 Oxices of iron BS Sih 2 O72 1+] Silign pera acs ced oy tZilooni64 {d6)| o'9 Carvonie acid veel oO) |” umectoult ame) males =o: Ibs...] 25:9} 15°53] 18:3] 60-2 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST (Serr. 1, 1892 Manuring of Coffee. The following tables show the quantities of manures required to return to the soil, the im- portant elements of plant food removed by the coffee crop, basing the caleulations on the pre- ceding estimate by Mr. Hughes. parchment coffee is no doubt Seven ewts. of much above the average crop, but for manuring purposes it is a safe basis to go upon. The theoretical doses of nitrogen, phosphor.c and potash required to return to the soil, the amounts of these important ingredients removed by the coffee crop in two years, ie, 14 ewts. of parchment coffee with accompanying pulp and loss of leaf; bnt not of prunings, are, Nitrogen 41°8 lbs. Phosphoric acid iw ic Tas Potash 46°6 ,, The staple manures for coffee are cattle manure castor cake and bone dust, to which are some times added salts of potash. The following tables are drawn out on the same principle as those already given in con- nection with the manuring of tea. The nitrogen table gives the weight of manures which contain the theoretical dose of nitrogen, viz., 41-8 lbs. The phosphoric acid table gives the weight of the manures which contain the theoretical dose of phosphoric acid, viz., 7°4lbs. The potash table gives the weights of manures which contain the theoretical dose of potash, viz., 46°6 lbs. Nitrogen Table. This table gives the weights of certain manures which will return to the soil nitrogen equal in amount to that removed from the soil by two years’ crops, including pulp and leaves, viz., 41-8lbs. nitrogen together with the weights of phosphoric acid and potash in the manures:— nw : == |g 2 => tee [5 petoor 1 aa 25 jes |e = aic -| mas SSS 9155 eae O25) 22 Description of Manure. | & es STE ao a? = a =| — a + a 4 — ied ee [ees | o> fo'S | 2 ee eee Ceylon Cattle Manure No. 1.. | 9,372} 23-4| 89-1 Do do No.2 |6,499! 6-0) 69-3 Castor-Cake (best) ... . |. 597 ree} 75 Do (lower quality)..; 836] 125) 125 Bone dust ... He ..-| 1,194 | 275-0 | 11-9 Phosphoric Acid Table. This table gives the weights of certain manures which will return to the soil phosphorie acid equal in amount to tnat removed from the soil by two years’ crops, including puly, and leaves, viz., 7-4 lbs. phosphoric acid together with the weights of nitrogen and of potash in the manures :— Supt, 1, 1893.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 157 Weights of potash in lbs. 4 |bs. phosphoric acid. Description of Manure. in the manures. in the manures. Jeights of nitrogen in Weights of manuresin lbs. Ibs. BS Ceylon Cattle Manure No. 1.../2,960 | 132) 28-1 Do do- No. 2.../8,042 | 51:8 | 85°9 Castor-Cake (best) ... eel, po ele 17-9 3:2 Do (lower quality)...) 493 | 24:7 74 Bone dust ... dibs ; 32 alga 3 Potash Table. This table gives the weights of certain manures which will return to the soil potash equal in amount to that removed from the soil by two years’ crops, including pulp and leaves, viz., 466 lbs. potash together with the weights of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the manures: — ae a Bena duc Bid x Oo | og | ae @ « ae) a! oS Cue Ds 5 as oa = Slees | See ies ona) 2S | Ae cape ap 8 I ? Description of Manure. Siac PCat ES Gt tH oo os elo! Sirs) ye q=| = RD ORY ae 4 pee =e) a Petes: = 5 esi? fo. | Ob | “BOs Cis H OAM O8S Bd | eioulies 1 Ceylon Cattle Manure No. 1 |4900 21:9} 12°3 Do do No. 2...;4391 28°3 4-0 Castor-Cake (best) ... . (8728 | 261-0} 108°1 Do (lower quality)....3106 | 1553) 466 Nitrate of Potash ... sabe AAAS 18) — Muriate of do (80 %) mo 58} — = Sulphate of do (50 %) - 93) — — Kainit (135%)... So (eS Yat ey ae es The results of ordinary experience hitherto in the manuring of coffee, had not shown, except perhaps in the case of nitrogen, that the important elements of plant food should be added to the soil in the proportions in which they are removed by crop, ete., thus when using cattle manure No. 1 instead of adding the important ingredients of plant food in the proportions of L theoretical dose of nitrogen, 1 of phosphoric acid and 1 of potash, these are added in the proportion of 1 of nitrogen, 3 of phosphoric acid and 2 of potash. Mixtures of Castor-cake and Bone-dust, such as planters have been long accustomed to use, depart still further from the theoretical quantities; thusa mixture of + lb of Castor-cake and 4 lb. of Bone-dust added to each tree represents per acre 1 theoretical dose of nitrogen, 20 of phosphoric acid and 0-2 of potash, and when a mixture of } lb. of Castor-cake and 4lb. Bone-dust is added per tree, such a manure adds to the soil 14 times the theoretical dose of nitrogen, 21 times the theoretical dose of phosphoric acid and 0:3. of the theoretical dose of potash. The mixtures of artificial manures which planters have been accustomed to use, thus: fully keep up the supply of nitrogen, add many times the theoretical quantity of phosphoric acid, but fall far short of the theoretical quantity of potash. For some years past the addition of potash salts to manures has been practised by some, but with what success compared with the method of manuring with Castor-eake and Bone-dust only, there do not appear to be any published numerical data to show. Some of the special commercial manures for Coffee cultivation will be found in the chapter on Manures. ——__<>—_ —_—__———- THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN-CEYLON TEA PLANTERS’ COMPANY, The latest information to hand relative to the proceedings of tbe above Company would appear to wariant some hop3 that the good work ac- ecmplished by Mr. Elwood May and Mr. Pineo is not to be left to utter failure. Very large interests in the welfare of the undertaking have bien created by- Mr. May’s arrangements for advertising entered into with several leading Ameri- can newspaper propri:tors. These last evidently see that, failing some effort on their part, there is no chance of their obtaining any _ return for the speculative work they have hitherto done under that arrangement. For the first time we bad lately made known to us, and that in a very atriking way, the results hitherto obtained by the Company. We propose to recapitulats the figures showing the progressive nature of the business done, From October 1890, when work first com- menced, to Janusry 189], the gross profits made were only 697 dollars. From the Jatter date to May of the same year 1,290 dollars were obtained From May 1891(o January 1892 the profit equalled 2,586 dollers. From January 1892 to April 1892 it was 1,856 dcllars ; while from the last-meationed date to April 22nd of the present year the return had risen to 8,830 collars. Now although the last-meutioned amount of profit is certainly not large, it shows a very striking bound upwards. ludeed the figures would seem to indicate quite a sudden appreciation of our teas in America, the evidence of which has only just been forthcoming as unavoidable misfortune has fallen upon the company. With euch indications of rapid progress in the future, it will be a thousand pities if some mode of carrying on the work so well begun cannot be found. Such, no doubt, is the feeling which now actuates the ~ proprietors of the American newspapers who have interested themselves in the operation of the Company, and who are its creditors to a very large amouat. We see it stated that the value of the advertising done in one form or another represents the sum of 99,855 dollars. To that extent Cey'on tea has been prospectively benefitted, and this without any outlay whatever by this island beyond the value of the grant made by the Tea Fund of 9,0001b. of tea. This grant we see is assessed in the Company’s accounts at 1,£92 dollars, or an average of about ten-pence the pound, Taking the general analysis of profit and css, which includes the amount due for advertising the debit ba'aace stands at 220,655 dollars. This ig a serious amouni; but it is, so far as the advertising account goes, in part only a nominal loss, and by no means represents any fivancial r- sult to actual trading. All the figures would seem to show that the orisis had arrived just at the juncture when the large outlay on adveriising was about to bear fruit, We observe that it had been determined that the claim of Messrs. Wat.son and Farr is to be ‘vigorously resisted’’ or opposed, | according to tha Committee’s report, ‘to the terms of their agreement with the Company and to tho common understanding had with all the parti 158 interested,” Into the merits of this threatened recistance we cannot, for want of sufficient informa- tion, enter. It is a matter which must be deter- mined by the good faith of those against whom the claim is made, Apparently it is proposed to consult the present stockholders individually, as to the best course to be pursued for the future. We Cannot observe that any distinct proposition for future working, or for the continuance of the Company, has as yet been formulated ; but we think we see in the activity of the parties chiefly interested—and these we have pointed out are mainly the newspaper proprietors who have gratuitously advertized the Oompany—a promise that means will be found for continuing its operations. Ifso there seems little doubt that Mr, May will yet remain at the helm, for he has received a strong expression of the confidence felt by all concerned in his management, + GOVERNMENT AND PLANTING IN EAST AFRICA: By an Ex-’ nyton Puanter, THE MOMBASA MISSION, PLANTING &c, In a letter accompanying the appeal which Appears in our advertising columns, Mr. J. R. W. Pigott writes :— As I know you are interested in good works I send you the enclosed and may be you would see your way to help us either direcily or through your valuable paper the Observer, which I hope still flour- ishes as it did in the days when I had the pleasure of digesting its contents with my dinner on Alloo- wiharie. Ineed say nothing of the wants of Mombasa as they are fully set forth in the notice. ‘““Things here are not very bright. No one knows what is to become of the country whether Goyern- ment will take over or whether it will be annexed to the Zanzibar Protectorate. “We are expecting Sir Gerald Portal back from Uganda early in August, ‘“There is nothing to be done here in the way of planting at present except perhaps in coconuts, cotton aud tobacco as the rainfall on the coast is so very uncertain; but when the railway is an accomplished fact, things will, I think, change ; there is some very fine country inland, but the difficulties of transport make anything beyond experimental cultivation impracticable. “T see the 7.4. every month, but have not yet the time to read it so carefully as I could wish; being Acting Administrator my time is fully taken up. “JT am always looking forward to seeing Ceylon again. I haye had a somewhat varied and rough life since I saw you last in April 1885. Thanking you and our other friends in Ceylon for the generous way in which your are going to help us.” ee PATENT TEA PLUCKERS There is no escape from the fact what we are on the eve of a revolution in the mode of harvesting te leaf, and one that may have a considerable economical and especially ‘labour’ influence. ‘‘Thompson’s Patent Plucker” has so far alone been before the planting public; but there are rumours of enother ‘‘ Richmond” coming into the field very shortly. In the meantime we have beon f.voured with copy of a Report mads to the patentee, of the operations extending over twelve months of the ove available Tea plucker and we Lave not the slightost doubt that the Ceylon planting community as a whole will receive Mr. Dubree’s Jetter and figures with the careful at- tention they merit. “Thompson’s Patent Pluckers” we ourselyes can vouch for as very handy and attractive in appearance ; THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Serr. 1, 1893. the instructions for their use are simplicity itself; and better etill there can be no doubt of the meed of approval which they have secured from men of a thoroughly reliable practical character. For instance, apart from Mr. Dobree, we had testimony today from one of the best authorities we should say, in the island, that for use during the four months’ plucking following on a tea bush coming round egain after pruning, he considers ‘*‘ Thompson’s Plucker" perfect. For con- tinuous use onwards, our authority is not prepared to speak in the same terms, simply besause he hag not as yet had sufficient experience. In the meantime, he speaks of what he does know and for the rest here is the testimony of a planter so careful and experienced as Mr. Dobree: — J. AsHInctoN Tompson, Ese, Dikoya, July 12th, 1893. Drak Siz,—I have now used your Patent Pluckers on two fields on Dikoya estate of 15 acres each for 12 months, and I send you the returos of ‘eaf plucked or ratber tea made from each field, and the total cost of plucking of all the tea mede from leaf plucked by your plucker since [ began using them, i ¢., 55,000 lb. made tea at 4°35 cents per lb. If this tea had been hand-plucked it would have cost me at least 10 cts, per l»., so I consider I have saved 5°65 cents per lb. in the plucking. The leaf on the whole has been ratber better than if hand-placked, as I have been able to go round regularly from 10 to 12 days, except for 2 rownds at the burst of the S.-W. when the eoolies did net turn out well, and the leaf ran to 13 days on two or three days. IT never had a runaway of Jeef during the forcing months of April asd May, which I consider most important as during those months we get in most Jeaf. When tipping for the firet two or three rounde after pruving, I get rather more stalks than with - hand-plucking, but these are easily picked out and the slight disadvantage is much more than made up ip other wages. There can be no question of the great improve- ment of the bush under your clippers. My bushes have spread out and covered the ground in a way I never expected and as all the tea on which I have been using them (with the exception of one field of 15 acres) was cut down to 15 inches, the spread is the more remarkable, and next year when proned higber the bushes will quite cover the grourd, as th:y are not high yet and planted in land opened for 43 years. Ithink the result most satisfactory. I have used your clippers on all tea that I have pronvd fur the last year, 7.c,12 monthe, ard intend going on using them for 12 monthe after tipping. Aiter tbat as the shoots get smsller, it may be adyirable to hand pluck, but it will depend very much when the 12 mocths are up. If the 12 months ended on lst April, then Ithivk you could easily go on using the clippers till the end of May or till the S. W. had checked the flush, I think it adviealle to hand pluck every field under the clippers 3 or 4 times during the 12 months, say once aquarter to take off bangy thoroughly and give the smaller shoots a chance. This year there has been plenty of labour and the want of coolies in April and May has not been felt, but when coolies are short, as they probaly will be next year, those who are using your clippers will bave an immense advantage. During April and May T could keep my flush in hand with sbout 100 coolies, less than I used in 1891-92. To the objection, that youcan’t use small children to clippers, I would point out thatafter you have them in full swing, there will always be a portion of the estate over 12 months from tipping on which the children oan be put to hand-pluck. The higher the jat the more suitable itis for the clippers. I do thiuk they cau be used economically on very poor jats. They want a lot of personal super- vision at first to teach the coolies how to use them, but when once the coolies get to know them, they Sept. 1, 1893. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 159 like them and the saving in labour and cost of plucking speaks for itself.—I remain, yours truly, (Signed) T. S. Dospres. do do do do do do do Average Cost of Clipping...4°35 cents per lb ,5 6 Manured with cattle and bazaar sweepings Made Tea for above fields, 55,086 1b, tea. 12 Manured with cattle and bazaar sweepings. Co ee, ee ET er EEE ee ee Ss . 2 fs) 2 Bet 0000 eB gS cCsUT 5 A polo; Obese S38 ng | $450) a .e = 6, ANOS herrowonnes A Aas | 7 on 2 39 Pa OAM nA = yd) SAS SECS en Rote noe AHANMAANANA jaa] Bas 1S) jon P i=) 5 Ei OAL BANS Eee [Saas 3 9 eins wo.a0) 389 5 S Nis Ont S| a SARSSNEHeSS : S| k 5 | HSeRgRoeears of SS 25 =_—_ — nO rat On By ROSCA SA LO AMES ele is = BFF BRRAIOE z: 5 Sj aaamoon now Ay Zz, 2 | SAAS SSoaca © = Sp ReBanwawrowag * Qy a a S| BARS ABPDOM OA, 4 Do | SONMON RK OND Oo | SPRSIEAARAA _— Len) ial aj meannsaszan: ss) B | reASH=DADaw ? —_ ——— NEW COFFEE ENTERPRISE IN MEXICO. An English company has bought betwean 60,000 and 70,000 acres, situated near Suchil on the Isthmus of LTehuantepee, Mexico. It is their in- tention to go into the eoffee and tobacco culture, and they will probably introduce immigration from England, Tuey expect to begin active opera- tion next season.—American Grocer. ee PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN KLANG. Mr. W. W. Skeat, the Assistant District Officer at Klang, gives the following particulars of estate progress there in his report for May:— Over all the acres of coffee in bearing, the pro- prietors of Tremelbyr Estate on the Langat Koad expect three pikuls an acre. A small quantity has already been exported and has fetched $35 a pikul. There are at present 35 acres of pepper on Tre- melbyr Estate, of which 15 acres are in full bearing. Gathering has been going on for six weeks and the crop isa splendid one, but the price is under nine doliars. Krom Beyerlac and Ebor, Mr. P. Stephenson reports the exportation of 106 pikuls of pepper during the past few months, while another 5U pikuls are in store. Mr. Hurth on Enterprise Estate is doing fairly well, and says that the estate already covers its ex- penses. The pepper crop for this year is expected to be 250 pikuis, and it is intended to open up fresh ground with coffee in 1893. I haye not had time to obtain information as to Glenmarie,—Strazt’s Times. Sept. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 16x PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICA- TION. Says an Australian exchange, referring to the Ricy- Crop in Cairns: ‘‘ The average return is 2 tons of PADDY per acre against 1} tons last season, while the estimated total cultivation is expected to produce 1,000 tons of paddy. The quality of the rice is re- ported to be excellent, and it is possible the extent of cultivation will be greatly increased next season. As the paddy is a marketable commodity wheu shipped south, growers need not fear that an output, however large, would congest the local market, and we hope next season to see 1,000 to 1,500 acres under crop.” A very interesting series of tests have been made at the Wyoming experimental station to determine the quantity of water necessary to IRRIGATE an acre of land. A continuous flow of one cubic foot per second during May, June, July, and August was found sufficient, with a rainfall of about 6 inches, for over ninety-five acres of land which had never been irrigated; but the next year, with a rainfall of nearly 7 inches, it would have sufficed for over 216 acres of such previously irrigated land. The need of water varied with the kind of crop. Thus one second foot through the four months would have supplied 167 acres of oats, 295 acres of sugar beets, 336 acres of sorghum, 588 acres of peas, 735 acres of corn, all growing on land close to the irrigation canal. The previouely estimated duty of water for Wyoming was about 100 acres to the second foot through four months. Experiments made at one of the Scottish experi- mental stations, if they have been properly cariied out, go to upset some of the common notions of arass PASTURE. It is generally believed that short asture is more nutritive than long. It will, however, e conceded that the value of any grass is in direct ratio to its power of extracting salts from the soil. The experiments alluded to go to show that pasture when eaten short does not supply half as much nutriment to stock, as if allowed to grow say 8 inches long. The leaves condense the sap by evaporation of water from their surfaces and finally assimilate the material that was carried up to them in solution ; thereby causing the reots to extract more food from the soil. Ifthe plant be eaten short, it is deprived of this power of extraction or absorption, and its value as pasture is in consequence greatly discounted. This is the manner in wich the results of the experiments are explained. Overstocking therefore, is bad policy in more senses than one. A Russian paper thus refers to the AGRICULTURE of the country :—‘ In 1891 the Government lost three hundred million roubles, viz., cne hundred and seventy millions spent in famine relief, and one hundred and thirty millions deficit in ordinary re- venues. But the country lost more than three times that amount altogether, not less than one thousand million roubles, and all this because our population is ignor- ant of the elementary principles of agriculture ; in other words, we have lost this milliard by our own darkness, by our want of knowledge in that very subject (agriculture) by which nine-tenths of the nation live, and on which depends the whole of our economical! and financial prosperity.’ A writer on Cocoa in the Scientific American believes that in « few years the supply will exceed the de- mand, though for years to come it will remain an important factor in the earnings of many tropical lanters, passing current in some places (as it has opg done in the Upper Amazons) in the place of money. The same writer objects strongly to the term “ SouusLE Cocoa” as misleading. No cocoa in the market, he says, contains more than 10 to 30 per cent. of matter soluble in water, unless the material so dissolved is foreign soluble material that has been added during the process of preparation. Cocoa should be so finely divided that the insoluble part will not be quickly deposited, and will be in a condition in which it can be better acted upon by the digestive juices. It is a common practice and one much to be deprecated to add a foreign substance such as starch or sugar to render the liquid of so high a specific gravity or so pasty that the insoluble matter will not deposit. 21 Here is a most instructive bit of reading (from the American Grocer) which bowever much it may be marked snd learned will we fear be found rather indigestible:—Anvipyrins, which people use a good deal nowadays, is made by the condensation of a halogen butyrate aad phenylhydrazine ; the methyl- phenlpyrazine resulting is converted by a weak dehy- dromethylphenylpyrazive, and this by methylation yields dehydrodimethylphenylpyrazine, ————_———$—o——__—__—_ LETTERS FROM JAMAICA :—NO. COFFEE PLANTING, &C. Blue Mountain District for Packet of June 13. The Editor, Drar S1r,—I last addressed you not long after my return from my visit to Montserrat: and now take up my pen to record what has happened in Jamaica since that date, that may be of interest to your readers. As I write it is blowing and pouring in hesvy squalls of wind and rain, we are surely experiencing what are here termed the May sEAsoNs, but in Ceylon would be called the LitTLE Monscon. Since towards the end of March we have had showery weather, not good for curing coffee or weeding, but capital for vegetation, after the rather Jong spell of dry weather that had hitherto prevailed. As regards BLUE MOUNTAIN COFFEE CROPS 36. they ere very backward this year, and will probably Jast on till the end of June, and will as a rule, from what i gather, be smaller than last year, with the exception of one or two more favoured properties. Our high mountain coffee does not seem to bear heavily two years running: this is much more marked than it was in Ceylon, as most fine estates used if I recollect right to give a very good average, quite equal to our one tierce, or gay 7 cwt, an acre: here the average must be very much cemaller. Our estates are co few that the Blue Mountain crop cannot much effect the home market except in there being a smaller quautity of good coloury coffee available: and now that Ceylon coffee exports are getting less and less every year, end such fancy prices ara given for pea-berry coffee, surely our celebrated berry should also maintain its deeervedly good prices in the market. A great deal of coffee appears to be finding its way to Englard in parchment: no doubt it answers well for Oentral American planters to have their COFFEH CURED IN LONDON, as it enables them the quicker to get their large crops off the estates, and they have undoubtedly obtained better prices for London cured coffee. But to usin Jamaica with our not heavy crops, and with all the necessary machinery at hand on the spot, itis best to continue the old time process. We have no trouble in gathering or preparing the crop for market: itis the getting the coffee dry enough for the mill that most bothers us, as we have no very long spellsof settled weather up in the mountains; very pleasant but showery weather is more frequent, so that it is often very risky to put half, or three quarters dry parchment on the barbacues, and so a sufii- cient force has to be kept ready to put back the ecttee in time in case of a sudden shower, and this is what causes the curing to be expensive. As to what is here termed ‘ picking for market” there is no difliculty, as the more 1espectable and well-to-do women, who will not do any field work are very ready to come for this work, and as regards the milling, winnowing and sizing, that is s00n done especially where there is water power, 162 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 1, 1893. BANANAS from what I learn by the newspapers have not been paying a3 well as they did a few years ago ; competition by other countries is beginning to tell unfavourably, so that except for three or four months in the year, before the home grown fruits begin to come in, the demand in the United States becomes slack, and much smaller prices haye to be accepted by our local growers. The most paying occupations in Jamaica appear to be PEN KEEPING as stock sell well and where the property also grows Pimento and Logwood trees: giving quite a park-like appearance to the pastures, all the more profit is made by the fortunate owners of these properties which do not require a large force of labour for the upkeep, as is the case with coffee and sugar. SUGAR PLANTERS have a “boom’’ this year, because of the partial failure of the Beet root crop; if present prices were to be maintained many of the old time pro- perties would probably be re-opened, and more coolies indented for and were the system of central factories (or Usines) adopted, running the most improved machinery, sugar might yet give the Jamaica planter a very good return for his in— vestment. As to Cocoa ok CxccouaTe, as the natives here will call it, a great deal more could be grown as there is plenty ofland for it at 500 to 2,500 feet above the sea; but unless it is prepared Ceylon fashion, it is not likely to fetch higher prices than it does at present; lately more attention has been paid by one or two growers, and the result has been most satisfactory and now the Botanical Depart- ment have published the Oeylon mode of curing, it is hoped Jamaica cocoa will come to the fore for the quality is good enough, it was the curing that was defective. The two batches of COOLI£S last arrived appear to have satisfied sugar and banana planters for the present, as there were not sufficiently numerous applications to enable Go- vernment to order another shipment this year. I am told that the coolics which came last, are physically a stronger set of men and women, and came not from Bengal, but from Oudh. and the neighbourhood of Luckoow. Our local Legislative Council had rather a long sitting and passed a good many laws rather rapidly. A new featore was that the Governor no longer presides over the Assembly, but an outsider bas been appointed by the Seoretary of State to fill that honoursble and responsible post. Dr. Phillipo, is already a member of the Governor’s Privy Oouncil, and a well-known and respected member of the community very long resident in Kingston. There were some rather unruly proceedings; notably that the members positively refused to appoint a Vice-President and more scrupulous order might have been maintained had the Governor presided as before. Amongst the laws paesed, is one authorizing whipping for the practice of ‘‘Oheah,” which ‘sub rosa” is still very prevalent, and proves how little comparatively fifty years of freedom and Christianity have yet served to eradicate this heathenish belief, and what is still more sad to contemplate, is that many respectable and educated peopie apply for assistance to the Oheah man. Our member for St. Thomas and Portland named William Andrews, a awyer spoke and voted against the flogging as degrading to human nature, and so forth; but fortunately the other members held a different opinion. It is known that Oheshism bas caused many deaths by poisoning, rurely flogging is not too eevere for the perpetrators of such @ crime. At home it was only the ‘cat-o-nin-tail” that stopped ‘‘ garrotting,”’ and were it lawful to use fire-arms ageinst burglars who have broken into your house, I em sure there would be fewer burglaries. Flogging is also to be ad- ministered for crimes against the person, Education has been made free, and may become compulsory in certain towns, or places if it is so proclaimed by the Governor, the regult has been a large increase in ECHOLARS, To meet the education expenditure an extra house tax bas been imposed which of course is not popular. There were some unp'easant scenes al.o over the railway extension; now that it ie too late, the mistake of having handed over the rail- way to an Amerian Syndicate and Improvement Company is being found out, and when we shall hear the last of it “no fellah can tell.” A Major York, R.E., railway expert has been sent for, and is now reporting on the two completed sec- tions. and the Americans have hed an expert on their own account. The colony is still responsible for the £700,000 due on the old Government Railway on which interest has to be paid out of general revenue, and can only be prid off gradually by a Sinking Fund ; Jamaica sold the railway, which was paying well and doing better every yearfor £100,000 cash and £700,000 visionary secondary Debentures; the interest on which is not payable until3 per cent has been paid on the first Debentures representing the capital expended on the new line. The Go. vernment has guaranteed this three per cent, £0 that until the line pays that return it will have to pay the interest on the new line, as well as on the old as above stated ; and it seemsa bad look-out. Jamaica, has as it were given away a paying railway, which it could have retained, and have made the extensions, by employing Contractors like David Reid, on capital easily borrowed in England, at 34 per cent on Government Guarantee, The Governor, Sir Henry Blake has had a very sharp attackof quinsy, histhroat had to be lanced ceveral times: he is now convalescent, but the doctors have ordered him a sea voyage, s0 he is leaving very shortly via New York, and will only be at home a few days, waiting for the first Royal mail stcamer. Lady and Miss Blake remain in Jamaica. Msjor-General Black c.8, will act as Lieut.-Governor ; be is the officer who commanded the party of H.M. 24th Regt., which recovered the colours, after the death of Lieut. Coghill and Melville, who it will be remembered so nobly caved them after Isandhlwana. Ww. S a RAMIE IN JAVA. Mr. B.S. Rairden, U.S. Consul at Batavia writes as follows on this subject :—Ramie imported from China, is grown in Java and cultivated on the same principle as paddy. The temperature of the climate where it is cultivated is about 70 degrees in the euammer months —from November to April—and 60 degrees in the winter months—from April to November. There is only one crop a year, grown during the rainy season —from November to April. Before sowing the seeds, which is done usually in December, the soil must be well dressed with msnure. The reeds are sown on the top of the ground and covered with mats, which must be kept well watered, so as to be always damp. As soon as the seeds have tiken root the mats are removed, and the plants are allowed to grow till Sept. 1, 1893.| about ten inches high, when-they are traneplanted about six inches ppart. After being transplanted the ground must be kept moist, and this s done by inundation, as with paddy. After nearly four months the plant is gathered (cut near the ground), dried and packed in bales of 60 to 100 pounds in weight - and is used for making rope$ and twine. As far as I can ascertain there is not enough grown for export, and the bales are only roughly packed for transportation through the island. This is done by hand as is also the rope-making.—L. and C. Express. So THE WEST AFRICAN OIL PRADE. In a recent report on the botany of Sierra Leone Mr. Scott Elliot says that the export of plam oil and kernels forms by far the largest part of the West African export trade. In 1890 the value of the palm cil exported from Sierra Leone was £13,599, and ofthe palm kernels £107,827. The tree is more abundant further down the West African coast, and appears to prefer alluvial, often marshy ground near the sea. It particularly seems to thrive on the ricoh soil of the mangrove accumulations. There are large numbers of palm trees in the Mahela district, where a factory once existed, and there are also ao considerable number up the Scsrcies River and in the lower part of tke Limba district, It grows also on low sandstone or gneis-ose hills, but probably does not produce eo much in such places as on the low-lying, rich alluvials, The palm is propagated from the offshoot that appear at its base, and these are said to begin in the second or fifth year, and in full bearing about the 10th to 15th year. They continue producing for 60 years. A _ single tree yields from one to three gallons of palm oil, or, according to Semler, 16 litres annually, and _ this amount of oil will give from one-sixth to half a hundredweight of kernels. This would be aprofit of from 2s to 63 a tree per annum, as about 300 gallons of palm oil give a ton of oil and about 24 tons of kernels. Hence plantations of these trees should he profitable in time. It is, bowever, exceeding)y diffi- cult to get any trustworthy information, and the above, Mr. Elliot says, must be regarded as very approxi- mate. The palms require nocare and are not, appa- rently, attacked by any injurious insects. The pre- psration is of a very rough and makeshift character ; the fruits are thrown into a tank and left till decom- position begins. They are then boiled and afterwards pounded in a mortar. Probably 25 per cent of the oil is lost in preparation. J ees FIJI CIGARS. The exportation of these in large quantities has commenced, Mr. Sketchley having shipped a consign- ment of 25,000 to Sydney by the s.s. * Rockton,” on Wednesday last, to testthe market there. In addi- tion to this, a standing order for 10,000 a month has been received from London, to initiate which trade, a parcel of 20,000 will go forward by next opportunity.— Polynesian Ga. ette. ———_—___——____—- PLANTERS’ AT LAW: A TEA MANUFACTURING DISPUTE, An action which has been raised in the District Court of Badulla and has been fixed for trial on the 24th inst. is at the instance of J. H. B. Jockburn, Badulla and G. EH. M. Nuttall, Boga- wantalawa, proprietors of Hopton estate, Madulsima, against J. M, Mason, Yepama in Lunugalla for R843:19 being the amount of loss they say they pustained in consequence of the defendant who had agreed to manufacture their Hopton leaf at Keenagoda factory, baying in December 1891 for- warded to their agents in Colombo (the Oommer- cial Qo.) 5,940 lb, of tea inferior in quality and gther than Hopton which when gold in Loudon THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | only R2,791'80 whereas 163 in Jauuary, February and March 1892 realised their shares of the tea manufactured would have realised R3,634:99. They therefore claim the R843:19 as the difference between these two sums. The de- fendant denies the agreement as stated and says that there was at the end of Ootober 1891 due from the defendant to the plaintiffs 4,729 lb of tea. By letter dated 4th November the first plaintiffs on behalf of the plaintiff's requested the defendant to despatch a break of tea as soon ag thereafter as possible to them. Accordingly on the 10th November he delivered into carts at Keenagoda 5,940 1b of tea for the plaintiffs of which they took delivery knowing that it was in excess of the amount due tothem. Ha denies that that tea was shipped to London by plaintfis’ agents or that the plaintiffs share would have realised R3,634:99. ——————— THEA PLUCKING AND. PATENT PLUCKERS (From a planter.) I saw-a statement from——of Dikoys to the effect that in the fields he used Thompson’s Olippers hig plucking for the year showed a saving of 5a, per lb. of made tea, There is a rumour that another Olipper is coming out—that is to knock the other one clean out. What I have seen of it shows tha idea to be good, but I fear it will be expensive, Thompson’s Clipper is far too dear: R6 for one, A cooly has to pluck a lot of leaf extra to make up for the price, viz R6, and has yet to be proved if a flat bush gives more leaf than a conical one. REC RY Soaets tf THE BRITISH NORTH BORNEO COMPANY, PLANTING PROSPECTS. The twenty-first half-yearly meeting of the share: holders in the British North Borneo Oompany was held on 4th inst. at the Cannon-street Hotel, Mr, R. B. Martin, M.P. presiding. The Secretary (Mr. Benjamio T, Kindersley) baying read the notice con- veninpg the mesting. The Obairman in moving the adoption of the re- port and accounts stated that by the deed of settle. ment a shareholder holding less than ten shares was not entitled to be present at the meeting or ta vote ata poll. Tho directors had no desire to keep the shareholders from the meeting, but as long as the law stood as it was at present it was their duty to acquaint the shareholders with it, so that there might be no misunderstanding. During the past year events in North Bo:neo had been progressing in @ manner not altogether to the disadvantage of the compary. They were still passing through a eerious crisis in the Hast, but they bad managed to hold their own. ‘The receipts fell in 1892 by $51,000, com- pared with those of 1891, but the expenses had been reduced by vo less than $82,0U0. He feared, however that they could not reduce the expenses further, They were now within measurablo distavce of seeing the echeme for telegraphic communication between this country and Borneo practically completed. Owing to the depression in the Hast their land sales account had vaturally fallen off considerably, aud, in fact, so sharp had been the crisis that many tobacco estates had been abandoned. The proposed extra duty of 1 per cent per pound on tobacco would make a considerable difference in their revenua if the profits on the tobacco trade proved to be anythirg like what was expected. Another product to which covsiderable importance was attached was coffee, which grew well und strong there, and seemed to be able to throw off the disease which caused the distruction of the coffee estates in Ceylon. The tim- ber trade looked promising, and their experts and surveyors were finding gold which experience wept _<— 164 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Serr. 1, 1893. to show was of good quality, and therefore, they did uot despair of becoming in time, and in a small way a go!d-producing country. To those who had invested their money in Borneo it must be disappointing to find, year after year, _ that the prospects were more or Jess good, but that dividends were atlogether abseyt. They were unable to declare a dividend, and they were also uneb‘e to promise that a dividend would be an event of the very near future. On the contrary they were financi- ally, in very low water, and it was his duty to inform the sharebolders that, although, ewing to the arrival of an unexpected remittance, they were in a better position than the accounts showed, yet the time might very possibly come when they would re- quire to make another call upon them to keep sufficient money in hand for emergencier. The call, however, would not extend to more than £1, avd would be spread over some considerable time, They had from time to time, with fairly euccessful results—results that promised to be even more successful in the future—advaneed money to different trading concerns in Borneo. He would like the shareholders to study as far as posvible the comparative statements and accounts which were ap- pended to the report. They were yery instructive because they showed the progress of the Colony more than could be shown by any words. They would see that the reductions and expondilure were spread very fairly over all iteme, the largest reductions be- ing in the Constabulary an! some of the European employer, Nothing had been more painful to the directirs than to be under the necessity that they had been during the pest year of dispenring with the services of men who bad gone out to Borneo and served them well and faithfully in a trying climate. With regard to the paragraph about the railway on page 4 ot the report, there was No disparagement to the gen- tlemen who bad the preliminary concession. He did not think it at all surprising that they had not been : ble to carry tte scheme to a successful iesue during the “last year or so, He knew of no new enterprise during that period which had been successfully »ccomp'ished, and it was, not tobe wondered at that this shou'd be among those that were absolutely abortive, Atthe Bame time there hadijbeen an expression of fes!ing con- v:yed to the directors from the shareholders that the scheme was on to large a acale, and that in Bivirg away so much territory as they did, they were buying enterprise rather dearly. Be that as it might, the directors were prepared to complete their share of thetransaction providing the railway came into being, but at the present time it se: med uolikely that it would be carried out. From fresh sources, however, there were proposals tor smaller light railways as through communication to Open up certain cefinite tricts of country. The directors were anxious to do all they could to open up the country. In conclusion he moved that the report and accounts be adopted. a COFFEE AND COCOA IN JAYA. Ceylon has just been favoured with a few weeks’ visit from Mr, Dorrepaal who has been twenty years’ resident in Java without avy change home to big native Holland. During tbat time his work has been ona plaatation only about 600 feet above sea-level, and indigo, coffee and cocoa cultivation has been his chief pursuit. Our visitor has been much pleased with all he has seen in Colombo, Kandy and Galle anda visit to the Peradeniya Gardens and another to Pallakelle estate, Dumbara, have much interested him, Cocoa planting is rapidly spreading in Java, and he also speaks favourably of Liberian coffee which does exceedingly well in the plantations where leaf disease had practically killed out Coffea Arabica. The Liberian is usually topped at 6 teet high and it then crops well. Mr, Dorrepaal has nothing good to say about cin- - phona in yiew of the Jow prevalent prices for a long time paet andthe poor prospect. In tbe East of Jaya nearly all the new plantations have Arabian coffes and are croppiog very well, He speake well of the land taken up by Mr. Fair- weather and other Ceylon planters and thinks coffee should bear very good crops upon it and that cheap good labour can be commanded from Javanese and natives of the neighbouring islands, Our visitor has favoured us with the following translation of an extract from the latest number of the Zndische Mercuur in confirmation of what he has told us about Liberian Coffee :-— “Tn many parts of Java, where the plantations of Coffee Arabica seem to become less profit- able there will be a better future by planting Liberian Coffie, because this species does not want such a rich soil and climate and does not suffer 60 much from the blight. Till at present, the Goveroment has notdone much in planting Liberian for their own account, but seeing the good results, private planters were getting with Liberia Ooffee, it proposes now to give a great extension to that culture. Up to present time only 2.800 acres are planted by the Government, and the Java- nese are extending for their own account aléo greatly that species.” On this our visitor remarks :—‘‘ Number of coffee trees, Coffea Arabica and Liberian planted by order of the Government 88,850,400—1891-92, Free Javanese plantations the crops of which must be banded to the Government (being then free from all taxes) for 165 fis. per picul, 193,363,800—these figures speaks volumes, the Javanese would not plant on this condition if they did not have a fair profit. And the free plantations are increasing every year.” In en American paper there is a long article on ‘‘ Coffee in Java,” which we have had the privilege of eubmitting to our visitor and now append with his remarks on each paragraph :— THE JAVA COFFEE INDUSTRY. The present system of coffce cultivation in the Netherlaode, India, is unéatisfactory. There is a growing disposition to replace the monopoly in culti- vation enjoyed by the Government by # system of free cultivation by planters. {I agree thera are some parts of Java, where it would be better to abandon Government coffee culture and I am sure that the present Minister of Colonies and Governor-General, both very clever men, assisted by a most clever staff of officials, headed by its Vice President of the Oouncil of N. India, Mr. Groenweldt will mznage these affairs better than formerly was done, It is not burdensome where the soil ig gcod and yielding geod crops. Many Javanese plant on their own risks and perils (movosocko) and are getting fair profits. In those districts where coffea arabica exhausted the soil, Liberian coffee will yied a fair and paying crop to the Javanese planters. As regards quality 1 only refer to what is said in the brochure of the Jndische Mercuur where very fine qualities are named. The great consignee of the Government, the Neder- Jaudan-Handelvelly, writes—the coffee of the Govern- ment soldin public auction in 1892 (crop 1891) was of very satisfactory quality, only a few parcels where somewhat inferior —(or. | The present p'an is burdensome to the natives subject to compulsory coffee cultivation and fails to develop the highest state of the industry both as regsrds the quantity sani quality of the bean, Various plans have been proposed, but none upon which all interests are inclined to unite. It is also believed that a radical and sudden change is im- practicible and that reform must come gradually. At all events it is evident that the old system has serve! its time and purpose and that coffee cultivation in the Dutch Hast Indies must be put upon the same plan it is in Brazil, U, §, of Colombia, Central Sept. 1, 1893. | THe TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. r6é America, Mexico, or other country where the in- dustry is left almost wholly to the free action of planters. [I don’t agree that the old system has served its time. If properly managed the Government could still bave beautiful crops and great revenues from it. And Iam gure it is better for our colony that these profits come greatly to the Government, that is to say to the whole community then and remaining in the ‘ Oolonies than to fill exclusivelythe monoy bags of ' foreign shareholders draining thevapital from Jaya ex- hausting the soil and abandon the enterprice when it does not pay more. There is for the capital still a great working field in Java except coffee. I now only name cocoa, sugar, kerosine, &., and all should be right if the writer in the American piper could offer to the Government a perfect good working scheme of new tuxes, balancing the revenue of the coffee. Bat I think as !ong asthe Javanese is not changing in character a habit he will prefer solling coffee for /15 per perol coffee to the Government, then paying a money tax.-—Cor. | The profits of the Dutch Government have cwindled, partly owing to the exhaustion of the svil, In some districts there is tree cultivation and direct taxation, and thie plan islikely to be extended. The Financial Minister has pointed out the difficulties growiog out of fixing an arbitrary uniform price for coffee whether grownon the Orown lands or oa private property, viz., 15 florins ($6 00) per picul, (133 lb.) {Very difficult inleed to manage, because one man having an acre of gcod soil might get trom that 5 picu's at R16 which would bea good return, whereas a@ man with the same extent of land but not so good soil might only get 2 piculs which would not pay hia labour.—Cor. As both the buitability of the ground for coffee growing and the conditiousof labor vary throughout Javea, a fixed price below the market valoe must inevi‘ably press unfairly on some growere, an! render cultivatim unprofitable in some paits ot the islant where a land tax in proportion to the net produce might have had an opposite effect. Furthermore, in oases where the harveat does make such a price remuuérative, it is a question whether less labor might bot have been employed with advantage, than has hitherto been the cace, for it is a generally accepted maxim jn agricultural matters that when a certain point is reached the application of additional labor aud capital does not lead to a proportionate increase of production. In coffee culti- vation, moreover. there is the special condition that the quantity aud quality of the crop depend to no small extent upon the time and care bestowed upon the gathering ot the fruit, and it furthermore depends upon the price obtained how far (his time and trouble are remunerative. Another difficulty made very evident by tie report of the commission appointed to investigate the matter is the fact that as the coffee plant only comes into bearing in its fourth year, the capital and labor expended are meanwhile uppro- ductive, a state of things rendered particularly un- satisfactory in the case of the native, who is usually entirely destitute of capital or ready money, snd consequently hasto borrow, if possible. To assist this class it has for some years been the practice of Government to pive speciel advanteges for the growth of ‘intermediate ’’ crops, 7%. ¢, crops frown between the rows of coffee plants; but this system has again certain disadvantages, The fact that land suitable for coffee cultivation is no longer to be found in the neighborhood of the village causes the crop to be looked upon as an auxiliary one where the cultivator has other resources to depend upon. During the four years that a planter derives no income from his coffee he devotes his attention to the cultivation of indigenous crops, and ends by regard- ing these as his principal source of income, the coffee being entirely subsidiary. So thata man may plant as few as fifty trees annually, thus leaving himself ampletime to grow other crops. The care of the free coffee farmer is entirely different; he plants not by tons, but by hundreds and thousands. Ooffee planting j@ bis principal business, ocoupying all his time and resources, ‘lo work any coffee plantations of import- ance he must either have large means or good credit to tide him over the four years of waiting for the first full coffee harvest. [This all would be true if the Javanese cofice planters had no other revenues. He is generally proprietor of gardens, dry and wet rice fields etc.; dry rice fielde are named gogo, if irrigated, sawab.—Cor. | A hardship in the case of the na'ive planter under Government, mentioned in the Indian reports, is that he bears all risks, so that should any planting tbr’, he may have undertaken by superior orders f,jJ then all his labor is lost. According to ® witness well able to judge of practical results, losses geldom become apparent, because, as yet, they on)'y affeot the native population. Such cases may, no {oubt, be alle- viated by the before-mentioned facilities for growing “intermediate ” crops. A fourth cb'arge against the present system of coffee cultivation is that it is imperfect. Although there is some diversity of opinion as to details, thea mc’,t advanced experts agree that great errors are eommitted in an agri- cultural sense, which have resulted in a great ceal of unproductive labor from the agriculturist. The soil becomes exhausted and nothing is done to restore its fertility, while in clearing ground for coffee culti- vation no allowance is made for the requirements of climate aud rainfall. (True, but almost the fault of too zealous suh-officials, but whenthose are properly superintended it should not be possible.—Co7’. | The majority of the commissions, while acknowled- givg the objections to a uniform price, say that there is practically no way of escaping it. All pro- posals made in a contrary sense must in their opinion fall when confronted with difficulties which they consider insuperable. They therefore confine their recommendation to raising the price of coffee trom 15 to 20 florins in addition to giving the planters other advantages, such as facilities for growing * in- termediate crop*, asd advances cn the security of the harvest for the current year: the chcice of land and the system of cultivation to be left practically free, and after five years all compuleory planting to be abolished, Other plans than those recommended by the com- mission have been proposed, but are not received with favour. ‘They include granting » bounty to plentera: above the purchasing price, and under certain condi- tions a remission of taxes, One plan which ismuch advocated by the Director of Inland Affairs and approved by the Governor- General is to concentrate the area of Government cultivation to certain districts (complexen), so that they may no longer impede the development of free industry. The Indian Government does not consider this pro- ject as regards districts feasible, although it desires to see the system of granting subventions in money on farms under Government introduced universally, even at the cost of lowering the purchasing price to 13 florins or 14 florins per picul, against which there are weighty objections. The subvention should also be granted to anyone who wiil plant coffee voluntarily on iand and according to a system approved by the authorities. The native preferring to plant according to his own system should be free to do so, however, on the old terms, If the enltivation of coffee is to be adopted as a national jndystry, the Council are of opinion that Government cultivation should be gradually restricted, and free cultivation on a jurger scale encouraged, a mcasure which would not only increase the revenue by producing a directly taxable commodity, but ap- preciably advance the welfare of the people. As a beginning, the Council would like to see tue principle adopted of relinquishing the system of compulsory supply, wherever it can be done without very great ditheulty or increase of police piecautions,—[It is also my opinion that this is a good way to lead thig athaix,—Cor | 166 COCONUT PALM WEEVIL IN BRITISH HONDURAS. (Continued from paye 120.) (From Kew Bulletin for March.) The destruction of trees on Mr. Baber’s plantation amounted to nearly 40 per cent, that on Mr. Phillips's to be about 30 per cent (1,000 out of 3,500). Other owners havo lost equally Jarge numbers. But the amount of injury hes uot been uniform oyer the different plantations ; Mr. Baber believes that although the weeyil was abundant in Sittee River, they had not affected his plantations at Seravgo Bight or False Sittee at the mouth of the river. V.—Ferver.—The coco-vut palms of Honduras appear also to suffer from disease, and disease of an obscure kind not due to incects. It ie known as fever, avd at present no econrete account has been given of its symptoms, nor of its prevalence, so that it cannot yet be accepted es a cause of the weevils’ in- crease, but it must be taken merely as a hypothesis to be inquired into, From the little known about it, it appears to be allied to one orother of the diseases (if, indeed, thy are not the samc) observed in Deme~ rara in 1875-6, andin Moutego Bay, Jamaica, in 1891. Attention has been called to it in Honduras in recent communication by Mr. Seay tothe Oolonial Office of which tbe writer has only seen en abstract. Accord- ing to Mr. Hunter, 50 to 80 per cent. of the trees attacked by the weevil show signs of the disease at the top first. This may be merely a misinterpretation of the early signs ofinjury due to weevil—-grubs before they have been noticed in the trunk, but the et:tement is ofimportance and should be confirmed or refuted. — VI.—Oruer Inszcrs.— Another question for consi- deration is the possibility of other kinds of insects aiding or preceding the weevil in its work of dos- {ruction, There is no evidence whatever that such is the case in Honduras, if we except another species of weevil, but it is not so elsewhere. The Indian weevil shares its responsibility with two other beetles, Xylotrupes gideon, Linn., and Oryctes rhinoceros, Linn. both quite distinct in appearance and allied to the chafers. The latter, the Rhinoceros, Hiephant or “black beetle” of the Indian planter, isa stont cylin- drical ineect about 24 inches long; the head has no snout whutever, but is short and bread with small clubbed antenvs, whose ends are formed of several flat plates placed side by side. Between the eyes is a fixed horn, like that of the rhinoceros, large in the male, small in the female. The legs are very strong, with stout shanke set on the outer edge with three teeth, binder end; they are harmlers,and live in heaps of teeth’ and five-jointed fiet. The grubs are large, soft and curved, with six stout legs and baggy rotting vegetable matter or the manure-like inside of decayed palm trees. The beetles are the destroyers, and attack the palm at night boring in at the base of the leaf-stalks till they reach the cabbage, thus forming holes which attract the weevils. Thoy bite through the young folded leaves which be- come oharacteristically ragged, and may kill the tree by injuring the bud. Treatment coneists in the re- moval or destruction of the heaps of rotting matter in which they breed, and in extracting the beetles from the holes in the trees with a barbed wire or beetle spear. VII.—Mertuops oF TREATMENT.—To a certain extent reference has been made to measures adopted against the ravages of the Palm Weevil. It is now necessary to discuss them in detail, and in eo doing to keep in, mind the accertained facts of its life history, and the records of this and similar infestations. These meacures will be found, as usual, to fall under two heads, those designed to prevent attack upon trees hitherto untouched, and those intended to save injured plants. The former are more important, for the latter in the opinion of many experienced men do not exist. 1. Mrrnops or Growra AND CuLtTIvATion.—Care should be taken in the choice of sites for new planta- tions, and special attention paid to the avoidance of undue proximity to a cohoon ridge. 2. PREVENTION oF EGa-LAYING.—The trees should be left as far as possible in the natoral state, and Wonecessary trimming either of fronds or of the fibre | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sept. 1, 1893. avoided. It may be necessary to tie up the older fronds, andif they must be removed the stalk should be cut through enufficiently far from the stem to leave the sheathing base intact. Ltmay be advisable totar the cut stomp if it is found to attract beetles. The yalue of leaving the tree ulone is shown by « passage in Ferguson’s All alout the Coconut Palm, which is also quoted by Kidley :—‘* Scores of instances might be recorded where, till the trees were come into bearing, a red beetle was never seep, but, no sooner was the land cleared and the trees trimmed, then it made its appearauce and became very destruc- tive. On one property the trimming system had been carried on for years till, indeed, more than one-third of the original plants perished, be ore the es‘ate was ten years old, and they were going at the rate of three trees weekly. The work of trimming was stop- ped for the reasons offered above; the loss of trees continued for some time afterwards, but st the end of six months it had entirely ceased. On enother property beetle men had been employed for tcn yeare, and trees were being constantly Jost; trom the day that the beetlers were discontinued two trees perished within the month, and not another was lost in the subsequent seven vears.”” And W. B. L, writes in the Tvopical Agriculturist to the same effect -— “The red-beetle [Rhynchophorus ferrugineus| cannot pevetrate the leat imbrication, aod, when the older ones decay in the course of nature, the stem bas become too bard for its operations. A tree here and there may bejlost from #n accidental wound or from some defect in the fitting of the leaf sheaths, but it is only where the good taste of the planter has impeiled him to trim the leaves that any serious damage has becn done to a field, All the lesves should be left on the tree till nature disposes of them at her own time and in her own way. Nothing tbat can be done to @ coconut tree above gronnd can be anything but injarious.” All wounds, whether made by accident or by ineects, on the soft part of the stem, leaf sheaths or spike, should be at once dressed with a dab of tsr mixed with snnd. Holes should be probed with a ‘beetle spear” or hooked wire to extract insects which may have caused them, end then plugged with a tuft of fibre or dry grass dipped in tar. The parts eelected for egg-laying on the stem may be plastered with lime-wsash, to which, when cold, there may be added, as an experiment, a small quantity of Puris-green (a deadly arsenical poison). Tartriog the stem will probably keep off the beetles, but should be tried with great caution till its effecis on the tree have been ascertained. Mr. ©. T. Hunter states that he has kept away tle beetless by pouring tar on the leaf-spike aud the leaf sheaths; he claims for this method thatit does not injure the tree and that the effects of it last for some three years. Appli- cation of tar to the Jeaf sheaths would probably do no harm, but may not be necessary if they themselves efford sufficieut protection by being left intact. It might, however, Jessen apy possibility of beetles creeping in to oviposit between locszly fitting sheaths. Such a remedy ought only to be tried on a small bumber of trees, 60 that the loss may not be felt if it proves injurious. Most disastrous results have before now followed the application on a large scale of an un- tested method of treatment to plants. Coatings of moist clay have been found useful in similar cir- Cumstances, and a composition which hes met with Success in Germany is Leinweber’s, and is thus pre- pared: Five pounds of coarse tobacco are infused in @ bucket half full of boiling water and allowed to stand for 24 hours. The vessel is then filled with ox- blood and one part of slaked lime and sixteen of fresh cow-dung are added (qusntity not stated.) These are well mixed and allowed to ferment for two or three days in an open tub, and then applied to the parts requiring protection. Itis particularly well suited for the lower parts of the stem. It is not supposed that the above mixture can be suc- cessfully employedin Honduras, but itis given as an ex- mple of the c'assof compositions fourd to be of service, Coarse soaps and rank oils (whale oil) bave alsg been of use, , Sept, 1, 1893.] 3, DerstructION OF INJURED TREES.—This treatment is the one most generally recommended, but it re- quires caution. An attacked tree should not’ be hastily out before there are uumistakable signs, by the withering of the leaves and spike, tbat it is doomed. About the possibility of saving injured trees there is much dispute, but a certain number do survive the first attack, especially if low down in the stem, and in India it is found practicable to attempt their cure, It is ueeless to cut down any infested tree, unless proper steps are taken to treat it when felled so as to make it unsuitable asa breedingplace, In fact it will be probably less harmful if left standing than if felled aod neglected. 4, CapTURE oF THE WeEviLs.—This plan has also been generally recommended, and is in some ways preferable to the last. It is attended with no des- truction of trees, and is applicable to plantations which have not yet become seriously infested, whereas the felling of palmsjcan only be resorted to when they are already injured. There are three ways of taking the perfest insects: onthe wing or when crawling about ; when lurking in the crevices of the leaf-sheaths and fibre; when attracted to baits. The best way—tbat by which the greatest number can be caught with the least labour—is the last, It has been mentioned in the preceding section that the stumps and soft tissues—the split oabbage—of felled palms ere most suitable for this purpose, because the weevils are attracted in large numbers to the ferment- ing sap, and can be fasily collected. It has been proposed to sprinkle fae etumps with Paris-green to kill the weevils visiting them. The experiment ‘may be tried, but will possibly defeat its object, besause arsenic is an antiseptic and may check the fermentation of the sap and ils attractive odour. The beetles can be collected into buckets ard killed with boiling water. If they are apt to escepe from the buckets these should be furnished with a tinned jron lid sloping down toa hole in the middle, so as to form a funnel through which the weevils can be dropped. As the weevils, like many other kinds, seeks shelter by day, the stumps and other baits should be visited at different times, practically at daybreak, to find out when the insects frequent them most; and the stumps will probably last longer and keep fresher if protected from the sun with alight covering of leaves ard fibre, which cen be removed toget at the insects. When uno felling of palms is going on, other suitable baits are mangoes or other fruit crushed and allowed to ferment. It has been suggested to cut wild palms in the neighbourhood in order to catch the beetles visiting the stumps. ‘his is cpen to the objection that these palms must be carefully destroyed or by becoming breeding pleces they will be more dangerous than if left standing. Now the practice of attracting the weevils to fermenting mangoes cannot, however carelessly carried out, increase their num- bers. The search for weevils biding in tbe crannies of the palms is more suitable for Indian plantations, where the trees are regularly ex#mized to catch Rhinocerous beeiJes and the Palm Weevi's are taken incidentally. It is simply a question of convenience and the amount of labour involved. Observations may be made to see if there is any hour when the weevils can best be taken on the trees. The females are the important sex, and any means of capture which only takes males will not limit the numbers of the next generation. One advantage of the method of capture at baits is that it oan be carried out by children and unshi'led -labourers. Attraction, by fires, into which ihe weevils plunge at night, has been tried in Asia, but the Palmetto Weevil, according to Summers, does not coms to light. 5. EncouRAGEMENT OF INsECTIVOROUS ANIMALS,— Till the habits of the weevils’ natural enemies have been more studied, not much can be done in this way, and it is unlikely that there is at present any large destruction of insectivorons birds that rt quires checking. Mr. Hunter in the Report ascribed the immuoity of his plantations to his keeping a herd of 190 pigs. The practice of letting swine forage is well known and employed in Uontinental forestry. They are greedy THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 167 devourers of such large insects and grubs as they can find on the ground or by rooting. Mr. Craig, an- other planter, states: ‘‘ in agroup four trees out of 26 were not attacked, found that those four were infested with blackants. Has tried to transplant ants, but failed ; says the ants feed on the eggs of the beetles. Did not understand the various stages of insect life; did not know female ants ; accidenta'ly smoked some apts out of a tree five years old; the next year it was attacked by beetles and died.” 6. Tus Ourk or IngurED TReES.—This, theugh little tried in Honduras, has met witha certain amount of success in India. One method is to cut into the soft parts of the tree, and extract the grubs. This requires great skill, both in observing the early stages of the injury—for it is useless to try it on a tree whose leaf-spike is manifestly dying—and in the opera- tion itself. It is preferable not to attempt to reach the grub, but to kill it by ithe injection into its burrow of carbolic acid, kerosene, or Paris green sus- pended in water, but there is a risk of injuring the tree in this way. AJl wounds should bs _ properly dressed with tar. Another planis to apply remedies to the head of the tree, which presumably ere carried down to holes made by tbe grubs at the base of the spike. Itis questionable whether these applications are not more of a: prevention than s remedy. An Indian native method of destroying them “‘ is tohang Jittle bags of salt over the affected parts of the tree. Water ia then poured over the galt, so that the brine sonks into the borings and drives out the beetle. Itis believed that the latter will never return to a tree where it has been subjected to the above treatment.” The above quotation froma recent report is intended to refer to the Palm-Weevil. It appears, however, to the writer that the plan is used for the Rhinoceros beetle. Other applications said to have met with success in some persons’ hands are slaked lime, kerosene and arsenic; the latter is perbaps the beet, and should be used es Paris green or London purple, stirred up in water in the proportion of about 1 0z.of Paris green and 2 of flour made into a paste, to 10 or 12 gallens of water and sprayed into the head of the tree. If the plant shows signs of injury a weaker solution should be used. Lime deserves a further trial, and nitrate of soda might be used. None of the above methods should be tried on a large senle till they sre proved to be harmless tothe plant. Firing thehead of the tree as recommended for “fever” has aleo proved acure, but the palm is greatly weakened, and a further attack ia thereby invited. Perhaps the method of pouring poison injo the holes is the most promising; according to Mr. Seay it hasalready met with some success, LABOR ON HAWAIIAN PLANTATIONS, Among the questions involved in the proposed change of the present Hawaiian Government by its absorpticn in the American Republic, and whieh has brought out much comment, is the labor system on ovr sugar and rice plantations. If we rightly understend the American law, no contract made abroad for any class of laborers is binding in the United States, and a penalty ettaches for every attempt to evade this law, which is designed to pre- vent the importation of foreiga laborers of any kind whatever, skilled or unskilled. Laborers on Hawaiian plantations come here under a verbal promise or a written engagement to enter into a thiee-years’ contract immediately on arrival. These contracts are generally favorable to the la- borer, and in the case of the Japanese, where a portion of the wage is paid to the consul], many of them close their term of service with a handsome cash balance to their credit. In fact, they return comparatively independent to their homes in Japan, which they left as poor menthree years before. As some of the existing contracts contain penal provisione, these will, in the event of annexation, require to be changed, “his might be done readily, if a small advance in wages were offered. It would seem, then, that our labour system, as thus modified, might be made tosuit t_e new order of things. with- out injury to the planting interest, 168 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1893. The plantations employ about 20,000 laborers, of whom at the presert time only 9379 Japanese and Ohinese are under contract, out of a total of over thirty thousand Asiatics residing in the Islands. Be- sides the above, many Hawaiians, Portuguese and others are employed under various forms of service, mostly as day or month laborers. There is another system of service now being tried on several estates, which promise to work well, being based on the co-operative plan. A planter takes a tract of, say one hundred acres, more or less, and engages to plow, plant, cultivate and harvest for one- fifth of the sugar manufactured from it, less certain small charges. He is furnished by the plantation at cost with all the necessary tools, and egrees to provide all the labor that is required to work the tract as- signed to him inthe best mauner possible. For each laborer in his employ, while the crop is growing, he receives from the plantation, say, ten dollars a month onaccount. When the cane is ground and the sugar delivered in Honolulu, he is credited with one-fifth, or whatever proportion may have been agreed on, of the sugar produced from his tract. which sum is equitably divided among all who have shared in the cultivation of thecane. This plan has been tried on several estates, and has worked well for all, though experience will doubtless show how it may be im- proved for the benefit of all interested. Itis a system that can be reedily adopted on any or all the planta- tions. The labor question will, therefore, adjust itself to any changes that may be required whenever annexation may take place, and without much, if any, loss to the plantations, and in the end both employers avd employees will be the gainers, for time will show that annexation will bea wise policy, not only for every industrial interest here, but equally so for the United States.—Planters' Monthly. Se HOW INDIAN NATIVE AGRICULTURE Is watched over, controlled and encouraged under the Indian Revenue system is well illustrated in the annual Report fo the Board of Revenue for the North- Wester Provinces, thus reviewed in the Pioneer :-— With the extension of the canal system, the revision of the land-reveoue settlements in many districts, and the growth of local rates and cesses, the public land- revenues have greatly increased duriug the last twenty years. But there is no evidence that the increase of these burdens on the land is disproportionate to its increased productiveness, or that their collection is attended with increasing difficulty. On the contrary, the report indicates that, except in certain limited tracts where agriculture is depressed throngh special causes, the revenue comes in with ease, and the severer forms of coercion are seldom resorted to. The depressed tracts lie in the Agra Division, where a rise in the subsoil level, and consequent water-logging, has thrown thousand of acres out of cultivation. Large reductions of reyenua have been made in the Gis- tressed districts, extensive drainage works under- taken, and money advanced to landlords and. tenants. The low-water mark of depression has evidently been passed, but debts, insufticient capital, traditional extrav:gsence, and the belief that the State will forego its claimsif pressed hard enough, retard im- provement in agriculture and the collection of the re- venue. The Thakar landlords of Mainpari are thus de- scribed :—“ Nearly all are heavily involved in debt or litigation, and have spent their rentsin staving off the most urgent demands of their private creditors, in con- testing suits, or in marriage expenses, there being quite an unusual number of marriages this year. In short, the State has come to be lookd onas the least pressing of those whose demands have to be met and the one to whom payment can be deferred for a more conveni- ent season. It is clear that no remissions or reduction can ensure the punctual payment ofthe Government demand when the proprietary body is determined to make default and wilfully misappropriates all assets that it oan ley hands on.” If this description be accurate, and its accuracy is accepted by the Oommissioner and the Board the administra- tion of the district must indeed be arduous. On ove side is the Scylla of leniency: on tbe otber the Oharybdis of ccercion. Elsewhere the land revenue came in easily, and the harvests and the condition of the people were generally good. lt is satisfactory to notice that in districts where the lend revenue has been revised and greatly raired, the demand was paid without difficulty. The returns of the Director of Land Records enable ue to ascertain with c'ose accurary the incidence of the State lend-dues and the proportion in which they stend to the gross rent. Including cesses avd patwari rate, but excluding canal dues, which are virtually paymeuts for velue received, the State demand on the land amounts to 527 lakhs in the N-W. P. and 153 Iskhs in Onch, or 680 lskhs io sll. The area occupied by lardlords and tenants sggregitee 36 million acres. The incidence of the State demand is thus Ke 1-13 per acre, being R2 theacre inthe North-W: stern Provinces and Rel-10 in Oudb. Of the 86 million acres, 8} millions are shown in the village accounts as paywg bo rent, being for the most part cultivated by the proprietors themselves. The recorded renta! on the remaijoing 27% millioa acres amounts to 1,201 lakhs. The corrected rental of the Province ie, therefore, considerably more than dou»le the State demand, includiog local rates of every kind. eee eee COFFEE CULTIVATION. CLOSE versus WIDE PLANTING. Seys our contemporary The Queenslander :—As a large number of the cultivators of the soil in Queens- land are thinking seriously of devoting some atten- tion to coffee growing, the following information elicited at a meeting of fruit growers at Wellington Point lately will be read with interest. Mr. Gilbert Burnett asked for information about the distence apart coffee trees sliould be planted, as he intended to plant a few acres. He bad made inquiries through a merchsnt who was icformcd by ao planter thet, in Ceylon, coffee was planted 6't. by 6ft. apart. From what he bad seen of the habits of the plant in Queens- land he rather doubted the accuracy of the informa- tioo. Mr. Soutter stated in reply that the coffee plant required space accordisg to climate and soil. in rieh soil or fiate, Ceylon coffee had been planted 15ft. spart acd Liberian 20ft. apart. From his own ex- perience here he found 12ft. by 12ft. sufficient epace. Here the coffee plant wanted p'enty of shelter, and if planted close it would protect itself. He found that in Brazil, coffee was planted 12ft. by 10ft. with very satisfactory results. He had plants in the Ac- climatisation Society’s grounds, which were sown and grew in but poor still four years ago, 9t: apart, the branches of which were touching each other, and now bearing berries. Mr Cowan eaid he thought the information obtained from Ceylon by Mr. Burnett was correct, because in that island coffee trees were planted principally on the hill sides and slopes, not on fiats, and being so thick protected themselves. He believed in close planting as he had seen it in the West Indian Islands as on the slopes the heat was especially severe, and being closely planted the trees protected the roots by their shade. Coffee trees threw out an immense mass of surface roote. _-———__—_— > A New Trea Breaker.—We received from a Terai planter a very good account of a new tea breaker, the invention of Mr. H. Sabow, the well known Kur- seong Engineer. Since using this breaker, the planter informs us, he has made 40 per cent less Fannings and Dust than with his former machine. Mr. Sabow’s breaker costs R250 —Indian Planters’ Gazette, July 8. Tue Eees of the Algerian locust have been found to yield a thick oil reeembling honey in sppear- ance. It burns well, and makes good soap with alkali, As large quantities of these eggs are col- lected by the natives in order to destroy them, it ig proposed to extract the oil for industrial purposes. —Standard. he SEPT. 1, 1893.] CEYLON HIGH-GROWN AND FINE THAS: A CORREOTION AND INTERESTING INFORMATION FROM MR. ARTHUR THOMPSON. We direct special attention to the letter which Mr, Arthur Thompson (of the well-known Mincing Lane firm, Messrs. W. J. & H. Thompson) on page 180. We regret very much that Mr. Thompson should, through « misconception, have been credited with a suggestion which he never made; and the strange part is that the statement of this suggestion as a fact, originally published soon after Mr. Thompson’s visit, was formally repeated by being made the text for an editorial in our Tropical Agriculturist of Des. 1887, and has never, uatil now, been contradicted or corrected. However, we can readily sse how the misconception arose in the first instance and, as Mr. Thompson expleins, therais no virtue ia a mark now, unless backed by undoubted quality. The testimony afforded in the letter before us to the better pay- ing results, in the long-run, from going in for quality rather than quantity, ehould receive attention espc- cially in view of the possibility of the difference in value between ordinary and fine teas being accen- trated more in the future than if has been of late. ao COFFEE IN MEXICO. A syndicate of American capitalists has purchased the San Marcial coffee plantation, situated near Cordoba, in the State of Vera Cruz, (Mexico) the prices paid being $160,000. There are 550,000 coffee trees in production on the plantation and 100,000 nursery plants of various kinds. It is stated that although Olaus Spreckels’ name does not appear in the syndicate he is heavily interested in the enter- prise.—Merchants’ Review. —Au American who hes recently made an ex- tende1 tour through the coffee districts of Vera Oruz, Mexico, has the following opinion of its capacities : * The great bulk of these lands could be put in coffee, and when in coffee plantations their value is almost inestimable. To illustrate the value of these coffee plantations, I will take 100 acres which can be pur- chased for 500 pesos, or about $375 in American money, Each acre can be planted in 1,000 trees. After the third year each tree will produce a pound and e half of coffee on an average of 1,500 pounds to the acre, or for the 100 acres, 150,000 pounds, worth $37,500 on the spot. After five years the plantation will produce 3,000 pounds to the acre worth $75,000 in Mexico. In the interim the spaces betweeu the coffee rows can be planted in bananas, corn or beaus bringing from this source a revenue early sufficient to maintain the property.”—Rio News. ——_—_————»_____——_- IS VANILLA A PARASITE ? Some time ago Mr. Geo. N. Beringer, of Philadel- phia, arserted at the college there that vanilla is not & parasite, and he expressed his astonishment that such ao authority as the Lxcyclopedia Britannica _ should have prrpetrated that mistake. This touches Mr. HK. M. Holmes, no doubt, for he was the writer of most of the drug-articles i: the Encyclopedia; it also touches Mr. C. I. Hires, of Philadelphia, in respect to the fact that Mr. Beringer started his remarks from a circular issued by Mr. Hires’s firm. Mr. Hires did not succumb at once, but wrote to two Mexican firms—Mesers. Montessoro & Scagno, of Gutierres Zamora, and Mr. L. 8. Silvers, of Papantla —who reply (we quote from the Pharmaceutical Era) that they have often cut the vanilla.plant 5 or 6 eet above the root, and that it lives from the sap of the 22 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 169 tree af ter the root is cut for two or three years, but by that time ita rootlets grow down to the ‘ground again, the plant bearing flowers and frait during the whole time. On the other hand, when the tree upon which the plant attaches itself dies, the plant fails to propa- gate and will soon show decay. While admitting that his knowleige of the vanilla from the islands of the Indian Ocean is not as full and as ripe as that of thie Mexican, Mr. Hires adds that all information received on the subject warrants him in statiog that the culti- vated and wild plants bearing fruit in these countries ake their sustenance and life from the eap of forest- rees. ————_>__—_——_- COFFEE LEAF-TEA. Mr. A. J.Slaney, of the National Wholesale Tea Supply Association, writes under date June 30tb, and accompanying his letter is aspecimenof the leaf :—— “We purchased in Thursday’s Ceylon tea sales two small lots, we believe the first substitute for tea made from coffee-leaf imported into England, It does not yield a@ very agreeable drink when prepared after the fashion of ordinary tea, but on making experiment we find by another process it yielde a highly character- istic, yet, withal, exceedingly pleasant beverage. We have decided to offer it to the trade in parcels value 58 each, containing packets made up in attractive form, giving thereon instructions we recommend for use.”--H. and C. Mail. a ere eee BANANAS IN FIT. Appended is an estimate of the result of the cultivation of 40 acres of bananas in four years. After that time, if the disease appear, not at all a certainty, the returns decrease, but a good profitin cultivation can be Jooked for another two years. [No explanation is given of the disease.—Ep. 7A. ] Estimate of cost of planting and cultivation o 40 acres of banenas and returns for second, third and fourth years. EXPENDITURE, £ Ist Year—Plants 12,000 at 40s 24 Houses Gd 20 Tools, &c. aie <0 Five Labourers at £10 50 Food BG 5@ Overseer 0 100 £264 2nd Year—10 Labourers at £1 100 Food a0 100 Overseer a 100 £300 3rd Year— ae ati 300 4th Year— 60 a0 300 Total for 4 years Se £1,164 Freight 60,000 at 20s per 100 600 £1,764 Profit es £1,236 RETURNS, a 2nd year 20,000 at 1s oe 1,000 8rd year ” ” oe 1,000 4th year ” ” 1,000 N.B.—The only actual outlay is for the first twelve months. The second year’s produce shows nearly 100 per cent on cost for the two years. The foregoing is a very fair and moderate estimate. A sufficiency of Jabor is provided for, also of plants caloulatud at 300 to the acre as it is not desirable to plant too close. The returne sre calculated ot a low average, some plantations on the Rewa and Navar having cut 600 bunches per acre per annum The present estimate isat 500 only. The priceis that ruling ia Levuka at present, but large contracts were made in Suya for 183d and 1s 6d per bunch delivered f.o.b,— Polynesian Gazette, June 17, 179° THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1893. SUE EEE SaaS ne HANDBOOK TO THE FLORA OF CEYLON: By Ds, H. Taman, uz., (London.) ¥.5.8., D1eg0T0BR oF THE RoyvaL Boranio GARDENS, OzrLon* We weloome heartily the first part of this valuable work of our learned Director. It is a work that has long been wanted, but to which very few mon could or would devote themselves. Only a botanist oan realize what time is required to perfect) such descriptions of plants from the examination of numbers of specimens; as well as the labour or difficulty of collecting the plants. It is wonderful, though, how a trained native at last gets to recognize all the familiar plants, and with what glee he will bring his master a new specimen. The Handbook is to consist, of four parts, and this one is accompanied by an atlas of 25 (quarto) coloured plates which are selections from the extensive series illustrating the Ceylon flora now preserved in the Library of the Botanio Gardens at Peradeniya. There are several’ thousands of these plates and they have been the work successively of three members of one Sinhalese family, employed on the Garden staff as draftsmen. The platcs selected are beautifully executed as to work and colouring and correct in drawing and scientific detail and add greatlyto the value of the Handbook. Being enclosed in & separate case they are easy. of refer- ence and handy for the study of any one plant. We hear they are not so delicate and reliable ag to colour as the originals by the Messrs. de Alwis, but a more exact’ imitation would haye been too expensive. . The. plates for Part II arealready half printed and Dr. Trimen is now sending home the MS. But; as he tells us, -he is much interrupted; also he is hampered by want of books and specimens and will have to visit Kew and the British Museum before Part IIL’ can be properly done. We cai bast give our readers an idea of the scope and intention of the work by quoting from the author's Introduction :— One principal object of this Handbook ig to enable observers in Oeylon to ascertain the name of any plant they may ‘tind growing wild. When this is arrived at, they are ina position to learn all that’ may have beon written about it in botanical and other literature, toappreciate its relationships with other plants, to | trace isa distribution in other lands, and to intelligently investigate its properties and uses. The analytic keys and desrciptions here given for this purpose require. for thir use a geueral knowledge of the outside anatomy and structuve of the principal organs of plents andof the terms in use for defining and distivguishing their different parts and modifica- tions. Tois knowledge can be readily obtained from any elementary work on Botany, and is here presup- posed. The descriptions are, however, as Jittle tech- nical as I. can make them consistently with accuracy. The book refers to Ceylon only. Inthe definifions of the Natural Orders end Genera it must be distinotly understood that the distinguishing characters here given for each group do uct include the whole of those which beloag, to it, but such only as are shown by the species found in Ceylon. It is especially necessary to b-artbis in mind in using this Handbook for. educa- tional purposes ; for it may so hxppen that the Oeylon members of a particular Order or Genus are more * A HanJ-Book ut the Flora of Oeylon, Containing Descriptions of all the Species of Flowering Plan‘s Indigenous to the Island, and Notes on their History, Distribution, and Uses. By Henty Trimen, MB. (London), F.8.s., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Ceylon. With av Atlas of Plates Illustrating some of the more Interesting’ Species. Part 1.“ Ranunculacese —Anacardiacte. under the Authority of the*’Government of Ceylon. London: Dalau & Oo., 37 Soho Square, W. 1893. ! | i With Plates I—XXV. Publiched | or less exceptional, and in that case the definition Biven will beby no means cheracteristic of that group asa whole. To a less extent this applies aleo to each species. My descriptions have been made wholly from Ceylon specimens, end will thus often be not comprehensive enough to cover the range of form exhibited in other countries. I have, indeed, throughout this Flora en- deavoured to restrict all the iaformation given under cach species to it ae a Oeylon plant only, excluding, as arule, everything referring only to Peninsuler Iudia, Malaya, or other regions beyond our limir. Concerning the ‘Plan of this Handbook," he writes as follows :— “The sequence of the Natural Orders and Genera is that followed io all recent Englich systematic Floras, viz., that of Bentham and Hooker’s ‘Genera Plantarum.’ For the species I have kept mainly to the ‘Flora of British India, with which importent work it is highly desirable that this Flora should be in genera] accordance. When any deviation occure from these standard books, atteution is always drawn to it. “After e diagnostic description of each Order there follows brief Key for the rapid determination of its Genera; and fuller description of each Genus is aftcrwards given with a similar Key to its species. py species is treated in psragrapbs on the following plan :— 1. The Botanical Name (in Clarendon type) im- mediately fliowed (in Italic type) by a reference to the authority by whom that name was first published, with the date. No Botanical name in the modern taxonomic sense can be of earlier date than 17538, when Linnseus firet definitely published his binomical nomevclature. The Vernacular Names when known (also in Claren- don type) follow, the letters 8. and T. rignifying Sinhalese and Tamil respectively. 2. References (in small type) erranged chronclogi- cally, to published books ani papers where the sp+cies is treated of or noticed as a Ceylon plant, with any names (— synonyms) there given when different to the one adopted. 3. A reference (also in small type) to the ‘Flora of British India’ and to selected published Figures of the plant. 4. The Description (in larger type). 5. The general distribution in Ceylon and the com- parative frequency (in small type); followed, in the ease of the rarer species, by special localities. The time of flowering aud colour of the flowers. 6. Ihe general range of distribution beyond Ceylon (also in small type). Intercalated in their proper places among the species thas fully treated are certsin other plants which are not natives of Ceylon, but have been certainly introduced by the agency of man, and are bow met with in a more or less completely wild or naturalised state. The names of these are printed in Italic, not Clarendon, type, and the who’e a:count run¢ on in a single parazrapb. The Appendices give us (a) Common Prefixes in the Vernacular names cf Plart=, Sinhalese and : Tamil, with their English equivalents ; (b) Abbre- viations used in the description; and (c) a Sketch of the Olimatic Regions of Oeylon. Of course, the reader already grounded in Botany will be able to make most use of a volume of thia description, and if any of our ieaders are stimulated by. the publication of this work to commence the study of Botany, they will find the “First Bock of Indian Botany ” by Oliver, the clearest and mest uceful Handbook (locally procurable) toadopt. But to many others who may haveno scientific knowledge of Botany, the publication cannot fail to be useful. The descriptions. of plants range from Ranun- culacere io Anacardiacee. In order to show the style of the book we quote the description of: the well- known Kina tree;— SEPT, 1, 1893,] 11. €. Walkerii, Wight, Zi. i. 128 (1840). Kana, 8. Plauch. aud Tri. 1, co, 263, C.P. 1170. Fl, B. Inu, 1. 275 (localities omitted). Wight, II i,t. 45 (poor). A very lerge tree, with a thick, straight, tall trunk and a rounded head, bark reddish-brown, thick, twigs quadrangular, glabrous; 1, small, 1;—2 in., crowded, rotundate or oboyate-oval or obcordate, cuneate or rounded at base, obtuse, very stiffly coriaceous, lat. Veins coarse, not prominent, petioles very short stout; fl, large, 1 in. diam., numerous, in axillary and ter- minal racemes forming together a large terminal pauicle much exceeding the |., ped. 4—? in., giabrous ; sep. 4, inner twice as loug; pet. usuaily &, longer than sep., inner row smaller; stam, very numerous, slightly coherent at base; fr. globose, 3 in. or rather more, apiculate, smooth, pale yellow mottled with browa,. Upper mountain zone in forests; common. N, Eliya; Aaam’s Peak; Ambagamuwa; Kanuuckles, There is a specimen from Moon in Mus. Brit. with- out definite locality. Fl. Jan.—April; white or pinkish (uot yellow asin Wight’s fig.). Endewic. The well-known ‘Kina’ tree of the mountains, grewing often to an immense size. The flowers are very besutitul and sweet-scented, and are said to be produced only ouce in 3 or 4 yeara. Wight’s plate gives & very poor idea of this fine species. Wood paie reddish-brown, hard, rather light, durable, This is liable to very curious terminal galls whioh have been often mistaken tor fruit; they are urceolate in form with a 2-lipped ohink at the summit, and appear to be formeu by the fusion and maltormation of a pair of opposite leaves. They oocur in other species also of this genus. Dr. Trimen’s Haudbook is sure to be warmly wel- comed in the world of botanists, and.we trust.it will have a fair sale among our countrymen here : Govern- ment officials, foresters, masters in public schools and the more observant of our planters should have if among tbeic works of reference, An intimate ac- quaintance with the plant life by which we are purrounded adds much to the charm of life out here and well repays one for the labour of learning even the alphabet of Botany. 2 Since the sboye was in type, we have received from a friend, competent to treat on the subject, a very interesting analytical summary of generally useful information given in the Handbook. W:th this as a guide, we are making 2» series of extracts to embody ia a second notice of a publication which reaily marks an important advance in the permanent Bnd solenwific literature connected with the island. Dr. Trimen’s ‘‘ Handbook to the Flora of Oeylon ” is & work for all time. ——_—— (Second Notice.) We now give the very interesting references to various parts of Dr. Trimen’s Handbook furnished by a correspondent and to make the analysis complete, we have extracted the information in each case, so that Planters and others may be able to judge of the value oi the work by the samples afforded. Our frieud writes :— ‘Lhe introductory part appears to me to give all that is required to make it very plain to even an ordinary reader. The Analytic Keys are so clearly given that it is yery easy to tell at a glance what the Order or Genus is like, I believe it to be a most useful and interesting book for planters or other residents who wish to become acquainted with the plant life around them, giving as it so often does, such interesting particulars in a concise form, of their preparation, products and uses, as for instance the Anemone on page 3. Where one is toid that it is a pretty plant and is the only one of its genus that extends into the tropics, and persons who wish to send Ceylon plants home can learn that this is one which would not only be worth THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ryt sending, but could be successfully grown there. Another example is on (p. 93) where Hypericum ia described as a remarkably ornamental shrub and, growing in the upper montane zone, would be a desirable plant for greenhouse cultivation in Hurope; also Azbiscus p. 153 and the beautiful Balsam, Impatiens Hookeriana p- 208, and many others. Then see the very valuable information that ia given about the timber trees; and what Planter or Proprietor 1s there who is not interested in these. It not only enables you to find the proper and common names of the trees, but tells you the colour of the wood, whether it is hard or soft, durable, useful for building or other purposes. It also gives information when the fruit is good for food and the seeds for oil, &c., see Michelia Nilagirvca, ‘‘ Wal-sapu 8. (p. 15.) “One of the best of the mountain timbers. Wood pale-brown, often somewhat greenish, fine-grained, strong and yery durable, One sort is often called by carpenters ‘ Wal-buruta,’ and distinguished from the ordinary ‘ Wal-sapu’” by darker colour and greater weight. The ‘Buruta’ wood used for sleepers on the Nanu-oya Railway (see Vincent’s Forest Report. par. 452 and note) was this, and not satin-wood.” Crateva Roxburghii, Lunu-warana S. (p. 59.) “Much planted by vhe Tamils for tne sake of its bitter leaves, used as a stomacnio. ‘Wood yellowish- white, fairly hard ; uaed for making randals.” Garcinia Cambogia, Goraka, 8. (p. 95 aad 96) “The fruit varies extremely in the number of grooves, often a8 many as 12 and 13, and in the shape and depth of the lobes and their colour: one red variety is very like a largetomato. Itis ripe in July, and is acid bust pleasant ; the rind out into pieces. and dried in the sun is much eaten by the natives, and is very palatable. “Wood hard, fine-grained, greyish. The bark aftords & transparent gum-resin.” Calophyllum spectabile, Dumba-kina, §. (p. 99) Calophyllum tomentosum, Kina, 8. (p.101) {'Dhisis the ordinary ‘kina’ of the lower hill-country, aod its seeds afford orange-soloured oil, ‘ kina-tel ’ much used by the natives. Wood pale red, rather light, smooth.” Calophyllum Walkeria, Kina S. (p. 104) Messua ferrea, Naw 8. (p. 105) “One of our most beautiful trees, and much planted, especially aear Buddhist temples.. The large fl. are deliciously scented;and the young leaves of anintense blood-red passing into the dark green of the adult growth through delicate shades of-pink. “The ‘Iron wood’ of the English, Wood very hard and heavy, dark red extremely durable.” “An oilis obtained from the seeds.” Jernstremia joponica, Pena-Mihiriya 8. (p. 108) * Wood even-grained, pinkish-brown, rather heavy, durable; called by the carpenters in the hill districts ‘ Pena-mihiriya,’ ‘ Rattota,’ and ‘ Ratatiya.’ The bark is chewed.” Eurya acuminata, Wild Tea, Eng. (p. 110) ‘Phe habit and foliage of these species of Zurya are very like those of Tea, and young plants have been frequently mistaken for it, and even cultivated in nurseries. Hence the plant has acqaired the name of ‘Wild Tea’ among the planters.” Dipterocarpus Zeylanicus, Hora 8. (p. 114) Doona Zeylanica, Dun, 8. (p. 119) ‘SA characteristic tree of she lower hill-forests, now much cleared. The mode of biauching horizontally chiefly at the top, and the preference of the tree for the crests of hills, which oauses their outlines to stand out against the sky, gives the tree ata distance much the appearance of the Stone Pine of Italy. ‘‘ The timber is light, moderately hard, pale greyish- brown, durable, and greatly in request for shingles, whence the tree is often called ‘ shingle-tree.’ It burns with a bright flame. An excellent colourless Dammar-like resin exudes from the trunk.” Vateria acuminata, Hal, S. (p.131) ‘A very benutitul tree, often planted for ornament. “The stem exudes a clear yellowish (erroneously said to be‘ green’in FL, B, Ind,) resin abundaptly, equal THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1893. tothe best dammar. The bark ia much used for checking the fermentation of toddy, and many trece are killed by being stripped. Wood light, rather hard yellowish-grey. The seeds are ground into meal and ea‘en.” And many others in this family WDipterocarpacce Heritiera littoralis, Btuna 8. (167.) Berrya Ammonlla, Hal-milla 8. (173.) Lrythroxzylon lucidum, Devadaras. (p.191.) “ Che j ‘ice of the Jeaves is a valuable anthelmintic and much used, especially for children.” Chickrassia tabulavis, Hulan-hik §. p. (252.) “Wood hard, rather heavy, even, ehiring, brownish red, With rather Jarge pores, durable. Much valued, and goes by the name of ‘Ohittagong wood’ and ‘White cedar’ at Madras. The finely carve pillars in the audience-hall (now District Court) at Kandy are made of it.” Chloroxylon Sunetenia, Buruta, satinwood §. (253.) and others of this order Weliacce. Kokoona Zeylanica, Kokum 8. (p. 270.) “Wood pale yellowith-brown, smooth, light, readily splitting. The inner bark is of brilliant yellow colour, and is used by jewellers for polishing gold embroidery, and aleo as 4 snuff when powdered,” Schlerchera tryuga, Kon 8. (p. 304. “rvhe* Ceyion Oak” of the Mnglish, the foliage in the toass, especisliy when young, very much reeemblivg that of Quercus Robur. ‘The fruit sometimes bears sharp spines on its sides. “Koenig states (in Hb. Banks) that the seeds excite vomiting ; the pulpy aril is however, eaten. An oil is obtained from the seeds. Wood very hard, heavy, close-grained, pale reddish brown, strong and durable.” Sapindus emarginatus, Penela §. (807.) and Oampnosperma Zeylanicum, Aridda §. (p. 326. ‘A banasome tree with fine dark foliage, Attains a great height in Kurowita Korale, and 6 or 7 ft. in ciroumference: In a few forests this is a gre- garious tree. ‘Wood white, smooth, rather light and soft, coarse- grained, of little use except for tea-boxes, for which 16 is said to be very good.” The common and useful trees, plants and shrubs that have become wild, though not indigenous, are also interestingly noted see Michelia Champaca, Sapu §. (p. 15.) “M,. Champaca, L. (O. PF. 1,023 is the well-knowa ‘ Sapu,’‘Hapu’ or ‘ Champak’ tree much cultivated in Ceylon, but nowhere native. It is considered wild in many parts of India and in Jave, and is doubtlessa very ancient introduction here. There are specimens in Hermaun’s Herbarium, and it is recorded in his Mus. Zeylan. p. 64 as ‘Hapughaba.’ Thevery fragrant yellow flowers are produced in May, and much used tor temple offerings, They are quickly followed by the fruit, which contains several somewhat angular seeds extremely like fragments of pink corel, The tree is well figured in Pierre’s magnificent ‘Flore Forestiere’ of Oochin Ohina, t. 3. : Canarga odorata, Ilang-ilang m. (p. 22.) “ Cananga odorata, Hk, t.and Th., though not native, is 60 commonly met with in an apparently wild state in the moist low country that it requires notice, It is a tall, quiok-prowing, straight tree with very large drooping strongly sweet-scented yellow flowers. It is & native of Burma, Jaya and the Philippines. The acent known by the Malay name Ilang-ilang is said to be obtained from its flowers. The tree is often called * Wana-sapu’ or ‘ Rata-sapu’ by the Singalese.” Nasturtium offictnalis, Watercress Hng. (p. 53.) “ Nasturtium officinale, Br., the common English watercress, has become naturalised in many small Btreams in the mountains, where intentionally introduced. The name * Kakkuta-pala’ has been giyen to me by Sinhalese for this, but by Moon (Cat. 13) this native name is applied to his Anagallis esculenta from Uva which is undetermined. ‘The watercress is also given by Moon (p. 47) as found naturalised at Kandy.” Flacourtia inermis, Liovi Lovi (p. 78.) ‘6 F, inermis, Roxb., is the Lovielovi, the red acid fruit of which is well known, and the tree commonly grown in native gardens; itis of Malayan origin,” | Adansonia digilata, Baobab (p. 159.) Very interesting particulars are here given of the tree. “ Adansonia digitata, L.(O. P. 1141). The Baobab trees at Mauner have long been well kuown, aud are said to bave been introduced by the Arabs. The tree is native to Trop. Afrioa, Roxburgh (FI. Ind. iii. 164) quotes a letter from Gen. Huy Macdowel!, written in 1802, describing one of these trees at Mentota (Mantai) nearly 50 ft. in circumference and stating that there were then many about that place. In 1890 I observed ovly a few there, on the site of the ancient city of Tirukettisvaram, the largest stem measured being 48 {t. in circumference at 6f1. fromtbeground. On Mannar Icland itself are several dozen very conspicuous objects in the low scrubby juogle, and Mr. M. S. Crawturd, C.C.8., gives the circumference of the largest stem (in 1890) os 61 ft. 9 in.. whilst the tree is only 80 ft. bigh- The trees fruit freely, but though the seeds germiuate well, uo young plants are to be seen, being at once eaten off by cattie, The Tamil namesfor tue tree sre Pappareppuli and Perukks, and the Romen Ostholics call it ‘Judas’ Bag’ because the fruit contains 30 seeds. 1 have not scen naturalised trees elsewhere in Oeylon, but Moon (Oat, 49) gives Juffos, and Towaites (Houm. 28) says ‘ naturelised inthenorth.’ There are specimens from Koening in Brit, Mus. labelled by him ‘in sylvyis zeylenicis solo arenoso arido,’ ne doubt from Me*noer and collected in 1781. Specimens from Gardner in Herb. Perad. are labelled ‘ Batticsloa(?) 1848,’ and Yeonent (Ceylon, ii. 627) mentions a large tree at Puttalam ip 1848, which was destroyei a few years later. ‘‘ The pulp round the sceds is agreeably acid and is eaten with buffalo miik and sugar; the leaves ere excellent fodder for caitle.”’ Aigle marmelos, Beli, 8. (p. 229) Feronva elephantum. “ ‘Tnis is the ‘ Wood-apple,’ of the Euglish, the hard fruit of which is sometimes mistaken for that of the Bael. The specific name refers to ite common sppella- tion in India, * elephaut-appie.’ Puipof the froic eat- able. Wood hard, heavy, yellowish white. Affords a good gum.” Canarium commune, Rata-kekune §. (p. 240) "C. commune, L., the Java Aimond, fata-kekuna, 8., is not unfrequeutiy tound as an introduced tree; itis a native of Malays geuerally, The fruit 18 considerably larger than in C,. zeylanicum, and the seeds form » good substitute for almonds. “ Canarium Zeylanicum. Whole tree fragrant when bruised. Abuudauce of a beautitully clear iragrant balsamic gum-resin, like the Eiem: of commerce, tows from the osark; it is much used for fumigation, and also burnt for light in houses, mixed with sand. Hermann who spells thename ‘ Kekuriagheba,’ notices the How of gum Hlemi. ‘Lhe oily secds sre eaten. Wood rather light aud soft, even-grained, white.”’ Anacardium occidentale, Caju 8. (p. 317) “ Anacardium occidentale, L., Cashew nut, isso com- pletely estabiished in the low country, especially in sandy ground near the sea, 48 to have ull the look ofa native tree. There are specimens iz Hermann’s Her- barium. The Sindalese cailit ‘Caju,’ au adoption of the name used by the Portuguese, who no doubt introduced it. The Tamil name tor the edible pars is *Montirikay.’ it is figured in Bedd. Fl. Syly. t.163. Its native country is Tropical America and ‘ Acaju’ is the native Brazi- lian name,” and Moringa pterygosperma, Murunga 8. (p. 327) “Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertu. (MM. zeylanica, Pers.) is Mucd cultivated in Dalive gardens ald sppears eemi- wild. There are specimeus in Herman’s Herb. (Fl. Zeyl.n. 155), and at is figured in Burm. Thes. t-75. Weil known as Jfurunga, S. andas ‘ Hoise-radish tree’ by the English, ‘loc iong fcuic is much eaten in curries and tbe root isa goou substitute for horse-radisb, the seess afford an oil. Native of Northern Iudia. Moringa nas a remarkable floral structure and forms of iwelt the smail order Horingacee.” Again it tells you what plants to seek for that are- useful for food, medicine, dyes and yarious other economic purposes, such as Coscuvium senestratum, Weni-wel &. (p. 41, SEPT. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 173 “ The wood is of a bright yellow colour, and is valued as a bitter tonic by theSinhalese. It has been exported to Eugland as a substitute for Oalumba root and calied “false calumba ’ (sce W. J. Hooker in Pharm. Journ. Oct. 1852). A yellowdye is also obtained from it.” Berberis aristata, Barbery Eng. (p. 49.) “Wood yellow, hard. The root bark of this species is much used in India asa biiter tonic in fevers and an extract from the wocd is there well known as ‘ Rasont,’ and is found a valuable local application in chronic opthalmia.” Nelunbium speciosum, Nelun S. (p. 51 & 52.) “ This is the Cyamus or ‘Sacred Bean’ of ancient Egypt, butis usually called the ‘ Lotus’ by Europeans in the East. It doesnot now growin Hvypt. A great ornament to the tanks, often covering many acres with its curious leaves aud fruit and magnificent flowers. The large seedsare an article of food.” Capparis Zeylanica, Kattoddi (p. 61.) “The leaves vary greatly in widtb, but the varieties based ontheir forms are counected by intermediate states. The coloured patch at the base of the upper petals may be either yellow, pink, dull purple or crimson, or either in combination as secn at different stages of growth. Some of Hermann’s specimens are doubtful. The green fruit is sliced, dried, cooked and eaten.” Trichadenia Zeylanica, Tolol or Titta 8. (p. 75,) “A Jittle known forest tree, now become scarce through extensive clearing. The leaves of seedling trees or young shoots are sometimes very large and deeply palmately 7-fid. The wood isuseless. An oil is obtained from the seeds and used in skin diseases and for burning.” Portulaca oleracea, Genda-Kola S. (p. 89.) ~ * An abundant weed in cultivated ground throughous the country. Fl. allthe year; yellow. In all tropical and warm countries. The Purslane,a common potherb, The fis, areopen on!y for a few honrs in the morning. and P. guadrifida, Hin Genda-Kola S. (p. 90.) ** Bxtremely common in cultivated ground in the low country, extending up to 3,000 ft, Fl, all the year; lemon-yellow, open in the middle of the day only. Lhroughout tropical Asia and Africa, a common weed. Variable ; in dry p!aces often very small with the atipular haire very long and shaggy.” Garcinia Cambogia, Goraka S. (p. 95 & 96.) ‘* The fruit varies extremely in the number of grooves often as many a3 12 or 13 aud in the shape auddepth of the lobes and their colour ; one red variety is very likea large tomato. Itisripein July, end is acid but pleasant; the rind cut into piecegand dried in the sun 1s much eaten by the natives, and is very palatable. Wood hard, fine-grained, greyish. The bark affords a transparent gum-resip.”’ Doona trapezifolia, Yakahalu §. (p.121 & 122.) **Hasily recognised by the fine small raised reticalation of the upper surface ‘of the Jeaf. The name‘ Yaka- halu’ is applied, with different prefixes to several other species of this family in South of Ceylon. This is called ‘ Beraliya Yakahalu’ in S. Prov. There appear to be several varieties recognised by the natives and possibly more than one species are confounded here. The fruit of the Ambagamuwa tree (2200 ft.) is Shorter and has smaller frnit-sep. than as above des- cribed. The fruits are dried, pounded and made into flour for food and are largely consumed when they can be got, but are said to be produced only every seventh year. It wasabundant in the S. Prov. in 1887,” Vaterta acuminata Hal S. (p. 131.) “A very beautiful tres otten planted for ornament, The stem exudes a clear yellowish (erroneously said to be ‘green’ in Fl. B. Ind.) resin abundantly, equal to the best dammar. The bark is much used for checking the fermentation of toddy and many treesare killed by being stripped. Wood light, rather hard yellowish rey. The seeds are ground into meal and eaten.” tbiseus Abelmoschus, Kapukinissa S. (p. 156.) “Moist low country;rather rare and doubtfully native Colombo (Moon) ; Kandy ; Badulla ; Reigam Korale. Fl. Sepiember ; bright yellow with a purple centre. Founa wild or cul:ivated in mest Tropice! countries. The seeds have a very strong odour of musk but I do not know thst they are used in Sinhalese medicine, though they Lavea reputation in Persia and Arabia: HI, esculentus, L. is commonly grown as a vegetavle and met with half wildin native gardens. (ts capsules are the Vandakkay, T. so much used in Ceylon cookery.” Eviodendron anfractuosum, Imbul S. (p. 161) “Low country up to 2,000 ft., very common but nearly always plavted and I doubt if really a native. Fl. Jan.- March ; creamy-white, faintly scented. Apparently found in Trepics of both woride ; native of Malaya (2) Though each seed appears to have a eeparate invest- mens of cotton, thisis quite unconnected with the testa and really arises from the inner side of wall of the capsule and from the central ezis; it ultimately be- comes s*parted from these and is then a mere stuffing round theseeds. ‘This materia! is called * Pulun’ or silk cotton audis largely used for stuffiing cushins and pillows; of late years (under its Malay name ‘ Kapok’) it has become an article of export on a rather large scale,chiefly to Queensland. A bright red resinous gum is efforded by the stem.” Murraya koeniqu, Karapincha S. curry leafS. (p. 221) ‘* Low country, especially in dryregion; rather rare. Badulla ; Maturata. Very much cultivated. Fi, Dec., August; white, scented. Also in Indias. This is the familiar ‘curry leaf,’ a constant ingredient in curries and muliigatawny. Its scent is punge:t and slightly aromatic. Wood hard, close-grained, smooth, pale brownish-yellow, durable,” Samadera indica, Samadara S. (p. 231) ‘ Moist low country, in forests; rather common. Galle; Kalutara; Hewesse; Ohilaw. FI. March ; pinkish-yellow. Also on the Malabar coast of S. India. Lhe whole plant is very bitter and the bark, rout and fruit are allused as febrifuge medicines, An intugion of the leaves is a goud insecticide and destructive to white ants. Wood light, soft pale yellow.” and Azadirachta indica, Kohomba 8. (p. 244.) “This tree is generally known by ita Portuguese name ‘Margosa.’ In India it is called ‘Nim.’ Wood moderately heavy, very hard, dark red with jarge pores. The bark is astringent and bitter and used as a febrifuge and tonic. The oil from the seeds, Kohomba-tel is & universal external application for rheumatism, &c, and as an insect:cide. Thw. states that the juice of the leaves which is very bitter, is usedas an anthelmintio for cattle. Stands drought well and much planted as an avenue and roadside tree inthe Jaffna district. Also it tells which are to be avoided as dangerous and poisonous as Anamirta paniculata, Tittaswel 8S. (p. 40) ‘The seeds are very bittter and poisonous, and are known as ‘Oocoulus indicus ’ in pharmacy and in trade; they do not appear to be used in Ceylon,” Liydnocarpus venenata, Makulu 8. (p. 75 and 76) ** The truitsare used as a fish-poison having narcotic properties; and it is said that tbese are someiimes communicated to the fish so killed. ‘The oil from the secds is employed in skin complaints. Wood yellow, moderately bard.” Cullenia excelsa, Katu-boda 8. (p. 162) “This is kuown as the * Wiid Durian’ end it very closely resembles that Malayan fruit tree, Durzo zibethinus L,, in foliage and the structure of the fruit ; this, however, has not the disgusting odour of the Durien, nor is it edible. Wood lght, rather soft, pale yellow.” Oxalis violacea, (a dreadful weed) (p. 197) “QO. violacea L.ThisI take to be the name of the Species which has become a very troublesome weed in some parts of the hill districts in oultivated ground, increasing very rapidly by no means of its numerous bulbils. It is @ native of the United States and already recorded in Moon Cat. 36,” Cansjera Rheedit, Eta-muraS. (p. 259) “Low country in both dry and moist regions; common. Manner, Koenig (Mus. Brit.) Fi. Jan. Feb.; pale yellow. Also in India, Malaya, China and Trop. Australia. The leaves are finely wrinkled and greyisD- yellow when dry. Three women at Galle are said tO have been poisoned by this plant eaten accidentally With vegetables.” and Leea samducing, Burulla 8, (p. 297.) 174 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [SePr. 1, 1893. “Ttalso gives interesting and useful notes of any special peculiarity asin the stame of the Berberrzs (p. 49) also the sceut-in.” “ Berberis eristata. The siamens are irritable aod bend over the stigma if tonched at the base.” Gynandropsis pentaphylla, We-la 8. (p. 58.) “A common weed in all tropical countries. Develops when bruised a very strong and peculiar scent.” Xanthophyllum flavescens (leaves), Palala 8. (p. 84.) * Moist lowcouutry; raiher rare, Kalutara ; Pasuum Korale; Ratnapuia; Colombo. FJ. Mércb; pinkigh-white. Also in §. W. India, E, Bengs), Burma, Sumatra avd Java. The Ceylon plant is X. virens Roxb. which is reduced to a variety of X. flavescens in F|.B.1ud. The leaves frequently present large circular pores scattered over the under surface.” Portulaca Wightiana, (p. 90 and 91.) Calophyllum bracteatum, Walu-Kina 8. (p. 102) ‘The dimorphic leaves give this tree a very singular appearance. The smeller leaves appear to be of the nature of pesistent bud-scales and to mark periods of less vigorous growth. Thwaites’ name bracteatum refers to the conspicuous bracts of the inforesceuce ; not as thought by Planch. and Tr. (I. c.) to the dimorphic leaves.” andSemecarpus marginata,The remarkable horny border to the leaves—(p. 320 ) f “ Very unlike the rest of the species in babit; the horny border to the leaves is ulso very remarkable. The rcceptacle of the fruit is sweet and edible.” Phe short notes on the meaning of some of the names are specially interesting, for instance Su/o- monia (p. 83) commemorates King Solomon, the earliest of known botanists, also see Carria speciosa 7 ES GC psaiceied to the Hop. afterwards Sir) W. O. Oarr, F.L 8,, Senior Puisne Judge of Ceylon in 1846. Wissadula (p. 146.) “ From. the Sinhulese name ‘ Visaduli’ which has been very variously applied, Hermann (in Par. Bat. Prod. 309) gives it for this; bunt in Mus. Zeyl. 11 refers it to Knowia zeylanica which also representa it in hig Herbarium, But at p. 42 oi Mus, he applies the Dame to some parasitic or epiphytic plant and Moon (Cat. 60) gives it to Cymbidium bicolor. I find the pame is in use still, but for the little prostrate weed, Centipeda orbicularis (q. v.) ‘ Wissa ’=poison, and Herm.nn explains it as meaning the pain and inflama- tion caused by the bite of the cobra; ‘duli’ is avery fine powder.”’ Grewia méicrocos (p. 177.) “ Microcos is Burman’s translation of the names ‘ Kocurille,’ ‘de Kleine Cocos,’ given by Hermann (who has also ‘Kohukirilla’) for this plant apparently referring to the small hard stone of the fruit, suggest- ing a minature coconut.” Huyonia Mystax (p. 189.) “ From the resemblance of the curved woody tendrils toa pair of moustaches.” Feronia (p. 228.) : ‘“ One of the deities to, whom the ancients dedicated forests.” Dysoxylum (p. 247.) ©From the disagreeable scent of the wood and bark of D. alliacewn of Javea, the first species described, Our species does not posses it.” Leea (p. 297.) “OQommemorates James Lee nurseryman of Hammer- smith who by his ‘Introduction to Botany ’ (1760), brought the Linnean system into England. Died 1795.” Gleniea (p. 305) ‘Named in commemoration of Rev. 8. O. Glenie, Colonial Chaplain and Archdeacon of Ceylon, F.L.s. He resided at Trincomalie from 1859 to 1871, where he made large collections and sent them to Thwaites for determination and incorporation in the ‘ Enume- ratio.” Died 1875.” and Delima p, 5. “From delimare, to polish or smooth, from the use made of the rough leaves; the native name has the fame meaning,” f } food The arrangements of the Zones, makes it specially easy to fix the locality of the various plants. I find the book more interesting and in- etractive the more I go into it. ~~ THE GOVERNMENT DAIRY, COLOMBO. The Government Dairy at the School of Agricul- ture is nowin full swing and this morning (August Ist) milk was supplied from it for the first time to elltbe bospitals end asylums in Colombo. It was hoped that this supply would have been begua last month, but on account of opposition on the part of natives who did not relish the idea of the contract being taken out of their hands, dif- fioulty was experienced in getting together the full complement of cattle to give the requisite yield. The total quantity of milk required for the six institutions—four hospitals and two asylums—is about 135 quarte, of which the General Hospital with the Planters’, Anothoniez, and Seamen's Wards attached, takes, we believe, between 80 and 100. With the number ‘of cattle in stock at the beginning of July it was of course impossible to overtake the requirements of Govern - ment and it was therefore arran thet in the meantime o partial supply should be sent out and (ntry upon the full contract be postponed till August in order that those in charge of the dairy might have an opportunity of gradually bringing the stock up to the necessary number. Thie they have succeeded in doing. The “corner” proved ineffectual and a week ago the purchases were completed, There are now 45 cows at the dairy. As is already known 21 of these were brought down from Bombay in accordance with the arrangements made by Mr. O. Drieberg, the Principsl of the Agricuitural School on the occasion of hie visit to India. They are of the Surat breed and were selected through the instrumentality of Mr. Mollison, Superintendent of Farms in the Bom- bay Presidency who is considered to be one of the best authorities on dairying in India. They are all capital milkers, three of them being ex— ceptionally good, giving as much as 165 bottles a day. The Indian cattle give on the average about 9 bottles, whereas native animals only give about 3 bottles. The stock also includes fiye pure Sin- galese cowe, and the result of feeding them with gingelly poonac will be looked forward to with interest, for, as a rule, their food consists of grace only. Every attention is given to the dieting and health of the cattle under thé supervision of Mr. Lye, the Oolonial Veterinary Surgeon, who has taken a great deal of personal interest in the starting of the dairy which he visits daily. The of each cow is weighed and given out according to scale, and the yield of milk which each gives is entered in a book. This register is submitted for Mr. Lye’s inspection at every visit so that he may be able, after examining the animals to give instructions as to whether their diet should be lowered or increased. Whenever a cow shows the slightest symptom of ill-health in any way it is at once removed from the building where it has been stalled along with the others to the shed at some distance off where it is treated until thoroughly recovered. The cows are milked at 3 o’clock in the morning and lo’clock in the afternoon. The milk is first passed into a pail through a strainer s0 as to ensure ifs being perfectly clean and is then weighed on a patent recorder, the estimate being we understand, 24 1b to the quart, and the result entered up at once. Having been weighed the milk is poured into a graduated tank where the SEPT, 1, 1893.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 175 exact quantity required by a customer is measured | into a tank, Mr. Rodrigo, who was formerly one | of the assistant masters in the Agricultural School, ard put into the churn in which it is conveyed toits destination and which is secured by means of a Yale lock of which duplicate keys are kept, one at the dairy and the other at the hospital or asylum, When the milk is taken from the cows in the after- noon it is passed from the graduated tank through the refrigerator, the result of which is that it keeps better and ig not so liable to give way when it hag to be taken a long distance to the customer ; and when the milk is cent out in the afternoon a wet canvas jacket is put over the churn which is thus kept nice and cool. The refrigerator con- sists of a taok with a series of tubes fitted below. The milk passes from the tank to the vessel in which it is to be removed over these tubes which are so construoted that not » drop of milk is gpilt as it trickles over them, Through thess tubes an npsurrent of water is continually passing and so the milk is sooled, Hitherto the milk supplied to the hospitals has been tested by means of the lactometer, but now we telieve this practice is being discontinued. Is seems that the lactometer is not altogether reliable, because it has been found that the specific gravity of milk varies with the temperature, and that in the case of milk that has been taken any distance, unless it is at once brought down to some standard temperature, the lactometer test is of ro value. According to the lactometer the standard specific gravity is 1030 or 60 degrees, but milk that has been skimmed will show a higher spocific gravity than pure milk with the cream. Where we believe the lactometer igs of most value ig in testing two samples of pure milk. With the milk which is over after the hospita!s have been supplied, butter ig mado and of splendid quality indeed, judging by the specimen which one of our representa- tives was shown today. This butter is for sala to privete individuals end we should think there would be a good demand for it. From tho separator the cream is put into cne of the Speedwell orystel churns and there manufactured. This churn is avery efficient apparatus and con- sists simply of a glass jar with lid thoroughly secured placed ona swinging frame which is made to revolve by turning a crank. Now supposing the butter in stock shows signs of giving way it need not be allowed to run to waste; but made into what is known in India as ghee which is very extensively used amongst the Hiudus we believe as a concomitant of rice. This is very easily accom plished,all that is required being to cubject the but- ter to heat for a length of time until it has become thoroughly olarified and then allow it to cool when it is ready for sale. Of the 45 uncalyed, the cows there are four or five number of calves at pre- sent being about 30, and all doing well. We have previously given a general desoription of the building in which the cattle are housed but we may mention that it consists of 170 stalls, 35 on each side; the space allowed for each cow which has its name displayed on a board at its stall being 4 ft, The sanitary arrangements can only be described as admirable. with coir dust which absorbs all liquid matter and aman is kept constantly on the premises for the | purpose of keeping them clean, removed outside and afterwards taken to the adjoining fields, The place is frequently scoured with water and presents a remarkably tidy appear- ance. No offensive matter being allowed to lie about, there are no bad smells, and from a sani- tary point of view there seems nothing left to be desired. A drain passes along the stalls and all that goes into it is at once carried outside Manure is at once | has been appointed manager of the dairy. The stalls are strewed | He for a has been specially trained at the School this work and Mr, Drieberg gives him high character as a very willing worker. Of course the administrative part of the work devolves upon Mr. Drieberg and the duty could not be in better hands. The idea of starting the Dairy originated we believe with His Excellency the Governor who had been impressed with the suesess of similar institutions in the West Indies, and we trust that he may witness complete success in Oeylon. ——— SUGGESTIVE READING FOR CEYLON TEA PLANTERS, JOKAI (ASSAM) THA, (financial News.) DIVIDEND MAINTAINED NOTWITHSTANDING A BAD SEASON. At the thirteenth ordinary general meeting ofthe shareholders of the Jokai (Assam) Tea Company, Limited, the Chairman, Mr. J. Berry White said: Gentlemen,—The report and accounts which we present to you today would, in most concerns, be considered very satisfactory ones, but I am bound to say that we feel more or less disappointed that the results are not better than they have proved, At the end of October I felt almost certain that the gross receipts could not be under 150,000 not- withstanding the short out-turn. We were working under many advantages, with the lowest rate of exchange and the lowest rates of freight ever known; whilst, on the other hand, we had at that time sold nearly a moiety of the crop at the highest average price to which we had ever attained. My expectations were, however, cruelly upset. The early closing of the season—nearly a month before the normal time—reduced the yield to fully one- eighth under the estimates, and after the commence- ment of the New Year the market value of the high-class teas, which we produce, fell quite 25 per cent. This falling off in the quantity of the crop was almost universal throughout all the tea districts of India, excepting in the Dooars, but it was probably more felt in Upper Assam thaa in other portions of the country. Notwithstanding the adverse climatic influences, I have no doubt that we would have made the full quantity had it not been that we gave orders that fine plucking should be pursued in those divisions which hitherto had given more consideration to quantity than quality. The short- ness of the crop enhanced by over 20 per cent. the cost of production, which amounted to 10°65d per lb. against a little over 8d for the average of the previous five years. Still, if the cost of production was an extreme one, so was the selling value, as we realised ls 1-19d per Ib. being the acinal highest average attained for ten years. The profit per lb. was aleo above the aver- age, being more thaa 24d. Our gross profit on the season’s working was a little less than £30,000, which, after paying the usual dividend of 10 per ceut, &o., leaves a balance of £3,926. I had hoped that we should have been able to have added materially from the profits on the sale of the crop to the reserve fund; but, fer the reasozs which I have given you, this is imposible. But the premium on the issue of the capitsl nescessarry to pay for the Wi ton estates has put us in possession of £9,041 for this purpose, and the whole of this we, of course, place to reserve, bringing that fond up to £39,041, The estimates of expenditure for next year have been very carefully arrived at, and I have every hope that the crop estimated for will cot only bs attained, but that it will exceed thre» million lb. The cstimated cost of production (84d) is, I admit, a high one. I am connected with two other properties, which produce their teas for under 6d per |b., but then the produce from these THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Serr. 1, 1893. ee 176 estates rarcly realises more than 8d per Ib., against our average of about is, In making these calculations we have taken 1s 33d as the rate of exchange. This may be slightly exceeded, but if £0, it will be very little, as we have already enjoyed a lower rate for the first six months of the year, and ifthe measures today aunounced by the Government of India fix the exchange at 1s 4d, it will give us an average of about 1s 38d for the year. We have a considerable area of young plant, which will give a greatly increased yield this year. The old tea at Dikom, with its improved cultivation, is also ex- pected to make an increage, and we haye received a cable that the total quantity actually made up to the loth inst. was 33 per cent, ahead of Inst-year. GOING AHEAD VERY FAST. The increased area of cultivation last year was 246 areas, and we have partly cleared and made arrange- ments for putting out another 120 scres during the curreit season. We then proposed to stop further exteusions for some years. The fact is, we want a little brea‘hing time, We have been going ahead very fast, and these new extensions although they wi'l be by far the most valuable portion of our property in the future, are at present a heavy drag on revenue. The saw mills haye made a profit of over £800, @ fair return on the capital expended ; but the advintages are not to be regarded aga mere profit realised, as indirectly we deriye considerable benefit from having our own mills, We are about to transfer them to Bordeobam, one of our gardens oo the North bank of the Brahmapootra, as there is ® want of soft wood in the forests close to Bokel., We have at that place over six square miles of splendid timber, and the mills were set up there with aview to utilising it. At Bordesbam we have an sbundance of this timber on the shelving banks of the Subansiri, eufficient indeed to supply all the tea boxes rcquired for the whole of India for some years. We have imported during the year over 1,500 coolies, Our labour force has thus been well maintained there being nearly 12,000 actnally on the books, which, with cvsuals, gives an average of nearly 1} coolies for every acre in bearing, and of 1 coolie for every immature acre. With regard to dwellings, hospitals, and water supply, the coolies on our estates are now far better off than their European masters were 25 years ago. We na- turally looked for & great improvementin the health of the coolics, and in this we have not been disap- pointed, althongh, unfortunately, during the past year we suffered much from cholera, and even more from influenza. The report contains the usual information as tothe course of the market, and the statistics of teas from all countries. The first fall occurred after Christmas, and was undoubtedly produced by the shortsightedness of growers and importers in forcing immenee quantities on the market, quantities solarge that the trade were unable to taste or value them. Then, owing to the distrust and uncertainty created by the introduction of the Home Rule meaeure, the whole- sale merchants in Belfast and Dublin ceased to hold stock in any quantity. This for the most part affected ° fine teas only, Further,many supporters of the new Government were identified with the cry for “a free breakfast table,’’ and dealers and grocers be- lieving that this would be carried out iu the Budget, held only sufficient stock for their requirements from week to week, There has been uo change in the public taste for Indian teas and no falling off in their consumption, as the deliveries were 1113 millions, being nearly 10 millions higher than the highest figure ever before recorded. As usual, thia increase was gainedat the expense of the China article which, in the same year, fell to 60 millions. Although the Wilton estates were only acquired during the year under review, it was yet an acc>mplished frot when we met you last year. The resuit of their working has proved much more profitable than eveu I anticipated. At the close of the season, in November last, we concluded the purchase of a small garden, which lay between two of our Wilton properties. We would not have thought of purchasing it had it not been for its situation, Although we got itin terribly bad order and with very few co:lies, I bave no doubt whatever that uoder our system of working, it will give profit from the first. I pointed out last year that our expenditure on Block account was nesr'y £9000 in excess of capits] thea called up. To meet the sum required fur the purchase of Tengekhat and for extensions we have made since, we di termined on issuing the remainder of our uncal ed capital. This we did in April, and the proceeds still leaye our Block £10,000 more than the pail up capital, This we heve taken temporerily from reserve, and will make good whenever any additional capital is authorised. THE AUTHORISED CAPITAL EXHAUSTED. We have now exheusted our authorised capital of a quarter of a mi'lion, all in ordinary sbares. We have given the subject of future increase of capits! much thought, and consider that any future increment should be ia the form of preference shares. I have no doubt that we could place our preference cepital, besring 6 per cent, at a premium of from £1 to £2 per share, although I would advocate its being offered to the existing shareholders at par. But the time has not yet come. We would only need it in the case of some property offering for sale aud the aquisition of which would be as desirable as, ssy, the Wi.ton estates, We have no keen desire to add in any way to our present area. Tarning to the accounts, you will see that Bokel and fakai give us a gross profit of sbout £3,500, which is much less than in the previons three or four years, so that the change from general to five plucking told most unfavourably in this division. The same may be said of Muttuck, which ovly gives asmal! profit of £1,200. Dikom lJefi us the handsome profit of over £8,000. Jamira, owing to special causes, barely covered its expenses, I now learn from independent sources that the pro- perty is now iu first-class order, and I am confident that ite working this year will be as satisfactory as formerly. Panitola and Hukanpukii yield nearly 8 half of the income made by the company, as hss been the case for some years past. This is parti- cularly gratifying to me, as these estates were formerly for the major part owned by me, and although 6 loser by the transaction, it is highly satisfactory to know that the shareholders who accepted my estimate of the property have gaived largely by doing so. Tippuk yielded a moderate profit of about £4,000, which is much less than it should do; bnt it was worked under considerable disadvantages, which will not recur, Joybing shows the very small profit of under £1,000; but this is more apparent then real. Since we purchased this place four years ago we have nearly doubled the cuitivation, and the preseat woiking revenue is saddled witha number of charges which more correctly should have beeo charged to Block. The work- ing of Subansiri has been thoroughly uneatisfactory, showing for the second year, & considerable lo-s. I am quite sa tisfied that the pioperty is avyaluable one, and will repay us handsomely in coming years; but since we have held it, it has suffered from a sucoession of misfortunes. I have little donbtthat this year it will turo the corser. No blame attached to the mava.ement, in which we have every confidence. We have, in co-operation with a number of other large tea companies, representing more than a quarter of the entire cr p of Indian tes, put £5,000, of which half is p-id up, in But'er’s Wharf, where our tea on arrival is warehous«d, and which is one of the most valuable properties inthe City. It was acquired on such advantegeous terms that our investment could already be sold at much above cost, and it will most probably double in value in a few years. The next two investment made out of a portion of the reserve I ocannut speak so favourably of. They are really advertisements for the purpose of extending Invian tea on the Continent and in the United States. They have succeeded in some measure in effecting their object, and it is only indirectly or remotely that we can expect to derive any benefit from them. With the same view we have recently given sbont R1,000 SEPT, 1, 1893.] for the purpose of representing Indian tea at the Ohicago Exhibition. In all these matters we have acted in concern with the majority of the other tea companies. Some years ago when it appeared that there was a possibility of the rupee going to 1s 10d or higher, it having actually touohed 1s 9d, we purchased two lacks and 31,000 Indian rupee paper. The public funds of the country in which one’s operations are carried out form the most éuitable means for investing a reserve, and it waxy a mode of in- suring against any extreme rise in the value of silver, The action just taken by the Government of India in the adoption of measures to steady the value of the rupees hascaused a cousiderable rise in valuein this stock and at the price we gave for it yields about 3+ per cent. In conclusion, the Chairmau said he entirely dis- agreed with the opinion expressed by the Standard jthat morping to the effect that the action of the Indian Goveroment with regard to the rupee would ad- versely affect tea plaaters and other producers in the couutry, He regarded this as a very astates- manlike move on the part of the Government. They were bound to do what they had done or they would soon have been landed in bankruptcy—at any rate there must certainly have been a tax imposed upon some of the industries to make up the existing deficit, if this course hai not been adopted. (Hear, hear.) He moved the reception and adoption of the report (Applause. ) The resolution was seconded by Surgeon-General A. C. C. De Renzy, o.8., and carried after a brief discussion, and a final dividend of 5 per cent. was then declared, making 10 per cent for the year. ee PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION IN CEYLON IN 1892, THE CENTRAL PROVINCE. in respect of extended cultivation we find the following remarks :— It is satisfactory to note that there has been considerable extension—estimated for the Kandy dis- trict by the Ratemahatmayas at 687 acres—in the opening of land for tea by natives. I cannot say what may be the quality of the leaf—which is gener- ally sold to some neighbouring Huropean planter— but the gardens which I have seen appear to be care- fully and well cultivated. The Ratemahatmayas also report 700 acres of new land—mostly in Lower Dumbara, Harispattu, and Lower Hewaheta—opened in cacao. As regards these latter figures I do not pretend to guarantee them as correct. The plantations are individually so small and so scattered that it must be very difficult to compute their acreage. In Lower Hewaheta I saw some very fine cacao planted by Chettiesand Tamils on extensive portions of old abandoned coffee estates ; but elsewhere all that I have seen are small patches, which I fear only serve as pretext for the possession of stolen produce. And this information can be supplemented from Mr. Saxton’s Report as follows :— CunrivaAtton.—The product which is making the most notable strides in this district is cacao. The Matale climate and soil have been shown to be most suitable for its cultivation, and clearings are being made in many places. At Marukona, Nugapitiya, Ratwatta, Warakamure, Tenna, Kaduwela, in Asgiri korale, close to Matale, and in other places land is being bought freely for cacao by European planters. “Natives are induced to sell their gardens and chenas, and frequently their paddy fields for the hard cash offered to them. They are planting it them- selyes in all available places, ata it would seem likely that the Matale and Asgiri valleys will ina few years be almost a sheet of cacao. Seed is distributed amongst them occasionally from the Bota- nical Gardens, Peradeniya. The output last year was perhaps less than was estimated,asthe autumn crop was a very late one. The cultivation of tea is also extending, chiefly at Ratwatta, Muandeniya, Nagolle and Aluyihare, 23 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 177 _ 1 have already noticed the applications for tanks in the Kandapalla korale for paddy. Palu Rota- wewa, Pahalawewa, and Kuda Dissawagewewa having new clearings under them, andthe gradual improve- ment of the tanks leading to small patches of new asweddumas, for instance, at Henayale Puakpitiya, and under Bambaragaswewa. I CEYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA: REVIEW OF THE PAST SEASON’S TRADE. The Melbourne Argus has a very interesting Review of the past season’s Trade in Tea and one which ought to be deemed extremely satisf.otory to Ceylon, though there are warnings given and lessons to be learned whish ought not to ba lost on our planters. First of all it is pointed out how great is the need for ‘federation’ among the Oolonies—at any rate for a fiscal and Customs Union—from the point of view of the Tea Trade. New South Wales abolished its duty on tea, juat as Victoria re-imposed the duty, while Queensland put an extra duty on packet teas—ail these move- ments disturbing the trade almost as much as the financial panic. lt says we'll, however, for the soundness of business on the wiole that only one failure in the tea trade has been reported. Sydney, it is stated, isin a fair way to supercede Melbourne as the must important tea import and re-export market in the Southern Qolonies and the New South Wales dealers are doing a largely increased business since the tea duty was abolished. The sources of supply are next considered and the great change which has taken place within a few years, since the time when Melbourne blenders began using %th of Indian or Ceylon tea to Zthe of China kinds. Now 2-5ths of the requirements are supplied by India and Ceylon and the Argus reviewer anticipates that during the ensuiag tweive months the supply may be drawn in equal pro- portions from Ohina and from India and Ceylon. Now then is the time in our opinion, for the Ceylon Tea Fund Committee to make a strong bid for an even larger share of the Australian tea trade, It is distinotly stated that the drinkers of ‘India and Ceylon’ teas can never go back to China’s. What an argument this affords to so distribute samples and multiply agencies of Ceylon teas as to gather in, practically, the whole custom of the Austral Oolonies for our teas. Many people think that R10,000 spent in such work in Australia would produce better and speedier results than R100,000 spent at Ohicago. Be that as it may, while there can be no drawing back from the latter, it behoves planters to consider the immense advantage of annexing the Australian tea trade. At present the capitals have practically adopted our teas; it is in the ‘inland trade” that China’s have the pull. But then there come the words of warning in the Review under notice, and what is said about Oeylon teais of so muoh ims portance that we quote it in full: — ‘‘Ceylons have come forward by leaps and bousds until, as regards quantity, they exceed Indiana, but as against this advantage thera has been « far too large percentage of poor rubbishy sorts, which have been a great drawback to their popuiarity. Not only does the make of leaf of tome of these remind ove of the earlier days of ‘ post and rails,” but the faults in curing, evin in the higher grades of the others, hag done much harm. The miin canse of this drawback is the primitive character of the market in Qolombo owivg to the policy ot most of the gardens in sendiog their faulty breaks to the local market, and their good ones direct to Leadon. Time will correct this fault, and then we may look fora steady and increasing demand for the excellent 148 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [SEPr. 1, 18H, quality Ceylon can send in the common, medium, avd fine grades. For the greiter part of the season the importation of these teas wae attencved with satisfactory results, but for the last fiye months prices psid in Colombo were very high, and consequently those who held over stock for covering rates met with losses of 15 to 80 per cent. upon purchases made during the height of the excitement. Present rates are, however, reasonable, and should they continue there must be a large increase of shipments from Colombo to Australia. Ohina, as supplying us with lese and less, is now the least important, although up to the present we receive the. greatest weight of leaf from it...Hardly a chop comes from Hankow, Canton and Macso send but little congou, thongh stilla coniderable quantity of scented kooloos comes from those ports to meet the present requirements of the lowcr grade blends. Focchow is rapidly losing ite trade in good scente’s and aleoin buds, and the choice teas of the earlier days are not now grown, or, if they are, the valued flavour sud quality upon which their reputation was built no longer, exist. The percentage of fine and choice kinds, imported has rapidly diminished, the supply being mainly confined to teas for price, and common kinds upon the one hand, and fair flavoury to good medium panyong kinds on_ the other. The good old-fashioned kairowe, souchongs, saryunes, and padraes are things of tle pact as far as these markets are concerned,” 80, poor ‘‘ Oeylon’s’”—poor, both in make and quality—have been finding their way to Australia, and much harm,—let the planters note this—has been done to the reputation of, and trade in, our teas. Then again here is what is said about ‘ fine teas’’ and improvements in the mode of doing business :— ‘One change that has gradually taken place, and this season is more particularly marked, is the falling- off in the demand for fine tea. The public, apparen'l:, will not pay its value, and consequently really fine tea'.is practically unknown in the markets of Auetralia. The whole of the choice growths of Hankow go to Raossia, with a small percentage to London, and the whole of the choice breake of ludia and Ceylon go to London. Here, however, we may look for a change as the poorer a nation becomes the greater is the demand for excellence of quality in “the cup that cheers.’? Another change of moment ie in relation tothe terme of trade. Nominally they are the same as in the part, but actually they are getting closer and closer to the requirements of legitimate trade, the greater bulk of local setilementr being now made upon a cash less discount basis in 14 or 30 days, a8 against extended terms without any cover. This is an immense advantage to all, and it seems possible that in the near future our traders may enjoy the benefit ofpaying net eash apon delivery of documents, and so avoid the necessary eharges where a oredit basis exists. These charges are at present @ tax upon consignments and inflict an injury to the trade asa whole.’ Let it not be overlooked that ‘ fine teas’ are Bgain expected to be in demand. Finally here are the trade statistics for the year :— The importations haye been :— — 1892-3, 1891-2. 1890-1. 1889-90. To all the Colo-- bies. Ib. Ib. Ib: - Wb. From Obina. .14913513 16038403 15878142 21050332 India... 8982998 5165109 4716827 3600000 Oeylon...6000000 8750000 2812892 1532440 Total... 24846511 24953512 22906861 26182772 To Melbourne : 4 “iD Fr.m China,. 7668738 9032519 9448381 12137400 India.. 2274050 3650518 8196201 2750000 Oeylon...3320000 2812000 1827000 1125000 Totalimports 138257788 14995057 14471532 16012400 Totalexports 7020145 7580000 6720000 6770872 Total home eh BY consumption 6442248 11927372 8872000 8356800 The apparently large consumption of last season wasp due to heavy clearances in anticipation of en increase in duty, the accumulation of there stocke and the recent depression sccounting for the falling-off in duty ‘en this sesson.. It will be observed that in round numbers the bupply of the past twelve months was made up of 6 millions Ceylon and about 4 of Irdien to about 15 milliongof Chios. In 1893-4, itis expected to be say 13 millions China to 74 Ceylonand 5% Indian? But with a epecial effort on the part of our Tea Fund Committee, we do not see woy even before the middle of 1894, we should not be supplying at the average rate of amuliion lb. of tea a month, leaving room only for balf-a-million Ib. of China tea in the market each month. We need Ecarcely say that to haye 12 million lb. of Ceylon tea taken off by Australia in 1893-4 would be of very special advantage to our planters.” —_—__—_— CEYLON TEA HAS NOT DETERIORATED. MR. DONALD MACKAY'S OPINION. “T have seen as much as I could in the ten days I have been here. I went all over Mariawatta, and the condition of the place greatly pleased and even astonished me. Of course, I had known the place intimately when in charge ofall Reid’s and Ruther- ford’s places before they were converted into the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company, and I can safely say that the estate looks, if possible, more healthy, and the trees more vigorous, than when I knew it. I also went over East Holywood, the Scrubs, and Tillyrie, and a few other places besides. In all I found tea looking astonishingly strong and vigorous. To maintain in face of this fact that the quality of {the tea in the cup is . deteriorating is hardly possible. Any one could see that the soil of all these and many other estates that I saw was admirably suited to the growth of healthy and presbising tea bushes, and I cannot believe that the splendid leaf Ieaw plucked from these estutes bas fallen off in any respect. from that which tbey yielded in their earlier stages of growth. THA A PERMANENCY IN CEYLON: My visit convinces me of one thing, namely, tbat tea is, for all practical purposer, a permanency in Ceylon. I saw a large number of our best known and most practical planters, and none of them would admit that there was any deterioration in the leaf now obiained. I did not have time to visit the Kelani Valley as I had wished, but, from what I learnt here, estates in that district and in the low-country generally are as healthy and as yigorous as they were when I left the conun- try some years ago. Altogether, therefore, I am very pleased with what I have seen, snd am more convinced than ever of the stability and future pros- perity of the tea enterprise in Oeylon. It may be that when the market is slack and in times of com- mercial depression, such as the present, complaints may be heard e6 to some deterioration in quality; but I do not think the planters need be alarmed in this. respect.. Whereyer I went I found well- equipped factories possessing abundance of withering- apace where years ago insufficient machinery, cramped accommodation, and other drawbacks were the role; and it is impossible. to believe that with all these advantages, with a superior knowiedge of the require- ments of tea manulacture, of the necessities of the market, and with leaf plucked from trees in no way deteriorated in growth, a deterioration in the quality of the liquor has taken place.’—Looal ‘'Times,” ed OEYLon ImpoRTinG CoFFEE !—That we should come . to this—it is hardly conceivable! A correspondent writes:— A pretty large consignment of native coffee . has been imported from Tillichery by a local firm for a@ native dealer. From Singapore a few bags of Liberian coffee have. been sent to a European firm. The price of, coffee has gone down considerably the last few monthe.—Cor., local “ Times,” Sept. 1, 1893. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 179 Gorysepondsnoa. SS Zo the Editer. MOSQUITO BLIGHT. Dear Sirz,—In the course of a se6onvergation lately, on the Enemies of Tea in Ceylon, the ques- tion was started whether mosquito blight had yet visited Ceylon, Oan you or any of your readers desoribe the appearance of this blight, and what remedies are recommended or have been found useful in the treatment of same? ‘The 7'.A. does not mention it.—Yours faithfully, : = ENQUIRER. [‘‘ Mosquito Blight”” is better known by the name which made it so sadly familiar to cocoa planters in Ceylon a few years ago, namely Helo- peltis Antonii. It has not attacked tea in Ceylon yet seriously, so far as we know; but in India it ig no uneommon occurrence to see a field with a luxuriant flush one day, all brown and withered the next, from a sudden attack of this enemy, The insect attacks the young shoots, sucking out the juices, so that they wither and die. Red and black ants readily prey on Helopeltis if they have the chance, ‘‘ Enquirer” will find a great deal about the pest in past volumes of the 7.4. and a chort account on page 134 of the Tea-planter’s Manual—XEp. T.A.| PLANTING ; IMMIGRANT LABOUR; CLIMATE AND FOOD IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA ; MR. COWLEY IN DEFENCE. Derema, Tanga, German Hast Africa, June 30th, Deak Siz,—Were it not for the expense and trouble that the German Hast Africa Oompany has already been put to in introducing conduetora and foreign labourers into this Colony, and the serious injury such a letter as that which appeared in ‘ihe Oeylon Examinoer’’ of the 25th April last is likely to do to the Company and to myself, I think Mr. Peroy Braine’s letter would euffice; but in view of all thig I must ask you to do me the favour of publishing my reply as well; for the letter in “Tbe Examiner” simply teems with oriental ex- aggerations {rom beginning to end. Vhere is not the slightest truth in the state- ment that “‘the estates are 50 to 60 miles from the eoast and that it takes about a month to get here.’ In proof of what I say, I can first of all produce tracings of the ‘‘whole of the cooly route” from anga to this, and of the ‘‘railway trace’ half way, and besides these tracings I have the Agent's letter dated the 16th June 1892 stating ‘the conductors arrived here (Tangs) from Zan- zibar on the 14sh instaat and are now leaving for Derema;’’ and to this I would add they ar— rived here on the 18th June, thus accomplishing the journey in the average time of 2 days, the distance being under 45 miles, and wot looking at all as if they bad ‘suffered considerably from a _ scarcity of good water.” So much for statement Nol, Now, turning to the second statement that ‘‘they had suffered considerably from a searcity of good water.’ I must say they had only themselves to blame toa very great oxtent in this matter. Oon- sidering they were two whole days in Tanga, during which time they were careful enough to lay in a stook of tinned provisions, besides brandy, for consumption on the road, they could also have provided themselves with soda, a common enough drink in Tanga ; and, supposing the soda hadrun dry, by oxeroising alittle forethought, they could very easily have got filtered water, or cold tea, not to mention coconuts. However, be this as it may, with regard to drinkable water on the road, it oan be obtained in quantity at two places, and in small quantities, at, at any rate, one other~ place along the road ; but of course to obtain it one must try a little persuasion in the shape of copper money, for no native is going to bestir himself, just for the sake of a little water even without some slight encouragement being offered by strangers. 1 have brought up as manyas 223: persons with me and have provided all with water, partly by carrying some, and partly by buying it for them along the road, paying a few pices for each chatty full, and had the 3 conduotcrs only thought of all likely requirements they could have made them- selves perfectly indep:ndent of sny water for drinking purposes along the road, especially as all expenses for porters, drink and provisions were paid for by the estate. With regard to the number of Oeylonese originally here, there never were 8, even if Burghers, Yinha- lese and Malays are counted together. Waen I started I brought 1 Tamil with me, since that 1 Malay and 2 Ceylonese or Burghers followed in June, and 1 Tamil, 1 Burgher and 2 Sinhalese arrived during Desember, and of this lot the 3 Burghers have been the only ones to return, The first of these I sent off because shortly after his arrival he complained of pains in his chest and throat, and according to his own admission he should never have left Ger lon being in ill-health before starting; the second to go was obliged to return because he had no engagement here, haying been employed to bring out various products, and some men (had the VUeylon Government allowed thera to go,) and the last of all to leave was compelled to do so because he was peouliarly susceptible to fever when others feil ill of it, 80 that it would have been nearer the truth to have said that siokness (contracted in Afriea) compelled 1 to leave aud not some, thereby leaving the im- pression that all 3 were compelled to leave because of the elimate. And now regarding the elimate and ita effeet on the labourers here: With the exception of the death of a little girl of 5 years of age from acute pneumonia following an attack of fever, not a single Javanese or Chinaman has died of fever up to the present time. The few deaths that have occurred, and amongst the Chinese only, were due to contagious diseases, eonsumption and pure dysentery, some of the men being ill from the time of landing, and two deaths out of these few not ogeurring on the estate at all, and one of the Chinese committed suicide whilst off his head with dysentery and under the influence of opium. On arrival here slight fever did attack a good many at firet towards end of August. Durirg September the cases of fever had dwindlei down by 50 per cent., and in Oetober there were no cases, and included amongst the feyer-stricken ones were many cases of c6ontagious diseases. Since October eases of pure fever have been exceedingly few and far between, the diveases imported giving us far more trouble than any fever cases, so that what business the writer has ** for beliey- ing that if Sinhalese came here they would have to return within a year,” that ‘‘ the attacks of fever are unbearable and oarry one off within eight and ten days’ I cannot conceive ; nor, as I understand thig assertion that there is ‘‘no proper medical attendanee,’’ The medical officer here has been attached to the Army Medical Department both in Germany and out here—in the Hospitale—and on the march, and is fully qualified to deal with all ordinary cases such ag one meets with either on 180 low-lying estates, or those at high elevations, and he is also able to conduct esurgical operations, Besides baving at hand the cervices of a resident Medical Officer, the Government send up here every two months a fully qualified dootor to inspect every individual cooly, all coolies being stripped and thoroughly examined in my presence and in that of the medical officer. Could we have better medioal supervision under the circumstances and oan any estate in Ceylon say it has any better? Should one man fail I can easily obtain the services of another Medical Officer, for en hour’s walk from this another Medical Officer is stationed. ‘ As to good and intritive food not being sup- plied, this assertion is on & par with each and all of the others, there not being a tittle of truth in any one of them, Had we been sup- plying bad food to our coolies, complaints would have been heard soon enough ; but very few complaints have ever been made, for the simple reason that if I find any bad food amonget the tons of it brought up here, I condemn it and it is thrown away or destroyed at once. Besides, the Governor of the district visits the estate very regularly, and any complaint of whatever kind the coolies may have to make, they are at full liberty to bring up before the Governor, and I am glad to say any little differences, mostly through mis- understandings at first about contracts, have always been arranged with satisfaction to both parties and never has there been 4 question about the food, As to food for Europeans and conductors such can be had, and always is here in sufficient quantity. When I firet came there was some little difficulty, but I soon knocked that on the head by arranging with a Hindustani 13 miles off to send up provisions regularly, and that source hasn’t dried up yet. Putting beef aside, we get mutton, duck, fowls, fruit, such as bananas, pineapples and oranges, vegetables (perfectly fresh) grown on theestate and sold to the coolies, and really we get everything mortal man requires. Not only cen food be got, but liquoralso can be obtained by the conductors in small quantites, You would really be surprised to see the quantity and veriety of stores we have,—olothing, food, and groceries of all kinds, worth some thousands of rupees, brought up here at immense cost and trouble, and forthe benefit of those resident here. In conclusion 1 may state that the two Ceylonese sent back in ill-health should have been the last of any tocomplain about medical attendaree, from the fact that they were attended at different times by the English Doctors at the Mission, and in future I would advise the writers before putting pen to paper about other people’s businers, to make up their minds to stick to facts and not go in for fiction only fit to adorn the pages of their next volume on their hunting experiences in Hast Africa. They might also lay in a good stock of * grit ” which will enable them to withstacd any little ailments avd rough work that ‘“ nice and healthy” climate may have io store for them, and where the much-abused native may not only be able to “fry an egg to treir liking,” but perhaps be able to serve up ‘“‘Crocodile as pie” or * Manyurma on Jutti Frutti Toast’ whichever tasty dish may take their fancy at the end of a day’s march. The subject of Emigration from Ceylon to this is still under consideration, and you may rest as- sured I would nct undertake the responsibility of introducing any large body of lako.re:s into this part of the country if I thought there wes danger .f © seeing them die off one ty one from malaria; but taking the facts as they stand at present, the elevation of the estate, no part beng under 920 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 1, 1893. | metres=3,000 feet, and the distance we are from the low-lying plains, end the gocd water we have here, I see no chance of fever éttacking the men seriously. If I thought that such a thing would be likely to cceur, or if I find that during the next few monhe fever compels me to alter my opinion regarding the healthiness of the place, then I will be the firet to give up the idea of introducing Sinhalese labourers or artizans until the place became heal'hy. Regretting the inordinate length this letter bas ron to, only to be excused on the ground of the unwarrantable charges broug!t against the estate demanding a fall explanation from me, and thavk- ing you in enticipation for the pulil’eation of this, — I beg to remain, sir, yours very traly, W. H. OOWLEY. MOSQUITO BLIGHT IN CEYLON. Drsr Sin,—I see in your issue of 22nd inet. an inquiry as to whether mosquito blight has yet visited Ceylon. The answer must be a de- cided yes. I have seen fields in Ceylon covered with it, and the young flush completely spoiled. The fly does not pierce the leaf right through, but sueks the juice (as a mosquito would the blood from one’s hand) from under the ekin of the leaf. If closely looked at after the fly shifts its ground, it is seen that the part left is of a much paler green than the rest of the leaf, and very soon gete dark brown. On the bud and finest leavez there will be meg! punctures all turning black ; and it is « heart-breaking sight to see whole fields without a single young shoot free of the pest. The remedy has yet to be found. Yours LYNX EYE. HIGH-GROWN CEYLON TEAS—“A CORREC- TION ” AND INTERESTING INFORMATION FROM MR. ARTHUR THOMPSON. 38 Mincing Lane, E.O., London, July 14,1898. Sm,—In one of your late iesues I see you have credited me with having suggested marking your high-grown teas “ Ceylon—Darjeeling.” It is nearly nine years since I had the pleasure of visiting your island and when there, the chief part of my time was spent in discussing the one engrossing topic, tea ; but I must distinctly disclaim being the author of such @ proposal, which I feel wou'd be misleading and unfair to both countries. High- grown teas and Darjeclings have each a distinct flavour and are ae different as hock and claret, while at the seme time both are highly appreciated by the various buyers. What Ihave probably frequently said and still con- sider,—which may have led to this misapprehension, —is that the high-grown teas of Ceylon compare with other Ceylon growths as those of Darjeeling compare with the teas from other dietricts in India, that is, they have a fine delicate flavour peculiar to them- selves; but while claiming this, I fully recognise that we do receive good fine teas from other districts in Ceylon and India, and shall no doubt continue to do so. What a te: is marked ig now of little consequence, each sample is yalued on its merite, and if special marke at any one time fetch special prices, a close examination will nearly always show that there is a good reason for it. The trade is too keenly watched to buy for a mark ouy, or indeed for 2 couniry, and itis not unusual to see batches of Ceylon, Indian and China teas tasted together so as to test their comparative value for blending purposes, SEPT. 1, 1893.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 181 “ Good wine needs no bush ”’ and in the long run I believe that ‘‘ quality ” rather than ‘ quantity ”’ will best pay the producer ; for while it Is true, as Mr. G. A, Talbot says, ‘‘ the more fine tea you gend the lower the price you get for it,”--taking a “ quality’ cropatan average of 2d per lb. over a “quantity” crop, the net result would prove in fayour of the former. The steadily inoreasing extensions in all parts must also be noted :—China, whose export bas been steadily decreasing the past few years, —may yet find it worth while to ship more freely and in that case the difference of value between ordinary and fine teas may b3 more accentuated than we have of late been accustomed to see,—Faithfully yours, ARTHUR THOMPSON, MORE HINTS TO POULTRY-KEEPEPS. Dear Srr,— When cholera appears in the poultry- yard, cholera can be detected by the evacuations being very white: administer to the birds attacked a pinch, night and morning, of pepsalia and another “of quinine. ; Another hint is that the disease called ‘ roop ”’ is incurable, Birds attacked should, therefore, be killed and buried as soon as possible. The symptoms of roop are difficulty in swallowing, and a sort of bad snuffies, with much shaking of the head on food being taken into the mouth. Third hint ig, use whitewash for the walls, and wood-ashes for the flooring of the sleeping rooms liberally. MARTHA, NORTH BORNEO COMPANY. Kandy, August 5. Dear $1z,—I1 send the British North Borneo Compiny’s Report and balance-sheet presented at the last half-yearly meeting of the Company. The comparative statement of the expenditure and revenue of British New Guinea, Imperial British East Africa Company, British Bechuana Land and the British North Borneo Company is a very interesting one, and shows how the last- mentioned Company though not subsidised either by the British or Australian Government, or Mi-sionary Society hag held its own and dev-loped a revenue in four years double that of all the other Companies put together and with an expenditure of only a third. The British Colony of Fiji has a public debt of £259,000, and the British Government has edvanced that colony £126,000 on which no interest is charged.—I remain, yours faithfully, W. D. GIBBON. [We have quoted from the Report fully on page 185.—Ep. 7'.4.] CEYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA, RUSSIA, AND AMERICA. Talawakella, August 8, Dear §1r,— With reference to your Hditorial of 5th instant, anent the encouragement to a further “ Tea Campaign in Australasia,’’ I would go a step further and include Russia, as well as follow up this splendid advertisement we are getting at Chicago, for I held, unless a some well-thought-out scheme is ready to be put in practice tlmost before the Hon. J. J, Grinlinton leaves that city we might as well haye had our money in our pockets. Whatever shape this effort takes, it is quite clear from our experience of America that it must not only be a determined one, but sustained for some time to come, This beingso, it is high time the subject was having attention. Mr. Rutherford’s scheme of voluntary subscriptions if it has not already had its day, (so far as it went, a good day too it has proved) is unable to cope with any plan or plans which will be worth trying. Why not therefore agree to continue the special levy made on the planters by themselves after all expenses connected with Chicago have been met? Where so much of the island’s prosperity rests, Government would not object to continuing to be the medium of collecting the levy. In it, we have a perfectly equitable means of getting subscriptions which none can shirk and I should be gurprised if there were a disgentient voice to its continuance. So.long as the spending of it is in the hands of such a body for instance, as the existing Tea Fund Committee, nothing but good to our industry can accrue. Taking ninety millions per annum es the yearly output for the next five years and one-eighth of a cent tax on that we have a sum equal to £7,500 per annum with which to subsidise traders, advertise pure and simple, or any other scheme suitable in each case; whilst surely no one would grudge a quarter of a cent were it necessary | No accounts have yet been published in connection with the tax so far, nor dol know if the Tea Fund Committee is in funds to allow of an immediate grant for the object your Kditorial dealt with. At all events, as I find I have not subscribed for two years now I have no right to make any proposal regarding their available funds, but I should think if it were agreed to by the planters, that the ievy should be continued a sum sufficient for the object you advocate could be got immediately. It is a pity that no one hes thought of moving a Resolution on the subject at the Planters’ Meeting of the llth. Perbaps it may be competent for some one to take it up, notice not having been given notwithstanding,—Yours faithfuliy, JAMES SINOLAIR. TEA DEALERS COMPLAIN. In the report presented at the annual meeting of the London Wholesale Tea Dealers’ Association there is the following :— ‘‘“Many compla nts having been received of irre- gularities in the tares of certain Indian and Ceylon teas, especially that some Indian teas were inferior to sample ; also that in some warehouses tea, after bulkiug, had been left on the floor for an unnecer- sary time before the packages were refilled, these subjects were brought under the notice of the Tea Brokers’ Association, and greater care has since been exercised. Attention has been given to the reweighing of tea on leaving the bonded ware- houses, and it is hoped that uniformity of practice and a correct record of the delivery weights will be kept in future. The subject of the establish- ment of a central sampling warehouse has been considered, and further details have been pro- mised. Your committee await these before ex- pressing any opinion, Instances were mentioned to your committee of parts of breaks of tea only being offered in publio sale, when it was generally understood that the complete parcels were sub- mitted, and the attention of the Brokers’ 4 ssocia- tion has been directed to the subject with the view of having fuller particulars specified in the catalcgues. I[t has been found that wood in a green state is fr‘ quently used in Indian, but still more often in packing Ceylon teas, The sap from the wood, when itcomes in contact with the lead, produces an scid which seriously affests the tea. The Indian and Ocylon associations have been fully adyvisei of this, and, recognising the justice of the case, have taken steps to insure only seasoned wood being used in future,’’ 182 PLANTING IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO. An ex-Ceylon planter writes :—‘‘ That was 6 very interesting letter of Forsyth’s about coffee planting in Guatemala end Mexico, it should tempt many of our young capitalists to try their luck there. Still these Republica are not over safe places with their frequent ingurrections ; there is one on now in Nicaragua.” ——— LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE CEYLON PRODUCE. TRAVANCORE TEA, (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, July 5th, 1893.) Venture was the only estate in sale this week, and sold as under. vid =] 0 a . ~~ hon lbs oe Sas ee ie . ° . CS) ° 5 a @ ite eer Cah edie Sa) a ee ~Q Ay Ay na GF a Venture 7d 63d 5fd 53d 154ches. 64 —_——————————— OINCHONA REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, June, 29th, OmncHONA.—The fortnightly bark-auoctions this week were of very small extent, six catalogues comprising the whole of the supply which amounted to:— Packages. Packages. QGeylon cinchona 715 of,which 521 were sold East Indian clachona 400 u 208 Javan cinchons 4 ” 44 ” S, American cinchona 46 rr 46 a 1,205 819 The assortment of bark was fairly satisfactory one considering the small quantity offered, the total supply representing about 104,000 oz. (2,900 kilos) sulphate of quinine, or an average of, say, 2°3 percent. The Indian barks included about 200 bales of old stock, imported in 1886 and 1887. For most of these only a fraction of ld per lb. was obtainable, and about one-half was bought in. offers of 4d per lb. being refused for low mixed chips. There were a few parcels of good renewed red and grey shavings from Oeylon, but the Indian barks were very poor. Yellow bark was scarcely shown at all. The tone throughout the auctions was quiet, but there was no further decline on the low rates of tha last pre- ceding sales, and the unit remains upon an average from 11-16ths d. to $d per Ib. The following are the approximste quantities purchased by the principal buyers :— a Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works... 49,620 Agents for the Auerbach works ove s+ 23,690 Agents for the Frankfort 0/M and Stuttgart works 22,039 Agents for the Brunswick works oD see 31,989 Agents for the American and Italian works . 21,138 Agents forthe Paris works ae 12,780 Messrs. Howards & Sons ona na 2,970 Sundry druggists .. ins Ay) « 21,782 Total quantity of bark sold 4 176,000 Bought in or withdrawn Ace 105,616 Total quantity offered 4 . 281,616 SovrH AMERICAN CINOHONA.—A recently-imported par- cel of 46 bales oultivated Bolivian Oaligaya in good bub somewhat irregular quills so.d at 49d per lb. for sonnd, and at 34d to 4d per lb. for country damaged bark. The fullowing are the exports of cinchona from Osylon during the periods between January 1st and June 5th:— 1808, 2,099,831 Ib. ; 1892, 2,675,845 Ib.; 1891, 2,417,611 lb.; 1890, 3,890,902 lb. The exports of oinchona from Jaya during the ten months from July 1st to April30th are given as follows — 1892-93 1801-92 1890-91 1889-90 1888-89 Amster- 4Amster- Amster- Amster- Amster- damlb. damilb. damlb. damlb. dam Ib. Government i plantation 583,034 36,877 484,087 445,840 728,491 Private plan- tation#....6,9 1,799 6,140,017 5,718,577 3,709,648 2,989,780 —= Tobals,, 6,414,883 6,676,694 6,202,664 4,155,588 3,713,271 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1893. THE CINCHONA SUPPLIES. A telegraphic report from Java states that the shipments ot cinchona bark from thet islend during the month of June reached the unueually large figure of 900,000 Amsterdam lb, This brings up the total for the Java season 1892-3 (July ist to June 30th) to 7,900,000 Amsterdam lb., which is the bcaviest crop on record. Add to this that the shipments for the first half of the present year amouated to 4,000,000 Amsterdam |b., an unprecedented figure for that period, and that the aversge qaality of the bark is steadily, if slowly, improving, end it will be seen that the sudden decline of 26 per cent at last week’s public sales in Amsterdam was by no mesne upjusti- fied. The unit value for Java bark is at present equal to only gd. per lb., London terms and it is possible that this drop may have theeffect of driving up to some extent the enormous flow of the bark supplies from Java. The Oeylon shipments are gra- dually dwindling, but the deficit from that island does not balance the excess of the Java exports. Our London stock on July Ist is returned at 37,944 bales only, against 45,310 in 1892, and 53,338 in 1891. —Chemist and Druggist. —_———_-- > -—- ——— — THE MARKET FOR CEYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA. It is an encouraging coincidence that within a few days of the appearance of our strong appeal to the Tea Fund Committee to make one more special effort in Australia, we ehould receive a letter from a well-known ex-Rangalla planter and ex-Australian Colonist, urging the came thing on the attention of Ceylon Tea Planters. Last mail brought (along with a contribution on another subject) a private letter from ‘‘ Cosmopolite ’’ who knows the back-countries of both Victoria and New Zealand so well, and here is what he says: —“I see W. A, T. has struck the same idea as I have, about exploiting teain Australia, namely getting it up to the stations direct. Let the squatters and the station hands once get a taste Jor tt (UNBLENDED) and they are the real tea- drinkers of Australia,” This is confirmed—it will be remembered—by the Argus annual tea report which distinctly stated that Cey- lon and Indian tea had conquered the big towns, but was comparatively unknown in the country distriets of Australia. There is here therefore, very special encouragement—in fact an urgent call—on the Tea Fund Committee to make an effort to place pure Ceylon tea before the squatters and their employes, country farmers and villagers. Unfortunately both “W. A, T.” and ‘‘Capricorn’’—planters in Australia—who have been writing to us about this work, will not be available to act as agents, as they are both returning to the island shortly ; but we know of a third and ’ moet reliable Ogylon planter, who is going to New Zealand by the end of the year and who would be very glad to act as Agent of our Tea Fund and to lecture and show slides all through the provincisl towns and villages while distributing tea samples in likely quarters. Such an opportunity should not be lost.—There is the utmost encouragement in the way the exports from India and Ceylon are now increasing to Australia, to go in and conquer the untouched field pointed out to us by Tea authorities in the Melbourne press as well as by W.A.T., A. H.D. and ‘‘Oapricorn’” (C. M. H.); and Mr. James Sinclair supports the movement in 6 letter elsewhere which, besides, pleads that Russia and America should not be forgotten, as of course they will not. Why we urge Aus- tralia for immediate attention is that the pear there seems ripe to fall into our lap with a very litlte The comparative figures for additional exertion. SEPT, 1, 1893.| Export so far from India and Ceylon are follows :— To Australia and New Zealand: 1893. 1892, lb. lb. India (to lst Aug.) .. 754,455— 301,049 Ceylon (to 7th Aug.) ..3,596,788—3,064,549 Total Ib. 4,351,193—3,365,598 The increase is greater in proportion in the case of Indian tea and the expectation is, as we have as said, that Ceylon and India should supply 10 to | feared that the Coffee Orop would be a compl-te 11 million lb, this season against 18 to 19 million lb. from China, But if only the country driokerg of tea in the Southern Oolonies got the taste for pure nnblended Ceylon tea, we believe that these figures ought to be reversed before another twelye months rolled over our heads, ——_——_—_—__ OUVAH COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED. Report to be presented toj the Thirtieth Ordinary General Meeting of the Company, to be held at No. 5, Dowgate Hill, London, on Friday, the 28th day of July 1893, at 12-30 o’clook p.m. The following Annual Accounts are now presented to Shareholders, viz.:—Profit and Loss Account for Crop 1891-2, Balance Sheet made up to 31st May 1893. crop 1891-2, In the Directors’ last report the coffee crop of the above season was estimated at about 1,250 owt., and it will be seen that the actual weight sold in London amounted to 1,109 owt. The proceeds amounted to £5,579 14s. 10d., giving an average of 100s, 7d. per owt., against an average of 97s. 10d.,_ obtained for the previous crop. The Crop of Tea was estimated at 340,000 lb. and the actual weight sold from the Company’s own estates was 834,568 lb, Besides this 255,900 lb. of Tea manu- factured from feaf brought from neighbouring estates were sold, The yalue of ail Tea sold was £26,103 4s. 1d., or an average of 104d. perlb. as compared with 1034. for the previous season. The weight of Cinchona Bark sold was 45,302 lb., and the value £589 8s. 9d,, or 23d. per Ib,, against the former year’s average of 3d. perlb. Coooa, weighing 73 owt, 0 qrs. 15 lb. realized £3338. 16s. 6d., the average selling price being 91s. 4d. per cwt. against 96s. 8d. for the former year’scrop. It will thus be seen that the total value of all produce sold amounted to £32,556 4s. 2d. The total Expenditure for the year in Oeylon and London, amounted to £29,909 7s. 1d, and deducting this from the value of the Produce, a Profit is shewn on the season’s working of £2,646 7s. 1d. To this has to be added the balanee of £88 5s. 6d., brought forward from last year, giving a total of £2,735 2s, 7d. at the credit to Protit and Loss Account. An interim dividend of 14 per cent. on the capital of the Oompany was paidon the 14th January last, which absorbed £1,500 of the above-named sum, and the Directors now recommend that £1,000 be applied to the payment of a further dividend of 1 per oent., making 2} per cent. for the year, end that the balance of £235 2s 7d be written off the £600 at present stand- ing at the debit of Machinery Account. It will be remembered that the Coffee Crop of 1890-1 amounted to 2,791 ewts,, and realized £13,875, while the orop of the season now under review, smounted to only 1,109 cwts, which sold for £5,579 shewing a re- duction in value against the present season of £8,296, When this falling off in the Ooffee Orop is taken into acoount, it will be seen that the working of the Estates even to a small profit was a task necessitating the closest management, espscislly as the area from which the Coffee was secured was the same in both years, viz,: 914 acres, and involved practically the same labour for cultivation. For season 1891-92, the Coffee produced was little more than 14 owts. to the acre. The yield of Tea from the Company’s Hstates showed a fair increase on that of the previous year, being 884,568 1b,, sgainet 286,346 lb, This increase was due | | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 183 to a favourable seacon, and to the improvement of the bushes by age,as the area plucked from was about the same. The principal difficulties which had to be contended with during theeeason, werethe upkeep and cultiva- tion of a large area under Ooffee from which ovly a small crop was secured, the upkeep of over 400 acres of Tea not y.t producing any leaf, and the planting up of 109 acres of Tea whioh last expenditure was also debited to revenue. crop 1892-93. Shortly after the beginning of this season it was failure, as it was reported that the trees were look- ing very weak from disease, and it was doubtful whether they would be ableto mature the blossom that had set. The result, however, has proved more satisfactory than was then thought possible, and it is now expected that the Crop will total atout 1,300 cwts. From the reports which they receive from the Hetates about this preduct, the Board feel that they are no longer justified in looking with any confidence for remunerative crops of Coffee,as owing to the effects of disease, the bushcs have reathed that stage when large areas might entirely fail to produce crop especially if the weather proved unfavourable. They have therefore decid«d to plant up in Tea about 200 acres of the coffee area this year, and unless spy unexpected change takes place in the condition of the coffee bushs it is their intention to continue this process year by year. The Tea continues to grow well and the yield from the Company’s Hetatea for season 1892-93 which was estimated at 865,000 lb will be exceeded. The present market price, however is very low and leaves only a small margin of profit, but it is hoped that the returns from both Tea and Coffee willbe suchas will enable the further planting up of Tea to be carried out without unduly curtailing dividends. During the last eight years considerable sums have been provided out of revenue to meet the cost of planting and the various works in connection with the manufacture of Tea, it may not now be found neces- sary to charge up further expenditure on ‘T'ea planting to Profit and Loss directly itis incurred, but as the Capital Account was not selttced when Coffee gave out, all such expenditure will have to come out of revenue at no distant date. The area now under Tea is as follows :— TEA. acres. Over 5 years old cr savin OLE Planted November/December 1888 87 Do, «os 1889 18 Do. aes 1890 283 Do. oan 1891 109 Do. 1892 45 Total area under Tea .,. 1,454 Total area under Coffee.. —_——_——————_—— SPRING VALLEY COFFEE COMPANY, LTD. Report to be presented to the Twenty-Highth Or- dinary General Meeting of the Company to be held at No. 5, Dowgate Hill, London, on Friday,the 28th day of July, 1898, at 1°30 o’clock p.m, CROP 1891-92. In Jast year’s Report, Shareholders were informed that the Coffee Crop of the above season was estimated at 1,300 owts., and it will be seen that the actual weight sold amounted to 980 cwt. exclusive of Clean and Refuse Coffee. This crop realised £5,631 128 8d, the average selling price in London being 102s7d as compared with 98s od per cwt obtained for crop 1890-91, The yield of tea from the Oompany’s Estate amounted to 192,372 lb the estimate in last report being 216,000 Ib and this, together with 77,920 1b brought from neigh- bouring estates and manufactured at Spring Maller, sold for £12,550 8s 6d or an ayerage of 1ld per lb the average selling price last year being 10§d per Ib. Oinchona Bark to the extent of 30,342 lb was also sold for £295 17s 10d the average selling price being 24d per lb or the same ag Isst year’s average, The 184 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (SzrT. 1, 1893. total proceeds from the sale of produce amounted to £18,477 198 Od and deducting from this the total expenditure in Ceylon and London, there remains a profit of £2,171 108 1d on the year’e working. To this has to be added the sum of £2,555 14s 8d brought forward from last year, making o total of £4,727 4s 9d ot the credit of profit and lose. On the 14th January last an interim dividend of 14 per cent waa paid on the cspital of the Company, and the Directors recommend that a further dividend of 24 per cent be now declared, making 4 per cent for the year, and leaving £1,527 4s 9d to be carried forword to next account. For Seasen 1890-9] the crop of coffee was 3,465 cwt., while for the year above referred to, the coffee secured al) told, amounted only to about 1,100 ewt. The net proceeds from this product for the two feasons were respectively £17,237 48 8d and £5.63) 12s 84d, showing a reduction in value adverse to crop 1891-92 of no less than £11,605 12s. In the face of this great reduction in returns from coffee, the Board consider that great credit is due to the Manager for having worked the Spriog Valley with such economy that a fair profit was earned. Crop 1892-93. The coffee crop tor this season is now estimated at 1,200 cwt., but from the reports which came home early in the season, it was at one time feared that it would not reach more than half the above estimate. While the Board are glad to report the above im- provement in the year’s crop over the small estimate at one time given, it must be remembered that the outturn of coffee will be but little better than season 1891-2, and that it is being secured off the fame area, viz. 872 acres. In view of the reports which have come to band during the past six months the Board feel bound to take into consideration the possibility that they might at any time have to face a complete failure im the coffee crop, the trees, already weakened by disease, not having sufficient vigour to mature their crop should they have to contend with an anfavourable season. As the area of tea on Spring Valley is by no means large, the Board have resolved to plant up in tea during the present year some 200 acres of the coftee area, and about 100 acres in each subsequent scason, alwayg selecting for this purpose only such areas of coffee as are uot expected to yield crop. From Reports received during the last few mails an improvement had set in in the condition of the coffee; this may or may not be only of a temporary nature, but if itis found that the improved state of the coffee is likely to be at all permanent, the instructions of the Board with regard to the extension of the tea area will be modified accordimgly, The tea on Spring Valley isnot yielding quite up to ex- peotations, but from the satistactory appearance and growth of the bushes, this is only attributed to passing conditions brought about by a not altogether fayour- able season, and the Board have no reason at all to doubt that a fullnverage yield will be secured as the bushes develop with age. The crop of tea from Spring Valley for Season 1892-93 is now estimated at 170,000 1b. aud trom Ovlanakaude at 23,000 Ib. TEA. The area under tea is as foilows :-- acres. Spring Valley over five yearsold 501 Planted Nov./Dec.,1888 20 th) 1890 100 Oolanakance over five years old 150 Total area under tea 771 ——— Total area under coffee 872 SS PLANTING AND AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS IN THE STRAITS. (From Mr. Bellamy’s Report on Kuala Selangor.) With regard to agriculture in the District, 1 am able to report very favourably. Large tracts of land ere under permanent cultivation and all the plenta- tions of Jove coconuts are in excellent order. I have used ev ry effort to encourage this kind of cul- tivation, as the soil here is eminently fitted for the growth of the coconut palm. I feel perfectly certain that the extent of the plantations in this Dietriotis not known at head-querters. The work of essessing the holding- in the District gave an excellent oppor- tupity to tle District officer of meking himeelf familiar with the various mukime, and | was aston- ished at the magnificence of some of the coconat plantations at Jeram, Permatapg, and Ujong Permat- ang. These are a covstant eource cf revenue to their owoers, and the Penghulus work hard to induce people to open np new laud for this crop. Padi plauting aleo received great encouragement by the Government making smej] advances to people wishing to make ladangs. At Api-Api about 80 acres of land is under padi, and here the buffalo has been used with great success. At Sungei Burong to which place the new Bernam Road has given access, over 60 people have got ladangs, covering something between 200 aud 300 acres. All these people were assisted by Government, and I am glad to report well of their work. Padi planting without Government essistance has also been carried on in Ujong Permateng, Panchang Pedens, Bagan Nakhoda Omer, Sabak aud Ijok, and good reports are received from al! these places with the exception of Ijok, where the Pengbulu confesses he is not a skilful padi plavter. He deserves considerable credit for having made thetrial. Pedi cultivation, however, will never gain a eure bold iu this District unless the buffalois utilised, and 1 trust that in the present year Government will be induced to make advances to the settlers to enable them to parohase these useful animals. In the old Malay times buffaloes were very plentiful bere, and pedi cultivation was carried on to afar greater extent than it is now. I fee! sure that if the people are given the means they will raite ss heavy crops of padiae the place bas ever known. Ali the District bereis suitable for padi cultivation, butthe native, unaided by hie buffalo cannot keep down the tremendous growth of grass and woeds that spring up in a very short time atter a clearing has been abandoned. A much larger pra cae of padi planters is peeded for the District and it bas struck me that, owiug to the land in the interior of the State having now become so valuable for tin-mining, padi sawabs are being bought up by Chinese miners, it would be s good thing if Govern- ment were to transport the agricultural population from the interior Districts to the coast Districts, where there 18 no tin-mioing to interfere with their padi fields. The “anak dagang’s” objection to dealing with the “anak negri,” or settling near him is, I believe, the reason why foreign settlers do not come to Kuala Selangor, but if they were backed up by Government they would, I fancy, willingly come here. For iustance, the people from the Setepak Valley, a place much coveted by the tin-miner, could settle in this District, where they would be free from molestation, and I venture to predict their crops of padi would be quite as heavy es those raised in the interior, while they would be able to live here at o cheaper rate. ——__—__+---_— Tue Pxranters and others connected with the staple industries in British Guiana are turning their attention to the question of endeayouring to secure some of the Chinese cheap labour which will very shortly be leaving the Unit.d States en masse As a consequence of the late legislation. “ John Chinaman ’”’ is unquestionably patient, persevering, very practical, and withal very cheap, but he seems not to haye been altogether a success in most countries. The States will have none of him, Australia rejects him, and we believe Cuba has been endeavouring to diminish his numbers within her borders. Will Demerara do any better with him? An article in the Chronicle seems to regard his acquisition as only a pis aller, and not to de looked to as @ constant factor.—Sugar Cane, July 1. SEpT. 1, 1893,| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: 185 THE BRITISH NORTH BORNEO COMPANY'S ANNUAL REPORT. In our issue of the 25th ultimo we gave a report of the proceedings at the half-yearly meeting of this Company held on 4th July. Woe have now received a copy of the Directors’ repcrt fcr the year ended 3ist' December last from which we make the following ex'racts: — PRCGRESS CF THE C7LONY, The largest. and most satisfactory increases in the exports will be found under timber and tobacco. The progress of the country is clearly indicated by the figures under review, shewing as they do that whilst in 1888 the total export trade, consisting chiefly of jungle produce amounted to $525,875, it has grown in four years to $1,762 246, the bulk of which is due to Agriculture and Manufactured produce. A sample of block Gambier produced in the Goy- ernment Experimental Garden at Sandakau under the superintendence of the Commissioner of Lands, weighing about 7 cwt, has realised a good price in the London market. Vhe authorities at Kew, who have given the directors valuable assistance and advice in this matter, are of opinion that as there is a demand for this article for tanning purposes both in Europe and America, the experiment may be fraught with important results to the country. The reports on this shipment will be brought to the notice of Huropean tanners, who may be _in- clined to embark in the enterprise. Mr. H. Walker (the Commissioner of Lands) writing to Mr. Thisle- ton Dyer of Kew, under date of 21st April last, on this and other planting operations, states :—‘' Up to the present only Chinese haye taken up the cultivation of Gambier, but I can confidently assert that Europeans would do it better and geta higher price. What the trade wauts is an assurance of quality and a sufficient quantity of a similar qua- lity. I think it would be well to sell it per unit of tannin as cinchona bark is sold, with a guarantee as to moisture, &c., and if copper pans and _pro- perly constructé@ drying houses be used, the colour would never vary. ‘he pepper plants are doing well. I am glad to tell you our coffee, Liberian, is doing very well. About 330 acres were planted by Europeans last year, and I believe a similar acreage will be planted this year. The reports all round are very favourable, and 12 months’ plants are now blossoming. Our climate, with its well divided rain-fall, seems particularly well suited to Liberian coffee, and I never saw anything like it in Ceylon for vigour of growth or size of stem. Cocoa is doing well here, and has a remarkable stem, but it is only since my return in 1891 that any plantings of coffee &c., (ofany size) have been made by Huropeans, so that we do not figure in the markete. That we shall do sol have no Coubt; indeed I expect this will bea great coffee ecuntry.” The distribution of seed vy the Government among the natives bas considerably increased, and reports havea been received that the sppearance of the plants in various parts of the Territory ia very encouraging. As the market prica of this coffee shows a very large profit, thia cultivation promises to become one of the staple industries of the country. All the abova pro- ducts are being planted by the Development Oorpora- tion, with the addition of coconuts and Manila hemp. The reports from their estates continue to be satis- factory. When it is coasidered that the Sumatra tobacco trade, after 22 years of prosperity, has passed through a crisis during the last two years, fO severe that the result has been the closing of a large number of estates in that oc untry, it is a matter of congratulation thst so many companies have weathered the storm in North Borneo ; aud, now that the supply of Wrapper Tobacco is quite uneqnal to the d maud, there is every reason to articipateo cycle of good years and high prices and, consequently, renewed activity in planting jn the company’s territory. This is foreshadowed by the unprecedentedly high prices which havebeen realized thie year in Amsterdam, On the 10th inst,, some a4 13,000 bates of Sumatra and 2,000 bales of Borneo tobacco were offered for tender, and in spite of the absence of American buyers for the first time this eeasop, the result as regards tle following lots of Borneo tobacco washighly satisfao‘ory, viz. :— The New London and Amsterdam (Kinabatangan River) 835 bales, about 4/ fer lb. The Tobacco Estates Syndioeate ... ca -.. 289 do do 3/6 do The New Darvel Bay Company (Dervel Bay)... 40L do do 2/11 do The New London Bor- neo Company (Marudu Bay ) wee co .« 480 do do 2/4 do These prices compare favourably with those obtaived by Sumatra Companies, which gold at an average of about 33. per lb., and are the more gatisfactory from the fact that the Tobacco came from various parte of the Oompany’s territory. It has been stated that although good Tobacco can be raised in North Boraco the yiell per field is s0 small, and the cost of pro- duction so great, that it cannot be grown to psy. These theories have been completely upset this year, as Count Geloes, of the London Borneo Tobacco Company, has succeeded in producing a crop of about seven piculs a field from about 800 fields ata cost of about seventy guilder cents por half-kilo (equel to about Is. 2d. per pound avoirdupoie) which compares favourably with Sumatra where tie cost of produc- ticn varies from 75 to 110 cents per half kile, oc an average of about ls. 6d. pr pon.d. Count Gelocs has rendered signal s+rvice not only to his own company but the country generally, as he has demonstrated that there is no reason why, with equally careful management, Tobacco Estates in North Borneo should not achieve the same brilliant results as have attended the enterprise in Sumatra, Too much stress cannot be laid on th» facttbat the cultivation of Tobacco in the Company’s territory has had to pass through the same difficulties as were experienced in the early days of Tobacco planting in Sumatra. Rec-nt reports speak very favourably of the health of the Ooolies in all parts of the couutry; the wether also continued favourable for Planting operations, which were leing pushed forward on all states. In a letter lately received, Governor Creagh reports that the Timber trade was improving, owing to the advance of prices for hard woo's of all sortsin China, and that the Sago trade on the West Coast is very brisk cn acccuut of the high price raling in Singspore. Gotv.—The Directors have instructed the Governor to carry out a systematic search for Gold, under the advice of aud experienced con-ulting Engineer in London who, after digesting ailthe information put before him, is etrong!y of opinion that the gold fields of Borneo will be found to resemble the banket formations of South Africa. A Scheme has been put forward by a Japanese gen- tleman for intrcducing his countrymen into the Com- pany’s territory for the purpose of planting rice, sugar, coffee, tapioca, &c., and a grant of land in Sandakan harbour, proposed by the Governor, has been approved by the Directors. If this undsrtaking is successfully carried out it will introduce a desirable class of colonists for the development of the country, To those who may be disposed to contend that the progress of the Territory has been slow and un- remunerative to Shareholders, it may be confidently auswered that if a comparison be instituted with the progress of any modern Colony, whether under the British Orown, any Foreign Government, or Ohartered Company, there is not one—with the exeeption of the Niger Company—that oan show, without the aid of minerals, such good results in 80 short m time, at so little cost. For instance, British New Guinea was taken posscssion of in 1884, and although the Austrslian Goverument have contributed some £15,000 a year in addition to what has been spent by the Imnverial Government for its administration, the trade of the country is still quite nndeyeloped, and but little pro- gress has been mado towards opening up the country, 68 shown by the comparative statement given below 186 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept. 1, 1893: Lord Ripon in the lest Colonial Report published, testifies to the value of the work which is being performed hy the able Administrator, Sir \\illiam Macgregor, who is of course backed by the prestige of the British Government and the Australian Colonies, The Imperial British Hast Africa Oompany have recently issued a Réport to their Sharcholders, ehew- ing that in four years they have spent £378,042 of the Shareholders mcney, £30,000 contributed by Her Majesty’s Government and £26,435 presented to them by the Church Missionaty Society, ora total expen- diture of £434,477, whilst the receipts for the seme period dmount to £45,037 from Oustome, &«., and £26,080 from other sovrces, or a total of £71,117. British Bechuanaland was taken possession of by the Government in 1884, and after seven yearsa revenue of £45,313 was secured by au expenditure of £159,545. Daring the whole period the Jmperial Treasury bas contributed by Parliamentary grants a sum of no less than £446,437. OompaRATIVE STATEMENT, Expenditure, Revenue. Total for 4 Totul for 4 years (1888-91) years (1888-91) British New Guinea ... £60,000 £13,153 Imperial British Bast Africa Company 434,477 71,117 British Bechuanaland .,. 422,108 92,779 B itish North Borneo ... 284,564 314,126 The total trade of New Guinea for this period amounted to £98,308, whilst that of British North Borneo reached £1,483,300. The German Ovlonies on the West Ooast of Africa and in New Guinea, which have been established since the formation of the British Ncrth Borneo Compsny, are not yet making any material progress and continue to be a heavy charge on the Imperial Treasury; whilst the collapse of the German ( bart- ered Company on the East Coast of Africa cost the Imperial Government £1,500,000 in subsides. Mr. W. H. Treacher, the Company’s first Governor (than whom no one is more competent t) express an opinion) has recently written a small book on Bornec, in which the following paragraph appears :—‘‘The question may be asked, what bas the Company done for North Borneo? A brief reply to this question would include the following points: The Company has paved the way to the ultimate extinction of the practice of slavery ; it bas dealt the final blow to the piracy and kidnapping which still lingered on its coasts; it has substituted one strong and just Government for numer: ous weak, cruel and ovunjust ones; it bas opened Courts of Justice which know uno distinction between races and creeds, between rich snd _ poocr, be- tween master and slave, it is rapiily adjusting ancient blood feuds between the tribes and put- ting a stop to the old custom of head-hunt- ting; it has broken down the berrier erected by the coast Malays to prevent the aborigines having access to the outer world, and is thus enabling trade and its accompavying civilisation to reach the in‘erior races; and it is attracting European and Chinese capital to the country and opening a msrket for British traders.” ‘ After obtaining a Charter H. M. Government in 1881, the Direotors took possession of ap uncultivated country, inhabited by bartarous tribes, similar, in fact, in every respect to British New Guinea, to which a reference bas already been made, and from which neither trade mor revenue of any magnitude could be expected, except as the result of akilful Opening up and deyelopment, extending over a great number of years, A British Colony has since been successfully founded on the basis of the Charter, which bas been further strengthened by the establishment of a British Protectorate creating “ The State of North Borneo.” Outside capital amcunting to over a Million sterling has been attracted to the country. the annual revenue has been raised from $51,000 in 1888, to $357,000 in 1892, acd the volume of trade has increased in the same period from $590,000 to over $3,000,000, To have carried out this work, de, | frayed the cost of administration end paid two email dividends (laying meantime the foundations of new industries and enterprises, capable of enormous ex- ten'ion in the near fature and likely to add largely to the revenuce of the Company) must generally be sdmitted to be a considerable and promising result from small beginnings, achieved under many dis- couraging circumstences. ——_ ae —— — INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 13th July 1893. No. 79 of 1893.—Alfred George Woodward Reid, Executive Engineer, Pubjab Irrigation, Ludhiana, for raising and holding at every required height the gates used for regulating the admission of water into the minor distribution channels on irrigatien canals. (Filed 20th June 1893.) No. 133 of 1¢88.—Messrs. O. Bowen, A. 8. Tomkins and J. Cobeldick’s invention for an improvement in the manufacture of charcoal. (Specification filed 11th April 1889.)—Jndian Engineer. ———_>-_—-_——— HIGH PRICE FOR TEA IN CALCUTTA. At the tea sales iu Calcutta on ihe 27tu inetavt, some OL the prices résdeed vere remarkably high. Tue provuce of the Balasun Lea C.mpavy Vaijceliug, Bold at particularily nigh rater, Lhuty-lour cherts v1 Orange #’ckoe Were noid at R1-1U; wwenty chess of Pekoe at Kl-3; filleeu cucets «t Pesow ovuch.ug at Aolz-9; ani twenty Chests of Brokeu Oronge Pekow at 41-12-6 por ib. ine Ling Licg Lew Oo. Varjeciing has aisuv doue rewarkatly weil. Among 116 coses were twenry-one chests of Bicken Orauge Pekoe whieb cold at K1-Y; thirty chcsts ol Usenge Pchoe at R16; thirty-five chisis of Pekve at 1-0-6 per ib. Lhe aver- age o: Balusun was K1-5-3, und of Ting Ling Av1-3-4, Lost year tee beet averoges from tiese twu warueus were K1-9-2 and Kl-d-11, mspecuvely. The best invoices are jae this year anu ere etul to come.— Madras Mawl, July 31. —_— SELECTED ENGLISH PATENTS. No. 20,964.—Trs.—J. Y. Johnson, 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Middiesex.—(W. Jackson; Uolvmbo, Ueylon). Rolling Macnines.—Consists 1m means tor preventing a rise of temperature Guring tue rolling. Aur is in- troduced invo, or drawn Irom, Lhe space iu wich ile rolling takes piace by MEANS Ol 41an, alr pump, eLc. in the arrangement suown a tan driven trom the shalt which actuutes the rolung surlaces is connected with periorated vubes extenaing along Lue sides of Lhe casing and communicating with che roliiug chamber. No. 2u,965.— Lea.— J. Y. Johnson, 47, Lincoin’s ina bieids, Midaaiesex.—_( W. Jackson; Colombo, Ceylon. —Kolung Machines.—Order to tacilitate tbe circula- . tion ol tue Charge ot tea leat, the under suriace of the upper plate, elc.. 1s formed with a dome-suaped on cunvex projection.—ndian Lnguneer, —___—__@—__—___ BARK AND DRUG REFOhT (From the Chemist and Druggist.) Louden, July 6. CoCOA-BUITER.—At the auction on Tuesday 2uu 2-cwt. cases of Cu-bury’s cocoa-butter sold at am advance of about 1 9-isthsd. per lb. on the preceaimg sales—yiz., at irom is 3d 10 is 34d per Ib. GaMBIER.—Block gambier remains inquired for. ——- - THE AUERBACH QUININE-FACTORY. A rumour obtained currency on Change this week, and spread with great rapidity smong the holders ot quinine, that the Auerbach Qoainine-factory was in liquidation and would give up manufacturing. This report is entirely insccurate. All that bas happened is that the factury in question is being re-conve:tcd company iuto a private concerr, a change hic': w.il enable the proprietors to dispen_ ——_- Tue Reruse Sticks of the sugar eane can be utilised in making paper, and a contemporary expressed natural astonishment that in face of the present large production of sugar, which results in tbe constant depreciation in value of this product and per contra of the increasing use of paper, this industry has not been developed on a practical basis, so as to enable the sugar planters to get s better return from their plantations. The mechanical and chemical manipulation required in this industiy is, we believe, of the simplest character, which only makes its neglect the more remarkable.— Invention, Sept, 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTOURIST, 193 a THE CHINA TEA TRADE AND ITS PROSPECTS. Although we do not hear much from the China ports on the subject—probably because it is too late to do much this season; yet, we must. not suppose that Ohina tea-dealers are not aware of the advantage they have with a cheap dollar. Here are two views of the Foochow Tea Trade from our latest files which show how the wind blows :— THE FOOCHOW TEA TRADE. To the Editor of the Daily Press. Sir,—I perused with some interest the reproduction in your paper dated 21st inst. of a letter to the /0o0- chow Echo on this subject from a correspondent. As if in reply, London, dated 16th June advises :— “We hear that shipments from the Ncrth and Foo- chow to date are too large for our requirements; what we are to do with them we do not know; they will have to be dealt with in a most retail manner, or @ ruinous scale of prices will be the result.” As I take the trade to be in the United Kingdom, Ceylon and Indian teas are the basis they work upon and China congous, with the exception of really fine quality, are mostly used by blenders as a stopgap, the demand and price for which varies in propertion to the export from India and Ceylon being in excess or ‘diminution of trade requirements. : : This being so and the fashion having set in for Ceylon and Indian teas, I do not, unless the quality shows most phenomenal improyement on provious crops of former seasons, look to 4 quantity of Foo- chow teas, such as could be bought from 11s74d to 15 per picul, reversing the now established order of things at home. On the other hand, if in excess aud not required they may only serve to depress Ohina tea still further and the trade all round. It would ap- pear that if Foochow wishes to advertize her trade into some of its former position on the London market it would best be done by the exceptional quality and strength of her teas, together with a restricted ex- port, and not by quantity even though at a low price, It must be remembered that the same cause wich brought about a demand for Ohina congou for price at the close of last season raised Indian and Osylon rates most materially for lower grades. It was not & revival of feeling in favour of China tea by any means the want of tea from all producing centres was felt not Foochow in partioular.—Yours fet tally ONG Macao, 24th July 1893. A correspondent writes to the Foochow Echo as follows:— There is a feature in our tea trade this season which I look upon as distinctly cheering. It is this, that instead of the falling off of supplies which has been going on uninterruptedly year after year for nearly ten years past, we have now an increase. This I trust will be henceforward progressive. The dwindling away was a great misfortune. Had it continued, our trade would before long have been a thing of the past. The statistical year of the London Tea Brokers Association ended on the 31st May, and their interest- ing statement of imports, deliveries, and stocks for the year is nowbefore us all. We look aghast at the figures of the twelve months deliveries of China con- gou as compared with those of the previous year and of other earlier years in order, but what was to be expected? How could the London dealers buy and take delivery of what was not there for them to buy? They have taken all China could manage to send them, leaying but a mininum of stock, and itis only fair to suppose that more would have been taken had it been shipped for them to take. The more we retire. from the London Market, the more we may retire. We have been simply bowing Indian and Ceylon into a position we ought never to have sur- rendered,;and probably never would have surrendered but for the high cost price which had grown up in our timo of prosperity, and, so to speak, be- 26 came normal obliging us to be cautious and limit our shipment. We are, however, I think, on the eve of a change—indeed it commenced, I consider, last year when the teamen ‘“‘went for” the growers to cheapen the first cost, in which they succeeded, and they, as well as foreigners, made money. The growers certainly lost, but they are contented again this svason, the teamen haying agreed to pay them about ten per cent advanceon last sea- son’s prices which they could well afford to do and yet make money, as, indeed, they have done, while ag fay as foreigners are concerued they have still been ableto lay down their teas at the same reasonable prices, exchangs having favoured them to the extent of tbe higher tael cost, At these prices, the shipments that have gone forward may be considered “ fair merchants’ risks,”’ that is to say, there is every promise of a profit and at worst vo room for more than a mivimum of loss. Ina word, we have, last year and this, got prices down to alevel at which we may send tea freely forward to London to meet its fair share of the large consumption in the United Kingdom without being carefulto heed our rivals. Whatever general trouble the adoption of a gold currency and the fixed value of the rupee in India may bring about, our tea trade will not suffer. On the contrary, it will be to our advantage, just as it will be against. India ani Oeylon, on the other hand, in the matter of laying down theiz teas, through their being handicapped in exchange. Altogether 1 look upon the prospects of the Foochow tea trade asimproviug, but we must keep our teas well advertised by seuding plenty of them—not too much at a time, which would depress prices—but spread over the seison as much ag possible; and, certainly. on no account allow the business to dwindle away as it has done for 89 many yearsup to the present tire, if it can possibly be helped. The point of my argument applies equally to the Australian markets. The export to that quarter of the world dropped from 21 millions in 1889 to 15 millions in 1890, thereby leaving a direct opening for the produce of India and Ceylon. Although not apropos of my subject, I can never touch upon the subject of tea without referring to the cruel heaviness of the China export duties. More than half of the Congou settled, so far, this season, hag cost from Tls. 74 to Tls. 15 per picul, the duty on which is 20 to 30 per cent. With only a partial reduction our trade would, Ido not hesitate to say, double in extent in two or three years. wee ee ST. HELIERS TEA COMPANY,, LTD. M nutes of First General Meeting held at the Office of the Comp2iny, No. 11, Queen Street, Colombo, at 12 noon on Tuesday, 8th August, 1892. ; Present :—W.H.Figg, Esq.,(in the Chair); E. M; | Shattock, Heq.; W. B. Kingsbury, Esq.; Stanley Bois, Esq. Notice convening the meeting being read, and there having been no previous general meeting; it wes proposed by Mr. W, B. Kinaspury, seconded by Mr, W. H. Fiaa: ‘ That the Report and accounts be pasaed and that a dividend of 17 per cent for the past year be paid forthwith.” Mr. HK. M, Suarrock drew attention to the falling- off in the make of recent breaks of tea, and - suggested that the attention of the Superintendent and of Mr, W, 8S. Thomas be drawn to the matter with a view to maintaining a higher standard. The Secretaries then read Mr, W. S. Thomas’ report on his visit of llth July, Proposed by Mr, KH. M. Suarroox seconded by Mr. W. B. Kinaspury:—That all the Directors be re-elected, Proposed by Mr, W. H. Fiaa seconded by Mr. W. B, Kinaspury:;—That Mr. E. M. Shattook be appointed Auditor on a fee of Rupees fifty, Vie 194 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Serr. 1, 1893. an ee EE The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the Chair. The following was the report of the Directors : — The Directors herewith have the pleasure to submit their first Report, which they trust will be considered satisfactory by the Shareholders, shewing as it does a profit of nearly 26 per cent 0. the year’s working. he crop, which was estimated to be 100,000 |b. of made tea to 30th June, only reached 89,505 Ib.; but this short fall was fully compensated for by the higher average price realized—namely 48 cents. The Directors recommend dealing with the profit as follows, viz.:—To write off the total preliminary expenses incurred in the formation of the Company, amounting to R3,449'66; to set aside the sum of R855°27, being 4 per cent on the fall insured value of Factory and Machinery, in respect of depreciation thereon; to divide a profit at the rate of 17 per cent for the year ; and to carry forward the small remain- ing balance of R62°91. n terms of the Articles of Association, all the Directors retire, but are eligible for re-election. It will also be necessary to appoint an Auditor. eo CEYLON TEA IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA, Messrs. Drummond of Adelaide are now firmly established in Adelaide and they should be en- couraged in every way. They have had great up- hill work, but now their business is progressing well. A joke appeared lately in the Adelaide paper *¢ Quiz.” Major-General Downes the Commandant of the South Australian troops complained to the Manager of the Refreshment Rooms of a large railway station in South Australia as regards the wretched quality of the tea:—‘‘ Why don’t you get your teafrom Drummond Bros. They sell Ceylon tea and it is good.” ‘' Ah” the Mausger r plied ‘*We are not all Major-General’s !'’—Miss Drum- mond a sister of Mesers. Drummond his arrived by the ‘‘ Hohenzollern” and has had the pleasure of meeting her brother here who has completely recovered from his late illness. THE CINCHONA DEPARTMENT. According to the report of the D‘rec'or of the Cinchona Department, the abscrce cf eunehine and drought which prevailed on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau from October till the end of February last, rendered the season unfavourable for cinchona cultivation in all the estates except Dodabetta. The crop harvest during the year was, therefore, less than the quantity dispos.d of. Of tke birk disposed of, a large quantity was utilised for the manufacture of sulphate of quirine and solid febrifuge. Orown bark was principally u-cd in the manufacture of quinine. A large quantity of eul- phate of quinine and febrifuge was manufaciured pt the Nedivattam factory and supplied to the medical stores departments of Madras and Bombay, to the Mysore Durbar and to private parties. The annual outturn of the factory is consid: rub!y in excess of the requirements of the Government Medical Department and there will always be a svfficient quantity of the drugs in etock to meet all demands There was & very material increase in the number of indents received from the several Collectors of quinine packets. The receipts during the year under review excluding the cost of quinine packets supplied to collectors for distribution was less than the budget and revised estimates. The decrease was due to a reduction in the price of quinine ard to the Ceylon Government having discontinued the purchase cf quinine from the Nedivattam factory. ‘The exper - diture cf the department during :the year wa: a'so less than the budget and revised estimates.. The reduction in the expenditure is the result of an. attempt on the part of the Director to equalize the actual revenue and expenditure,—M. Standard. ' quantities have been sold at Amsterdam. ~Experienee’ © - | | ! | | | WENTWORTH INDIAN ESTATES CO. GOLD, TEA AND LIBERIAN COFFEE. The thirteenth ordinary general meeting of the Bhirebolders of the Wentworth Gold Mining and Indian Estates Company, Limited, wes held on Thursday week, st the offices, 34, Nicholas Lane, E.C., Mr, Robert Ewing (the chairman) preriding. The Secretary having read the notice convening the meeting. The Chairman ssid: Gentlemen, during the year we have been pursuing the seme policy as we have done for several years past; but now you will see from the accounts that we sre coming to the end of our cash resources, This bas arisen, to a msterial extent, owing to our not being able, from various reasons, to get in the whole of our last call. We bave, however, the last two years’ harvests of cinchona bark on hand, which will, we expect, with the growing coffee crop, produce enficient to carry us over the current year. We haye done our best to keep the estates in proper order, and bave, more- over, only taken such harvests of bark as were neres- sary tothe well-being of the plantations. By taking » fair crop each year the estate wovld be self-supporting, unless prices fall below their prerent level. Weare making extensions of teaand Liberian coffee, which we thiok, when they come into bearing, will add considerably to the returns from the estates. We cannot see our way to making any reduction on the debit side of the account, and it is possible the cost may be slightly larger next year, owing to the recent rise in exchange, caused by the legislative enactment. Asregards the share capital, after exhausting all porsible means of getting the arrears of calls psid up, and not having succeeded, we put the matter into the hands of our solicitors, and at the emall cost shown in the account they succeeded in getting in a considerable amount, The shares in respect of the remainder of the ca'le. with the exception of afmasll amount, we have declared forfeited, owing to bankruptcy, death, or insbility to trace the ebare- holders. At the eame time we have, nnder the articles of association, a claim upon these people in respect of those calls should the opportuni'y of enforcing it arrive, and this will explain the crots entry in the balance-sheet of debtors for calls on forfeited shares. Since the accounts were made up a further sum of £10 has been got in for arrears, and we think that the small sum of £145 will be ultimately recoverable. In the extract we have given you from the manager's report you will observe that the Liberian coffee seems to suit our estates remarkably well, and « great feature in its favour seems to be that this species is not subject to the ravages of leaf disease, Ourmanagersalso inform us that be is now planting out 60 acres of this coffee, which, I understand, comes to maturity quicker then the Arabica, therefore we may expect some returns from this source ins year. We are going on as actively as possible with the cultivation of tea, as you will see from the report. As regards the future of the company. we think that the policy that should be adopted is to take sufficient bark to pay the outgoings each year, and when the coffee and tea extensions come into bearing. it will be for the company to consider whether some plan of reconstrustion shonld not be adopted to reduce the large amount at which the capital stands, and provide some further working capi- tal. With regard to the position of the produce market, I will ask Mr. Labouchere to address you. I now beg to move: “ That the directors’ report and statement of accounts be, and they are hereby, received and adopted.” Mr. James Labouchere said:—The market for bark has not been satisfactory for the last two or three years. I can state no reason why the market hes not improved; certainly the supplies of bark have not been larger than in previous years. There have, how- ever, been certain changes of distribution. Oeylon, for instance, is reducing its production of bark, and ro doubt, next year there will be ® decrease, inas—~ nuch as lees bark is being imported from Central America and Java. The Java bark isvevy rich, andlsrger SEPT. 1, 1893. | has taught us that there generally has been a fair com- petion for the bark, and the prices are fairly main- tained ; but recently, at the sales at Amsterdam, the competition has fallen off, and, consequently, importers have not sent the same quantity. The Javaimportera are passing through the same crisis as we have had to pass through in Ceylon and India, and, consequently, only good estates will survive, and the bad ones will haye to go to the wall. That process has been going on for a year; but the curious part of it is that, although the supply of bark is not larger than last year, the prices of bark have fallen off. For three years prior to Jast year the prices were ld. p°r unit, 14d. per unit, and 1}. per unit; but since .hen the price has fallen to gd. and #d., which is a reduction of 25 percent. With euch a faiting-off it is hardly worth while to sell. A rise, however, to 144. or 13d. in the next thiee or six months may tring about a littie more demand. Owing to the failin the price of the bark we have not made a regular harvest, but bave thought it better to wait until the market improves. ‘he recent price of -quinime has been 10d. and 9d: per ounce; but in 1892 ic was 84d. and 83d. The German maaufac,urers have combined nov to sell any quinine under 10d., and I am glad to say that they are holding to their compact, I think that you bave no reasonto be alatmed about the price of quinine, aud, although the price of bark is getting lower and lower, it will work its own cure. As regards the prceduction of our coffee Lam glad to say that it sells at a very high price. Last year, unfortunately, we hed no crop, but this year we expect three or four tons, for which we hope to receive £300 or £400. As to the tea, as soon as we areable to bring it torward we can dispose of ‘it in Mincing Lane, if it is made without machinery, at 7d. or 6d. a 1b,; but if it is a better class of tea whioh we szll be able to produce later on, we ought to be ableto be get from 9d. to 1s. a 1b., according to the market. ‘l'be prices of tea have veen fairly good lately, but we should possibly be able to pro- duce tea aud sell it at a profit even a‘ lower prices, We havein this campany, therefore, three strings to our bow —our bark, cotfe’, and tea—which are coming to the front. I beg to second tte resolution. Mr. E, Jones asked the amourtof the assets and liabilities of the company, A number of other questions having been asked. The Chairman, in reply, stated that Mr, Jones would see fiom the balance-sheet that the cash isbili- ties amourted to £1,141, and egiinst that they had produced £2,820, £602 in cash wud suadry debtors for £26. Sixty acres of coffee were b.ing plauted out. Tue report from the mavager was dated March 29 Just. As regarded the appointment of anew a sistant- manager, the bcard were at present in negoviation with a yourg man to proceed to the cststes. ‘he board would .e very pleased to consider auy sugges- tions that Mr. Eccles might make with regsru to planting otner articles of produce. As regarded oyer production of tea, to which ailusion bad been made, statistics proved that the deliveries were larger than the imports. There was a good deal of room, therefore, for extensions; but he did not thiuk they would be so large ad to materially effect the supply. The motion was then put, and carried unanimously, —H, and C, Mail. July 21st. i ur-—-— = THE HORTICULTURAL COLLEGE, SWANBY, This College was founded about four years ago, with the object of promoting scientific horticulture, as well as poultry rearing and agriculture. Sach an establishment was a long felt want, and the means of scquiring a practical knowledge of the best system of horticulture was out of the reach of those who wished to enter this field for the employment of labor or capital; but, at uhe Swanby College, young men—and young ladies also, for there are eight lady students there at the present time—are given every facility to acquire a thorough and practical know- ledge of the most scientific systems of horticultuie, fhus fitting them to fill posts either as market gard- ¥ . ‘ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. at 195 ners or land owners, either as tea planters or fruit growing colonists. The Collegeis situated 15 miles from London, near Swanby Junction on the London, Chatham and Dover railway, and its grounds, including orchards, glass houses &c. are 43 acres in extent. It was formerly the residence of Sir Edward Reed, designer for the navy, and inventor of that shocking failure, the ‘‘Bessimer,” the swinging saloon of which is now utilized as the lecture room of the college. There is accommodation for 50 students; and the buildings include also a lecture hall, class rooms, dining hall, laboratory and library, in addi- tion to the private residence of the Principal. There are also farm. buildings, stables, workshop, dairy, apiary and poultry runs, with glass houses and horti- cultural accessories adjoiuing. Tike many other schemes this one had an uphill climb to commence with, and many difficulties had to be encountered before it could be said that the college was ina fair way to success. The Kent County Council, however, has proved of the greatest assistance to the college, by nomi- nativg and paying for twenty students, these being first selected and subjected to an examination. Three members of the Kent County Council are om the governing body of the college, to watch over the interests of their students, but they do not interfere in the least with financial matters. The number of students haye increased, during the past few months, from 35 to 50—the full complement, —anda scheme is even now under consideration ta enlarge the college by taking a house adjacent, and thus have accomodation for more students. Inaddi- tion to these there are 8 young lady students, wha live in a ‘house close by, with Mrs. Watson aa matron, and these attend the lecturesand practical demonstrations in pruning, poultry raising &c. It has been argued by many that the study of Hortia culture is not a suitable one for young ladies, but it may not be generally known that there are, at the present day, 8 lady gardeners.in England, 3im Treland, 2 in Wales and 1 in Scotland, and these are all in the first rank of their professiin. There are many ways for ladies to turn the knowledge of gardening to account besides growing for the whole- sale market or retailing to private individuals. They might take situations as gardeners, ex eyen manage their own gardens and thus saye the expense of a gardener. ‘here are many women to whem alt active out-of-door-l:fe is preferable to a lfe of confinement, such as school teaching or dress-makingy and these, if they decide on adapting the profession, of gardening, could not do better than place them- selyes under the care of Mrs. Watson at the College, for gardening must be systematically learned if a living is to be made from its pursuit. Experts daily lecture in the College on many subjects, such as Horticulture, Floriculture, Botany, Zoology, Physics, Chemistry, Agriculture and Land Surveying, besides which practical demonstrationg are given in pruning, grafting, agriculture &c. and I may here remark that at Swanby College, I saw the gooseberry bushes pruned in the same way as Ceylon planters were wont to prune their coffee trees, a thing I have only seen once before im Great Britain, namely, in my own garden. And I may also here remark that the finest goose- berries and the heaviest crops I have seen on any gooseberry bushes in the Island were on the bushes in my own garden and at Swanby College, from which f conclude that the system of pruning coffee has been successful when applied to gooseberies. Durivg the fruit season a van laden with producg leaves the C.llege three times a week for Londoa, and o1 the other three days orders are fulfilled by train, the College fruit being well known in Covent Garieps. When a rush of crop takes place, and the means cf despatching the fruit is inadequate, the surplus is made into jam, the boiling beiug done by means of a small steam engine, aud the bottled fruit and jams which I not only saw but sample, needs no recommendation at my hands, as they speak for themse.ves, . 196 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Sept. 1, 1893. The rearing Of poultry is done principally by means of an incubator, and this is worked more skilfally and with less trouble than any incubator that 1 have seen. The fowls sre not of any special breed being prized more for their generous _ production of eggs than for the length of their pedigrees. The glaes houses appear to be workedin a manner _which is likely to leave a profit, for no sooner is a _crop of geraniums or peaches finished than the pots in which the plants are growing sre put out- tide, and young tomato or melon plants are substituied end thee again give place to something elee, so ‘thit the heating apparatus is always usefully em- loyed in forcing something or other on the market. he grape vines are very fine and the crop when I saw it hung in huge bunches from the roof of the vinery ; whilst some idea may be gathered of the profusion of roses when I say that, from one glass house alone, upwards of 10,000 gloire-de-dijon rose blooms were cold in the London market this pring. The Principal, Mr. Eliot, took over charge from .Mr. Boud some eight months ago, before which time -he was engaged on the Manchester Ship Canal as Resident Engineer, he having the chief section under ‘his care,namely the lock-gates at Hastham and that portion of the embankment which has to withstand the severest strain of the tidal waters. Previous to that he was engaged in harbour works in all parts of the world, and the breakwater at East London, ‘Cape Oolony, I have heard spoken cf as a far superior feat. of engineering to the Colombo one, because in Hast London there never is euch a thing as a spell of, calm weather, such as you have in ‘Ceylon during the N.-E, monsoon, Mr. Eliot appearsto ‘be as contented and enthusiastic with his lifeat the ‘College as ever ho could have been 88 sn engineer, and his knowledge of surveying, building construc- tion; &c. must be of material assistance to the Btudents, I left the Oollege with the conviction in my own ‘mind tha‘, for yousg men who intend going abroad ‘either as planters to--Oeylon or India, or as fruit- growers in Aus‘jalia, no better training couli be ‘given to them than whot they could obtain by residence at Swanby College, and as it is only hslf-an-hour’s rup from London, parentr, whose sons are preparing ‘to go to the Hast, .might do worse than take a run down to see the College and judge for themselves ‘of the good that a year’s training there might do ‘their sons before going abrcad. COSMOPOLITE. a THE CEYLON TEA FUND. Minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the Standing Committee of the ‘‘ Ceylon Tea Fu'd" held at Kandy on Thursdey the 10th day of August 1893 at 3 o’clock (8 p.m.) in the afternoon, ’ Present :—Messrs. Giles, F. Walker, Chairman ‘Planters’ Association of Ceylon; J. Anderson, Kendy and Matale Weat; Oharles Gibbon, Hon. Secretary Northern Dictricts Planters’ Associetion ; W. Meggin- sen, Chairman Ambegamuwa Associstion; James “Westland, Chairman Northern Jistricts Planters’ Association, C. Spearman Armstrong, Hewaheta ; T. C. Owen, Kandy ; Charles Yourg, Kandy; J. H. Starey, Kandy ; R. S. Duff Tytler, Kandy ; A. W. S. Sackville, Maskeliya ; Hugh Blacklaw, Amvtegamuwa ; Thomas Smith, Chairman Dolcsbage and Yakdessa Planters’ Association; H. M. Toller, Chairman Maske- liya Association; W. S. Thomas, Dimbula; 8. EH T.nch, Hon. Secretary, Maskeliya Association ; F.G, A. Lane, Kandy; A, Philip, Secretary to the Plunters’ Atsociation of Ceylon Kandy. The notice calling the meeting was reed. “Tha minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the ecmmitte held at Kandy on Friday the 9th June 1893 were sul mitted for confirmation. - Resolved that they be and they hereby are confirmed, Read letters from Mr. T, ©, Andereon on the subject @ @attain Exhibits at the Chicago Hehibition, and forwarding a photograph of the sale of Gertmore Estate golden tips at £25 10s per Ib. Resolved :—* That the letters be acknowledged and thanks conveyed for the photogreph.” Read letter from the Yatederia Tea Company of Oeylon Limited. Read letter from the Manager Syndicate Bost Oompany Limited. Resolved (1):—* That a copy of the letter be rent to the Chairman of the Oeylon Tea Company Limited for bis information with a reqnest that be wil! arrange with the Manager of the Syndicate Boat Company for carrying out the proposed alteration.” Resolved (II):—* That a copy of this Resolution be forwarded to the Syndicate Boat Company Limited.” Cryton TEA ar THE IMPERIAL InsTITUTE. Read letters from the Secretary Oeylop Association in London on the subject of the agreement with the Contractors aud /advising draft K1,441°06 on account. Read letters from the National Bank of India Limited acknowledging payment of acceptance. Read letters from Mr. F. R. Saunders and Mesers. Gow Wilson & Stanton notifying the transmission of a diagram showing the hietory of the Ceylon Tea Industry similar to one placed in the Ceylon Court at tbe Imperial Institute, Resolved (I):—‘ That the letters and enclosures be sent to the Newspapers for publication.” Resolved (II):—“'Tbhat Mr. Seunders and Messre. Gow Wilson & Stanton be thauked for their courtesy in forwarding Diagram of Ceylon Tea as exbibited at Chicago.” Ozyron Dusr TBas. Read letter from the Secretary London Wholesale Tea Dealera’ Association received through the Secre- tary Ceylon Association in LoniJon inviting attention to the class of chests used for dust teas, and asking that the matter may be considered with the view to having a more suitable package adopted. Resolved :—* That it be sta'ed in reply that in the opinion of this Committe it is adviesble to pack dnet teas in half chests properly hooped.” CEYLON TEA AT THE WORLD'S EXPOSITION AT CHICAGO 1898—CHICAGG EXHIBITION FUND. Read letters from the Colonial Secretary, Read letter from the Special Commissioner for Ceylon at the World's Columbian Exposition. Read letters from the Oeylon Agent of the Com: missioner, Laid on the table Officiel Guide World’s Columbian Exposition received by the courtesy of the Special Ceylon Oommissioner. Resolved (1) :—‘‘ That Gover: ment be thanked for the letters received and informed that the question alluded toin the QOolonisl Secretary’s letter ot the lst Angust is having attention. Resolved (II) :—‘* That Mr. Grinlinton be asked to state with reference to prragraph 7in Lis letter of the 26th June to the Colonial Secretary what steps he would advise being taken in Ceylon to assist in carrying out bis views, and to add to what exent he would be willing to initiate arrangements persoval'y and further to sfford the Com- mittee any information in bis power that may bear on the question. Resolved (III) :—‘‘ That a meeting of the sub- rcribers to the Chicago Exhibition Fund be convened at the date and place of the next Planters’ Asaccia- ticn Committee meeting to decide on the further disposal of the money. Resolved (IV) :—‘“‘ That the memo: submitted by the Secretary be annexed to this minute. CEYLON PLANTERS’ TEA COMPANY OF NEW YORE. Read Ictter from Mr. R. Wade Jenkins. Read letters from the Ceylon Planters’ Tea Com. pany of New York. Rad correspondence between Mr. C, O. Mackwood and the Chairman. CEYLON TEA IN PORTLAND, OREGON AFRICA. Read letters from Meserg, A.B, Scott & Co, WEST COAET OF SEPT. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Resolved :—“ That the Committee ig not in a position to avail itself of the proposals male on the subject during tho present year, CEYLON TEA IN RU3€IA. Resd letter from Mr. M. Rogivue. CEYLON TEA IN BAVARIA. Reid letter from Mr. Wickremasinghe. CEYLON TEA IN AUsTRALIA. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, TASMANIA. Discussed the repr sentation of Oeylon Tea at the Te+manian Exbibition. Resolved :—“ That consideration of the quesrticn be deferred to next mecting. Laid on the table and circulated at the request of Mr. John Terguson is article in the Ceylon Observer on tke subject of Ceylon Tea Oonsumption in Australia. Read letter from Mr. Alexander Thom on the ealject of pushing Ceylon tea in the North Island of New Zealand ecwprisiug beside the Auckland VPro- vince, the Cistricts of Wellington, Hsulses Bay, &c. Resolved:—‘‘ That Mr. Thm be asked to supply the Committes with further information before uext meeting of the Committee.” CEYLON TEA FUND STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT AS AT 30TH JUNE 1893. Laid on the table statement of account as at 30th June 1893. Re-olved:—‘' That it be published, The Standing Con mittee of the Tea Fund then adjourned.”’ A. PHILIP, Secretery tothe Piatters’ Association of C-ylou. WoRLD’s F'atR AND QOOLUMBIAN ExposITION AT CuHIcAGo 1893. Memo showing payments Chieigo Exbibition Faud:— into tbe Government Vote from Goverument 1592 «. R20,000 Treasurer (cyl n Ohamber of Commerce R15,000 ‘Oevlon Tea Fund ... rh cc . RK 5,000 Difference betwo-n the 3rd and 4th class rates on freight recovered on tea be- tween October and December 1892 R32,288°19 Du y ell ected on tea from lst January to 30:h Jane 1893 ... ae os we R42,408°55 THE CEyYLonN TkEA FunD IN AccouNT witH A. FHILIP AT 30TH JUNE 1893, R. c. To Paid on account Auditor ae aes 0 00 Do éo Ceylon Tea in Russia* .., 5,846 34 Do do Ceylon Tea in Germany} .. 1,749 87 Do do Ceylon Tea in Americet account grant of Tea to the Oeylon Planters’ Tea Co, New York 50 -.» 3,876 16 Do do Ceylon Tea at the Imperial Institute 50 ... 886 43 Do do Charges account... #2 500! -50 Do do Ceylon Green Teas oes LOSE a9: Do do Times of Oeylon Press .. 50 00 Do do Stationary, Printicg, Posta- ges and petties -. 3862 13 Do do W. Herbert Jones, Royal ' Geographical Society of Aus- tralia 56 ae 87 50 Do do Melbourne Exhibition 19 6 Do do Book of Proceedings -. 9843 50 Do Balance in New Oriental Bank Cor- poration Limited in Liquide- tion Tea Fund Acccunt .,.. 7,364 49 Do do Bank of MadrasTea Fund a/c at 30th June 1893 -- 6,460 81 R27,641 25 Nore.—*Oeylon Tea in Russia, Ceylon Tea in Germany, Ceylon Tea in America, 197 R.. e. Amount 2s per previous statements...1,0340 38 Do as per statement as at 30th Jane 1893 wee 5,846 34 J 16,186 72 Amount as per previous statements as at 30th June 1892 1,094 46 Do a3 per previous statements azat 3let Dec. 1893 see 7 L88i010 Do as per above statement as at 30 hJute 1893.. 1,749 87 R6,032 43 Amouut as per statement as at 3lst 54 Dec. 1888 sie of U8 AL Do as per statements as at 3lst Dec. 1892 «ai 23360 7.87 Do as per statements as at 30th June 1893 x0 +» 3,876 16 R8,113 57 By Balancein New Oriental Bank Oorpora- tion at 3lst Dec. 1892 as per previous sta.ement ast ce git 9720517 GL Do Balance in Bank of Madras at 81st Dec. 1892s previous statement -» 8,779 &9 Do Ceylon Tea Kiosk Rent recovered aver 316.3.67 Do do Green Tea Sats of ramples issued 30 00 Do Chicago Exhibition as aunder.. +. 3,091 U6 First dividesds from New O, B. C as urder repaid into Ceylon Tea Fund ac- ccunt in terms of Resolution of the Standing Committee of the Tea Fund at a meeting be!d at Kandy cn the 14th day cf O-t. 1892, Fixed Deposit Receipt No. 8/40 F. D. No. 1,144 for R. R7,869 87 RI,578 97 D> do Receipt No, 8/55 F. D. No. 1,145 for Ri7564 11 R1,512 82 Do do Receipts No.8/56 F, D. No. 1,147 for R2,521 37 544 27 R3,591 0 By Subec-ipticns received during the six months ending 30:hJune 1893 -. 5,631 89 >, Interest from Bank cf Madras on current account a0 abc ese 86 13 R27,641 25 E. & O. E. Kandy, 30th June 1893. Audited and found correct 22nc July 1893, (Signed) J Munton. A. Puitip, Honorary Trearurer. <> NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. OckaN FrReEiGHts.—At the annual general mecting of the India Tea Districts Association, a full report of which appeirs ia ano-herc column, wu moss impor- tant discussion took place regarding the attituue of the tea industry towards the ocean steamship cum< panies, Our readers are aware that while uadoubtedly tbere exists some divergence of views among the more powerful members of the lea Association, there 1S @ general feejing that tLe time has now arrived for tue important iea industry to shake itsclf free altogether from the engagements with the steamsbip owners eltherto eXistiuy, of au onerous and onesided nature. This view has been sfh.med aud re-attirmed at vailous meetinys of tea propiictors, both in Calcutta and in London. The chairmen of the meeting atove alladed to very properly characterised the atcitade of the shipowners as onv which appeared to ignore the most ordinary Lusiness principles, aud he also in~ dicated very rigntly thac the tea iudustry was bouud, On ordinary principles of seli-uelerce ts organise to protect its own interests, It was accordiugly a cided to make & strong endeavour to obt 198 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1893. from sbippers, representing not less than a certain proportion of the whole industry, to sgree to stand unconditionally together in opposition to any ouesided or disadvantageous arrangement of the stesmship companies, which might have for its object directly or indirectly to stifle free competition. It is sin- orely to be hoped that this euggestion will wot ouly command a wide support, bat will result in p'acing the whole question on a better basis, an} | that the Inlian tea industry will be enabled to hold its owu against ths increasing competition of Oeylon and Chica, both of which countries are at priseat very much mre favourably treated than India in regard to freight rates. THE INDIAN PLANTERS AND CO-oOPERATION.—At the meeting of the Indian Tea Association & mest im- portant proposal, which on more than one occasion of receni years bas been brought before that body,was made with a view to placing the assoc ation, so far as its financial resources are concerned On a more solid and satisfactory basis. It i3 euggested that, in co-operation with tle Culcutta Axsociation,; the revenues of the asgociation sbouli jn _ future be inoreased and placed cn a better footing by means of the assessment which is levied in Iudia— this being in:ressed a little, if necessary, and that in this way the two associations miy Lot only bs streng- thened financially, but may be brought into cloz:ec con- nection withone another. We have always advocated the strengthening of the industry by such co-operation aod self-help, and we would stroogly urge on our readers, so far as in thom lies, to give their support and assistance ty ony well-conccived scheme wuich may be placed before them with the above object in view. Fisre OvtivaTion 1N THE BaHAmAs.—Sir A. Shea’s report to the Colonial Office says that the area of Orown land already acquired for the cu:tivatiou of the fibre in the Bahamas ia atout 70,000 acres, of which nearly 12,000 acres are already under cultivation in various stuges of progrese, From the present agencics at work it can be Safely estimated that 5,000 acces per appum will cootioue t» be adied to the operations. Tuere need be no special ¢ ffort to dispose of the ta ance of the land now uvgranted, within the preseribei limit of 100,000 acres, as the increasing experiecce of the value of the fib-e enterprise will assure the sale of the ava lable Jand in good season Non» ot the investors would, if they could. withdraw from the ent rprise, aud there is no diminution of the confi lence with whichit was undertaken, The small shipments that weat forward ia the pst year satisfied every expectation on the score of the excellence of the fibre and its market value, and as shipments increase, and the artic'e te omes more extensively known, there is little doubt thatit will establish a stable postion in the fibre market. It 1s now generally conceded that it will enter considerably into the manu- facture of various fabrics, and that for some time to come but a small portion of the production willbe used for rope making. Indeed the prices that hava been hitherto paid indicate clearly that other uses have been foun | for the fibre, tor the rates have gone well above the quotations for Manile.x—A.and C. -Mail, August 4. —_—_@——_—_—<— THE GALLAHA CEYLON TEA COMPANY. We are now in a position to ba able to an- nounce at least one proposal towards the substi- tution of a new Limited Company on a big scale for private proprietors in Ceylon Tea Plantations. The Gallaha Coylon Company is to havea capital of £100,000 in £10 ehares with £30,000 in mort- gage Debentures bearing 6 per cent. The Company is to take over the group of properties belonging ‘to Messrs. Chas. Strachan & Co. in the Hantane, Nilambe and Hewaheta dist:icts, including the well- equipped Gallaha Tea Factory which we have heard desoribed by an impartial authority as one of the peat arranged and roomiest Factories he had seen in | 2,500 fully paid shares. the island. The Company also takes the Union Mills and Agency premises. Altogether, a total of 4,092 acres with 1 953 in tea and 66 in cardamoms are taken over on the following estates:—Gallaba, Kitulamule, Vedebettes. Mousakelle, New Madagama, Gourakella Group. Lss: year, the crop was over 500,000 lb.of ua and for the coming year it is expected to be as much as 630,000 Ib. besides the leaf purchased for manufacture. The vendor Mr. Chas. Strachan takes He and Meesrs. M. P. Evans ard C. Hannen are to be Directors, and the valuations of the propertics being made by Mr. W. D. Gibbon, the estimats is that the croge affer piying 6 per cent to debenture-hcliers will secure 10 percent to shareholders with a balance over, during, the coming year and do better pro- bably in the years following: In any case, there is not likely to be any general appcal to the public to take up many of the sbares; for we understand that about three- fourths of the numb r were almost at once sub- scribed for by friends of the promoters. —————_$—_—___——_____ CEYLON TEA AT IMPERIAL INSTITUTE. Kandy, 16:b Aug., 1893. 8:n,—I enclose copy of letters from the Secretary Ceyion Association ia London in reference to Ceylon Tea at the Imperial Institute and otber matters —I am, sir, yours faithfully A. PHILIP, Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. no (Copy) 4 Mincing Lane, London, 30th June 1893. E.C. A. Philip, Esq., Secretary, Planters’ Association, Kandy, Ceylon. Dear Sir,—1 have to thank you for your letter of 29th ultimo, confirming my action io regard to the agreement with Messis. J. Lyons & Uo. of the Imperial Institute. I am sending you by parcel post one of Messrs. J. Lyons & Co.’s advertisements. The Firm iscarrying out the terms of the agreement faithfully: and the Tea supplied seemsto be of uniform good quality in the cup. By next mail I shall have to draw on you for the £100 payable on 8th proximo under the agreement. Kindly bearin mind that on or before 31st proximo I have to give notice of continuing the agreement till June 1895. If you have not already sent ins:ruc- tions on this point when you receive thia letter, please wire to me what I am todo. Llenclose copy of a letter received from the London wholesale tea dealers’ Association as to the chests used for packing tea dust in Ceylon.—Iam, &c , (Signed) Wm. Martin Leake, Secretary. TEA CHESTS. London Wholesale Tea De:ler’s Association, 4, Fenchurch Street, E.C., 23rd June 1893, W. Martin Leake, E-q-,—Dear Sir,—Complainte have reacbed my Committes that the chests used for dust teas are nct made sufficiently secure to prevent leakage in transit; so much so, that in some cases the Railway Companies refuse to take the tea unless it is covered with a cauvas wrapping, the Consignees in many instances decline to pay the cost thereof, whbich therefore falls upon the wholesale dealer. My Oommittee would feel obliged by the Importers considering this matter with the view of their adcpting a more suitable package for this class of tea.—Il am &c,, Signed R. SEpewick, Hono. Secretery. 4, Mincing Lane, Lordon, E.C., 7th July, 1893. A. Pricip, Esq., Secretary, Ceylon Planters’ Asso- ciation, Kaudy. . Dear Sir,—I have the pleasure to enclo-e account shewing an my transactions with Messrs. J. Lyons & Ca, Ltd., owing to an erro: in the muking up the account (an error which is now corrected) the proc-é 1s of my Sept, 1, 1893. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Draft on you at 7 days sight for R1,441-06, fo which I ask your kind protection, leave a balance due to me of 5/ to be carried toa fresh account. I have today sent a cheque for £100 to Mesars. J. Lyons & Co. Limited, in terms of your agreement with them. If it be wished I can send full particulars of the tea purchased for Mes:rs. Lyous & Co. Ibave sent them this week a further supply of 1 chest and 2 half chests. All the tea sent has been of excellent quality and it has I hear met with general approval as served in the cup at the Imperial Institute. I have sold the above- mentioned Draft to the National Bank of India at 1-3 9-16th per rupee.—Iam &c. (Signed) Wm. Martin LEAKE, Secretary. ASSOCIATION IN ACCOUNT WITH Wm. Martin LEAKE. CrYLON May 2nd 1893. By cash received from Messrs, J. Lryors & Co... 25.15 3 June 7tb, Vo paid Messrs. Gow Wilsen & Co, 54 we 20 1.1052 June 20th, By cash re elvyed fr-m Me sr. J. Lyous & Co... AO ile Op 49 July 5th. To paid Messrs. Gow Wilson & C. 5 10 7 5 July 7th, Yo paid Messrs, J. Lyons & Co.... ee LUOee ONEO To Bills Stimis and Postage O 2 6 By proceeds of draft for Ri,441 06 at 1/3 9/18 100 931 VOLT By Balance. . 0 5 0 £131 0 1 1310! July 8th To Balitice £0 5 0 E, & O. E London, 7th July 1893, Signed Wm. Martin LEaxe. eae BARK AND DRUG REPORT, (From the Chemist and Druygist. ) London, July, 20th. ANNATTO.—Two casks bright and dryish paste were bought in at 431, and two tarrels seeds sold chee; ly without reserve (if Paying charges) at 4d; 7 bags clean reeds were bought in at 2d. : i ARRECA-NUTS.—Of 135 begs offered, only 25 sold—s at 195 and 20 at the same price subject; fxr 59 bags good clean a bd of 17s 61 was refused, the parcel being bought in at 21s. : : CARDAMOMS —Over 200 packages of various kinds were offered, incl ding a goodly num er of fine white Mysore. here was cumpuratively little demaud for thew, and ultimately only arout a half sold. The princip.l prices obtained were: Fair bold white Mysore 2s id to 2s ¢d (mainly subject); the finest lvts were boughtin at 2s to ds. Smal to medium Ceyion Mysore, pale inc lonr Js 6d to Is 8!; duiler ls 4d; some parcels of a bolder Gharacter 1s 8d and 2s 6d; spiits 1s 3d. A fair propor- tion of the Malabar met with dem-nd at 1s to 1s 4d for small. to medium, and Is 6d tv 1s 8d for bold, these being chiefly brown. a CROTON-SEED.—One case sold at 20s subject. old and poor-looking lot. It was an Lonpon, July 26th. CrncHONA.—Tuesday’s bark-auctions bore off the palm in respect of insignificance, the quantity of bark offered being berely one-f urth of that shown at an average sale, There werr nine catalogues; which included :— Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona 218 of which 133 were sold East Indian cinchona 404 on 404 A South American ‘ark 250 es 246 a 878 783 African or Java barks were uot offered ‘The assort- ment was rather poor, and very little intercst was shown in the auction, one or two firms +b-tuining from com- etition altogether. The unit remains unchanged, at rom 9-léthsd. to $a per !v. for ordinary and medium valities- : : q The approximate quantities secured by tke princ.pal yers were :— 199 Lb. Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 48,834 Agents for the Brunswick works ove see 25,589 Agents for the Paris factory ay oo 25,185 Agents for the Frankfort-o/Main and Stuttgart works eve ses 8,260 Agents for the American and Italian works soe 1,908 Messrs, Howard & Sons ane te 900 Sundry druggists ap soo 25,479 Total quantity sold aie ve = -:186,155 Bought in ‘or withdrawn ees OY) 30,910 Total quantity offered ws. 167,065 CEYLON CrincHONA.— Original—Red : Dull to good bright quilly stem and br neh chips 1d to 17d; dull root 14d; fair medium druggists’ quill 23d to 22d per lb.. Grey: Dull woody stem chips 14d; dull root 14d per lb. Yel- low: Fair bright quilly stem chips 34d to 4d per Ib. Renewed—Dull red stem and branch chips 1fd per lb. QUININE.—The makers’ quotations remain unchanged, as follows :—Howards, tins Is 1d to 1s 2d; vials 1g 2d to ls 3d; Whiffins, tins Js!; vials 1s 24; Brunswick, Mann- heim and Auerbach, tins 103d; Zimmer & Jobst, ting lld ; Fabrica Lomtarda ting 11d; vials Is 1d; Pelletier, vials 1s 53d. There has been rather more demand during the last week for second-hand quinine, and sales have been made of 3,000 oz German bulk at 9d, and 25,000 oz. ditto at 83d peroz.; there are still further sellers at the latter price. VANILLA.—The following figures referto the yield of the Bourbon crop during the last twenty-four years :— Year. Kilos. Year, Kilos. Year Kilos. 1869-70... .12,6.4 BS 70-71,... 7,462 771-72... .13,780 279-73.....11,814 73-74.... 9,84 "74-75... .20,€65 "7°-76. 2,882 "76-77... .26,8'8 RHEA (RAMIE) FIBRE, (Baehmeria Nivea.) IT have received a prospce'us of the Indian Hus- bai dry C: mpany, Limited, which has secured 200 acres of suituble lond about 90 minutes’ journey by rail from Calcutta and is in treaty for about 800 acres of land close to the above. The object of the Oompany is to grow and manufac- ture :hea, flex, juts hemp and otber products on ps commercial scale. “Rhea,” it is stated in the prospectus, indigenous ptren:ial plant propagated by roots, cuttings or suckers and yields in some _ places, five crops in a year. Its fibre is placed in a pre- emirent position by its inherent phy-ical properties: fineness, length, lustre, strength, lightness, durability and resistance to water, which favour its appli- cation to various textile fabrics. It is already being converted in Europe into imitation silk fabrics, mnie hee neckerchiefs, ladies’ scarves, aD ‘ig an umbrel'a parasol covers, waistcloth ete, etc. It stands a strong rival to the finest varieties of flix, and in canvas and sail cloth its superiority over flax isundoubted. 1t admits of advan- tagecus asmixture with wool us well as silk and tho ‘ noila’ orthe waste of the fibre, when cut into linyths of 2 inches und mixed with cotton in the willow machine, render the yaro stronger and shining.” Mr. J. Cameron, Superintendent, Botanical Gardens Bangalore, writes to me that he hns been sel'ing Rhea roots at a nominal charge of R25 per 1,000 and that he still has eev-ral thousand in stock and could easily inoreare the nursery etock enormously. In the ‘Kew Bulletin,’ Oct ber 1892, it is stated that * what little interest is at preeent being taken in extracting Ramie fibre from Boshmeria nivesa appears to be centred at Belfast.” According to ‘Indian Textile Industries," November 1892, ‘‘ the Bank of Frauce will have their new Issue of notes printed on paper made from it.”—/ndian Forester, 200 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1893. - THE SIROCCO WORKS. Sir,—As I was lately in Belfast, I availed my- self of the opportunity to see the Sirocco Works, and think a few lines on the subject may interest you, Those. who have watched the history of the Sirocco cannot fail to have been struck by the energy and striving after improvement which Mr. Davidson has shown. The evolution of the newest Downdraft from the old charcoal Sirocco is remarkable, and can, I think, only be the work of a man who inyents and improves because he cannot help doing so. Mr Dayidson received the most kindly and handed me over to his General Manager, Mr. Chambers. The Sirocco Works form two sjdes of a private street, the offices and the bulk of the workshops being on the right side at present, though new offices and workshops are in course of erection on the other side, to which a large part of the staff will be transferred before long. Some months previous to my visit I had asked a Belfest shipbuilder about the Sirocco works, and had received the answer “ When I want to show anyone a model workshop I send them there,”’ and*to an unprofessional man the praise seems well earned. As soon aS one enters the shops on_ the ground floor, where all the heavier work is done, one notices the characteristic which runs through the whole works, that is the ingenuity and thought which has been expended on labour-saving appliances. Almost every operation in the place is done by machinery, even down to stamping out the clamps for the corners of the packing cases. So far as I saw, the only work done by hand was a little riyet- ting in inaccessible places, fitting up the machines when made, and packing them for tzansport. I should like to give you a detailed account of the works; but it would take much too long to do so, suffice it to say, that I was shown the whole process of making Siroccos, from the rough sheets to the finished machine packed in cases. The principal improvement in the Downdraft this year are the extra ‘‘ Tray Ports,” by which a tray can be with- drawn and examined, and the leaf shaken up and re-spread when half fired, and the insertion above the trays of a perforated sheet to equalise the distribu- tion of the hot air. I was much interested in the sifter, which has just been brought out. It is on the cylindrical system, which from previous experience rather prejudiced me against it; but I am bound to admit that the tea sifted by this machine on Mr. Davidson’s own estate was not in the least grayed and was very evenly sized. The machine can be made to sift into five sorts, or by a little manipu- lation into any less number down to Broken Pekoe and Pekoe only, in which case it gives 56 per cent. B. P., 40 per cent. P.. and 4 per cent. Dust. The machine runs so lightly that it can, I believe, be worked by hand, though at present it is fitted for power. Another most ingenious invention, which should be a boon to planters, is the double-clinch fastener for sewing leather. Anyone who has wrestled with a blunt punch and a piece of thick cotton belting will appreciate a rivet which is merely placed on the surface of the belt and hammered through. They are being made from + inch up to 1; inch, and the former size will do admirably for mending a broken stirrup strap or anything else when the cobbler is not handy. I should strongly advise any Ceylon man at home to turn over to Belfast and see the Sirocco Works. He will see much to in- terest him, and will find it a pleasant trip either via Liverpool or Fleetwood. I was asked lately by a very large tea dealer why no oneships in metal chests now. Isaid planters had an idea that grocers did not like them, and was told in reply that grocers prefer metal to wooden chests, and, judging from the ‘state in which pack- ages leave the hands of the customs people, 1 can quite understand it.—Yours truly, W, Be Tocal Times,” INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION: TEA BLIGHT; FIXED RUPEE: FREIGHTS, &c. Abstract of p:oceedings of a Meeting of the Gcnera! Committee, held on Friday, the July 2let. The Chairman stated that he hed received a letter from the Hou’ble J. Buckingham, c.1.2., Cheirmen of the Assam Banch, stating thet the Brinch were inteuding to offer a prize of K500 for the best essay on the prevention of blight in tes. Read letter of the 16th June, from Editor, Ceylon Observer, Colombo, asking for figures of the actual crop of 1892 seni the estimate for 1893; also ssking how the comparison with past years wasto beadjusied now thet the commeseement of the sea-on was alteredfrom Ist May to Ist April. The information asked for had beeu rupplied. Read letter of 18th June, from Mr. George Beton, Londin,on the subject of pushing Iodian Tea in Germavy, and detsiing for the iuforma'ion of the Comuittee, efforts he bai himself made to furtber Indian Tea intrest. Mr. Seton was to be thenked for his letter with on expression of regret that at the present moment the Geveral Committee had ne funds available for this parpo e. Cousidered also lettersof 8th and 2lst June, from Messrs. Schlochaur and Levy, Berin, with reference to the same subject, andthe same auswer was to be forwarded tothese gentlemen. Read letter of Jone 30tb, from Planters’ Stores and Agency Co., Ld., drawing attent’ou to the serious consequevces certain to result tv the Indian Tea iuteresis from the artificial raising of the rupee in India,anod askiug whether the Commi\t -e were taking Steps to place their viewa before the Guyer: ment of India, while )et the matter was capible of some remeidialsctiou, The later had becn replied to, stating that the Commituee kuew of no remeiisl ec'ion that could by tiken, ard askiny for the further views of the Pisnters’ Stores and Agency Co., on the matter. Read extract fiom a letter of 16th June, from Se- cretary, Indian Tea Districts’ Association, London, stating thata form of Agreement was. to be drawn up for the signature of shippers, undertaking not to accept rebate on shipments and holding themselves free to ship by any steamers available, the object being to ensure coucerted action amopg shippers re- presenting 40 million pouudsof tea for the purpose of maiutsiving s fair compe ition in freights. Tu the same letter it was stated thet » large firm of buyers of Iudian Tea had drawn attention to the low cccurring in chests containing dust, and suggesting that Planters should pack all their dust aud small broken tea3 in the patent metal chests so as to avoid the dissatisfaction and complaints occasioned by the loss of weight sustained under the preseat system.— Indian Planters’ Gazette, Aug. 5. = ee “THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” A COMPLIMENT FROM A BROTHER EDITOR WHO IS . ALSO AN AGRICULTURIET. It is no secret we believe that the Editor of the ‘‘ Examioer” now resides on his ‘ Franklands” coconut plantation in the Veyangoda district and that for a good many years he has given atten- tion to a variety of experiments in low-country agriculture. .This makes the testimony in the fol- Jowing letter addressed to us in the ordinary course of business all the more telling and wel- come. We venture to quote as follows :— ‘‘T have much pleasure in sending herewith R8 in advance for the Tropical Agriculturist for the current year. There is no payment that I grodge kess thaa this. The bound volumes from No.I are among the possessions of the estate, and I should consider no estate properly equipped without the Tropical Agri- culturist, I note that you mean to improye it in some ways; but as a repertory of information bear- ing on Agriculture it leaves little to be desired ; and is very cheap in the bargain. Will you please direst the Nos, for Jast year, sent herewith, to be bound.” SmPt, tr, 1893,] ALLEGED DETERIORATION OF CEYLON TEAS. Qur opponent of 1891-92—Mr. F. Sutton Hawes— has returncd to his preaching against Ceylon teas ag may be seen by his letter given on page 205, addressed to ths Morning Post. But it gives us great pleasure to be able at this time to publish a letter addressed to ourselves and received by the same mail from England which we regard as oae of the most vaiuable c-ntributions yet made to the prolon.ed discussion in our columns of two months ago. This discussion has evidently been attracting a good deal of notice at home. We ask for special attention and careful consid: ration in the case of the letter signed ‘' Anon,’’ (given below) because the writer if we were allowed to publish his name would at once be recognised as one of the very first autborities in the Tea Trade, The great care he has taken to discriminate between terms usually mixed up in our local discussions, and the new light he throws on the condition of our teas asa whole in the estimation of experts in the Lane, cannot fail to be regarded with interest. On the whole, we consider ‘‘Anon’s’” deliverance to be distinctly encouraging and fortifying to the position of Ceyion teas in general estimation. Under the shield of an authority like our correspondent, wo can afford to disregard to a great extent the criticism which would have the world believe that Ceylon teas had fallen irretrievably in quality and that too in a way that was not experienced with Ingian teas. On the contrary, Indian teas have passed through precisely the same experience as our adverse critics would have had us believe was peculiar to Ceylon. THE ALLEGED “DETERIORATION OF CEYLON TEA”—THE OPINION OF AN EXPERT WHO HAS TASTED AND SOLD CEYLON TEAS FROM THE BEGINNING. (Lo the Editor, ** Tropical Agriculturist.”’) Lonpon, 28th July 1893, S1r,--If it be not too late, I would like to con- tribute a cupplement to the discussion carried on in your columns in May and June akout the alleged deterioration in quality of Ceylon tea: and as I write anonymously I ought to preface my note wi:h the remark that it has been my occupation for twenty years to tacts and sell Indian tea for growers, and Ceylon tea from the first day of ita introduotion here. Such a calling trains one to be careful in obser- vation and precise in statement, if less positive than is usual with those who have not a similar experience, and I realize the difficulty of giving & direct answer to the question ‘‘has Ceylon tea deteriorated in quality?’’ For this reason: the term “quality’’ is very loosely used and needs definition, By some it is used as the equivalent of ‘‘value,’”’ and this I think accounts for the widely divergent ovinions on the matter at issue. What, then, is the professional index of ‘‘quality?’’ I should reply ‘the colour and texture of leaf after infusion.’’ Tea makers from the beginning have been taught to watch tbis in order {o sati-fy themselves that they were working onthe right lines; and no safer standard could have been given them, for the senses of sight and touch are in most men more acute ard re- liable than those of taste or of smell. Trying, by this rule, to find an answer to the question, I should say that the average quality of Ceylon tea has not deteriorated, but that its character bas undergone a gradual change. This change is only one of the oauses of the fall in value ; but it accounts for one co often hearing planters complain that though their tea is of good 29 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, Zor quality they get poor prices. Gauged by the standard given them their teas are of good quality, though tbey may not have the characteristics which oreate high value. The phrase ‘‘ poor quality '’ strictly used, implies either that the leaf was in bad condition before or during manufacture, or that it has been badly treated in the making ; but the term is oarelesely applied to crops made from good leaf but not such as has been ‘‘ plucked fine,’ and properly made up but nece3sarily of a low grade and low average value. The criticism passed on planters and their pro- duce on this cide often arises from confounding “ quality’ with ‘‘ value; ’’ from mistaking a low quotation for a low profit to the grower ; or from failure to understand that planters know their busi- ness, and aim at the sort of crop which seems likely to pay most. When such criticisms do not proceed from responsible advisers, given in the privaoy of confidential reports, producers need not be sensitive about them, for they do not touch the trade at large. Having spoken of a ‘‘change in character,’’ I should like 10 give evidence (if you, Sir, will answer for my competence) that it appears to be neither more nor less than is experienced by Indian gardens which give up making specially fine tea aud instead of that pluck freely in order to make a large crop. I think itis even/ess than the change which has taken place (subject to exceptions) in the entire crops from Kangra Valley, Chittagong, the Terai, and the Dooars sinse the estates first began to yield. Outside o rtain favoured localities in Darjeeling and Assam, very little tea comes from old estates equal in character or value to the tess of 20 years ago—though much of it is still of excellent quality; and far better manipulated than it used to be. On the other hand, each season witnesses an estate notorious for making poor tea sending some of good quality and value, due to 4 different policy, firat in the field then in the factory. This being so, have grounds for assuming that if Oeylon planters should see it to be to their interest to make a different kind of crop, it is in their power todo so, and thus to dispose of the rumours that ‘plan's are played out,” ‘! the soil exhausted ’’ &o., which I may say are becom- ing unpleasantly prevalent, It would seem tobe desirable that some of the Oompanies which control numerous estates should try this on a limited portion of their property, as they oan do so with the minimum of risk. For a precedent, I may cite the Jokai Co. of Assam, a prosperous concern, which makes choice tea on some estates and heavy orops on others, and so caters for varying requirements, and provides against fluctuations of market. Reverting to the ‘‘ehange in character ’’—as it fell to me to handle most of the choice teas in the early days, trusting to memory, I should say that we do not now receive any with the high flavour of Rookwood, the richness of Loolcondera, the strong ripe liquor of Blackstone, or the peculiar s:rength of Agarsland, when those teas made Ceylon the talk of the town. Neither do we receive much tea now which shows the unmistakable outward signs of being made from specially ‘' fine-plucked”’ leaf, but numerous estates make equally good quality in the strict sense of the term; for ‘‘strength’’ ‘richness ”’ “flavour’’ are not in themselves essential to quality. Whether the prices paid for ohoice teas in the past will ever be paid again is another matter altogether: on referring to memoranda of the years 1884-5 when such high prices were paid, I see that quotations for the best Indian teas were 6d to 91 higher than they are now, and the average value of Indian tea about 30 per cent higher than it is today, —TI am, sir, yours &o., ANON, 202 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1893. LIBERIAN COFFEE CULTIVATION IN TAVOY The following report has been written by Mr. J. D. Watson, Tavoy, to the Director of the Department of Land Records and Agriculture, Burma :— The investor in coffee land for the purpoge of planting Liberian coffee has several choices in Burma. The superiority of forest land over chenas, especially if they are recent, is very marked at low elevation, this system of cultivation haviog very poor results on soil exposed to the hot sun and heayy rains of the plains. On the hills rich forest lands that have a free soil are much to be preferred. Much land of this description is to be found in Burma in all the districts in Lower Burma, and forest land should be selected in any case. The soil for Liberian coffee cannot be too rich, but it must be deep and friable. Shallow soil, especially if mixed with quartz and gravel, will not grow good Liberian coffee, but a sandy loam friable to a good depth; this is of great importance, and in selecting soil one must take the trouble to inspect the nature of the soil down to a depth of 2 feet at least, and, if found friable at this depth, it recommends itself. Stiff marsh or clay land should also be avoided. All land that might be water-logged, 7.¢c., retain water for a long time, should be also avoided and friable land insisted on with a natural slope to drainitself. As to lay of land, this should be undulating and not too steep as Li- berian coffee is a wee that should not be exposed to wind, and shaded ground well protected at the base of our many mountains is perfection for the cultivation of Liberian variety. The steep land at the higher elevations would bi suitable - Coffee Arabica and tea. Exposure to wind is a certain drawback to the cultivation of this variety as it is to any other planted product, but its ill-effects are comparatively small, if the land is selected with care, and the.wind must be very exceptionally bad, if other conditions which I have formerly pointed out are favourable. The best climate is undoubtedly that of the wet por- tion of Lower Burma (I am here speaking of what I know as I have only been once up in Upper Burma, and I cannot say what might not be possibly attained in Upper Borma in those great mountain ranges which have all the appearance of a country that would be perfection itself for the cultivation of the coffee plant and other valuable products, such as tea, cocoa, pepper, and rubber, and by appearance from what I have attained here Liberian coffee ought some day tobe the king of products in Burma). A rainfall of 100 inches is sufficient for Liberian coffee, but for all that 200 inches in the Tayoy district seems to be in its favour; if the ground is well drained, this must be attended to strictly, as no coffee will stand what is termed wet feet; standing water in the soil rots the roots. Elevation, where aspectand exposure are favourable, from sea-level up to 2,000 feet, each elevation haying its own advantages, but the higher we go the greater the necessity for good soil _ and shelter from wind. Shade is most important in the cultivation of Liberian coffee until the tree once gets a good hold of the ground. In forest this can be done by only removing the small trees and scrub at first, plant- ing at the same time as the coffee valuable trees for shade (trees that are sub-soil feeders), such as jack and thesan tree, Albizzia stipulata, and Medeloa (Albizzia etata), San, (Albizcia stipulata), Hiris or siris (Preru ox Strisu,) Fatikoia (JZarginata odoratessiam). All these trees are found in Burma and the Forest Deparmeas might be asked to secure seed of some and supply to intending planters. The jack tree is my favourite tree, and it can be turned to account to grow the pepper wne upon it at the same time. hen the shade trees grow up the jungle trees left for the purpose of temporary shade can be gradually cut down and removed, or allowed to rot on the ground for manure. Rotten timber mixed with the weeds and surface soil and quicklime makes a splendid manure for the coffee trees, nothing better, parring cattle-dung, The size of the estates depends on *ee means of the planter, But I should recommend blocks of land to be taken up from 200 acres up to 4,000 acres; to those intending to form a company every encourage- ment ought to be given. Seed ought to be selected from matured trees; this is an important point; and the seed should be thoroughly ripe and selected from the most robust trees that are well formed, as Liberian coffee is in- clined to what is termed “sport,” i.¢,, you will find trees that do not cover ground well and get as it were spindley and do not throw out branches from the stem near the ground; those trees should be avoided in selecting the ripe cherry, Seed for plant- ing into nurseries should never be dried in thesun ; the sun's hae destroys the germ, the life of the seed. Seed ought to be all dried for seed purposes under shade and never allowed to heat or ferment, and it ought to be kept in an open space to allow air to pass, but shaded from the sun's rays, and I prefer to cure seed in this manner with the husk on the bean, not as parchment. Should the seed be wanted for seed purposes when ripe, then by all means remove the husk and putin the seed at once to the ground without drying. This is asound and sure plan to put into boxes or prepared beds. As to the best method of germinating seed there are many opi- nions. I have been most successful in the germinating of Liberian coffee seed between coir matssimply. The seed is laidin a layer on a coir mat, care being taken that the layer is a single one, and on it another mat is placed. If kept damp, but not wet, the seed will germi- nate freely and can be readily picked out. This method has the advantage of cleanliness. Another plan is to put the seed after the husk has been removed into coconut fibre dust into boxes, a layer of seed and a layer of coconut fibre until the box is full, and put a piece of wood in the centre of the box so that youcan draw out and put in your hand to inspect how ger- minating progresses. This is a good sound plan and generally safe. The fibre must only be kept damp and not wet. The same method may be carried out with charcoal where experience is wanting, as if too wet the charcoal takes in the extra moisture, and gives it out again, when the bean or germ re- quires it; any of these three methods I fully recom- mend. The formation of nursery beds is a matter which need not engage our attention much here. Sloping ground should be chosen, with water above it if possible, but in any case close at hand. he beds should be made about 4 feet wide to facilitate sowing, weeding, &c., and should be raised above the paths between them in the usual way so as to allow superfluous moisture to run off readily. The soil of the nursery should not be dug too deeply, other- wise the tap roots of the plant will reach an inordi- nate length before they are put out and be most difficult to deal with, but it should be thoroughly pulyerised and cleared of all stones and roots. Sol with a good proportion of clay in it is better than what is gravelly as it enables the plant to be re- moved with earth round the roots. Soil in nurseries should be rich; it does not answer practically to make them in poor soil. As regards the distauce apart at which the seeds should be planted, much depends on the class of plants and the length of time they are intended to remain in the nursery ; 2 to 3 inches apart is the most satisfactory dis- tance. I would recommend all such nurseries to be shaded until the plant get up atleast 4 or 5inches and has six or eight leaves. Out of the rains they thould be shaded right throughout the dry season here and, when the rains are well set in, the shade should be gradually removed to allow the stem or collar of the plant to harden. The importance of watering nurseries in a liberal manner during the dry weather cannot, I think, be overrated. They should be watered sates! after the sun is well down, say, 4-30: or 5 p.m. object to watering in the morning for the reason that the sun is 80 power- ful that it burns the leaves in a manner, if the water is not brushed off the leaves. No plant in fact ought to be watered in the morning in India, @ great mistake which fewunderstand. * * * Sept, 1, 1893. ] Now that I haye made things clear how this variety can be planted with success in Burma, and also proved that it is to be a lasting and standing pro- duct of value, I am able to state what can be done to bring it into bearing. It can be planted fairly well at the cost of R120 per acre, and brought into bearing for R350 with care, if all that I have pointed out here is properly attended to, and bear in mind that it thrives best not beyond the voice of man, that it must have daily attention for its protection from cattle and it must not be knocked about, but tended to with care. After it comes into bearing see what a gold mine it is to be. I have pointed out already that I have individual trees earing 4 cwt. husk or cherry coffee per tree. Now if we will take it at Burmese measure you will un- derstand this better. Say one basket per tree, and to take this at 8 viss per tree of husk or cherry coffee, Another thing must not be lost sight of here, z.e., that the Liberian coffee contains far more per- centage of husk than the Arabian, or we will call it Ceylon coffee. I point out this not to mislead any one on this important point, which has again and again been misunderstood even by expert planters who. have not had experience in the manipnlation of this product. Now we will take, instead of 8 viss to the tree, only 1 viss. Mind I am now speaking of clean coffee or rice coffee prepared for the shop or London market, 7z.c., say that 8 viss of husk only produce 1 viss clean coffee. Now 1 viss of clean coffee brings at the present moment in Tayvoy R2-8-0 per viss: Now we will take the lowest percentage of trees per acre leaving allowance for shade trees and roads and drains, &c., say, 600 trees per acre. See what this will bring in yearly, or again, to put it at the very lowest, put it at 4 viss per tree of clean coffee and value it at R2 per viss, and again see what this will bring in per acre of cultivated coffee. This is about the lowest average and is the lowest amount whict I have put down for information to the Government of India, which has been called for from me. I put down the very lowest, namely, 896 pounds or 8 cwt. per acre. At the present moment clean coffee in London is selling at over 12 shillings or, say, £6 sterling per cwt. See what this will come to per acre, £48 sterling. I need not say more on this point as the very lowest average re- commends itself. We will now take £48, or say. R600, allowing the rupee to revert to the value of ls. Sd. Now R600 will allow an expenditure of R300 per acre, and with this amount on an estate of 400 acres much could be done to bring this variety into even greater perfection and allow expenditure on building roads, drains, dams, tools, machinery of all necessary sorts for irrigation purposes; much can be done here by irrigation in the dry season. I have proved this, and this amonnt should allow a liberal amount for cultivation, such as manuring with cattle manure and compost, making new cattle sheds and roads for cart traffic and the purchase of pigs and cattle. Pigs could be fed on jack fruit and poonack from the rice-mills, such as paddy-dust; and after this liberal all wance the planter would have a profit at the very least of R300 per acre yearly. Ido not recommend the Ceylon cotfee, v.e.. Coffve Arabica to be planted below an elevation of at the very least of 2,000 feet, and it will succeed much better at 3,000 or 4,000 feet elevation. [ planted 14 acres here; it gave a maiden crop and went out, v.c., died right out. You will see by this report that where the culti vation of Liberian coffee stops, Ceylon coffee begins. From 2,000 up to 6,000 Cey'on coffee can be grown with this variety, but I do not consider the conditions in Burma yet ripe for this valuable cultivation. Should planters wish to embark in this cultivation, let them do so by all means, but at their_own risk. I do not recommend it for the reasons, fist, of dread of the leaf disease; it I think must have a time of rest for this evil to leave tlie cotfee or work itself out by ultimate death of the trees where it exists, Where it does not exist it will again flourish and pay wellin this country, hut the local Goyern- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 203 ment ought not to recommend it as the time has not come as yet to recommend its cultivation again on a large scale. Besides, the present existing circumstances in this great country do not afford facilities to reach ele— vation. Take this into consideration. Where are your roads? Nowhere. At this elevation I strongly recommend the cultivation of Liberian coffee, cocoa cardamom, cinnamon, croton oil trees, ‘ginger, Colombo root, sapan wood, pepper, vanilla, and all manner of fruit-bearing trees for shade purposes And above all, next to Liberian coffee, I would strongly recommend cocoa for Burma, as_ the soil and conditions are suitable for its cultivation. The local Government ought to procure fresh cocoa pods for those that would give a guarantee to cultivate the same. As I have already remarked, it can be grown side by side and interplanted with the Liberian coffee as the great Libirian trees would rans for shade for the valuable cocoa.—Ranyoon razettle. ——__e—___~ THE WEST INDIAN COURTS AT THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE, THE BAHAMAS, The first section of the West Indian department i that occupied by the Bahamas. The Bebihiteacs at at present numerous, being represented only by a few spnoimens of fib____—_ PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION: In an article on ‘‘ THE PotsonrNe or THE FutTuRE”’ in the Wew Review for July last, Dr. Squire Sprigge referring to poisoning by vegetable alkaloids mentions the following facts as being in favour of this method of poisoning, viz., the smallness of the fatal dose, the obscurity of the symptoms produced, and the impossibility of obtaining chemical proof of the pre- sence of the alkaloid in the body Against these he puts the difficulty of obtaining the drug, possibly the great difficulty of administration, the notoriety that will attend the purchase, and the impossibility of all questions of accident, and most questions of suicide. Now in Hastern countries the difficulties attending the adoption of vegetable poisons practically vapish, since poisoners of men or cattle do not use the alkaloidal extracts of poisonous plants but parts of the plants themselves. It is to be hoped that the reproach against science of not providing satisfactory tests for vegetable poisons will be absent before long, at any rate it Banovea our chemical and physio- logical students to work at the subject of vegetable poisons if they would be benefactors of mankind and 206 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 1, 1893. ~~ a ee are anxious to secure for themselves a niche in the temple of fame. ould that our prize day orators would seek to emulate ZoxuA in delivering to our boys such deep and wise words as that author embodied in his address to the Paris Students’ Association—the authentic text of which has just been published. Here is a specimen: ‘‘Labour! remember that i' is the unique natural law of the world, the regulator which leads organized matter to its unknown goal. Lite has no other meaning, no other raison d’etre; we only appear on this earth in order that we each may contribute our share of labour and disappear. One can only define life by that motion which is communicated to it and which it transmits, and which after all is but so much labour towards the great final work to be accomplished in the depths of ages. Why, then, should we not be modest, why should we not accept the respective tasks that each of us comes here to fulfil, without rebellion, without giving way to the pride of egotism which prompts men to consider themselves centres of gravity, and deters them from falling into the ranks with their fellows?” The word cigar is said to owe its origin to the fact that when the Spaniards smoxed their cigars they did so in the orchard or ‘‘cigarral,’’ so call:d from its being the abiding-place of those soothing sleep-producing insects, the balm crickets: Hence ‘ civarro” a small roll, ‘“cigarron’’ a large rol!, and ultimately cigar. Here is an AmericAN Recipe which is worth a trial by our local architects. It is described as a durable white-wash which retains its brilliance for many years, and those who have tried it say there is nothing of the kind that will compare with it, either for inside or outside walls. Ags a recommendation it may be mentioned that it is being applied to the White House at Washington. Take one half-bushel unslacked lime; slack it with boiling water, cover it during the process to keep in the steam. Strain the liquid through a fine sieve or strainer, and add to it a peck of salt previously dissolved in warm water, three pounds of ground rice boiled to a thin paste, one half pound of powdered whiting, and one pound of clear glue which has pene been dissolved by soaking it well, and then ang it over a slow fire for an hour ina small kettle within a larger one filled with water. Then add 5 allons of hot water to the mixture, stir it well, and et it stand for a few days covered from dust. It should be put on hot, and for this purpose it can be kept in a kettleon a portable furnace It is said that‘about a pint of the mixture will cover a square ard on the outside of a house. Fine or coarse brtishet may be used, according to the neatness of the job required. It answers as well as oil paint for wood, brick, or stone, andit is cheaper. Colouring matter, of any shade or colour, may also be mixed with it. Ceylon AnnarTo would seem to be hard to beat, and the credit of extracting the dye and oil from the seed most successfully, must be given to Messrs. Borron and VanStarrex. The Kew Bulletin referring to the annatto sent from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, remarks, ‘‘ upon submitting samples to Messrs. Fullwood & Bland, the well-known annatio makers, they reported that both the seeds and prepared dye were valueless in the English market. ‘The fact is,” continues the Bullelén, ‘that Ceylon now supplies annatto dye of such excellent quality, that other countries can scarcely compete with it, except when prices-are exceptionally high.” oS So THE MOCHA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON. The «1dinary gsnerel meeting of the Mocha Tea Compiny of Ceylon Limited was held at the rezis- iered office No. 6 Prince Street Colombo. Bois presided and, there were present:—Messre. F.G. Bois, H.G. Bois, W. Moir, V. A. Julius, W. H. Kingsbury, A. Tarrant, G. Vanderspaar, R. Webster, and S.E. Tench. The notice convening Mr. F. W.. | the meeting was read afler which the misutcs of the last meetings were confirmed. The OHAIRMAN then moved the adoption of the Report snd in doing eo said that the Report was. satis- factory aes did po require much comment. He gave particulars of the profits aid working expen of the two estates Mochs and Glentilt, the tea of the former realising 57 cents per lb. and the latter 51g, the profits per acre being R1094 and R90} respectively, The estimate for next season was 280,000 pounds and if the prices continued as in last year the pros. pects would be satiefactory. He mentioned that out of the reserve fund R20,000 bad been devoted to the purchase of Government stock. Mr. Kinespuny ecconded and the Report was adopted. Oo the motion of Mr. Tarrant seconded by Mr Webster a dividend of 11 per cent was decisred, Mr. JuLivs proposei and Mr. Kincgssury seconded the re-election of Me:srs. J. N. Campbell, F. W. Bois and W. B. Baring as directors. The OxsinmMan proposed and Mr, Vanderspasr seconded the election of Mr. W. Moir ag Auditor. On question by one of the shareholders whether any percentage of profits was given to the Superip- tendente, the Chairman said that it has been derided by the Directors to give them a bonus of 20 per cent on their sslary, but if it was suggested io give them a percentage on profits the matter would be considered. - With a vote of thanks to the chair the meeting concluded, Tke followiug is the Report of the Directors :— Your Directors bave now to submit their Report and Accounts for the yeir ending 80th June last and trust they will be considered of @ satisfactory nature. The purchase of the Glentilt Estate was com- pleted in accordance with the special resolution passed on 13th June, 1892, and confirmed at a subsequeut meeting on 14th July, 1892; and it is m source of gratification to the Directors that it has proved os valuable addition to the Oompany’s property, The capital of the Company has been increased to R500,000, in accordance with a special resolution passed on 14th July, 1892 and confirmed on 16th August 1892; but only 808 shares havs been issued, all of which sre fully peid, and represent a sub- soribed capital of R4(4,000. Notwithstandiog the unfavorable yield during the first six months of the period under review, the ercps from the two Estates—Mocha and Glentilt—now belonging to the Oompany, have resulted as follows, which compare favorably with the estimates referred to.in the last Report. The yield of Tes, which is the only product which need be enlarged upon, is equal to 363 lb. per acre on the areca in bearing. The average bett price realized is cents 54°48, and the ayerage cost, after deducting expenditure on Oapital account and produce other than Tea, is cents 27°07 per pound. The nett profits for the yearamonnt to R82,094-94, which is equal to 20°32 per cent upon the capital. To this falls to be added the small balance remain- ing after the payment of dividend to 30th June Jast, making K82,168°77 available. Out of this your Diree- tors have already paid aninterim Dividend of 5 per cent. amounting to R20,200, and have transferred to Depreciation Fond R6,400, Reserve Fund R10,000, leaving R45,568°77 still to be deat with. It is pro- posed to pay a farther dividend of 11 per cent. making 16 per cent. for the year, which wili absorb R44,440, and carry forward the balance of R1,128 77. The prospects for the season on which we have entered are satisfactory, and the estimate of crop and experditure will be framed on a safe basis. At the last General Meeting held on 15th Auzust 1892, all your Directors retired, and were re-e’ected; but as the Articles of Association provide that they retire at the First Ordinary General Meeting to be held in 1893, they now do so, but being eligible offer themeelves for re-election. The meeting has also to appoint an Acditor. By order of the Directors, J. M. RoszeRrson & Co. SEPT. 1, 1893. ] VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTHS, Fixation or Nitrocen.—At a recent meeting of the Académie des Sciences, M. Gain (ac- cording to a London paper,) read a paper on the influence of humidity on the warts or nodorities growing on the roots of vegetables, These nodosities are known to be the seat of bacteria which fix atmospheric nitrogen, and hence the growth of such vegetables improves the soil instead of exhausting it. M. Gain finds that the nodosities are much more numerous in moist soil than in dry, and have a somewhat different form. it follows that the fixation of nitrogen by the bac- teria must be more active in moist than in dry soil. TEA-GROWERS in India and CeyJon—says the Indian Agriculturist of July 29th,—have been raising a noteof alarm as to the consequences of oheap silver and a dear rupee in their competition with Chinain the tea trade, and no doubt had the rupee been sent up at a bound to 20d., there would have been some ground for apprehension; but an ad- vance of about lid in the rupee, the equivalent of 3d. on @ pound of tea, cannot place Ceylon and India planters at any disadvantage in regard to China, seeing that the ordinary fluctuations in the market price of tea frequently amounts to as much and more. Besides, Ceylon and India have not carried on a war with China in teas for price, but in a leaf for qvality; and no matter what silver may decline to, these countries need not fear the com- petition of China, unless at thesame time the markets of that couatry improve the quality of their tea. This is the pronounced opinion of tea experts in Minoing-lane, who point to recent proclamations of the Chinese authorities once more denouncing the markets of and dealers in li tea, z.¢., rubbish, in support of their matured opinion and belief in British grown-teas being able to hold their own. CoFFEE GRowING IN Burma.—Mr. J. D. Watson, an old Dimbula planter, has submitted to the Director of Land Records and Agriculture, Burma, a very interesting, not to say glowing, report on the prospects of coffee cultivation in Burma. Speaking only of Lower Burma, and more especially of Tavoy, Mr. Watson is of opinion—says the Pioneer—‘‘ that coffee will ultimately become one of the staple products of the country. For the comparatively low-lying districts he recommends the Liberian variety, and, in addition to practical hints on cultivation derived from his own personal ex- perience, he has drawn up an estimate of cost and probable profits, which is well worthy of attention. Liberian coffee, says Mr. Watson, can be planted fairly well at a cost of R120 per acre, and brought into bearing for R350 with adequate care and attention. After it comes into bearing,it is, he adds, a veritable gold mine. Ag the result of a calculation, Mr. Watson arrives at the conclusion that the planter should make an annual profit of R300 per acre.’’—This is just the sort of bait that does harm to a good cause. No doubt J, D. Watson writes in good faith, but he is one of the very sanguine ones, as his letters to the Tropical Agriculturist shew. We would just ask from how many aores has Mr, Watson—and he has now been a good many years in Tayoy—netted R300 per acre or even half that amount for himself or his employer? We reprint Mr. Watson’s Report—which is & Jong as wellas instructive one in its details— on pages 202-3. We observe that at the lowest he counts on 8 owt, clean soffee from 600 Liberian trees per acre, and that this would sell at £6 per owt. 80 giving £48 per acre gross! He converts this into 690 rupees at no less than Is 8d per rupee (!), takes halt for expenditure—and hay presto the thing is done with a balance of R300 of profit) THE TROPICAL AGIRCULTURIST. 207 Tea Svuppty.—Remarkable changes in the eource of the world’s tea supply—says the Indian Agriculturist of July 29tb,—have taken place during the last thirty years, and are still going on in the continued displacement of China tea, and the rapid iucrease of the supply from Oeylon and India. These changes are strikingly shown by the figures given below :— PRODUCE IN MILLIONS OF PUUNDS OF TEA, 1862 1872 1852 1892 China tes se 80 lll 114 34 India ees se 4 17 51l 110 Ceylon... we oo = zg 68 It took from 1862 to 1884 forthe Inuan produo- tion to reach about the stage thatin Ceylon occu- pied the period between 1880 and 1892. In other words, to attain a production in Ceylon of about 63 million pounds occupied 12 yeurs, while to attain much the same productionin India took a period of 22 years. The maximum coneumption of Chinese tea in the United Kingdom was ia 1879, when it reached approximately 125 million pounds. The consumption in the year 1892 was reduad to about 34 million pounds. Between 1879 and 1892 there- fore, the production of Ohinese tea {li off 91 million pounds; and between the same years the production of Indian and Ceylon, British-grown tea as it is termed, increased about 136 million pounds, 1 > . CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTH:BULION, 1893 a Ee Eee ay Zs a Oe Parca a-7) 5 3 seas soe Weicsse te | ©: SF eww ee speek oe ane 2/3¢ Zio ws ose Ciiacsy sree : Gas 2 me a4 AANA 4 : 2 QQ 2 Mon an ila )28858 8 See 34 21S | SSa la re dits eee A |-9 oe Nn o x Seo 34 ENOe rowsd SY AH oa min HE TR Gs 2(S¢ (oe .& 88, 868.33 sea 5136 san in oe 8 Somat 8 OS NO CU Zine oc) DQ oe N 5) A ~ LOootDS a D=NS @ = @o55595 S enon a Pe ea J.ONHOow esses IDO ss 2 ee WMmIAND SNES Et EIS VOA0. 0 Daa S523 Cand = A Om cay te DMN 3 ~ a. - a ~ conmoosso soos Sc Sar) a|a Oo SsoSsoso Soe, Oaae rath Da = *ORQODSO “ABS .S DQ GW co SV Get} OD -RPOMITOWMmM § "HAS 3S ID Hoy 3 so TTDAOD Oo a a CAnoh& |# x Nn Comm a si re ]| i a ont = , AAQND ES) 1% Ss &. woo OOD | a BH ,2352 3S ss : Sass 5 a 5: Riiii: 8 x Saxo ail = |e | ANAAA = >< 7 SS ey) RCO UIONO | ; aS ee) x 2 s 8 BN aw ae wor 5 ~ ae mbdej tel o') ati Ase 4 oO oD an TO FO 2 3 oy s Br halt oh eres.g a tini ae: z7TOR 3 ° a Ana LOA AronDanwdo Dore BOSISRISGR! SSeSesiSss| Sass - | 2 WADSHAOATO sHROSONDAASD aqows a CMM em WOH IMOOMAHDWO SION 9} 2a rn} 10 man ATLATAON wZDOorm [ie lenin! ao a oo = WZASO a sa WIE A = - wie TD : - 2 Ge) CONS ayaa 1a = g pos Sisew ome | S qa = ODL alsa = 2 S c aa =“ i Ato lisa ar Gaile) fer.ehahienen ys MAPS i s.d 8 Mee Dw PASE cscsis eas EET CURT Her id smears Was S| corn a AWA. 2|25 | was Do > DHOS—-He |, we =i <4 Dose et 1s GACT BSD.) 5 SO = oe) s N= ao QenwA I So . — ow > Fra} cr) = 5 r= 4 + oO ° a =} SiC rr) E=} | = ate Baars aa er Ban: Seas ol 3 "5 6 8 6-8 Bie : 5 a a vole p= a id 2 D ON SCNDNTAWNS S S - a Se Oe y ecole = = — 9-182 |S8S°RS9722::585°4 F S 2 ae 3x specs stra m = eel” Sis sis ayzae0: Sp heanaone 12 2 miheji site istatremte mate iel(s) oe jewue le) [elle as e ea ec a ei a CO [pa es rete Eg G is 5 3) See eee Nee 3,6 2 @ «le a8 16 as a A= | Bn ‘ > a 23 Booo “a im Py Sa 82 ,sesse = aie Si aS tan} S-AAQ i v3" os8 ] Saga" a | Mo Vm OhRogs Sku sake segsi lye oO ‘SBhsrshgseesggharss|=s SBRBDEVS RAS abe = eRe rmo es la 7 BancRS gaans<4<0uaA «s SRA NOR Oh ek EG ls 208 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {Sepr. 1, 1893, MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS (From 8. Figgis & Co.’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, August 10th, 1893.) { EAST INDI 4 Continued EAST INDIA, 7 ; $65 . Bomb 1 QUALITY. {QUOTATIONS |/East Coast Africa, Mala- OTD AS ceri iy Means | bar and Madras Coast, Fy cp UMEEEZ, QUOTATIONS. — ae ee a eS ee engal. | ALOES, Socotrine .,, ...|Good aud fine dry live EA a £5 : aes HS ae al Gl be Se ccla ned ee ak tn ({NDIGO, Bengal ++|Middling to five violet |; gq 9 és BARK, CINCHONA Crown Renewed ... .. _—.,..2d a 6d (Ordinary to middling ---\4410d » 6s 44 Medium to fine Quill |..3d a 6d Kurpah ene ono et good reddish violr as 6da és Spoke shavings... ...|14d add Mad \Ordinary and middling...ig, 44 » 3s 34 aan re a “lt a Wl adras (Dry Leaf) |Middling to good -+128 8d a 3s 9d Red... Renewed oe oes eee 2d a 61 IVORY. El P 'T [Low to ordinary “ls 3d a 2s 4d Medium to good Quill.,./3d a 6d oop he jel Masa 4 Spoke shavings ... ga a 3d 0 ,& upwards _ ...|Soft soun > £65 a £74 Branchainsss ai,..ibodd Waned 2 a aa he aaa ” £57 a £69 Twig * “lid a 14d a a 100 lb. | Har ” ” £49 a £55 BEES’ WAX, E.L,, WhitelGood to fine "£7 a £8 108 rivelloes meee: » 1228 10s a £40 ellow ... eS £6 a £7 PRE aoe SS ee oe ” £168 £19 Mauritius & Madagascar...\air to fing £6 afl Billiard Ball Pieces 2}a 3fin|Sound soft ane «| £71 Ri a. CARDAMOMS— eee on Bagatelle Points .../Sli, def.to fine sound soft! p69 » £u8 10s Allepee - ..|Fair to fine clipped _,.|ls a 25 6d Cut Points for Balls |Shaky to fine solid sd. eft 653 a £76 108 Mangalore .,. _ ...|Bold, bright, fairto fine.,.|18 6d a 3s Mixed Points & Tips.../Defective, parthard .../£4] « £49 Malabar pa --.|Good to fine plump, cliped dsa 23 6d Cut Hollows ...|Thin to thick to sound, Ceylon. Malabar sort Fair to fiuebold bleached|4 34 4 38 Sea H soft oon ~\£2; a £51 » oy ‘Medium ,, (28 6d a 1s 10d ea Horse Teeth— | 5 a line Is 6d E $alZ Ib. |Straight crked part closey. j149 28 64 Small to bold brown .,.JJs a 1s 64 MYRABOLANES, Bombay|Bhimlies 1, good & fine Alleprse and Fair to fine bold _,,.|28 — 38 61 I, tair a. ~a4 ag sore sor i 1 v a , y Ht. ost ediam welt rn 1: JubbleporeI, good & fine| nt ar Long wild Ceylon....common_ to good _..|6d a 28 2d palel7s 9d a 9s CASTOR OIL, Jstlwhite wT 24s a3i oy 1 Stale Bee ., _2nds| Fair and good p: 12g. a 2hd caer eee +156 © 66 6d CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...|Fair to fine Bright now (Ba8 8 368 |Vingorlas. good and finciés » 7s Ord’y. and middling “(953 a 303 || Madras, Upper Godavery|Good to fiue picked (8 6d a 8s CINNAMON, Ists|Ord’y, to fine pale quill” o¢d a 18 5d | ” 1» +-|Common to middling .../46 9d 0 6s 6d 2nds| x “64 a ls Coast _ ae +, Pair vee see --- 6s 6d a 7s 3rds yen ” “lbtd a 10d | Pickings .,,|Burnt and defective ...j4s 6d a 589d 4ths| ” I OR SUR ||MACE, Bombay ..,|Dark to good bold pale...\Js 6d a 2s Chips|rdirto ine plant” °"|24d a 7d W’dcom.darktotine boldisd @ 10d CLOVES, Zanzibar } Fair to fine bright 28d a Bd NUTMEGS, ” «,/65’'8 @ B's oe ++-/28 1d @ 2s 11d and Pemba. §|Gommon dull and mixed/4¢ & 284 low ; gtr By. 2 ag hel » STEMS Common to good daa id | NUX | Cochin, Madras) { Fair to tine bold fresh 8s a ils COOULUS INDICUS ...|Pair sifted... "lBan Bs 6d | VOMICA} and Bombay’ ( Small ordinary and fairiés a &s COFFEE » olwid. Plantation Ceylon|10286d a 105s |°%4» CINNAMON ..|Fairtofine heavy .../0d @ 2s 5 ee Ee ee Loe weaning ea ee | CITRONELLE _ ...|Bright & good flavour.. fd a i 5 ” LEMONGRASS s «4d a 2 COLOMBO ROOT... +/Good to fine bright sound lds a 2is | Cc - ‘Mia. to fi sa ude i ’ : Ordinary& middling ,, |LU8 4 13s ORCHELLA (Ceylon _ ..,,Mid. to fine, not woody/|22s a 28s CROTON SEEDS, sifted...|¥air to fine fresh ** |20s a 27s 6d WEED { Zanzibar ... Picked clean flat leaf ...|/\ds a 238 coe Pa a Fair to fine dry ""/208 a 328 penpen Mozambique) ,, wiry oe + 278 a 35s DRA » Zan.|Ordi “*"/30s a 60s aa : . GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey Tae oe 3 l528 6d a57 6d || Malabar, Black sifted ...|Fair to bold heavy ... } 24d a 234 Good white and green (458 a 50s Alleppee & Tellicherry | 5, BOOd 4, ane GINGER, Cochin, Cut .../Good to fine bold "1723 6d a B58 Tellicherry, White ...|_ »» » + noml0d a is pe tol Bratt metlleeniats "lea a 708 PLUMBAGO, Lump ..|Fair to fine brigh' bold)158 a 25s Rough...Fair to fne bold "605 6d a 70s ; |Middlin to good small ils a lds i -oil Sell Ba demeaiaca "+1508 a 60s Chips .../Sli’tly foul to fine bright 9s a 128 Bengal, Rough |Pair to good *""l55a a 40s Dust ese Ordinary to fine bright.../28 94 a 56 GUM AMMONIACUM ... doe "1253 a 50s RED WOOD .|Fair and fine boid mr) a £3 10g ANIMI, washed ... Blocky to finecleun Picked fine pale in sorts, Part yellow & mixed do. Bean & Pea size ditto Amber and red bold Medium & bold sorts £1103 a £13 Os £9 lusa £1010; £5 a £8 1Us £8 O03 a £9 15s "|£6 Os a £9 scraped.,, ABABIGIEN, & dient cen Pale frosted!so, . 705 ge are he SU : ood to fine pale selected|?" : Ghatti ...|Sorts middling to foods ads)a 30s Good and fine pale, |228 4 708 Amrad cha.|Reddish to pale brown ...|728 @ 50s Dark to fine pale _—_,,, {128 2 50s Madras ++-|Fair to fine pinky block ASSAF CITIDA and drop a 208 & 90s Ordinary stony to midling 20s a 45s KINO «» _ «|Fairtotine bright —_,,, #15 a £20 MYRRH, picked Fair to fine pale wee £9 8 £7 Aden sorts|Middling to good .., 998 a 953 OLIBANUM, drop..,|£2ir to fine white 405928 a 605 i Reddish to middling “ag eo® 6d a 328 6d pickings..,|Middling togood pale ,,,148 a 188 siftings ...jSlightlyfoultofine __,|12s a 16s INDIARUBBER .. East African Ports, INDIA RUBBERAssam, Rangoon or Madagascar, Tamataye, Majunga and Nossibe {sINGLASS or FISH MAWS Karraches Leaf Yanzi-|White softsh ditto bar and Mozambique Coast Wnsne root iver } Tongue. 18 Bladder Pipe ,,,jUiean thin to fine bold,, Purse .,,,Dark mixed to fine pale: ane Common te fine Pale we da 2a qd Red hard clean ball Suusage, fairto fine ., '' without sticks,,. Good to fine oon Common foul & middling Fair to good clean oom Goodto fine pinky &white Fair to good black ood to fine pale ark to fair . “ils lid a Qs ahd \ls 7d a 23 _., luda ls 6d lis 4d a 1s lid “1s ¥4 a ds 10d '28 a 2s 3d (ls 7d a 2s 34 Me a ls 6d _487d als t1d 23a 236d ‘ls 6d a 1s 11d 1s oda 23 3d Si a 1s 4d 48 6d a 33 6d a ls 3d SAFFLOWER, Bengal |Goodtofinepinkynominal 80s a 100s Ordinary to fair one & 70s \Inferior and pickings .../40s a 50s SALTPETEKE, Bengal ...,Ordinary to good ---/163 64 a 17, SANDAL WOOD, Logs...|Fair to fine flavour .., a £55 oo 5 Chips,.|Inferior to fine «/£9 & £30 SAPAN WOOD ... _...,Leantogood bold __.,.|#4 a £7 JEEDLAC TREATMENT OF LIQUID MANURE. Dr. J. H. Vogel recommends the following for fixing and preserving the readily decomposable nitrogen compounds occurring in urine :—The liquid manure is allnwed to collect ina suitable vessel, and sulphuric acid is then added sufficient to fix the contained nitrogen. When the vessel is full, the hquid manure is carted to a place pre- pared for its reception by heaping dry mould (or peaty soil) on to a concrete floor to a height of 20 inches. The spot should be protected from rain by a light roof. About 1 cwt. of mould may be conveniently used for every 56 gallons liquid manure, Whilst the vessel employed is filling again, which will take, say 14 days, the saturated mould should be turned over with a spade eyery 410 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” (Sept. 1, 1893. a third or fourth day. This can easily be done in 14 minutes for half aton of mould. After from 8 to 14 days the mass will be completely dry, and will contain, in a non-volatile form, all the fertil- ising compounds of the liquid manure. When the vessel is full again the liquid manure is once more poured on the same mould, and this is dried again in the way described while the vessel is refilling. The procedure is repeated till the mould has absorbed as much as possible. It should stand five or six soakings. In experiments made last year, 2 cwt. peat litter absorbed 480 gallons horse urine between 21st May and lst August. The advantages of the method are—(1) Pre- servation of the easily decomposed nitrogen compounds in liquid manure. (2) The manure need not be used at an inconvenient time. (8) The resulting manure is comparatively concentrated (e.g., the liquid manure produced in a whole year iby a single horse can be stored up in a space 39 inches square), and can be carted with little expense. The moe bulky stable manure can be used for the land nearest the farm, and can be easily preserved by keeping damp and strewing small quantities of kainite or carnallite upon it, (4) Any sulphuric acid added in excess re-acts on the mould and converts its insoluble nitrogen com- pounds into a soluble form. _ Dr. Vogel is continuing his work on this subject, and is particularly anxious to determine whether the drying. process will go on as well in winter as summer. The German Agricultural Society have made, a grant, of £2,000 to be expended during the next four years on research, conducted by Dr. Vogel, to determine the best ways of preserving manure. . The subject of the conditions under which loss of nitrogen in farmyard manure takes place is of the highest interest to every farmer. The re- sults of some experiments recently carried out are worth citing. It was found in comparative experiments that the loss of nitrogen by fermenta- tion is greater when the manure is left to ferment in the stable or byre, than when itis removed and left in a heap by itself, this being due to the more , rapid fermentation of the urine which takes place in the former circumstances. The loss is greater ‘in summer than in winter. The experimenters (Mintz and Girard) have found that this loss is considerably reduced by the substitution of peat for ordinary straw litter. It is ‘also reduced when dry earth, rich in humic ‘substances, is used, the efficacy of this Jatter sub- stance as a litter being in proportion to the amount of‘humie matter it contains. Thus the difference ‘of loss, in a stable containing 16 horses, between straw and peat was as’much as 15 per cent. of ‘nitrogen—the loss of nitrogen when straw was used being. 63'6 jer cent., while with peat it only ‘amounted to 48:3 per cent. The difference “between straw and dry earth was even-greater. ‘In'a sheep-fold, with'25 sheep, the loss amounted ‘to -50°2:per cent. when straw was /used ; on the other hand, when dry earth was ‘used, the loss was reduced to 25'7 per cent. These resultsiare distinctly in fayour of peat asa litter, and confirm experiments carried out by other investigators on the same subject. Among these we may mention some extremely interesting ones made by Dr. Bernard Dyer, of London, some years ago, the results of which appeared in the Mark Lane Evpress (7th October, 1889). The experiments were carried out with peat-moes litter, as compared with straw. From them Dr. Dyer concluded that in every respect peat-moss was superior to straw asa litter. It absorbed about three times as much liquid as the straw did, and its power of retaining this liquid was very much greater. Both these properties are of great importance ina litter. It further absorbed and retained more nitrogen than the straw, and produced a richer manure. To return to Miintz and Girard’s experiments, in summing up their results the learned experi- menters suggest that where peat is not readily accessible, the best plan would be to supplement the usual straw litter witha little earth, rich in humus, sprinkled on the top ofit. This is, of course, purely in the interests of the conservation of nitrogen. The question of cleanliness in stable or byre has also its claims to be considered. There is a further point to be urged in supporting the use of straw substitutes for the purposes of litter, and that is the value of straw itself as a fodder. __—_——_ TRAVELLER'S JOTTINGS. One is particularly struck while en route to Anuradhapura with the apparently wild growth of Cassia fistula (the Sinhalese Zhela) which lightens up the roadside in the month of August with its golden blossoms that have been compared with the laburnum. Among the other common and striking trees in the neighbourhood of the ruined city are the Kon (the Ceylon oak) Schleichera triguga, which in that part is a veritable giant of the torest, palu (Mimusops hexandra) and wé6ra (Hemi- cycha sepiaria), mimusops elengi (Moonamal) and Diospyros ebenum, the ebony tree. These are all valuable timbers, and the first three bear fruits that are much appreciated by the natives. | 1 was pleasantly surprised to find the cattle of the country in such good condition. The reason of this may be that the animals are allowed to roam at large and find fodder anywhere it can be got at. The native breed has, I observed, become a good deal mixed, also owing probably to the fact that the cattle have no restraint whatever placed upon them, being secured neither by day nor night. But what is to be regretted is that the males are not kept under control, and only desirable animals allowed to go with the herds of cows. ‘Noattempt whatever is made at selection in breeding, and it is most to be regretted that young bulls are permitted to run about with | ‘the rest of the animals. It struck me that the Vicinity of the ruined ‘city would not be'so bad'a place ‘for a cattle- ‘préeding station; now that’some of the ancient ‘Jakés of tHe district have been ‘restored. By ‘méans of irrigation cultivation during the raintess hot months, a grass and cattle famm ought to do well. Further up towards Tammankaduwa the Sept. 1, 1893.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 211 pasture lands are reported to be of exceptionally fine quality, and may perhaps be still more suitable for such an object. One cannot but wonder and feel indignant when he sees the manner in which cattle manure is wasted in these parts. In the lowcountry the value of farmyard manure is now being fully appreciated by the natives, who, knowing that there is a ready market for the stuff, take care to store it after a crude fashion. In some places not far from Colombo I have heard of as much as R1:25 having paid for a load of dung. But in Anuradhapura manure geem to be looked upon asa nuisance to the possessor of cattle, since he cannot dispose it of for money. One sees heaps thrown about with other rubbish, and I was told it is not uncommon to burn the dung in order to get rid of it in some way, and why is this? 1s there no cultivation in the neighbourhood? Well, there are some large stretches of paddy land—but altogether not very much cultivation to speak of near the tanks. The explanation-I was given for the neglect to use the dung was that the lands are so fertile that they did not need manure! Indeed, the reviving capital of the ancient Sin- halese kings is sadly in want of some little instruction in the arts of agriculture and rural economy, the knowledge of which, like its mar- vellous engineering skill, would seem to have been buried with ruined temples and palaces. —————-__> —_ —_—_— LUCERNE, The cultivation of lucerne is the subject of an interesting paper by the Principal of the Govern- ment Agricultural College of South Africa, where lucerne is considered the queen of perennial fodder crops. As we believe that, with an in- creasing interest. in diary farming, lucerne is destined to be one of the fodder crops of Ceylon, a statement ofthe methods of cultivation of the plant in the Cape will not be without value, It forms a green fodder and hay which is. most wholesome and useful to dairy cows as well as horses, if resists drought, and, last but not least, it improves the soil on which it grows. We quote as follows :— “The Europeanfarmeris as arule very particular in selecting land for lucerne culture, and he is in one sense correct, since the duration and produc- tiveness of the crops depend chiefly on the nature of the soil. Ihave, however, found by experience that in this climate a soil which would not be considered a ‘lucerne soil’ produces. quite a fine crop, But it will be understood that ona loamy soil containing a fair amount of lime with a rich permeable deep subsoil the duration and yield of a lucerne field is very much more accentuated -than in places where the soils contain less lime and have not such a subsoil, The cultivation of lucerne is, however, also profitable where the natural conditions are. not so favourable, though under such circumstances it may last as long and may require some manuring to insure a proper start and yigorous growth. In spite of the fact that lucerne does not require much moisture it thrives best when it gets a fair amount of rain every month, and where the local rainfall is under 14 in, to 2 in, per month it should obtain a good wetting once after each cut. Heavy rains are rather injurious, they favour the growth of grass to too large an extent and the lucerne is easily suppressed by it. “There are two essential points which must not be lost sight of in growing lucerne—the necessity of deep cultivation and of keeping the land free from weeds. Lucerne is naturally a deep-rooted plant, and it is imperative that in preparing the soil for lucerne sowing, it should be loosened to a great depth. Such an operation obviates the ap- plication of manure and at the same time serves to keepweeds off.” It is advised that manuring where necessary should be done some time before the sowing of the seed :— “The application of manure may, however, be dispensed with entirely on a great many soils, and in almost all instances where lucerne is sown on new land, manuring may be considered as unneces- sary except when sown in very shallow soils. If thesubsoil is of the proper description the lucerne derives its mineral food from a great depth, the roots having been found to penetrate into the soil to a depth as great as from 5 ft, to 10 ft. and even further, In the Museum at Berne the root of a lucerne plant is exhibited measuring 50 ft. in length. In many instances some manuring with lime and ashes will prove very useful; this can easily be comprehended when it is considered that a hundred pounds of ash of lucerne plants contains, according to a series of analyses, as much as 34°9 lb. of lime and 21°9 1b, of potash. Ashes, it may be remarked, also tend to check the growth of weeds. “There is considerable difference of opinion regarding the time and method of sowing lucerne and the quantity of seed required per acre. At Stellenbosch, I found by experience, it is best to sow lucerne. during April and May (autumn) broadcast in beds 6 in, to 6in, broad at the rate of 15 1b, to 20 1b. per acre. This method will prove satisfactory in many other parts of the colony, notably in the Western Province, Sow- ing in spring can also be recommended if there is no danger of late frosts and of the earth-fly destroying the young tender plantlets, It is true that the autumn sowing. affords.a chance to the growth of weeds, but the crop will have the full benefit of the moisture in localities where winter rains are prevalent, and besides a full cut is produced early in the ensuing spring. Wherever the land is clean enough to allow of broadcast sowing it should be preferred to sowing in rows, more food being produced by broadcasting the seed, and the plants in consequence of being more closely crowded together will be more tender. Thick sowing is generally preferred to thin sow- ing; in France, where lucerne culture is an old and important part of farming, as much ag 36 lb, of seed per acre is sometimes sown, I found 16 Ib. to 20 lb. ample here, and in Australia some sheep farmers, who have laid out lucerne pastures, have successfully sown only 2 1b, to 3 Ib. of seed per acre, The seed should be of a bright yellowish brown colour and smooth, Seed a year old is preferred to quite fresh seed, asthe former does not contain such a large percentage of hard grains as the quite fresh article. The seed should not be covered too deep, The covering is best accom- plished by means.of light wooden harrows Or 212 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” (Sept. 1, 1893. inverted heavier harrows. The practice of drag- ging a stout sapling to which are attached a number of small branches over the land will also serve the purpose. Sometimes the seed is merely pressed into the soil by rollers, and when a large area has been sown grags-seed harrows will render good service in covering the seed. At Oudtshoorn lucerne is sometimes sown along with barley. This practice has the advant- age of requiring only one preparation of the land for two crops, and the lucerne further enjoys “some protection. In spring sowing, particularly in localities where the spring is dry, this method of sowing lucerne mixed witha cereal crop is not advisable. The principal attention required by young lucerne is the removal of weed with a cultivator ‘if sown in rows or by hand if sown broadcast, It is a work which may be inconvenient to many growers, but it must be done to insure success, for lucerne is very easily suppressed by weeds in the early stages ofits growth. As there is nothing so fatal to lucerne as a sward of grass, which is almost as pernicious as dodder, old lucerne fields should be subjected to a thorough harrowing after the last autumn cut and before the growth sets in again in spring. Such a system of culti- vation keeps down weeds and loosens the ground, thus allowing the air to penerate into the soil. Well-rotted manure, and in particular compost to which lime has been added, may at the same time be applied as a top dressing where manuring is necessary. Sometimes a fungus shows itself early in spring, causing brownish and blackish spots to appear on the leaves, which finally drop off. The only thing to be done in this case is to cut and feed the lucerne when the disease first becomes manifest. As the season advances the disease disappears altogether. Plots showing the symptoms of the presence of dodder should be cut off andthe infected spots treated with a strong solution of sulphate of iron, The slugs sometimes found on lucerne may be killed and driven off by dusting quicklime over the crop. “One of the important questions to be consider- ed in laying out a field for lucerne is its duration and the number of cuts which may be expected per annum in the locality selected. Lucerne will not last longer than five years where the soil is shallow, deficient in lime, and sometimes water- logged. Onsuitable soils it may last from fifteen to twenty-five years and even longer. I have “seen a lucerne field at Graaff-Reinet which is supposed to have been in existence for about seventy years; the soil there is, however, of the best quality to an almost unlimited depth. It appears that this bed of lucerne has resown itself, it being sometimes cut after some seeds had ripen- ed and fallen to the ground. Lucerne may be cut in this country from five to nine times per year, each time before being in full flower. During midsummer it may be cut at intervals of about a month. The yield, which is at its best during the third year of its growth or during the second in poorer soils, is simply astonishing to a European farmer. Out of a plot of two and a half years’ standing above 8? tons of green lucerne were cropped per acre at one cut, yielding above 2 tons of hay. This is of course excep- tional, but 4to 6 tons of hay per acre,may annually be expected in most localities and on soils of average quality, in many places much more. That means two or three times as much hay as is obtained from one acre of oats, the nutritive value of lucerne hay being besides much higher than that of oat hay. Whencut at the proper time, some time before flowering, green lucerne is an excellent food stuff, rich in albumen, and most suitable for dairy cattle When cut whilst flowering, during which time the stems become harder and tougher, lucerne adds to the flesh rather than to the milk. Good lucerne being so very rich in composition it should always be fed along with some poorer food, such as straw, green maize, grasses, and rootcrops. The hay, properly cured, is almost as valuable asthe green stuff, and forms a forage which is much relished by horses, sheep, and cattle. To give some idea of the richness of lucerne I may mention that the ratio of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous nutriment in lucerne, hay or green fodder, is about as 1; 3°2, whilst that of maize is about as 1: 9°56, that of good oat hay as]: 65—1: 7, that of millet as 1: 7-1—that is, there is more of the valuable albuminous matter in lucerne than in any other fodder plant. “Tt is often fancied that lucerne cannot stand depasturing. In a moist climate there is some truth in this assertion, but extensive experi- ments conducted in Australia, where several thousands of acres of land have been sown with lucerne, and where the area under lucerne for the purpose of pasturing is extending largely, have shown that the plant is suitable for grazing sheep. In other countries, too, where stable feeding has become a necessity, it is the usual practice to depasture lucerne in autumn instead of cutting it once more before winter sets in. “Tt is a recognised fact that the prosperity of several districts of countries such as the south of France, the north of Italy, some parts of Cali- fornia, Hungary, &c., depend upon their lucerne fields to a great extent. It suits the natural conditions of these countries better than any other fodder plant, being a crop which is exceed- ingly productive and rich in composition ; it at the same time restores fertility to soils, and is a great factor in the production of manure on tarms, besides being a never-failing source of food for dairy stock and other farm animals.” es A FEW NOTES ON FODDER, II. 1. As is well-known it is in dry districts that cattle suffer most for want of sufficient fodder. But in many of those parts where even very severe droughts occur, there are periodical rains which fall more or less regularly when the monsoon sets in. At this season a surplus quan- tity of grass may be grown on the waste lands with a little extra trouble, and can be stored up as hay or ensilage, if cattle-owners will only care to doit. This no doubt will be looked upon as a novel practice, and there are many among our village farmers who will consider it hardly worth their while to take so much trouble on account of their cattle. But those who do will be amply rewarded in the better condition and yield of their animals, not to mention the amount of suffering they will save them from. 2. Again in the neighbourhood of some parched and sterile places there are to be found well- Sept. 1, 1893.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” watered fertile spots like oases in a sandy desert. Grass and other fodder crops may be abundantly grown in these fertile places, throughout the year or in rotation with the paddy, so as to sup- ply forage to the cattle both there and in the dry districts around. For instance, in the North, a few miles from Mullaittivu, we come across a fer- tile spot called Taniuttu, which derives its name froma perennial stream by which it is watered. The vegetation here is in a very thriving condition, and the place contrasts fayourably with the dry and sterile look of the town of Mullaittivu. The flora on the banks of the stream is characteristic of comparatively cold places, and bears a striking resemblance to that of some hilly districts in the centre of our Island. At Mullaittivu cattle suffer from a scarcity of food during the dry season, and sometimes when the drought is unusually prolonged, they are well nigh starved to death, Now, why should not cattle-owners of this place take advantage of the close proximity of the fertile and well-watered village for growing a large quantity of fodder for their starving cattle ? 3, Where natural irrigation is not available in the vicinity, recourse may be often had to arti- ficial irrigation for growing fodder crops. Now, that there is a fair sprinkling of tanks, why should not a part of the immense tracts of land under them be set apart for growing food for cattle? And indeed even where such easy irrigation is unavailable, some have found it profitable to grow fodder by irrigation from wells by means of the * picottah, or ‘ well-sweep,’ though on a small scale. For example, in the Mission compound at Nellore, there is a nice little plot of guinea grass grown in this way. The tall, luxuriant growth of it shows that much might be done by this method of irrigation. 4, Besides straw ana grass, there are various other kinds of forage used in the districts with scanty rainfall; and the great avidity with which half-starved cattle, being compelled by necessity, gorge themselves with any trash they come across, has become proverbial in the North. But there is also a variety of wholesome stuff with which they may be fed. (1.) The browse of various trees and shrubs is one of this class. The live-fence trees such as Erythryna Indica, Inga dulcis, &c., which are so common, are very serviceable to cattle in this way; and considering the fact that they also form strong, durable fences and are useful for shade and shelter in addition, the usefulness of live fences cannot be too highly spoken of, The leaves and tender twigs of some common big trees are also sometimes eaten by cattle; and certain varieties of browse are reputed to have medicinal properties too. Thus the margosa leaf which is freely eaten by cattle in some parts, is said to have a tonic action, while the erythrina leaves serve as a laxative when taken in consider- able quantities. But there are several kinds of browse to which cattle do not take very kindly until they are specially trained by degrees to eat them, (2.) The leaves and stalks of the maize and the straw or hay of the inferior cereals, such as ‘kurakkan’ (4leusine corocana), ‘ Varagw (Pani- cum muilaceum), ‘TVinai’ (Panicum Italicum), ‘Shami’ (Panicum miliare) are also used for feed- ing cattle in Jaffna and some adjoining districts, 213 (3.) The bran of paddy is given to cows and cart-bulls. When given to milch cows mixed up with tepid water, it is said to increase their yield of milk. (4.) The mesocarp of the tender palmyrah fruit is also said to have a similar effect. By way of explanation it might be mentioned that allthe palmyrah fruitsdo not mature and ripen on the tree. Many of them drop down when they are tender, v.e., in the nonku stage, being shaken off by the wind or partly injured by squirrels &c. They are then gathered, and after the refreshing juice in the ‘eyes’ of the nonku is sucked up and drunk by children, who, by the way, are extremely fond of it, the tender fruit is sliced up into thin bits and served to the cows. There are several other kinds of food which are given to cattle in the dry districts of the North-East, but as they are of minor importance, it is not necessary to mention them here, but I trust that these few lines will awaken some little interest in the subject of fodder. The natural grass in the South-West and centre of the Island is generally so abundant and unfailing that most of the village cattle-owners there com- placently regard it as a sufficient food for all classes of cattle at all times and seasons; but it is in the dry parts of the North where protracted droughts occur, that the necessity for raising artificial forage is seen, When we remember that all the meat, dairy products, and labour of cattle come to usas the result of feeding, the importance of growing sufficient food for cattle will not be undervalued, and I have been induced to write these notes in the interests of starving cattle, after seeing the careful feeding on scienti- fic principles practised at the Government Dairy, and the laudable attempts of the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture to introduce fodder crops into the Island. E. T, HOOLE. ee ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. We now come to the fourth class of Annulosa, and perhaps the most important group of animals so far as the agriculturist is concerned, viz., Insecta: The Insecta may be defined as articulate animals in which the head, thorax, and abdomen are distinct; there are three pairs of legs borne on the thorax, the abdomen is destitute of legs, and a single pair of antenne is present in most there are two pairs of wings on the thorax; respiration is carried on by means of trachea. The natural orcers of insects which possess the greatest interest to the agriculturist are Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Ho- moptera, and Diptera. The terminatiou ptera is derived from the Greek pteron a wing, while the prefix refers to some peculiarity of that organ. The life-history of many insects may be illustrated by that of the butterfly. The female lays eggs which produce caterpillars (or larve). When full grown these choose a place of security, or in some cases spin a cocoon in which to change to the chrysalis (or pupa) stage, In due time the outer coat of the pupa cracks 214 Supplement to the “ Propical Agriculturist.” [Sept. 1, 1898. and from within it comes the mature winged insect (imago). The change from the grub-like larva to the imago takes place during the quiescent period or resting stage represented by the pupa. After pairing the female lays eggs and dies. Then the whole cycle of egg, larva, pupa, and imago, is repeated. : This is termed ‘complete metamorphosis, and it includes, as mentioned, the quiescent pupa stage. It takes place in the case of the following orders of insects: Coleoptera, Hy- menoptera, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. In some orders, however, the pupa stage is absent ; the larva is then much like the adult form which is reached after many moultings. Tis is the case with the Homoptera, Heteroptera and the Orthoptera. To the order Coleoptera or “ sheath-winged ” insects belong the beetles. The front wings are hard and act as a protection to the mem- branous hind wings. Beetles have biting jaws. The insects of this order pass through a com- plete metamorphosis. The larve are usually fleshy grubs, the mouths being furnished with jaws; they are mostly 6-legged and often have a fleshy proleg at the end of the tail. Weevyils area group of hard beetles provided with snouts, their larve are legless grubs. What are known as lady-birds, are useful beetles which destroy plant lice. Wireworms and cockchafer grubs, which live in the soil for years, are very troublesome. To this order also belong, beside the wireworm and cockchafer, the turnip fly, the mustard beetle, the bean seed beetle, the turnip gall beetle, the nut weevil and others. The Hymenoptera or membrane-winged insects have usually four membranous wings which have few veins, though often furnished with scattered bristles. ‘The abdomen of the female frequently has a conspicuous ovipositor or egg-laying apparatus, which is also used as a _ borer or is developed as astring. The Hymenoptera pass through a complete metamorphosis. In some species the larve are legless (existing as & maggot or grub), and live in a nest stored with dead insects or pollen; in others they possess up to 10 or 11 legs, and feed on leaves, or stems in galls. The latter are specially destructive to crops. The true stinging insects such as wasps, bees, and hornets belong to this order, and most of the parasitic insects (such as gall flies) and the true ants arelalso included in it. The galls on the oak tree is due to the marble-gall fiy. To the Lepidoptera or scaly-winged insects belong butterflies and moths, of which the latter are the more numerous. They possess four wings which are usually covered with delicate vari-colored scales, The organs of the mouth are adapted to sucking, and the insects pass through a complete metamorphosis. The larva is worm- like with usually 5 to 8 pairs or less (occasionally none) and is furnished with biting jaws (cater- pillar). The following are the differences between butterflies and mouths; butterflies have antenne or horns with knobs like a drumstick, the antennas of the moths haye no _ knobs, Butterflies when at rest raise the wings so that they meet back to back; moths at rest keep their wings spread out so as to cover their bodies, Butterflies usually fiy by day, moths at night or twilight, RR The Homoptera or similar-winged insects have wings of the same texture throughout, either leathery or membranous, The wings when at rest are held slanting over the back like a steep roof. Though four wings are usually present, there are only two in some species and none in others. The mouth or beak isadapted for sucking. The antennz are generally short. Thelarye are much like the mature insect and there is no quiescent stage. The Homoptera are terrestial insects and are all injurious to vegetation. With the Heteroptera (dis-similar winged)—an order in- cluding the plant bugs and certain water insects—they make up the division called He- miptera (half-winged). The Homoptera are well illustrated by the aphides or plant lice which include some of the most destructive insects known, Vegetables, hops, vine (attacked by the Phylloxera), fruit trees and corn are all subject to their attack. Diptera (two-winged) have only one pair ot wings which have few veins and are naked. This is the order of the true flies. In place of the hind wings are a pair of balances or poisors ; the mouth is furnished with a proboscis for piercing or lapping. The larve are usually wormlike, legless maggots with a soft retractile head of no definite shape, though sometimes there isa hard head with jaws. The house-fly and blow-fly are familiar examples, and one of the most destructive root pests is the leather-jacket, which lives in the soil like the wireworm. The ox warble fly, horse bot fly, gad fly, forest flies, sheep's nostril fly, sheep tick and mosquitos are all dipterous insects, As before mentioned the above five orders include the most important plant pests. The Orthoptera (right-winged) have four wings, the outer being leathery rather than horny as in Coleoptera, and slightly overlapping; the hind legs are fitted for leaping, the jaws for biting. The larve live on land and there is no resting stage. Cockroaches, crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts (so destructive to vegetation in some countries) belong to the order, as do the walking- stick and leaf insects. Neuroptera (nerve-winged or net-veined) have four wings, generally with numerous hollow veins and either naked or hairy. The worm-like larve have six legs andare provided with jaws. ‘They are mostly aquatic and with few exceptions pass through a pupa stage. Dragon flies, may flies, and the well-known termites or white ants are ‘examples of Neuroptera. —— HORSE-BREEDING. II. We have all heard of the horse-breeding tarm at Delft which is said to have produced very good animals at one time. Another place where a few animals are bred is the Massalwala near Beru- wala. Moist soil and undrained lands are the worst places for animals to live in and far less to breed. The Beruwala land is thus totally unfit to be a breeding station, and could only have been chosen owing to so large an expanse of flat country being available, and from the fact that there is also a good growth of natural grasses in the locality. The place was probably originally a resort for cast-off horses, which, having bred under natural conditions, set a precedent for a Sept. 1, 1893.] Swpplement to the “Tropical Agricultwrist.” 215 crude form of breeding whereby foals of the very poorest quality were got. Now if there is sufficient encouragement for carrying on this method of breeding in so un- favourable a spot, surely it should both pay and prove in every way a success to breed horses in suitable localities and under favourable circum- stances. One may venture to say that it would pay any moderate capitalist to go in for horse-breeding in the Island, without the least aid from Govern- ment. Even if the idea of adopting horse-breeding as an inependent industry be put out of consideration in a country with such a grateful soil and climate, where very few would care to venture in any new enterprize unless driven to it under severe pres- sure, still the subject is surely deserving the seri- ous attention of coconut planters, both small and great ; I mean those who possess from a few acres to thousands. Hven inthe smallest garden one or more mares could be profitably kept. Service- able Indians need not cost more than from R100 to R150, and they should not require much for their keep, for they need not get their paddy and gram so long as they are left to graze in the estate, and the most they would require in the way of additional expenses would be some straw and a shelter, except when in foal a little feeding fora few weeks. The animals may, more- over, be put to some use in a coconut estate, which would amply pay the little extra care and feed. As a matter of course the item on which some- thing will have to be spent is on the keep ofa stallion; this is the most important point in the success of the whole industry, though some may think that the method followed at Massalwela aforementioned would be ample. The cost of a serviceable stallion would range from two hundred and fifty rupees to thousands ; and the more the outlay on a stallion the better the quality of the progeny, and hence the profits. it has been estimated by Indian authorities after the experience of many years, that in this country a stallion could profitably serve fifty mares in a year, though I believe they make more use of a stallion in England. Soa single stallion, if obtained, would be ample for a whole district, and a small charge from tlose who keep the mares would amply repay its cost and keep. There is no reason why some system like the above should not prove successful, and perhaps lead to altogether a new industry anda new source of profit which may eventually be shared by the native cultivators themselves. \icray:\si D Bets ee THE CLOVE TREE. - The English name clove is said to be derived from the Spanish Clavo, and the French Clon— the names of the spice inthese languages—from the resemblance which the dried buds bear to nails. A peculiarity of the clove-tree is that every part is aromatic, but the greatest strength is found in the bud, which is the “ clove” of com- merece, ‘The finest quality of cloves are dark brown in color with full, perfect heads, free from moisture, In the cultivation of the clove, the first thing to be done is the starting of the shoot. The seeds are planted in long trenches and. kept well watered until after sprouting. In the course of forty days the shoot appears above ground. They are carefully watered and looked after for the space of two years, when they should be about three feet high. They are then transplanted, being set about thirty feet apart, and are kept watered tillthey become well rooted. Irom this time the young trees require only ordinary care, though the best results are obtained when the ground about the trees is well worked over and kept free from weeds. The growth of the tree is very slow, and five or six years are required for it to come into bear- ing, at which time it is about the size ofan ordinary pear-tree, and is usually very shapely. It is a pretty sight to see a young plantation just coming | into bearing. The leaves, of various shades of green tinged with red, serve to set off the clusters of dull red clove buds. As soon as the buds are fully formed and assume this reddish color the harvesting commences, and is prosecuted for fully six months at intervals, since the buds do not form simultaneously, but at odd times throughout the said period. The limbs of the trees being very brittle, a peculiar four-sided ladderis brought into requisition, and the harvesting proceeds apace. As fast as collected, the buds are spread out in the sun, until they assume a brownish color, when they are put in the storehouse and are ready for market. A ten-year-old plantation should produce an average of 20 lbs. of cloves toa tree. Trees of 20 years frequently produce upwards of 100 lbs. each. Zanzibar, as is well known, is noted for being the principal source of the world’s supply of cloves. The industry received a serious cheek there in 1872, when a great hurricane swept over the Island. I1t is said that at least nine-tenths of the trees were destroyed at that time, so the larger part of those now standing are of new growth. Itis reported from there that the present season, commencing with July 1889, is very favourable, and that the crop will exceed that of any previcus seasons. It is expected in all probability to amount to 13,000,000 lbs., averag- ing a local value of 10 cents per lb. Besides the clove buds, the stems are also gathered, and form an article of commerce, commanding about one-fifth of the value of cloves, and having about the same percentage of strength. To this circum- stance is traceable the fact that ground cloves can frequently be purchased in the market at a lower price than whole cloves. eee GENERAL ITEMS. A new patent, called the Disc churn, has been awarded the Silver medal at the late Royal Agri- cultural Society's Show. It is described as a simple contrivance which is likely to revolutionize butter-making. The principles which are em- ployed to produce butter from cream seem to set at naught the rules which have hitherto been observed in modern dairying. Temperature is disregarded, and the speed of the churning 216 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [Sept. 1, 1893, has no other effect than to make the butter-making a longer or shorter process ; the faster the handle is turned, the sooner the butter comes, is the maxim of the Disc; and the quality and the quantity of the butter are the same whatever the speed. The machine and the process are so simple and ingenious that adescription of them, as given in the Ayr Advertiser is worth giving :—A very simply constructed box, open at the top is fitted with a narrow wooden dise which is levelled so as to come to a knife-like edge. The disc is placed vertically in the box, and is made to revolve by means of a handle which is geared to cogs to acquire speed. Over the wheel, and fitted on to the top of the box, is a wooden cup some three inches in width with hanging boards. As the disc revolves a thin layer or film of milk is picked up and dashed with great force against the lid or cup. The working of a natural law prevents the butter from being worked beyond the granular stage, for when once the cream becomes butter it no longer adheres to the disc, but dances about in the butter- milk as the liquid is disturbed. The washing of the butter is easily effected, as when the butter milk is drawn off and clear water is substituted, a few revolutions of the disc are sufficient to clear the grains of the fiuid matter, while the brining or salting becomes effective in a similar manner. The butter is easily removed, and the scalding and cleaning of the churn is as simple as the cleaning of a bucket. 1t is said to be possible to make the box of glazed earthenware or porcelain, when a foul churn would be almost an impossibility. It will thus be seen that the process is very simple, and the value of the machine is best realized when it is known that from three to eight minutes are sufficient to produce the butter. The utilization of skim-milk is a matter of great economic importance under the developing system of separation by cream separators. The Royal Agricultural Societyinvited Mr. Rehenstrom, expert in dairy science to the Swedish Govern- ment to visit the Show to exhibit his machinery for making human and cattle foods from the solid coustituents of skim-milk. The following is a description of the process :—-By means of a steam exhaust the milk is brought into a pulpy consistency and is subsequently subjected to pressure which gets rid of moisture, and the solid matter can be dealt with as required. Cakes of a highly nutritious nature composed of the solid milk and grain are combined to constitute a horse fodder. Calf foods, coffee, coffee and cocoa mixtures, and an unlimited variety of palatable foods are made, and when it is remembered that all that is good in milk (except the fat) is retained, it is certain that there must be much that is valuable in them. Food that hasa milk foundation must be good for the young animals, and the makers state they can produce the articles so cheaply, that compared with foods of a similar value they are able to find a good profit. A thorough test, however, is necessary as to the practical value of the discovery. Within the past few years, says the Auckland Weekly News, much attention has been given to okra (Hibiscus esculentus) as a fibre plant in the Southern States of America. Mills are said to have been erected in England, Germany and France by a Mr. Sadlow, for working up the raw material, which he says he can produce at 2d per lb. This information we have gleaned from American sources, and it may of course be overdrawn. But one fact is patent, and it is a valuable fibre plant, and its production, cost and value are worthy of careful enquiry. No. 16 of the Imperial Institute series of Handbooks issued by the Indian Government re- produces the information in the Dictionary of Economic Products regarding Kamela dye, the powdery substance obtained as a glandular pubescence from the exterior of the fruit of Mallotus Phillippinensis (Rottlera tinctoria), the Sinhalese hamparila, and the Tamil kapila-podi. Regarding it Dr. Watt says: “ Even at the present day Kamela dye cannot be said to have obtained the position in European countries which its merits deserve.” When you -are ready to plant, says a cor- respondent of the Practical Farmer, put your corn in a sack, hang it and give it a thorough smoking. With seed that had been smoked no damage was done by the ant-worm and other vermin, and as far as I could judge not a single kernel was disturbed, while the corn which was planted without smoking on adjacent ground was badly damaged. As an instance of the ease with which weeds may be introduced, the following will be of interest to agriculturists. A box containing Smyrna fig cuttings is said to have been brought over to Australia; these plants on identification were found to be Hypecoum procumbens, Vesicaria utriculataand Artsemisia campesis,—tbe plants appearing for the first time inthe colony. As they were known to have the character of noxious weeds, prompt steps were taken to destroy them at once, so as to prevent the possibility of their spreading in the country. It is not an uncommon experience to find a few weeds among flowers and vegetables, the seeds of which have been imported from abroad. Chickens are often observed to become stupid, go to sleep, and appear to sleep themselves to deuth. Some style this the “sleepy disease,” which often destroys the chicks rapidly, especially in warm weather and in a warm climate. The so-called “ sleepy disease” is nothing more or less than Zice. Whenever a chicken droops without any apparent cause, examine the head closely for the bloodsucker, and rub two or three drops of sweet oil on the head of each chick twice a week. - ae a ROBERT BOYD TYTLER, Eso: Tropical Agriculluyi:t Portrait Gallery, No. Iih Vol. XIII.] COLOMBO, OCTOBER 2ND, ~ PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” ROBERT BOYD TYTLER. EARLY LIFE. F “a wise son knows his own father” it is but meet and right that the modern plan- ter should desire to know, and learn a lesson from the life of the late Robert Boyd ; Tytler, emphatically the father ot coffee and cacao eultivation in Ceylon, Specially educated and trained for a_ tropical agriculturist, practical, energetic and conscientious, Mr. ‘I'ytler would have made his mark in any walk of life. That he devotec. the first-fruits of his experience and active life to the interests of Ceylon, was indeed a fortu- nate circumstance for the island, which at the shrewd, time, so specially needed guidance in planting matters. And now though gone, upwards of ten years ago, the result of his life and labours may yet be seen in a body of highly-trained plan- ters, “whose energy, intelligence and integrity will compare favourably with that of any agriculturists in the world. It may be said that while yet a baby, ‘‘ Bobbie” was expressly set apart for a planter. Born in the village of Inverurie, 16 miles North-west of Aber- deen, on the 27th July 1819, he received the name of Robert Boyd after a cousin of his mother, which proved a fortunate thing for all concerned, and ~ must have often led the parents to think that after all there’s something in a name. Had the boy’s name been plain Peter or odd Obadiah, ten to one, Ceylon would have never seen him. Mrs. James Tytler’s uncle was minister of Crimmond, consequently the boy’s name-father was “a son of the manse,” already well-known as a keen and successful man of business, deeply interested in eastern trade, particularly in the planting pros- pects of Ceylon. THE MANSE. The manse had now no children to enliven it, while James Tytler hada quiverful of a round dozen. What so natural and so proper than thati the manse should adopt one, and that this one, should be the bright little embryo planter now verging upon 8 years of age. Bobbie was a decided acquisition to the manse. Especially appreciated by the two ladies, who charmed by his quaint humour, would listen amusedly to his naive recital of village life. ‘* And can you sing?’ said Miss Boyd, one day after calling him in fr the garden to amuse some lady visitors. ‘* Hoot ay” ! said he, and clearing his throat at once pro- ceeded. But the first line proved enough. ‘‘Stop” they all shrieked at once, and the astonished Bob received such a lecture on the impropriety of his song as he never forgot to his dying day. from. THE SCHUGL. It was now considered high time to send the boy to school, and to schoolhe forthwith went, and so set himself to master the mysteries of Meulloch, Lindley Murray and Gray with a success which, while it delighted the dominie, astonished the good folks at the manse At this same school Tytler made the acquaintance of several youths with whom he afterwards came in contact in Ceylon. Amongst others, Reid, Webster, &c., all of whom were distinguished in after life by their splendid penmanship, alas! now almost a lost art. Even at this early age R. B. T. made his mark, andit is said left it on more than one of the boys. THE GARDEN. At 12 years of age he was removed from the public school, and bearing in mind the life and work for which he was destined, his studies were transferred to the Gardens of Philorth, the seat of Lord Seafield. Although it was understood he was sent there as a sort of supernumerary apprentice —in something like the position of a modern ** creeper”—yet he had to begin at the beginning, taking his turn with the others, and he had reason to remember his first afternoon’s work. In those days it was the fashion—and for all I know may be so still—that every lout who called himself a journeyman gardener, thought he was | entitled to inflict all sorts of practical jokes on the * By “Oxp Cononist,” with a few additions by the Dditor. 218 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 2, 1893. Sn esses eeeeeeseee= oe seeensonneene ee green hand, and the tender years of the new arrival were no protection for him ; rather the reverse. The work in hand was wheeling manure along a steep walk, and the others took care that Bob's barrow was filled to the overflowing, but he was too proud to give in, and pluckily kept his turn. Again and again they filled the barrow with double the quantity that they themselves attempted to lift, but Bob only set his teeth and manfully came in up to time. At length they so contrived to build up the barrow with wet muck, that his utmost strength could only wheel it along the level. In attempting to take the hill, his poor little legs tottered beneath him, and in pure vexa- tion of spirit the tears came to his eyes. ‘* What a ——~—- shame !” said the voice of one behind him; who had taken in the situation. ‘“ Let me take that barrow,” and as Bob relinquished it, he saw that the yoice came from the kind-hearted Fores- ter, and as he walked behind the powerfully-built man, he made two resolves. The first being, that if ever he became an influential man, he would reward that Forester or those belonging to him ; and the second was that he would yet be upsides with his perseeutors, both of which laudable resolu- tions he literally carried into eftect. Thrashing the journeyman gardener before he was two years older, and in after years when he had become a prosperous. proprietor in Dumbara, two of the Forester’s sons were amongst his most capable and liberally-paid managers. Meanwhile, youn Tytler became an adept in ‘the Art that doth mend Nature,” and as soon as his three years’ *prenticeship were completed, he was sent out to continue his studies in Jamaica. JAMAICA. He reached Kingston when only 15 years of age, and for the next three years led a very active and highly-interested life, partly on the Blue Moun- tains, studying the coftee tree ; partly on the plains learning the art of sugar-making. But it may here be said, that he never took kindly to sugar planting; his specialty now—and for many years after—was Coffee. The lively young Scot soon became a special favourite in Jamaica, was an active Militia-man, and generally took a keen interest in all the social affairs of the little colony, so that it was not without much regret that his friends at Kingston bade good-bye to him at the end of three years. CYLON. A larger and more promising field, however, now lay before R. B. T. Coffee-planting in Ceylon was only as yet in the experimental stage: the experi- ence he had gained in the only spot where the tree could be said to be cultivated, was much required. True, a considerable export, amounting to about 30,000 ewt. per.annum was already being shipped from Colombo. Albeit, the planters were but grop- ing in the dark, under the shade of massive trees, and the sky, long-drawn coffee plants were already pining for more light. For a few weeks only did our young planter pay a visit to his native Aberdeen. ‘‘And how did he look on his return from Jamaica?” the writer agzked of the only remaining brother the other day. “Look! (he said) Better than any o’s; but the only thing I can distinctly remember is, that he gave me his wateh to hold till he ran round the race-course, two miles im 10 minutes”! Colombo, and was without much delay forwarded to Dumbara, in which rich and beautiful valley In 1837— . Mr. Tytler being then.18.years of age—landed in |. admixation of all visitors. “Iwas.here hagesame f Ara : a best known to Ceylon during the aaticiaews d latter a time his attention was confined to sugar, and it was said that this was the only time in Ceylon when pager showed a profit; but it was never congenial work, nor were the surroundings at this time in Dumbara very congenial to the new arrival, and it was not pwithoubt a consi feeling of relief that he ultimately gota commis- sion to explore the surrounding mougpain valleys, in order to select the most suitable land he could find for coffee. “He had previously given the benefit of his experience to the planters in the vicinity of Dumbara, and the West Indian system of cultivation was universally ad. ; oar rather too literally, for although the benefit from entire absence of shade ame speedily apparent, it was not a lasting benefit, and suitable and necessary as its absence may be on the misty hills, a modified shade is ppaperapaaply beneficial both for coffee and cacao in Jaw, hot and dry localities. PIONEER. It was as a pioneer on the mountain zone that R. B. T. first really distinguished himself. To him is due the merit of selecting the famous Kelebokke Valley, and some of the finest properties in Matale East, in both of which districts he did admirable work, not merely as a selector but as a practical planter, contending with diffieulties Bick sienttera present race of planters could scarcly conceive possible. j WRITES. While working here as a pioneer planter, Mr. Tytler began to make his presence felt in the island generally. Not only was his work executed in a manner to call forth the admiration of those who saw it; butin his spare moments he letters to the Observer, which for terseness 2 commonsense and fearless hard hitting, abo had not before been accustomed to receive ‘* from the hills.” At first Colombo merchants were not disposed to put up with this youngster’s advice on ¢offee curing and copper-bottomed clippers, and more than once a dignified attempt was made to silence the obnoxious scribbler, the only result: being a retort more “ outrageously” plainspoken than be- fore. To those who only know the modest Colombo Agent of today there is no use tryimg to picture the effect of such exsaperaging conduct upon ; the mercantile grandee of the 40’s and 50’s. Occasion- ally it seemed to hode badly for the prospects of R. B. T.; but by-and-bye even Colom boamerchants came to appreciate his worth, and work much more than he could undertake came to him unsought. BECOMES A Y. A. For some time he took up his residence in Kandy acting as agent and adviser for a mumber of absent proprietors, and always with the most satisfactory results to those directly interested, PALLAKELLIE. To become a vesident proprietor. in his beleyed Dumbara was, however, the aim of -his life and aemé of his ambition as a planter, and this. he ultimately accomplished by acquiring the alan- doned estate of Pallakellie, also holding shares in the adjoining properties of Rajawella, Ambecotte and Gangaywatte. On Pallakellie he built and formed. his unique demesne, which for many years.has heen. the years of his planting life; here he received distin- he was destined te play so important apart. . For 4, guished travellers interested in tropical agriculture ey Oct. 2, 1893.] here he entertained, as no other planter could entertain, all and sundry, from the Anesati repre- sentative down to the humblest coolie, and all were alike welcome to his table and the best he had upon it. It was from here he was chosen Chair- man of the Planters’ Association and became mem- ber of the Legislative Council, a position he deliberately aimed at and steadily worked uP to.* It was here the writer periodically paid him a passing: visit; and generally found the patriarch surrounded by a bevy of his favourite coolies, singing’ extempore songs and ever ready to laugh “At all his jokes, For many a joke’ had he.” Meanwhile, the estates were giving bumper crops, and: everything he touched’ seemed to prosper. Pallakellie itself seemed a curious experiment by one who came to teach pruning and the clearing away of shade, but it sweceeded; and nothing could exceed the beauty of the coffee as it grew like large patches of glossy shrubbery in a noble park. For some ten years the average crops on the Dumbara estate had equalled 10 ewt. per acre. Wealth accumulated, and the people did not decay, prosperity indeed only stimulated our friend to greater exertions and’ still more liberal giving: DRY CYCLE. But the time at lengtli came when the prosperity of Dumbara- received’ a serious check, a cycle of dry seasons set in aid the crops became more and more uncertain:- The trees. indeed blossomed. as of yore, and the bright red cherry too followed in abundance ; but alas the bean did not mature, and only. floated. like chaff inthe cisterns. Dumbara, with® all its rich soil, and. genial sunshine, could not be got to grow fully-developed fruit without Wearonatle moisture, and how to supply this too- evident want now exercised the active brain of Mr. Tytler. IRRIGATION. The Mahavelliganga rolled past. What so natural to suggest itself as that these muddy waters, carrying the riches from the hill estates, should be utilized in moistening the thirsty lands of Rajawella. And now comes the interesting story of the gigantic Waterworks, a story unfortunately too long for the space at my disposal, works ably conceived and admirably carried out. We have looked upon the elaborate make-shifts of the Egyptians for the conveyance of water, seen the stupendous aqueducts of the ancient Incas ; but nowhere in the world have we seen such powerful force-pumps in use, as those erected My. Tytler. In the erecting of these works, Me John Brown-since so well known as the pioneer of Uva Companies—first made his mark as Engineer and Colonist under Mr. Tytler’s auspices. A huge turbine supplied by water from the river gave the motive power, by which a continuous stream of about 1,000 gals. per minute was carried tothe crest of a ridge 500 feet above the pumps. On the crest of each minor-ridge the main pipe was * No more popular Chairman ever presided over the Planters’ Association, and to the last, the sight of “R.B. T.’s” gigantic ‘“topee ’’ with its famous pug- gery, making for a P. A. meeting was a sure sign of a successful gathering with abundance of humour to season the business speeches. As M. L,C,, Mr. Tytler was all tooshort a time in office,and the Governor, Sir Henry Ward (who most warmly appreciated his ability and good qualities) greatly regretted that he had not his (Mr, Tytler's) co-operation in the pagilatace fora longer perlod Lin, Zid, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 219 furnished with stop-cocks to let out the water, which-was conducted by surface drains to each line of coffee and every coffee tree. But carefully thought-out and faithfully-executed as these costly works were, it must be admitted they did not rove afinancial success. Magical as the effect at first seemed to be, it was found that the water percolated rather too readily through the open subsoil, and although it refreshed the coffee for the time, it did not. even with liquid manure added, sufficiently sustain the trees to enable them to carry the crop to maturity. That coffee will thrive and prove eminently roductive under irrigation, is of course well nown, and we haye seen it bearing very abun- dantly where rain was never known to have fallen, but only on perfectly flat land, regularly irrigated at night, and these conditions were not present or very practicable in Dumbara, so that the success of the costly waterworks was far from being such as Mr. Tytler and his many friends could have wished. In short, the irrigation works proved his first serious loss; but nothing daunted, his ever- resourceful brain’ was next directed to a study of the chemical composition of the soil, the gradual impoverishment of which he now saw with grow- ing concern. This was a study of years, the result of which we will come to later on. TAKES A Trip Home, Meanwhile (1857), Mr. Tytler prepares to take a trip home, a visit which Aberdeen well renem- bers. He was then in the prime of manhood (38); weighed 18 stone! but ever active, hearty and cheerful to a degree. The burly frame of the broad-chested planter became familiar on the Castle Gate, and a welcome sight at all public meetings, while his cheery salutation on the streets was enjoyed by gentle and simple alike. There was something so intensely sympathetic, and at times so child-like in voice and laughter, that he invariably won the hearts ot all with whom he came in contact. But this was not the whole secret. He was passionately fond of giving —enough of itself to insure unbounded popularity in Aberdeen—liberal to a fault, though surely a fault that leant to virtue’s side. The boys thought so ; would double round corners, change bomnets, and do as they did in the days of deai old Dr. Kidd, But in this case it was not to get a double bless. ing but anither saxpence, or even a ‘‘fite penny ” as R. B. T, would call the florin with which he delighted to astonish the recipient. Most unselfish of men! He cared nothing for money, as money, and looked with the greatest contempt on the poor creatures who accumulated it for the sake of hoarding : “You see what the Lord thinks of money by the sort of people he gives it to keep”—he used to say. THE VOLUNTEER FIAsco. It was at this time that the famous Volunteer movement broke out amongst the Ceylon planters, and when hethrew his celebrated letter like a bombshell in their midst, it caused intense exeice- ment. -He ridiculed the movemeit as an impos- sibility and an outrage on commonsense, could see nothing in it but ‘an idle yapouring of undignified playing at soldiers,” that ‘the planter was paid tor duties which no man of honour would nesiect for the EEE of volunteering,” that ‘‘proprie- tors at home who were already torturine their ingenuity how to get the two ends of high expen- diture and short crops to meet, would derive little consolation from seeing in the Obse, . that their Superintendents were zealous Volunteers”! Finally, he recommended his friends in Matale tg 220 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. 2, 1893, *¢ vive the ere to the kangany, take opening medicine, and put their feet in warm water !” The letter gave mortal offence to many, and for weeks the Observer was inundated with fierce, fighting lettersinreply. ‘ Who cares for R. B. T.’s impertinence” was the burden of the coniments upeountry. ‘It will only stimulate us to per- severe” said “B. W.” (‘* Backswoodman” or W. Abererombie Swan) and so said Matale generally. Grand old Criiwell was particularly savage, though the time soon came when he generously relented, as I see from a letter addressed to R. B. T. begin- ning ‘‘My dear old boy, Glad to see you fist which I should like to shake very much again.’ As for the Matale Volunteers, they. in a few months wisely disbanded, and sought the shelter of their own pulping-houses. From all of which, we can only surmise, that if a few plucky R. B. T.’s were now to arise, it might fare badly with that grotesque body of Don Quixotes, yelept ‘‘the Mounted Fut.” RETURNS TO CEYLON. Mr. Tytler returned to Ceylon about 1862, in order to carry out certain experiments with re- ference to the special manure he was now having prepares He was not aman todo anything by nalves, and certainly no man ever went more patiently and systematically to work to ascertain the exact requirements of the coffee tree in the shape of sustenance, for day after day he would sit studying the different groups of trees. Here under the sloping rock a vigorous tree bearing at the vate of 15 ewt. an acre; there within a few yards a tree planted at the same time from the same nursery, year after year with only a few beans ; what is wanting in the one case which the other has got? Here said Mr. Tytler ‘‘are certain conditions, there they are awanting; let us but ascertain what these are, and the difficulty is kvaaled.” SOMBREORUM. Carefully he had the heayy bearing tree lifted ny, With half a ton of the soil in which it grew, Bs forgetting portions of the sloping rock above, and all was packed away in huge cases. The same was done with the unfruitiul tree, and home he went with his cases to the eminent chemist Professor Brazier of Aberdeen University. The writer accompanied Mr. Tytler on this ocea- sion, and well remembers the eagerness, care and thoroughness with which the whole matter was gone into. The ultimate result was ‘‘ Som- breorum,’ his remarkable letter of April 1866, addressed to the Observer, and something was said about a sealed packet to be opened when all Ceylon was again bearing bumper crops. Many planters now set confidently and zealously to work to apply the elixir. There was much real enthusi- asm anil not a little chaff. The Volunteer letter had not been quite forgotten, and two Matale men put their heads together and hammered out the following specious parody on TULLOCH-GoRUM. O, Sombreorum’s my delight, $ Tn it gude qualities unite; And ony Dori wha shows spite, May puku copee smoor him ! Ce * Times, are greatly changed since the ‘fifties “— oie of the chief objections then was the difficulty of moving about and getting together a decent number of recruits; roads and railways have altered that, as time has also brought us a heavier mili- tacy tax, of which the success of oux Volunteers may justify us in claiming a veduction,-Hp. 24, Glad and busy coolies a’, Glad and busy, glad and busy, Glad and busy coolies a’, Wi’ plenty coffee o’er them. Ower a’ the totums that I ride Baith “‘ bones” and “ poonac” I have tried: And o’er guano I have cried And even cattle orum! They’re puir and feckless at the best, Puir and feckless, puir and feckless ; They're puir and feckless at the best, Compared wi Sombreorum ! HEMILEIA VASTATRIX. Nevertheless, the effects of Sombreornm were very striking, the mixture had unquestionably a potent fertilising and sustaining power, and for some years gave promise of a revival of coffee crops, wherever applied. Alas! these hopes were but short-lived, and were destined te be more completely shattered than any previous by the appearance of the new and unlooked- for. enemy Hemileia Vastatriz, an enemy which baffled the scientist, rendered worthless the experience of forty years, and ultimately brought irretrievable ruin upon nearly every coffee plan- ter in Ceylon. No single individual s more from this calamity than Mr. Tytler. THE AGE OF 10 % It is true he still had his pet Cacao to fall back upon, a product he had been carefully ea and acclimatizing for 20 years, but to thoroughly establish this in the place of coffee, still meant five or six years. How to get over this interval was the difficulty ; and with the income from coffee redu from £5,000 or £6,000 a year, to less than noth- ing, and compound interest accumulating at 10%, the prospect was not encouraging. The age of 5% block loans and 50 % uction in the cost of production (which depreciated silver practically means to the planters) had not yet come, a fact which men who marvel at Mr. Tytler’s inability to surmount the difficulty, would do well to remember, THE COMING STRUGGLE. kK. B. T., naturally the most sanguine and cheerful of men, began to give way under the growing load. He found the pillow indeed a hard one, and frequently when sleep forsook him would rise up, look once more at the uncon- scionable balance piled up against poor king coffee by, those who had most profited by his gener- osity.. And as often would he seek and obtain comfort from the only Source he implicitly believed in, and few who met his cheery smile on the morrow could dream of the agony he had passed through during the night-watches. His CHARITY. And yet, it was not for himself that he grieves,—‘‘not so much for the planters as the poor patient wives and helpless bairns dependent upon them.” ‘“O man,” he would write, ‘“‘I am dowie, I continually am, I can- not rise out of it, and the only cure would be a return to coffee of its former capacity for evop-bearing. I am aware that my own prospects, bad as they are, might be envied by many, and I am not unthankful, far: from it, only dowie and wae, and nosmall degree of that comes from thoughts of others. God help us all! “There’s that poor widow Mrs.—— ; my heart p bleeds for her; could you convey the enclosed a Oct. 2, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 221 to her without mentioning any name. T am impelled to send it by Unseen dictation.” The enclosure was a £20 note, and it might not be out of place now to take a passing peep at the home of the poor young planter’s widow, whose half-broken heart still fondly clung to the hills of Ceylon. It was the November term; the grey granite city looked cheerless and cold, and few were abroad in the slush, except what Tytler play- fully called the Platypus, «.,¢., a beast with a bill! Poor Mrs.——-heard the door bell ring, felt assured it was « demand for the rent, her lees trembled beneath her, she sank down on the stair and uttered a brief prayer. Again the bell rang, and she opened the door to find her prayer fully answered. This I know to be only a sample of R. B. T.’s religion, and the grief he felt at the downfall of coffee was chiefly the grief of having to discontinue these genreous acts of real Chris- tian charity. THE GLOOM DEEPENS. _ Early in 1882, he wroce after his last visit to Ceylon :—-‘‘There is now no longer any doubt about the gravity of affairs. What to do is the etn asked on every side. What’s the use of foreclosure? and who’s to buy if put up for sale? I incline rather to the view of restricted upkeep doing its fatal work by degrees, and how fatal that will be in Ceylon soil and amongst coffee planted as the bulk of it has been, there’s none can conceive better than yourself. Whole sweeps of districts, and even districts themselves, will drop out of ex- istence as coffee producers, and then the poor owners, their wives and families ? (Oh ! good Lord help them!) What wid become of them in such a country I do not know; mortgages will drop very heavily, banks and firms will go down, and then? Why I fear except for Cacao it will be gloaming in Ceylon.” It will here be noted that there is not a word about tea, the profitable cultivation of which has since been rendered possible by the depreciation in the yalue of silver. CAcAo THE HOPE OF THE FUTURE. Ihave already alluded to Mr. Tytler’s experi- ments in cacao cultivation. He was the first to plant out this famous tree in Ceylon. His ‘Chocolate Watte” at the Kondesalli corner, was for years one of his favourite show spots on Pallakellie. He invariably spoke of it as ‘Chocolate,’ in order to distinguish it clearly from the somewhat confusing name of cacao (really pronounced kakow in its native home of South America). At first, the tree had many enemies in Ceylon, the worst of which proved the dry scorching winds. To provide against this, and with a view to further extensions, Mr. Tytler had been for years steadily planning and planting belts along the ridges. He was opposed to shade, but after a visit to the West Indies in 1879, he became convinced that a moderate amount of shade was beneficial for cacao. The soil of Dumbara is well adapted for its growth and the climate admirably suited for the preparation of the product, but there is much more moisture in the warm shady valleys of Ecuador and Amazon, where the tree is indigenous. VIsIr TO TRINIDAD. In the winter of 1879-80, Mr. Tytler paid a visit to the islands of Trinidad and Grenada for the oy eS (eS i purpose of further studying the growth and manipulation of cacao. In Trinidad he found much to interest and surprise him in the vigour and fruitfulness of the gigantic trees, albeit growing in a soil much inferior to the average of Ceylon, but in a climate even hotter and much moister than Dumbara. So long as this soil is kept shaded it will bear abundant crops ; remove this, and it would be reduced to steril- ity for years. In the matter of curing the cacao it soon became evident that there was little to be learned from the Trinidad planter, who indeed has got very much to unlearn before he produces good marketable cacao. We have nothing in Ceylon to compare to the massive cacao trees in Trinidad, but the curing of the crop here is primitive, slovenly and filthy to a degree, quite accounting for the low prices of the article when compared with the carefully prepared cacao from Ceylon. In after years the writer had occasion to follow in the footsteps of his friend, through Trinidad and Grenada, and was gratified to hear him frequently spoken of as ‘‘the G. O. M. of Ceylon,” for by this time—though only 60 years of age— he looked quite an old man, the cares of recent years haying already told npon him. LAST VISIT TO CEYLON, Once more, after his visit to the West Indies he returned to Ceylon full of schemes for the future, and sanguine of cacao as ever he was of coffee. Probably many will think he was over sanguine, but here again the fault surely leant ‘‘to virtue’s side,” for the world has ever bees pas emuelved to her most sanguine men. arly in 2 he wrote in great glee from Pallakellie ;— 2 4 ‘Cacao in Dambara is something magni- ficent. During the first stroll, I let my cheroot out three times, absorbed in the spectacle! 800 acres Palli, The last sold at 115/6 against Trini- dads at 90/, and with 8 cwt. per acre, clear profit= 100/ p.cwt. Mind you, we take a trip round the world two years hence, to celebrate my freedom from debt!” HOPEFUL TO THE Last. In May 1882, just a month before the end, he writes :— ‘“‘Palli Cocoa selling at 116/. Caracas 93/. Keep me going for only two or three years, and—harroosh for all debts paid!” To the last he firmly believed in the recuper- ative powers of his Ceylon properties. ‘With fair play between man and man, the utter. most farthing will soon be paid.” Those now most interested, may at any rate well congiatulate themselves upon the fore. thought and perseverance of R. B. T. on leaving one of the most valuable properties in Ceylon where thirty years before he found an aban. doned coffee estate. VALUE OF ESTATES. Yes, Ye who shake your heads and talk about the depreciation of Ceylon property, remember this that in 1852, R. B. I. purchased’ Pallakellie at the then current value of £1,500 with 5 years to pay it in, and after gathering crops to the value of fully £150,0u0, he leaves to his fortunate creditors a property valued at £60,L00! This applies to the single estate of Pallakellie, and does not include his one-third of the Raja group, and the whole of Hoolankanda. The end came in June 1882, at the critical age of 63, His father William Tytler died aboug ee THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: [Ocr. 2, 1893, the same age, a period, which it will be observed, carries off very many. R..B. T. did not expect it ; indeed, during the past year he frequently wrote :— ‘I have 15 or 20, years xyet;' let us seriously consider whether it is to be in Tasmania or New Zealand.” But it was otherwise ordered. The call came rather suddenly at last, and the closing scene was comparatively brief. In acertain sense—m the most vmportant of all senses—few men could have been better prepared for the change. Albeit, ashe painlessly, silently and calmly crossed the bourne, there seemed to me an expression of slight surprise that’ the journey had come to an end so soon. So ends the succinct, graphic word-picture by K. B. T.’s old friend, to be developed some day, we hope, into an adequate biography of this ‘fine old Tropical Planter all of tle olden time,’ from whose life-work and varied experiences for 51 years—from his 12th to 63rd year—so many valuable lessons may be pointed for the young tropical colonists of the present age. But we cannot deny ourselves or our readers the pleasure of quoting from further MSS, which “Old Colonist ” has forwarded with his essays, and we feel sure these extracts will be pardoned for the further insight they give into the character of Mr. Tytler. First, in his letter to us with the above notice, “ Old Colonist” says :— _‘ Bearing in mind that I was wniting for the T.A., Ihave not—as I would haye otherwise so much liked to do—dwelt (scarcely touched) upon the most notable and interesting side of his character, viz., R. B. 7’. as an Evangelist. His tact in preaching to the motley crowds on Castle’ Gate or the Fair; how he was attacked by a burly mason who said he ‘ didn’t believe in a Deevil.”’ Have you not read said the ironical R. B. T., “Believe in the D——1 and -thou wilt be saved”! ‘ Na,” said the man stopping to think a bit, and then the correct version took hold of him. He followed T. home, ever after to be fast friends. How with a volley of oaths the cobbler in Gallow Gate ordered him (T.) out ofhis shop, as he didn’t want any hypocritical. — 5 there; but 1. never turn- ing @ hair, coolly took to examining the cobbler’s work : “Man, that’s fine work! I like the hand-sewn ‘“Get oot 0’ this ye- ” howled the cobbler, but T. only continued to turnover the boot. ‘ Much better than pius or sprigs,” ending in getting his foot measured, and the savage soler' becoming a sincere disciple ! “Again one would like to tell how T. brought his religion into all the affairs of life. He wasn’t the man to throw it off with his Sunday clothes. ‘O Lord give us good crops and fai prices’ was his' form of asking ‘daily bread’ in’ Ceylon, and you remember the apt petition about ‘crimp- ing, when G. M, interjected ‘Speak for yourself 1’ Such traits as these, and gems fromthe marvellous flow of grim) humour ‘haye yet to! be recounted when the: opportunity occurs, but 1 quite recognize that the’ place for all this is not)in'the 7.4,” » Under date, Aberdeen, 24th: May, 1879, Ry. B. T.. writes to his friend :—° ~ “Tt was you, was it not; wrote that scrap in the Weekly | Free Press on Sleep? You old rogue! Sleep .is'| coming pack to my pillow since Palli is — coming so to the front with Cacao. Possibly 3 years he. ce my account willshew large credits per annum— | ao. bad sudorific with a good ‘night cap ’ to pro- | tote saporific sweating off the effects of astonish- ment at finding one's self with more money than’ one can possibly manage. ‘In«n, (when this ‘néxt year’ comes,) I am to requisition you to joim me im e cruise to Manitoba, thence to Colorado, thence Hawaii, Fiji, New Zealand, and Tasmania not forgetting Cyprus or Zululand) to prospect.” Later on, 26th February, 1882, we have another characteristic letter :— “Tt seems an age since we exchanged hails. I know I am owing you a letter, yours to me bein cur last, so here’s @ square. How are ye—and Thow's da? Weare asusual. l am gech-pechin? Aye ‘grup- pet, and doonhadden.’ Oh, me—miul!! Coffee— say ‘Kaupuy'—(and give it a gvod deep groan.) You_see it transforms! not one letter of the p word. It has got to this. There's not one com such as there used to be 20 years ago when all was roseate in the future sky, Fact was we then LOOKED FORWARD. Now alas we look back, and present! My wonder is thatIam still upheld. It-is purely and surely to God's proyidence alone that this is attributable. Yet—cacao looms hopefully ahead and may carry a poor fellow through. Do write me something, aud soon—for Iam wae. “What # grand successis John Ferguson's Tropical Agriculturist idea! It promises (or ioe is already) to be a most valuable production to the entire oad. “When are you coming this way? I am wearyi fora crack? What » winter. It's no winter at and, best of all, there’s oceans of rain in Doombera, Never seen such fioods—and soil soaked. But for disease it would be a ced-letter year there, What about Boustead and his Ceylon irs—or Byrde—or our old irienj Willie Smith, or any body—? Yhere’s been no snow at all here! Now on the verge of February.” ‘Dumbara and rain” reminds us of the two photographs’ Mr. Tytler had taken in Colombo to present to his friends :—one represented him looking downeast and weary almost sulky as if ill-used and had for superseription ‘‘ Dumbara in dry weather—R. B. T.” The other, represent- ing a cheery, laughing open countenarice,; he entitled “R. B. T. with rain in’ Dumntbara.” The portrait we are enabled to present. with this notice represents the natural man 1m his does justicé to his’ well-developed, well-balanced head, and the firm, intelligent, self-reliant ‘nature revealed in his countenauce. One important omission from ‘“ Old Colonist’s” narrative has reference to Mr. lytler’s happy marriage in 1848 with the youngest daughter of the Rev. Charles Gibbon, D.D., the Parish Minister of Lonmay, Aberdeenshire, Miss Aumie Grace Gibboii, who still survives him, and whoowas in every sense a worthy helpmeet: and com- panion to her husband. Mr. Tytler was the ‘friend and generous supporter of every good) work that was ever ‘brought to his notice in Ceylon, and no one appreciated. him more than Dr. John Murdoch, the apostolic founder of the Sinhalese Tiact Society and of the’ Christian Vernacular Education Society: of India, lifelong friends as he and Mr, Tytler were. No one could be in his company long without realizing’ the’ original as well as. masterful character and the’ many varied as well as good qualities of > KoBERT Boypd TYTLER. He was indeed as a Planting Colonist, one of whom it may be said ;:—- - —— take him for all in all, . We shall no: look upon his like again, prime, ‘and SOct, 2,:7893. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 223 AN UNIQUE COFFEE PLANTATION (OR GARDEN OF 15 ACRES). The visitor to what are commonly termed ‘“ the planting districts” of Southern Inglia is not sur- rised to see Coffee growing more or less luxuriantly, Se he in certain parts of Mysore, in Coorg or the Wynaad, or on the Nilgiri Hills; but the visitor to Bangalore is not usually aware that he may see coffee thriving and bearing plentiful crops within but a short distance of ‘‘the city of beans,” Yet such is the case. Climatic difficulties have been overcome, and the growth of the coffee shrub from the seed to the heavily-laden plant weighted with Yipe berries may be as satisfactorily observed near, Bangalore as on the larger plantations which are to be found in other parts of Southern India. Experience has shown that, as regards rainfall, the distribution rather than the quantity that falls during the year is of the greatest importance in the cultivation of Coffee. In Mysore and Courg, owing to the length- ened periods of drought that occur, elaborate ar- rangements, which are the result of many years of experience and patient study, have been made for shading the estates with carefully selected varieties of trees. which are either Jeft standing when jungle is cleared or are systematically planted and annually lopped and regulated in accordance with the requ.re- ments of the Coffee below them. ‘The class of soil, its physics] condition and inherent fertility have each an important bearing on success in coffee cultivation; the most favoursble conditions being usually found in forest land where the manurial wealth of ages has been accumulated by the drop- ping of the fruit, leaves and bark of trees, and by the decay of a luxuriant undergrowth. Art, however, has learnt to assist Nature. What may be termed an unique example of the truth of this is visible at Bangalore, where that euterprising gentleman, Mr. Meenatchee Iyer, now Acting Judge of the My- sore High Court, has solved the problem of growing coffee, at a fair altitude it is true, but in a climate where a low average of rainfall is accom;anied by heat which would be considered by many planters fatal to the development and fruition ef the coftee shrub. Mr. Meenatchee !yer’s successful experiment, which affords a new example of the potentialities of irrigation, has been rightly described as of the utmost importance to the State of Mysore. We have reason to believe that recent progress has been watched and criticised by many coffee planters; aud there is a possibility that the example set will be followed by other enterprising gentlemen, Europeans and Natives, who having witnessed what has been done at Rochdale Park, within three miles of Ban- galore, on level ground, will try to emulate the efforts of Mr. Meenatchee Iyer, able lawyer, wise councillor, good Judge, and—as is now shown—successful pio- neer in a new branch of coffee cultivation. While in Bangalore last week a representative of this :aper took an opportunity to visit the estate referred to. The courteous proprietor showed him over the whole piace, giving most interesting, parti- culars of his experiments and experiences, and en- ‘tering upon explanations which showed that he had made a careful study of books on coffee cultivation, had received and availed himself of useful hints from experienced planters, and had followed the erowth of the estate with a zeal and enthusiasm which in themselves mark him ont as a man who deserves to be successful. Knowing the age of each batch of plants, acquainted with the minutest detail of cultivation, from the nursery to the full grown and fruit-bearing shrub, Mr Meenatchee Iyer has throu- out conducted on business principles an experiment which some of his friends perhaps regarded at the outset as unpractical. Apparently, however, he still regards his coffee plantation as an experiment ;. at any rate, he is still anxious to hear the opi- nions expressed upon it by more experienced planters. In this connection it need nly be said here that excellent as is the general condition of the coffee, there is reason to believe that some few improvye- ments Will be introduce@ from “time to time; For instance, there is room for criticism in ‘respect of shade trees. The trees used are mentioned else- where; but it is open to question whether they are the best that are available. In Mysore there is every facility for obtaining other varieties of ex- cellent shale trees, and with few exceptions those be onging to the Ficus tribe are the best, although the Gerwulligay or Mogga (Canarese for ‘yoke ?— Cedrela toona) is greatly used to fill immediate and tempora’y requirements. The following details of the Rochdale Park estate will probably interest our planting readers :— First EXPrERIMeEnNts. Nine years have passed since Mr. Meenatchee Iyer started a coffee plantation in the vicinity of Banga- lore with a view to see how the shrub would suc- ceed under irrigation. He started with 170 plants. They turned out well, but it was some time before he added to their number. At the outset-he had been warned that the coffee might d» well for two or three years, but would then, in all probability, die away. Predictions of this stamp were falsified, however, and in course of time 1,500 plants were added to the original 170. ‘This second batch com- prises trees which are now four years old, haying een planted three years ago after having spent one year in the nursery. Another batch consists of 2,500 trees, mow three years old, z.e., planted two years ago, There are also 2,500 trees planted 14 months ago and now about 23 years old. This year, within the last three months, Mr, Meenatchee Iyer has planted 9,000. He states that he has now a total of about 18,000 plants, on 15 acres of ground. How thoroughly the oldest of these have falsified _pessi- mistic prophecies, is shown in the fact that at nine years of aye they are so strong and healthy as to give good promise of flousishing for another twenty years at least. The estate stands about 3,020 feet above sea level, The shrubs are planted 6 feet apart. The soil in which they stand is mostly red earth, but it is sandy at a little distance below the gur- face and is strengthened by the addition of a mix- ture of red earth with tank silt. At the present time it is decidedly hard, so much so, that an ex- perienced planter recently declared that, but for ivrigation, no coffee could growin such soil. It does grow, however, and this despite other conditions not exactly favourable to its success. The average annual rainfall in the locality is not more than. 30 inches. In noimal seasons, the minimum. temper- ature is 58°, the maximum 90°, as recorded on an upstair verandah of the proprietors’s house, which stands within the plantation. Tue IrRIGATICN SysTPM. The most interesting feature of the experiment is, of course, the irrigation of the soil, which ren- ders the property almost wholly independeut of blossom showers. The system employed is for the most part that of drawing water from wells, . by means of piccottahs, but three of the wells on the plantation are provided with happillas. These are seldom used except in the hottest weather when the level of water in the well is so low as to render raising by. means of the piccottah difficult. There are altogether 7 wells used in connection with the coffee, but Mr. Meenatchee Iyer has a toal of. 18 wells for coffee cultivation and other purposes. ‘The 7 wells were not constructed specially to aid coffee cultivation; they were originally intended for stgar- cane and coconuts, which were formerly grown on the land. The supply of water from the. seven is, however, more than enough for the coffee. In fact, the proprietor considers that he has ‘a luxury of wells.” He thinks that the 15 acres could be _irri- guted by 4 wells. Of the seven now in use, one is 39 feet in diameter; three are’ 20 feet im diameter, and three are under 20 feet. The deepest is 35-feet, another 25 feét, another20 feet, another 13, another 11, and the rest 6 to7 feet. Irrigation is practised during the hot weather, and when the spring goes below 20 feet from the surface of the well the kappilla is used. A commence tent ig usnally made with irrigation 224 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 2, 1893. in January. During that month the plantation is watered once a fortnight; during February once in ten days. In March, April and May until the monsoon sets in, the irrigation proceeds once a week; but it is entirely stopped when the monsoon sets in. The above months are the dry months of each year, rain does not usually fall until about the beginning of May; hence the need of irrigation- It should be here added that the cost of the7 wells used for irrigation of coffee amounted to from R8,009 to R9,000. This is, however, regarded as ex- cessive, the wells having, as has been said, con- structed for other purposes. Mr. Meenatchee Iyer is of opinion that four wells, such as he deems requisite to irrigate his present coffee land, could be constructed at a cost of something like R5,000. MeEtHop oF CULTIVATION. From the feature which establishes the claim of the Rochdale Park Estate to be regarded as sw generis, we pass to details of cultivafion, &c., more familiar to our planting readers. We understand that all the ade tigad is obtained from Mr. Chis- holm’s estate in Coorg, and that a fresh supply is obtained every year at a moderate cost. The seeds are planted in the usual nursery. When the seed- lings are three: months old, they are transferred to pote, still within the nursery, and here they are ept until they are from 6 to 9 months old and about a foot high. They are then planted out in pits of 24cubic feet dug 6 feet apart. Before the seedlings are planted a little manure and earth are put in. There is no special season for planting out, for if it is the dry weather irrigation is avail- able to keep them alive. It is found, however, that, as a rule, plants put out in July and Augustin the rainy season, require less irrigation subsequently than those planted in the dry season. No particular ay eent of weeding is‘ adopted. Once in two years the plantation goes through a process of digging similar to what takes place in an apple orchard When the ground is first prepared for planting the whole is dug up. Then the pits are made, the digging process ae repeated at interyals of two years after the seedlings haye been planted. Two years after planting, picking commences; it continurs for 6 months from July to December. Picking in July, August and September is light, but for the two subsequent months it is very heavy, a rich harvest succeeding the monsoon blossom. During the last two months about 20 maunds of coffee has been picked, and it is estimated that ten times this gaeany will yet be gathered this season. The ertilisers available are horse and cattle manure and oil-cake. Very few cattle are kept upon the estate, but two pairs of bullocks which are available for the kappilla are, of course, useful also for manurial purposes. SHADE, In regard to the important matter of shade, Mr. Meenatchee Iyer states that he does not ex- pect his shade trees to afford protection until his coffee shrubs have yielded two or three crops. This takes about four or five years. Shade trees are planted along with the coffee seedlings, and by the time that the former are in a condition to serve the purpose for which they are intended, the coffee is from four to five years old. The shade trees used are that known locally as the Howligay and the Grevillea Robusta, or silver oak, which are also em- ployed to form wind belts. The former is the Aero- carpus flaxinifolius, the wood of which resembles that of some of the cedar tribe. Cost or UPKEEP. The cost of the upkeep of the estate is stated it between R170 and R180 per acre per annum, neluding manure* which costs about R600 a year, and supervision, which costs about the same. * Cheap labour and garden eultivation which Yrevb. Last year the experimental trees yielded 10 maunds, the yield having increased from 8 maunds in the previous year, and 6 maunds in the year before that. At the present time there are 2,500 plants of three years old from time of planting, which yielded 20 maunds last year in the virgin crop. From these very trees a yield of 1} tons may now be expected according to experts’ estimates of the crop on them. Out of the other 2,500 trees at least 1 ton is ex- pected, though this will be their virgin crop. Ap- proximately, a ton is worth £100 in the leaden market. A fair virgin crop can, according to Mr. Meenatchee Iyer’s experience, be gained after two ears, the yield being probably 3 to 4 ewts. an aere. e has, as will have been seen, only a limited area under cultivation, and his experience is not there- fore great, but the figures which he has given will, we believe, be found very interesting to planters of much longer experience. To the particulars al- ready given we may add some more regarding out- turn and price. Last year, the proprietor informe us, he had about 30 maunds, and this he sold locally, at R16 per maund;* peaberry at R18. He states that the demand is so great locally, that for the last two months retail dealers have offered to give him a large advance in order to secure the crops at market rate. Nevertheless, he is thinking of try ing the London market this year. DISEASES. Leaf disease and borer have had to be contented with. When trees are attacked by the former, constant irrigation and heavy manuring are resorted to, with considerable success. Bored plants are simply extirpated by being dug up and burnt. Remarks. In conclusion, we may observe that Mr. Meenatchee Iyer has 7 or 8 acres of land fit for coffee, besides that which is already planted with it. He finds it difficult to give reliable information as to the cost of similar land in the same part of the conntry. Dry \and in the immediate neighbourhood of Ban- galore may be obtained at R100 an acre; wet costes about R200 an acre. He has tried coffee under coconuts, but this proved unsucessful, the reason given being that the coconuts, which are surface feeders, choked the roots of the coffee. Mr. Mee- natchee Iyer is of opinion that 1 ton an acre isa poor average, but he remarks that if coffee is to be tried under irrigation, the planter must te sure of his Wane PRED. He objects to planting coffee below tanks, because it is not likely to succeed there unless an efficient system of drainage is ar- ranged for.—Madras Times. oOo INDIAN TEA NOTES AND: NEWS. Our Darjeeling correspondent writes on 31st August: —We bave just passed the.ugh perhaps one oi the most suniess months kiown for some time an! what with the cold week I have siready mentioued, crop hias been very short, and most gardens be c, netead of hoping to pick up ou what they have 1» t are only to» apxious to keep up with what they mace at the Same time last yar. September will open fairly well in these parts, «8 suo bas been rather mre frequent the last two or three days and some heavy rain fallen which has done the :oads anything but good but will probably keep that dreaded pest mos- quito blight off for some time yet, as it generally appears in these parts, on the lower elevations, about the middle of September if it isat ail dry. Kainfall is still some 20 inches behind, but the soil is soaked to as much ag it can hold. The reports from the Terai are to the effect that there is ,ood tea weather, alternate sun and rain, aod the gardeus are flushing treely. Doriag the last week the wather at Kur-eong has becn cold and wet; bu: thereis little to comp «'n of in regar.: to oatturs.—Indian Flanters’ Gazette, Bea. 9. * But this is equal to far less than £100 a ton; could scarcely begiven to an appreciable area, say] not 3rd unless parchment coffee is meant in the 100 acres or more.—ED, 7.4. instant, and clean coffee in the other.—Ep, T. 4 Oct. 2, 1893. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 225 CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI- CAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS: By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.S. (Continued from page 157.) CHAPTER VI. CINCHONA BARK AND COCOA. SPECIES OF BARK—CEYLON SUCCIRUBRA BARK, NATURAL AND RENEWED—INDIAN BARKS— MATTAKELLIE ESTATE LEDGER BARKS—WEIGHT OF, AND PERCENTAGE OF QUININE IN CEYLON BARKS ANALYSED DURING THE YEARS 1885 TO 1891 INCLUSIVE—COMMERCIAL ANALYSES OF CEYLON BARKS: SUCCIRUBRA, OFFICINALIS, CALISAYA LEDGERIANA HYBRID AND MIXED BARKS—ANALYSIS OF SULPHATE OF QUININE MANUFACTURED BY THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT —COCOA OR CACAO—PREPARATION OF SEEDS FOR MARKET—CEYLON COCOA—TRINIDAD COCOA- NIBS—COCOA-NIBS VARIOUS—ASH OF COCOA-NIBS AND HUSKS—COMMERCIAL COCOAS—AGKICUL- TURAL ANALYSIS OF CEYLON COCOA SEEDS— PROPORTION OF NIBS AND HUSK IN SEED — PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF COCOA’ NIBS— ALKALOIDS IN COCOA-NIBS—NITROGEN, PHOS- PHORIC ACID AND POTASH IN COCOA CROP—- COMPARISON OF THE IMPORTANT CONSTITUENTS OF PLANT FOOD REMOVED FROM THE SOIL BY TEA, COFFEE AND COCOA CROPS RESPECTIVELY. CINCHONA BARK. Various species of cinchona bark are cultivated in Ceylon on a commercial scale, viz., Cinchona Succirubra, Cinchona Officinalis, Cinchona Calisaya, especially the Ledgeriana variety, and several hybrids. The amount of Succirubra grown hitherto has been more than that of all the other species put together. The following are examples of the analyse of Ceylon Succirubra bark, both natural and renewed :— Analysis of Ceylon Succirubra Bark. Renewed Natural Bark. Bark. Per ct.|Per ct.{Per ct.) Per ct. Cryst. Quinine Sul- phate... 1:03:) -139):}) 1°62 3°67 Quinine... PRON tls OsilielezO 2-73 ‘Cinchonidine ..| 1:79 | 4:54 | 1:95 3°85 (Juinidine ... i (308 27 Cinchonine 60 “08 31 ‘08 An the sample of renewed succirubra, the amount ot Crystallised Quinine Sulphate is high. The great bulk of Ceylon renewed Succirubra contains only from 18 to 3 per cent of crystallised quinine sulphate. Lhe following analyses of Indian barks by Mz. Broughton quoted from Mr. T. CC, Owens’ Cinchona Planter’s Manualshew the effect of renews 20 ing the bark of Cinchona Succirubra under moss :— Age of trees 84 years. Moss renewed Natural. 18 months. per cent. per cent. Total Alkaloids ... 6°36 6°39 Quinine... rat 1°36 3 21 Cinchonidine an Cinchonine 5:00 3:18 Sulph. Quinine Cryst; ... 90 2°30 ,, Cinchonidine 4:03 3°03 The following analyses, quoted trom the same source as the last, shew the effect of renewing officinalis or crown bark :— Age of trees 8 years. i Renewed Natural. 2 years old. per cent. per cent. Total Alkaloids ee 478501 5°83 Quinine ae Sia rset 2°34. 3°34 Cinchonidine and Cinchonine 1:27 2°49 Cryst. Quinine Sulphate ... 2:10 3:13 », Cinchonidine Sulph. 1°44 2°60 Examples might also be quoted shewing the amount of crystallised sulphate of quinine to be larger from the natural than the renewed bark; but such cases are rather exceptional. Asa general rule the amount of erystallisable quinine is con- siderably larger in renewed than in natural bark from the same trees, particularly if the bark has been renewed under cover. The highest results obtained in the analyses of Ceylon barks which have come under my notice were those of individual trees from Matta: kellie of the Ledgeriana variety, submitted to the Messrs. Howard of London, for analysis and report. The following weretheanalytical results :— to o eons =) p. ¢. “4 3 1 p. c. 9 7 94 7 3 1 p- ¢. (HoWARD.) p- ¢. “01 1 eee eee Analysis of Mattakellie Estate Ledgers. Quinine Sulphate Cyst. .../] Quinine Alkaloid Pr Cinchonidine . Cinchonine Quinidine Renewed Ledgeriana bark does not exhibit the like increase on quinine which is shewn by renewed Succitubra and Officinalis barks. The following commercial analyses of Ceylon cinchona barks are interesting as shewing the average richness in quinine sulphate of bark analysed by Mr, C. E. H. Symons and the author between April 1885 and December 1891. I give 226 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 2, 1893. also, approximately, the weight of bark represented by; the samples analysed each year :— Commercial Analyses of Ceylon Cinchona Bark. gz \ nis wets Ab |Ses\zo8 Bob, ISBelae'e ree |sesle as 3 Shela dats ae |*4, [64 ; Per ct.|Per et. April to Dec, 1885. ...| 2,611,530 lb.| 1°58] 1°85 Jan. to Dec. 1886 _ ..,| 2,643,186.,,) 1°50.| 1:73 Do 18875 ..|2,100,981 ,,| 1°83 | 2°14 Do 1888 ...12,914,100 ,,| 1°84 | 2°15 Do 1889 ...| 2,127,985 ,, | 2°05 | 2°40 Do 1890.., ...| 2,572,733 ,, | 2°28 | 2-68 Do 189] 2,609,832 ,, | 2°28 | 2°68 The following are commercial analyses shewing the maximum, minimum and mean richness of the different kinds of cinchona bark analysed by Mr, Symons and the author during the year 1891 :— Commercial Analyses of Cinchona Suceirubra during the year 1891. =f B o |528 CDs "A to jR Es oes 5 S; PaaS a= ame sak bi pat = ~ =aseaps T| = = a CR | | < : Per ct. Per ct./Per ct.|Per ct. Maximum ... wl OP | 16° 3° 4°05 Minimum ... Shy DSO V4T 2 | 55 “94 Mean i vee{) 2°90) 35°44 | 4°81] 1°78 “Commercial Analyses of Cinchona Officinalis during the year 1891. A ° wD) a [5 mb % Fov ee Dias PES | Se tee ea | st BP |SeS B:| i=. | A |ECa Per ct |Per ct.|Per ct.|Perct. Maximum ... se} *8'p4:] |5* 3°5 7°83 Minimum 2°23) 32:6 | 5: 1°43 Mean 3°86.| 18°43 | 4°37 | 3:06 ~ Commercial Analyses of Cinchona Calisaya Ledgeriana, during the year 1891. POs. o. = . |B eo Se |e | & |Rae a) S|. 8 [aoe Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct.|Per ct Maximum ..,, seal 26°75 | | 5s 3p 6°22 Minimum ... ~| 1:08 | 18> 4: 85 Mean ) @ MS a38.| | 5879 | 3:41.) 3:99 Commercial Analyses of Hybrid Cinchona bark during. the year 1891. -_ & —_ = oo mele | & |Bae Pa S So/|ipeera, oe = BP lass Hn (note, doi sede | |Per ct.|Per ct. Per ct.|Per ct. Maxinium .... | 578) 53 | 4:5 | 518 Minimui, —... Lee (00 cia 0' ar A ‘4 Mean eer or 3'35 23°4 4°34 } 7°08 Commereial rine of Mixed Bark. during t “ e yeor 1891. ; | a | L . / < > | : Foe eo : Ss jefe eos. | = t J=z52 — | rf -o_ | OS). Ba | pe 1am Vere | et) eee BA) | A eee \Per ct.|Per ct.'Per ct.|Per ct. Maximum 4°64| 89 4 4°06 Minimum _... vo] 1421282 | 5 | 1-08 Mean ca | 3°03 | 28°11) 468| 2°08 In the above analyses, rough sulphate means sulphates of erude alkaloids from sun dried bark extracted in the process for estimating the quinine. Innpurity indicates the sulphates of alkaloids other than quinine, together with a little coloring matter in the rough sulphate. Dryage indicates the loss in weight sustained by the bark when dried in the sun. Anhydrous quinine sulphate indicates crystallised quinine sulphate deprived of its water of crystallisation. The following is an analysis of a sample of the crystallized sulphate of quinine manufactured by the Indian Government in 1892:— Per cent. Water of crystallization and moisture ... 6°80 Sulphate of quinine (anhydrous) 91°95 Sulphates of other cinchona alkaloids 1°25 Ash... Wi bie se a _ 100/00 This article contains a very high percentage of anhydrous sulphate of quinine, the water of crystallization being much below the theoretical quantity. This absence of the full complement of water would not interfere with its etheacy as a febrifuge. Other analyses of this product will be found in the Appendix. COCOA OR CACAO, The plant Zheobroma Cacao of the natural order Bythneriaceae yields the cocoa of commerce. Itis grown in the West Indies, Central America, and now also in India and Ceylon, and parts of Africa. The tree is indigenous to the West Indies and Central America. 1t attains a height of from 12 to 20 feet usually, but. is found much higher. It bears fruit at 3 years old, and its productiveness increases to the age of 8 years. The seeds are contained in pods, the length of which, as given by different writers, is from 5 to .12 inches long, and the number of seeds from 20° to 50. he diameter of the pods is from 3. to 3} inches. The size of the seeds is from ‘7 to ‘9 inches long by 39 te “58 inch broad. | The seeds having been removed from their pods may be prepared for the market by simply drying them; but their value is increased by a preliminary fermentation, by which a good deal of the harsh disagreeable flavour of the raw seed is got rid of. Fermentation also darkens the color, and the beans that have been so treated throw off their outer coatings or husks more readily after the process of roasting. In Ceylon the cocoa chiefly grown is the Caraccas variety; but the Forastera is also. cultivated. A Ceylon Estate owner resident in London, who has been in communication with chocolate manufacturers and also with brokers who deal in cocoa, supplies the following in- formation, which, as bearing directly on the Oct, 2, 11893.] THE TROPICAL composition of Ceylon cocoa may fitly be in- serted here :— ; “The Ceylon cocoa is specially adapted for the manufacture of chocolate. Its delicious aroma and flayour making it especially agreeable to the palate. The Forastera sort is pot bought at all by some manufacturers. Ceylon ,, coa is said to be largely bought for America, and sent to Mexico, where it is slightly roasted, and eaten without further preparation. A glass containing these beans may usually be seen in any bar in Mexico.” I extract some of the most recent published analyses connected with the cultivation and manufacture of cocoa, from Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry (1890). The following analysis of cocoa nibs, by which are meant the bruised roasted beans deprived of their husky covering is by Dr. Bell, Director of the Chemical Laboratories, Somerset House :— Analysis of Trinidad Cocoa Nibs. Per cent. Moisture... ade is sectegts DlD Fat il au if. 50°44 Starch ci a Me seats nee DO Albuminous matter (soluble)... MBItOGS80 Do do — (insoluble) 6°96 Astringent principles s 1): O086°71 Gum ad in 50D erie a oh Cellulose -... sp 500 ws 6°40 Alkaloids... ii a AR 84 Cocoa (red) ... ay ae ee 2e20 Indefinite organic matter (insoluble) .. 5°80 Ash i, a5 aoe 06 2°75 100°00 The following are by another analyst, Heisch:— ‘oy ‘osorntjag | SRBRSRRSR ‘ ‘ r IDO 1ID IDO tansy WHS | RARRRABA SS MeGe 2 %) 3 a) Pi ~ > OAUASTOWL | chide dose de H de oe “YSy Ur SEND BAS phy o1t0ydsogg | 4A Aaa ‘ply ooyooipsATT | ooup iso sing ULetqnyos: ‘togea 2] PoP VAY Prise . = [ell oon El eee lh coe ll ce el — | UL e[qnfosut ysy es . moowcocos z wry | S8SRSRSS a UL 8[qnpos YsSy i) = q ca ai Wowooocoo 1s ysy |SERSFSESS 4 I MANANAA PS | 3 a [Sa88ee5e : . ae ca NT Ol & Sprousundqiy | AMON > Ss —_— st — = S = RRESAERS > AO GOAGENG [ipso iieaye rcs Ze i) 2 Ss S HO MMS 8 WMH | gatancsits S MH OSH LDH LD HUD me : 1 DIDKDID OO O19 a{STUED OD, IQ US eH SH OD GI 00 ae st Loe = | Roa gi ; } pe x) a es . { . Sree by Se 8 SSRSSaSE x = = = S = Ss OCA AUSACA (BELL. ) Analyses of the Ash of Cocoa Nibs and Husks. AGRICULTURIST. 227 ‘ S OV ISS SHO +H S 19 99 O10 S S50 ees See oan |S peplUIAy, ma teicoak SWE!) S qsouty Fo Ti |= : TLIO rH OO OS be ‘SIN PUPIOILT, | | ee ae = 4sourtyy See LER 1S * Lon > I~ SH DLA O j=) ape DD DAQ DS Aro S “S(IN, VpvUa.L4 SS “ ashe] ¢ TIN UY ileule| at AR |S MRMOD DH Mmgwi| oO 1. a Gee Se OR Sr aN es he "SqIN WueULIng | | | not tHE | S x . Bs lo) oS | Oc) So |= . IDODOIDDHONDOH-| oO “SIN tee Sh) oe er aR CoP She Boe Bet | 0 & oe aa |S [iInbeApny aS |S = ‘ ‘ A a) BREE DONA ES & Stoo = ZEs £ ao Quacttstie: es Cs Oe opts = o S OB argign S zB s¢ ER EES Z = = 2 See shee s2a 2 Serre CARR OAs x Rin oo OSS faa a DO DT P42 AO 7 O4 CDSoo~%4]2 “1OeI4X Ree ct 2 LS 8000 RS sss i) NAA = |e Oo S its | FESR |S e rt [MN at OO ap yepoooy,) A, Sa|sS 6 ot mie sqIN 25228 s eprutt AUS Si is peprurty, Beet S|} 4souly, % a , r i) as ei BS VS FG eunezpoooy) | +a ose is | . ZG =| = ND» oS |O| ED fel (ate ee zg | “BUIyeos0D | man's OW | S| S SAAS |= § ox nr || Ra ers ie HK) = R000) weep | ao 5 Seo |] 6) 3 | Pap ee | = = eae a eee s mo2SS |S = ID EAI NS ial 3 | e000) yooy | ANKE > | o WD) 90 ¥ OCA ESS oS Ww = > Eg i OO MH || Oo — “BODOD) - ao meneame | aod cle oe bat Howes is | ssoyy puvluy BAAN S = | 2 AD HONS | S| ‘e0009 -- Cpe eet 2 | z poreda.rg AAA | S| Eager, 2 o~o B gee < o:aae 5 SOB: - =—— 3 pape he Bae we 85,5 Sa LRA 228 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sanaa eens Ceylon Cocoa. The following analyses of Ceylon Cocoa, grown on Anniewattie estate in 1892, are by Mr. R. R. Tatlock, City Analyst of Glasgow and Chemist to the Glasgow Agricultural Society :— Agricultural Analysis of Cocoa Seeds. Per cent. Moisture ... Pe was Je) De Lime * ya gf) fs 20 Potash ag sae nee Pree (2725) Phosphoric Acid .., PD eee b> | Nitrogen ... 7 nr ao ED Ash Pan vie 7G ages PUBtBD Proportion of Nibs and Husk in Seed. Nibs Ga ae say ee 92 Husk a a wal a 8 100 Proximate Analysis of Cocoa Nibs. Per cent. Moisture ... ae ae wee) SASL Fat a a ee se ObrDD Albuminoids ne sat = Loy Alkaloids ... 535 ea ee 95 Ash soluble in water 1°05 Ash insoluble in water, but soluble in hydrochloric acid ... 50 ss According to the above analysis Ceylon cocoa nibs are richer in fat and albuminoids than any of the other analyses quoted. The alkaloids, one of which Theobromine gives the name to the plant, are also higher than in all the most recent analyses. The following table shows the amount of alkaloids obtained by Dr. Bell in several varieties of cocoa nibs:— Alkaloids in Cocoa Nibs. Theine-like Cocoa. Theobromine. Alkaloid, Per cent. Per cent. Guayaquil ... we = *B4 trace Grenada... eo) i Surinam ... rity (J 02 Trinidad... sod B9 25 Be Husk 1:02 33 It is worthy of remark that the husk contains a larger percentage of alkaloids than the whole seed. he following results according to Dr. Bell have been obtained by other Chemists. Tucker obtained ‘38 to ‘66 of Theobromine, HassalJl from ‘47 to ‘78 per cent, and Muter -9 per cent. Payen, Playfair and Lankester report 2° per cent, and Mitscherlich 1:5 per cent. The agricultural analysis of the seeds by Tatlock enables us to calculate the amount of important ingredients removed from the soil per annum by a crop of the seed; thus, taking an average crop of cocoa seeds at 300lbs., the nitrogen, phosphoric .acid and potash removed from the soil will be as follows for one and two years respectively :— One Year, Two Years. Nitrogen .., Asta ies 13-21 Phosphorie Acid 3°63 7:26 Potash 3°75 7°50 It will be interesting to compare here the amounts of important ingredients removed from the soil by equal weights of tea, coffee and eocoa. (Oct. 2, 1893. Important constituents of plant Phir removed Jrom the soil by 1,000 lbs. of Tea, Coffee and Cocoa respectively. _— a Js 2 2 a — gegl8 Plant-food. ¢ lees) 8S a Ss |° _ Nitrogen ... ; i +1488 |14°6 | 22-0 Phosphoric Acid... coo] Gt al eed 12-1 Potash ae ne 25°2 |13°5 | 129-5 Lime 57 | lea / 2-0 It will be seen from the above that, for equal weights, the tree crop is the most exhausting of the three as regards the nitrogen, potash and lime, removed froin the soil, while Cocoa is the most SrEAUEUE as regards phosphoric acid. {f on the other hand instead of basing our eal- culations on equal weights of the three crops, we take average crops, the following table will show the respective amounts of plant food in Ibs. removed from the soil by tea, coffee and cocoa:-— Important constituents of plant Sood removed from the sou by average crops say, 400 lbs. tea, 500 lbs. coffee and 300 lbs. cocoa per acre. st a fog] oe e= |g e5| 2 Plant-food. Be les S = S oe ez 0g" oD Nitrogen ... .| 19°52). 73 66 Phosphoric Acid 3°04] 1:35) 3-63 Potash... Bs ---| 10°08 | 6°75) 3°75 Lime ¥ 5 asst (2228 95 6 Cocoa Pods Analysed as a Manure. The following analysis was undertaken by the author to ascertain the proportion of ferti ising constituents contained in cocoa pods after the removal of the seeds. The analyses was made at the instance of a local firm. “The pods when received were partially decomposed, being quite black in color :— P Mixture... 76-00 Dry Matter , 24-00 1 - Analysis of Dry Matter. iva epee Matter ae < fAsh a 5°66 100. Containing Nitrogen a + "3 Se 3 Lime... oe : “65 % Potash ... Be 535 “89 - Phosphoric Anhydride... 07 a Silica 4 ie : 2-04 i Undetermined ... Seg ieee | Percentage Analysis of Ash. Silica eas es 3 2 S640 Lime 355 i1-48 Potash oa ase 15°64 Phosphorie Anhydride 1-20 Undetermined pet 35°58 100-00 Oct, 2, 1893.] Cocoa pods are thus very slightly richer than Ceylon cattle manure No. 2 in respect of nitro- gen, much poorer in potash and lime, and very much poorer in phosphoric acid of which they only contain a mere trace. Analyses of the leaves of the cocoa plant are still required, and also an estimate of the loss ot leaf per acre per annum to enable us to calculate the amount of plant food removed from the soil by cocoa cultivation. Judging from the analysis of the seed an ordinary coffee manure should meet the wants of this plant, nitrogen and potash in the average crop being somewhat less than in coffee, and the phosphoric acid (which in coffee manures generally is added so much in excess of the theoretical dose) greater. The quantity of manure per tree will of course be greater than in the case of coffee, but not necessarily the quantity per acre. (To be continued.) ———_ MANGOSTEENS IN THE PLANTING DISTRICTS. The mangosteen is a very difficult fruit tree to propagate and bring to successful bearing even in the low-country. We have known of trials of young plants in Oolombo with every care given, again and again fail. Kalutara seems to be the dis- trict in which they best succeed. We are surprised however, to Jearn of the tree growing and bearing freely in Western Dolosbage on Gang Warily plantation at an elevation we suppose not under 2.500 feet above the sea. Mr. Drummond haa two trees in bearing and they are fine specimens and are giving a splendid crop this year, the fruit being of first-class quality as we can testify through Mr. Drummond’s kindness. An orchard of mango- steens or even of oranges in these ‘steamer ” days would be a little fortune in itself ! —_— THA AND “HELOPELTIS.” Writes a proprietor :—‘ Helopeltis is something we must try to keep down, and in the meantime out of the newspapers, as they won't find us aremedy.” This is going a little too far! For instance, how were Dr Trimen’s most practical and timely suggestions to be made known save through the Press—and again what could be more useful news than the hints about the appearance of the eggs of Helopeltis given by us the other day. At the same time, we can quite understand how multiplied discussion may be regarded as magni- fying the evil to the imagination of outsiders, and also there is the risk of oreating a scare about any little difference in appearance of the tea busbes or leaves. A caso of this kind occurred the other day: a gentleman sent us some tea leaves to ask what ailed them or attacked them. We referred to Dr. Trimen who is of opinion that there is nothing beyond a scorching of the sun which has dried them up and turned them suspiciously brown. On the other hand, we feel eure that the series of letters or extracts we append will only do good by their publication as showing that in some Ceylon tea districts, the insect has not made - its appearance at all. But first we may give a letter which affords a really good practical hint about how to ‘catch and kill” the enemy :— How te Oarcu HELopPELtis. To the Uiditor “ Ceylon bserver.” Drar Srr,—Dr. Trimen telling planters to catch and kill helopeltis, puts me in mind of Mrs. Glasse’s receipt for hare soup * first get your hare.” Your correspondents talk of bottles and match- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 220 boxes to hold those caught, but none icll you how to capture, I tell you plan I find answers. Get @ green wand cut from any tree 15 to 18 inches in length. Peel, to make it white, smear all but 6 inches of thick end with jack milk and arm your podian with this and send him forth. Every insect he touches with it will stick and show his assiduity at vellayatu at 5 p.m.—B, B. B. From typical districts North of Kandy, here are the reports made to us :— ““Thave nothing to add to the information already published ve Helopeltis, but can only support the idea of stamping: it out by collecting. Unless the Helopeltis is more apparent in one place than an- other, I think the usual gangs of pluckers or pruners ought to be sufticieat to do all the collecting. If the coolies are shown what is wanted and promised a cent per so many insects or grub, according to the extent of the pest, it will be found that they will work harder perhaps tban if they had no Helopeltis to collect. The price to be paid should be fixed for two or threedays and if they bring many without much _trouble the price shoud be reduced, the coolies wont object, so long as they earn from 4d to 6d aday extra.’ = “T must sayI do not know much about Helopeltis, but that it has been with ua for years, atiacking cinchona and cocoa before teas was plented; here the higher fields of tea from 3,500 to 4000 feet are mostly pestered, bushes nearest the jungle being pre- ferred, little seedlings under the bushes are attacked just as often as the big trees. So far the attacke have been slight not dcing much harm. It cheoka the flush a little, but as the leaves do not fall off I do not think it can do permanent injury. “* Another pest does much more dam2ge, this ingect tules a line on either side of the midrib of the leaf, end then eats along the under surface from the midrib to the ru’ed lines, the result is the whole buch looks puckered, the flush shrivelled and coming into the Factory quite red when the attack is at its height. It begins anytime from February to July and on tea a few months from pruring, the attack lasting on each field for about 2 months. This isthe third year we have hsdit. The bushes recover rapidly and seem none the worse a month afterwards, I send (enclosed) a few leaves to let you see what it i3 like; it is nearly away orI should be able to send better samples. I callit the ‘Ruler’ for want of a better name, I have heard it called the tea louse. This year we have had red spider, Helopeltis, ruler and scale bug ; but we are quite happy, all the estates in the district doing better than last season.” Then from Kandy, Mr, Gibbon writes :— ‘“ Re Helopeltis in tea I have had no trouble with itin any of the estates I visit. Dr. Trimen tells us and others corroborate his testimony that it is the ssme pest that did such serions damages to our cacao some years back. Oacao plantersin the course of two years so reducedtheir numbers by systematic des- truction that now they scarcely doany hsrm. The plauting of suitable shade and shelter belts no doubt consiGerably facilitated the destruction of the pest as regards cacao. There is the difficulty of SHADING tea in its checking flush, bat I understand a great deal might be done inthe way of shelter belts on the tea estates in the low country where the pest has been most tronblesome. The coolies are most expert in catching the Helopeltis when money inducements are offered.” From districts South of Kandy ;— “T know nothing of Helopeltis, don’t know the gentleman when I see him. I have just returned from a tour in the district and no one here has seen anything of the kind on tea, Will let you know,if he does turn up.” 230 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {Octr. 2, 1893. “ T have never seen a Helopeltis and I note with satisfaction that Dr. Trimen only warns those whose properties are below 3,000 or 0, The tea in which I am interested high rune; | had some little black bug on tea grown near willows, but thet disappeared when the willows were removed. “Black grub bothers me by eating off the shoots of the tea seed at stake and in the nursery. We also have a very small fly at ‘times that destroys the young buds of cinchons, grevilleas &c., but it does not touch the tea, These are our only insect pests. Frost is what I suffer from: I Jost the flueh this year for 2 months off 2-3rd my acreage. The price of tea is a3 eurely and steadily falling as was the case with cinchona only not s0 rapidly. And finally from Uva :— “1 am thankful to say that as faras I know, we have no Heloveltis on tea in these districts. I trust it may keepaway. At present prices we can hardly support e pest |” —————$ — NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANOE, Cua Brick Tra To RuserA.—There is no great change in the volume of the export trade io brick tea from China to Russia overland. A new feature is worthy of notice, however. A form of brick tea termed tablet tea has been introduced, and hiss become popular. Tt is made of the finer kinds of tea dust compressed into small cakes like the well-known chocolate Menier cakes. Ita extreme protability and freedom from deterioration would scem to recommend it for the use of travellers or for troops on the march. Over 1,000,000 lb. of this article were exported Jast year. Tea, OorrnE, AND THE CHOLERA Baciiius.—In an erticle dealing with the question, “ What the cholera bacillus thrives on,” a writer in WVature says :—‘‘As regards the behaviour of the chole'a orgauism in tea, it is interesting to note that in a three per cent. infusion of black Ohinese tea they are destroyed within 24 hours, while in a four per cent. infusion no trace of them could be found at end of 60 minutes, Friedrich has confirmed the results of other investiyators on the bactericidal properties of coffee, finding two hours’ immersion in & SIX per cent. infusion of this material evfficient for the destruction of these organisms, We take it for granted that there was nothing special about the black Chinese tea, and that o three per cent. infusion of black Indian or Ceylon would have done the business in quicker time.” ’ Correk Prantind.—Ooffee planting bas had its ** ups and downs,” and of late years the latter have pre- dominated; but the prospect is rather brighter in India. According to recently published statistics, the total yield of coffee in Indias, in the year 1891, amounted to no less than 39 million pounds. This is a very considerable advance upon the yield of the preceding year, which was only 22 million pounds. Tur Cuicory FrAvp.—The consumption of coffee in the British Isles is hampered very considerably owing to the chicory dodge, which continues to flourish notwithstanding the occasional — raids made by the legal authorities. The Daily Telegraph, in calling attention to this, says :--‘‘ English people will drink almost anything as coffee, if a shop- keeper tells him that it is Mocha. As 4 rule the majority of purchasers do not know the taste of coffee at all, for the simple reason that the real article has never touched their palates. For example, Albert Green, of Harrow Road, who has a shop in a good position in a poor neighbourhood, sells ‘ coftee at 1s 4d and is 6d per pound. The public should understand that they cannot buy, retail, real coffee at these prices. They must pay at least 1s 8d per pound for pure beans, and even more for the scarcer sorts, which are dearer but are really no better. An Inepector entered Mr. Green's shop and bought a pound at 1s 4d, and when he told Mrs. Green, who served ‘him, that it Was for analysis, she said, ‘If I had known that I should have given you pure coffee. The force of her remark may be gathered from the fact that the article sold was adulterated with fifty per cent of chicory. Think for a moment of the profit mate from such stuff. You can buy firs!-class aad really pure coffee retail for 1s 84 and yet ina poand geld at is 4d there is 50 percent of chic ry! And sold to the poor! Those who know the ta+te of coffee would bardly drink such stuff for nothing; and those who are ignorant of it ought not to be driven away from the real article to suit the avarice of dealers who ought to know better. Green was fined £3 with 12s 6d costs.” Tne BawaMA Fisre Inpustky.—The fibre industry bas worked wonders forthe Bahamas. A complimen- tary dinner to Sir Ambrose Shea, x.c.mG., Go- vernor of the Bahamas, was given on Wednes(@ay evening last week at the Imperial Institute, Mr. Herrman Lescher, of the Bahamas Fibre Oom- pany, in the chair. Sir Ambrose Shea said that it seemed more like a fable than an accomplished fact that a colony which five years ago was in the throes of depression should now be runving a course of progress that bid fair to give it a distinct place in the roll of prosperousdependencies. Nor was this transformation more remarkable than the agency through which it had been accomplished. It seemed hard to conceive that a plant long known in the colony, and regarded as a pestilent weed, should be found to contain one of the finest fibres in the world, that ‘was to lay the foundation of a future of unexampled prosperity for the colony. When first he was convinced of the value of the product, he invited the attention of outside capitalists to its great attractions, but never without an admonition that a personal examination on the spot should precede any outlay, and he was unaware of any instance in which enquiry failed to satisfy the parties that an investment was a safe and conservative measure. The plant wae of unfailing growth ; it resisted the ivnflaence of droughts; the fibre is the best that can be seen in England ; labour in the colony was moderately psid; and there was no necessity for a reserve fund, ss renewals are so inexpensive that the cost is fairly chargeable to the current account. The progress of industry was satisfactory, and already some cultivators had reached the harvest stage aud the exports would now be an annually increasing quantity. It was felt wise toplacea limiton the production and the Crown land allotments were consequently restricted to 100,000 acres forten years, which aren might now be said to be disposed of. At half a ton to the acre this quantity would yield 50,000 tons; but some years must pass before this iesue is reached, and meanwhile it would be a process of ‘steady progress to that result. At a bottom price of £20 a ton the value of the prodac- tion would be £1,000,000 anoually, as against about £120,000 a year, which had bitherto been the amoupt of exports from the colony of fruit and sponge, which were its only resources. Mr. D. Morris, of Kew Gardens, who spoke as an expert upon the character of the plant, and not asa commercial man, referred to the judgment thet bad been formed at Kew Gardens of the Bahamas plant and its fibre, which they considered most emphatically to be the best of its kind that had come under the notice of that institution. —H. and C. Mail, Aug. 25. Se SS UVA PLANTING REPORT. Badulia, Sept. 8. The WEATHER during the past month has been dry, with a high wind. There have been one or two good showers however, and there has been no drought” this year. I have not seen a coffee bush drooping. It has in consequence been a particularly good ear for TEA, which has not only not shut up, but Kes continued flushing well right through the dry months. Tea is looking as well now as it did in June, and there is not nearly as much red spider as usual. A large acreage has been pruned during the past two months and the earlier pruned fields are coming round fast. : : | Tso — | % Oer. 2, 1893. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 231 Corren has had one moderate blossom for the coming season’s spring crop, and there is a small spike for a further blossom now forming on high coffee. Wood is still immature however and there is none of the ‘bristly’ lock, coffee in these districts at this season used to have—with spike. Higher coffee will do much better however. in coming years than seemed probable a few weeks back. Bug is showing up again and is doing harm in patches on low cotfee—but at present the attack is not general and I do not fancy will proye as disastrous as the attack we had last year. Ido not think Hxrtorrutis is present in any numbers on tea in this district, Odd trees here and there have all sorts of curious diseases, some of which may be due to Helopeltis, But I have not seen the animal yet and [ have not seen any teld of tea look other than vigorous and well. Should helopeltis be sufficiently considerate as to breed at certain fixed times it will be a comparatively easy matter to wage war with it. ————— COFFEE NOTES. The people of the United States in 1892 consumed, per capite, 654 pounds of coffee, and 1°37 pounds of tea. Coffee is imitated there in many ways, besides being adultereted, »nd when the price of coffce is high the substitutes are largely purchased by poor people. A S-nios telegram cf the 15th says that the receipts of coffee daring the week had been 26,000 bags, and the sales 30,000 bags. The stock on that date was 116,000 bage.—RKio Nes. ee SISSAL FIBRE IN THE BAHAMAS; DINNER TO SIR AMBROSE SHHA, A divner wes given at the Imperial Institute-the other evening to Sir Ambrose Shea by the Directors of the Bahamas Fibre Company (Limited), of London, in testisvony of His Hxcclleacy’s services. as Governor in bringing an important industry into existence and converting the Colony f:om its former condition of great d:piession into one of fast growing prosperity and importance. The chair was taken by the Chairman of the Bahamas Fibre Company, Mr, Herman Lescher, and there were. present, besides the guest, the Harl of Dentigh, Mr Austen Chamberlain, M.P,, the Oount de Lorre Diaz, Sir J. Somers Vine, c-M.c., Mr. John Fleming, Judge ‘I. A, Thompson (Bahamas), Mr. D. Morris, c.m.c. (of Kew (Gardens), Mr. Willard Brown (of New York), Mr. J. W. Knowles (secretary of the Bahamas Fibre Company), and about forty other gentlemen of prominence in the com- mercial world, and more or less interested in the industry. When the loyal toasts had been dis- posed of the Chairman gave the toast of the evening, and reterred to the remarkable services rendered hy Sir Ambrose Shea, who out of depression had by his own efforts litted the Oolony into a proud position of progress and independence. Sir Ambrose Shea thanked them most heartily for the kind works spoken on his account. He, of course, valued. them ajl the more as he knew they were the friendly recognition of success- {ul endeavour, which had opened a new field tor safe and promising investment of English capital, and was also fast bringing to the families of thousands of peasants comfort and brightness of which they bad 10 previous experience. lt seemed more like a fable than an accomplished fact that a Oolony which five years ago was in the throes of depression should nuw be running a course of progress that bids fair to give i: a distinct place in the roll of prosperous depen- dencies, nor was this transformation more remark- able than the egency through which it had been accom- plished. It seemed hard to conceive that a plant long koown io the Colony and regarded as a pestilent weed should he found to contain one of the finest fibres in the world, and was to lay the founiation of a future of ucexampled prosperity for the Colony, When first he was convinced of the value of the product he ia- yited the attention of outside capitalists to its great and India, attractions, but never without en admonition that a personal examination ou the spot should precede any outlay, and he was unaware of any instance in which inquiry failed to satisfy the parties that an investment was a safe and conservative measure. The progress of the industry was satisfactory, and already some cultivators had reached the harvest stage, and the exports would now be an annually increasing quantity. It was felt wise to place a limit on the production, and the Crown Land allotments were consequently restricted to 100,000 acres for 10 years, which area may now be said to be disposed of, At half a ton to the acre this quantity will yield 50,000 tons; but some years must pass before this issue is reached and meanwhile it will be a process of steady progress to that result. At what was deemed a bottom price of 20/ a ton the value of the production would be 1,000,0002 annually, as against about 120,000/ a year which had hitherto been the amount of the exports from the Colony of fruit and sponge which were its only resources. Although his term as Governor of the Colony was now ‘about to expire, he should remain for another year as Lord Ripon thought it undesirable that he should for the present be separated from the supervision of the important interests it had been his good fortune to have cailed into existence. The Earl of Denbigh proposed “ The Visitors,” coupling therewith the name of Mr. Austen Obamber- ‘lain, M.P. He paid a high tribute to the Governor’s remarkable career and its far-reaching beneficial consequences. Mr. Austen Chamberlain, in respond- ing, said he had twice visited the Oolony, and could speak from observation on the spot of the Governor’s phenomenal and successful efforts for its advance- ment, For, himself, he had every confidence in the future of the Colony and in the industry in which he was largely concerned. Mr. D. Morrie, of Kew Gardens, who spoke as an expert) upon the character of the plant and not as a commercisl man, re- ferred to the ju*’gment that had been formed at Kew Gardens of the Bahamas plant and its fibre, which they considered most emphatically to bethe best of its kind that had come under the notice of that institution. He had known of ita existence for many years, but it had never been practically dealt, with until Sir A. Shea went to the Colony.and made it the splendid success to which it had now attained.— Colonies a TRAVANCORE AND CEYLON TEAS. Considering the nearness of the two tea-planting countries of Trayancore and Ceylon to each other, it is a remarkable fact how very much the ways and means of production and general arrangements differ, and this is the more extraordinary when it has tobe bornein mind that the Tamils trom Madura, Tinneyelly, and Tencasy, etc., supply the whole or practically the whole of the labour in both places. The. principal and most self evident fact is that Ceylon being a colony under the British Government; whilst that of Travancore is under a Native Govern- ment. Ceylon has also the advantage of the port of Colombo, and having almost daiiy communica- tion, 7.c., daily vessels sailing for and arriving from Europe. The railway also which goes from Colombo right through the principal planting districts is an enormous boon. Tea picked on a Saturday can be made and packed by the Monday and be on the high seas on the Wednesday. Whilst with Trayancore, tea can at the quickest not be got on board under ten days, and that is rare; in fact, unless you ship by B.I. boats from Alleppey at the rate of 40s aud 45s o tn of 40 ft., you often have to wait weeks for a direct stvamer from Cochin, rates for which are 32: 64 for 50 ft. But, given these advantages to Ceylon, there are a huge number of considerations on the T'ravancore side. The Ceylon. planter is famous t!e world over for his push and go, and rightly so, But it is obviously absucd tbat the smart man shcu'd always go to Oeylon and the duffer to Iudia, he fact 8, in Ceylon the plantiug interest is the interest of the whole island, Without it Ceylon would be of but 232 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. minor importance, so though the planter is taxed, he is enoourged ; rai ways and the best roadsin the world are msde for him; he is represented in the Legislative Conncil, and his grievances and weeds attended to. He forms Associations, and the whole planting community . being comparatively clore to each other, the Associations are of real good, and are conducted on a business system utterly free from the amateurish element which thongh less now by far than it was 20 years ago, still permeates the whole of Southern India from Government to in- dividuals, Ceylon exports now 80,000,000 lb. of tea a year Travancore 3,000,000 lb. at the most, and yet there is nothing to prevent Travancore sending 40,000,000, and at a chesper rate than Ceylon. But the Government of T'ravavcore, though it tolerates the European plant- er, does not banker after his presence. It bas @ nice comfortable littlo sarplus yearly, and does not at all see to opening up its masses of wnequa!led forest, which are now practically valueless to European enterprise. It has grand opportuvities of a fine harbour at Quilon, and, railways to benefit the whole country, and it likes to talk of these thiogs, but it does not do much more, So the planter who comes is treated well, but not en- couraged, He can get land, butit is troublesome. He is givenroads but grudgingly, and the munificent sums of K150 and R100 a mile are allowed for upkeep. Per contra aud on the same lines he is not taxed, or hardly at all, and be is bampered by no medical or other ex- penses; but fancy, if Travancore were opened up to the European with its miles of forest, if shipping arrange- ments were facilitated and good roads cnt through the old and new districts, and railways touching the feet of the hills constructed, but not only tea but cocoa and Liberian coffee would be cultivated along tbe whole chain, a8 would the other tropical products, all of whioh thrive in that little State far more |uxuriantly than elsewhere. Planters would of course be taxed, but if this were done fairly, none but the most short- sighted could object, and Travancore would find itself in very truth the richest of Native States. But the present system prevents this. Twenty years ago in coffee planting it was far worse, but even now the good done by associations is trifling compared with what it might bee The head branch is the South, though that section turns out less tea than the Central. Still 1t does hold an annual meeting and publish an annual report of its proceedings. But of the others, what can be said P A meeting every year or 18 months, & unanimous carrying of two or three petty motions, and a good breakfast is about all it means, and all this could be altered if Government set the example and offered inducements for new men. New blood is a sie qua non im everything, and if the new blood is set going, why it will probably have a dash and go onit, that can but do good and stir up the older members. Another drawback which, however, is vanishing was the large number of small proprietors, who quite overbalanced the firms who held estates. At one time everyone indulged in his own fads, the distance from estate to estate kept opinions from being ventilated, and so on ten places at least five different systems would be pursued. But hard times and low prices have done much to alter this, and in many places there is as much system ag on a Ceylon plantation, and as much care is taken to keep up the average prices and keep down the expenditure, so far at least as is compatible with good cultivation. Now, among the advantages a Travancore planter reaps over a Ceylon one are, first, the soil, which is farricher everywhere. Than theraisa superabundance of firewood, the grass-Jand grows excellent tea, and is practically unlimited and is broken up everywhere with pieces of forest, and besides this grass-land gives wonderful conveniences for manuring, and herds of cattle can be kept at a nominal cost, and in the spring months when they come up from the plains in thousands to graze, they can be induced with little trouble to camp close to the land which requires manuring. io this matter the Government helps, and it remits the grazing tax for cattle which coms up and camp on or near an estate. To thig way the cost of manuring with Travan: [Oct. 2, 1893. sore planters is reduced to a miuimum, which is fer rom being the case in Ceslon. Lubour is cheap, aver- aging 4 snnas 4 head al! round,aud sbondaut especially in Pecrmaad. In that Cistrict there is uct av e-tate which has bot more than it waute almo-t, many places having to send sway 25 per ceut of those who come up; this, of course, means that advances are practically nu. Morvover labour cap be got up and sent down very much asis required! We believe that this is not the case iu the south, but probably the difficulty there is temporary. The average yield for Peermaaed was just 400 lb. an acre, which beat Ceylon we fancy. Rice is cheip, tea can be put f. 0. b. at Alleppey tor 4 1-6annas allowing tor manuring the whole place every three years 7. ¢. one-third a year, and when machivery is properly etarted and goiug this will be reduced. Travaucore backwaters, which ron miles inland give cheap travsport and if railways run from the foot of the hills this would be cheaper still. Ceylon will always have the pull in shipping and probably in capital. But it resis withthe Goverumest ip the first place and with planters themselves in the second to bring the exportsof Travancore as much to the front as those of Ceylon are at the present time.—Madras Times, Aug. 20. ——E——————— TEA NOTES AND NEWS. Writing on the progress of Ceylon teas in the United States, a correspondent says some of the orders received cannot be excuted owing to scarcity of the teas required in the market. “I saw,” he says, “some parcels of broken Pekoe which had realised only 64d., whilst Pekoes of the same mark had brought 83d. and Pekoe Souchongs 74d. On casting my eye down the broker's catalogue I noticed that the grades were in these proportions :—Broken Pekoes 45 per cent.; Pekoes 30 pex cent.; and Pekoe Souchongs 25 per cent. Now if-the proportions of these had been reversed they would in all probability have been properly graded, as it was, it precisely bore out what had been said by Mr. Lipton’s Agent, that teas are being overgraded. ‘he worst of this practice is that country dealers, seeing sales of Broken Pekoe effected at 84d., failto see why they should pay 1s, which is frequently asked for what is really a jine tea worth all the money. I mean /ine in Jlavor, not fine in make merely, fora tea may be made any- thing.”’—Jndian Planter’s Gazette, Sept. 2. NETHERLANDS INDIA. COFFEE IN EAST BORNEO AND JAVYA—TOBAOCO IN EAST BORNEO.—PEARL SHELL FISHING. The Sultan of Cotie in Netheriands East Borneo has gone heavily into coffee-growing there. He has been enterprising enough to isey out a plantation of the Liberian variety which now begins to bear. The Sultan has since ordered machinery for his own use to facilitate preparing the berry tor market. In Java, the estimatesof the Government coffee crop this year show every prospect of the outturn proving shorter than had been expected. Successive estimates point to steady diminution. The Souwrabaya Courant calis attention to successive failures in tobacco cuitivation in Netherlands Hast Borneo owing to the soil proving unsuitable for that line of enterprise. Arrangements ior despatching a man-of-war to the Aru islands to check contrabaud fishing by pearling parties from Australia will, in all skenhood, be hastened by news of alleged high-handed procceaings by them in that group. For iuswance, one of them threatened to shoot down @ district officer who had objected to his fishing for pearl shell without a license from Netherlands India Covernmeut. At Batavia, a pearl-shelling venture was being promoted at the date of last advices under the style of the Netherlands India Pearl Fishery Company with a capital of a quarter of a million of guilders. It has’ not been started yet, but the promoters hold out prospects of a dividend of 58 per cent yearly on the capital. The waters around Banka are to be its field of operations, —Strarta Times, Oct. 2, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 233 AREA CULTIVATED ON CEYLON PLANTATIONS. In the two years which haye elapsed since the statistics of our Planting Enterprise were last compiled, a considerable addition has been made to the atea in cultivation. So far as we can judge from figures which are now being fivally checked, the total amounts to less than 20,000 acres, or to give the exact figures before us, 19,164 aores, We are not prepared to say how much of this should be credited to different prcducts—tea acd cacao especially. Indeed, as regards the former, it is very likely that when our tables are complete we may find that tea has to be credited with more than 20,000 acres, and for this reason. Simultaneously with the expansion of tea in many districts during the past two years, there has been a contraction of the area under coffee and perhaps cinchona. No doubt in most cases, tea has taken the place of the older staples; but there are not a few fields given up in the older districts which have not been replanted. We quite expect therefore to see the increase under tea exceed the total aggregate addition when maki’ g allowance in the latter for the extent once nnder the older staples but no longer cultivated. Meantime, it is safe to speak of 20,000 acres as the addilioa to our tea area since August 1891. Of the d’stribution of this additional planted extent according to districts, we can speak a little more definitely. One-tenth of the whole, or about 2,000 acres, has to be credited to the Kelani Valley district, andin this cage of course we know that the addition have been made on fresh land, generally virgin fovest land. Matale West and Pangwila districts come next, if we couple them together with about another 2,000 acres of additions either to existing plantations or in new places. We take these two districts together, because they really indicats the same new and important ex- pansion of industry in the Valley north of Katu- gastota and Wattagama, which promises to give us more than one ‘‘ Mariawatte,” besides valuable properties under cacao, It is significant of the attention once more given to the older dis- tricts and of the new lease of prosperity which seems falling to them that such well- known divisions as Pucs-ilawa, Kadugannawa and Kurunegala, can each show an _ appreciable increate in the arca cultivated. The first-namd has 1000 acres more than in 1891, indicative of tehe activity displayed in planting up tea inthe valleys and hillsides South of Gampola. Kadugannawa has been freely entered on, though long treated as an almost wholly abandoned district,and we find an addition of 600 acres to the cultivation ; while Kurunegela has begun to raise its head again with its important caczo and coconut fields and we find additions here aggregating no less than 800 acres. Before leaving the older districts we may mention that Rangalla, Allagalla, Howsheta Lower and Nilambe have each got a few hundreds of acres added to their record ; while more notable are the cases of Dolosbage which hss added 800 acres to its tea fields and Upper Hewaheta which has increased its planted extent by no less than 1,400 acres—all tea of course. Reverting to low— country districts we find an addition of about 500 acres to the Kegalle-and-Polgahawela district and 30 eurprising to say not much more added in the two years to the planted area of the Kalutara district. Tt we turn tothe higher districts, our record of cultivation would seem to compare somewhat a3 follows :— District. Total cultivated. 1891. 1893. Dimbula A yy, cres...45,420— 45,747 Dikoya A 3 s) +e28,034— 29,269 Maskeliya ss B ys 000 18,508— 18,818 Lower Dikoya _,, 35 39 «+ 6,771— 7,368 Total »9 1 98,7383 —101,202 An addition of 2,500. .acressin the . two years in the oase of these important districts cannot be considered much; but as respects tee, the process of eupereeding coffees ‘and cinchona ‘fields with the new product has -certainly gone farther. If we now turn to Uva we have to face the division of Badulla into two districts :—Badulla with 11,227 acres under cultivation and Passara with about 5,664 or together 16,891 acres against 15,424 for both, two years ago. Hzputale and the other divisions including Udapussellawa show little or no change: what may bse lost in coffee has been gained in tea. The only district which has to be entered as altogether abandoned this time ig Lower Walapana, and this arises very much from the transfer of Maha—Uva to the Udapussellava or Upper Walapana division. Fi- nally, we may notice that the ‘‘low-couutry dis- tricts” not separately classified, such as Amblan- goda, Hanwella, Heneratgoda and Veyangoda, show 2 total addition to cultivation of no less than 3,000 acres. Altogether progress during the two years has been steady though it may be regarded as slow when compared with ‘‘ the rush into tea” of the previous years. seb A HANDBOOK TO THE FLORA OF CEYLON, &c, By Henry Trimen, M.B, F.z.s. With an Atlas of Plates. Part 1. Ranuncu'acezse—Anacardiacee. 8yo. Pp. 327 (Dulau & Co.) Botanists have been long weiting for a flora of Oeylon. Gardner, and espscially Thwaites, laid the foundations of such a work, whilst the successive volumes of the Flora of British India have comprised Oingalese plants, as well as those from other parts of our great Indian dependency. A seperate Flora of Ceylon is, how ver, a great desid*ratum, especially to residents in the island, and this desideratum Dr. Triwen is specially well qualified to supply. In plan this volume follows the lines of the Flora of British India, the descriptions of plants being in English. No neme earlier than 1753, when Liurzeus first de- finitely published his binominal nomenolature, is ac- cepted. The adopted names of species are followed by areferenee to the author who first described them and the dateof publication. Synonyms are duly re- corded, and references given to the literatare of the subject, and to the lccal and general distribution of the plants. The coloured plates comprise a selection from several thousand figures, made under the direc- tion of successive Directors of the Botanic Garden by three members of one Singbaleie family—De Alwie. A sketch of the climatic regions of Oeylou is given, aud the island shown to be divided into three main regions, distinguished by varying amounts of rain ard tempe:ature, yiz., the dry low couutry region, the mo‘st low country region, and the montane or hill country. Fcur-fitths of the island belong to the first region, where the vegetation is mainly that of peuinsular India, The moist low country region, though occupying less than one-fifth of the area, 1s the best known, and the moat interesting. Dr. Tri- men assigns to it a limit in altitude of 3,000 feet, 234 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 2, 1893. all above that being included in the montane region. This district has a rainfall of from 75 to 200 inches in the year, chiefly in May and June. A short dry period occurs in the first quarter of the year, and again in August and September. This wet tropical region is the bome of the bulk of the endemic species and has a strong Malayan affinity. The montane region above 3,000 feet, up to 8,296 feet on Peduru- talagala, is wholly in the moist region, and south~ west of the centre of the island. The descriptions seem to be particularly clear, and the typographical arrangememts excellent, so thet the work of the student is greatly facilitated. No doubt when the work is completed, an index aud a map will be provided. The volume is so indis- pensable to all those concerved with the F ora of Oeylon that we hope succeedirg volumes will be speedily issued.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, August $rd. = THE COCOA MARKET: FALL IN PRICES. (From a Correspondent.) London reports the absence of American buyers and the troubled state of business on that Con- tinent as the cause of the tumble down of cocoa rates. Good Ceylon marks were offered before the mail left and were returned as there was really no market. It is always a bad time of the year this for cacao, and our low quotations—95s—contrasts not uofavourab!y with some of our rival’s highest ! ee SULPHUR, A REMEDY FOR RED SPIDER. A well-known planter writes:—You are wrong in supposing (see 7.4.) that sulphur is no longer used as @ remedy for ‘‘red spider ’’ in Darjeeling. Vhe gentleman you mention as having tried it without success, now imports large quantities annually to be used as an “‘ anti-rust ” or ‘‘ spider.” {Flowers of sulphur is the great remedy in gardens and conservatories in England. We have good reason to believe that ‘‘ Red Spider’’ can never be such a pest in Ceylon as it is in some of the Indian tea districts.—Ep, 7.4.] EEE CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. In contrast with M. Rogivue’s experience in Russia in building up a tea trade equal to a demand for 200,000 lb. to 300,000 lb. per annum already, may be put that of a well-known ex-Ceylon tea planter in America who gives a piteous account of how ‘“Ceylon téa has ruined” him! We need not quote names—to say that Philadelphia was his headquarters is sufficient and he got, we fear, very little aid indeed from the Ceylon Tea Fund. This is how he writes in a letter before us addressed to a friend in London :— ~ IT am no longer in the business, having failed absolutely in the attempt to introduce, unsupported Ceylon tea in America. There have been oppor- tunities when Ceylon could have helped me instead of letting me drop out of their minds. There is no one in this country who has worked barder and faced debt and starvation in the interests of Oeylon as I bave done, and had I not been naturally musical and received an education in the art which stood by me, I would have been lost in the thankless and discouraging attempt to makea stend for Ceylon in this country. ‘The little capital I had was lost before I had been two years in the business and twice I lost my business and started ayain. Even now I own the oldest brand of Ceylon Tea in the country and am known to every one in the Tea or grocery business in Philadelphia as associated entirely with Ceylon Tea. I lecture at my own risk. I advertised grocers who would handle it at my own coat and Joss, I stood up for it, more like & bull alone in the Spanish arena to be killed, than anything else I can think of. I Jaid the way in Phila for the Oeylon Planters’ Tea Co. who today are selling to nearly all my best customers. When Mr. May wanted my good word, be got it in New York when at my own expense I made « especial visit to him. He promised to do great things as “I was just the man he wanted.” He went to England and kept me waiting for months in hopes of some re- eults. He was two monthe in New York before he wrote to me and when he did, he meant nothing and did nothing*. I could stand up today before the Retail Grocers’ Association and let them say who has fought for Oeylon Tea. What hes Ceylon tea done for me? Absolutely ruined me. It will take me years of teaching to repsy what I owe on Ceylon tea. * . * There was a time when ao /ittle assistance from the Oeylon planters would have established me in Phila, I bad gathered together a Joyal circle of customers, but not enough to make a living. I know one thing, there is a face missing in the city which reflected Ceylon Tea wherever it was seen for five solid years. Years that I would not go through again for ten fortunes. It was # reign of terror to me, and it is & wonder to me today that I am what I am, of sound mind, with prospects of living once again. ——_- - > ——_ -— EILA TEA COMPANY. GENERAL MEETING. The ordinary general meeting of the shareholders of the Hila Tea Company of Ceylon, Ltd., was held this forenoon at the registered office, Colombo. Mr. F. W. Bois presided. The report and the accounts (given below) were adopted and a dividend of 10 per cent declared, Mr. Stanley Bois who retired ac- cording to the articles of Astociation was re-elected as a Director. Mr. E. M. Shattock was elected Auditor. REPORT. Your Directors beg to rubmit their report and se- counts for the year ending 30th Juve laet, which notwithstanding achort fall on the estimated crop. are of @ satisfactory nature, and afford encourage- ment for the future of the Oompany, Work in the new Factory commenced on 1st Noy- ember, and since that date 120,000\lb. Teas of uni- formly good quality have been mannfactured. The averrge nett price for the year shews an advance of no less than 12 cents per pound over last season. The working profit is equal to 16 per cent on the Capitel of the Company; but your Directors think it expedient to write off R10,000 from the cost of the Factory and Machinery. ‘The balance available ig therefore R22815°30; out of which it is proposed to pay a dividend of 10 per cent and carry forward R315 30. . The estimate for the new season ig 190,000 lb. to cost 223 cents per pound in Colombo, exclusive of ex- penditure on capital account. Itis proposed to plant up further 105 acres of forest, which, withthe exten- sions recently completed, will make 150 acres of young Tea. In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. Stanley Bois retires from the Dinction; but, being eligitle, offers himself for re-election. It willalso be necessary to appoint an Auditor. By order of the Directors, J. M. Ropertson & Co., Agents and Secre‘aries, Colombo, 15th August, 1893. * No doubt Mr. May hoped his Exhibition negoti- ation was going to lead to great things; but both he and his lieutenant would now respond to ‘Philadelphia’ by saying,—“ And ses what Oeylon tea has done for us!”—Pineo, Arthur, Murray alas! all in the same boat: the man who ii tomake Ceylon tea pay in Amcrica has evidently ye to appear—Ep. 7.4, Oct, 2, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 235 ENEMIES OF TEA: MOSQUITO BLIGHT OR THA BUG. There ig no call for alarm, or even uneasiness» at the heading of our article. No cultivation ig without its enemies and the minor pests affect- ing tea have long been the object of inquiry in India, while in» Ceylon they nave also irom time to time been noticed by our planters. We direct special attention to the timely and im- portant letter of the Director of the Royal Botania Gardens, and we trust Dr. Trimen’s advice will, at once, be taken, by a systematic campaign being started for the extermination of helopeltis antonit from the Oeylon tea districts now atfected by it. Our cacao planters got a pretty intimate acquaint- ance with this insect pest in 1883-4-5, and only by the oultivation of shade trees were they able to get rid of the attacks of the enemy though its numbers were greatly reduced by follow- ing Dr. Trimen’s counsel ‘‘to catch and kill them.” Shade cannot be thought of in the case of tea, and‘therefore, there is nothing for it, but to set a campaign of capture and extermination on foot throughout the tea districts referred to. We may be told that only isolated estates are affected by this ‘‘tea-bug”; but as was the case with cacao-fields when once examination and search for the insect take place, it is very possible that it may be found more generally prevalent than is at present realized: To enable tea planters the better to judge for themselves, we quote from the Tropical, Agriculturist the portions of Dr, Trimen’s Report dated 9th September 1884—written pri- marily for the benetit of cacao planters—that more particularly bear on the description and identification of the insect :— Helopeltis itself belongs to the true Hemipiera, being a member of the tribe Cuspide@ ali of which are destructive to plants (one especially so to raspberry fruits) and are partly characterized by their com- paratively active running habits of the genus, several species have been described by naturalists of which the present insect H, Antonii Lynt, is the best known. In the adult state this can scarcely be mistaken for any other insect, and may be recognized by the following description. The narrow body is less than gz inch (6 mm.) in length, but the greyish wings pro- ject beyond the abdomen and thus increase the length to nearly 4 inch (8 mm.); the thorax is brownish- red in colour and ends in a slender red neck, from its centre arises the singular erect rigid pin-like pro- cess which gives the genus its scientific name (kilos —a»a nail). The head is small and black; end a characteristic feature are the antennz quite % imch (10 mm.) long spreading, 4-jointed, and curved. On turning the insect over, the abuaomen is seen to be black, but in the femalg thisis crossed about the middle by a broad band of white. Zhe formidable beak or proboscis, fully 2 mm, long, can be seen beneath the thorax, to which when not in use it is pressed. The insect is long-legged aud active and can fly well,bat 80 far as I have seen does not make any long flights. Before arriving at the imago state, the Helo- peltis passes through several stages, but the changes (a8 in all the bugs) are not so complete as in most losects, When first hatched it is about 1-24th inch “(say 1 mm.) long, pale yellowish olive in colour and Semi-transparent, the eves and some interaoal parts showing red. During its progress through the larval stage 1t sheds its skin several times, and the little empty sloughs are commonly ftonud on the oaocao. The olive colour is maiutained through these changes, and the inseot is easily recognized by the thoracio Bpike which is soon developed, the long antenue, aud the long legs which raise the body well off the sarface; the abuomen is soft aad pointed and turned up at the end. Rudimentary wings are present in the pupal stage but are not matured for use until the final change from this to the perfect inseot, Though thus unable to fly, these immature creatures run about pretty briskly and their appearance is decidedly aut-like; apparently their whole existence is passed on the cacao piant whire they were born. I regret that wy Opportuvitics and leisure have not permitted me to trace out the whole life his- tory of the insect. Ido not know the time ocoupied from egg to imago por how long the latter lives. I fiud that the female contains from 8 to 12 eggs, large for the size of the insect, and of a peculiar long flask shaped form provided at the truncate end with two filamonts half ita length. I have not succeeded in seeing the actual deposition of the egg, but I have detected two 7m situ, one attached to a puuctured cayity in the leaf-stalk; and the other in the tender shootat the foot of a leaf-stalk these were miJk white with a tough skin. After a careful searchI have not discoverd more than these two and my knowledge on the point is thus very defective ; so far as it goes it corresponds with that of Van Gorkom in Java who says that (in Cinchona) the eggs are laid in the ends of twigs and in leaf-stalks but are quite hidden and very difficult to find. The little insects commence to suck the plant at once, and they continue to do so throughout their lives. Apparently they specially feed at night, and the amonnt of injury a single one is capable of effecting can be seen by any one who will place on in a cage with a fresh shoot for a night and examine the shoot in the morning. The underside of the mid-ribs of the very young leaves is als aya favorite position for the punctures, It mas presumed that the perfect temale insect does 18 damage also by the deposition of the eggs. od The difficulty, however, of detecting sue imm™ur Helopeltis is well-known, so much so that both in Jav and Assam as now here, it is difficult for planter to believe that such serious mischief is wrought by a foe so nearly invisible. [ theretore requested the superintendent to initiate systematic catching of this insect, which he consented to do. The results obtained corroborated my belief that Helopeltis is really far more abundant than it appears to be. During the first two days, indeed, thougn six coolies went over 220 acres, Only 311 specimens resulted; but so soon as the boys learaed how to find the inseot, the numbers increased. ‘hus by the end of ten days 2,011 had been bottled, and in the forty-one days ending with August 31st, as many as 25,000 individuals (the yreater proportion being immature ones) had been captured and destroyed. Then as regards the remedy and in view of further investigation we quote :— As regards remedies, I have but one to recommend, that is to catch and destroy the insect. Nothing else that can be suggested is so direct and radical as this. The cooly boys employed should be in- structed to go over the trees, one by one in order, carefully and exhaustively; the larva and pup of Helopeliis being unable to fly are caught easily enough when once seen, and even the pertect insects are not quick to escape. No doubt, a promised reward for the largest ‘‘ bag’’ at the end of the day will stimulate the search. The superintendent of the estates to which this report refers is of opinion that the practice has been of very great benetit; and indeed it was evident on my last visit, that the latest ‘flush’ of young shoots, brought out by recent very slight rains had passed through the critical period, and has “set” without much damage during the time that the systematic catching of Helopeltis was being pursued. Ifthe attacks of this insect ceased; I believe that the trees would to a great extent recover. Thus experience here, so far as it goes, perfectly agrees with that in Java, where the attacks of MHelopeliis on cinchona produce almost precisely the same effects as here on cacao, By constant watchfulness and the capture of all the individuals that can be detected, the pest has in the Government plantations been kept under and in some nearly abolished. Did we possess more certainty as to the precise positions where the oggs are laid and & ready means of detecting their presenge, @ bimely xemoyat 236 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 2, 1893. of the parts of the tender shoots affected before hatching had occurred could be confidently recom- mended. Unfortunately the first indications we get are the brown stains showing that the young Helopeltis is already at work. The investigation of this point is to be strongly recommended to those in » position for observing it. There is thus made available, sufficient information to enable eyery tea planter who should take part in the ‘‘tea-bug campaign,’ to begin and carry on opera- tions leading to the extermination of the pest, Our senior nine years ago, thought that the aid of the magnesium light might be called into requisition at nighton cacao plantations for the capture of the immature but destructive ‘ cusses” at night. But cooly children can evidently give a good account of large numbers of the enemy if set systematically to work, during the day. On Mr.Kerkhoyen’s tsa estate in Java, they were regularly captured and ‘ given to the dogs to eat.’ We, trust in the case of Ceylon that the,.catching and killing process may result in the practical extermination ofthe pest. It must be remembered that:we have here not a fungus, but an insect. to deal -with—and an ingest too of an appreciable size, so that there.is nothing prima facie fo prevent such a united campaign as we now advocate, under Dr. Trimen’s advice, being fully successful in banishing ‘' helopeltis antonii,” ‘tea bug” or ‘‘musquito blight ’’ from every tea-field in Ceylon, ee a COFFEE-TEA. The Lords of the Treasury will have to get the British, Tariff revised. and a new heading—Coffee- tea—introduced if this sort of thing, about the preparation of ,coffee leaves as tea, goes on. The Lancet is, one of the most influential journals in the world on dietetic. matters and when it speaks so highly of ‘ Coffee-tea” as in the following report, we may be sure a demand for the product willfollow and: there~ will be planters ready to meet it. Oeylon, however, we fear, can never do much in this way, unless the very leafy Liberian variety be taken advantage of for crops of leaves as well as, or in place of, berries. The QCoffee- tea shown by Messrs. J. A. Hadden & Co. was, we learn, from Middleton estate, Dimbula. (From the “Lancet,” Aug, 5th.) (James A; Happen & Co., 25 FuncHURCH-sTREET, E.O.) In a recent, article on the merits of Indian and Chinese teas we were led to remark that mankind would seem to have instinctiyely:selested as the bases of common beverages amongst the plants at his disposal only those of seeds, fruit, or leaves of which contain that. interesting. body. caffeine or theine.. It by no means. follows,. however, according to a short: investi- gation, that, we vhave recently conducted, that man has geleoted:that part: ofthe plant. which yields the greatest abundance: of ithis: alkaloid. He has done 80, it is.true, by choosing the leaves of the tea plant and of the maté plant.\of Paraguay and the nut.of, the: kqla: plant, but it. would ‘appear. that in the case .of coffee he. has arrived - at: a. wrong conclusion, at east. as :regarde ‘the ‘theine-containing portion.. The.coffee » berry or seed. contains but a feeble portioniof theine, but’of course there are other principles-present which together make coffee a whole- some and agreeable: beverage. According, however to a recent analysis'- we-have made; the dried leaves ‘of the coffee.plant+-are’ nearly-as‘rioh as regards theine: a9 isitea‘itself; moreover, they contain ’- a smaller proportion of tannin than the stronger tess of India. and “Ceylon. Two specimen parcels of ooffee-tva,: which‘ really consists of the dried leaves of the coffee plant, have recently been submitted to us by; the above’ firm, and we bave devoted some time to an analysis: and an examination which a product of ¢hia unique character demands, presenting as it does certein noyel features which may assign to it an important place amongst the beverages available for the use of man. The samples we have submitted to analysis formed pert of # recevt experi- mental consignment grown in the district of Ceylon , called Dimbuls,at an elevation of from 3,500 {t. to -~ 8,000* ft. On examination one proved to be 6 small broken leaf and the other a whole leaf eample. Both presented very closely the characteristics of tea as regards appearence and aroma. The infusion made in the same way as ordinary tea, had an agreeable aroma and a fnil-bodied, smooth, though bitter flavour, in which there was a suggestion of tea; it, was entirely destitute, however, of thet delicate roughness characteristic of a real tes infusion. The taste wes, in fact, eomewhat insipid, but not disagreeably bitter. The specimen of small broken leaf yielded the best liquor on infusion in regard to body, flavour and aroma, The following analysis of both specimens is very interesting as showing that the dried leaves of the coffee plant contain almost es much theine as does tea, whilst the tannin, which does not appear to be identical with the tannin of tea, is distinctly less. Sample 1, whole leaf: theine, 2°66 per cent; tauniv, 7°14 per cent; extract, 39°45 per cent; moisture, 760 per cent; mineral matter, 610 per cent. Sample 2, small broken leaf: theine, 320 per cent; tannin, 6°66 per cent; extract, 8440 per cent; moisture, 709 per cent; mineral matter, 5°50 per cent. Although the fisvour of the infusion yielded by coffee-tea compares unfavourably with both that of the coffee and of tea, yetin view of the restorative and refreshing properties which it must pogeess on eccount of the excellent proportion of theine iteon- tains it might be advantageously nsed. by many individuals, and especially by those who are not able to tolerate coffee or tea. ere THE UDUGAMA TEA AND TIMBER COMPANY, Which is being formed with a capital of R400,000 will, it is proposed, acquire Udugama, Ginnedomine, and Saumares estates, the cost of the property being set down at &260,000, machinery R50,00U and cultivation, working ex- penses &o. ' R40,000. The total acreage of the three estates which are from 18 to 24 miles from Galle, is 4,710, 377 being tea, 149 areka, 66 coconuts, 1,339 virgin forest, and 2,779 chena. At present it is proposed to issue 7,000 shares of the value of K350,000 and an estimate has been prepared showing profit at the rate of 13 per cent on the called up capital. The profit on the making of tea (for others as well as the estates in the: Company) is estimated at R10,000, on the making of .chests.425,000, on timber R12,000, and on rents, jungle sticks &c. R1,000. The vendors have signified their willingness to accept in part payment of the purchase price 1,660 fully paid shares of the value of H78,000 and the balance in cash. ————————— eee WYNAAD PLANTERS ASSOCIATION. Proceedings of a General meeting held at Pootha- coollie Bungalow, Friday, 11th August, 1893, _ CincHonA.—Read letter trum Baron yon Kosenberg, President of ‘the Kannan. Deven Planters’ Association suggesting that statistics should be collected and pubiished with, a view of proving that the preseut low price of bark is not warranted by the statistical position of the articlea—Resvlved that the Honorary Secretary: write im reply that in the opinion of this Association the collection of such statistics would iuvolye a great deal of trouble and-is not tikely to have avy practical result. * A. mistake for 5,000 or at most 6,000 feet.— KD. Lid. . Ocr 2; 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 237 CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA, AMERICA &C. in many a Russian household. His success Undoubtedly pioneers who endeavour to introduce | i2 this respect has stirred up the Russian our teas into foreign countries have to battle | te merchants to the consciousness that they against many adverse influences. It has not as yet been shown that any of those who have thus endeavoured to secure Ceylon interests, have found the results to themselves financially satisfactory. Very recently, it has been made plain how dis- couraging to the parties concerned has been such an attempt with regard to America, where efforts have been made by pioncers who certainly deserved, although they have not obtained, a full measure of success. In France, Germany, and other Continental ‘countries but little has been effected up to the present date, at all events not to the extent which can heve repaid the time and labour expended by individuals. The opening of new markets for our teas is, however, a necessity of the time, and one that in our planting interests must be encouraged in as liberal a spirit, as is possible. None of the enterprising» persons’ who have set themeelves to the accomplishment of this object on the Continent of Hurope, haye rivalled in success the Tea Fund’s recognized agent in Russia. And yet the field M. Rogivue attacked was, perhaps, one of the most unpromising that could have been selected, True it is that throughout that Empire the population is essentially a tea-drinking one, The infusion is in every Russian household the established drink, and on every sideboard there stands the samodvar in readiness to supply the craving of every visitor, But then oustom of centuries of growth has led to the formation of certain tastes and of prejudices which could not easily be overcome. The trade in tea was in the hands of a few firms of long establishment and of ample financial meant. These seem to have set their faces strongly against any new introduction that might disturb the commercial relations they had formed, and M. Rogivue soon found, when he first ap- plied to these firms, that they were determined to oppose him in cvyery possible way. They had established a strong influence in high political quarters, : and brought that to bear with great effect in opposition to the efforts made by M. Rogivue. With but very limited means at his command, that gentleman found that unless he could commence work as a retailer he had no chance of inducing a demand in Russia for Ceylon teas, Foiled in his attempts to do this in 8t. Petersburg, ha transferred his exertions to the ancient capital of Moscow, and radiating thence as from a centre he has now succeeded in establishirg a large number of agencies, and has carricd his warfare into the very heart of the enemy’s country at Nijni-Novgorod. All this has not been done without a great amount of personal labour and of financial risk, and M, Rogivue now complains to our London Correspondent— whose report will be found on page 229—that he has not for this as yet reaped any reward for himself, and that his prospects of ultimately doing so are crampei by the narrowness of his resources and - by the want of adequate help from Ceylon tea planters who are, with himself, interested in the development of his business. It may readily be understood that hesitancy is felt out here as to granting direct financial assistance to a business which in the first piace igs certainly one of private aime. Butthereisa sidc-issue which in fairness to M. Rogivue we think cannot aud should not be overlooked. Quite independently of the amount of Ceylon tea now sold through his agency in his establishments throughout Russia —and this is no incoasiderable quantity—he has succeeded in making Oeylon tea a felt want / with must endeavour to meet the consequent de- mands, and accordingly, we are assured that month by month the exports of Ceylon tea from London to Russia have shown a _ steady increase. We are not quite clear that the whole credit of this result should be given to M. Rogivyue s Agency. Undoubtedly some part at least of this result is due to other, though we admit, much mcre limited and temporary agencies, For instance, the visit of Sir Graeme Elphinstone to Ruasia did some good in making the name and quality of Ceylon tea known. Then again, we our- selyes had communications with the St. Petersburg Correspondent of a well-known London journal, whose friendship we made at Vichy so far back as 1887 and both in St, Petersburg and Moscow we are aware that the said Correspondent did some service for Oeylon tea by distributing samples among his friends and causing an in- quiry to be made for it at the stores. Then again-as to M. Popoff’s visit to Abbots- ford, so far back as 1890-9L and his interest in Ceylon tea, that could scarcely be due to extra- neous influence. Nevertheless, we are quite prepared to ad- mit that each and all of these efforts and agencies sre not to be compared in impor- tance with the work done by M. Rogivue and for this reason, that his own figures of his sales last year, and estimate for the current season, show the large and increasing business developed solely by himself. It is the impor- tance of this business in itself that bas caused some leading Ceylon planters to indicate that surely M. Rogivue has got aid and start enough, —that he has now only to go on and win a fortune out ofan established, ever-growing trade? Be it re- membered too, that all the Tea Fund Committee pro- mised, or that M. Rogivus, originally asked in the way of aid, has been scrupulously fulfilled. What then has caused the fresh demands—preferred too almost by way of complaint? We canoot help thinking that—as London tea men think—the lavish way in which planting money has been devoted to Chicago, is responsible for these and other demands specially urged on the Tea Fund, And some show of reason we are bound to say. For, M. -Rogivue and otber claimants for aid, may well argue,— ‘If the Ceylon tea planters ‘are~ able to spend £20,000—£25,000— £30,000? (albeit, a goodly portion of this comes out of the general revenue) on an Exhibition in a coffee drinking country, sureiy they may well spend & comparatively, paltry £5V0 or £1,000 more on guch a grand ficld’ as tea-drinking Russia, and in aid of one who has already given of his tims and expenditure of private means, s0 freely ?’ We most firmly agree in the logio of such an argument, and if we saw the means ayailable— and had the power to grant it—M. Rogivue would have £500 twice over to do further justice to his tea crusade in Russia, while. a similar amount would also at once be de- voted to still further deyelope the demand for our teas in the back-country of the Aus- tralian Oolonies;—a more promising field even than Russia—assured as we should teel, in both cases, of an immediate return in an increased demand for our teas. © ak But then the financial position of the Tea Fund in Oeylon and the means of the planters to further supplement it, must be taken ito consi~ deration; With the fall of late years in the ayerage 238 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 2, 1893. price of his product, and the risk of exchange going against him, the self-imposed Chicago tax of ten cents per 1b, which is likely to last through all 1894, may in itself, be considered no incon- siderable burden by the Ceylon planter. The Tea Fund bas no great balance at command, and ex- cept by calling on those proprietors who have hitherto most unfairly escaped contributions to it, there is no meansthat we can see of supplementing its income, The thought of laying any further bur- den on the tea planter, beyond the Chicago tax and Tea Fund contribution, before 1895, may at once be cismissed as impracticable, and therefore however deserving M. Rogivue may be of further aid, —however encouraging the Russian and Australian markets may be for the distribution of further samples,—all that can be done must be according to the very moderate balance available to the Tea Fund Oommittee. All this has, of couree, a bearing on the further proposal in the Chicago Commissioner’s letter about following up his splendid advertising werk at the Exposition, We see no hope in looking to the community as a whole: the poorer members are really doing more already than they can perhaps well afford. It must only therefore be through the voluntary co-operation of our wealthier tea proprietors that any- thing can be done of the nature suggested by Mr. Grinlinton; and the same may be true of M. Rogivue’s work. If he wants shareholders in his business, it is possible that some big Oeylon tea- growers who would wish to have aspecial market for their produce in Russia, might, on such terms, advance capital, On the other hand, it would be well, perhaps, to get the opinion of London Virms now engaged in exporting Oeylon tea to both Russia and the United States, as to whether the business might not be allowed to develop after a normal fashion, on the close of the expenditure of the taxation already guaranteed to the end of next year for America, and of such aid as the Tea Fund ean now afford to M. Rogivue. Tosum up, our advice to the Oommittee of the Tea Fund is to devote what they can spare to Russia and the Australian back-country in about equal proportions, and to point out in respect of America toat the tax already pledged is the utmost the planting community as a whole can do in that direction. If once the Chicago debt were paid off, a good deal more might be accomplished. eS NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. InDiaN TEA IN PERSIA—Mr. EH, O. R. Thompsons the English Oonsul at Meshed, in a report to the Foreign Oftice, says :—‘‘ ‘Lhe statistics show that during the past year British trade improved all round and Russian trade declined. For this we have to thank the cholera, and the rigid quarantine entorced, in consequence, by the Russians, for many months. The total value of the British tea imports via the Persian Gulf amounted to 958,556 tumans (£245,782), as egainst 753,110 tumans (£198,187) fcr 1891-92. The amount of greentea imported was considerably greater than in the previous year, the figures being 660,230 tumans (£169,290), against 478,750 tumans (£125,987) for 1891-92, Most of this green tea comes from China to Bombay, andis despatched thence to Persia. The amount or black tea imported was also greater than during the previous ycur, the figures being 95,325 tumaus (£24,442), against 80,715 tumans (£21,241) for 1891-92. Neariy the whole ot this black tea is Indian.” Tha OULTIVATION IN THE Unitrep Srares.—The Chicago Hvening Journal, which contaits a long ac- count of the work performed by Mr. Blechynden on behalf of Indian tea at the World’s Fair, also gives particulars of the experimental tea culture by the United States Department of Agriculture, and has 4 great deal to say about adulterated tea. It says:— “ The department of Agriculture is pushing experi- meuts with tea culture in South Carolina, aud forthcoming snnual report will give a glowing eccount of the prospects of this industry in ‘he United States. Lact summer,” saye the Journal quoting from the Washington Star, “ the first pickings were taken from plapts that eprouted in 1889, The product, submitted to expert tea tasters and merchants, has been pro- nounced excellent aud readily marketable at a high price. It is declared to have a chsracter distinct from the teas of avy other country. There is reason to believe that it can be grown with profit on a com- mercial scale. Not requiring special curiog for export, like Chinese and Japanese teas, the leaves can be dried for domestic trade, and sold in bricks like other herbs. Ten years ago the Department of Agri- cuiture attempted to grow teas in South Carolina. The effort was abandoned without a fair trial, as is now believed, and it is being resumed. At the re- quest of Usele Jerry Rusk the Department of State issued requests to coneulg at the tea ports for seeds of the best tess. Experimental gardens have beeu established near Summerville, 8.U., where plants ot Japanese, Ohinese, Formoss aud Assam bybrid va- rieties are under cultivation. ‘he first season's crop was 38 lb. of the cured article per acre. It takes 4 ib. of fresh leaves to make 1 Ib. of cured tea. It is expected fiom that 4001b, to 500 1b per acre of fresh tea can be raised yearly. In Chive the cost of pick- ing is lc. perlb. ot cured tes. The cost in South Oarolina 1s 6c. @ lb.” Cost oF AMERICAN TxA,—Oa account of this differ- ence in the price of labour, American teas cau only compete with high-priced imported grades. “Jt is estimated ” (says the Evening Journal) “ that the cost of raising & pound of tea in Svuih Carolina is 20 cents, in addition to the rental of the land. If successful this new field for agriculture enterprise will furnish an easy outdoor occupation for many who are unequal to rougher employments in the flelds, Taking an average, every man, woman and child in the United States consumes tweuty- ove ounces of tea per annum. Just halt of it comes from QOhina, 42 per cent. from Japan, and the balance from India and other British possessions. The first plant of this species grown inSouth Oarolina was eet out by Michanx, the Freuch botanist, iu 1804, fifteen miles trom Uharleston, During the satter naif of this century people in that section have cuitivated little patches aod larger gardens of tea, which have pro- duced crops of a fine flavour, though usually not strong enough to satisfy many drinkers. Lt is believed, however, that the failure of pangency has been due to defec- tive curing. Many families io that part of the country today grow what tea they require for household use, A Fayetteville (N.C.) mau wiites that half a dozen bushes fuornish his family of six persons with more tea than they can consume. His wife prepares it by heating the leaves in an oven until they are wilted squeezing them by hand until the juice is expressed from them, aud finally drying them again in the oven. The tea is then fragrant and ready for use.” ADULTERATED TEAs.—Immense quantities of trashy and adulterated teas are—says the Evening Journal —sold in the markets of the United Staies. One method of sepbistication is to introduce leaves of other plants. ‘his species of cheat is readily de~ tected by meapsa of the microscope. The tea leaf possesses so marked a character of its own, in respect to its veins and serrated edges, that it can- not be mistaken, What is called “lie tea” in China is an imitation usually containing iragments or dust of the genuine leaves, foreign leaves, and mineral matters, held together by a starch solution and coloured by » “ facing” preparation. Tea is some- times falsified by the addition of spent or partly ex- hausted leaves—in other words, old Jeaves dried fur use second-hand. This is a fraud difficult to prove,though weakness of the beverage may cause it to be sus- pected.. Sometimes teas are treated with catechu to increase their apparent strength, This can only be Oct, 2, 1893] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 239 discovered by chemical tests. The teas exported from China and Japan are nearly always ‘‘ faced” with some mixture to impart a colour or gloss tothe leaves, The ’ preparations employed for this purpose contain Prus- sian blue, tumeric, indigo, and plumbago. Damaged and imperfect leaves are treated in this way toimprove their appearance. The substance most commonly used for black teas is plumbago—black lead.—H. and C. Mal, Aug. 11, ————_———_$——__——_—_ CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA, Lonpon, Aug. 11. My last letter mentioned that there was a pros- pect of my having an interview with Mr. Rogivue before this my next writing. It unfortunately happened, however, that the delay in my receipt of that gentleman’s note before alluded to prevented my reply to it frm reuching him before he had started on his return journey to Russia, He had left ® request with his London agents, Messrs. Maloolm, Keartcn & Co., of 17 Fenchurch Street, that my letter, when received, should be opened by them, and that they would endeavour to see me and discuss with me the circumstances of his enterprise in Russia. Mr. Piper of that firm accordingly made an appointment with me and gave me the opportunity desired by me of gaining more extended information than I had possessed of the situation of affairs. It was known to me that Mr. Rogiyue had expressed limeelf a feeling that he had not reeeived from Ceylon the acknow- ledgement of and support to his services rendered to it that he considered he hada right to expect. Mr. Piper explained to me what the nature of those services has been, Upon this topic it is hardly neces- sary for me to enter, for recent communications by Mr, Rogivue that have appeared in your own columns will haye made you very fully acquainted with all that he has accomplished towards in- troducing your teas into the great empire of the Tsar. On my stating to Mr. Piper my belief that there was no disposition in Ceylon to un- derrate those services, but that I could readily understand how it might be difficult for the public bodies there to vote assistance to an en- terprise undertaken primarily for the saving of a private interest, that gentleman remarked :—‘‘ You seem soarcely to realise all that Mr. Rogivue has achieved. It is not only that he has been graduaJly working up a business for himself that may in the end prove remunerative and that he is even now disposing on his own account of a very considerable amount of Oeylon tea, but that what he has done has been the means of breaking down the opposition felt by the tea trade throughout Russia to the introduction of a competitor with the classes of teas in which they have an established interest. Probably you have no idea of the increasing extent to which Ceylon teas are now being. ex- ported from London to Russia. I have not the figures at hand, but will obtain them for you very shortly. I can only say at present that the irade is becoming a very large and important one. This is solely due to the fight Mr. Rogivue has fought during the three years of his residence in Russia. When he first went there he met with every kind of opposition, both from private parties and officials. In spite of this he bas li- terally forced Ceyton tea into corsumption and demand, and that so cuccessfully that ihe Russian tea firms are now obliged to hold supplies rcady to meet this. Is that nothing to have done on behalf of Ceylon? And you must remember that from this increasing trade Mr. Rogivue himself deriyes not a penny of benefit, while the Ceylon j to you, planters obtain from it a great eventrpe Mr. Rogivue has therefore rendered a public service to Ceylon quite apart from the serying of his own interests, and he feels, naturally as we think, that this service has not met with the recognition tbat it should have done.” On my asking how Mr. Rogivue thought that recognition could best be afforded, Mr. Piper replied that, in his opinion, that gentleman should distinctly state what he thought the Tea Fund could do to assiat him in the development of his business. ‘‘ He wants,” Mr. Piper continued, “to greatly extend the num- ber of his distributing agencies. This necessarily demands either a considerable first outlay or a large extension of oredit. This last we have already ourselves afforded to him to a very con- siderable amount. But we feel Mr. Rogivue is 8 man thoroughly to be trusted, and we do not there- fore object to helping him as far as we possibly can. We buy largely for him in the London Markets, and here you see an invoice showing that during his recent ten days’ visit to England we purchased on his account for shipment to BRusesia £800 worth of Ceylon tea. But this is a trifle to what could be disposed of if either his capital were larger or his credit wider.’ My next remark was that probably the Ceylon Tea Fund could send Mr. Rogivue supplies on good terms of credit if it was asked to do so. Mr. Piper replied that ‘“‘this suggestion would hardly meet the case. Mr. Rogivue told us when re- cently here that the nature of his present busi- ness is such that he cennot foresee either the amount or character of his demands beyond & month or so in advance. If he wired at a considerable expense to Ceylon hoe could not get tea thence under three or four months. Therefore, you see, he must buy in the London market. The larger volume of his business is of course in teas costing here from 7d to 8d per lb., but we have orders from him which we have long been unable to execute for teas at2s6dthelb. There are none of these to be bought at present. The Russian families will have the cheap tea for their own consumption, but when they go to the stores to purchase thcse they always buy a proportion of the finer teas to give to their guests. Mr. Rogivue says he should lose the latter trade if he did not supply the demand for the cheaper sorts. You ask how forthe prices charged by him for Ceylon’s correspond with those asked for the other teas sold in Russia, Well, they are about even throughout all grades. You see the enormous duties charged tend to bring the prices for all sorts to a comparative level. It cost Mr. Rogivue nearly £90 for the duty upon the £30 of tea with which hs was supplied by the Ceylon Tea Fund when he first went to Russia, and it is the payment of this heavy duty upon the late grant of tea made to him that hampers his financial position. Mr, Rogivue while in England lately saw Mr. Whittall, and I believe that gentleman promised that he would write to the Tea Fund urging that further support should be accorded to him, Mr. Whittall feels that a very good work has been done on behalf of Ceylon, and that Mr. Rogivue is en- titled to that assistance which will enable him to himeelf reap some benefit from the exertion he has made.” I think the above account des- cribes pretty fully all that Mr. Piper told me on behalf of his client. It seems to me that tho development of the export of Ceylon tea to Russia must in all fairness be attributed to Mr. Rogivue, and tbat had he not gone to Russ a that market would have been at the present time quite c'osed So much has been said to me in Many 240 -THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, quarters’ in» praise of your agent in that country, of hig energy, his trustworthiness, and his de- termination not to be cowed by the most geri- cus obstacles placed in his way, that personally I feel. a pleasure in putting his case before your readers with all the strength of conyiction felt by myself in +the good the exercise of those qualities has effected on behalf of Oeylon. It is the hope of many of us here that some way may be devised of enabling him to extend those benefits while at the same time legitimately serving his own interests.—London Cor, ee THE DESTRUCTION OF FLIES AND GREEN BUG, The subjoined letter and its enclosure is published in the Cazette, for general information:— By His Excellency’s command, J. A. SwerTENHAM, Acting Colonial Secretary. Colonial Secretary's Office, Colombo, Aug, 17th, 1893. The Assistant Government Agent, Matara, to the Government Agent, Galle. No. 735. Matara Kachcheri, July 31st, 1893. Sir,—! have the honour to annex copy of a report No. 1,158 of the 23rd instant from the Mudaliyar of the Weligam Korale, and to suggest that it be published for general information. 2, I believe that in the use of these sprayersand “London Purple’ is to be foundaremedy for the fly that is so destructive to paddy in the Kandyan Pro- vinces, and possibly for green bug on coffee as well._— Iam, &c., C.J. R. Le Mesurier, Assistant Government Agent. Report referred to. The Mudaliyar, Weligam Korale, to the Assistant Government Agent, Matara. No. 1,158. Teijjawila, July 23, 1893. Sir,—In continuation of my letter No. 1,142 of the 20th inst. I beg to submit for your information the highly successful results obtained by the use of the sprayer to destroy “ godavellus,”’ and the general feeling of gratitu e among the cultivators, particnu- larly those of the fertile’ paddy tracts of the Malim- mada division, where the sprayer was lately used, taat a remedy has atlast been discovered to ayert what has been the curse of the cultivator from “time immemorial.” ‘ RA The godayella was hitherto believed to be indigenous to the soil. The introduction of the sprayer has now brought the information that instead of its being so, itis a kind of caterpillar that comes from an egg that is laid by a moth that flies about during night from place to place. These insects generally appear about three days after sowing, in such numbers that the tract literally swarms with them, two or three of them attacking each paddy plant. If left unheeded the tract is conyerted into such a complete waste within seven or eight days that a second sowing is required. Flooding the tracts where water was available for that purpose was the only remedy known, and where this was not possible the more primitive methods of “polgehima’’ (coconut throwing) and ‘‘ankeliya’’ (horn pulling) and their connected feasts were resorted to, by which it was expected to propitiate the deities from whom this pest was supposed to be a visitation. The belief in such methods was maintained by the mere coimecidence that as the period of these cere- monies drew to a close the godayellus, in the course of nature, disappeared. : ‘ Vhe first attempt to devise a more practical way of destroying them was made at your suggestion early in 1892. ‘This was to sprinkle with the hand —like seed being thrown in sowing—a solution of one part of kerosine oil to sixteen parts of water over the attacked tracts which had been previously flooded for the purpose. After a few hours the water was drained off, and the insects were found dead [Ocr. 2, 1893. or were swept away dying with the ebbing water, I tried this in several large tracts in Aparekka in the Welleboda pattu, but although the results were satisfactory it had its drawbacks in the manner of sprinkling, which was necessarily slow, and iu the fact, too, that the solution could be used only in flooded fields, or there was the danger of damage to the crops. The sprayer removed the former, while the insecticide (London Parple) supplied this harvest has removed the latter. We have now an unfailing remedy, obviating, too, the often impossible necessity of flooding, to take the place of the pristine methods of “ polgehima” and “ ankeliya” of our forefathers. Early in July there was great apprehension in Malimmada, Uninduwela, and Kaduwa, some of the finest paddy tracts in the Province, owing to the appearan ze of godavellus in denser swarms than before, even prior to sowing, wherever a field was seen above water. This occurred just about the time the amu- nas were to be broken for sowing. I deferred sowing for another week for fear of the insects getting into the fields when the water was drained off, and re- ported the state of affairs to you. Thesprayer with the insecticide was sent. It was freely used in the parts of the tracts referred to, which were not flooded by the amunas, and the effect was even better than was expected. The insects operated on in the morping were found dead at sun-turn This was so reassuring that the cultivators, who opposed the late Mudaliyar in using the solution of kerosine oil, and who were clamorous for the retention of the amunas even longer than I wished, of their own accord opened them, and allowed my men to spray the in- secticide, with the results stated. Within a few days there were no godavellusin this tract. What jally commends this treatment is that, unlike other methods, godavellus never appear in the same tract again, and that the powder is perfectly harmless to the plant, obviating, as I said, the ne- cessity for flooding the crops. There was a scramble for the sprayer among the cultivators when the first results were seen, and it was used here and there, so that the exact extent operated upon cannot be stated, but I put it down at thirty-five amunams. I am so satisfied with this experiment that I would recommend that six sprayers may be supplied to my district with the necessary insecticide, so that they may be used simultaneously all over the district in future occasions—I am, &c¢., Jas. A. WICKREMERATNA, Mudaliyar, Weligam Korale. NOTE BY THE ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT. The sprayer is a copper vessel containing about 4 gallons of liquid. It is slung on a man’s back and easily worked by him. the pump handle with one hand and the jet with the other. I obtained my sprayer from Mr. J. H. Starey, of the Eastern Produce Company, at a cost of R6827 in Colombo. The London Purple is used in the Pigbervon of 1 lb. to 100 gallons of water. It costs, I think, abont £2-per cwt. in London, and it is sold by the Hemingway’s London Purple Company, Limited, London and New York. One pound is snfficient for about ten acresof paddy. Cc. J. R. Lz Mesurinr, Assistant Government Agent. ne BRAZIL COFFEE, In their Market Report. dated on the 13th Angt. Messrs. Vaughan, McNair & Co., of Bahia, says: “ In the superior grades of coffee, values are steadily rising, whilst the lower qualities, of which but few are bought by exporters, prices remain very steady. It is expected that most of this feason’s coffee will pass through the hands of the machine cleaving companies before reaching exporters. Crop reports continne of the best and a total harvest of not less than 400,000 sacks isexpected, Some dealers expect fully half as much again, but we consider the figures given as being nearly correct.’ Rio Neus. _ Oct. 2, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISB. 241 THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE OF CEYLON: IN TEA, COFFEE, CACAO, CINCHONA, CARDAMOMS AND MINOR PRODUCTS: EXTENT OF CULTIVATION UNDE EACH PRODUCT IN AUGUST, 1893. NUMBER OF PLANTATIONS AND SUPERINTENDENTS, &o. No tropical industry—and probably no agricultural enterprise outside the tropics—has had so much care bestowed on the compilation of substantially accurate statistics conceraing its position and pro- gress as has the Planting Enterprise of Ceylon in the products above-named and to a lesser extent in Coconuts and Cinnamon. Thirty-seven years ago it was @ comparatively easy task to frame a list of the then limited number of plantations in cultivation, and to sum up a cultivation confined entirely to one product. This was done by the Planters’ Asso- Giation in 1856; but no further attempt was made to collate the acreage in cultivation, for thirteen years afterwards, until 1869, when the present compiler first prepared a complete ‘‘Directory’’ with this information. Since then at twelve distinct periods—in 1871, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1877, 1881, 1883, at end of 1885, in the middle of 1888, of 1890, of 1891, and now in the latter half of 1893,—the compilation has been carefully made and the position of the Planting Industry accurately gauged, our figures being adopted not only by planters and mer- chants, but by the Government and Civil Servants as the only available and reliable returns of an Industry which has been regarded as the backbone of the prosperity of the Colony. We have, in fact, at the expense of mush time and labour for twenty-four years back, been doing the work which properly appertained to the Agents of the Government, aud supplying information which in other Colonies and Dependencies is only to be found in official publications. However, we have had our reward in the intimate acquaintance it has given us with all the phases of the most important industry of the country and in being enabled to follow closely each successive develop- ment of new branches of that industry. Especially interesting, although involving far more trouble, has been the work of collating the statistics since a variety of new products has been added to our old staple ; and never perhaps has so much pains been taken as on the present occasion to secure accurate returns of the area planted with the all-important new staple, Tra, and with minor Products, although no one can be more conscious than the compiler of the impossibility of attaining perfect accuracy. Still for all practical purposes we believe, the results derived from our tables, may be taken as reliable statistics from which to gauge the present position of industries, the im- portance of which as regards the revenue, trade and general well-being of this community, cannot be overestimated. Taking first the total extent of the properties included in our Directory, namely 724,805 acres,— there is an increase of 36,973 acres on the return made up at the middle of 1891. This is owing chiefly to the inclusion of some 10,000 acres of land fit for tea-planting in native hands in Balangoda district and about the same extent added in ‘* low country divisions,’ while the new district of Passara involves an addition of 3,000 acres beyond what was included in bothit and Badulla formerly. Then there has been an addition of 3,500 acres, through land sales, to the Kelani Valley District, and further areas added to Panwila, Matale Bast and West through land opened at Ukuwela; and in other districts dua to the revival of old properties 3] ® for tea, that had fallen out of cultivation and notice. In other directions, more correct returns have slightly increased or reduced the totals for each district. _ Turning to the moxe important figures represent- ing the area now in cultivation with tea, coffee (Arabica and Liberisa), cinchona, cacao, rubber, and the host of new and old products with which experiments are being made in different quarters, we find the grand total to be 353,235 acres, or an increase of 19,282 acres on the middle of 1891. This addition of 19,000 acres may not be considered much for the two years, more especially when it is remembered that over 2,200 acres additional have been brought into cultivation, in the Kelani Valley alene, and 3,000 more in the minor Western Province ‘‘ lowcountry’’ districts in the interval ; while Panwiia, Matale West and the higher districts show additions ; and there is a distinct extension of cultivation in Hastern Uva if we take the Badulla, Passara, Madulsima and Monaragalla group together. But old coffee land has continued to be ‘‘ abandoned” within the past few years in other directions, though much of the extent, of course, was in a semi-abandoned state for several years back, and chetty and native plantations make up a certain proportion. Still, in respect of old coffee land, a revival has come in favour of tea. In Maskeliys, 2 comparatively young district, our cultivated return in 1883 was lower than in 1881 by 2,000 acres, indicating how coffee had then fallen out of esteem there ; but all this has now been more than recovered under tea. On the other hand, it is noteworthy that neither in Dimbula nor Dikoya has any land gone out of oultivation—and the same is true of most of the Uva districts which with the higher and younger divisions, never showed so large an area in cultivation as at present. That the total area under cultivation—after care- ful checking and verification of the returns—should stand so high as 353,235 acres (or over 550 square miles), notwithstanding the adverse experiences of coffee and cinchona, is matter for surprise and gratulation, and shews how widely tea has been planted and how satisfactory so far, have been the results. Oonsidering the efflux of planters from our shores during the period of coffee depression, no one will be astonished to learn that the total number of Superintendents fell from 1,389 in February 1881 and 1,108 at the end of 1883 to 1,079 by Decem- ber 1885. Sinee then, however, the turn of the tide has set in steadily; for we had in July 1888 as many as 1,136; inoraased by June 1890 to 1,211; and by August 1891, to 1,258; while now we have the full number of 1,334 Superintendents and Assistants corresponding to 1,439 estates in cultivation out of a total of 1,949 proper- ties. It is probable that more than 300 European planters left Ceylon in the four years, between 1881 and 1885; but a considerable number aftere wards returned, while a large quota of young men “ to learn tea’’ have been added to the number of Assistant Superintendents. Perhaps we may fairly say that our planting community diminished at the rate of sixty Superintendents or Proprietor- superintendents a year, between 1880 and 1886— and that about 260 or about 40 per annum have since been added of old colonists returned or new men from home. The total now is very nearly as high as in the height of our coffee prosperity ; but it is noteworthy that the number of separate plantations has decreased during the past two years, 8 fact explained by the aggregation of smail properties into one charge under the process which has given us so many Limited Oompanies among ‘‘ tea '’ estates, 242 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 2, 1893. The analysis of the Cultivated Area ie, how- ever, of more practical importance than the fore- going total results. We must explain the principle on which the returns haye been compiled, After giving the matter a fair trial, on a formey occasion, we found it quite impossible to work out @ suggestion made to us of securing returns from each estate of the number of trees (in thousands) of each product. In respect of all products; save cinchonas, we had to fall back on the old plan of acreage returns, asking for the figures representing each product whether cultivated in fields by itself or interspersed with others. We have thus obtained, as far as possible, the acreage in tea, coffee, cinchona, cacao, cardamoms, &e., planted alone; of tea or coffee intermixed, or planted with cinchona, or cacao or rubber; also of each of the minor products separately; and of tea: and cinchona; cacao and rubber, &c. The total results under each head may be seen at a glance from the following :— (August, 1893.) Acres. Totalextent of Tea planted by itself .. 263,200 Do of Coffee (Arabica) culti- vated by itself 22,448 Do of Coffee (Liberica) 544 Do of Cinchona do 8,074 (besides 1,427,000 trees partly ‘alone and intermixed), Do of Cacao by itself 13,822 Do of Coffee and Cinchona interspersed as 8,115 Do of Coffeeand Teainterspersed 8,789 Do of Ooffee and Cacao do ... 8,006 Do of Teaand Oinchona do.. 5,409 Do of Tea andCacao do... 890 Do of Tea and Liberian Ooffee dot. 146 Do of Oacao and Liberian Coffee 0 tan 566 Do of Oardamoms alone .. 4,537 Do of Rubber do 265 Do of Tobacco do 42 Do of Cotton do 109 Do of Other Products and some of the above mixed Se OE OTE {Some Cacao and Liberian Qoffee are mixed with Annatto, Coconuts and other produste. | To,arrive ata fair estimate of the total extent which may be taken to represent each product, we have, in the case of cinchona growing among coffee or tea, taken from one-third to one-fourth the acreage for the oinchona, and credited two-thirds or more to the staple,, In the oase of coffee and tea, or cofiee and cacao, being planted together, we have divided the acreage into two equal parts. Of course, this would not bea fair oriterion in every case: some planters who may have their 100 acres of tea or coffee interspersed with 20,900 cinchona trees will maintain that the tea should still be reckoned at the full 100 acres plus the cinchona. But know- ing as we now do by experience that the cinchona, where it matures, does not benefit the other pro- duct, but the reverse, it is misleading to count the full acreage. of the staple, in addition to a certain extent of new products interspersed. How- eyer we have left the figures in the Directory lists end in our tables as returned to us from the estates and agents, to speak for them- selves, and it is possible that some may consider the tea and coffee area should be counted in full even when mixed with cinchona, cacao, or rubber. We have no doubt, however that the majority will agree with us that, analyzing the above figures in the way we have pointed out, and with a moderate estimate for the average number on cinchona trees per acre, the position of the Ceylon Planting Enterprise at the end of August 1893 | may be represented somewhat az follows :— Acres Total srea of 1,949 palntations snd plantiv properties... o do of 1,439 plantations io oulti- vation with 1,334 Super- intendents and Astistants., 353,235 24,805 Do Total approximate extent under TEA ee 278,015 Do do OorrxE (Arabica)... 80,096 Do do CorFex( Liberica)... 2,438 Do do OincHona [6,909,000 trees over 2 years. | Do do Oacao «» 16,286 Do do OaRDAMOMS 4,723 Do do Rupser des 651 Do do Topacco (by Euro- pean:)... 62 Do do Corron do . 163 Do do Grass (Cultivated), 4,270 Do do of Annatto, Coos, | Varilla, Pepper, Cloves, Plautains, Citro- nella grass, Divi-Divi, Croton, Castor-oil, Aloes, Cinnamon, (on the coffee, tea, or cacao plantations)... 4 * 4,425 Of Foel, Timber and Fruit-trees, Span, Coconuts, Arecas, Nutmegs, Kapuk (on the tea coffee or cacao plantetions) .. exe 12,835 We have &,600 fewer acres under Coffee now than inthe middle of 1891, and more than 2} million trees fewer of cinchona. On the other hand we have an increare of nearly 23,500 acres in the staple (Tea) which is of chief interest. The culti- vation of Oacao shows an increase of 3,300 acres which is very satisfaciory as is also the extent added (800 acres) to Liberian Coffee, while the extent in Oardamome and minor products has either been stationary or shows a decrease due to the great attention given to tea in the past two years. In giving 273,000 sores as the tote] area of tea it must be remembered that a certain proportion of clearings planted during the current south-west moneoon, are included. Nevyerthelezs it is clear that 275,000 acres of tea will shortly be reached, and exceeded were it only through the supercession of both coffee and cinchona where these are at present intermixed with the staple, in the proportions credited this time to the latter products. We may expect indeed to see the 8,789 acres at present eredited to tea and coffee, altogether tes, and so with cinchona and tea, so that we are quite prepared to fiad our once great staple reduce from 272,000 acres (as in 1877) to 25,000 acres by the time we make up another return ; while on the other hand tea will probably be re- presented by 280,000 acres in full cultivation before the middle of 1894, even if there be no more new clearings. “In the returns of 1883, the considerable num- ber of plantations with ‘‘ abandoned” opposite their names, attracted attention: altogether they aggregated 53,540 acres; at the beginning of 1886 the aggregate was 40,000; but in the middle of 1888, the total of 298 ‘‘abandoned’’ properties stood at 69,432 acres; in July 1891 there were entered about 293 ‘‘abandoned’’ properties containing 73,262 acres; while now through more careful returns the total number is 324 with an area of 74,217 acres; but a certain proportion of this extent, —probably one-third—must still be considered reserve and untouched forest or chena land, and the imcrease is chiefly due to natiye— owned plantatious, as well as to some properties lost sight of, being brought on our list, Of good forest reserves mentioned in many of our district returns, though not in all, the aggregate is about 60,000, but, even if we add one-thirdof ths Oct. 2, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 243 abandoned, making » total of 85,000 acres, we feel sure this is far below the actual extent of forest -land in private hands. How then is the difference between the total area of 725,000 acres and the cultivated area of 353,000 namely 372,000 acres to be accounted for ? Our es- timate would be that of forest land fit for tea, cacao, Liberian coffce or other products, there are counting all reserves and unopened blocks about 120,000 acres in private hands; that 50,000, acres represents the area of land once cultivated, but ebandoned within the last 30 years and now growing up in weeds and lantana, and that the balance of about 202,000 acres may be put down as representing chena and patana (a good deal of both fit for cultivation,—egpecially in Uva, where patana land is turning out so well in tea—should prices of produce keep up) besides swamps and other utterly waste portions, i CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. A gentleman largely interested in tea has kindly fayoured us with his views regarding the necessity for steps being taken at once to carry out the suggestion of our Chicago Commissioner for the establishment of stores in the principal cities of America. He says :— “The efforts being made by Ceylon at the Chicago Exhibition for the introduction of Ceylon tea into America have been engaging the attention of all interested in the welfare of the colony and especi- ally of those who are engaged in the tea industry. A large expense has been and is being incurred, the main opject of whichis to get an entrance for our teas into America. It was at one time hoped that through the agency of the Ceylon Planters’ Tea Company much in this direction might have been done, but as this organization has ceased to exist, the question is now forcing itself on the minds of all thoughtful people—what is to be done - when the Exhibition closes and the Commissioner leaves America ? Attention seems to have been more forcibly drawn to this question since the receipt of recent letters from the Hon. Mr. Grinlinton. In his latest letter to the Planters’ Agso- ciation, that of 7th Juiy, he puts the matter more plainly than on any previous occasion, and presses home the urgency of it in a manner that will demand the most serious attention of that body. He points out that there ought to be agencies or stores in the principal cities where purchasers can obtain supplies of Ceylon tea. He has found that grocers generally show an unwillingness to sell the tea, and this of itself is a serious obstacle that has to be surmounted. He appeals to the Planters’ Association in the hope that those interested will provide the funds that may be necessary. Not only is a good deal of money required, as the experience of the old and also the new American Tea Com- panies amply testify, but men with plenty of energy and push are needed as well to persevere with the work in which men like McCombie Murray, Arthur, Pineo, and Elwood May have failed. It is useless for us to shut our eyes to the want of success that has hitherto attended efforts. We must face it, try to discern where these efforts have been misdirected, and endeavour to ayoid in the future _ any mistakes that may possibly haye been made in the past. As regards the finding of funds I do not know what the feeling amongst planters gene- rally may be, but I am inelined to think that but little would be voluntarily contri- buted in Ceylon after all that has passed to carry on the work. The suggestion has been made that through the Ceylon Association in London funds might be obtained; but in that direction, too, I fear there will be but little inclination to find money. To me it seems that the fairest and most effectual way of providing funds would be by the continnance of the export duty at the Customs here, for as long a period as is necessary to provide the sum required to continue the efforts to introduce Ceylon tea into America after what is now being done at Chicago is concluded: As a tea- grower myself [ would willingly agree to the continuance of this levy. Assuming that by this means the money should be obtained, the next question is—by what means or through what or- ganization are the men to be found to give effect to what is desired. A good many people may say leave this to private enterprise and Jet Ceylon tea make its way; but if only this is to be done we may find that we might as well have saved all the money expended and kept our Commissioner in Ceylon. That there is some fear of this I am somewhat apprehensive afd my reason for this feeling is as follows. I see by Mr. Grinlinton’s letters that the attitude he seems to feel himself bound to observe is that of a representative of the Ceylon Government and the Planters’ Association, prevented as such by the very nature of his posi- tion, from personally engaging in any under- taking which would savour of personal gain. And whilst furnishing all the information in his power to those who desire to be made further acquainted with our Oeylon teas and putting them in the way of obtaining them, he does not seem to feel at liberty to enter into arrangements for the further permanent introduction of tea beyond providing this information and selling tea in packets in the manner he describes. Now if this is carried to its extremity we shall not find ourselves very much further forward at the close of the MEkxhibition than we were at the start. What is wanted now as it appears to me is that the Government and the Planters’ Association should without delay give Mr. Grinlinton a free hand and let him know that his position as Commissioner need not prevent him from entering into any arrangements he deems fit in the interests of the Oeylon tea industry for the establishment of such agencies as he indicates to be necessary, using every reasonable safeguard to ensure his being honestly dealt with. So long as his hands are tied, or solong as he believes them to be so, it is obvious that we need not loek for the important results we are all hoping for; but if he is given freedom of action to take such measures as in his judgment seem expedient and likely to be successful, then I think he would at once be likely to set about organizing the stores which he recommends should be established. It may be that many who have read Mr. Grinlinton’s letters may not have been impressed in the same way as I have been and as I have’ endeavoured to describe, but I would invite attention again to these letters, and as there is no time to be fost I would earnestly urge the Government and the Planters’ Association to consider well all that Mr. Grinlinton has put forward. My suggestions I submit with all difidence because, I feel it is a very large ques- tion and one that seems to have an important bearing upon the future of our industry, seeing that exports of tea from China are inoreasing and that prices in Europe are declining. We are now in the month of September and the Ohicago Exhibition will close at the end of Ostober. There is therefore no time to lose and the urgency of the situation and need for immediate action goes without saying,” The tea planters of Oeylon may well ory where and when is this sort of demand on their pockets to cease? After voting £20,000 (since increased by some thousands) fora Show at Chicago which was to conquer America for Oeylon tea, they may well be taken aback at & proposal to spend atill more money in order to push their teas into demand. The Customs Cess, to cover existing debt, will have to run on to the end of 1884—perhaps into 1885. To guarantee or vote expenditure, which may involye its continuance for a further indesinité period, is s rather serious matter. And yet what is to’be done? If the inference from the Commis- sioner’s letters and reports is, that notwithstanding the ready way in whioh Oeylon tea is being 244 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Oct. 2, 1893. RN drunk and sold at Ohicago now, there is not mercantile or private enterprise enough to follow up the “Show” and profit by its advertisement, then can the Ceylon Courts and our tea be really | said to have made a due impression and to be the practical success not know, of course, how far Mr. Blechynden is justified in his reports; but he has stated to his Association that some Chicago Stores are eager to buy and sell Indian teas as the result of his Indian Tea-court and canvas. And again, our corres- pondent ‘‘T. A. O,” diseovered an “ Imperial Company’’ at Detroit, already selling Ceylon tea ; and surely the business of such a Oompany will receive a great impetus from the work of the Oeylon Courts. But will there not be the danger of setting this Company and other dealers or would-be dealers in our teas, against ‘‘Oeylon’s”’ if they find the planters promoting rival retail Stores? These are questions which ought to be duly considered. Wor, it would be a thousand pities if private enterprise were inter- fered with and discouragement offered to the im- portation and distribution of our teas by native American Companies or Firms. On the other hand, if it bea decided by the planters themselves that a free hand is to be further given to the Oommissioner to open one or more Oeylon Tea Stores, we should say that the best way would be to work through the Oeylon Tea Company, making Mr. Grinlinton in his private capacity, Agent for the Company and affording the necessary guarantee either from the Tea Fund Committee, or the Planters’ Association as more fully representing the Customs Cess. We should much prefer the latter; because we think the Tea Fund resources are very specially required for, and aremore likely to produce earlier and bigger results by being devoted to, Russia and the back-country ot the Australian Oolonies. Our Commissioner ought to be able now to say definitely what his Exhibition expenditure is likely to aggregate, and if he were to estimate how much would be re- quired for two or three years to run the required Oeylon Tea Stores, the planting representative bodies would be in a better position to judge how long their ‘‘Cess’’ would take to cover the whole. The Government grant is, of course, only promised for the Exhibition expenditure. The Customs Oess by itself would next year, probably produce about R85,000 and in 1895 over R90,000. i SOME OF THE OLDEST TEA IN CEYLON: LOOLE-CONDURA FIELDS. Time after time, it was eur pleasing duty to inquire of worthy James Taylor as to the condition of his oldest tea fields planted between 1866 and 1869 and his reports were uniformly satisfactory. Mr. Taylor is alas no more; but the present Manager of Loole Condura (Mr. G. F, Deane) very readily responds to our wish to have informa- tion for the ‘‘Oeylon Handbook and Directory.” What Mr. Deane has written, will be read with interest by all who wish well to the permanency of the tea industry in Ceylon :— LooLEconDpRA, Dettora, Aug. 31.—In reply to yours of yesterday’s date I am pleased to tell you that the oldest Tea field here, Assam Hybrid planted in 1868 or 1869 (20 acres), is full of vigour shew- ing no signs of decay avd up to date from 1st Jan- uary last has given yield at the rate of 471 lb. made fea per acre per annum. The Tea (apparently China Jat) planted out along roadsides in 1866 now 2 years old is also flourishiag and yielding well. And we infer that very little manure, and that only at intervale, has been given to this good old tea. : credited to them? We do | TEA-BOXES’ SHOOKS FOR CEYLON FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA. The start of the steamchip service between Aus— tralia and Canada is, according to the Canadian Gazette, already suggesting new developments of Canadian trade, and Mr. J. B. Spenoer, (? Mr. J. A. Spence) of Ceylon, has made arrangements with the Rathburn Company, of Deseronto, for a trial shipment of shooks for the construction of tea- boxes. The wood now in use is obtained from Japan, but the Douglas fir of British Columbia, the Ceylon man says, is far superior to it.—Pall Mall Gazette, Aug. 5th. |We euppose the shooks are ln to Yokohama and thence to Colombo. —Ep. T.4.] CINCHONA IN JAVA. AMSTERDAM, Aug. 9. A planter of Cinchona bark in Java bas sent an open letter to the Chamber of Commerce in this city in connection with the report of the latter on a question made by the Minister of the Colonies, what to do to improve the deplorable condition of the article. The Chamber had advised the decrease of the Goyernment’s cultivation. In his letter the writer ered out that it is urgently necessary to avoid the total ruin of the cultivation by the low prices ruling at present. According to the statistics the private undertakings will produce during the current igs a total quantity of 3,482,889 kilos bark. The number of undertakings is 82, so that the average production of each undertakings is 42,486 kilos, with an average af 4 27-100 per cent. sulphas quinine. About the half of the undertekiogs are situated too high to enable the cultivation of any other produce, and thus these undertakings will be a total Joss. Calculated at an unit value of 5 cents (which price, however, receded in the anction of July 6, Inst to 3-6-10 cents), the yearly proceeds of au es- tate producing 42,486 kilos would be £.18,141, from which is tobe deducted freight and charges in Am- sterdam, f 3,398, fo that there isa balance of f.14,741. With this amount the working charges cannot be covered. The existing system of selling at any price, adopted by the Government, should not be mainteived, or if this is impossible tha lots of private importers should be offered at auction before those of the Go- vernment. Probably in this way an improvement of prices would take place.—L. and CO, Express. —<»—_—______. COFFEE PROSPECTS IN NICARAGUA. An Amerioan resident of Matagalpa, a coffee district in Nicaragua, states in the Boston Herald that there is now in the centre of Nicaragua a forest of coffee Jand 300 miles long and 200 mileg wide, which is not yet explored. There are three ways for a man to begin the coffee business in Nicaragua— buy land from the Indians, buy government Jand, or make a private purchase from a reguler resident. The first way appears to be the best from the fact that in getting Indian land you have generally something with which to begin operations. The land is in condition partially; the plantations must elwaya have some trees on them—probably 4,000 or 5,000— which give the purchaser a start. It takes five years for a tree to bear from) the planting, and if you purchase an Indian plantation the trees will be from two to three years old when you purchase. Thus while your young trees are getting their five years’ growth, in two or three years your Indian trees wil] be bearing enough to pay expenses. You can bo 100 or 200 acres of this Indian land with the trees for $500. These plantations are commonly known ag “fincas.” A “finoa” is a plantation for a certain purpose; that is a coffee finca would be a plantation for the cultivation of coffee and nothing else. There are banana fincas and cocoa fincas. In getting go- vernment land one has to start from the very beginning Oct. 2, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 245 a and wait four or five years for any profit. Government land including all expenses, such as Surveying, e’c,, cost $1:50 per acre. In making a private purchase one must pay from $5 to 7 per acre. If a man will promise to build a houce, no matter what kind ofa building he puts up, the town of Matagalpa will give him a lot. The best coffee is raised on high ground, Matagalpa is nearly 3,000 feet above the sea level, and the coffee there is considered very good quality. In that section of Nicaragua there have been planted by Americans 3,000,000 coffee trees in the last three | years. Most of the men from the United States appear to be from Chicago. Many are from Milwaukce. A msn should not go there with the idea of buying land, starting a plantation and then leaving it in charge of an overseer and returning to the United States when he pleases ; but he will stay long enough —say five years, until his place is in thoroagh work- ing order, he can live ix months in the United States and six months in Nivaragua very easily.—American Grocer. —_—__—o__—_— WHERE THE TEA-BUG BREEDS. A planting correspondent in writing to a contemporary, having mentioned (on the authority of Mr. P, D. Clarke) that Helopeltis breeds freely on a weed (Stachytarpheta Indica) which should be eradicated, we applied to the Director of the Gardens for confirmation, or otberwise, of this important piece of news. Dr. Trimen is good enough to write :— ‘Mr. Clark is unfortunately away from home today so I cannot ask him what he knows about Helopeltis breeding on Stachytarpheta. It is possible, put not very likely. The eggs are so peculiar that when once seen they cannot be mistaken—white, with 2 long horns at one end. The insect certainly breeds on tea and on cacao and on cinchona, and probably on a good many other plants; but I should expect them to be woody plants, not herbs like Stachytarpheta. —To attempt to eradicate the commonest weed we have, even commoner than lantana, will give a good deal of work.” <2 FORMOSA AND CEYLON. Formosa—the Beautiful Island—attracted a few years ago & great deal of attention from residents inthe Far East because of the extraordivary activity of the Chinece Governor, Liu Ming-Ch‘uan, who laid down railways, built clabozate forts, imported Armstrong guns and waged perpetual war with the aboriginal savages. Little, however, is known about it by most people in this country, and therefore a Foreign Office paper just written by Mr. Alexander Hosie, our Acting Consul at Tamsui, deserves special attention, because it is & most admirable summary of the characteristics and commercial possibilities of the island and its products. Americans know more about Formosa than we do, for its particular brand of tea is greatly appreciated by them, so much so that the Ceylon tea-growers have tried in vain to imitate it.—Daily Chronicle, August 18, |This is quite new to us in Ceylon. —Ep. 1,4.] —_—_—_—_»—___—_—_- THE DUTCH CINCHONA-SALKES. (From our Correspondent.) AmsTERDAM, August 10- The cinchona-auctions to be held in Amsterdam on Auguet 31st will consist of 365 cases and 6,185 bales (about 553 tons), divided as follows :—From Govyern- ment plantations, 341 bales (about 32 tons) ; from private plautativ: s, 365 cases and 5,d44 bales (about 521 tons). This quantity contains—Of druggists’ bark : Succirubra—quille, 250 oases ; broken quills and chips 55 bales 115 cases; root, 57 bales. Of manufaotur- ing-bark : Ledgeriana—broken quills and chips, 4,503 bales ; roots, 834 bales. Aybrids—broken quills aud chipe, 646 bales; root, 78 bales. Officinalis—broken quills and chips, 12 bales, —Ohemist and Druggist, Aug. 19, RARE AND LARGE INsxicl. Capt. Whitley of the s.s. “Lady Gordon’ on his fast voyage round the island picked up a curious and unusual beetle visitor at Hambantota. It has been prepared and preserved by Mr. Haly , who says of it:—‘‘It is one of the large Indian Longicornes (Cerambryidse) probably Acanthophorus serratecornis ; but I am sorry 1 cannot name it with certainty at present.” a A Se COORG COFFEE IN DUMBARA VALLEY, We have the following encouraging account from & correspondent of a coffee clearing in Dumbara :— ‘Coorg coffes planted here in June-July last year is at present most promising. The trees were topped at 3 feet some time back and they have spread out well and cover the ground. A great many have crop set on them and what is most satisfactory is that there is very littie leaf- disease noticeable, whilst other and older coffee in the neighbourhood is being ravaged by the disease. Of course where the soil is indifferent or where plants from inferior seed have been put out, there are vacancies and sickly trees, but taken as a whole, it is a most successful clearing and quite equal tc the best of clearingsin the olden golden days, It was planted with cacao at the same time, s0 has not a fair chance.” Sa ee DELI NEWS: TOBACCO CROP PROSPECTS. During July, says the Dez Courant, the weather took a dry turn, from too little rain falling, especially on the low lying estates. The drought was followed by rain in the beginning of August, and most of the planting companies cOnsequently consider the outlook either satisfactory or favourable, though the dry weather had taken bad effect on the later planted crop» The drought, on the other hand, proved favour- able for cutting the ripening crop, so that on many estates, two-thirds of the latter have been thus dis- posed of. The tobacco that has so far reached the sheds, comes in for much praise from the leaf beiug fine, The seedling disease shows itself in several places, and extensive nureeries have been laid out in conse- quence, The shipment of last year’s crop has almost all been carried through, On several estates, prepara- tions are in full course for next year’s crop,—Straits Times, Aug. 22. AE Saree TropicaL Roors.—The native of the interior of Oeylon—says the Scientific American—finish walls and roofs with a paste of slaked lime, gluten, and aium, which glazes and ig so durable that specimens three centuries old are now to be seen. On the Malabar coast the flat bamboo roofs are covered with a mixture of cow- dung, straw, and clay. This is a poor conductor of heat, and not only withstands the heavy rains to a remarkable degree, but keeps the huts cool in hot weather. In Sumatra the native women braid a coarse cloth of palm leaves for the edge and top of the roofs; Many of the old Buddhist temples in India and Qeylon had rcois made out of cut stone blocks, hewed timber, and split bam- boo poles. Uneven planks, cut from oldand dead palm trees—seldom from living young trees—are much used in the Celebes aud Philippines, Sharks’ skins form the roofs of fishermen in the Andaman Islands: The Malays of Malacca, Sumatra and Java have a roofing of attaps, pieces of palm leaf wicker work, about three feet by two in size and an inch thick, which are laid like shingles and are practically waterproof, The Arabs of the East Indies make a durable roof paint ofslaked Jime, blood an? cement, Huropeans sometimes use old sails made proof against water, mould, and inseots by paratline and corrosive sublimate—for temporary roofs, 246 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, {Ocr. 2, | 1893. a le MR. JOHN HUGHES AND TEA ANALYSES, The delay that has attended any decision by the Planters’ Association about securing the services of a Chemical Expert for the purpose of locally analysing teas, reporting on fermentation, &. will not have to be regretted should it result in a full prior under- standing of the nature and scope of the services he would be expected to render. For there is no doubt that what would be required must necegsi- tate a stay in the island of considerable length and of consequent costliness. If examination into all the questions to which answers are required is to be made at all, if must be made with a thoroughness which alone could give value to the results sought to be attained. It appears from what our London Correspondent writes us on this topic by the present mail that inquiries have been addressed by our local Association to Mr, Hughes by which it is sought to ascertain details as to the course that gentleman would recommend, To these queries the well-known Analyst finda it difficult to succinotly reply. It is, he declares, impossible to wholly foresee how far it might prove desirable to carry on the experiments tobe made; and in many respects he thinks the questions put can best he golved here by experienced planters rather than by himself. He has suggested, however, that a safe preliminary step might be for himself to personally make some fifty analyses of samples of tea to be selected and forwarded to him by the Association; These samples, Mr. Hughes presumes, would inolude teas from estates of varying ele- vations and of differing conditions of manufacture. With the results to the analyses of these, carefully tabulated, the Association Oommittee would haye before it a tolerably good index to the work which in the future should be carried on locally. : Mr, Hughes has given a price for this preliminary work, and we think it should be undertaken with as little delay as may be possible. For although many among us differ as to the mode of proce- dure to be followed, all, we conceive, unanimously agree in attaching value to a more intimate know- ledge of the chemistry of tea than is at present possessed by us. Harlier communications of Mr, Hughes to the Planters’ Association having led to no results, he communicated the data of his last experiments—made voluntarily and gratuitously —to ourselves rather than run a further chance of their being ignored by the body most concerned with them. Such a course, however complimentary it may have been to this journal, we hope will not in the future have to be followed. As Mr, Hughes observed, he had no personal interest to serve in making the analyses he fayoured us with. But he deemed that in ignoring the subject as it had done, the Association shewed itself hardly alive to the importance of the investigation ho suggested, and therefore, he took it up con amore in the hope of ‘awakening general interest in the subject. That he has been eucceseful in doing this is evident from the wide comments upon _the articles we have published made by the Indian newspapers. More especially has the subject of “stalk in tea,” to which Mr. Hughes prominently directed attention, attracted the notice of our confrerés on the other side of the water, and no doubt his communi- cations generally will prove to be fruitful of results. { During the course of recent conversation with Mr, Hughes by our london corres- pondent, the latter touched upon a point which we believe to have an important bearing upon the question of the permanence of tea and the ne- cessity or otherwise for returning to the soil the constituents of which it is deprived by the growth of the plant. Iti will be recollected that Mr, John Roberte, while acsigning a bigh value to the experiments detailed by us, declined to accept them as conclusive unless he could be informed as to the character of the samples of soils upon which they were conducted. Were there ‘he asked,” “taken from the eurface,” which had been greatly exbausted by prior coffee cultivation, or from the depth at which the tea-buch eecks its nutriment.” This queetion Mr. Hughes confesses himeelf to be unable to anewer. He hes in his possession at large number of such camples sent to him at different times, but without that full classifica- tion and description that would enable him to satisfy Mr. Roberts’ objection. It is precisely such 6 cause for doubtfulness that we should desire to sce removed by those whom we hope to see entrusted with the duty of selecting samples, both of soils and teas, for Mr. Hughes’ further pro- posed experiments. As we have said, Mr. Hughes, expert as heis, has hitherto been working voluntarily on our behalf, and could only make uee of euch material as he bad at hand. If commissioned for further investigations by our Planters’ Asso- ciation, the above difficulty—one that undoubtedly reduces the value of his previous work—must no longer be allowed to operate. A further matter that received mention by Mr. Hughes was 6 suspicion expressed by the Association that the samples of tea analysed by him might not have been of pure Ceylon tea: that indeed he might have been supplied with blended teas. Mr. Hughes gives us the assurance that the methcd he adopted for securing theee left little or no chance that so fundamental an error conld haye been made, and we think, therefore, that it may be assumed that he worked upon data that were fully correct. At the same time, all future ex- periments should certainly be made upon teas specially selected and sent to him under the gis and seal of the Planters’ Assoeiation of Ceylon. (From a Correspondent.) London, Aug 18. My recent efforts to sce Mr, Joun Huaues, were unsuccessful until the present week. I was anxious to learn from him whether he could give me the information desired by Mr. John Roberts as to whether the Ceylon estate soils on which he had experimented had been taken from the surface or from the depth at which the tea tree feeds. Unfortunately this was a point on which Mr. Hughes could not satisfy me. He isin posession of very many samples of soil, but without knowledge of the depth from which they were derived. Under these conditions, certainly the objection taken by Mr. Roberts as to forming definite conclusions on Mr. Hughes’ analyses must be held to stand, What is now wanted is that these experiments should be repeated on data that would be authoritative, and which should, some of them represent the stratum in which the deep tap root of the tea tree seeks nutriment. On my asking Mr. Hughes whether he had heard anything from your Planters’ Association, he replied that he had done so in the forms of queries as to what he thought should be done in the way of further investigation on the spot by an imported chemical expert. He had replied, he told me, in the sense that he cculd not formulate advice on the insufficient data at present possersed. He had made the experiments he had done to satisfy his own views and to awaken the Association to the importance of results that might be obtained. The letter of the Association, he further said, cast some doubt upon the genuineness of the teas with which he had experimented, i i OcT. 2, 1893.] Ii contained, indeed, a suggestion that these might have been blended teas, and that upon such data his conclusion might have been wholly incorrect. This Mr. Hughes assured me he felt to be im- possible. He had exercised the greatest care in obtaining his samples, applying for them toa firm the three members of whish were his personal friends, that firm deals in China, India, and Oeylon teas, and eachof the three partners has one of three as his speciality. Oonsequently he was content with their assurances that they had seleoted for him perfectly genuine and unmixed samples, a3 the partners had no more interest in one description than in another. However, he had, as requested by the Association, quoted a price for the analysis of fifty new specimens to be selectedand sent home to him by that body, He had suggested that these should embraca samples of different kinds, having special regard to eleva- tion and varying conditions of manufacture. He thought that when these further experiments shall have been mada we shall be possessed of sufficient data upon which he could advise as to further work to be done locally ; but he remarked that the last, to be efficient, must occupy a considerable time, and that the cost of them must be somewhat heavy. Therefore he should counsel further delay before this expense was incurred. Mr, Hughes thinks that Mr, Roberts’ view as to the virginity of the deeper soils of Ceylon estates can hardly be maintained, or at all events that it is generally held that that of the surface is richer than that at greater depths because it has the benefit of all vegetable decay, My reply was that it seemed to mo that this could soarcely apply in such cases as those wherein the sur- face soil had been for years drawn upon for coustituents which had not been returned to it, and I still hold this to be a correct view. It is one, however, that can scarcely be determined without ANALYSES, being made of the upper and lower soils taken from the same locality, and this should certainly form part of the work that Mr. Hughes suggests should be carried out as preliminary. During the course of our conversation it was pointed out to me that when writing you on the subject of the experiments made as to the quantity of stalk in ditferent varieties of tea I bad fallen into error in saying that Mr. Hughes had sorted out the stalk before infusion, This he told me it would be quite impossible to do. It was only after the expression arising from infusion that it was possible to separate the stalk from the leaf. My error, however, in no way affects the conclusions drawn. It was further remarked to me that the Assogi- ation seemed to think the analyst had shown it some neglect in having communicated the results of his last work to yourselves instead of to its Committee, but Mr. Hughes explained that his previous communication had met with but scant attention, and that to fulfil his purpose of awak- ing interest in the subject he could not have done better than in asking yourselves to oblige him with {reo and full ventilation of it. His work had been gratuitously done, and he was at liberty to seek his own channel for publicity. If specially retained and paid, of course he would be bound to communicate only with the Association. A PECULIAR DISCHARGE OF LIGHTNING. To the Editor, Nature. I should like to add to the many recent accounts of lgbtning discharges the following particulars of which I have not yet seen any published agcount, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 247 On the afternoon of Wednesday, July 26th during a storm at about 5-30, a blue flame was observed by some of the inhabitants of Epping to approach and shatter the chimney of a house upon the hill, occupied by Mrs. Brown ond family at the time. An examination of the interior of the house shows the discharge to have passed chiefly by the bell wires which are fused, down one corner of e room upon the upper floor, breaking the back of a chest of drawers near, and setting the wall in the vicinity on fire. On the ground-flcor the discharge seems to have taken two paths to earth, viz. down the corner of a front room by means of eome metallic dsmp-proof paper, and in the kitchen adjacent by means of some wooden cupboards, the doors of which were much broken and thrown across the room. Mrs. Brown, wko was seated in the front room, states that a few seconds before the house was struck she noticed what appeared to be a darkened space, surrounded by a crimson fringe of flame in the corner (perhaps a brush discharge), and her son in the kitchen at the time testifies to having seen a similar thing previous to what appeared to be the bursting of the luminous mass, which oceurred with a loud report filling the house with smoke and the usual accompany- ing smell of ozone. The walls are much damaged, and the polarity of a small compass ina drawer of side- board nearest the path of discharge was reversed, I considered the apparent forewarning of the brush discharge of sufficient interest to justify this letter. WILLIAM Brew. Electric Light Department, British Museum, Aug, 8th. a MONKEYS AND COCONUTS. Among the presents given to the Shah of Persia by British traders in the 17th century were some monkeys; and this is how they were caught :— ‘We took coconuts from the trees, cut a hole that the hand of one of them might go iv, which they finding thrust in their hand, and could not with- draw it unless they drew it back empty, which their covetous nature permitted not, ensnaring them- selves thereby.”—London Athenaeum. EAE EE SR INDIAN PATENTS. CaLoutta, the 24th Aug. 1893, Specifications of the undermentioned inventions have been filed, No. 34 of 1893.—William Carey Leechman, of 92, Sinclair Road, in the County of Middlesex, England, Merchant, for ao imprvved preparation of tea end the process of makivug the same, (Field 26th July 1893, Ne 161 of 1889.—Wiliiam Alfred Gibbs, of Gilwell P rk» Seward-stone, in the County of Essex, Engiaud, Gentleman, for improvements im or connected with furnaces and apparatue for the production of hot air and for drying cotf+e, withering and fishing tea, and for other dcyiug purpuses. (From 22nd Aug, 1893 to 21st Auy. 1894.) Whereas the invento:s of the, undermentioned in- ventious have respectively tailed to pay within the time limited in that benalf by the 4th Schedule to the inventions and Designs said Act ( V ot 1888) [or within the jvrther time allowed under sectiou 8, sub-section (4) ot the Act] the fee hereinafter men- tioned, it is hereby nowtied that, under the pro- visions of section 8, sub-section (2) of the said Act, tbe exclusive privilege of making, selling, and using the said invent n3 in British India and of authorising Others so to do bas ceased :— No. 60 of 1883.—Mr. B. ©. Szhumacher’s’ inven- tion for an imj;roved method of winuowing and cleaning rice and other grain seeds und berries and apparatos therefor. (Specification filed 15th May 1889,)—Indian Engineer, Sept. 2ud. a 9 = TEA IN THE CENTURY DICTIONARY. The following trom the latest Dictionary is worth quoting in 4 tea-growing country :— _ “'T'gA-TREE (te-tree), n. 1. The common tca-plant or tea-shrub. Sea tea 1,2.—2. A wvame of various myrtactous aud other plants, chiefly of the geucra Leptospermum aud Melaleuca, tound in Australia, Tas- manis, and New Zealand. See phrases below. Very abundant snd couspicnous, especially in New Zealand, is L.scopartum, ihe broom tea-tree, known also as tea-scrub. lt is au erect rigid shrub, or ia the mountains prostrate, j!yom 1 to 12 feet high, forming dense thickets, with leathery sharp-pointed foliage, covered for two moaths with abundant small white blossoms, Its wood thougk small, is hard and useful % for turaing, etc. DL. lanigerum, the Tasmanian tea tree (found also in Australia),is a somewhat larger, very abundant thrub or tree, With a hard even- graiucd wooed. The leaves of both are reputed to have been used by C-ptain Oook or early colonists as tes, which may account for the name, but the native Australian name of the former is ti. Melaleuca un- cinatd, the common tea-tree, isa shrub, or sometimes a tree from 40 to 80 feet high, with hard, heavy, durable wcod, widely diffused in Australia. “ Even the grass itself is rot indigenous, all these bills [in New Zealand ]having till recontly boen densely clothed with a thicket of tea-tree, which is a shrub somewhat resembling Juniper or a gigantic heather- bush, its foliage consisting of tiny needles, while ita delicate white blossomsresemble myrtle. It is called by the Maoris manakau, but the settlers have a tradi- tion that Ceptsin Oook and his men once made tea of its twigs ; hence, they szy, the name. Itis, however, noteworthy thatthis plant is called t by the Austra- lian blacks, soitis prohable that the name was brought thither by some colonist from the sister isle.—C, 7, G. Cumming, in The Century, XX VII. 920. “ African tea-tree, See Lycium.—Bottle-greea tea- tree, an evergreeu myrtaceous sbrub, Kunzea corifo- lia, of Australia and Tasmania.—Broad-leaved tea-trce, @ myrtaceous shrub or tree, Callistemon salignus, of Australia end Tasmenie. Its wood is very close- grained. hard and heavy.— Ceylon tea-tree, L/zodendron glauewm.—Duke of Argyli’s tea-tree. See Lyciwm.— Prickly tea-tree, Some as naambarr.—Red scrab tea- tree, the Australian Rhodamnia trinervia, a myrtaceous shrub or tree. Also called three-veined myrtle.—Swamp tea-tree, Melaleuca squarrosa, of Australia and Tas- mania, a shrub, or sometimes a tree, with bard heavy wood, the bark in thin layers, J. armiliaris is also 60 called in Tasmania.—Tasmanian tea-tree, See def, 2.—White tea-tree, Leptospermum ertcoides, of New Zealand, a shrub, or a tree 40 or 50 feet high. The wood is hard and dense. “Tea-urn (té/ern), ». A vessel used on the tea-table for boiling water or keeping water hot: it differs from the tea-kettle chiefly in having a fanoet or cock insie:d of a spout, so that it has not to be moved or tipped for drawing hot water. “At the head of the table there was an old silver tea-urn, looking heavy encugh to haye the weight of whole generations in it, into which at the moment of sitting down a serious-visaged waiting-maid dropped a red-hot weight, aud forthwith the noise of a violent boiling arose.” —H. B, Stowe, Oldtown, p. 294. In reference to the ‘‘ Ceylon tea-tree,” (£. glaucum) we applied to the Director, Royal Botanie Gardens, for an explanation and he has kindly informed us that General Hay MacDowall was, apparently, responsible for the name which was adopted from him by Roxburgh. But ‘‘allabout”’ the tree we findin Dr, Trimena’s “Flora” pages 272 as follows ;— E. glaucum, Pers. Syn. i, 241 (1805). Neialu S&S, Piyari, Perun-Piyari, 7. Schrebera albens, Retz. Obs. vi. 25. Celastrus glaucus, Vahl, Symb. Bot, ii. 42. Moon Cat; 17. Thw. Eoum. 73- (C. P. 1227. Fl. B. Ind. i. 623, Wight, Ill. t. 71 (2. Roxburghis). Retz. Obs. vi. t. 3. A small tree, much dichotomously branched, bark worted, thick, brownish-grey, twize slender, young parts glabrous; 1. opp. 2-3 in., variable, oval or roundish-oval, acute at base, obtuse, often twisted at apex, shallowly serrate-crenate or entire, glabrous, rather coriaceous, giaucous, reticulate, petiole } in. or more, stip. minute, triangular; fl. under ¢ in., uumerous, in yery divaricate, axillary, or extra- axillary, paniculate, dichotomous cymes, ped. long, glabrous; sep. almost distinct, rounded; pet oblong, obtuse, distant ; stam, much shurter than pet., anth. roundish ; disk obscurely lobed ; drupe ovoid, 4—4 in,, apiculate, glabrous, stone bony. Var, 8, moutanum, Zhw. Lnum. 73. C. P, 2520. L, less glaucous ; fl. much larger, }in.; fr. larger } in. Dry country ; common, especiaily near the coast, Var, B. lower montane zone, from 8000 to 4500 feet ; 256 rather common. Dimbala; Deltota; Hunasgiria. Fl. all the year; pale yellowish-green. Also in India ond Malay Archipelago. Wood hard, heavy, olose-grained, smooth, reddish- brown. First noticed by Koenig, whose specimens are in Mus. Brit. Moon gives the name ‘Bat-hik’ for this. The leaves vary extremely; inthe dry region they are frequently tcuud strongly serrete, tnd this form 13 calleao ‘ Karukku-vaychchi’ by the Tamils. It is this which Koxburgh records (Hort. Beng. 18) as ‘Oeylon Tea,’ under whicb name it was sent from Cey- lon to the Bat, Garden, Calcutta, by Gen. McDowall (sce Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 639). — > —-——---—— TANNIN AND THEINE IN CHINA AND INDIAN TEAS. The London Laneet reports in its issue of July Ist’ the results of an imvestigation of Obina and Indian tear, based on the covstituents of tea as it is orsinarily made and presevted to the drinker. The resul's to which these experiments have !ed may thus bo generalized: 1, There i: an important difference in the amount of taunin but not of theins iv these Ohiriaand Indias teas. The Chiva teas contain from 5 to 6 per cent of tanvin and the Indian teas average of 10 per cent. In both tha theine »mounts to practically the seame—averaging 8.4 per cent, z. Distilled or softened water to which carbonate of goda bas been added, dissolves the tannin more rapidjy, but effects no increase in the amount of theine dissolved ; the practice of adding carbonate of soda to the water, therefore, is not to be recommended. Moderately hard water used the moment it reaches boiliog point effects just as rapid a solution of the valua 6 principle theine as distilled water, whilet the objecti nable tannin is not so rapidly dissolved. 3, Cainateas may safely be left to infuse for a longer period of time than the Indian teas ; for the former even fiftee: minutes may be allowed without fearof diesoly- ing on excess of tannin, but for the latter not longer than five, or at ths mo-t seven minutes is advisable. 4, Tannin, of course, imparts astringency to tea; but this constituent is not wholly concerned in pro- ducing an infusion of the desirable body and strength, for the theiue and tannin together smount to only one-fourth of the total extractive matter present, except in some instances of Indian tear, which are particular.y and undesirably rich in tavnin. 5, The best results are obtained when the tea is powdere! immediately before use. The flavor is then exquisiie, complete extiaction of the theine is insured and provided the infusion is allowed to stand for only five or geven minutes, a minimum of tannin is dissolved and no sacrifice of body or strength ia perceptible. The remarks in section 2 alsoapply here. Tbe Iudian tea No. 4 used in t)is investigation was obtuined by pivate purchase; the China teas were supplied by the Russian-Ohina Tea Company, which has been established with the avowed object of supply- ing Chinese plantation teas in the United Kingdom a8 imported into Russia.—Amerscan Grocer. ee neers BARK AND DRUG REPORT (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Aug. 17. At the drug-sale today remarkably little business was done -in fact, buyers appeared to be at a premium. Brokers came and brokers went, but in nearly eyery case without effecting sales, and catalogue after catalogue was gone through with apparently only a slender trans- action of business. t ARECA-NUTS.—Of 137 packages 33 sold, without reserve, at 1Us 6d to 13s. This was apparently for very old stock, being more or less wormy. Another parcel of 4 bags was sold at 8s. CANELLA-BARK,—Hight bales of good pale bark, siderably broken, were bought in at 308. CARDAMoMS,—There was a limited supply offered, and neatly the whole was sold at gcod prices, considering that the quality was just about average, One parcel of fine plump and white Mysore soldat 29 9d; splitofabout | con- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [ Oct. 2, 1893. equal gize and colour 7s 1d to 2s 64; small to medium, wuite, sold at 2s, and the smallest at is 4d; patural brown fruit fetching 1s 6d to is 9d. Of the few cases of Malabars offered ali s.ld: medium in size and coluur at 2s 1d, and low brown atle 3d. Seed sold ab Is 4d. KOLA-NUTS,—At the sales 35 packages were offered, but only 28.1ld et sd; the remainder were all bought in. LsSENTIAL OIL,—AL the auctions today there was a large variety of oils offered, but business was esp. cially stagnant, and there being no demand everything offered Was bought in, ——————EE——EEEE AREA PLANTED WITH TEA AND OTHER PRODUCTS. We are now enabled (after a greater expenditure of time and labour than we care to think of), to present our readers with the all-important main resalts of the compilation and analysis of the re- turns for our Estates’ Directory, now finally closed. These are as follows, and we include a compari- son with the results arrived at two years ago:— CryLon PLantatioNs IN TEs, CorrEE, Oacao, Cin- CHONA, OARDAMOMS, &C. Results in July 1891. Ang. 1893, Difference. Acres, Acres. Acres. Total area of Prvuperties 687,832 724,805 Incr, 36,973 Do Cuitivated 33 5,053 354,235 do 19,282 In ‘Tea ws» 249,585 273,045 do 24,450 Vo Cvffee (Arabian) 385,759 30,006 Decr, 6,663 Do do (Liverian).. J, doa 2,438 Incr, oud Lo Cacay « lewou 16,266 ao 3,386 Do Cardamoms .,,, 4,055 4,723 Deer. 232 Lo Cincbona trees,,. 9,175,000 6 ,90%,000 do 2,166,000 An increase of 19,282 acres to the area covered with tea in the two years may a considered moderate when compared with the “rush” of the previous years. Bot as there is abvur 7,000 acres oi tea beyoud our total, intermixed with cotfee or Ciuohons, waich beiore jong will, we fear, be all tea, it is safe vw speak of 280,0U0 acres es representing the Tea Industry of Oeyiou towards the eud of 1893. ube increase 11 cacao and Liberian coffee is very Sallsiaciory. Se LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE CEYLON PRODUCE. TRAVANCORE TEA. (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited. Report of the Colonial Markets for the Week ending Aug. 16th, 1893.) The 452 packages offered were not attractive, and prices ruled in fayor of buyers. 3 BS ae a Ay 5 nm ° Q = 2 ee eB : = : A them, I was obliged, in December to dis- continue Government aid, and soon afterwards these people returned to Jaffna. The following « xtract* from my Administration Report for 1892 s pplies the general history of the experiment, and the accom- ————————————————————————— * Appendix A, Oct. 2, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 263 panying extracts * from my official diary give details ot my inspections and my notes thereon. I personally visited and inspected the colonists and their lands in every month in 1892, except March, July, and October. The total exp: nditure + to date bas been R2,576°20. But from this must be deducted the money paid for the paddy, which will be sold and refunded to Government (about R600,) and the value of some gingelly sown ou the lands cleared (partly sown and abandoned) at Balaluwewa. The tools procured will also be sold and the proceeds credited to Government. When the account is finally made up the expenditure will probably be about R1,800, and of this the ad- vauces to the ten families who remain willbe here- after recovered. The Sinhalese settlement (of Etawirawewa_ vil- lagers) below the Yoda-ela proved a failure. Tuese people cleared a considerable extent of land, and -put up houses. When, however, they heard that lands adjoining theirs had been sold to Mr. Silva, they at oncs abandoned the place and went back to live in their own wretched village, where they have barely enough for subsistence. It is difficult for spy but those who live among these people to under- ataud their peouliarities. Here, people practically starving were given ample land and sure water, and sil the elemeats of agricultural prosperity ; yet they sbandoned the land from some prejudice regarding their future neighbuurs. In the same way, one would cuppose that natives of Jaffia—such as the men who came here, who have no land of their own, and cultivate almost as the slaves of landowners, and who, atter working from morning to night, can only expect one fall meal a day—would be satisfied with their pruspects of independence and property. The land cleared by them is a valuable one, and being co im- proved will readily sell ata price considerably above the upset. There has been no expenditure by Govern- Ment On account of these Sinhalese villagers. Vhe restoration of Maha Iilippallawa, to which I referred iu my former report, is proceeding; and I have arranged that when sufficient work has been done on the embarkment of the tank by the settlers, a sluice for ir:igation should be supplied to them. The proposal of some capitalists from Jaffna to take up laud under Kalawewa came to nothing, as they obtained Jand on easier terms than I wasabie to offer them, at Kanakarayankulam, in the Vavaniya District. In my Aduinistration Report I bave referred to the sale of 1,200 acres adjoinizrg the land on which the Tamil families have settled, to Mr, Silva, a Sinhalcss gentleman of the Negombo District, who is a solyent purchaser, and bas command of a tull ‘labour supply for opening up the land.—R. W. Invrrs, aaverneens Agent. Anuradhapura Kachcheri, April 7, soe TEA AND COFFEE IN AMERICA. The blockade and bombardment of the commercial capital of Brazil means, at the very least, a great disturbance of trade. Tne important coffee trade of Rio is certain to be very seriously interfered with. For & time there will beno exporis, and yet the markets in the United States and Hurope are by no means heavily stocked. Indeed, the year 1893, judging by the best statistics available, was in any case to be @ year of short suppiy, following a season of good crops and the prospect a few months &go was of coffee generally being in keen demand towards the end of this year. The consumption on the Continent of Europe for the four years 1889-92 averaged a total of 410,717 tons; but 1892 itself showed that 422,801 tons were called for, This, apart from abouts 12,000 tons required for the United Kingdom (against 15,000 tons consumed some years ago). ‘Then the United States used up as 1ts average anoual supply from 1889 to 1892, as much * Appendix B, f+ Appendix ©. as 240,667 tons ; but for last year required 255 090 out of an import of 260,876 tons. This makes a consumption of between 8 and 9 lb. of coffee per head of population in the United States. How d:fferent the consumption of tea in America ! Of our precent staple there is in the U. States, soarcely 1} lb, per head used, against about 6 lb. for the United Kingdom and between 7 and 8 lb. in Australasia, In 1892, Amerioa got over 83 mil lion lb. of tea of which not more than one per cent or about 800,000 lb. could have been Oeylon Tea. There is therefore immense room for sn increased consumption of our staple product even in the present American consumption. But still more, is there room—as we want specially to point out today—for taking advantage of the critical period which may now possibly be overtaking the American coffee trade. Brazil supplies about 55 per cent of the entire coffee supply of Hurope and America and between Rio and New York the trade in coffee is very large. As already stated, this year’s coffee supply from Brazil, as well as from Java, India and the East generally, was expected to be short; and although Mexico and Central America are rapidly coming to the front as coffee growers, it was not anticipated that they could fully make up the deficit. With coffee getting dearer and svaroer after this fashion, we may fairly expect many in America to be ready to give attention to tea when they find it cheap and abundant, and especially if the refreshing beneficial character of the beverage properly infused from pure Ceylon and India teas, is rightly brought before them. Not for a long time therefore, has there besn go. favourable a season throughout the United States for getting at the mass of con- sumers (of coffee, tea and cocoa) with our good teas. But if in addition to scarce and dear ovftee under ordinary circumstances, there is added for & certain period (even for as few weeks) an en- tire suspension of the coffee import trade from Brazil, what can the people of Amerioa do in self-defence, but turn toand drink tea? The bom. bardment and blockade of Rio and the consequent disturbance and stoppage of business, may therefore, quite possibly, bave very important consequences in creating and stimulating aspecial demand for Ceylon and Indian teas. We hope our Obiscago Commissioner will be on the alert to read ‘ the signs of the times,’’ If once our American cousins were got, even for a few weeks, in view of a coffee famine, to try our pure refrashing teas, it is quite likely that many of them would continue to buy tea and come gradually to substitute it altogether for coffee. Elsewhere will be found an extract from the American Grocer showing that two months ago there were -complaint3 about coffee beeoming dear and soarce, and also that the consumption in the United States was by no means keeping up to the old ratio. When on the top of this, there comes the present outbreak at Rio, we may depend on _ the New York coffee importers having difficulty in supplying their customers and on many of the grocers turning their attention to the substitute in which a good, large and profitable business can be done, namely the NEw Crxyton THAs—so freely advertised of late inthe Hastern States by the defunct Oompapy—and which, along with InprAN Tras, have been made so special a feature at the World’s Oolumbian Exposition. Here then is a grand opportunity in our opinion for pushing the sale of our teas, and we trust Ocylon planters will yery emphatically support their Obairman in the proposal he is about to make for the estab- lishment of Ohicago, and perhaps New York, Tea Agencica through the medium of Mr. Grinlinton, 264 LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE CEYLON PRODUCE. TRAVANCORE TEA. (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report of the Colonial Markets for the Week ending August 23rd, 1893 ) The chance of agood market for this class of tea was very severely handicaped by the over abundant supply of low medium, both from India and Ceylon, but although prices appear low, they are quite equal to those paid for similar kinds in the other markets. The kind of tea buyers look for and expect to find in Travancores is that possessing thick coloury liquor, for which they are always prepared to pay a good price. a} 5 wg OS QD io} r=] 5 bm o PY / shiga’ yan Sea E Si aultdye % ° = ° of a e Co ee ta a oe ee ee Reto) eek o a Penshurst 9d Tad, 64d .. 64d 108 pkgs. 73d Fd Belford . 74d «- 6d 63d 78%3-ch. 73d (unas.) Braemore 94 7d .. 63d, 24 do 74d 53d Home a9). yy REL « 64d a 95 do 7id (unas.) Btagbrook 8td oa - 6d « 85chs.7d Poonmudi ce 65d 6d , «» 40 do 68d Brighton ita Gidea A. ales. -. 58pkgs.6 Invercauld 74d 64d 6d ... 6d 494-ch 63d Merchiston 84d Sad, * ns} 605 54a, 39 do 63d (uas. 5 Glenbrittle 73d 64d 6d ... sf 22 do 64d Seenikali 77d 63d .. .., 53d, 5}d 86 do 6hd TPC 8d 63d 6d ... 5fd 147 chs. 64d Isfield wad. 67d 6d) oe «. 108 do 63d Granby (unas.) 7d, soucnong 63d, R W Déd bid (unas.), Arnake: 6d (unas.), E G 6d (bro- ken pckoe souchong). . Lotal1,067 packages, averaging 63d per lb., against 6td for corresponding week last year. ———_-- COFFEE PROSPECTS. Messrs. I. A. Rucker & Bencraft report on August 3lst—Mesers. G. Trinks & Co. cable from ‘Rio this week, ‘‘ Weather unfavourable for the future crop. There is too much rain, and upto the pre- sent there is only poor flowering.” There is a unanimous belief current that the 1894-95 crops will be very large, and therefore a telegram such as the above at present-attracts little attention; but may possibly yet prove to be of some importance. After nearly three years of more or less bad times, once we turn the corner we should anticipate a decided revival in trade. The important question is, are we getting within measurable distance of that revival. Since the issue of our last, there has been a distinctly better feeling about, futures are are dearer, and spot coffees are steady to1s advance from the recent lowest point. Moreover, the feel- ing generally current in commercial circles is more hopetul, and there appears to be a growing opinion that we have seen the worst. —— COFFEE AND THA IN AMERICA. “The people of the United States in 1892 con- sumed per capita 6°54 pounds of coffee and 1-37 pounds oftea. Coffee is imitated there in many ways besides being adulterated, and when the price of coffee is high the substitutes are largely purchased by poor people.’—Bradstreet’s, Aug, 19, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 2, 1893. TEA SEED OIL. A gentleman with extensive experience in China avd East who is at present on a visit to Colombo informs us that tea seed oil is resularly used in Hongkong aniths sou hern parts of Cha as an illuminating oil. It will not however burn in a cold climate. ARE WE A NATION OF TEA- DRUNKARDS ? Weare a nation of tea-drinkers; we consum® about 5$lb. of the leaf per head annually, which, when made into a beverage, produces about thirty- seven gallons of tea. The question(says the Hospital) is beginning to arise—Are we a nation of tea- drunkards? For not only are we yielding with al! the weakness of the inebriate to the diseases of nerve and stomach which excessive mae brings in its train, but we are developing that indifference to quality which is the crowning mark of indulgence, the point of severance between the gourmandand the connoisseur. Tea has always been popular in England, even whenits price was enormously high, and when a moralist condemned its consumption as a “filthy custom,’ to be explained only by the growing wickedness of the nations. This gentle- man, r. Henry Savile, writing to a iend, speaks with indignation of those who “call for tea, instead of pipes and bottles after dinner, a base unworthy Indian practice, and which I must ever admire your most Christian family for not admitting.’ What would this old- fashioned Chris'ian of 1678 say to our modern tem- perance ecocieties and their endlees tea drioking ? But, indeed, it almost seems as if anew temperance would have to arise to lead a crusade agsiust our favourite beverage, and reformers stould petition parliament to increase.the duty on tes. By far the larger part of the tea we drink now is the product of India and Orylon. From a pound of Indian tea you can make 74 gallons of infusion; from a pound of Chinese tea only 5gullons. The consideration ie likely to weigh with the average hous: keeper, who appreciate an immediate effect on her purse more than a remote effect on the digestions of her houschold. The re- sult is that neatly 75 per cent cf our tea is of Indian sand Cingalese growth. These teas are, more- over, cheaper than the China leaf, and as they are thus doubly tempting, they have attained a dangerous popularity. We drink more tea than our parepte; we take it oftener, stronger, and of coarser quality. The results are less obvious than those of alco- holic fntoxication, but not less serious; and, in truth, the time may be not far distaot when the earnest diso‘ples of the new temperance will plead with us with tears in their eyes, give up this accursed tea, and take to cocoa, or even to beer.’’—St. James's Gazette, Sept. 1. [What is the 5% lb. per head of tea drunk per annum in the United Kingdom to the 7 ‘to 8lb.in Australia, and where will @ finer healthier people be found?—Ep. 7,4,] ———.]_—— DRUG REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) Lendon, Aug. 31. CaLUMBA.—Of 339 bags offered today 120 sold at Ils per owt. for brown mixed sorts, partly stalky, dull and slightly mouldy, and 8s for very common. A lot of fair bright yellow root is limited at 3Us per cwt. Cooa-LEAVES.—South American leaves are very dull of sale. fair bright green broken Truxillo being bought im at auction at 1s 3d, good thick brownish Huanoco at Is 4d per lb. Four small bags from Colombo were also shown, and two of these dark thick brown damaged leaves sold at Id per lb. OCROTON-SKEED.—Twenty bags of very small seeds from Ceylon realised 25s per cwt. CUBEBS are neglected; 70s was suggested as the price for 4 bags small brown shrivelled berries, and of ano lot of 14 packages from Bombay, 4 soid at i0s per cwt for good brown small mixed ; for a less desirable icts bid Of 628 was rejected, : ; Oct. 2, .1893.] nnn EaEEE GOVERNMENT PLANTATIONS IN CEYLON. From the Administration Report on Forest Sits Conservancy for 1892.) The work. done in the different Provinces was a3 soloed 6 Province —The creepers in the Polon- _narua jak chena were cut, but I am unable to say at st. : sie are Province.—The strip plantations at Nanu- oya are doing well,..the trees planted in 1890 and 1891 being particularly healthy, potwithstanding the attacks of elk which domuch damage to the young plants. The young trees in the plantations of 1890 are larger than most of those in the plantations of 1889. This is partly due to the large number of failures which there were in the former, and to the large number of standards which were left, There is no doubt that where few standards were left the growth of the young plants has. been very much more vigorous. To make a fair comparison between the two systems, however, the annual girth increment of the standards should also have ‘been taken into consideration. It will be interest- ing to see whether in another twelve or fifteen years’ time, when it is estimated the first fellings can take place, the outturn will be larger in the areas containing numerous standards or in those con- ining few. wna” following measurements were taken by the Forester, Nuwara Eliya :— Year No. of Aver- Aver- Beer euArimiucyameaiased! Gicth, Hoht Bncalyprns globulus 1889 é a - Acacia secuerene a Z hdl a0 Do 1891 5 ay S pee pepend teat 4 2-69 9 Eucalyptus robusia and Acacia decurrens have proved to be the best growing trees on these clearings; Acacia melanorylon grows slower, and LHucalyptus globulus does not seem to thrive. This may be due to the roots reaching slab rock, the covering of soil appearing to be thin Pro a Nuwara Eliya plantations the blue gums planted in 1888 average 17 in. in girth and 40 ft. in height, and the Cryptomeria of the same age 6°67 in. in girth and 14 ft. in height m the Kachcheri clearing, while in the nursry clearing the blue gums of 1888 only average 12°04 in. girth and 28 ft. in height. In this clearing the average girth of Acacia melanozylon of the same age is 6:25, and the average height 20 ft., while Acacia decurrens, also of the same age, attains an average girth of 2367 in. and height of 40 ft. The Zucalyptus robusta planted in 1891 has not done qaite so wellasat Nanu-oya, as it averages only 462 in. in girth and 14 ft. in height. These plantations are getting on very nicely, but are some- what expensive, as the arca added during the year and the upkeep of former plantations cost upwards of R73 per acre. : ? ' The Galboda Railway fuel plantations huve given rise to much discussion and correspondence during the year, owing to the large number of vacancies in all the clearings. I have made allusion above to some of the causes of failure, and as sp+cial reports have already been submitted to Guvernm:nt by Oiptain Walker and by myself, there is not much -need for me to dwell at Jength on the causes of ‘failure. 14 may however be said that where the soil preved to be suitable, supplies were put in, nearly 20,000 plants being used. These are doing will, ex- ‘cepting some seedlings taken from clumps of forest and plantad on Penrhos, which were not able to stand the sudden change of surronndings. and withered. On Blackwater field Grevillea, Acacia melanouylon, and Hucalyptus robusta are doiny best ; on Dekinda Grevillea; while on Pen- thos Grevillea, Cassia siamea, jak, and Adenanthera pavonina »re growing well. The Mapakanda field is still very bare and wants re-stocking. The plantations Bd the adjoining | “THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 265 ADA, of the Central Province has cost up to date R53:35 per acre, but if the revenue obtained from read planted be deducted, this cost ia reduced to R33°29. EastERN Proyince.—The terk chenas cannot be called successes. Most of them. especially the more recent ones, consist of esheets of illnk eross with scattered teak poles. The granting of auch chenss has been abrntone4d, and I think thet the efforta of the Forest Derartment shou'd consist in ful'v stocking these areas with teek trees or + ther quickly growing species, which will fight euc-essfully with the invading grass. Twelve acres were taken up departmentallp near the Tompalancholai reathouse, but the anccess was not very geat. I have received no meseurements of growth from this Provirce, NortH-WEsTERN PROviINcE.—In this Province all the plantatiors are doing well, except the portion which was taken up at Pattalam for teak. Thie was uneuceessful owing to failure of the monsoon. The plantation of teak and jak at Kumbalpola, 10 scres in extent, is deing well, and has only cost R525 in three years, while that of Sundapola which is equa'ly successful, and which now covers 89 acres, hes cost less than R3,000. This plantation is chiefly of teak and jak, but also contains o*her asperies, such as satin, margora, and the large-le.ved mahogany, while the place is full of self-sown seedlings of Innnmi- della (Melia dubia) and aleo of jak, for the forest contains a number of wild jak trees. The planta are putin partly in well-cleared strips end psrt'y under shelter of the forest, which has however been consi- derably thinned. It will however he necssary to make further thinnings, as tbe voung planta are growing far too lanky and spindly, I think these would benefit by beine toppe4, The large-leaved mahogany supplied by Dr. Trimen is doing very well indeed, the saplings being etraight and sturdy. Mr. Fvers, the late Aasistant Conservas tor, and Mr. Felsinger, the Forest Ranger, deserves great oredit for ths efficient manner jin which this plantation has been made. At PutTaLam !9 acres were added, but they were only very partially successful. In this case the old aystem wasno longer adhered to of making a cleaa felling of the jungle and planting over the whole area, but strips 15 ft. broad were ont 45 ft. anart and planted, each with three rowso plants. Howerer, the monsoon frile? anla rr-at number died. The remainder, which wer® growing on the outside rows on the strips, were saved by the shade which they obtained from the sdjoinirg junele. I found that the strips had not been cleared eufficiently well, and left instructions to Jeave no overhanging trees. The older plantations are doirg wl, the last one made by Mr. Armitage at the end of 1891 h-ing partioularly success- fol. The thinning which ‘he late Asst, Conservator, late Forester, and myself made at the end of 1891 in the 1885 plantation has done much good, many trees which showed signs of supp-ession having thrown out new leaders. A similar op°ration was carried out in the 1886 plantation by the Assistant Conservator, the Forester, and myself shortly after the close of the year, but fever trees were taken out, as the plot had been maltreated by Mr. Gordon-Cumming while Forester. I have not been furnished with any measurements, and cannot therefore state the average increase in girth for the plantations of different years. The cost of plantations in this Province has been up to date R40-17 per acre, or if the value of timber sold and granted free be deducted only R31:60 per acre. Province or UvA.—Judge’s Hill plantation. This has probably been the most expensive plantation in the Island. Half anacre has been added during the ear, and its total extent is now 245 acres. The noll on which it is situated was originally covered with mana grass. The soil is poor, and the prison labour, which was at first lent for this work, was not regular. and unable to cope successfully with the weeds which kept springing up. No drains were eut, and in one place there must have been con- siderable sconr. Hero, the plantation is still not quite stocked; elsewhere, the plants are doing fairly well, 266 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. 2, 1894. especially near the high road. The cost of this ‘plantation up to date has been over R190 per acre. HLLADALWWA PLANTATION.—Of the 27'5 acres added ‘during the year, as shown inform 5, only 2°5 acres were fully stocked; the remainder was only cleared and holed. This plantation is a decided success, the sapu especially showing up very well. HAroraALH PLANTATION.—This is only 44 acres in ‘extent, an attempt to enlarge it having failed. It con- sists of Healyptus robusta with a few Aacia melanoxylon, the latter being suppressed by the former. The younger trees have formed complete leaf canopy and are doing well. BANDARAWELA PATANA PLANTATION.—This was aban- doned during the year, the land being wanted by the ‘Railway Extension Department. Two newplentations were started by order of the Governmet Agent at Ban- ‘darawelsa, one near the railway tank and another near the depot. The land was only cleared and holed, but no plants put in. I do not put any faith in scat- tered small plantations. The cost of plantations in Uva amounts up to date of R102-05 per acre. Appendix B shows the measurements taken in the different plan- tations by the Assistant Oonseryator. Proy1noE oF SABARAGAMUWA.—Para Rubber Plan- tations. A emall addition was made to the Edangoda ‘plantation, and 21 acres wera added to the Yattipowa plantation. This addition was however not fully planted up before the end of the year. The celay was mainly due to the contractor, who put off clear- ing the jungle until the rains came on, with the result that the wood bad all to be collected and removed before anything could be done in the way of planting, and by that time the season was over, The seed procured for this piece was therefore put in a nursery and will be planted in 1893. At Edangoda the trees planted in 1890 are ove: 20 ft. high on an average, and look moderately healthy. They are, however, a8 yet far too lanky for their height, notwithstanding the amount of light which reaches them; and it is to be hoped that during the next few years they will develop in girth rather than in height. The same remarks apply to the young trees of 1891 planted at Yattipowa, which are liable to ‘be knocked over by wind. It is evident that this tree requires shelter from wind, and a good soil. At Yattipowa the growth on the tops of the knolls is very poor, and Mr. Lewis and I have agreed that it will be advisable not to plant them with rubber trees in future. At Epancopa the plantation was extended 10 acres above the road with the object of ascertaining whether jak can grow on ordinary jungle land. The experi- ment has been a success 60 far except where cattle has been able to get at the young plants. Should this plantation continue to be a success, there is 00 reason why hundreds of acres of poor chena land adjoining the Kalu-ganga should not be planted up. There igs now a very great demand for this valuable timber, and it is to be feared that unless steps be taken by Government to satisfy this demand the gardens near Colombo and Moratuwa will be stripped of their fruit trees, A small attempt was made by the Assistant Oonserva- tor to plant hal aud nedun on the low ground in the Para plantations, andit has been made apparent that both of these trees require some shelter to start with, Hal was only moderately successful, while nedun was a total failure. It is worth noting that some natural ‘seedlings of nedun, which had sprung up on the edge of the jungle, and were separated from those planted only by afew yards, are doing well. Sundry experi- mente were tried by the Assistant Conservator with the object of ascertaining the effect of light, shelter, and total exposure on young seedlings, with the resalt that he has come to the conclusion that most young plants indigenous in the wet zons require shelter to start with. The teak plantations of GABELLA had to bs abandoned. Not one of the plants survivei a second year. It is evident that the soil was not favourable to this species. - The cost of plantationsin this Province up to date is 78°84 per acre, or, after deducting revepue ob- tainedfrom the acres planto*, over’ R70:27 per acre. ImPRovEMENT FRLLINGs AND CREEPER ODTTINGS. —Smejl improvement felliugs have been made here and there. but without anysystem. AsI have stated be- fore, I am very anxious that this work should be started, but Assistant Conservators do not show particuler zeal in this respect. Perhaps some of them, like the Agsis- tant Conservator, Central Province, consider that improvement fellings should invariably be paying con- cerns, and that itis not worth while attempting any, unlegs it gives an immediate return. Lf such falla- cious idess are allowed to prevail, the forests will benefit very little from having especial officers appointed to look after their welfare. The area in the Kalugals forest, Kurunegala District, over which creepers were cut in 1891, is reported to show marked improvement. In the Eastern Province 150 acres of the halmilla forest of ‘Veraua were cleared of creepers ata cost of R236'76, or R158 per acre. Experiment in Exotice.—No new exotics were tried this year. The Deodar plants at Nuwara Eliya have failed, and Pinus longifolia is coming up well only in thenursery. At Bandarawella it was a failure. —————— INDIA AND CHINA TEAS IN AUSTRALIA. (From Rowbotham & Co.'s Monthly Tea Market Report.) Sypnex, Aug. 31st, 1893. Cuma, The ‘“ Guthrie,’ with the first shipment of the new season’s China teas, arrived on the 3rd in- stant, and the month’s business has been chiefly confined to the disposal of her cargo. About 22,000 packages were printed for the first sale on the 8th. Althongh only a few lots were eventually passed in, there was a great want of animation in com- arison with peek years. Bidding was slow and esitating, and buyers appeared undecided as to their intended operations. Irregular prices were the natural result. Several lines have been turned over since the sale at a fair advance, and similar bids refused for others. A bold, consistent buyer would have done a good day’s business for himself, and made a considerable difference to the sale; but the present general state of trade is undoubtedly a check on speculative enterprise even when the prospects are most favorable. The liquor value ob- tained for the prices paid is about the same as last year, but the make of leafis much inferior. There is also a much larger proportion of dust than usual. This is specially noticeable in the finer grades ; and although it has doubtless improved them in cup, it has, im several instances, seriously depre- ciated their local market value, Referring to the laid down cost, in comparison with last season, we do not see that any advantage has been reaped on this side from the fall in exchange, and we rather incline to the view that, taken all round, the teas have cost more than they did last year, and that results, so far, have not been satisfactory to importers. The bulk of the shipmeut consists of Panyong and Ching Wo kinds. Kaisows seem to have been avoided. A few Padraes were shown, but not of the finer grades. INp1a. ArrivaLs.—"' Mombassa,” packages. Some small shipments ex “ Mombassa” and the mail steamers have arrived, and met with ready sale ; the greater portion of them being Darjeelings with more strength and more color in the cup than is usual with the early pickings. Prices have ranged from 73d for useful whole leaf pekoe souchongs to 1s 3d for fine, true flavored orange pekoes, CgYLOoN. _ArrivaLs.— Victoria,” from Colomho, 700 packages “ Qrmuz,’ from Colombo, 650 packages. : CEYLON, from Calcutta 416 Ocr. 2, °1893.| These have been arriving in smaller quantities, and have not had so much attention as heretofore. The advance in Colombo during the past three weeks is equivalent to as much as15 per centon teas costing 9d and under; and, if the present rates continue, the trade will haye to accommodate them- selves to a higher range of prices. We quote fair pekoe souchong, 73d to 83d ; pekoes, 83d to 9d; fine pekoes, 94d to 105; broken pekoes, 95d to 1s 4d. Same Season period las¢ season. Shipments from lb. Ib. China to Oolo- nies «. 1893-4 to 28July 3,901,480 6,555,494 Shipments from India to Colo- nies .. 1893-4 to 17 July 404,244 Shipments from Ceylon to Colo- nies ... 1893to 38rd Aug. 3,742,865 3,018,000 Excuancr.—Foochow on London, 6 months, 23 7éd, Calcutta on London, 6 months, 1s 3Zd; Colombo on London, 1s 34d. FrricHts.—Foochow, 40s; Calcutta, 40s; Colombo, R35. 143,237 | NORTH BORNEO DEVELOP. CORPN. (To the Hditor of the L. and C, Express.) _ Sir,—As Mr. J. G. T. Hassell, secretary of the above-named company, in your issue of 9th ult., doas not mention why it is [am no longer in the company’s employ, and as inferences detrimental to me may -be drawn from his remark, I wish it to be known that the company dispensed with my services for want of funds and their inability to keep me on, and not for any fault of mine, as the accompanying letter from Mr. Pryer shows, and that after I had done all the hard work in opening out and planting up their estates, though wnuen engaged I was led to believe the company was in a flourishing condition, which sub- sequent events have shown they were not. My letter in your issue of 2nd ult. was written in the interest of the public in general, the shareholders, and of British North Borneo. Had Mr. Pryer the sprouting coconuts Mr. Hassell says he was in want ot, he would not even then be anywhere near the “about 1,000 acres in all under cultivation,” as there are not more than 600 acres in all of the company’s land filled, and about 150 acres of that not cleared. Time, and that in a few months, will show whether I or Mr. Pryer and Mr. Hassell are right with regard to Manila hemp and sugar. As to coconuts it is a far cry; but all the same I am aware they pay in the end, if properly planted, not stuck about promiscu- paely anywhere, as has been done on the company’s and, I certainly have a firm faith in coffee for Borneo, and thatit will yet be an important coffee-growing country, and I sincerely trust I may yet see the company’s land taken up for that purpose by ex- perienced and practical men. Ooffee will certainly pay if properly managed, and I state this with over seventeen years’ practical experience as a coffee lanter; and had the company and Mr. Pryer gone in for coffee only his and their ‘‘ visions’ of wealth and prosperity for the country would to a certain extent be justified.— Yours faithfully, Labuan, July 19, 1893, J. Hamintron Hunter, Sandakan, Dec. 27, 1892, My dear Hunter,—It is with considerable regret that I have to tell you that at the end of three months from this date your services will no longer be required by this company. In sending you the annexed three months’ notice of the termination of your agreement, while telling you that as matters are at present you must consider it as final, yet I am not without hope that this company may largely extend its operations at some future time, in which case L would give your application fox angther en. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: 26): —_ ~ — gagement the first consideration. As to when this may take place I am not in a position to say at present. I may take this opportunity of expressing my satisfaction of your work on the Byte and Weaton Jervis Estates, especially with regard to the large acreage of coffee planted up there under very trying circumstances.—Yours very truly, (Signed) W. B, Pryar, Manager, (True Copy.) J. H. Hunter. a NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. JoHorH TEA.—A contemporary, referring to the natural products of the soil of Johore, and the means taken by the Sultan to develop them says :—‘‘ Especi- ally in regard to tea bas the soil proved efficacious, giving it a delicious aroma and flavour that tothe taste of many connoisseurs placed it ahead of the original Assam, or the now famous Ceylon tea. The Sultan of Johore is now in Americaattending the Chicago Exhibi- tion where he has sent numerous samples of tea. It ia ex- pected than an important market for Johore tea will be found in the United States.” There are a great many expectations about the market for tea in the United States, and it is to be hoped the Sultan will uot be dis- appointed. InDIAN AGRICULTURE AND ITs ImPROVEMENT.—The complete report of Dr. Voelcker on the best means of improving Indian agriculture has been received by the Government of India, and forms the subject of a circular addressed to the several local Governments. Itis stated that in 1889 Dr. Voelcker was sent out by the Secretary of State ‘to advise as to the best course to be adopted in order to apply the teachings of agricultural chemistry, and in order to effect im- provements in Indian agriculture,’ His preliminary recommendations led to the appointment, in October last, of an agricultural chemist, who takes the position of the expert asked for by the Government of India. In his detailed report, Dr. Voelcker makes numerous recommendations for the im- provement of agrioulture, many of them cov. ering the same ground as those of the Fa- mine Commission of 1880, which have been only partially carried into effect, The Govern- ment state that they still adhere to the principles of a comprehensive scheme based upon the report of that commission, issued in 1881, but that they desire theie chemist and the provincial Agricultural Depart- ments to take part in a organised system of enquiry before any schemes of agricultural improvement on a large scale areattempted, The enquiry is to inclade a systematic analysis of soils, water, manures; the collection of information relating to existing agricul- tural practices throughout India, and the best means of improving them; and the consideration of the direc- tions in which experiments can best be applied. In order to obtain a sufficient discussion of the whole subject the Government have invited the local Govern. ments to send representatives to a conference at Simla, to be opened on Oct. 2nd whenthe principal proposals of Dr. Voelcker’s report will be specially considered, Tue Inpra CounciL AND SinverR.—Bar silver for immediate delivery has been in strong demand for India and China, and the price is 34343. As, however, indicatiug the course of the market in the near future it may be remarked that the metal was offered for delivery at the end of September at 333d and into October at 33d. Last week the Indis Uouncil sold nothing, but they had little opportunity, for there was prectically no demand. On Wednesday they offered forty lacs, and more than forty lacs were ap- plied for at a price slightly over the exchange of the day, but they retused to allot.—Z. and C, Jail, Sept. 1. ee et Kew Butretrin of Miscellaneous Information for August has for contents:—St. Vincent Arrowroot; Pulping Liberian Ooffes; Fibre Investigations in the United States; Decades Kewenses, VI.; Henequen Hemp in Yucatan ; Californian Fruit Indusiries ; Plant jodustrios in tho Caucasua; Miscellaneous Notey 268 MINERAL OILS AS FUEL: IN THA FACTORIES IN THE NEAR FUTURE; AND THE COST. We have been much struck by the advance made of ‘late yeara in the ugé of mineral oils for fuel for the generation of stiam. More particularly has this been the’ case in connection with the Chicago Exposition. Thére, these oils are the sole fuel employed for the large batteries of boilers which supply the steam, required to give motion to the many mechanical exhibits. Throughout Southern Russia nearly all the railway lines, as well as a large proportion of the local eteamer enterprises, are similarly served, and haye been BO, we understand, for a good many years past. These facts, as well as many others that could be quoted if necessary,.suffice to assure us that the difficulties in the, efficient burning of oil for the purposes mentioned have been overcome. Those difficulties as generally experienced were serious, and it seemed hopeless at one time to expect that they would be surmounted. The feeding of the oil in the shape of spray has, however, resulted in a success that has led to the widespread adoption of the system, and as we have above indicated, the latest development of if is to be seen at Chicago. Now, every year is bringing about among our- Belves an increased scarcity of fuel for estate factories, especisliy in some of the older dis- tricts. The manufacture of tea makes a far greater demand upon our restricted and rapidly diminish- ing fuel supplies than did the processes connected with the curing of coffee. To a very grest ex- tent, aleo, the treatment of the bean produced the fuel—coffee husk—required for ‘steam generation, No.such compensatory result attends the manu- facture of tea, anda scarcity of fuel is now felt fio not a few upcoountry localities that have hitherto been tolerably well supplied. It cannot be very long, we should say, before the augmenting cost of wood fuel must cause many planters to look about fora substitute. The objections that when writ- ing some years ago on the subject of fuel for estate purposes, we advanced to the adoption of mineral oil, have now been largely removed by inventive pro- gress; and there can be little doubt that ere very long, several of our upsountry factories will become dependent for their fuel on imported oils. While this prospect is developing itself, we find ourselves face to face with the imposition of an increased duty on this material. Now every year has shown that to meet cvmpetition, every means of economy must be praciised both in the culti- vation and in the preparation of tea. If, as we anticipate, the use of mineral oils on estates in large quantities becomes a necessity in the early future, how will our planting industry be affected by the increased duty to which we have referred ? Already, as we know, and even with the restricted purposes for while mineral oils are now used in this island, this increase in the duty has led to con- Biderable dissatisfaction. How much more will this be increased when such fuel becomes a necessity vital to the weli—being of our present chief industry ? We cannot ourselves say how far the present scale of taxation would apply in the case of such oils as might have to be imported for heating purposes only ; but we presume that these must come under the classification on which an increased duty has recently been laid: There can be no doubt that if what we think is likely to occur in the future should take place, the present clamour against recent fiscal legislation will be increased to a. point which must ensure {te abrogation. We are aware that some estates V7T ee =i y = ee “> THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oor. \2, 1893! have already in part resorted to the uee of coal fuel in consequence of the failure in the eupply of wood, Even at the present Jow soale of chipping freights the ays od of coal laid down on some ertates amounts to £4 per ton, and this rate in one or two instances has been exceeded, It may not be Jong before the existing rates of freight may become serious! higker. They may even be approsimatslp deabiad: Is it likely that when such an increase ocours the use of coal as in estate fuel can be main- tsined ? With large ebips specially built for the transport of . the liquid fuel it ie certain that the use of mineral oil will be less expensive than that of coal. All that is needed to adept furnaces for the consumption of oil is, to we read inthe scientific journals, a very inexpensive internal arrangement of bricks and ‘mortar end an almost similarly inexpensive arrangement of tubing. The change therefore would not involve a first expenditure likely to deter tea planters from making it. But if a high rate of i duty is to be maintained, not a few planteremsy find themselves cut off from the use of a fuel which alone seems to promise them a road of escape from difficulties that may become embarrassing in the near future. - he THE OLDEST CEYLON TEA ESTATES COM- PANY AND WHAT IT HAS DONE. We believe the Yatiyantota Tea Company Limited to be about the oldest connected with our staple industry. It commenced operations at the end of 1884 and during the year 1885 and 1886 planted 400 aores forest with Tea. The following dividende have since been paid :— per cent. On 1888 working oe ony aa 1889 i os oo: ae: 1890 ,, B: «. 25 1891 95 oe oe 40 1892 ‘a os «+ 80 1893 a (interim) aa ae 157 and the following sums have been set aside from profits to credit of sn ‘ Extension Fund ’ :— From 1889 working account .. R6,500 na 1891 ” eo» 18,500 » 1892 ,, «« 7,500 R27,500 It should not be overlooked that during the incubation period the shareholders got no interest on their capital, but they have been amply repaid since. The paid-up Capital of the Company now is R100,000. It owns 1,440 acres of lenu (Polatagama plantation inthe Kelani Valley) whilst 669 acres are planted with tea. Mr. Geo. Maitland is the efficient manager ; Mr. Chas. Young, Inspector of the Estate, and Messrs. Whittall & Co, Agents. The oldest of our Tea Companies certainly reflects credit on the Industry and Colony. ; _—__»—___ TEA AND HELOPELTIS. A mid-Dimbula planter writes :—“«1 am pleased to say that I have seen no signs of the pest on this estate mor have I seen any on other estates that I have travelled through in this district. I have not been to Kadugannawa lately, but my con- ductor there tells me he has seen nothing to dig- turk the dush on the trees.” ? = Oct, 2, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 269 FOREST CONSERVANCY. Among the many Administration Reports furnished to Government, there is perhep3 none more gene- rally interesting to the commuoity than that of Mr. A. F. Bioun, Oonrervator of Forests. S me years ago, Mr. F. D’ A. Vincent afforded us a taste of what @ first-c:ass Anglo-Iudian Officer could do in the way of investigating, and then preparing a valuable Report where a free hand was sfforded him. We are in no danger in Ceylon of incurring the penalty which has falien on ceitain lands from the ruthless destruction of ther forests and malgre Sir Arthur Gordon and the Spectator, even had there been no Order from Downing Street shutting off from public sale a!l forests at an altitude oyer 5,000 feet, this islacd in the pathway of the two monsoons, and with its moist olimate on the mountain zone, could scareely run the risk which has been inourred by some other Colonies less favourably situated. As it is, our planters in the higher districts have, of their own accord, set to with their usual energy to plant pp their reservee, their waysides and bare places with useful timber or fucl trees and in some districts we havea process of re-afforesting going on of a most interesting character, apart’ from the Forest Department altogether, But that does not affect the very important work of the Forest Department in its various branches as related in the Report before us. The Conservator bas really entered ons notable work in this little isk:nd avd one that is bound to produce much good fruit if be is only allowed to carry it on steadily and judiciou.ly, But alas! even in ree= pect of Forest Cunservatin, there must needs be wheels withia wheels snd avast amount of red- tape to b» overcome. It is quite pitiable to read Mr. Broun’s account of how his efforts to push on with the duties assigned to himself and his Staff are baffied by certain public ser- vants who chovore to te obstructive. In A previous Report we were told that at the rate the work was progressing it would take ‘400 years to reserve the valuable forests of the island if they still exist by that time.” This time Mr. Broun reports a rather better rate of progress, though still unsatisfactory. Here is a epecimen of the Conservatur’s experience and of the treatment meted out to him and his staff :-— 1 beg to place on record that many forests are re- seryed or proposed to be reserved without the slightest reference to me. The Hon. the Government Agent, Western Province, whenever he wi-hes to have an acre set aside for reservation, a'wayer-fers ali tLe papers for my opinion, but as mgards tie forests in Sabara- gamuwa I kuow nothing uutii Ise the noticein the Government Gazette. luo a scotion of the amended Forest Ordinance iv is etated that the Conservator may, as regard reserve forests, be invested with poweis ots Government Agent avd made diectly respourible with the aumi: istration and working. Itseems rather strange then that tue officer who may be most in'er- esied in the management of these areas should have DO means of expressing his opmion 4s regards the ~ advisability or otnerwise of reserving them. In a report to Government submitted towards theend of 1891, I stated that there were, es- pecially in the Northern, North-Central, and Eas- tern Provinces, vast itcacts of forests which were practically free of rights, and the settlement of which need not be delayed by waiting for detailed surveys. I am very esger to have these aress re- Served, as the framing of even the roughest work ng lans canvot be made for undefined and unsettle! areas, have rectived proposals from diffrent Pr.yvinces, pea i, hone wat Goyerument may take the matter 809, —— In paragraph 14 of my annual report for 1890, and in paregraph 10 of that for 1891, I memtioned tbat a piece o' Isnd had been taken up within the Hupu- tele reserved forest withcut my knowledge, and that the land had not been excluded from the reserve. So far from anything having be:n done, an sdéitionsl piece was taken up, and nowa number of buildings have been erected within the re:ervid forest without any atiention being made to the provisions of the Forest Ordinance. Ali these encroa hments have beep countenanced by the Government Agent, who is ex officio the Chief Forest Officer for the Province ! A very bad example isset to private persons when the very «fficers whose duty it isto see the law duly carried out expose it to such ridicule. It is im- possible for officers of the Department to take a real interest in their work-when those who should really belp and adyise them do their bestto make a feroe of the laws which should enable them to protect th ir foreste. Ths dealings between Assistant Conservatora and Governm-nt Agents bave been satisfactory in seven cut of the niie Provinces. Of the otber two the les: said the bett r. In order to regulate these re‘ations, and to d fine exactly the duties of the A-ristaut Cons=:yators, Government issued a circular, which was meavt to be obeyed, but which was set at paught by the Hon. the Government Agent, Western Province. The reru't is, as far as 1 am at present concerned, that the office accounts are in such a state that I am unable to obtain the annual forms necessary for my annual report. I am there- tore unable to state how far the Province itself bas derived benefit or otherwise from the régime which ix 1ow in force, I may however be aliowed to doubt that a system which necessitates ‘ constant appeals to Government from ‘one side or the other can be beneficial, : What would Governors Sir Henry Ward or Sir Hercules Robinson—to mention no more— do, if such a Reportcame before them? It is scarcely necessary for us to desoribe their action, but we venture to say there could be no further complaint of the kiod?—We haye already laid before our readers one of the most interesting potions of Mr. Broun’s Report in the description he afforded of the several Pian- tations undertaken by his Staff under his direction. There is further interesting remaiks in re- ference to ‘Natural’? as well as ‘ Artificial” Reproduction, and the foundation ig being laid for the collection of a vast amount of most useful information respeoting the very valuable property of the Crown and public in the Ceylon Forests. We must, however, reserve further detuile, merely giving the Value of the Proiuce sold by the Department in 1892:—to Public Departments R272,165; Private Purchasers R197,099—total R480,885. There were besides free grants of Forest Produce: to the Chicago Exhibition for inttsnce, and the Stock in depéds at the end of ths year was valued at R229 931. In 1891, after defraying all the charzes und the cost of the Hstabiish- mept there was a deficit of R31,170; in 1892, the deficit was only R13,L78—so that for 1893 we may expeet the Forest Department to be self. supportng, while the work of Forest Conservation and Reproduction (in Plantations and otherwise) cannot fail to be a very profitable one to the Colony as time rolls on. TINPLATE MAKERS AND THE TEA TRADE, The suggestion is being revived in some quarters for the employment of tea chests in the tea trade made of tiuplate iustead of jead-lined woud as at present, Iu this connection it ia poin'ed out that the Ceylon and Indian tea trade continues to grow ® 4 246 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. the expense of the Chinese business—a matter not at all unsatisfactory to Britieh tinplate makery, During last year the imports of Hast Indian tea into this country increased by twenty-two and # half million pounds, while the consumption of the Chivese end Japanese leaf declined by eighteen million ponads. Herein is encouragement for the tinplate mekers to renew their efforts to get the Indian tea exporters to take up with metal instead of wooden chests. It has been proved over aud oyer again that the metal articles are stronger, lighter, and more durable than the Chinese timber productions. We know of no sufficient reason why the Indian exporters should continue to send their orders for packing cases to Japan instead of to South Wales end the Midlanis, and we should greatly rejoice to see & radicalchange n this direction.— Money and Trade. i CINCHONA BARK AND CUBEBS FROM JAVA. O1ncHona.—The detailed figures relating to the exports of cinchona from Jaya during the season which closed on June 30th last have just been received. They show the following result :— Govt. Private Total Plantation Plantation Amster- Amster- Amater- dam. Season. dem |b. dam lb, Ib, July 1, 1892 Ine. 80,1893 645,124 7,309,966 7,955,090 do "91 do 792 605,792 7,181,075 7,786,867 do '90 do 91 563,255 6,323,561 6,876,816 do ’89 do 790 541,481 4,579,787 5,121,268 do ’88 do ’89 815,506 3,599,525 4,415,031 OuBEBS.—The exports ot cubebs trom Java ducwg the last five years (seasons from July lst io June 30th) haye been; 1892-3, 3,244 piouls; 1891-2, 2,207 piculs ; 1090-1, 1,378 piculs ; 1889-90, 1,853 piculs ; 1888-9, 888 piculs.— Chemist and Druggist. ————EE— CINCHONA BARK. Sept. 7. . Ameeting was heldon July 27th, at the office of one of the firms in Batavia (Java) interested in the exportation of cinchona, to consider the question of restricting the exportation of bark from the island until prices shall become more remunerative. Rather over one-third of all the Java planters were repre- sented at the meeting, andit was in principle agreed to restrict the shipments for the present year to 75 per cent. of the estimated output of the plantations, and to send a memorial to the Goyernment asking them to fix a minimum below which no Government bark shall be sold at the Amsterdam auctions; to suspend entirely the harvesting of cinchona at the Government plantations for the present; and to remove all the special taxes upon cinchona planta- tions which are now in force. A further meeting, this time of the Planters’ Association, was convened for August 10th, at which the matter was to be further discussed. At the bark-sales on Tuesday , Mr. David Howard proposed, and Mr. Tabor, of the firm of W. Cole & Co., seconded a motion, that it shali in future be permissible to advance bids on single lots of cinchona park by zd, and on whole bales by gd per Ib. at a time. The object of this alteration is to make the London bidding resemble somewhat more closely that of Amsterdam, where advances are made by Ic or 4c at a time. Some further discussion arose as to the desirability of getting the brokers to offer manufac- turing barks by larger parcels than is now the case. At present the rule is to break the parcel up in lots of about 5 pales each, whereas in Amsterdam the whole parcel, often aggregating 80 bales or more, is offered in one lot. Ona this eubject, however, no definite agreement was arrived at, though tome brokers appeared to be willing to adopt the change if it »touid be generally agceptable to the sellers, —Chemist and ‘Preggist, ‘and ignorance, [Ocr. 2, 1893.’ EASTERN AGRICULTURE. (Communicated, ) In his Report om the ‘* Improvement of Indien Agriculture’ (@ volume of over 400 pages) Dr. Voeleker does not accept the general idea which prevails in Engiavd and even in India, that the system of the natives is on the whole primitive aod backward. He believes that while in some parts of the country, Agriculture is capable of improvements by the application of Science or otherwise, in other parts, the cultivators are best left alone. Speaking of the Indian ryot, Dr. Voelcker says,—he keeps his land free from weeds, he is ingenious in devising means of watering hig crop, he knows the different qualities of soil. and their capabilities, he is an excellent judge of the exact time to sow and to reap, he knows the necessity of rotation and of letting hic lands lie failow, and he is ap adept at raising mixed crops, The modifications of existing circumstance,—saye Dr, Voeleker,—should be efiected by measures taken by the people themselves, snd by the Government, whose special business it is to test and introduce the applications of modern science which are euitable for India, and to diffuse a knowledge of scientific principles among the people, Prejudices of race and caste, in hig opinion, eon- elitute the main difficuity im the amelioration. of Native Agricuiture where it is capable of amprove- ment, but he is encouraged to believe that these prejudices cen be overcome by tbe spread of education. Dr. Voeicker strongly adyiees that means should be provided whereby practical effect can be given to the teachings and recommendations of the Agricultural Department.. He remarks that if it is necessary—though he does not admit the wxecessity—that European officials should take part in the administration of the Agricultural Depariment, then these officials should receive instruction in Agri- cultural methods, particularly as carried on under native conditions. Tere is another erroneous idea whieh is com- monly preyaient, aud tbat is that there is no dif. ference belween the Native Agricuiture of India and that of Ceylon (we mean. Sinhalese Agriculture), It need hardly be said that this view is held oniy by those who have never travelled in the neigh- bouring Continent, or bad an opportunity of seeing the cultivation of the iand as practised by the Indian ryot and comparicg it wiih the methods of the Oey.ou goy:iya. We donot by any means intend to make iuvidious COmparisons between the two with the object of pillorying the much-maligned goyiys, or holding bim up as an incarnation of apathy So far from doing this, we are inclined to follow Dr. Voelcker’s exampie and say that there is as much to be commended in the Native Agriculture of Ceylon as in that of India. But it would be absurd to say, with a knowledge of Indian Agriculture as practised particulariy in the Madras, Bengal and Bombay Presidencies, that Native Agricuiiure has arrived at such a stage oi advancement in Ceylon as it has in India, The struggling on in the face of difficulties created by the absence of water and manure with extraordinary patience, referred to by Dr. Voelcker, ig characteristic of the ‘Indian ryot. No one who has seen the ‘“ hard-labour” involved in sup- plying water to plants in the arid regions of the Jeccan will for a moment think of placing the ryot and the goyiya upon the same platform, when it is remembered that no effort is made to irrigate by means of wells when the raing fail, or to utilize tae manure that-is available to him, by the Ceylon cultivator, tne ae 4G \ Oct. 2, 1893.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 291 [What a paradise Northern and North-Ocntral Osylon would present to a settlement of such ryots, overcrowded as they are in many parts of India, if the Indian authorities would bear part of the expense, at any rate, of the restoration ot a tank or tanks for their use.—Hp. 7. A.| Here is how Dr. Vosleker sums up his esti- mate of the ryot:—‘‘at his best the Indian cultivator is the equal, and perhaps the superior of the average British farmer, while at his worst his state is due to absence of water and manure, and he struggles on in in the face of the difficulties thug created with extraordinary patiencs,”’ Thisis indeed high praise and froma high authority. Practica of rotations of crops, mixed cultivation and other matters in which Dr. Vozlcker credits the Indian ryot with a superior knowledge, sre unknowa methods to the Sinhalese goyiya, whose cultivated crops, if we except paddy, are as poor ia numbsr as they are in the extent of their growth. Thare are of course exceptions to the rule, in the caces of a few enterprising and energotic natives of enlight-- ened views, and the pity of it is that these should be only exceptions. It behoves the Governmeat of this Colony to ponder over tho opinion of Dr, Vosloker, the emiaent Chemist to the Royal Agri- eultural Society of England, as fo its duties in relation to Eastern Agriculture. hero is much that can be done in the way of rousing up the Sinhalese cultivator and encouraging him to put his heart and soul into his work, by introducing to him new and paying crops and instructing him in methods of which he lacks a knowledge; and this we say is the cuty of Go- vernment to do in w systematic and whole hearted manner if it is to hava any good effact, The half measures and economic policy sdopted by the Government in its weak atiempt to improve Native Agriculture in Ceylon hays done more to bring ridicule upon Agricultural Education than any else. A. FINE BANIAN . TREE, At Bebron, séven miles vorth-sast of Madhupur railwiy station, thore is a vory fine banian tree, which appears to be very little known, although: if is one of the largast io India. The following measurements taken abool two years ago, will no doubt be of interest to some of one readers. : Circumference 1,200 fuet Hast to west AOS Yer; North to scuth Cite lars Longest branch 159 ” Total area covered 2% acres. In this sre 236 other trees, the whole forming a shady grovo of rospect- able size,—Indian Engineer, . eee THE CINCHONA SUPPLIES. A telegraphic report «from Java stutes that the shipments of ciuchona bark from that island daring the month of Juoe reached the nnusaally large figure of 900,000 Amsterdam 1b. This briags up the total for the Java senson 1892-3 (July 1st to Junge 30) to 7,900,000 Amsterdam Ib., which is the heaviest crop on record, Add tu this that the shipments for the first half of the present year amonnied to 4,000,000 Amaterdam lo., an unprecedented figure for that period and that the average quality of thy bark is steadily, if slowly improving, ani it wil! be scen that the sudden decline of 25 per coné at Ist week’s public sales in Amsterdam was by no means unjustified, The unit value for Java bark is at present equal to only §1 per lb., London terms, and it is possible that this c‘op may have the effect of drying up to some extent the enormous flow of ths bark supplies from Java. The Ceylon shipments are gradually dwindling but the deficit from tha} island does not balance the excess of the Java exports. Our Loadon stock on July Ist is returned at 37,944 bales only, against 45,310 in 1892, and 53,338 in 1891.—New York Drug Lteporter. Se PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURE IN CHINA. Conaiderable quantities of Portland cement are manufactured at a placa called Tongshan, about 80 miles from Tientsin. Consul Brennan says that the raw materials used at the Tongshan works are mountain limestone, fire clay, marl, and a rough kind of China clay, all of which are found in the immediate neighbourhood of the works. The fuel used is hard furnace coke, made on the premises from the local bituminous coal. The process of manu- facture is somewhat more elaborate than that adopted in the Thames works, much greater care and attention being necessary to ensure the production of good Portland clinker, The limestone and clays have first to be reduced to an almost impalpable powder. Their respective analyses being ascertained, it is then passed through the brush mill, from whence it is pumped into the “backs,” to be eventually moulded into bricks for burning into cement in the kilns. The greatest possible care has to be exercised at the washing part of the process, by reason of the limestone and clays being so vari- able in quality as itis delivered into the works, an analysis of the slip being necessary every half-hour or so. Owing, however, to the different densities of the raw materials used, they settle down in the “backs” in their distinctive strata, aod before the brick moulding can be done, it is necessary to. thoroughly turn over the “slurry’’ with the shovel, and tread it well under foot in order to obtain a unifurm mixture. The bricks are then transferred to the drying ovens, and in due time taken to the kilns for conversion into Portland cement clinker. Nothing but true clinker is ground at the Tongshan works. The resulting Portland cement is of great density, viz., 158 pounds per bushel. The present output is 300 tons per week, and that is the limit of the capacity of the works. It is all used at the various works of the Imperial Government, viz., harbours, forts, Yellow River Embankment, railways, arsenals, &c., very little finding its way into the hands of private consumers. There is every probability that the demand will soon be largely in excess of the existing works. The cement is guaranteed toyielda tensile strain of 400 pounds per square inch, after having been ‘enmeteel in water for seven days; and as a matter of fact, it invariably tests much higher. Hivery day's work is testedin the following manner:-— The man in charge of the grinding draws a sample from each pair of millstones every half-hour. At the end of the day the whole is mixed uniformly and taken tothe testing-room. It is there tested for fineness, and twelve test briquettes are made from the same, 23 per cent. of water being used in gauging the cement. After standing in the moulds for 24 hours—note having been made of the time occupied in ‘‘setting’—the briquettes are each marked and placed under water for seven days, ea:h_ being examined from time to time for any signs of blowing or shrinkage, the usual glass test being adopted as well; at the expiration of this time they are taken direct from the water and tested for tensibility and com- pressibility in patent cement-testing machines. If the cement passes the tests it is handed{over to the storekeeper for delivery. At the time of delivery it is again sampled and tested, and a record of each test is kept. For some considerable time difficulty was ex- a in obtaining cement of uniform quality. t was no easy matter to getthe ignorant Chinese coolie to understand the absolute necessity of accuracy and carefulness in every stage of the process. No reliance, whatever, could be placed upon the native foreman, nor any assistance excepted from them, their idons boine .s}ixand crade as those of the coolie. but uy dine ol perseverance and keeping to one set of men, something like systom has been ostablished 272 and the work technically proceeds with the utmost satisfaction, the output beiag as uniform in quality as it is possible to obtain anywhere. Tae fuel (furna*e coke) employed in the kilns was also a great source of trouble at first. Ino order to effect ibs combustion, a very free pas‘aze of airis necessary; but unless the greatest care is exercised at this stage of process, the heat produced is so intense that complete fusion at once takes place at the very bottom of the kiln, thus shutting off all drau:ht — in other words, the decarbo sisation and subsequent fusion of the upper layers of the kiln are arrested. By the introduction of air passag 28 throughout the depth of the kiln this difficul:y has been completely overcome, and the even and uniform clinkering of the entire mass is now effected with great regularivy, 48 hours b ing sufficient for a 90-ton charge. Owing to, the severity of the winter, it is impossible to do any mixi g for four months inthe year, so that the outputis limited to about 9,500 tous per annum. The works are in full swing 16 hours a day, including Saundays.—Journal of the Society of Arts. a QUININE CONSUMPTION AND THE SUPPLY OF. CINCHONA BARK: IS DEMAND TO EXOEED SUPPLY ? In summing up the information at our command in reference to the production and export of Cinchona Bark from diffsrent countries, the requirements of manufacwurers and the latest statistics of the production and consumption of Quinine,—th fact is borne in upon us that the prise of Oinchona Bark must erelong advance consider— ably unless Java planters choose to throw away their virtual command of the situation. So far as we can learn there are now seventeen manu- factories of quinine and alkaloid3 in the world; but of thase the German factories are by far the most important. Last year there are authentio figures to show that Germany exportei very nearly 8 million ounces of quinine and quinine salts, & quantity which even if made chiefly from Java bark (averaging close on 4% per cent), South American reaching to 7, with an admixture of-Oeylon and Indian of about 24 per cent, must have required from 12 to 13 millioa lb. of bark to give so large a yied., Ia estimiting the an- nual outturn, we have only veitured to put 400,000 1b. (6,400,000 ounser) of quinine down for the five manufactories in Germany ; agiiast 60,u00 Ib.: for four factories in the United States (a good deal of the bark in America and England and ppecially in Spain is used in the form of “ de- coctions"); 5),0001b. for two manufastories in England ; 30,000 1b. for two factories in Franes and the same for two in I:aly (Genoa and Milan) ; 10,000 lb. for one in Holand and 8,00) lb. for India, making a grand total of __ 538,000 1b., ‘although probably the rouad ten million ouaces of quiniae may be turned out in a busy year like the present. By far the gratest consumers fre the people of the southern States, and America ‘altogether requires close on 44 million _ ounces of quinine a year; while Ruasia, Southern and Middle Europe generally, and India come next ia, the list of consuming countries. '; Bor the, present. year, we make out that no less. than 21,200,000 lb. of bark must be used np (including requirements for bark degoctione, druggists’ show bark, some for brewers in ‘place of hops, »&a.),. of _ which Germany is credited as requiring :10 millon (probably below ‘the mark), rest of Rurop2an factories 5, England 2% and America 3. ‘But it is difficult to see ‘where all is to be got, even when we put dowa Java, for an export of 9 million Ib. of her rich bark .(to average, this year 4 -per cent), and THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. OE (Oct. 2, 189. allow for some of the rich South American barke rooning up to 7 per cert; but oaly a very limited quantity. Ceylon and Iadia are not likely to export more than 7 million lb. between them be got and this would leave over 5 million Ib. to from South and Qentral Americas. Now of late years the South American exports from wild or ‘indigenous trees have fallen very low indeed. Bolivia and West Africa have sent certain quan- tities of good bark to Europ: from eultivated trees. Bat it is vary doub:ral if bark cutting from indigenous trees can he resum-d at the present miserably low prices. No doubt a certaia quantity does still findits way to the coasts and to Europe, through the work of men who cannat well stiebdoa their old vocation aitoyether. We have allowed in our Estimate of Prodas.oa ab pat 24 million Ib. for Bolivia, Pera, Kouador, Colombis, N-w Granada &3, besides about one million ib. from ou tivated plsatations in Bolivia and West Afriva. These, we cannot help thinking to be liberal estimates, and yet they do not ensble us quite to cover the demand. So far as we can juige indsed, only large drafts during 1892.3, on existing stosks of bark, io London especially, have enabled the quin'ne manufacturers to get all they re- quired up to date, ani ualess our informa- on is @ good deal out as to manufacture and consumption of quinine,—which we cannot admit, because the best local authority generally agrees in our figures,—there ought really to be a better time approaching for the holders of cinchona bark. Our advice to plaatre is certainly to hold back their bark, or delay any harvesting, in the well g-ounded expectation of ‘good times comiag” >-at anyrate of better prices thaa the miserably inadequate quotations of birk prevalent for many months back. —_pqa>—__ SCARCITY OF COFFEE IN THE UNITED STATES. Brazil furnishes about 54} per cent of the world’s requirement of coffee, taking the average exports for five years as a basis of computation. It is apparent that any decrease in the Brazil sup- ply below a crop permitting of minimum exports of 6,000,000 bags, or 544 per cent of the world’s total sup- ply, means high prices until other producing countries extend their area under coffee to an extent great enough to produce and export an average of at least one-half of the world’s requirements —unleas Brazii has other years of exceptional yield, as in 189 '-92, when the receipts at Rio and Santos went 1,388,200 bags beyond the yearly average. Coffee calture is being pushed in Mexico, Central America and the United States of Colombia, but new plantations have not yet reached oie where they are able to push exports abreast f Brazil: and until ‘ that time is reached, high prices must rule. Consm tion has not increased since 1836 as much as it should in view of the inerease in opulation and the prosperous condition of the United States. It requires the stimulus of low prices and exceptional prosperity to advance coffee consumption in the old time ratio of about 9 per cent. per annum.— American Grocer, July 16. ii ‘COFFEE NOTES. The government of Costa Rica has repealed the ex- port ‘duty on coffee which was established by decree of May 29th, 1890 and December 29th, 1892, to aid in the building of the national theatre at San José. In lieu of that duty an increase of one cent per kilogramme has been ordered to be made in the wharfage dues incurred by all foreign merchandise imported in Costa Rica.- This new arrangement will take effect July 1st, 1893. The increase ia w dues is to be used for the same “‘purpose—that is, ; the completion of the ‘theatre.—Rio Vews, Aug. 8th, Oct. 2; 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 273 Our “Tropica AGRICULTURIST’’ GALLERY.— | A planter expresses his great satisfaction with the portrait which accompanies the September issue of our 7.4. It is in the style in which we hope all future portraits are to appear, though the execution must depend to some exteat on the faithfulness and clearness of the photograph placed at our disposal, The collotype of Mr. R, B. Tytler which goes with this issue is one of the best portraits of this ‘‘father of Ceylon planters” we have ever seen, and-dces him full justice—showing Mr. Tytler as he was in his prime and at his best, in the Colony.—Another planting correspondent expresses great satisfaction with the notice given of our deceased senior which accompanies the portrait in the September issue. QUININE AND THE PropLE or Inp1a.—The Indisn Government are certainly not failing in their duty to the people in respect of the cheap and freé distribution of quinine. Not only is all the bark harvested in the Sikhim Government Gardens and a great deal of that at the Nilgiris manufactured into a febrifuge for local use; but the importation of quinine within the last few years has nearly doubled. Thus in 1889-96, the total imports for India was 15,119 lb. while in 1892-3 it was 32,158 lb. (and over 30,000 in cach of the two preceding years), This means 514,528 0Z-,—an appreciable quantity when added to Mr. Gammie’s menufactured article; but still, what is the total of both fora yearamong 300 millions of people. The United States—mainly in the Southern States—for one-filth the population con- sumes fiye times a3 much quinine ! “Kew Buntetin.’’—Three numbers are before us—those for April, May, June and July. The articles on Economic Botany and Tropical Horti- culture are very serviceable to experts, but the general reader will feel greater interest in the miscellaneous notes which give an idea of the current work at Kew. The descriptions of new plants, Orchids, &c., render the Bulletin indispene- able to the systematic botanist. It is interesting to learn that the first head gardener at the famous garden of Buitenzorg was trained at Kew. His name was James Hooper, who on the recommenda- tion of Sir Joseph Baks joined the Embassy to Ohina under Jord Amherst, and was appointed to Buitenzorg in 1817, and remained there as head gardener till 1830, when he left Java for his health, but died before reaching Hurope.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. INTERESTING Facrs Anovt Siroccos.—The first sbip- ment to Mauritius: It may interest our readers to ; know that Mr- Harrie, the Jocal representative of Messrs. Davidson & Oo., is about to ship by the next B. I. steamer a 4-tray sirocco to Mauritius to the order of Mr. A. J. Oarson, the Superintendent of the Government Gardens, formerly on Oaunavare!la, Badulls, and well-known to many old residents in that district. It would appear from this that the “experimental garden” of the Government of Mauritius must be much larger than we had any idea of. There can be no doubt, we take it, that Mauritius can grow tea, for it bas a very forcing climate and a fertile soil; but whether labourcan be obtained cheap enongh to make the enterpris3 a success is another matter. Questioned on the subject of siroccos today, Mr. Harris said:—'‘How many siroocos have we in work in various parts of the world? Well!, it wou'd be difficult for me to give the exact figures, but, roughly speaking, there are 650 now at work ia Oeylon, and there are, I think, just about 2,200 of various kinds of siroccos in India, so that taking Java into consideration there cannot be farshort of 3,000 alto- gether—not a bad record?” : go Trea Serp O:.—It is well-known, of course, that the tea ceed is very juicy and oleaginous and a likely product to yield a useful oil freely ; but wo oan find no reference in any of the books at hand, to the manufacture or use of, or even experiments with, tea seed oil. We are obliged to our correspondent ‘“ Inquirer’ for sending us the first phial specimen we have geen of this oil and an expert to whom we have shown it, writes :— ‘‘T am glad to see a sample of tea seed oil, I don’t remember if this oil has any special qualities to giveit a price in the market, over and above the level of about £20 per ton. This is about the price any simple, non-medicinal oil, would be sure to command in the London market, Here we know nothing of the uses to{which oils ara applied, and there would be no local market for this oil until London declared what it would give for it.” Who can tell us anything further about tea seed oil? Has any one had it tried in England? The specimen phial can be seen at our office. FIpRE-EXTRACTING Macuine.—It would re- quire a much more definite report than that which Mr. D. Morris was enabled to give on ‘© Weicher’s Fibre Extracting Machine’’ before we should feel confidence in its practical success. We have so often hoped for a great success and been so often diseppointed. The Lieutenant Governor in ordering the report to be repros= duced from the ‘ Kew Bulletin” for June in the Government Gazette has caused an account of the well-known Sanseviera Zeylanica to be reproduced from the ‘‘ Ceylon Almanac” for 1853! This is going back a long way. Our file of the Tropical Agriculturist has much later information, including Bn account of a series of Colombo experiments made in the time of coffee depression, with a number of Oeylon-grown fibrous plants S. zeylanica among the rest. In summing up the chapter on ‘Fibre Plants’? in the Agricultural Review for our ‘ Handbook,” we have just been writing after noticing the great Mexican industry and trade in ‘‘Sisal Hemp,” that ‘‘when tea becomes less profitable, attention will be given to fibres and other new products,” Dr. Trimen has told us nothing about his Peradeniya plants of ‘‘ Sisal’? (Agave rigida var, sisalana) since his Report. of 1890—are they still thriving ? TEA 1N CEYLON: QuaNTITY AND Hicn Prices, —Mr. George Beck is the fortunate owner of twa first-class tea plantations in Dimbula in the crop- ping and working of which the best mode of combining good heavy crops with high prices in the London market, has been exceptionally well illustrated. Mail after mail for a long time back Henfold has stcodin the select list of high averages in the London Brokers’ reports, while the quan- | tity of tea made per’ acre as we learn from the proprietor, is so abundant as to be equal to, if not above the avcrage for plaatations of the same altitude. Mr. Beok, we find, attributes some impor- tance to his eystem of regular pruning every six months or 80 of ove-third his acreage; but we suspect even more is due to the fire soil on Henfold and St, Regulus and still more to the exceptionally good jat of the tea. Indeed the seed of a good deal of the latter was specially imported as only one remove from ‘'indigencus,’ and therefore we may take it that in addition to good management and cireful preparation, Henfcld with its good soil owes its pre-eminence very much to the fine jat of its tea, not only in yielding heavy crops per acre, but also a superior quality of tea—a quality which as Lane experts declare, combines strength and flayour to an exceptional degree, 274 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 2, 1854. THe Pruninc of Tea on Henroxp Esvate. —Mr. Beck send us a correction of our remarks as follows :— “You did not understand what 1 told you abcut the system of pruning on Henfold. We praue one-third of the acreage every six months, thatis to ray two- thirds yearly.” A New Use or Evcatyptus Leaves.—Have blue-gum leaves been at all tricdin Ceylon for the use thus mentioned in the Pioncer?—A small demand for eucalyptus leaves for cloaning locomotive boilers continues to exist in the North. West Provinces. Last year the Saharunpur Botanical Gardens supplied forty-six maunds, while the Lucknow gardens were indented upon to the extent of sixty-three maunds for various railways. Whether or not, therefore, the treatment eventually proves to be @ successful solution of this much-discussed difficulty, it would seem to be still considered sufficiently promising to be worth experiment. “ BANSEVIERA ZEYLANICA.”—We can scarcely believe that the Director of the Botanic Gardens was consulted as to the republication in the Government Gazette of Mr, W. O. Ondaatjes crude remarks on this plant so far back as 1853. The botanical name of the plant is not even correctly spelt in that paper, but for that matter we find there is a slip in the name in the “ Kew ELulletin ”! We should sey when any subject of this kind came to the front, or under the notice of the local Executive, that the Oolonial Secretary should at once refer the papers to Dr. Trimen, F.R.8., who would take care that the latest information within his extensive knowledge, was made ayail- able and in a really serviceable form. “Quintne Improvinc "—Is the heading of ati article in the New York Drug Reporter of August 7th which winds up as follows:— For several weeks past the position of quinine abroad has acquired considerable strength, valnes being higher and the tone decidedly firmer in all the im- portant markets, This improvement has had due effect here and holders have this week been doing business on a slightly better basis and the feeling is more sanguine than has been the case for a long time. The improved position of quinine has been approaching gradually, as our market reports will show, and with the increased demand for goods which is now developing, greater activity and steadier prices will doubtless prevail. CoFFEE CULTURE NEAR BaAncALoRE,—The Madras Times has a long description of what it calls ‘‘ A Unique Ooffee Plantation,’’ situated neat Bangalore, belonging to a Native Judge of the Madras Higb Court. But as the low cultivation only extends over and 51 acres Mr. Meenatchee Ayer has only 7 or 8 more acres available, his experiment should be more properly termed a horticultural one and when we mention that regular irrigation from wells over the area and manuring almost from the beginning are features of the Judge’s experiment, it may be seen that the whole has little bearing on coffee culture under ordinary conditions and on the area that would alone make it worth the while of Kuropeans or capitalists generally to take it up. With cheap labour, water, manure and money to spend, Judge Iyer can no doubt do wonders on his 15 acres, In Ceylon, men have experimented sometimes at an outlay of a rupee a tree and got 50 cents (8 annas) back! Still, we are bound to say that the Judge is not so extravagant, for he limits his expenditure apparently—if he counts everything ?—to R180 an acre ; but this course he does not include the cost of the Irrigation Wells pontossed to be 8,000 to R9,000, As to returns, 20 maunds (1,680 lb.—51 ewt.) are reported from 2,500 trees 3 years old, and thie year they are to give 14 ton. The trees are put 6 feet spart in holes dug 24 feet cubic. The detailed account is in ifs way interesting, which we give in full on page 223. AGRICULTURE IN NataL—is of interest to us here, becsuse of its mingling of the products and industries peculiar to temperate and sub- tropical regions. Here, for instance, are toa, Bugar and coffee exhibits at the Maritz- burg Agricultural Society’s Show discursed along with live-stock, poultry-rearing, fruit- growing, &c, The president of the above Society has issued a very interesting report which states in reference to the recent show that tes, sugar, and coffee were not exhibited as they should be. It then goes on :— “T bave elready spoken to several leading coast planters, who heve promised to assist us. Several gentlemen from the adjoining States have aleo promised to compete next year. The mumber of entries received was 1095, forming a record in South Africa. We had not only the entries, but the ex- hibits, which are the test of a show; a thourand entries may be good, but a thousand good exhibits are better. All classes, except sheep, were well re- presented, and the quality is year by year improving. Several exhibits in sheep from the Free State did not arrive, being prevented by the compulsory dipping required by our Scab Law. We have now red the debt ov the yard to £750, for which we are paying 7 per cent. Farming generally throughont the colony, I donot thinkhas had a good year but sugar-planters are having a glorious time an are mak ng about as mucn money as they could wish. Coffee is again looking up, and the tea industry is an estnb'ished success; but the np-country farmers have bad much to coutend with threugh diseases in stock, and very low prices for their produce bave prevailed thronghout the year. Farming, however, is being carried out generally on improyed liner, and fermers are realising that it is better to go in for less, and so do that well. Improved breeds of stock, better cared for, and improved methods of cultivation are antually becoming more popular, Oroshed meslie cob and winter oats form fp'endid food in winter, and no famer should lose an animal from property, but produce plenty of butter and milk, and have fat etock for sale carly in the spring. heard of a farmer selling spring lambs four months old at 17s. each; this should pay. Wattle-planting is atill being proceeded with ona Jarge scale, and even at present prices should pay well in favourable localities. Poultry- rearing is an induatry that has yet to be carried out successfully in Natal. I think it is about the only produce upon which there is yet no duty in the Transvaal. ‘The steamship companies would take large quantities of eggs and poultry if there was a reliable supply. Fruit culture should also pay in the midland districts. It is an absurdity that a single tin of jam should be imported into a country where sugar is made and tons of fruit are allowed to rot. After visiting farms in the Cape Oolony, I was more than ever convinced of the value of lime for stock. I believe the great value of the Karoo veld, which looks so barren, is the great quantity of Jime inthe soil. I trust that easier means will be available for farmers to test the soil. I believe most farmers are practically groping in the dark, not know- ing what manures are necessary for their Jands, or what crops they are most suited for, Stock stealing is a great nuisance, but district responsi- bility bas been enforced with good effect. This punishment and a emart detective force will do much to lessen this evil. Fencing has now become so generally erected that farmers wonder how they ever managed to do without it. Farmers should do their best to encourage industries. What the farmers want is population to feed, and so long as We im- ea See where is that population to comg - from ; Ray OG Oct, 2, 1893.] PLANTING OF SHADE TREES, The following is a tabulated statement of the number of shade and fruit trees actually growing, all of which have been planted since this merito- torious work was begun in 1890 :— Shade-giving Trees. Fruit Trees Bad cision apiiarais 3 : +3 sw By cdoste slivehgee 108 Province. a 5 Bs 3 § | a ae Sty aka HH os Hwa Western oH 361 31 ad 591 Central ee 2,162 823 1,314 1,078 Northern ... 3,404 10,926 ae, 1,202 Southern ae 1,944 10 ind 558 Eastern ee 4,496 1,307 of 505 North- Wester 1,553 Hon nes 14 North-Centyral., 3,252 ie ae 1,540 Uva ob 3,306 392 ate 202 Sabaragamuwa. 329 ae nae 579 Total.. 20,807 13,489 1,314 6,269 The protection thus afforded the weary traveller will extend over many miles of principal roads. The trees have been planted 60 feet apart and al- ternately on each side; unfortunately, as recorded in the Director’s report of 1891, the enemies of shade tree planting are many and among them man is still the greatest. It is very discouraging to see the hayoc wrought by the scoundrel who, passing along the road with a catty or knife, deli- berately cuts down a young sapling, leaving it on the roadside as evidence of his wanton misconduct. But for such misconduct shelter to travellers would already be an accomplished fact and conduce greatly to the public comfort.—feport of the Director of Public Works for 1892. ict et Bg Bs PULPING LIBERIAN COFFEE. The cultivation of Liberian coffee is extending in many parts of tke world, especially in Java, the Siraits Settlements and the Wvet coast of Africa. Informa- tion respecting this coii » has beea given rather fuliy in the Kew Bulletin ('38, p. 261,and 90. pp. 107 and 246). In the Kew Bulletin for ’92, pp. 277-282 there is given a detailed account with the actual yield of several estates in the Malay States showing that Liberian coffee can be successfully established at elevations much below thoss suited for Arabian coffee and further that crops of 9 to 12 cwt. per acre can be obtained from trees after the third or fourth year, In some countries difficulty has been experienced in preparing Liberian coffee for the market. Inquiry has often been addressed to Kew on the subject, and is is desirable to piace on record such facts es have been obtained after careful inquiry amongst persons possessing the necesisry experience. It ia well known that when the Liberian coffee is ripe the pulp investing the beans is never soft as in Arabian coffee. It is generally of a tough fibrous character, and offcrs considerable resistance during the process of pulping, his circumstance has discouraged many people just starting, and after vainly trying to overcome the dithculty, they have given up the _ cultivation of Liberian coffee as impracticable. It would appear, however, that if rightly managed there is Do special hindrance to be overcome. ‘The first point to be atteuded to is to pick the cherries when perfectly ripe, aud when brought in they should be passed through a simple machine called a ‘ sizer,” in order to cbtain two or three lots uf cherries of similar size. Cherries of unequal sizo cannot be successfully treated. Thatis well understood by every- one who has had experience with Liberian or indeed any coffee. When the cherries have been sized they are thea to bo passed through the “ pulper.” There are special pulping machines prepared for treating Liberian coffee fitted withan adjustable “breast” suited to different sizes of cherries, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 275° sd There sre other and larger machines combining both a sizer and pulper inone. A machine of this latter kind made by Jobn Gordon & Co. of London ig described as follows ;— “The machine is provided with a rotary screen and anelevatur; it is also fitted with a patent adjustable breast, having removable working parts made of steel, “The hopper is divided into two unequal parts, and the coffee bsrries are delivered into the larger division with a constantstream of water, the water being absolutely necassary to float the coffee over into the machine and to osrry off the pulp and sking, The cefes berries which owing to difference in size, pass through the machine unpulped are dis- charged by the screen into the elevator and delivered by it into the smaller division of the hopper, and thence they pass into a separate channel of the breaat, which should be adjusted to the size of the berries thus brought into the machine by the elevator. ‘*The working of the’ machine is simple, and the only part which requires care is the breast, and if tnis be carefully fixed and its channels intelligently regulated, no difficnlty whatever will be found in obtaining good results always provided that the coffee be ripe and freshly picked,” A smaller machine capable of being worked by hand is also made by the same firm. The makers attach great importance to certain points considered essential in regard to Liberian coffee. These have already been briefly allued to. They say that ‘‘in order to obtain good results, it is imperative that the coffee be ripe, freshly picked and fed into the machine with @ con- stant stream of water.” Farther information on the treatment of Liberian coffee is contained ia the following correspondence:— Messrs. John Gordon & Co., to Royal Gardens, Kew. Dashwood House, 9, New Broad Street, E.C., 6th May 1893. Dear Sir,—We thank you for your favour of yes- terday, and _ shail be very ‘pleased to forward copies of our catalogue to the addresses you have kindly favoured ug with. We have supplied pulpers for Liberian coffee to Java, West coast of Africa, and mostly to the Malsy Peninsula. One firm there, Messrs, Hill and Rathbone have had six or seven pulpers; they have also our peelers and separators, You may know that we sent Mr. Hart of the Bo- tanical Gardens, Trinidad, one of our small pulpers with which he obtained very good results. It is quite imperative that water be used in pulp- ing, and where it is not ohtainable the only course we fear, is to dry the coiive is tue cherry, when it can very well be peeled only this take3 geome power, —Yours truly, (Signed) JonN Gorponx & Co. D, Morris, Usq., Royal Gardens, Kew. Messrs. John Gordon & Co. to Royal Gardens, Kew. 9, New Broad Street, London, E.C., 10th May 1893. Dear Sir,—We are ebliged by your favour of yes- terdsy, and we now beg to inform you that our peelers and separators will treat Liberian equally as well as ordinary Arabian coffee, and that as far as these machines are concerned there is no difference in construction. It ia oply in the operation of pulping where difficulty has been found, necessitating a special pulper.—Yours truly, (Signed) Joun Gorpon '& Oo. Dj Morris, Esq,, ¥.u.8., Royal Gardens, Kew.— Kew Bulletin, pe eee PRUNING, (From a Practical Horticulturist.) The following article on pruning refers more to fruit-bearing trees and especially to apples and pears; but the parts I have underlined (/talics) shows it is not good as a rule to prune too hard, and the concluding part that occasionally it is necessary to cut back hard, which I believe is the correct thing with tea say 3, 4 or 5 years as the case May demand :— 46 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 2, 1893. Professor Taft of the American Pomological So- ciety saye:--A good pruner begine his work with the figure he wishes the plaut to assume, in his mind’s eye. He is able to give @ reason f.r cyery thing he takes off and everything he leaves on. His object ie three fold, viz:—the removal of dead or dying wood, the curtailment of redundant branches, and the removal of one portion of a tree to effect the develop- ment of another, either in branch or fruit. The first of these objects presents no difivulty and demands ‘no skill, decay is easily perceived and nmputation carried out. Moreover this can be done at any time. The second requires a knowledge of plent physiology and a practical acquantance with the peculiarity of growth in the different varieties, while the third will tax the judgment of the pruner most of all. Plant development is produccd by the formation of new culls inside the structure, by means of materials obtained from without by the organs of respiration (leaves) and of absorption (roots) and pruuing should be csrried out in a manner to direct these materials, where they will produce a maximum of beneficial effect, with a minimum ofinjury. Vhe injury arises from the size of the wound inflicted and the extent of the leaf surface sacrificed.. 1t 1s forthis reason that the pystem of pruning recommended consistsin pinching off shoots or rubbing off buds, before they put on a fibrous or woody habit when their removal will re- quire the help of the knife orthe saw. When sur- plus or rampant growth 3s thus removed, an increase of food materials is directed to the branches and leaves retained. and these accordingly assume & hardier and more robust growth. The removal of large branches, however carefully performed,is a blow against the health and life of the tree, and directly or indirectly injures it. Curtailment of the leaf surface, caused & proportionate diminution of growth and development, as well 4s injury from moisture escaping ond interfering with the free oirovla- tion of the sap at the extremities. A vast divergence of opinion exists »s to the proper ‘time to prune. It is conceded as a general rule that for growth you should prune in the autamn and for fruit in the summer. Never prune when growth has started; it checks both the rise of the sap and its proper direction. : Pruning is somtimes done to give figure and sym- metrical proportion to a tree. Thinning out some straggliog brenches will thicken up those left, as there -Jatter will receive a larger supply of sap, and as elongation cf branch is the result of development of the internodes of the bud, some little distance from the extremity, the removal of the bud checks elonga- tion and the internodes set about producing laterel shoots as an alternative. When certain proportions of a tree are not making proper growth, they may be cut back severely, end then the remaining buds -Gn that place grow with greater vigor, because the sap flows more freely through new and tender growth than through a hard, compact old, structure, This is the reason why a tree cut down and allowed to spring up from the root will be lerger and straighter and smoother, than similar trees not so treated. ee THE PINE HiLL ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. The Gazette contains the memorandum of Associa- tion of this Compny formed to acquire the Pine Hill estate, situate in the District of Kotmale, and contain- ing in extent one hundred and forty-seven acres more or less, and the Wayahena estate, situate in the district of Pundalnoya, and containing in extent one hundred and forty-two acres more or less; to improve, plant, clear, cultivate, and develop the said estates and any other lands that may be purchased, leased, or other ~ wise acquired, as coffee, tea, cocoa, or coconut estates; and to manufacture tea leaf, copperah, oil. biti coir, fibre, yarn, rope, spirit from toddy ‘fhe nut, dessicated coconut, compost manure, and (or) other raw products. The nominal capital of the yawn fromthe coconut trees or from the water of | : -is that-one man cannot ill two placcs. Company is one hundred and sixty-five thonsand rupees, divided into one thousand six hundred and fifty shares of one hundred rupees each, with power to increase or decrease the capital. The memoran- dum is signed by Messrs. Jiionel P. Fisher, Kandy; J. Roydon Hughes, Dimbula estate, Kotagala; Stanley H. Dyer, Dimbula estate ; Harold A. Johnson, Queensberry, Kotmale; Roland J. Trimen, Loone- galla’estate, Rangalla; Robert E. Prance, Madakelle estate, Madulkele; F. M. Mackwood, Colombo. The articles of Association are also signed by these gentlemen. —_—_—_—_—__—_— SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRY IN INDIA. A deal of wiee couneel, both on broad lines and in detail, is offered to the Government of India in Dr. Voelcker’s report, but it teaches two |: scons in particular, which are none the Jess important because they lie beneath the significance of his advice as a whole, and are given prominence only here and there on occasions when it would appear the learned Doctor found it impossible to restrain his opinion. One is the necessity of getting the right men for ecientific work; the other is the necessity of making all scientific inquiry in India subserve some practical purpose. At first sight theese principles of administration would seem almost axiomatic, but observation of the policy hitherto adopted toward scientific inquiry by Govern- ment will convince most people, as it has con- vinced Dr. Voelcker, that they have been very largely lost sight of. England is a little country, and her agricultural interest is not the controlling one in the disposal of the taxes. Yet itis found worth while to have all scientific inquiry connected with agriculture in Ergland made on lines most likely to lead to comprehensive results, by men best qualified to make them. Dr, Voeleker, coming froma country where this goes without saying, is naturally surprised to find a different system prevailing in India, where the interests concerned are far vaster and the problem of the ryot’s future looms more threateningly every day. Dr. Voelcker is a chemist, and therefore naturally has the indignities done to chemistry particularly before his eyes when he writes: ‘“‘ Another instance of the way io which no encouragementis given to scien- tific study is seen in the system by which ap- pointments are made to the position of Chemical Examiner. Instead of selecting for these posts men, who have been carefully trained in chemistry, and more especially in analytical chemistry, the appointments are generally given to men who have bad nothing more than the class instruction in chemistry, and the test-tube expsrience of the ordinary medical student.” Dr. Voeleker in thus writing may not have had-before his mind that the greater part of the Chemical Examiner’s work isto act as specialist for the Oriminal Law: to conduct post mortem examinations of men and animals, to detect and pronounce as to poisons and generally to desl with the ghastly exhibits sent up by the po'ice are duties which make it obvious why the post should have been almost invariably entrusted to medical men. From the view of the agricu'tural chemist the errengem nt is no doubt inadequets: though Dr. Voelcker is careful to add that the Indian Chemical Examiner ‘oes his duty conscientiously and as well as could be expected of him; on the other hand if these appointments were to be filled with experts of Dr. Voe'cker's school, a far louder ery would socn arise as to the uselessness of men ofscience who could not tell the difference between strychnine poiconing andtetanus. The fact However, this is not the only branch of suience which the Go- Oct, 2, 1893, ] vernment of India finds adequately covered by the degree of M. B. In a spirit of good nature, optimism and fancied economy, scientific ap- pointments of all sorts are bestowed by Go- vernmeot very generally upon gentlemen of the medical profession, who have shown themselves to possess a taste for research in any particular direction, quite apart from the question of previous special training. The result are doubtless in many cases praiseworthy and as satisfactory as they could possibly be under the circumstances; but in the absence of any responsible scientific department who should supply the necessary criticism, Government must often be at a loss to ascertain what it really gains or loses in scientific investigation by this method, It is largely as the result of such a policy, that we have in scientific circles in India a pronounced aversion to all practical application of the services of officers thus engaged. The true amateur is always an enthusiast for pure theory for the xn of his pursuit: be considers his time, a3 the ex- ponent ofa lofty abstraction, comparatively wasted in exploiting the uses to which he and it might be harnessed; he would dwell in the pure ether of discovery and be content with the rewards of the Zoological, the Linvzean, the Royal Microsco- pical Societies, who welcome him as one coming from the Oriental unknown, with his hands full of shells and beetles. It is only the trained specialist who will admit that economio investigation is the executive side of science and of an importance entirely equal, or who will grant that the man who makes two blades of corn grow where one grew before, is at least as great a benefactor to his fellows as the man who introduces them to & new species of bacillus from which he is unable to protect them. But Government finds its sugges— tions in the direction of economic work met in a spirit of resistance. A certain amount of it is accomplished, by the exertion of force majeure, but it represents only a fractional part of what should be done, and might be done, with the right. or- ganisation, Anyone who knows anything of the working of the Revenue snd Agricultural Depart— ment is aware that it is like getting water from a stone to extract economic facis from the free and -independ-nt Indian scientist, who is practically allowed to prescribe his own orbit; while, if the request were for a paper on the stridulating capacity of the sea-anemone, that same Indian scientist would sit up all night to make beautiful his paragraphs. Without the slightest desire to decry scientific effort, which has for its single object toadd another name, another description, to the world’s perceived phenomena, it must be said that India is com- paratively speaking, as yet too poor to pay for it. » Such work is the luxury of wealthy civilisations. America has very properly her Lick Observatory and England her Archwological Galleries. India’s chief business is now, and will be for gai erations to saniiate her villages, to teach trades io her people, to increase the yield of her fields, to improve all means of communication and to defend her borders. Hach one ofthese directions for activity presents ita special and admitted claim upon an impoverished exchequer; and in view of such paramount necessities it is not ,quite reasonable to tax the ryot for the price of original research among the coleoptera of Tibet, or a classification up to date of the flora of Borneo, while his own interests remain where they were five hundred years ago, in so far as any scient fic attention has been bestowed upon them. The coun- try necds all that soience oan do forit, butit should have recourse to.suoh help with a strictly practi- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 277 cal aim in view, Nothing, however, can be achieved without organisation, and organisation is incompati- ble with anything but the goientifio service, re- cruited from among practical men and attached to the Revenue and Agricultural Department, which Dr. Voelcker recommends. That is only the initial step, but until it is taken we shall have what we have now, chaos, and an indefinite asscrtment of beginn- ings, pleas for grants in furtherance of this or that werthy object of ‘‘ more extended research,” and an occasional echo of applause from the Asiatic Society. —Pioneer. —_—___@—______ AN INDUSTRY FOR INDIA. An account in a recent issue of the Wew York Sun of an American Bamboo Furniture Factory comes in time to emphasise the remarks of Captain Beauclerk at the recent Industrial Conference at Poona regarding the neglected industries of India. New York imports bamboos from China and India, as America has not so far produced canes of a kind suitable for the work. They arrive in sailing vessels at low freights, as they pack very closely, and by the aid of suitable tools and machines, and with high-priced labour, furniture and blinds (chicks) are made in the most thorough and artistic manner at prices that defy Chinese or Japanese competition. When we think of the yery low price at which Chinese chicks may be bought in the Bombay bazaars, and the still lower price of the locally made article, we can realise how thorough must be the system of the American workshops that can produce them at such a price. There are sixty varieties of bamboos known to manufacturers, and their joints vary in length from one inch to five feet apart. The colours range also from a very pale yellow through every shade of brown to black, giving a wide range of natural shades. A splitting machine is employed for preparing the wood splints that are used for the blinds and they are cut of uniform thickness and width from bam- boos that have been softened by steaming or hot water. A loom of simple construction is employed to weaye the blinds, of which good hemp or cotton yarn forms the warp, and the splints the weft. There is room here for artistic effect by the introduction of dyed splints as in basket work. In the construc- tion of furniture the canes are bent or straightened by a steaming process that makes them almost as soft as leather, and when cooled and dried on moulds their shape is as permanent as that of the Austrian bentwood furniture now so well known. A hot iron, skilfully applied, provides all the necessary decorations on the surface of the cane which, with good workmanship and design, pro- vides a great variety of househcld goods that are light, cheap, and very durable. The factories of Brooklyn produce ehicks, screens, fret-work, baskets, fancy boxes, parasols, chairs, tables, stools, flower- etands, flower- pots, eettees, hat racks, cabinets, buckets, bottles, easels, whatnots, d&c., and the American bamboo industry produces goods to the value of 800,000 dole. per annum. There is so far in Bombay no bamboo industry worth the name. Matting that will last one season is largely used as a protection agsiost the rains, but no attempt is made to execute apy permanent work in bamboo on account of its very perishable nature. This is due to its use ino the green unseasoned state, and to the habit of indiscriminate outting that ignores all rules and seusons for the work. When cut full of sap nothiog but special treatment in a chemical bath or water seasoning will prevent them from being at once attacked by the bamboo weevil and perforated in all directions, for the sugar sap of the wood. It is, therefore, useless to employ them in anything that has to last, so the basket- makers about Crawford Market, and the chair-maker. in Foras, Rew‘, wh se work is all of the very poorest quality, represent our bamboo industry at presents 248 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 2, 189) mea Here there is an excellent industry literally abegging while the cotton manufacture is congested and the building tradeis bampered by the high price of ground in Bombay. In Bareilly there are several factories for bamboo furniture owned by natives and doing a thriving trade in the North-West Provinces. Their work is rough in finish but is fairly good and cheap, but railway freights fix the limit to which they may be sent in any direction for sale and that limit is a very lovg way from Bombay. The pattern of chair most in use in our city and indeed, all over Indie came to the country long before the Mutiny. It is clumsy’ heavy and has arms that are always too high. It demands at least twice the labour that would suffice for a weli-designed chair, and its joints are a hiding place for bad fitting. Such, however, is its persistence as a type that it might fairly be accorded the honour of caste. It is this chair that the bamboo article should replace, and if the man who first undertakes the enterprise understands design, and is a finished craftsman in addition, he will rever bave cause to regret his venture. ‘There is no lack of information available on the subject. A work entitled “ Japanese Homes and their Surroundings” is largely devoted to illustrating the uses of bamboo among the Japa- nese, and is full of valuable information regarding the thousand and one uses to which the most ingenious people in the world apply this giant grass. France, Holland and England have now large factories for the production of bamboo furniture, and Germany and Aus- tria are doubtless equally well provided. Evglaud also makes a epecially designed class of furniture for export, which by the aid of patent fittings will dismount and pack in the sma!lest compass. Bom- bay, both as a market for the raw material and for the eale aud export of the finished article, is excep- tionally well placed, and we hope she will not long have to bear the reproach of neglecting her oppor- tunities in a legitimate industry like this. It is a pity that the uses of the bamboo are not taught in apy of the technical schools established in India by the Government. Its qualities, natural his- tory, and applications are ignored in all official text books. Ita tensile and transverse strength are not published anywhere, and yet were all the useful, nay, valuable information regarding the bamboo pnt iu print, it would require a larger volume than the well- known Roorkee book of specifications. In neglecting the bamboo ss we do we are letting one of the most valuable of our raw products run to waste.—Tvmes of India. —_———e__—_—_- LARGE INDUSTRIES IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY, From the return of industries of the Madras Presi- dency during the year 1892 we find that there were four bone-crushing factories, ove in the Ooimbatore district, belonging to Messrs. Stanes & Oo., where 126 tons of bone were crushed, valued at R3,700; the Bolur works in South Canara, where 175 tons were crushed, valued at R9,108; and the M:mally works and Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co.’s works in the Malabar district. Of Coffee Works 31 have been returned, viz., 13 in the Madura district, 2 in Coimbatore, 5 in South Oanara, and 10 in Malabar. Some of the works carry out im conjunction with coffeo-curing. ginzer and pepper-curing and cinchona- paling. Most of the works are owned by European firms, the largest, taking the figures furnished by the firms, being Messrs. Volkart Brothers, at Tellichery, where 6,720,000 Jb. of coffee were cured, valued at R28,40,000; the other principal ones being Messrs. Pierce, Leslie & Oo.’s, at Tellicherry, wih 3,552,080Ib. valued at R8,21,202; in South Canira the Jeppo Coffee Works, with 2\755,200lb., va. ucd at 15,49,800; Bo- lur Coffee Works, with 1,926,644lb. valued at R11,18,141; avd Messrs. Alston, Lo» & Co.’s at Mangalore with 1,368,748 lb., valued at R9,77,680; the large increase im the outturu at all these factories in the South Canara district is stated to be the result of good coffee crops. ‘Ube Coffee Worke of Mersre. Stannes & Co. turned ont 1,384,992 Ib., valued at R9,27,000. Three new works belonying to Natives were opened during the year. The number cf persons employed daily varied from 900 in the Jeppo Coffee Works to 15 ons Native Establishment in South Canara. The Cement Works of Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co., at Madras, manufactured 22,400 ewt., valued R44,800. 162 persons find employmest in these works daily, which is increased to 206 daily from January to Marob. These include the number of persons employed for lime burning and msnufacturing tiles and bricks. Of cotton presses and cotton weaving establ.sbments otber than Mills, there were 51 in operstion in the Presidency during the year, viz., 3 in Kistos, 2 in Cuddappah, 4 in Anantapur, 8 in Bellary, 2 in Trichno- poly, 12 in Tinnevelley, 11 in Coimbatore, 6 in South Canara, 2 in Malabar, and1 in Kistna. The largest of these is Messre. Milligan & Co.'s Press, at Tuticorin, where 7,776,500 lb. of cotton, valned at BR17,08,300, 732,300 lb, of cinchona, valued at R1,83,075, and 4000 lb. of waste yaro, valued at R560 were pressed. Next comes the vewly-starte] press of Messrs, Ralli and Brothers, where 8,123,000 |b. of cotton were pressed, valued at RI8,68,290. Of the other large presses are Mersrs, Volkart’s United Press Company, Tuticorin, where cotton cleaving, pressing, and shipping were caried on. The cutturn was 7,500,000 Ib., valued at R15,000,000 There bas been « decrease in the workieg of thie press owing to the fact of Messrs. Ralli and Prothers, who were pressing their cotton at this Press, having started a press of theirown. The Fort Press, Tuticorio, had an outturn of 2,169,5000 lb. cotton; valued at R4,90,207 ; 43,200 lb. of Seuna, valued at R3,888; 68650 lb. fibre at at R13,730, and 15,600 Ib cuillies at R2,247. The new Berar Company (Lamited), Tuticorin, prested 4,150,000 ib. cotton, valued at R9,06,089. Messra. R. P. Gl & Co.'s Cotton Press iu the Kistna district, gaye an outtura of 3,396,800 lb, valued at R7,81,264. A mill for pressing cotton Mac a! me ce en the Kistna district, aud own arella Mangayya pressed 3,470 b.. valaed at R1,68,093,. °° ora Of the 5cotton presses 7 were newly opened during the year, of which the Tinvevelly Cotton Press Com- pany (Limited) was started in plice of the Taticorin Cotton Press Company, which was abolishea on 15th May 1892. Four presses in the Bellary district did no work during the year, as there was no cotton crop on account of failure of rain. Another press in Trichinopoly, belonging to Messrs. Framji & Oo., did not work during the year. The Tuticorin Press Com- p3ny at Viradapatti ceased to work carly in the year 1892. Nine presses are returned as having been worked by steam-power. Of Flour Mills ene is re- turned, viz., the Government Bakery at Wellington, were 354577 lb. was the outturn, valued at R27,701. There were three Ice Factories at work during the year in the Presidency two in the town of Madras, the South Indian Ice Factory, which re-started during the year, and the Madras Ice Manufacturing Oo., Limited, and the third, the Maharajah’s Ice Factory, in the Vizagapatam district. The Madras Ice Manufacturing Co. is a Joint Stock Company, with a capital of £15,000 its outturn was 787 tons, valued at R43,049. The South Indien Ice Factory had an ontturn of 750 tons, valued at R37,500. and that of the Maharajah’s Ice Factory 18 tons, valued at R2,509. There were 4,703 Indigo Fac‘ories and vats in operation during the year, viz., seven factories, all in the Gaujam district, six in the Parlakemidi taluk, and one in Chicacole taluk, and 4,696 vats, 29 in Vizsgapatam, 40 io Godavari 872 in Kistna, 793 in Nelore, 1,050 in Cud- dapah. 236 in Anantapur, 11 in Bellary, 468 in Kurnool, 349 in Chingleput, 290 in North Arcot, 468 in South Arcot, 28 in Tanjore, 29 in Trichinopoly, and 33 in Salem. There were 6 iron and brass foundries working in 1892, one in the Godavari district for the manufacture of sugar-cane miils where 33 miles were turned out, valued at R840, another iron shop in this district was closed during the year. Mesars. Massey & Co.’s iron works at Madras had an out- turn of 7,892 ewt., valued at R69,060 the Iron Basin Oér, 2) 1893-1 Foundry (Gopal Naicker & Oo.) turned out 863 sugar-cane mills, valued at R23,315. There was a Steel Manufactory at Kolitalai, the Ashley Wokrs at Coonoor, end the Basel Miseion Mechanical Estab- lishment in South Canara. Of Miveral and Aerated Water Manufactories 38 are returned. There wera THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 16 Tile Manufactories, viz., 18 in South Canara and | 3 in Malabar, 5 Sugar Factories, and 11 Tanneries. —WMadras Times, Sept. 21. eee eee CEYLON AND WHAT REMAINS OF HER COFFEE ENTERPRISE: HOW THE 30,000 ACRES STILL UNDER CULTIVATION ARE DISTRIBUTED. In 1877-78, coffee reached its maximum area of cultivation in Ceylon with the aggregate close on 280,000 acres. Six years later, and no less than 100,000 acres of thie extent had either been aban- doned or practically superseded by cinchona, tea or other cultivation. Six years later still, in 1890, the area under coffee was returned at no more than 54,00U acres, and now in 1893 it has sunk to 30,000 acres exclusive of about 2,500 acres under the Liberian variety. So great a transform- ation in agricultural enterprise within a period not exceeding half-a-generation—as euch is reckoned in temperate zones—has surely never been witnessed in the world’s history before, It is of interest at this time to know over what districts in Ceylon the 30,000 acres that remain of the old staple—coffee Arabica—are distributed. North as well as South of Kandy, in districts that were once the stronghold of the coffee bush, soarce an acre now remains! For the Knuckles, Rangala, Dolosbage snd Nilambe districts, for instance, no return whatever is made by a single planter,—under coffee the record is absolutely nil. It is no better in Ambagamuwa and Lower Dikoya; while only a very few acres appear for Kelebokka, Hunasgiriya, Medamahanuware, Puscellawa, Ramboda, the Jlewahetes and Kot- male. Dumbara, Hantane, the Matales and Pundaluoya show a little more; but altogether in the Kandy districts proper, between R:imboda and Matale and Dolosbage and Medamahanuwara, once the mainstay of the coffee enterprise, with perhaps 100,000 scres under cultivation, the total under cottee now does not exceed 3,500 acres! We now come to the three higher districts be- tween Adam’s Peak and Great Western, which could fifteen to sixteen years ego show over 80,000 acres cultivated with coffee. Here is the return for the present dsy :— Dimbula 3,633 acres coffee Dikoya 2,820 ” ” Maskeliya 397 ” ” Total 6,850 We now come to the Principality—to Uva and its allied districts—in which, for our purpose today, we include Maturata as well as Udapussellawa, and although compared with the maximum return fifteen. or even ten years ago, our figures show a woeful decrease—still, it is a matter of satis— faction that so much good coffee remains especially in Haputale, and still more that in place of every acre superseded, we haye full compensation in flourishing tea or cacao. Uva could at one time boast of well-nigh 50,000 acres of coffee. Here is now the record with some pxtra districts ;— Haputale 8,432 acres coffee " West 570 " iy Badulla 3,853 “ ‘. Passara 1,550 iy y) Madulsima and Hewa Eliya A ae | Iéarn 279 Monaragala 164 acres coffee New Galway 293 ” ” Udapussellawa 2,727 ” ” Maturata 694 ” ” Total 19,841 which ia. equal sofiea extent Or let us say 20,000 acres to two-thirds of the whole in the island. Moreover we are glad to that in certain parts of Uva, (as in Dumbara) successful clearings with the old staple ' are being established, while the greatest care is being taken of the fields that remain. When during the present year, Uva planters have sold their coffee as high as R15:25 per bushel, it is scarcely to be wondered at that this should be the case. As regards Liberian coffee, the 2,500 acres oulti- vated are chiefly distributed between the Kurunegala, Kegalla and Polgahawelsa, Matale North and West and eertain lowcountry districts ; but there is no reason why a considerable extension should not take place. We hope to hear of further experi- ments being made with the Nalkanaad-Ooorg and the Mysore-nybrid coffees, as also with the hybrid between the Liberian and Arabian kinds reported some time ago to have been established in the Peradeniya Gardens, CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1893, 5 gi gaosm Se8 Sa2 x | 2 AQ :-TOwH rmeMsrse: Ss Sas | Se Bio 6 SCS 5.5 0s SH OD = 5 tal ARIA Ay 2 rose & oD oS ° alay S055 S Ska ss Si moma NN On s=— BAN ee 1OR | OAM AGN mo mt IND It [=o aa NX Cl | ana 54 AGS aa HITS RLnS ’ > -_ Ss ~ Li) ce Seana eon ee ueeaS 3138 ON is a A) OOS oo AMA eB heie = o © on = eors q 2 = 88283s¢ $3 LSE a) & be) DEN SIR * Qii0 Bo <. e-4ehr apie Conam a MOO fe eee 5° AL ON CRORES sere Soe 3/2 iia oe =H 0 x a OOS SIO =n x a n oe ScCoo 2030 S8= = Slsae |x | o BW --+rDoOnoSss “ASS S ASoOk Sur iesa\ OD *DMOrt [Wie iw "Oat wD ~DON oS O Wat OO a OM Le oO oS f-0) wD oO Qwon =a 5 7a ( Gos atest) <2 ReSiatnd 3 a a of =) meray $ = col ANN 2 bcd Saal Bek Oa en a aS +b 9 2 OD = as DQ ON OTs am +S Seno Bs) ES 5D PPP Pp. FHM LN Soon 3 ez a ore) (a) (eran a: Jet a . CO ha S) eT’, RARER ,MDOANDDHDHOM BOnnororwo aa — i SSCSSSITOAN HOWRAH | LARS silo SPTIONSONLS TS A Oroenwtoon SHO oD oD Fy 6 WMWOMWOPGW NW *MONONMECRs eae Q i NO an IW DWOCMmHAOD ASAIN = ei a ol So ae Oan& | es » - om 1D Er) 7 pie = Dag woo Fe = oOo x a oD A iaciscks 8 ga wo > o Neiow al ak (SS) aq Fo) Leia 21S 6 in be 5 4 > S@Oasa =a W--} oo sé BARLAPRER I ODER GU0 AA Goon S 5 oO ayes) [fa sifejiale © ee ey — R=) a Ss ™ Mw wo S143 | a eee TN MARMSOK = aSooott ooo a Iba DOA THRARSD © =Sa3s Per a Noo Po en aa) onl etes OFA Ss ° Nu ee oO = COenNa = i= oO VON O “S = Ta) ri a mODW 1 be co = = le :Bresrrga a para: :° S222 a = SiratemteMeMtsat chs st tette : AAae a ——'—_________ —— —_ co oa 8|48 |BSSeeex $2333°2 | RES2 =) 3. wo AMD = DOs Ss Rona = ant : 2 Id Ot As Oc) bork I~) S[isnaiaicios Partai =psuei 2 ais. 3. s)sesuy isis S GO 0 co 00 P= RR - — n 2. a <> 2 SOA iil! Aisemeard tate ratewel 0 os so ues go CEN RS ERS HIBS Bas IS eS toh 4 | toe i=) &S “a 3) A 2 |$% ® td Lay S x3 B2o00 a af..as a, =¢8 52 S=S38S =) Sp soad og . S-= Saal ue SESSHS sso Pahesssts | KS ° BeSRhsey apes ages sss 2 2 5 Gi On = o paQmoks gnand soft ink, -|£2, 0 £51 Ceylon. Malabar sort/Fairto fiae bold bleached|28 34 a 38 Sea Horse Tecth — _* i! op) tmeditnm (le 6d ag 10d | § a 14 lb. Straight erked partclose)1. 11d 2 26 64 gab fies peel 2 at ei ed MYRABOLANES, Bombay|Bhimlies I, good & dre ave p ale P Alleppee and|Fair to fine bold _|28 3da 38 6d 2 gb tae pickings 2 by 3d Mysore sort} ,, ,, medium ,,, = adi re | Jubbleporel, good & fi 4 ” », Small eel” s / | al Long wild Ceylon....Common to good ..,\Sd.4 282d veen tae oe *> papa CASTOR OIL, Ists|White 4. . —,..(2gd a 32 jections w-l5s a 68 64 __ Qnds)Pair and good pale |? Se 2pd Vingorlas. good and fine'gs a 7s CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...|Fair to fine bright nom,,,|928 4 308 || Madras, Upper Godavery|Good to fine picked ...\7s 64 a 8s Ord’y, and middling .,,/25s @ 30s i 4 ..|Common to middling ...4s¢d 8 6s 6d OINNAMON, 1sts/Ord’y, to fine pale quill... SO eis bd} Const ns agl Reaierie = és 6d a 75 pane ie >. - 1 4 bids aa Pickings ..| Burnt and defective le 64 a be Od 4ths| ” ” ” ” “lsd a 92 IMACE, Bombay Dark to good bold pale... is 6d a 2s Chipsl rgte to Bae = Ar "1944 a Td | W’dcom. darktotine bold 64 @ lod ; é tee P | .|65’s a 81's... OLOVES, Zanzibar } Fair to fine bright |. 2ed a 218-164 |NUTMEGS, " *"'90's a 15's a i ra rs = and Pemba, J |Gommon dull aod mixed) # scat | NUX Cochin, Madras! { Fair to tine bold fresh 8s a lls » STEMS Common to good at VOMICA{ and Bomba { Small ordinary and fairjés a 8. COCULUS INDICUS ....\Fair sifted... ... 88a 8s 6d OIL, CINNAMON ...|Fair to fine heavy wld a 2s COFFEE «, +» «|mid. Plantation Ceylon|l0ls 6d a 1048 |!" ”” GrTRONELLE Bright & good flavour” fd a id ” oe [Low Middling ,, ,, [97S @ 1003 | LEMONGRASS || ,, ~ re BF COLOMBO ROOT... +-|Good to fine bright sound|!5s @ 2is | Ceylon Mid, to fine, not woody 22s a 28s Ordinary& middli lls a 18s / ORCHELLA | aaa 7s ; i ney DE |; < Zanzibar .,.|Picked clean flatleaf .,.\146'a 248 CROTON SEEDS, sifted...|Fair to tine fresh .. (208 a 27s6d = || 4~WEED Mozambique} ,, Wity «0 ....27e 8 338 td ea NOOR Wan Fair to fine dry + o08 one || PEPPER— / DRA » ‘|\Ordinary to good drop ,,,/8 4 60s \ a ifted .../Fair to bold heavy ... 1), GALLS, Bussorab& Turkey| purr to fine dark bine |. 928 61.a 57 6d || Malabar, lacks sifted | Bat to ood = fea « 274 i Good white and green ,,,/295 & 50s || Tellicherry, White os ” -» nom l0d a ls GINGER, Cochin, Cut .../Good to fine bold “| 2s 6 a 908 PLUMBAGO, Lump ..|Fair to fine bright bold 15s a 25s » +/Smalland medium _,,,|"9s 4 70s Middling to good small J1s a 14s Rough.../Fair to fine bold ‘7/623 6d a 70s Chips... |Sli‘tly foul te fine bright\9s a 12s ” +|Smalland medium —,,, U8 4 6Us Dust .../Ordinary tofine bright.../2s @d a 5. Bengal, Rough |Fair to good .,, ,,, 368 a 48s 6d RED WOOD .. ..|Kair and fine boid .../£38 a £3 105 GUM AMMONIACUM .../plocky to tine clean ,,,|-2S 2 50s |SAFFLOWER, Bengal |Goodtofinepinkynominal/80s a 100s ANIMI, washed ,..|picked fine pale in sorts,|=11 0s a £13 03) |Ordinary to fair +./608 & 70s Part yellow & mixed do,|£9 1U8a £10 103) \Inferior and pickings .\408 a 50s Bean & Peasize ditto ,,..£9 4 £8 10s_ ||o,.r-pppTKE, Rengal Ordinary to good — ...|16s 64 a 176 Amber and red bold .,.|£8 0s a £9 15s igs npat WOOD, Logs...|Fair to fine flavour |../£35 a £55 aie Bec e bold sorts .,.\"5 0s a£9 ee Chips,.|[nferior tp fue» B lec a £30 Scrapec.../Good to fine pale frosted SAPAN WOOD ... __ ...\Lean to +». |£4 & £7 ARABIC E.I,& Aden..| sifted nasties Fuel eo 52 O98 SEEDLAC ee "lorainagey to fine bright|40s a 70s Sorts, dull red to fair ‘1/30: 2 40s 3ENNA, Tinnevelly _ |,.|Good to fine bold green...|9d a 1s _ |Good to fine pale selected Ds a 00s Medium to bold green...|6d a 8a Ghatti ...|Sorts middling to good.,.|735 4 30s Small and medium green|3d a 5d Good and fine pale... Boe a 70s Common dark and 8mali|id a 3d Amrad cha./Reddish to pale brown ,,,|~28 208 Bombay ... Ordinary to good [ld a 3d Dark to fine pale .,,//?8 2 Us SHELLS, M.-o’-P. _.,,, EyPTIAN—bold clean.. |305 a 92s 64 Madras ...|Fairto finepinky block |_ medium part stout|#5s a 102s 64 ASSAFQTIDA and drop ate. & 350s & 90s chicker 70s a 87s 6d Ordinary stony to midling 20s a 45s large = ...|BoMBAY—good tofinethic}3vs a 95s KINO we an(Fair to fine bright. —_,,, £15 a £20 medium part stout) clean part good colot| ‘COs a 115. MYRRH, picked |Fair to fine pale £5 a £7 chicken part stout is #93) NO80a 958 Aden sorts|Middling to good oe[O28), (Bs oyster & broken pes 19 » 438 a 778 OLIBANUM, 4rop...|Fair to fine white... 308 60s Mussel... «. {bold sorts im». «408.8 62s 64 : Reddish to middling | .,,|228 4 4 328 6d small and medium sorts|303 @ 40, " pickings...|Middling to good pale .,,|128 a 18s Lingah Ceylon .../Thinand good stout sorts}4s a 12s siftings ...|Slightlyfoultofine ,,|128 a 1 AMARINDS ... _ ...|Mid. tofineblacknotstony)8s a 9s INDIARUBBER ... ...[Red hard clean ball ,,,|18 Lid 4 2s 23a ew, Stony and inferior, .,,j45 a gs) East African Ports, Zanzi-|White softish ditto ..,|I® id a 2s TORTOISESH ELL ...|Sorts.good mottle, heayy|20s a 22: 64 bar and Mozambique Coast|Unriperoot .., .,,,/0da 1s 6d Zanzibar and Bombay|Pickings thin to heavy |55 a 15s Pye Liver wwe ae tS 4d als lid |lp7RMERIC,Bengal .../Leunish to fine plump Sausage, fair to fine ,,,|18 6d. a 2s i finger .. - (175 @ 208 '\” without sticks,../?8 3 a ey a Madras... eet bold br, = a = Good to fine Fg Ret tigen os) ee ...(Mixed middling... ,..|208 a 23s INDIA RUBBERAssam, Common foul & middling|94_# 1s 64 ey eee eiibs ©... we wtf (28 a 168 Rangoon ops. Ook Heir te good Gea Bes be {3 a evud Cochin .,.|Finger ... ew [LTS & 208 a Goodto fine pinky & white|*$ VANILLOES, e Madakeeeyiy Ox ctie f Fairto good black .,./i88d a 1s 11d Bourbon, _ Ists ..,|Fine, cryst’ed 5 teQin.!103a 17s Gd ISTNGEASS op! good tofine pale _..,|/s 6d a 2s 8d Mauritius, | 2nds,,./Foxy & reddish 5 to 8 in. 7s a 13s FISH M Sway Tongue. dark to fair Bees aa utah e Seychelles, } 3rds.../Lean & dry to mid, un- Bladder Pipe .,,jClean thin to fiae bold.,,|!$ 0¢ 4 332 : der 6 in. wn (48 7 Purse ,..\Dark mixed to fine pale a ae Is 3d Madagascar, } 4ths,,.|Low, sy See and Barracheg Leaf (Common to Aaa palg ,,,|/M4 adszd || pickings 1 THE MAGAZINE OF THE SCHOOL OR AGRICULTURE, COLON BO. Added as @ Supplement monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the contents of the Magazine of the School of Agriculture for October :— Vol.. V.] OCTOBER, 1893. = [No. 4. MEANS OF IMPROVING AGRICULTURE. NATIVE report sent in by Mr. nayake, Samara- Agricultural Instructor, on a ploughing demonstration at The fact of a native cultivator voluntarily apply- ing for the services of an instructor, and expressing his anxiety to see something of the so-called new systen of cultivation by the im- proved plough, isa significant one. The village which was the scene of the demonstration is situ- ated some 18 miles from Colombo, and it may be mentioned that the owner of the field which was ploughed offered to pay all the expense involved in the transport of implements, buffaloes and operatives, and the upkeep of the two latter while at work. We have never advocated the system of forcing the “ Cingalee plough,” which was speci- ally designed by Howard and Sons for Ceylon, on any and every description of land in the Island. There are numerous types of ploughs which have been designed for different soils and condrtions of culture, and it would be absurd to try to argue that Howard's “ Cingalee Plough” can totally replace the primitive “ Cultivator” of the goyiya: but at the same time we do maintain that there is nearly in every case in native agriculture the opportun- ity of conveniently and satisfactorily improving the soil by the use of a more effective implement than the so-called native plough. Where the “improved” implement comes in is in replacing the slow and tedious though efficient work of the “mamotie ” (the digger or “ earth-chisel”) and curtailing the monotonous, repetition which of Dedizamuwe near Hanwella. necessity occurs in the use of the native one- tined cultivator. The turning up of the soil in paddy land at such times when it ig free from water, and under circumstances when no objectionable subsoil is worked up, is a most desirable operation. And even where it is not advisable to turn over, a more effective stirrer or subsoil plough is surely to be preferred to the impotent native implement, when the latter is not being used for mud stirring. Some two years ago an Agricultural Show was held at a village called Dalugama, under the auspices of the local Grama- raksha Samagama, where an improved plough of native make was exhibited, and elicited much curiosity and interest. ‘lhe implement was sub- sequently sent to the School of Agriculture through the kindness of the Committee of Manage- ment. The special qualities of this “ Dalugama Plough” are that it is light and simple in make. The native workman who made it evidently in- tended to strike a medium between the (perhaps too highly) improved “Cingalee Plough” of Howard and the real Sinhalese implement, and he has succeeded well. The “Dalugama Plough ? which has been used for aconsiderable time at the School has proved to be well suited to the needs of the native cultivator. As applications have been made for the purchase of the imple- ment, we have already addressed the Secretary of the Gramaraksha Samagama, at Kelaniya, en- quiring whether the maker of the exhibit at the late Show could turn out a few ploughs for us and at what price. We remember being told at the time of the Show that the implement cost a very moderate sum. Another thought that bas been suggested by the recent ploughing demonstration i, that in addition to the urgent necessify there’is’ for pro- viding an itinerating inspector for Agricultural Instructors, there is aleothe need for providing means by which an instructor, with (if necessary) 589 Supplement to the “Tyopical Agriculturist.” (Oct. 2, 1893, some students to help him, can be dispatched, free of cost in the first instance, to various agricultural villages, with the object of demonstrating such processes as it may seem desirable to introduce into the cultivation of the land as practised by the natives. With a properly organised system for the improvemeut of native agriculture, not merely by introducing new methods for the pre- paration of the land, but in very many other ways which we have before referred to, we are confident that much can be done for the goyiyas of Ceylon, which will tend to materially ameliorate their generally-wretched lot. he first necessity in or- ganizing such a system is a thorough acquaintance with the present practices and future needs of the people in different villages, the conditions and capabilities of the soils, the facilities obtainable in the districts, and many other circumstances. And we are convinced that without the prelimi- nary knowledge which we have indicated as essential, any attempts at administration for agricultural improvement must be weak. a OCCASIONAL NOTES. We hail with pleasure the appearance of the first volume of Dr. Trimen’s new work on the ‘ Plora of Ceylon,” which, from the exhaustive manner in which he deals with the subjects, will have: a wider interest than botanical works ordi- narily possess, for not only will the Botanist but also the Forester and Agriculturist find a valuable handbook in the work of our Director. Without intending to give support to the doctrine of eyolu- tion in plants, we make the following quotation from Dr. Fream’s work on Agriculture in support of our opinion :—‘“In the botanical classification of plants, the attempt is made to arrange together those plants whose structural characters most nearly resemble each other. In this way natural groups are formed, the members of which may, it is quite possible, have sprung, in some period of the remote past, from a common ancestor. Plants which are allied to each other usually require the same kind of food, They are often liable to attack by the same kinds of insects, and fall a prey to the same kinds of fungoid and other parasitical pests. Hence the use to the grower of learning the relationships of plants.” Mr. Manchanayake writes from Kuala Lumpur: —‘1 send a parcel containing some seeds, and two specimens of ‘Ginseng’ root. Itis a most difficult matter to get the seed of the latter plant. There are different names for the product of different coun- tries. For instance, there is the Ist quality Corean and 2nd quality Corean, 1st quality Japan and 2nd quality Japan, each distinguished from the other. Of.the two specimens sent, the smaller and darker one, with the accompanying leaves, is the Qnd quality Corean, while the other is 3rd class Ginseng and is not very dear. The first quality of the root is not found in any of the markets here. The Chinese assert that they have never seen Ginseng seed, and they claim extraordinary pro- perties for the substance. They say that the plant is never cultivated but grows wild in the hilly parts of the Corea, China and Japan, though a tax is levied on the collecting of it. I am told, with what truth I can’t say, that about an ounce. of good Ginseng is sold for from 15 to 100 dollars, and sometimes more. I procured the specimens sent with much difficulty. A Chinese friend of mine, who has lately come from China, promises that he will make enquiries about the possibility of procuring seed, and let me know.” The curious buffalo-head-like seeds sent by Mr. Manchanayake, and which he describes as from a plant growing in water, and furnishing a food after they are boiled, are those of Trapa Bicornis, before referred to in the pages of the Magazine. The other seeds are of the well-known and deli- cious lichi fruit. Everything has gone well with the Government Dairy since it was started. The daily output of milk has now reached about 260 bottles, thut is a little over 40 gallons. The Veterinary Surgeon’s report for 1893 is an interesting production, in that it describes in a fairly exhaustive manner the two most fatal diseases which attack stock in Ceylon, namely the so-called “ Murrain” and “‘ Kandamale.” The former Mr. Lye terms Pneumo Enteritis Contagiosa Bovis or cattle-typhoid, a specific malignant and highly-contagious fever, chiefly affecting the in- testines, and also the lungs and stomach. The latter which our correspondent W. A. D. 8. is in- clined to set down as a form of anthrax, is de- scribed by Mr. Lye as Pharyngo laryngitis conta- gyiosa, an acute malignant febrile disease charac- terised by elevation of temperature and dyspnoea, associated with swelling of the internal and exter- nal structures of the throat. The following is the curative treatment recom- mended by the Veterinary Surgeon for “ Mur- rain”:—Either of the following mixtures to be ad- ministered at the first indication of the disease :-— (1) Sulphate of Quinine Nitrate of Potash 5 ea Sulphate of Magnesia .. 8 do Powdered Aconite leaves 2 do Water or gruel 1 pint To be given twice daily. (2) Carbolic Acid 1 drachm Chlorate of Potash .. 2 do Sulphate of Quinine Water or guel To be given twice daily. The treatment recommended for “ Kandamale ” Vs (1) Internally. Nitrate of Potash 2 drachms Chlorate of Potash 2 do To be well mixed and placed on the animal's tongue twice daily, or to be tied in a little muslin bag and secured in the mouth by means of a cord passed round the horns; and where possible in- halation of steam should be tried. (2) Externally. Powerful counter-irritants, such as mustard or mustard and turpentine mixed, so as to form a thick paste, and thoroughly rubbed in; if hot water can be procured the throat should be well bathed before the irritant is applied, or the throat should be scarified with a knife or hot iron, and the juice of powdered chillies well rubbed into the excoriations thus made, Oct. 2; 1893.] Stpplement to the “Tropicai Agriculturist.” 28 Qo W.A. D.S. writes from Bombay :—Under the Civil Veterinary Department of India experiments are being carried on to show the superiority of the horse in agriculture over cattle, and a course of lectures, with suitable demonstrations were made a few weeks ago at one of their breeding farms, Babugar, in the North-Western Province. Irom an account of the operations described in a paper read before the Bombay Veterinary Association at its last meeting, by an officer who was delegated to attend the lectures, it appears that the work is carried out systematically, and all operations in the farm of about a thousand acres are done by horse-power. The work mainly consists of plough- ing and the raising of water for irrigating the fodder crops. The promoters of the scheme are said to be convinced of the feasibility of replacing the bullock in India by the horse for agricultural purposes. No doubt the horse would do better work, and with the use of that animal there will be a possibility of more readily improving the methods of tillage &c. now in vogue. But the question is whether the ordinary ryot will be able to purchase, or to maintain horses for his farm work, when he finds it difficult to maintain himself or to keep the enduring bullock who does not entail on him much care or expenditure, Besides, what is he to do with all the cattle he possesses now? Perhaps he will be required to sell them to the butcher or continue to breed them for beef. It will, however, take a long time to convert the Hindu to the idea of meat-eating or cow-killing, and the scheme on the whole would seem to have been undertaken without taking into the least consideration the conditions of the country or its people. These attempts at innova- tion are no doubt undertaken with good inten- tions, to better the condition of the ryot and to confer on him a boon, but they appear on the other hand to stand in the way of possible and more desirable improvements. oe ee A PLOUGHING DEMONSTRATION. — At the request of the Police Vidana of Dedi- gomuwe in Hewagam Korale, two students and myself were ordered to go with two iron ploughs and the pair of buffaloes belonging to the School of Agriculture to plough a field there. We started on the 1]th September at 2 p.m, On our way thither many enquires were made as to the object of our jonrney and the information was given, A number of persons expressed their anxiety to see our process of ploughing. We reached our destination about 10 p.m., and were kindly received by the village headman, Don Saranaris. On the following morning we were taken to the field about two acres in extent, and found there a gathering of nearly two hundred people who had come to witness the ploughing. We noticed that the soil was of good quality and free from much grass, but it had become hard and cracked by the drought that prevailed, so we found it rather difficult to plough. We nevertheless managed to plough over an acre during the two days we were there, and both the _ headman ana the spectators expressed themselves - asugreeably surprised at the work done by our ploughs, The soil of this field and others in this locality is a clay loam but stiff and difficult to work. We noticed that several pieces of land had been ploughed with the ordinary native ploughs to no good purpose, as the furrows were little more than an inch deep. We took advantage of the number of people present to explain the benefits of thorough plough- ing and turning over of the soil in land of that description. Some of the people to whom we spoke inquired about the price of the ploughs ; and the headman, at whose instance we were sent on this occasion, handed me a letter addressed to the Superinten- dent of the School of Agriculture applying for an implement. I hope that one may be secured soon, so that it may reach the village while our recent visit is yet fresh in the memory of the villagers. At the earnest request of Don Saranaris I left the two buffaloes and the ploughs in his charge for a few days, in order that he may complete his ploughing, and started back to our schoolon the 14th instant. i PETER SAMARANAYAKA,; Agricultural Instructor. 18th September, 1893, oO JOTTINGS FROM A TRAVELLER'S DIARY, ON THE CULTIVATION OF GINGELLY IN THE ANURADHAPURA DISTRICT, Gingelly is one of the most important chena products in this district, Its cultivation is systematically carried on in two ways, viz., either as a separate crop in a chena cleared exclusively for the purpose; or as a second crop after the kurakkan has been gatheredin. The first method is called yalkanne, and the secondis called mas- kanne, signifying respectively the ya/a season and the maha season during which the chenas are cleared. As regards the first method: A suitable piece of land is selected and the jungle is cut down about the beginning of February and burnt and cleared about the end of March. The seeds are sown about the beginning of April. Mamoties are sometimes used whilst sowing the seeds in order to scrape the ground and to pick up the partially burnt twigs «ec. that may be found scattered about the land. By this process the seeds are sown evenly and the plants grow well; but as this method requires much labour and time, the seeds are often simply scattered about and the partially burnt twigs Xe. are picked up and thrown away when the rains set in, As regards the second method: the chenas for the cultivation of kurakkan are cleared in August and the seeds sown in September. The kurakkan crop is usually gathered in November, but as other products such as chillies, melons green gram Xc. are also sown with it, the chenas are carefully fenced and guarded until about the month of March or April. In such chenas, with all the stubble of kurakkan still remaining, the gingelly seeds are sown in the month of Apxil 284 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” (Oct. 2; 1893, —_—_— oo esssssSsSSSSSSsSsSsSSSSsSs— (and the cattle let into graze and trample the land. After the stubbles of kurakkan &c. are ‘thus fairly trampled down, the chena, on which ‘the gingelly seeds were sown, is set on fire, and when ‘the rain sets ‘in the’ fence around it is mended and the gingelly crop is earefully tended. In about a month or six weeks the gingelly plants begin to fiower, and in about 3 months the foliage leaves will drop off and the capsules (fruits) will also dry up and assume a yellow colour. The plants are then ent down with a scythe and sheaped-up ina suitable place in the chenain a:vertical position with the tops pointing upwards. Aftera few \days the capsules burst under the heat ofthe sun; during midday, when the sun is very powerful, the seeds are shaken off the capsules. The seeds thue separated are put in bags and carried home. The oil is extracted in the following manner :— The seeds are first of all winnowed in order to get rid of any rubbish that they may contain and afterwards soaked in water for a day. The soaked seeds are then taken and pounded gently in order to remove their outer covering. The pounded seeds are afterwards put into a vessel containing water and squeezed with the hands until the husks are all washed off. The cleaned seeds are then dried in the sun until they assume an oily appearance, They are next taken and well ‘potinded in a mortar until reduced to a pulpy mass. A small quantity of hot water is also sprinkled on the seeds whilst being pounded, and ‘when thoroughly pounded the oil is easily squeezed out either with the hand or by the aid of a peha pressed between two poles. Large quantities of oil are extracted by the aid of chekkus. See MAN AND BEAST. 1, It is with domesticated animals that man has to do most, though he not unfrequently comes in contact with others of a wild nature in his daily life. In considering the subject of this paper, however, I shall confine myself to the ‘domesticated animals, and particularly to the animals commonly found in Ceylon. The relation which man bears to animals is manifold. First and foremost, the mainstay of the eultivator in the tropics is the animals which help him to till the land, convey his produce to the market, and supply manure to fertilize his field. Secondly, animals are a source of food supply, even among tribes who strictly adhere to so- called vegetable food. Milk is an indispensable article of diet, be it the milk of the cow, the buffaloe, or the goat. Butter, cheese, ghee and curd, as secondary products of milking animals, are also used to a great extent, while mutton . and beef as well as pork are largely consumed articles of diet. Thirdly come what may be called the luxuries (though not in the strict sense of the word), viz.,the wool from the sheep and the hide from the buffaloe and ox, which are _ made use of in the manufacture of wearing apparel. The horse and the ox convey man from place to place in more or less comfort, whilst the elephant poplages them under some circumstances ‘The value of these and other animals for military purposes is admitted. Fourthly come the dog and the cat, both pets kept in the house, but the former on many occasions also as a useful servant and a guard. The importance of these animals is so great, that they have in fact become indispensable to man. There is, however, another serious aspect which is not sufficiently considered, but is of vital importance. ‘These animals are lable to bring mueh trouble, suffering and loss to man, not through their own fault, but under quite natural circumstances. They are like all other living bodies liable to disease, and some of these diseases it has been found out are communicated to man with disastrous results, and no one can deny the importance of an acquaintance with at least the more common dangers which we are liable to contract through our domesticated animals. Very often a timely knowledge of these helps to prevent much misery and loss. Taking first the ox, let us enquire what are the diseases which it is liable to convey to us. Of the diseases of the above description in the ox may be mentioned anthrax, foot and mouth disease, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, rinder- pest, pleuropneumonia, and skin-diseases, Anthrav is common in India among cattle, sheep and horses, to say nothing of pigs and poultry. It is a rapidly-progressing disease, and the flesh from an animal which has suffered from anthrax could in many instances be dis- tinguished by the dark appearance of the blood. One of the forms of this disease in Ceylon is commonly known as Kandamala, manifested by the rapidly swollen condition of the throat and the tongne. This disease is communicable to man, through inoculation, and if a person happens to touch the parts of an animal dead frota anthrax, and be so unfortunate as to have an abrasion on the skin, he is liable to suffer from carbuncular boils. Even the hide of the animal after seyeral months is liable to com- municate the disease, and numbers of such sad fatalities are recorded among workmen in wool manufactories and tanneries. The meat from an animal dead of anthrax, when consumed, is liable to bring on typhoid fever. Foot and Mouth disease is more common in Ceylon, and is easily made out, at least in its later stages. The milk from foot and mouth -diseased cattle is liable to cause aphtha (sore mouth) and diarrhoea in those who consume it, especially in the case of childrenand those with a weak constitution. The consumption of the meat brings on yarious diseases of the stomach in man. W. A.D.S, Bombay. (To be continued.) + BY HIGHWAYS AND HEDGES. Referring to Paspalum scrobiculatnm, “ Dutch millet,’ the Sinhalese amu and Tamil varagu, known in India also as koda millet, Professor Church says: — “It is said, apparently with truth, to be at times the cause of vertigo, and ig Oct. 2, 1893.) Supplement to the “ Tropical Agrieulturist.” 285 -not considered to be as digestible as Setaria italica (Tana-hal); the stems afford an inferior fodder. Koda is boiled and eaten in the same way as rice, or else is parched and gronnd, the meal being made into a kind of pudding. The alleged comparative indigestibility of this grain cannot be attributed to its percentage of fibre, which is usually low, but must be owing to some constitu- ent or some condition of the grain which ordinary chemical analysis does not reveal.” This grain is not uncommonly grown in Ceylonin the native chenas. Dr. Lindley, in his Vegetable Kingdom, speaking of injurious grasses, says, ‘and a variety of Paspalum scrobiculatum, called hureek in India, which is perhaps the ghohona grass, a reputed Indian poisonous species, said to render the milk of cows that graze upon it noxious and drastic . . The meyna or kodro of India, a cheap grain, regarded as wholesome, is another species.” Another allied species, P. dilatatem, is indigenous to sub-tropical parts of North and South America, and has been naturalised in Australia. It is said to be an excellent forage grass that keeps green during dry weather, being a perennial and growing tall like Dutch millet. In Ceylon we have besides amu, three other varieties: P. Conjugatum, P. Filiculme, and P. Royleanum. Concerning LEleusine Lyyptica, crowfoot or finger grass, the Sinhalese Putu-tana, the Agricultural Gazette of N. 8. Wales says :—Its herbage is rich and succulent, and is much relished by all herbivora, sheep being particularly fond of it. All pastoralists agree that it is a most nutritious grass. It yields abundantly dur- ing the hot months, and is recommended for syste- matic cultivation. According to Dr. Watt, the seeds are eaten by the poorer classes in India, especially during times of scarcity, and it is generally con- sidered to be a very nutritious fodder grass tor cattle, being both tattening and milk-producing. Aigle marmelos, the bael or beli tree, sometimes called the Bengal quince, besides yielding a whole- some and nutritious fruit, which is also much valued as a medicinal agent,produces a good gum- like arabic; a yellow dye is obtained from the rind of the fruit, the unripe rinds being used with myrabolans in calico-printing and tanning ; moreover it furnishes a yellowish white, hard aromatic wood used for pestles of oil and sugar mills, naves and other parts of carts, and for agricultural implements. Almost every part of the tree is used medicinally, and the flowers yield & sweet scent. Panicum distachyum (two-spiked pannick grass) is an indigenous growth in Ceylon, which Australian agricultural authorities say is worth disseminating in those parts of the country where it may not already be growing, and conserving | where it already exists. ‘The grass would seem to be more suited to moist lands; and cattle are very fond ot it. The marram grass, the seed of which was first introduced into Victoria by the Government botanist, Baron von Mueller, in 1883, and by him gntrusted to the Borough Council of Port Fairy for experiment.on the barren shifting sand hum. mocks fronting the coast line of Port Fairy, has been proved to be the most effective sand stay ever planted. Practical evidence of its value can be seen in the miles of sandhills now reclaimed by the marram plantations, sown under the direction of Mr. 8. Avery, the park ranger. So complete has been the reclamatiou of the lands, that where a few years ago not a signof vegetation was to be seen, there now exists a succulent grass, eager- ly devoured by cattle, and growing to a height ot fourfeet. Marram grass is practically inde- structible—burning, cutting, or eating off only makes it thrive—whilst in exposed, shifting sand it propagates as surely as in the most sheltered position. The grass for transplanting has been supplied by the Port Fairy Borough Council, not only to the Governments of Victoria and New South Wales, but to numerous municipal bodies and prtvate individuals in all the Australian colonies, New Zealand, and Tasmania; and in no single instance has it failed to thrive. The Botanist to the Department of Agriculture, N. S. Wales, referring to Anthistiria avenacea (tall oal grass) says :—It will stand a phenomenal amount of. dry weather, but this may be accounted for by the fact that its strong roots penetrate the earth to a great depth. I can highly recommend the grass for systematic cultivation, either in the coastal districts of the interior, From its rich succulent herbage, if cut before the flower stems are developed, it should make capital hay. I think, if the grass were cultivated for a few consecutive years, it would yield a grain large enough to be classed amongst the cereals we at present cultivate. We have in Ceylon the closely allied A. cymbaria (Karavuta-mana, Sin.), A. arguens, A. cihatu, A. tremula (Pini-baru-tana), A, heteroclita and Syrian Tobacco Nil During the drying and fermentation of the leaves a certain amount of ammonia is formed, which is less in the finer, and higher in the coarser kinds of tobacco thus, according to Nessler ;— Hayanna smoking tobacco contains 2 per cent ammonia. Cuba’ do do A} 55 5 Syrian do do 6 - > German as much as 8 3 a On the other hand Schlossing found as much as ‘8 per cent of ammonia in, Havanna tobacco. The mineral ingredient which seems most to affect the quality of the tobacco is potash combined with an organie acid; but which in an analysis of the ash appears as carbonate of potash. As a general rule a tobacco, the ash of which is rich in carbonate of potash burns well. Nessler illustrates this by the following table :— On Dus Ee, & Ase eed S ae sé £ Be temarks. "Ee Ss | 2e| per ct.|per ct.|per ct.) Havana | 2°93 23 | 24:6 Small thin leaf, burn- ing very well, and aromatic. Syrian | 2°753| 3°42 | 20:685| Finely cut tobacco, burns well, and is very aromatic. German | 6°246 | 5'21 | 22°343) Largethinleaf, burns | very well, and is | _ aromatic, German | 1°913 15 | 22591) Burns very badly, | goes out easily. German | 2°766 07 | 24-219) Do do German | 3°C66 | 1:06 | 25°5388 Do do The mineral ingredients of tobacco appear, according to analyses, to be greatly affected hy the composition of the soil. The following analyses of tobacco ash from tobaccos, grown npon argillaccous and caleareous soils respectively, show this, which is specially remarkable in the cases of the potash and lime. The analyses ave from “All about Tobacco” quoted from «‘Simmond’s Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom.” Analysis of Five Samples of Tobacco Leaf Ash. Grown on ‘ fie “4 Grown on eRe Calcareous Soil. Potash +-| 29°08 | 30°67 | 9°68 | 9°36) 10°37 Soda ... doe) 26 — — “36 Lime ,.. | 27°67 | 24°79 | 49°28 | 49-44 | 39°53 " Magnesia » | 7°22] 8:57 | 14°58 | 15°59) 15°04 Chloride of sodi- um ... ..| ‘91) 5°95) 4:61) 3:20} 6°39 Chloride of po- tassium — = 4°44) 3:27 | 2°99 Phosphate of iron| 8°78) 6:03] 5°19) 672) 756 Sulphate of lime} 6-43] 560) 668| 614) 9-42 Silica,,. | 17°65 | 18:39 | 5:54) 6:28 8°34 100-00 |100-00 | 100-00 |100-00 | 100-0 ere Another analysis of tobaeco leaf ash and the i ees. of a special manure is quoted from Professor Johnston :— Analysis of Tobacco Leaf Ash. per cent Potash 12°14 Soda ‘07 Lime oh 45°99 Magnesia oa 13°09 Chloride of sodium ... 349 Chloride of potassium 7 y 30S Phosphate of iron ie . OAS Phosphate of lime 1-49 Sulphate of lime ca, OSS Silica » BOL 100°00 Ingredients necessary to veplace 100 Ubs, of the Ash of Tobacco Leaves. Bone dust, Sulphuric acid (dissolved bones 7) 23 Tbs. Carbonate of potash (dry) Ee So ¢. a Carbonate of soda (dry) ae eat oO 4 » 9 Carbonate of magnesia ... 13 ee ae Carbonate of lime (chalk) e 60: ,, 144 ,, The following, quoted from ‘All about Tobacco” are analyses of tobacco ashes from Hungarian and Niirnberg leaves ;— . Hungarian Tobacco. “ oe. | Willand Fresenius. Men Potash 29°1 | 18°8 8-2 | 26:9 Soda 22°) — — 2-7 Lime 27°7 | 27°8 | 42°8 | 39°5 Magnesia i «4: 2 dog) dee 96 Chloride of sodium .. | 91] 134 2 9°6 Chloride of potassium...) -~ | 3-9 | 85) — Phosphate of iron | 88] 68 6-1 42 Phosphate of lime io ote — | — Sulphate of lime w4 64) 109 80) — Silica Fs | 176 0 | 93 45 Sulphuric anhydride .... — | — ae | 2-8 99-9 |100°5 | 99-0 | 99-8 The above are from Haldane’s ‘‘ Subtropical Cultivation Climates,” the author of which says “the best artificial manures will be found to be — (1) Carbonate of potash, or pearlash. (2) Sulphate of potash costing from £12 to £20 per ton. (3) Nitrate of potash, or saltpetre. Applied at_ the rate of 2 ewts. per acre. The kind of soil suitable for tobacco is evidently very varied, and practical planters are said to pay more regard to the mechanical condition than to the chemical composition of the soil. Thus there appears to be a consensus of opinion that heavy clay land is unsuitable, and that free well-drained soils are best. The conclusions that Schlossing drew from various experiments to ascertain the kind of soils best suited to produce fine tobacco were these. ‘He found that a had burning tobacco was. produced in a soil containing little potash, on unmanured soil, on soil manured with flesh, humus, with calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and. potassium chloride” a good Imrning tobacco was produced on a soil manured with potassium carbonate with saltpetre, and with potassium: sulphate,’ Noy. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, The following is an analysis by Nessler of a soil on which he iade some experiments in tobacco cultivation (from ‘* All about Tobacco") :— 100 parts of soil dried at 212° I’. contained the follow- ing constituents soluble in hot hydrochloric acid. | | rt ee eae Spo Re ed & | fours) os 4 Soil, BOL Sg le |g pegs fe horgy sa eg | x raat Poets} 2s amit = So | = plas) OF = | Las = — | = a ive I~Or~oeoro cn | Ss |e | Be a RASA S| ~~ , 9° cal [ena RarRAaas 3. ee AQ esc: OEP seh ig ra . 2 | ® = a | = =, ©. os: S Ae fete orl Stee SNir~caa+ Ss } ~ an | mess | | [pees 2 COI ce = = ep | S ee GIG Su Sor len nes. Sl Hae a sy _— mn | re n ~e li coestoone | Se q =D | DHOMNOS AHS! r= aS Ay el evespelGa as [ooo const Siloroer dt cStRCO rt) > ef oO = fam I~ Camel pel lan) => az = Ser SOR ars - | ocspstatocnen| a el ey Pm | |SSSarasae = Ss BE | lacy rasa sy CoS 5 = oni | > a 3S , oO Bees lIDANDS 20 2 &§ Bre ee OOD SH aS es rN HDR 2.2 Stet = a G1 : | S 1, om. = 5S sneaks sa eye =a | Bee ares ho | y a > ~S . IZ al =< > ~ La >, . = & = tz: 10a F5 = = S sterte. « Ostet Ss n 4 zD S65 6 = | » rep) S26 S) | HH 3 OF SO nS de & Retort ole = | 3 Ome BM S28 4.2| S 2 Howe og Oe sa = BS» Gas Beet b ts mol reed hs ! IOS SS eS a aro AS SO Ota Es | BOAR NRANS La Jo) oO 9191900m 1] 2 ‘siskiuuy | 2S |S DANHALS I : —~a1} OS GtHoneo |S = | peormoayy a |S ~~ * x69 S Ay . = rc ® N S z aon S 1d HD S> > i = | poy] (og Ve =Remimi to < = noe ao )S Areas Ee = = tz) | Qa |S Sa ae S QQ S 2 21D I~ 2 S bea He |S SANS |S & S000 |ra |S wana !e 3 a |° Ete) S ~~ ~~ -_ = © xt > 1D DS oO BO sH = aS -auraden | Sek es SOL S| = SULOT$ SOaI1S2 bh’ mows] se] a =A 1S 6D 19 S| So lee ante a=noen]e ~e ‘soavay | |2T |S SBOae lel oS SAVOT 1551S Shee] S| Lae BAIS Ss +H] S) oe = on ’ - teed na {oO Ii~DOm | S| we PeTTOe ad |e Hiswmes al OF Sed 2 is rag en =) — — rf OD poet cS) —_—_>- = 2: HO} Oo Hore | © RS -9ae oOo ls OoNtain |S S Bees ~A|S Smaywen |S! SP aio anara Sil Ons le itso 1S mipmonr ]e| © Ay : Bal|S SsHenr] S| 2 | AP || Beee eS ee : . 68 S ol Cana |S 3 tan SoS = cS = 3 Sse 1D Pte P5 : = 3 Ss : 3 ¢ | 3s : oO s s | S az. lo q “a = D Oo ica] S| = or: ah ls oar S Ge Lome! a} -@ . . = ~ Li ral = ES SH HS Zo NN D ae coe es 2 2s OD tice gtcrt OF 2 =a tes oes = ~— S | a <= moo Poo 2 icons Sor Ca es Sadpas io = Boa ert a By 1a SOO0AOC Norre.—‘‘The difference between the calculated analysis and the actual analysis is due to the fact that in the actual analysis young -plants were used in which the seed and lint were not fully developed. This also accounts for the variation in erude protein, fat, and fibre, for the seed and lint coutain laree percentages of these constituents. Agricultural Analyses of parts of the Cotton Plant. Average results. (MCBRYDE.) 294 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1894, Provimate Analyses of the Cotton Seed and ite parts from the Report for 1882 of the North Carolina Experiment Station, Per cent. “81 aed Determined. = ) = g28 2/2 PE Moisture at 100° C ... oop) O21 A BAB | 0 F7 Dry matter ns -.| 93°73 | 90°84 | 92 29 100-00 10°00 10:00 Analysis of dry matter: | Crude proteins mS ...| 31-21) 241) 1681 Crude fat... cae ..| 39°00, 064) 19-82 Nitrogen-free extract ...| 20:82 4257 | 31-70 Crude fibre .. oan »-.| 4°67 | 51°87 | 28-27 Crude ash .. sy sos] 42 251, 3-40 100-00 100 60) 100-00 The above analyses represent the composition of the kernels and hulls when carefully separate by hand. The following are proximate analyses of commer- cial hulls and meal, the hulls in this ease being separated from the kernels at the mills. A small portion of the kernel adheres to the hulls and thus renders the commercial hulls more nutritious :-— Proximate Analyses of Commercial Cotton Seed Meal and Cotton Seed Hulls. (MCBRYDE.) |per ct.|per et. Determined, Meal.! Hulls. st | seaeeegan.e AOlABS ASS od et ey ee n fT I~ 6 Be) (=) F ° n —] . IDA HID 1919 HAS 2 , SOoOPOD HY Ol ee oP al) Viper cis oe iam oP. e A Le ie ee ~ G ~ Je} 2 SESusss Bee | ieee 5 pe ae Cn 2° 8 | HHH DMO spl IDDOASARwWsS 5 | SRADI-SHoSa% B2|Sonsaseean = oe = ens ie Fi dee pa ood . Ni~O OHO G NSS ald |? | 2 | ebaeeagae ~ ri oY rf n oe i ca ey : ee u8 | | | SePeckes aos ll lg easene ee an rc GirmOnmt nD =o Ol sk 2 Dre Pan cs IR) |aaeZsegees a Ce al C S reigned = un eS . Chin a o e — cn Se SS S15 5 4 as |Smmnanaasa SG A oan ie on 4 *SOABO'T tH I> S039 a A (a Ge Lh Fs} J 1 1 29 0 D> Ke sv | on cy Lo |} MOASSASN* = nN DMNANHDH py S52 |SHArBASSSASSA BlGboeael tea eye ee —_ Comm = . 2 : InONMIAA me aa) va) MISMADSDSDN es K | | Saipreooate Q = oo | or) Ll fh; Hid 1 6 So G2 10 su8 | | | etsy”: G2 G0 GO Ao 9 Ma Cl ID OD a) 1D DODI~- Dw He | +B. 2S2ESRR al ec crallt S Seie eet aetans ss Q I~ MO Ars o 5 x 4 19 22 S HS OH SS RN Bb ROBIDNSMHON 2 a | SRSANSMSAS 72) | 62 TD RRS z 5 HOrFnnooan 403 1OWinSH aS 7 oD | | [eae T= ate | pw ee slo sSsHerdt 9m Bis) [Sin Sows eee 8) eae ESE OS Sle ho S » or eee Ciel ; : 00.19 GP S219 19 19 20 5s) = S rN SSonstadn | é TNO STIASS | |} 7S) 8 I~ 00 69 69 0 > SD oe pee eel ee Be OO HO Dia : : ee 3 ; 3 | 3 3 een) aces a 3, 8 o a oO Ay = ~» ° re is 2 =) 4 Qi QA Si ayer DS oes 3 cet 1 Oo s au el Oe ae Gehl ool GON Ss 1 o4% a6 seks 2 2 g Sent Bo wedaleoss a ByEeee2 Wes oe \S Aee oe -aSs B FOAMURAS Re Moisture at 100° C. 7°47) 11°30 Dry matter .-.| 92°53 | 88°70 100-00 | 100-00 Analysis of dry matter : Crude proteins... , vas] OL IZ. 51D Crude fat oD soo ...| 10-01 | 2°35 Nitrogen-free extract .| 26°37 | 45°31 Crude fibre oF oats 4°90 | 43°85 Crude ash Be as 769| 3°30 100-00 | 100-00 Manures for the Cotton Plant. Based on the foregoing analyses of the cotton plant and its parts, Mr. McBryde has calenlated the proportions of a number of fertilizers which may be used as suitable mixtures for manuring the cotton plant. Each mixture is calculated to give nitrogen twenty pounds, phosphoric acid fifty pounds, potash fifteen pounds for a crop expected to yield three hundred pounds of lint per acre. The following are the fertilizers used to make up the mixtures with the percentages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash which each is assumed to contain:— Nov. i, 1893.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 295 Table of Commercial Fertilizers for the Preparation | exists in both plants is hyoseyamine, and that of Manures for the Cotton Plant. Pa pa ir ‘ ge) 3) 82 = | eye > < E>) Name of Fertilizer. Rem om ec0 ie Ay a per ct./per ct.) per ct. Acid phosphate — containing ..| 120 a= — Cotton seed meal Ay eepeuho|| aly FO 7:0 Cotton seed (whole) 4, 1:00.) 1:20.) 2:5 Cotton seed bull ashes ,, 10:0 | 25-0 — Stable manure by ...| 0°25] O40] 0:45 Nitrate of soda ia 568i echt — 16°0 Dried blood 55 a _ 12 0 Kainit r foal ia eke O —- Muriate of potash *5 | — |500 — The foregoing percentages are perhaps slightly lower than the true average in each case, but are stated as above in order to ensure the application of the full amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid snd potash. } The following are the six mixtures prescribed by Mr. McBryde, and are based on the preceding table: — Acid phosphate : ... 420 bs. Nitrate of soda ae Be Zones Kainit _ woh Epes oat Acid phosphate 6ob Seve OTOL mss Dried blood ... = satel GD) i575 Cotton seed hull ash ... He PU6O Rs Stable manure ng 2 tons. Acid phosphate 660 .. 880 Ibs. Nitrate of soda a Somern ees Acid phosphate odo 350 ,, Cotton seed meal ies Soa" alDionn Muriate of potash a ce eines Acid phosphate Ai ih SDOEY, Cotton seed... ult 18 28008755 Kainit Rec Ae Se Ol 5 Stable manure cn 5 2 tons, Acid phosphate Hab ... 330 Tbs. Cotton seed meal is ie 40 ” ‘An ammoniated acid phosphate containing ten per cent phosphoric acid (of which at least eight per cent should be available), four and two- thirds per cent ammonia, and three per cent potash applied at the rate of five hundred pounds per acre would supply these constituents in about the same proportion and amounts as the above mixtures.” DATURA STRAMONIUM. Datura stramonium is a plant which grows freely in Ceylon. It belongs to the natural order solanacee. Both the seeds and the leaves possess sedative and nareotic properties due to the presence of an alkaloid or alkaloids called daturine. The poisonous qualities of the plant are frequently used by the natives for criminal purposes. The plant is largely grown by the Sinhalese villagers in their gardens, and by the Tamil coolies on estates for its medicinal pro- perties. A decoction of the fruit is prized as an outward application in cases of rheumatism. The plant is conspicuous by its very laree, white, trumpet-shaped flowers. Daturine has been proved not to be a single alkaloid; but is composed of hyoseyamine ©,,H,,NO, the alkaloid of henbane, and atropine C,,11,,N O, an alkaloid first obtained from belladonna. It is considered by Schmidt and others that the alkaloid as it the isomeride atropine is only developed in the process of extracting the alkaloid. The leaves, aecording to Alfred Senier, PH.D., F.C.S., contain 02 per cent of alkaloid, and leave 17 per cent of ash when burned. The seeds contain ‘1 per cent of alkaloid, and about 25 per cent of a bland fixed oil. (To be continued.) org eae PICKINGS WITIL A LOCAL APPLICATION, It is not an uncommon experience to find, after a belief in a certain principle or practice has been tolerably well established, that an attempt is made to doubt or up:et that belief. The belief in the superiority of BUDDING and GRAFTING over propaga- tion by seed, especially in fruit culture, bas for some time past been pretty firm, and text books on agriculture and horticulture never fail to impress us with the advantazes of the former over the latter process. They tell us that trees are rendered much hardier by being put on strong stocks, that a larger return in fruit is obtained, and that the trees can be made to fruit much earlier, while seeds do not always preserve the characteristics of the parent plant, or “ breed true.” These advantages it may be taken for granted, have been proved to exist by long ex- perience, and, indeed, wherever fruit-farming is carried on, the processes of grafting and budding have always the precedence over propagation by seed. The superintendent of the Government Bora- NICAL GARDENS at SAHARANPUR and Mussoorie does not seem however, to have much faith in BUDDING AND GRAFTING to judge from his notes on oranges and mangoes, in his last report. “I have n» hesitation,’ he says, ‘‘ in recommending the method of raising oranges from seed to more general adop- tion,” and again, “the quality of the latter (ie, seedling mangces that took ten years to yield a profitable return) was quite equal to that of grafted plants; while in the case of seedling oranges, ‘ the fruit was eyen sweeter and of better flavour than that produced by grafted or budded plants.” Seed- lings, it isadinitted, will take a longer time than worked plants in attaining to a fruit-bearing condition ; * bat they are always more symmetrical in shape, healthier in appearance, and will probably live to a greater age thaa worked plants in the forcing climate of India.” These remarks are undoubtedly valuable to the local PRUIT GROWERS of the North-West Provinces of India, and the author no doubt does not intend them to have a wider application, since bis experi- ence, so faras his Report indicates, is limited to the areas of thetwo Botanical Gardezs he writes about ; and he makes no reference to the experience of other experimenters in other parts of the Empire as corroborating his own. The only point of any cer- tainty in the preference expressed for propagation by seed, is that certain seedling oranges were found to be sweeter and better flavoured than those pro- duced by artificial propagation. In the case of the mangoes, we are told, the fruits were equally satisfactory under both methods. The further re- marks as regards greater symmetry iu shape and appa- rent healthiness of the seedling trees will probably fail to turn the belief of those who pin their faith to ‘‘budding and grafting’; acd tue pro- bability of tne plants living to a greater age is, after all,only a probablity. But while the opinion of an expert practical botanist, such as the Superinten- dent ofa Botanical Garden must be, is worthy of respect, it would still be very desirable to have the reports of other experimenters in this line, in the various parts of thegreat Indian Empire, to corro- borate or contradict the above experience as to the unsuitability of grafting and budding for a * forcing climate’? such as that of India. If corroborated, ths fact that in fruit culture also man cannot improve on the methods of nature will have been established! But it may yet be discovered after scrutinizing the details Imvelyed in the culture of 296 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov, 1, 1893: fruits by different methods of propagation, as carried on in the above mentioned Gardens, that an explana- tion more favourable to artificial methods of pro- pagation is possible, and that local causes and conditions are responsible for what is attributed to other forces. From the succers which has attended the intro- duction of the AMeRicAN Dewserny (/tubus trivialis) into India, where it is repor:ed t» have borne most profusely, it shou’d commend itself to the more enterprising fruit cul ivators in Ceylon, through whos» agency if, as is most likely, it fiods a home here, it shou'd spread through the island. Another desirable exotic woul! seem to be the Bismark Apple (Vyrus malus), described as a Tasmanian varie y “wh.ch bears the name of one of the best kinds iu the world for cultivation in dictriets which are tod hot fcr sitisfactor.ly fruiting the ordinary kinds of apples,” A correspondent of Chemist and Druggist con- tributes an interesting’ paper «n the preparation, cbaracteristics, and use of Hasgisn (Bang), which he describes as an earthy brown enbsiunce in lumps, made by taking the small leaves and fcmale flowers from the tops of cannabis sutivu, 1ubbing them down t> a powder, putting through a fina sieve, aud heating the dark green powder thu; obtained till it becomes adkesive, and then working it into lumps with the hand. Analysis shows it to conteia 1 per cent of volatile oil, 6°7 per cent of substances soluble in water, 55°5 per cent of oily and 6°5 per cent of resinous matters, 18'l yer cet of insoluble orgavic mattere, and 13°7 of mineral matters. Drury, in his Useful Plants of Indis, mentions that the officinel pirt of the Inp1san HEMP consists of tte dried flowe:ivg tops of the female plants, and that this is called gungah: the rvsin itself which exudes from the leaver, stem and flower:, is cslled Churrus; and whet is known as Liang is the large leaves and capsules witbont the stalks. There has been sume correspondence in the local press regarding the phenomenon cf LUMINOSITY IN CERTAIN PLANTs. Chawbers mentions the cascs ot Hepatice and Fungi which possess this ;roperty of emitting light, some to such an extint a3 is tuficiea’ to admit of reaci:g ordinary print. Refer.nce isslso made to the fl sces of liyht mutter by certain flower:, while tle leaves and juies of some trees are kuowa to posses luminosity. lt ia kuown that the voots of some of our common trces ;O sess this property. Chembcr: is inclined to attribute lnwinos ty to chemical action, while sparks aad fia-ies of light, he sayf, are probably dus to electrical causes. Sachs on his valuab.e work ou B tiny says :—Io tle few cases in which up to the present time ih» dey-lop- ment of Jizght or PHosPH:RESCENCE has been obeervid io living plants, this phenomeuon is a'sod penceat ou the respiration of oxygen. The fungus Agaricus Olearin emits lght only s»> long a3 it is alive, aud ceases 10 do so at once when it is ceprived cf oxygen ; the respication is ia this case also very copwu-. Be- sides this fungus, Agaricus ignes, A. noctilicens, A.° gardnert, and the Kbhizomorphs ore kuvwa to emit hight spontaneously. Aprvupos of the “JCALAMADHEREA” {re> of Ceylon, is the reference to the ** :liuwinating tree” of Tussoro:a in your last column of Pickings which appeared on Monday morning’s (the 16th inst.) issue. Moisture, we are there told, is essential to phosphorescence. Farther information on this subject of luminosity or phosphorescence is to be tound in Hardwicke’s“Science Gossip’ and Dr. Pbipson’s work “Ou Phosphore- scence,” ae eens PLANTING IN BRITISH GUIANA IN THE OLDEN DAYS. COFFEE AT 200s PER CWT. It is dhoflgh to make a moderna planter’s mouth water to read Mr. Ridway’s statement (56 6 pied into Zimehri) of the possibilities of planters’ maveging +) jog slong notwitstanding bigh freights, high prices of necesserier, and all the riske and ¢rawbacks of wartime, and the loss of one-eighth by drainige on the voyage. Sugar rold in 1797 at 63 rhiliugs the bundredweight; in 1798 at 65 shillings, and in 1799 at 55. After this there was a drop in prices, which made the planteracry out terrible. Even these who cultivated coffee and cotton could find comfort, with the former at 200s the buodredweigbt, and the litter at 1s 101 tbe pound, In 1811 Demerara aod Essequibo produced, together, a»out 18,000 hogs- heads (ot about 13 ct-) but the average price had fallento 343 114the hundredweight. The labour ques- tion was now making itself felt, owirg to the abolition of the slave trade, ani cotton esta'es were suon to be thrown ont of caltivst’on and the alaves from them to be tiansferred to the sugar plantations which still were the mor2 profitatle properties. In 1720 Commandenor ‘Tiersna was ordered to begin the cultivation of Indigo in Berbice. In 1743 Indigo fields were “still kept up” in Essequibo, The mavagers did not understand the manufacture and the slaves disliked the work at the vate,so the industry did not prosper. In 1747, all the indgo fields were destroyed by caterpillars, and the cultivation was therefore given up. Itwasahout 1746 that the cultivation of cotton was begun in E>,a quibo, to develop latcr on into a et ple indus'ry. In Berbice, directions hed been given as far back as 1720, to begin the cu'tivation of cotton, and on the 12th of Jannary 1791, 46 concessions for planting it were granted in Berb'ce. Each covee:- sion wes of 500 acres of land, liable toa tax of one stiver per acre. Tie further liability to make a road was for the first tims io Berbice, attached to this: grants, sll of which were on the ‘ecas*, In 180C, a cotton estate of about £200 acres would clear about £2,000 a year for is owner. Ouly half the pumber of slaves per acre required for suger were needed for the production of cotton or coffee. Demerars ani Essequibo together exporie! about ten million pounds of cotton in 1811; but, in 1814, the quantity fell to just over six million ponuds, ‘the la‘e Mr Orosby, for many years Immigration Agent-(ieneral of British Guiana, has beeu heard totellti at be could remember secing, when a boy, Ber*ice coffee, exposed for sale in London shop:, as coffze of the choicest kind. Bu‘, pat is all iis frame, and Lritish Guiana knows not Berbice coffee now-adays. It was in 1729 tlat wocd was sent to Commandeur Tierens of Bertice tc be particularly energetic in growing coffee, which had but two or three years before been introcu’e | into Surinam. From Suriram «a few p'aots had already beea brought to Berbice. The authorities in Ameter- cam, at the time they ro instructed Tierens, also wrote to ths Governor of Surnam, askiog him toe send a beat load of coffee Leaue, in the husk, to Berbice. Governor Coutier complied so thoronghly with tre request thit the Directors made him » pe*eit of a fiue szddle horse. The coffee plants suceeded adm‘rably, and Berbice be:ame more prosperous. Mr. Rodway finds that coffee and cocoa never euceeeJed well in Essequibo. Governor Van Gravesaude had even to send to Berbice, on one occasion, to buy coffee for the garrsion inEssequido. In 1800, a coffer estate of 200 acres would clear between £2,500 and £3,000 a year. Coffee was cropped two or three times a year. Every tree gave one to one and a half pound at each picking, or four to six hundred-weight per acre in the course of the year. Abont twelve million pounds of coffee were produced by Demerara and hssequibo jointly in 1811, but, in 1814 the quantity shipped from these two places fell to eight million thre hundred thou-and pounds. In 1§24 there were still sixty plantations in coffee in Berbice. The cocon grown in Berbice had @ very five flayour. In 1720 there were two plantations under this cu'tivatio . Av increise of the cultivation was urge 1 upon Oomman- deur Tierens by the autLorities in Holland. Demerara planters who visited Berb‘ce in 1783 reported that they had never elsewhere seen cocoa trees locking Fo healthy. Preference should bs given, they considerei, to the cultivation of cocos in thatlo-ality: it having a rich Bhp sail, and being protected from the Hast aud North Winds, Nov. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 304 oo — COCOA [IN ECUADOR. The British Consul at Guayaquil makes the follow- ing report in the trade and cultivation of cocoa in Ecuador :— The cocoa harvest, though still falling short about 10 per cent. of that for 1890, was 53 per cent. in excess of 1891, viz., 321,493 quintals (11,352 tons), as compared with 209,835 quintals (9,368 tons). Prices were well maintained throughout the year, andthe Christmas crop of “ Aftermath,” was proportionately | large. There is no special feature of interest to record in respect to the cultivation of the cocoa tree, both the system of planting shoots and raising from seed having been continued with varying success. The extension of various plantations has added consider- ably to the acreage, and as _ such developments bid fair to continue, the production of the cocoa bean is likely to be largely increased in the near future. It is worthy of remark that hitherto the increase in the crops has not been in proportion to the new fields laid under cultivation, but since seed-raising promises well, greater hopes are entertained of realiz- ing a proportionate return. The increase in 1892 proceeded principally from the Arriba (up-river) districts. Machala and Balao, though haying yielded more than in 1891, neverthe- less fell considerably short of the average, excessive moisture having affected the young shoots in the latter district, whilst the River Jubones, in Machala, overflowing, inundated and completely destroyed ex- tensive plantations. The export of cocoa direct to England is becom- ing smaller every year. his, toa certain extent, is doubtlessly due to competition of the colonial product, but probably more to the fact that the propaganda established in Germany, through direct sales to choco- late manufacturers in the small towns of the interior, has put a stop to the old system, under which such manufacturers drew their stocks from the large im- porting firms of London. The consequence is that the supplies for the Continent go now divect to their destination, and the imports of England represent only what isactually consumed there,—Oi/, Paint «nd Ding Reporter: ~>- SUGAR CANE DISEASE. Dr. Cobb, of the Sydney Department of Agri- culture, in speaking at Harwood on the sugarcane disease, which he has been lately investigating, said that he found in the field seven or eight different fungus pests which were attacking the cane, but they did not reduce the cane yield more than 2 per cent. From strict investigations he had discovered that the failure or disease in the cane was due to the presence of a gummy matter which blocked up the passages of the sap vessels in each fibre. In each stalk of cane there were upwards of 1-000 of these fibres, each containing two or more canals for the carriage of moisture up and down. fle proposed to call the disorder in future ‘‘gumming.” It was practi- cally a new disease, and had never been thoroughly inyestigated before. In affected stalks it would be found that at the base of the arrow there existed a cavity filled with offensive matter called ‘“ pus,” and the phresence of which was often erroneously attri- buted to the borer. The gum was generally found more abundant in the plant cane and at the top of the two-year-old stalks than anywhere else. After he had fully satisfied himself that the disease was due to this gum, he then set to work to find out the cause of its existence. By putting it underneath his powerful microscope he found that it contained my- riads of microbes. They were so minute that it would take 30,000 of them, laid one after the other, to make an inch in length, and one drop of gum con- tained upwards of 10,000,000 of them. He had no doubt that they were the cause of the disease. As a further experiment he had inoculated the healthy stall of a cane with gum, to see if the disease would develop there. It would take time to learn the result. This gummy matter was in Queensland as well as ° os] ~ = ee Senha enema os in New South Wales. The reason of the disease being more prevalent onthe lower river, than up the river was the greater rainfall on the lower river and the less depth of soil, which prevented drainage. One remedy was better drainage. Like smut in wheat, the disease spread in the seed, because healthy stalks could be found in badly affected fields. It was pos- sible, of course, for the disease to spread in other ways, but that mode of infection would be slow, Another remedial measure was to plant no sets, ex- cepting those that were apparently free trom gummy matter. If such a plan were followed up rigidly the disease would be gradually overcome. He also sue- gested the importation of new plants, and was glad to say that steps had been taken in this direction a few days since. Besides the arrival of American and Queensland plants last year, some had arrived from NewGuinea. They could not pay too much atten- tion to new kinds; this course had been found suc- cessful with wheat farmers in this colony. He also strongly recommended the rotation of crops, where at all practicable-—Indian Agriculturist. (oa ee CLOVES. A recent issue of the Kew Bulletin publishes a most interesting letter from Sir Joseph Banks to the Karl of Liverpool, dated August, 1796. It contrasts the indifference of the British Government towards mat- ters of practical or utilitarian botany with the wise vigour of the French. Before that date, it appears the authorities of the Isle de France had already begun ‘to circulate a list of useful plants cultivated at the Royal Gardens which colonists might have on application. As the editor of the Bulletin observes, Sir Joseph suggested a hundred years ago that impor- tant function, which the establishment at Kew has but lately begun to fulfil—‘ the transference of useful plants from one part of the globe to another.” We have not the Harl of Liverpool’s reply; doubtless it was commonplace —not worth citing. But the great botanist was tempted to write by a brochure presented to him, which recounted the introduction of the clove tree to the island of Dominica, by Mr. William Urban Buee. This gentleman obtained some plants from Cayenne in 1789, and again from Martinique in 1791. They began to bear in 1795, yielding a great protit, and My. Buee, a true philanthropist, lost no time in publishing the facts for the instruction of his fellow- colonists. He also introdueed the bread-fruit, cinna- mon, black pepper, ‘‘and many sorts of fruit trees from different parts of the world.’ At the present time the clove and the cinnavon are wild in nearly all the West India Islands; but there are no plantations, and the export is comparatively trifling. It is sad to hear that this good man was ruined in the end, strugglin vainly against a stupid Government, which nosed a higher duty on West Indian spices as soon as they began to enter the market, yielding to the jealousy of influential persons engaged in the eastern spice trade. One of the trees Mr. Buee planted is still alive and hea'thy. Gold and silver alone, amongst all the products of the earth, have caused such misery as the clove with its allies, the cinnamon and nutmeg. They rank with the choicest and the rarest gifts of Heaven. The great Rumphius, who first examined the clove with the eyes of science in its native home, declares it “the most beautiful, the most elegant, and the most precious of all trees.” Mankind in general are not worthy of such a blessing. ‘‘Hence the Almighty, allotting his gifts to the several regions of the world, placed cloves in the kingdom of the Moluccas, beyond which by no human industry can they be propagated” —an eror. ‘he spice trees have indeed “the fatal gifts of beauty.” When a clove is decked with its clusters of scarlet buds, when the fruit of the nut- meg opens, showing its black polishel seeds in their nest of vermillion mace, travellers dispute which is loveliest, but all agree that they haye no rival. Both had a most limited habitat before man interfered with Nature’s designs. The nutmeg is said to be indige- nous in the small island of Lontar only ; the clove occupied five little islands on. the coast of Gilolo. It 298 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1893. is difficult to believe that in such crowded seas birds and waves could not have carried them all over the archipelago in a few years. But the statements are explicit, coming from various sources, all interested in the matter. More curious still it is to learn that neither the islanders nor their neighbours ever eat the fruit in any form. ‘‘The only purpose for which the Amboynese use cloves,” says Mr. Bickmor, ‘is to prepare neat models of their praus and bamboo huts by running asmall wire through the buds before they are dried.” The native word shows that this in- difference always prevailed. It is chenki which has no analogy in the neighbouring languages, but bears a resemblance unmistakeable t» the Chinese theng-ki, ‘‘sweet-smelling nails.’ From this fact it would ap- pear that the pretty ceremony described by Mr. Fraser in his famous ‘‘ Golden Bough” must haye been in- troduced quite lately—perhaps transferred from another plant. Doubtless, the Chinaman was first of civilised mortals to discover the virtue of the clove. The earliest mentionin Europe occurs in a law passed by Aurelian about 175 a.p., where the term used is earofilum—evidently a corruption of the Arabic calaphur. This spice, above all, tempted the nations of the West to explore the Eastern seas. At the beginning of the sixteenth century the price of cloves in England was thirty shilings a pound, and the demand unlimited. No wonder that all the people of Europe coveted such a gold mine. ‘he first discovery is claimed by the Italian. Ludovico Barthema of Bologna, asserts that he reached Amboyna in 1506, but his descriptions are very vague for an eye-witness. D’ Abreu, a Portuguese, arrived in 1511, and Magellan followed in 152!. The misfortunes of the Spice Islands had already begun. As theclove tecame better known in Iurope all the Peeples on the trade route grew more and more active. "Abreu tells us that on his arrival Chinamen, Arabs, Malays, Javanese swarmed in the narrow seas. In 1512 the Sultan of Ternate observed this increasing bustle, and he sent a fleet to conquer the islanders— not only that but to convert them to Islam. Massa- eres and persecutions followed. Then came the Por- tuguese evangelising in their usual fashion, baptising people by the thousand. The Su'tan himself went to Goa in 1535, and professed Christianity with grand ceremonial; but in the same year a Moslem fanatic, whom the Portuguese term ‘‘ Cantalino,” led his fe lows to a grand massacre, which has been named “the Moluccan Vespers.’ Not a convert escaped, they say. In Trernate and elsewhere the slaughter was terrible. Meantime the Dutch had been creeping in, shipping, as the Portuguese declare, aboard their vessels until they had spied out all the Indies. Then Holland sent a fleet and after ten years’ warfare the Spice Islands were seized. Forthwith zealous missionaries began to eradicate the errors of Popery, but not be it observed, inthe papalmanner. It is not surprising, however, that the poor Islanders declined to heai any more about religion. The number of Christians to this day is imperceptible. Magellan’s first cargo of clovesis said to have been 2,360,000 lbs. Think of it —at thirty shillings a pound! At this present time the whole yield averages only 350,9001b. Such is the result of the monopoly. The English Government was persuaded in former days to suppress Irish industries by methods which seem in- credible to us; butits cruelty and folly are not worth notice compared with the Dutch system in the Spice Islands. In the first place they despatched seven hundred soldiers and a great fleet to occupy the nut- meg islands. This war lasted eighteen years. One- fourth of the population perished, the remainder fled by sea, and the Dutch had to re-people the soil with slaves and conyicts. The language and the type of the aborigines are matters of question now. Thenthe Dutch turned their attention to cloves. So soon as they felt themselves strong enough they forced a treaty on the Sultan of Ternate, which stipulated that all the clove trees in Buru should be destroyed. The people resisted, fighting desperately, and the Sultan adto ask help. An expedition was sent from Am- boyna. After five years’ war the Dutch triumphed, of course; all. the natives surviving were settled in one spot, around Kayeli Bay, within reach of the garrison, and the clove was actually exterminated all over that large island. It is not known to exist there to this day. But the Sultan had direct authority over the two islands of Tidore and Machian: After ious experience com mgd measures seemed inadvisable. So the Dutch East India Company offered to fay a yearly sum of 17,400 guilders for the privilege of destroying all the clove and nutmeg trees through- out his dominions which, we believe, is ae to this day. The operation was carried out ruthlessly with murders on one side and massacres on the other. Until the conquest of the islands bythe English at the bezinning of this century, expeditions were fitted out every year to search for trees- When the Dutch returned they gave up this practice. But the mischief was done. For many years past the revenue ofthe Spice Island has not covered the expenditure.—Lven- ing Standard. ey PLANTING IN THE NEW HEBRIDES. Sir,—The settlers here expected great things from your leader on the 16th of August last year, and every mail has been looked forward to with interest, az the advent of one good settler with the means to pay his way is a matter of no small im ce in the New Hebrides, where we seem to suffer from our connection with the Colony of New South Wales, which is said to be insolvent. An authority on affairs here recently stated tbat there was not a settler in the group who was safe to be trusted to the extent of one hundred pounds sterling; so you can form a fair idea of the extent and influence | of the ‘“ planting’ community. The only residents are copra makers, and, as a rule, these are not the class of men to develop a new couutry or to set a good example to the natives. Given a copra station and asmall cutter or craft more money is made by sale and exchange of “ black birds,” and in pick- ing up the remains of cah brought here from Queensland plantations, than actual profits on copra. What is given in exchange for that cash might sur- prise those framers of the law restricting the sale of arms, ammunition, and grog inthe Islands. Gen- erally speaking, a copra maker isa bird of passage leaving nothing to mark the spot wherehe carried on his trade. His house and smoke house is composed of leaves and bamboos, and he clears perhaps a quarter of an acre near the sea beach, living not exactly a hand-to-mouth existence, but from month to month as the stores arrive and his shipments are ' made. As you have pointed out so admirably, in these tims when men cannot find an opening for moder- ate capital, it is to be regretted that a country such as this should be left to the bats and wild pigs, as the natives are fast dying off and exterminating each other. All visitors agree that there must be a wonderful future for such a fair and fertile field, and all seem anxious to secure a few thousand acres for a nominal sum, just to have a finger in the pie, but although any Government would be bound tv conserve all vested interests, it is hardly to be ex- pected that such claims should be recognised. No doubt under annexation a man would be allowed a “fair thing” for the consideration which he paid, and (as was done in New Zealand) have the option of taking as much more as he could cultivate at a price of, say, five shillings per acre. Having no actual titles to land should not deter an enterpris- ing man from laying out an estate here, as it would be to the interest of almost any power to keep a good settler in the group. In the Northern Islands of Santo and Mallicolo this year we had a hurricane, which is not so much to be feared here as in the Southern Islands cf the New Hebrides. The last hurricane on Santo occurred some fourteen or fif.een years ago; s0 we resume we shall be free now for some time, The vench coffee plantations were very much knocked about; but a Ceylon man wonld not be surprised, as their trees run ten or twelve feet high, and are planted under the original forest, which being soft, Nov, I, 1893. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 299 quick-growing timber, does not need more than a strong breeze to break it down. As the French were looking forward to the crop this year to help them financially they will feel the loss, and the promoters of French settlements will be Jess likely than ever to interest their country- men in the prospects here. But a planter who has had ever so small an insight into the work- ing of similar affairs in Ceylon or elsewhere would only need to walk through the French properties in these Islands to see that hurricanes on the low elevations here are not to be placed in the same category with the monsoon winds in Ceylon. Labour with the French here is plentiful at £8 per head recruiting money and £3 to £4 per avunum; but it is reported that the labourers on their Santo plantation, who number about ninety, (90), have long ago worked their time out, and are dissatisfied, together with the management, which complains loudly of the neglect of the Directors and the want of money. The superintendence has been changed several times in four years, each one adopting quite a different system from his predecessor, which alone would eventually end in financial ruin, to say no- thing of the state of morality and conduct of the estate generally. But, of course, in the event of the French being forced to discontinue business in the Islands as a Coffee Planting Company, it would do harm t» the future prospects of ever inducing the right sort of men to come out, as they would not know the reason of non-success by the French. The history of the French in Tonquin is being re- peated here in a small way. There is no doubt about the rich mineral wealth of that country, which would have been developed by Englishmen whilst their army was fighting; but enthusiastic Freuch- men in Paris could not get tteir countrymen to leave the Cafes to prospect the hills at Tonquin, and the whole business is now merely a matter of history; but they have effectually prevented better men from opening the country. There is a story told here of the French Ad- ministrator at Noumea having offered a high English authority every consideration short of bribery if he would ‘disclose’ to him the ‘‘secret’’ of England’s success in colonizing. If there is any ground f.r the truth of the etory, it is probable it occurred about five years ago, at the time when three hundred women were abeut to be transported from France to popula'e the New Hebrides tcgetker with the Communists, who were to be freed from Noumea. The idea, of course, is that it was in this manner we secured our Australian colonies. Japanese labourers can be had in any number at 10d.and one shilling per diem, their passage money being the principal expense; but, as their steamers are subsidised, no doubt an arrargement for a num- ber could be made at an average price per head at a lower rate ttan the usual passage money. In Fiji the planters complain of the objectional ways of the Indian coolies there, which is Low the main topic of conversation. Nothing of this kind need be feared with Japanese, who have the reputation of being hardworking and peacealkle; and there is litt'e doubt but that these little people would make a paradise of the New Hebrides at once by anvexing them if not checked by some ‘‘dogin the manger” policy of other nations; but French and Engiish might take the map and see the benefit that must arise with a few million enlightened hardworkirg people placed here, with various lines of steamship communication and many Government works. Santo alone would take some 300,000 in- habitants, and the shipping, freights, and outlet for merchandize must benefit the Australian Colonies, Fiji, and even bring the whole chain of Islands to- gether to New Guinea. But in these enlightened times we are all doomed to suffer, not so much from the microbes and influenza as from the working man and foreign alien farce “liberty and equality,’ and “the land for the people,’ ete. No better place could be found than this group ps & residence for the Kelicyers jn Mr, Henry George. Here is the land for the people, and every labourer who leaves for the Queenslard plantations is the owner of one or more bundred acres of the finest soil in the world. Everything is equal with them, and a returning recruit divides all his wealth of money and goods immediately on landing. Na- ture provides all necessary food, and there is no inducement for men to work here. The Mission Societies declare that, unless the natives are obliged to work they must die out, and all the murders amongst them are family affairs summed up in the lines of Dr. Watts—‘‘Satan finds some mischief s‘ill for idle hands to do.” All that is wanted in this part of the globe to make nature smile and to bring peace and prosperity is the importation of those down-troddeu and abused men who are not yequired elsewhere, either in Ireland or Australia, namely, the bloated capitalist, who can invest bis capital with greater safety amongst the 42,000,000 of the Japanese empire than in the bricks and mortar of a country ruled by working men candi- dates.—Yours, &c , A. RUFUS POWELL. Santo, New Hebrides (via Sydner, N. 5. Wales). May 320th, 1893. P.§.—Coffee is now double the price given to the estimate by the late Alex. Brown of Kandy in the ‘Planters’ Manual,’ and could be brought into bearing in the New Hebrides at little over than half the cost in Ceylon provided quality is more a consideration than aroma from the elevations. ——“-—~-—-—— - NOTES ON ECONOMIC PLANTS IN TAHITI, We gather from a recent report to the Foreign Office that some progress is being made in the cultivation of useful plants in the island cf Tahiti, Amongst the most important of these plants Coffee appears to have attracted much attention, and it is considered likely that the natives may take up its cultivation. A beginning on asmall scale has been made in the islands of Rurutu and Rimatara, and foreign enterprise also is at work in the island of Tahiti; it will be an important step if the people follow it up. This question has been agitated in Tahiti for the past three years, but with only one exception has anything beyond futile attempts beer made to establish plantations, In these latter at- tempts the old Tahiti system was adopted, which consists of merely clearing away the undergrowth in the bush or forest and putting plants in the untilled soil without trimming, due selection or care, Coffee-culture on recognised principles has been adopted by an Englishman with promising success. The variety of Coffee known as Tahiti Coffee isa very luxuriant grower, becoming in its natural state a tree often upwards of 20 inches in circumference and fully 20 feet in height, but it is scraggy and overgrown, and on this account usually a poor produce. The plant was first introduced to the Society Islands as early, it is said, as 1823. Sub- sequent y in 1860 the Mocha yariety was brought ta Tahiti by a Frenchman named Bonnefin, who es- tablished a p'antation in the district of Faa, which proved a profitable business. For some unknown reason this plantation was afterwards abandoned and has now completely disappeared. The variety is still found, however, growing wild in the islands of Tahiti and Moorea. Recoguising that the uncared-for, uncultivated Coffee tree in Tahiti was capable of producing an excellent berry, though the crops obtained did not in quantity compare at all favourably with results in other countries, where modern methods for grow- ing were adopted, it was decided by the gentleman above referred to, to attempt the culture of Ooffee upon recognised principles. Seven acres of level valley land were carefully c’eaned of bush, weeds, roots, and stumps of trees, the soil was well prepared by means of the plough and horse. Young Coffee plants were then selected from those growing wild in the bush, and the roots and branches haying heen properly tyimmed, they 300 were planted out in wholes 10 feet apart, the rainy reason being selected for the latter operation, It was soon ascertained that shade was necessary, and Banana, Apple, and Orange trees were at once planted between the rows, Jn addition, to ensure permanent shade the Candle-nut tree was planted 40 feet apart throughout the plantation, and has proved the most suitable for the purpose, being well branched and moderately open, admitting jnst sufficient ligut and circulation of air. The question of proper protection from the sun is an important point in the cultivation of Coffee in Tahiti; dense shade, though giving good growth, has been found to prevent the tree from tearing. In the 7 acres of land 3,500 plants were put out; the Tahitian distaste for cultivation was not indalged in, but a vigorous system of care and management was in- stituted. ‘he result hes more than surpassed the most sanguine expectations of the owner. Two species of insect pests had to be contended with, the mealy-bug and a green scale, both being very injurious to young plants, but not giving seri »us cause for alarm in the older trees. The plantation at the date of the report, namely, March last, was commencing its third year of cultivation. The trees were most healthy in appearance, and were growing with symmetrical uniformity. The ter- mina! buds are nipped off as the trees reach 6 feet, to prevent them growing beyond that height. By obtaining thus compact and comparatively low bushes, the picking of the crops is facilitated, and the additional shade thus given will in all probability in another two years preyent the growth of weeds, and thus reduce labour to an annual hoeing of the soil around the trees. Next season the owner in- tends to let the trees bear for acrop. The bushes blossomed well during the past season, but the berries were picked off at once, soas notto retard the growth. The owner fully expects to realise from the crops of the third, tourth, and fifth years sufficient to repay all tue outlay he has been put to for the plautation from the beginning. During the sixth, seventh, and eighth years he anticipates that his crops will average 2 kilos (4°4 lb.) per tree each season, and after the eighth year, an average of 3 kilos (6°61b.) yearly. Lt is stated that the consumption of Coffee in Tahiti is far in excess of the production. It has been sufficiently proved that the lands and climate of Tahiti ave well adapted to the production of excellent collee, and it may now be assumed that a plantation under cultivation will bring back in five years, ab the most, what it las cost. The prospects offered to those who may intend to embark on this enterprise in Tahiti are therefore certainly promising. ut it should be re- membered. that, although for small plantations not exceeding 10 acres home or district labour may be depended on, it would require, before undertaking the cultivation of extensiye plantations, a yery care- ful study of the labow: question, which is fully re- cognised to be an extremely difficult problem. ORANGES. The Orange tree was originally introduced into the Society Islands from Brazil by the navigator Cook, and subsequently by the early missionaries from the Australian colonies. ‘These two yarieties, though still giving a slight difference, have by ac- climatisation and self-propagation become merged into one variety known in the markets as the Tahiti Orange. The fruit varies from oblong to oval in shape, being rather flattened at the top. It is a medium-sized fruit, very heavy. very juicy, sweet, and highly flavoured, thin-skinned, and the rind of alight lemon-yellow colour. The trees grow- ing on lowlands produce an inferior fruit to those found at higher elevations, and generally supply the early portion of the produce exported on account of their easier accessibility. The Orange tree in Tahiti is not cultivated, but grows in the wild state, propagation being carried on by raiders, such as rats, &c., scattering the seed which, owing to the moist warm climate, germinates with certainty and rapidity. With few exceptions, gceasionally found on clearings made for dwellings, plantations, and roadways, the Orange tree in Tahiti THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | Nov. 1, 1893. grows in the bush, straggling, moss-covered, enveloped by tendrils and ereepers, and surrounded by weeds, and in this naturally weakened condition is be- coming an easy prey to the many species of scale and insect pest “4 ae so pean and so carelessly introduced during the last few years. The more vigorous tregs found in the open are better able to resist the ravages of this evil, but the consequences in course of time to the socalled Orange groves of Tahiti must be evident to all; still the mative, who so greatly depends on the Orange crop asa source of income does nothing whateyer to save the trees. He makes no attempt to clear the chaos of jungle surrounding them, or to destroy the pest; he contents himself with living simply on the fruits of pvature, so long as they are provided for him. But this condition of inactivity, ifcontinued, must bring disastrous results. To regain the markets of California, and to retain those of New Zealand, will necessitate attention being given to the cultivation of the Orange tree. Asis seen now, the more attrac. tive in appearance, though not superior or even equally good-flayoured fruit produced of late in Cali- fornia has driven the Tahiti Orange ont of that market, and it may be that rival Orange growing islands of the Pacific, where attention is now being given to the culture of the fruit, will before long deprive Tahiti also of the market of New Zealand. It is perfectly possible and practicable to make the culture of the Orange in Tahiti a, success, and this important matter should no longer be neglected. VANILLA, Owing to the fall in the price of Vanilla last year (1592), some of the native planters neglected their plantations to such an extent that even during the flowering season the fertilisation of the plant was not attended to. As, therefore, there are now fewer bearing plants at a time when the demand has again increased, the more thoughtful owners of p'antations reap the beuefit, aud also gain the advantage of the rise in price that has recently taken place.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. —_—_—_______— INDIAN GUTTAPERCIA. The natural sources of supply of guttapercha, and the possibility of their exhaustion were referred to in the Kew Reports 1876 (p. 23); 1837 (pp, 3). 31): and 1881 (pp. 33—45). A few trees, matives of the Indian peninsula, yield sabstances more or less similar to guttapercha. One of these is Dichopsis clliptica, Dalz. (=Bassia elliptica Isonandra acuminata). The following note on this plant appeared in the Report of the Royal Gardens, Kew, 1881, p. 44:— “This tree appears to be common on the Malabar coast, the forests of Coorg, the Wynaad, Travancore, &e. Itgrows to a height of 80 or 90feet. A substance similar to the guttapercha 0! commerce is procured by tapping, but the tree requires an interyal of rest of some hours, or even of days, after frequent incision. Tn five or six hours upwards of 13 lb. was collected from four or five incisions. The gum is hard and brittle at the ordinary temperature, but becomes sticky and viscid on the increase of heat. It is not found applicable to all the purposes for which guttapercha is used, but 20 or 39 per cent. of it may be mixed with guttapercha without destroying its qualities.” The same tree is referred to in Watt’s Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Vol. IIL, p. 102. In this, an extract taken from Drury’s Useful Plants of India, suggests that the gum might be usefully utilised as a sub-agueous cement or glue; or thaton account of its perfume when heated, it might pos- sibly be rendered of some value to the pastille and incense makers. More recently this gum has been analysed by My. David Hooper, F.C.S., F.1.C., Quino- Togist to the Government of Madras, and the results are given in the Annual Report of the Cinchona Plantations of Madras for 1891, p. 18:— © *"Tndian Guttapercha—An abundance of gutta- percha milk has been yielded during the past dry weather in the Wynaad by the Panchotee tree (Dichop- sis elliptica), and some planters have been asking for information on the subject, and inquiring whether it could he made into a commercial article. The milk Nov. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 301 has been known for some years to afford what was | trees are about five and a half feet high, ard are cailed Indian guttapercha or Pala-gum, and has been used as an adulterant of Singapore gutta. General Cullen brought it to notice 35 years ago, and Dr. Cleghorn published a memorandum on the subject at the time. I$ was reported upon by experts in Lon- don, who found that it was unfit for water-proofing purposes, as its solution in coal-tar and turpentine dry up to such a brittle consistence that the fabric is useless. It could be used as a birdlime or cement, and keeps well under water, as a cable insulator, especially if mixed with some genuine gutta. By boil- ing the milk of the Panchotee tree, a white mass seperates, which can be kneaded by the fingers, but which becomes hard and brittle when cold. ‘The brittle character of this substance I find is due toa large porportion of a crystalline substance found also in true gutta, and called crystalban or alban. Crys- talban, according to Payen, occurs to the extent of 14 to 19 per cent. in the best kinds of guttapercha, but I bave extracted as much as 69°2 per cent. of crystalban from the dried secretion obtained from Wynaad. The presence of a large quantity of crystals in this gu, of course, would interfere with its utility, but crystalban is easily removed by boiling alcohol, and the residue consists of a very good and pure gittapercha. I cannot see why this process could not be used to purify the Indian gum and so obtain an article similar to the Malayan article.” A note on a gum from a closely allied plant (Dichopsis obovata, ©. B. Clarke) received at Kew from Burma appeared in the Kew Bulletin, 1892, p. 215, ace i) GOLD COAST BOTANICAL STATION. Mr. Crowruer to the CoLonIAL Srcrerary. Botanical Station, Aburi, 1st September 1892. Sir,—I have the honour to submit, for the infor- mation of His Excellency the Governor, the report onthe progress and condition of the Botanical Station at Aburi, for the period ending 39th June 1892, and also to report npon my visit to the coffee and cacao plantations of Messrs. Miller Brothers and others on myreturn from leave of absence in January last. q 2. I regret that there has been so much delay in sending in my reports, but I have had so much worl which required my personal attention and supervision that L have experienced a difficulty in sending them in earlier. 3. I arvived at Accra in the R.M.S. ‘f Nubia” on the 8th of January, and immediately proceeded on board the steamship ‘‘Kinsembo’’ to return to Cape Coast, at which place I arrived at 10 p.m. on the 11th instant. : 4. On my way to Cape Coast I noticed a small quantity of the Bass fibre being shipped from Appam. This valuable fibre is obtained from the palm which isso common and plentiful in this part of the colony, namely, Ruphia vinifera. It is a very important pro- duct, being worth from 25/. to 60/. per ton according to quality. Great interest is at present shown in Eng- land in the discovery of similax fibres to this, and there is a good marset for them, but the supply is very small, owing chiefly, [ think, to the ditticulty experienced in extracting and cleaning the fibre. It | is chiefly used for brushmaking. I will make in- quizies ahd endeavour: to obtain information respect- ing suitable machinery f x cleaning and preparing this fibre, which information, if I am able to procure it, shall be published in my next report. [See Kew ~ Bulletin, 1891, p. 1 ] 5. On my arrival at Cape Coast I went to see Mr. Batty, Messrs. Miller Brothers & Co.'s agent, who kindly gaye me quarters for the night, ant the next day I proceeded to JJlmina to visit Mr. Hutchinson’s coffee plantation. 6. My. Hetchinsou calculates that he has about 150 acres planted with Liberian coffee, and that he has planted out 60,000 plants. The trees are in a very ealthy and flourishing condition, and many, which haye only been planted a year anda half, are a'veady bearing a very fine crop of coffee. he trees on this plantation are in three stages, viz., Ist, there are a pumber of trees whigh were planted in May 1339, These compact, bushy plants, bearing a splendd crop of coffee, some of which was ripening at the time of my visit. 2nd. A large area was planted in May 1890 ; these have grown well and almost all of them are bearing a first crop of coffee. This speaks very well for the suitability of the soil and situation for coffee planting as in Libzria and other places where this variety of coffee is grown, planters never expect the trees to bear until they are three yearsold. 3rd. The remainder of the trees, which comprise the greater part of the plantation were planted in May of last year, snd on the whole are grow:ng satisfactorily. Owing to the excessive dryness of the last season the mor- tality amongst the plants has been rather excessiv>, but that can b+ easily reme ‘ied by filling up the vacan- cies during the com’ng rainy season with good robust plants. 7. The plantationis in a very creditable and flour- i hing condition. The work is done by a gang of 70 Krooboys and the land is kept in good order and free from weeds. Mr. Hutchinson eeems to thoroughly understand the work, and has every contidence in the ultimate success of the undertaking. 8. The next morning, on my way from Elmina to Messr:. Miller Brothers, plantation at Kuby Kul, I was asked to visit a coffee plantation belonging to Mr. Ter Meulen, who accompanied me himself. 9. This plintation is about 25 acres in extent and consists of about 5,000 plants, all of which look very healthy. Many of the trees, which ae about three years uf ag:, ars bearing an immense crop of coffee and others of two years’ growth are elso_ bearing. Mr. Ter Meulen informed me thathe had been un- able t» personally superintend his plan‘a'ion as much as he would have liked, and consequently it had been rather neglected. 10. After spending an hour cr two going over the plantation and directing My. Ter Meulen as to the best means of carrying on the work, I proceeded on my way to Messrs. Miller Brothers’ ptantationat Kuby Kul, where I arrived »t 12-30 a.m. 1l. Mr. Ter Meulen proposes t>) extend his coffee plantation very considerably, audis now raising a large quantity of young plints forthat purpose. He is very energetic about the matter and very sanguine as to the results. 12. Mr. Batty met me at Kuby Kul, and aftr resting a s‘ort time, I commencel to go over this plivtation along with him. I should calculate that the area of this plantation is between 130 and 150 acres in extent. The l:ndis undulating anJ the soil a black mould and very rich, and I should say rema:k- ably well adapted for the cultivation of coffee nnd cicao. The trees lere -re much more luxuriant in growth than those at the other plan'ations mentioned. This may be accounted for by the extra rainfall and huwi- dity experienced here. 13. Myr. Baty has p'anted bis coffee pants 14 feet apart, which, considering the growth they have al- ready made, doe3 not seem too much. Whe growth of some of the trees on this plantation is slmost incredib'e. Many of them have grown as much as five feet in one year, and the foliage is of a great size and most luxuriant. 14. Besides coffee, Mr. Batly has also planted cacao on an extensive scale. This valuable product seems to thrive equally as well as coffee, the plants which I saw been ina healthy and flourishing condition, especially the ones suppli: d from the Botanical Station at Aburi during the previous year. The cacao is planted at distances of 13 feet apartand shaded with plantains and bananas, which answer the. purpose admirably, : 15. Tobacco was also being triel by Mr. Batty. He had about 2,500 plants each of the Havana and Sumatra varieties. They were well-grown plants, with enormous leaves of a good texture, and if the operation of curing has been successful should pro- duce a good marketable article. 16. After my visit to the Cape Coast district I returned to Accra aud proceeded to Aburi, where I arrived on the 22nd Ja:uary, 17, Qn my arrival I commenced at once tg cleay 302- the land purchased by the Government from the Rev. A. W. Clerk, and succeeded in clearing the bush from the whole of the 16 acres during the months of February and March. The weather during this pe-iod was excessively dry and very suitable for this fad of work. 18. This land, which adjoins the land already possessed by the Government, was covered for the most part with dense bush and large trees, intersper- sed with a large number of palm trees (Mlwis guincen- sis). It isa valuable piece of land, consisting for the most part of a rich black yegetable mould, and free from stones and gravel, with the exception of a small tract of about an acre in extent near the Akropong road, which is rather stony. 19. LI have used a part of it as avegetable garden, and found that potatoes did splendidly, haying had a good crop of excellent potatoes from seed which was got out from Messrs. Sntton & Sons, Reading. Corn, cassava, sweet potatoes, &c. haye also been planted on this new land. They assist in keeping down the undergrowth and bringing the land under cultivation, and the produce comes in useful for feed- ing pigs, a good breed of which -rought ont from England with me. 20. A small grove of palm trees has been allowed to remain. These I propose to thin out to reason- able distances apart, and clean and trim up the re- mainder, then run a fence round and allow the pigs to run about in. They will be well protected from the sun, and the palm nuts make very good food. 2\. After I had completed the cleaving of this land I made a 12 foot road roundit, and planted a boundary of coconut palms at distances of 25 feet apart. These form an excellent and permanent boundary, and I am pleased to say are all growing well, not one having died through the dry season experienced since they were planted. This boundary of coconut palms has been continued around the whole estate, about 309 plants having been planted out in this way. 22. On the land formerly cleared and under cuiti- vation a greatamount of work has been done. On my return I noticed that cacao on the land extending from the west end of the house to the town of Aburi had not grown as well as it should haye done, and could see that the cause was want of shade. Plants of castor oil (?icinus communis) had heen plans: ed, but they had grown up spindly and did not afford sufficient protection, so I have plante 1 bananas and plantains between the rows of cacao at distan- ces of 12 feet. The whole of this pateh, which is about 13 acres in extent, has been planted inthis manner, and the plants are now growing satisfactorily. 23. The land in front of the house, and extendin to the Akropong road, has been completely plante with Liberian coffe>. Also a small plantation of Arabian coffee, consisting of 390 plants, has been laid down. ‘This variety of coffee is grown vaiher exten- sively by the natives in this district and thrives extremely well. I obtained the p!ants from the Rev. A. W. Clerk, in exchange for cacao plants. 24. The avenue of oranges leading to Aburi and as far as the Akropong road has been completely plant- ed with new varieties of oranges, raised from seeds obtained from the West Indies. 25. Besides the work above mentioned a large amount of road making, laying out, and planting has beendone. In front of the house a small flower gar- den has been laid out, which improves the look of the place very mtch, | : 26. A path 4 feet wide has been cut from opposite the billiard room door at right angles to the house, and extending 600 feet to where it meets the Aburi road. A small border of flowering plants has been planted on eachside. This affords a nearer approach to the house and looks very well. : 27. An avenue of oranges and citron 20 feet wide has been made, which cuts the above-mentioned path near the centre, and extends from the Akropong road, below the police huts, to the road leading to Aburi. It is 700 feet lonz. The trees are growing well, aud will form a splendid ayenue in a few years. _ 28, An avenue of Royal Palms (Oreodoxa regia) has been planted atdistanc.s of 25 feet apart across THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1893. —_—— the land purchased from the Rey. A. W. Clerk. This avenue extends from the Akropong road near the new house in course of construction by M-. Clerk, to the western boundary. It is 800 feet long, extend- ing across a level portion of the Jand. he plants are growing well, and, in a short time, this will make a splendid avenue. 29. Many of these roads have been covered with rubble from the old walls surrounding the enclosure behind the house. ‘This forms excellent material for road making, as it sets hard, and weeds, &c. will not grow in it. 30. The weather for the period under review has not been at all fayourable for agricutural purposes. It has been exceptionally dry with a prevailing dry wind, which has been most injurious to plant life. The rainfall for the six months was 25°77 inches, which compared with the corresponding period for two previ- ous years was very small, 31. The rainfall, besides teing so much smaller than in previous years was not so well distributed over the period. ‘he whole of the rainfall in June (3°34 inches) fell in a deluge on the llth of that month, doing considerable more damage than good, and the whole period has been marked by occasional heavy rains and long intervals of hot and dry weather. 32. The benefit of the new tank which was com- pleted in November last has been felt during the present season. I have no hesitation in saying that half the plants on the station would i ave succumbed had it not been for the water obtained from this source. 33. As an instance of the amount of water used I may mention that the tank is 80 feet long, 25 feet wide, and 14 feet deep. On the 12th of June, after the heavy rainfall above mentioned, the tank was at its highest, and had 8 feet 5 inches of water in it. On the 28th of the same month, it had been lowered to 7 feet 3 inches, and on the 5th of July to 6 feet 9inches. This means a large volume of water, and also a large amount of extra labour for the stafi employed. 34. The plants previously planted out have on the whole grown well. 35. Vines.—These have not done so well as I expected. On my return I took out the old soil around the roots for a distance of 3 feet and 2 feet deep, and filled in the space thus made with good soil and compost. I then shaded the plants and watered them well. They made a good growth, and went on well for a month or two, but have again fallen off. No doubt this can be partly ac- counted for by the extreme dry weather, but I think also that the site and soil is not suitable, and I propose to remove them to another part of the garden, where I trust they will do better. 36. CorrkE.—The plants previously planted have grown extremely well, and haye a very vigorous and healthy appearance. About 2,500 plants which were planted-out this spring are also growing satis- factorily, although they have had to be continually ‘ watered on account of the dry season. 37. Cacao.—As I before remarked, this has not done so well on account of lack of shade, and also the dry weather experienced. Now that the matter of shade has been attended to, they are growing better and I hope they will continue so. 38. Annatro (Liza Orellana)—This valuable dye plant seems to have adapted itself well to the soil and situation. It is now producing an abundance of seeds, from which I propose to prepare a sample of “roll” or “flag” annato, when ripe. The col- ouring matter washed from the seeds, and made into rolls or paste is called “flag” or “ roll” an- nato, and is the best mode of preparing it. “There is a steady demand for good annato made up into this form, and as the freight and other charges would be less on paste than on seeds there is a distinct inducement to adopt the preparation of paste. While the price of seeds varies from 13d, to 3d. per pound, the price of paste ranges from &d. to 1s, 8d. per pound, according to quality.” 39. Fruit Treus.—The whole of the fruit trees planted are growing satisfactorily. Mangoes, shaq: Noy. 1, 1893. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 393 dock oranges, sapodillas, avocado pears, star apples, &e., &c., are making fine trees, from which I hope in a short time to obtain fruits, A Loquat tree planted before my arrival has fruited during the present season, and some of the citrons and oranges are showing signs of blossom. 40. Berrwoop (Caswwina equisetifolia)—A large number of these plants are now raised at Abuii. This tree is stated to possess ‘every property that is usually attributed to the Hucalypti family, and the extensive planting of it would undoubtedly be most beneficial to the colony. The following plants haye been sold from the Bot- anical Station, viz. :— Lae Saeed: Coffee, 12,000 at ld.each .. a DOL LOme 0) Coffee, 110 at 1d. ,, OG ere OhA ST 9) Oranges, 32at lid. ., wie afet tii Oma oac O Lemons, Siatisd.- 5. ob See Ox) Cocoa, 40 at 3d. ,, be ae Ont OO Ole One O, 42. Cacao plants were also exchanged for 300 plants of Arabian coffee, and several plants have also been distributed free. 43. The following plants and seeds have been received during the half year. [Here follows lists, not reproduced, of 40 plants and nine lots of seeds received from the Botanical Gardens, Trinidad ; of vine cuttings and numerous seeds received from the Royal Gardens, Kew; and seeds received from his Excellency the Governor. | 46. Vrearranies.—The growing of European vege- tables has not been so successful during the present season as it was last year. ‘Ihe weather has not been suitable, and further I find that the seeds obtained this year were not so good as formerly, many of them not germinating at all. Potatoes, eas, and French beans have grown the _ best. otatoes grown from sets obtained from Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading, did very well indeed. The varieties grown were Magnum Bonum, Beauty of Hebron and Sutton’s Abundance. The latter variety produced the finest crop of potatoes. Many new vegetables are being tried, as for instance, Globe artichokes, Asparagus, Seakale, &c., &c,, and so far they are growing satisfactorily. LT have, &c. (Signed) W. CrowrnEr. Curator. The Hon. the Colonial Secretary, Victoviaborg. —Kew Bulletin. ———_ - > LIFE IN THE SOIL. We now know three things at least about the soil we cultivate, viz., that it is of mineral origiu, formed primarily of rock-dust, and so inorganic. Then it has added to it from time to time the organic matter afforde 1 by the decomposition of plants and animals, such as dead and decaying vegetation, and the various animal manures. But thirdly,and in this case lastly, there is actually life in the soil, microscopic it is true, but vegetable life, active and potential, as all life is anywhere and everywhere, for where there is life there is no absolute rest, something is ever and always being done. In a word, vegetable lifeas we k ow it to-cay is ever and always pvtential, and it is always operating on and altering the chemistry ofother matter around it eitherliving or dead. This much is especially true of the living vegetable organisms which are found more or less abundantly in all soils. - These soil-organisms are really minute members of the fungus family, very low organisms it may be from a biological standpoint, even although it is part of a biologist’s faith to call nothing, however low or minute, in the scale of life, ‘common or unclean ;” and so even the low fungoid forms of life, now so familiar under the general name of bacteria, deserve the gardener’s attention, seeing that they work for him uneeasingly, even if, like the work of the good fairies of old, their operations be unscen. Bacteria ave then simply extremely minute re- presentatives of the Mushroom and 'Voadstool family of plants, full of energetic potentialities for evil or for good, as the case muy be, just as the higher fungi may either feed us or poison us, according to natural laws, notas yet well ‘‘ understande J of the people.” Someone once said to an American humorist, I think it was Mark Twain, ‘Yes! you see the bota- nists are very clever people, but they even can’t say bow we should distinguish Mushrooms from Toad- stools.” ‘ Oh! that is easy enough,” said the humorist, “you should eat the darned things right away ; then if you live, it’s a Mushroom, and if you die, it’s a Toadstool !’’ This is a strong appeal in favour of actual experi- ence, as opposed to mere theory, and as a fact we know and learn much more of the bacteria by experi- ence, ?.c., by the results of their labours than we at present can do of the organisms themselves, and so the working results of soil bacteria ave evident, for it is their office to reduce the organic matter deposi- ted in the soil to the elements of the rock dust, and of the atmospheric carbon and nitrogen whence it was originally derived. Now, bacteria generally agree, so far, with the great fungus family of plants, that the activity of some is malignant, and that of others, is benevolent and life- giving. Bacteria, in a work, may be bacteria, but they are divisable into two distinct sections or groups. There is, in fact, a notable difference between the “bad fairies—the imps of darkness,’ that cause pathological disorders, such as anthrax, typhoid fever and small-pox, or hydrophobia and tetanus —and the “good little-people,”’ that really act as the beneyo- lent scavengers of Nature, and diffuse new life, and health, and beauty all around them, in garden and field; and to the latter group of division belong the soil-organisms, to which we desire to draw the especial attention of all interested in soil or earth-culture to-day. The bacteria of cultivated soils belong to the micrococci, rounded or egg-shaped bodies, not unlike frog-spawn when highly magnified, which carry on great chemical changes in thesoil. There are presum- ably different species of bacteria that do this, some of which are spoken of as the ‘ nitrous’’ and others as ‘‘nitric’’ organi-ms of the soil, and each organ- ism has its own special work or function to fulfil. The general work of both these organisms is to carry out or to cause whatis called ‘ nitrification ”’ in tbe soil, a process of oxidation or decomposition by which organic and inorganic matter is rendered soluble or immediately available for growing crop:. You can sow or plant a crop in the soil, but that does not mean that soil-food is at once fit to be taken up in watery solutions by the rootlets of the crop. Planting or sowing the land is, in fact, analo- gous to taking a horse to the water—youcan ‘ take him there, but you can’t make him drink.’ So you can plant your fruit trees, or sow your vegetable seeds in the earth, but unless the soil organisms have rendered the plant-food soluble, 7.e., unless it has become ‘‘nitrified,’’ the plants will not, because they cannot, take it up and send to their leaves for fur- ther development, and thence to be returned or at- tricted to flowers, fruits, or stems, for man’s service and delight. We have said that there are two groups of bacteria that act in the nitrifying process continu- ally going on in the soil,and from the latest evidence it sppears that the function of the “nitrous” organ- ism is to attack the ammonia in the soil, and torm from it what are called nitrites, and after the am- monia (nitrogen) is thus changed, the “nitric” or- ganism begins its work upon the nitrite, and reduces their composition into nitrates, 7.e., nitrogen in a soluble state available for the rootlets of living vege- tation. ‘Thus we here see a most beneficent kind of ‘symbiosis,’ a potent co-operation eyee going on between the higher and the lower races in the vege- table world; and after this, need we wonder at the folk-lore which tells us of the ‘ good fairies” that carried on the farmwork at night unseen and unheard? That bacteria did this in all the farmhouse opera- tions of brewing and baking, and cheese-making, as well as on the farm itself, is a well-known fact to- day, and one with which we cannot become too fami- liar in the garden. ‘ [t may interest some readers to know that micros copie sides of the ‘ nitrous” organism or bacterium, prepared by Prof, Winogradsky, can be obtained of 304 Messrs. Newton & Co., of 3, Fleet Street, H.C., and those who would like to dive deeper into his fascina- ting question of life in the soil may consult with advantage the followin papers d&e. :— Winogradsky, in tha Annales de tewr', 1890, Munro, in the Journal of the Society of England, December, 1832. Frankland (at Royal Institution) June 9, 1892. , Warington, R., Jetter in Nature, vol. xliy., p. 190, on “ Nitrification in the Soil.” Those interested in economic bacteriology sever- ally might with advantage refer to— _ “ Recent Contributions to the Chemistry and Bacte- viology of the Fermentation Industries,” Cantor Lectwres, 1892, Society of Arts, London (price Is); or, Our Secret I'viends and Koes, 8.P.0.K., 1893, price 2s. 6d. In conclusion, I should like to say that the whole subject ef soil-organism, as also of bacteria generally is well worthy of the gardener’s closest attention, seeing that these organisms seem t) lie at the very base of all growth-force, as well as at the root of most, even if not of all, kinds of decomposition as it occurs in the garden. In a future paper, I shall like to draw further attention to the bacter'a peculiay to Jeguminose vegetables, and which are supposed to possess the unique power of ‘fixing’ free atmospheric nitrogen. F. W. BusrivGe.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, ee SALE OF KANANGAMA ESTATE. Mr. David Fairweather has, through Mr. W. D. Gibbon of the Central Land Registry Office, Kandy, sold Kanangama estate in tho Kelaai Valley to the Kila Tex Company, Limited, for £9,000 sterling, The estate is over 280 acres in extent, mostly under tea. UInstitute Pas- Royal Agricultural in Nature, ————_—> ———-- A NEW TEA BREAKER. A Terai planter is lou) in his priises of a new tea breaker, inventel by Mr H. Sabow, ths—ia those parts—wellknown Kurseovg Mnogineer. Sines using this breaker the plarter tound that helid mace 40 per ceat less Manningsand Dast than with his former maciire. Mr Sabow’s breiker costs 1230.—South of India Observer. ieee a Ee CHEMISTRY OF ‘TEA. We have already urged upon the Tea planters of Ceylon the great advantage they would almost cer- tainly gain by the services of a qualified chemist, and we return to the subject, because of its para- mount importance, now that competition is so keen and is increasing year by year. Planters who speak of the crop of the Island in millions of pounds may look complacently on snch comparatively pigmy production as that of Johore, Natal, and other countries that are making their debut in the field; but, if they recall the rapid progress that Ceylon made from its first start, they wouldsee reason to regard these small beginnings elsewhere as indicating great possibilities within a comparatively short space of time, Ceylon exports increased by leaps and bounds, and with that example before them, why should small beginnings elsewhere be despised? In short, the Ceylon planters have still to maintain the high position they have acquired, and that, too, with lands that are yielding up their fertility yea- by year, and wth markets more and more abundantly upplied as time goes on. F eee of the Reece most of them indeed, admit, though with more or less mental reservation, that their lands become weaker with each crop they produce which means that a time is certainly coming when their fertility will ke much more reduced. From that admission, which no one will deny, there is an inevitable conclusion forced upon the mind, that a period of exhaustion is assuredly coming, whether more or less distant may not be easily determin- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | [Nov. 1, 1893. able. Ceylon tea planters are divided between those who are cultivating coffee lands, that had alread been more or less exhausted before tea was ted in them, and others who are cultivating new lands that had not been so impoverished. In the former, the need of manurial aid is in many cases already pressing, and with regard to all such lands, no time should be lost in giving artificial help. Yet, where are the cultivators who are so situated who know. even approximately, what kind of aid their sois- require? Even those planters who are cultivating vi-gin Jands know not what artificial aid they require, nor how soon they may require it —Ceylon “ Independent,” Seana VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Seycuetites Turrcte Ow.—A gentleman has leased the Aldibra Islands, in the neighbourhood of the Seychel'e:, in the Indian Ocean, and proposes to promote a company for utilising the enormous supply of turtle which the islands p:ovide. A large profit is, be thinks, to be made in preserving and canning the turtle oil for shipment to Europe, where its ex- cellent medicinal properties, which are far in ad- vance of cod-liver oil, woald probably be much ap- preciated. — Inpovts. Mace ann Nurmecs in Banpa.—The spice-growers on the island of Banda (Dutch Indies) had a very prosperous year in 1891 owing to the rise in the market value of nutmegs and mace. There are thirty-four nutmeg-plantations in the island, and the recent sale of two of these showed that the value of this kind of property has increased very largely. The total «nutput of nutmegs and mace in the islands of the Banda group in 1891 was about 14,580 piculs. The cultivation of nutmegs is extending to many of the neighbouring islands, but the trees there ace not yet in bearing,—Ivid, PeRFUME-YIELDING FrLowers at Grasse.—lIt is reported that the Violet crops in the south of France this spring, have given only a mediocre re- sult, the output being not quite sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the local manafacturers. It seems that during the present, and in many previ- ous years, the Violet plants have suffered from a blight, which has injured the flowering. The French and Algerian Geranium growers continue to com- plain of the competition to which they are being subjected by the distillers in Reunion, whose output is increasing very rapidly. Almost every steamer that arrives at Marseilles brings Reunion Geranium oil, sometimes by thirty cases or more in one con- signment. The Orange trees at Grasse promise a good crop of flowers. Jonquils a°e now being ga- thered, but the prices realised for these flowers are so low, that they are gradually going out of use for perfumery purposes.—Clardeners’ Chronicle. New and Curious SupsTaANceS FROM PLAnTs. — Amongst a number of obscure but chemically-in- teresting substances which have recently been ob- tained from plants, we notice the following :—Froim the root of Corydalis cava, M. Freund has isolated several alkaloids, namely, corydaline, bulbocapnine, and corycavine. G. Carrara has obtained conduran- gin from the bark of Gonolobus condurango; this substance is supposed t» be identical with the zince- toxin from Asclepias yincetoxicum. Schimmel, the great German essence manufacturer, has found cineole in the oil of Lavandula spica. Gerard has shown that the choluterol derived from phanerogamous plants is identical in physical and chemical properties with the phytosterin of Hesse; whilst that obtained from cryptogams is similar to the ergosterin of Tausit, From the Belladonna, E. Merck has obtained another alkaloid, namely, apoatropine. Altogether, this plant well deserves its other name of ‘“ Deadly Nightshade.” Schmidt has found scopolamine in Hyoscyamus niger, Atropa belladonna, Datura stra- monium, and Duboisia myoporoides C. Senger finds that Artemisia absinthum contains large quantities P. Barbier has of absinthin. From Licari kanali isolated licarol,—Ibid. Nov. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, THE TEA PLANTING INDUSTRY IN CEYLON. Just as we have pointed out the location of whit is left tous of ‘‘ Ooffee,”” it may be well, briefly to bring under review the great divisions or centres of ‘tea’ oultivation in the island. We may well be told’ that tea is everywhere, or -esked where it is not, within the recognised planting country. of the mountain zone and much of our South-Western lowcountry ; but by grouping certain distriots to- gother and showing the total area in these covered by the tea plant, we may get a much better idea of the importance of the several divisions. In doirg co we may first give an approximative estimate of the area under tea from an altitude of about five thousand feet above sea-level and upwards ; secondly between five thousand down to about three-thou- sand-five-hundred feet altitude; thirdly from the latter limit to say two-thousand feet; fourthly between two and one thousand feet; and fifthly under a thousand feet altitude and in the low— country proper. Premising that the aggregate area planted for Ceylon is taken, according to the latest Directory returns, at 273,000 acres, our estimate of approximative areas at the different altitudes works out as follows :— Feet. Feet. Acres. Tea above (or olos3 on) 5,000 about 10,814 Do. do. 3,500 and under 5,000.. 125,851 Do. do. 2,000 do. 3,500.. 70,797 Do. do. 1,000 do. 2,000.. 81,050 Do un‘er 60 O06 1,000.. 34,693 Total «« 273,205 Next we may a'tempt some grouping as respects districts. Taking first the great expanse of cultivation between Great Western and Adam’s Peak and in- cluding Lower Dikoys, we get of tea planted, as follows :— Acres. Dimbula—area under tea 39,980 Dikoya do. 25,855 Dikoya Lower do, oo) F3K50 Maskeliya do, os 9175760. Total .. 90,745 Or as nesr as poasible, ono-third of the total area planted in the country, and certainly by far the most valuable third. Let us by way of contrast place the Uva group of districts, going as far as Maturata on the one side and Balangoda—though this may secm rather beyond the Uva climate—on the other, We then get a ieturo as follows :— Acres. Haputale area under tea .. 9,050 » West Ai .. 1,086 Balangoda “i .. 1,890 New Galway 4 ale 545 Udapussellawa i oe) 5,957 Maturata 1) -» 4,496 Badulla * -» 5,989 Passara - .» 3,606 Madulsima and Nuwara Eliya es 5,620 Monaragala 3 245 Total .. 38,484 Here, we hive about one-seventh of our ‘o'al grea under tea; but then it must be r-membercd that in this division there are over 20,000 acres of coffee and an appreciable area of ocinchona against only 6.000 acres of coffee and very little cinchonsa in tue Dsmouia-Diko,a group: It may be well next to show the area under tea in the districts North and South of Kandy REERERUNENY: In the Northern, North-Western and 395 North-Eastern divisions, we have:— Acres. Matale Hast -& Laggala—area under tea: 6,638 Matale West wie «.» 2,881 6 North fi es 828 Kelebokka Eye «+ 4,227 Knuckles ae -. 8,809 Nitre Oave aie 829 Rangala ae 4,397 Meda 2ahanuwara ate 767 Hunasgiriya 3,061 Panwila and Wattegama -» 1,716 Dumbare - oa 65 (And let us add) Kurunegala 1,396 Total ., 30,114 Or less than one-ninth of the whole extent under tea and Jess than half the acreage included in the next group. South and West of Kandy, we place :— Acres. Hantane—area under tea 4,349 Hewaheta Lower 3,065 4 Upper 3,558 Nilambe ao 4,402 Pussellawa 11,358 Ramboda & 3,718 Pundaluoya 00 3,010 Kotmale ; 7,662 Ambagamuwa 5,539 Yakdeéssa 1,933 Dolosbage 2 13,166 Kadugannawa eos 2,626 Alagala wes 1,887 Total.. 66,273 This takes the second place, the proportion being very nearly one-fourth of the whole. Finally, we may give all that remain together as “ Lowcountry,” although the Rakwana, Kukulu and Morawak Korale districts are scarcely in that category :— 4 Acres. Kelani Valley—area under tea 18,679 Kegalla and Polgahawela 1,153 Kalutara 7,660 Udagama os 3,293 Other Lowcountry Districts .. 5,843 ; 36,628 Kuruwita ote 565 Rakwana at 3,135 Morawak Korale 56 2,790 Kukulu Korale o0 1,016 Total... 44,134 In this total we haye nearly one-sixth of the grand ageregate for the island; but as time rolls on, if only encouragement is offered through prices keeping up, we may expect the lowcountry to show a further considerable development, (Sce next page.) ——»Q»_____ THE ORIENTAL BANK ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORB. The following is the report of the directors which was to be presented to the shareholders at the Seventh Avnual Ordinary General Meeting, to be held at Wiuchester House, Old Board Street, London, E.c. On THursDay, SEPT. 28TH, 1893, aT Noox, The directors present as follows to Shareholders their report of proceedings together with the accom- ps) ying balance sheet for the seventh year of the working of the Compony. The great Mauritius hurricane of the 29th Apftil in last year took place during the period uncer review avd affected the craps whic’: hi gen to he reaped in September last, the .a.. of whi bk bas ltely ban completed. 306 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1893. The damage inflicted on the Oompany’s buildings and plant proved to be about as anticipated by the Chairman io hie speech of last year ; but as he stated, it was impossible then to forecast with any accuracy the damage done to the canes, and the loss then likely to accrue from the injury to them and from the deterloratiou in the cane juice, aud the difficulty of extracting the sugar. That loss provedin the course of the year’s working to be extraordinarily heavy since not much more than half the usual crop of sugar (usually sold for over two million rupees) was secured from the Hatates in which the re pears! is interested ; the expenses on the other hand, notwithstanding every effort to economize, were incressed by the necessary restoration of buildings and plant, the replacing of stock, the clearing and reshaping of watersourses, the rebuilding of bridges and other matters which also consumed much time and labour. The tea and cocoa crop in Ceylon during the period under review was also generally fuund to be below the estimates made and this diminution affected to some extent the Oompany’s estates in common with others, but exchange being favourable and the value of the company’s tea proving the same as in the previous reason, the profits were slightly increased : 1,363,714 lb. of made tea, from about 4,000 acres in bearing, were produced on the Company’s Ceylon estates, in adddition to which 156,797 lb. of tea were manufactured for the estates of other persons. The cost of cultivation and manafacture to f.0.b. Colombo varied with different estates from 5 pence to 7°36 pence per pound of made tea. The gross average price of the company’s tea for the year was 94d. per pound in London. The cocoa crop amounted to 1,417 owt, from about 500 acres in bearing, and realized gross 110s per owt. Under the above exceptional circumstances the Direotors consider that the small balance which appears on the balance sheet after payment of interest on the debentures, and after making considerable provision for deterioration in Mauritius should not, however much it may be regretted, be a cause for apprehension, for they have g0od reason to expect that the results of the proceedings of the present year, as to which excellent reports have been received from the Oompany’s Managers, will prove as satisfactory as the year under review was otherwise. Ajl damages to the Company's Mauritius Estates have been made good and occasion has been taken in rebuildiog to improve the arrangement of the factories and the condition of the Company’s Hstates in both islands is reported excellent. Mr. James Charles Shaw having retired from the Board, the Directors elected Mr. Henry K. Rutherford, Managing Direcfor of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company, Limited, to fill the yacant place. In accordance with the Articles of Assooiation, Mr. G. H, Tod-Heatly retires from the Board, and as he does not offer himself for re-election, Mr. Norman W. Grieve, well-known as a Oeylon Planter, is, in accordance with the Oompany’s Articles, recommended by the Directors, and has expressed his willingness to fill the vacant seat. The Auditors, Messrs. Welton, Jones & Co., also retire from office, and offer themselves for re- election. The Directors append the following particulars with regard to the estates in accordance with the wish of ‘Shareholders :— ESTATES IN OBYLON AND MAURITIUS THE PROPERTY OF THE COMPANY. CEYLON. Bellwood, Craigie Lea, Dangkande, Darrawella, Delmar, Dene, Dodangalla, Donoughmore, Forest Oreek, Glen Devon, Havilland, Haddington, Henega- hawelle, Hunugalla, Kalugalia, Kondessile, Kuda Oya, Lindupatina, Lonmay, Loolecon tera, M:}aleriatenne, Mahawatte, Naranghena, Newmarket, Nuilloomally 3-4ths, Sinnapitiya, Stellenberg, St. Coombs, Sum- merhill, Waloya, Wattewella. Total acreage 13,091 seres, Under Tea oa 5,086 scores ” Ooffee ane 658 ” = Cocoa ose nae 686, A Oinchonsa ..... soe 52 ~ Cardamoms ... as 113° - Fuele Reserves and Noreeries 60, Grass, Forest, &o. ... vel 5,888 . 4, MAURITIOS. BRITANNIA | Cant GAULETTES. Aoreage 3,845 acres. The Oompany is also interested in the followiig estates :— Beau Sejour Sugar Estates Company, comprising :-— Beau Sejonr estate, Mon Songe estat» and the lands of Mont Piton, Australia, Mon Choix and La Paiz, Bon Air estate. Highlands Sugar E:tates Company comprising :— Highlands estate and Oombo estate. Acreage 9,572 acres. By Order of the Board, Henry Grey, Seoretary. 18th September, 1893: ee THE CEYLON TEA PLANTING INDUSTRY : ITS PRESENT STATUS WITH ESTIMATES OF CROP; NATIVE CONSUMPTION AND CULTIVATION. More important than the analyses we have already presenied to our readers is that which hag to do with the distribution of our planted tea area according to age. From the records made up for the Directory, at intervals since 1867 when the retura was ten acres planted, we are able to arrive at a very close approximation of the extent throughout the country in full or partial bearing and of that still under age. The figures work out on the present occasion as follows :— TEA PLANTED IN CEYLON. Acres. 6 years old and upwards 183,000 5 to 6 years es 22,000 4to5 ,, ee 15,000 B8to4 ,, os 30,000 2to3 ,, 12,000 Not in bearing “0 11,000 Total 273,000 This will afford a basis for the Committee of the Planters’ Association in framing their Estimate of Crop for 1894. For that year we may add 7,000 acres to the extent ‘‘not in bear- ing”’ for tea plauted amongst coffee, of which no account has been taken in the above figures. ‘Our own Estimate for the coming year, as given in the Handbook, is based on au average return of 371 lb, per acre for the old tea; 320 lb. for land between 5 and 6 years as an average: 270 lb. for the next stage; 200 lb. from 3 to 4 yeais and 100 lb. from tea 2 to 3 years of age. This works out to a total crop for 1894 of 86,183,000 lb. aud deducting 700,000 1b. for home consump- tion, we get for export 85,483,000 lb. lt is too early, however, to put forward such an Estimate with any authority. We must first have a beiter idea of how the present year's crop and export are to run, and we wust also consider how much depends on the weather and the kind of encour- agement offered to ‘‘fine,” “ medium” aud “coarse” plucking. Taking these elements into consider— ation, the course adopted by the Planters’ Committee of giving a range of figures in the estim ite seems a wise one, and will no doubt be foliowed for the coming year. If the aggregate shipments for Noy. 1, £893.] the current year do not fall short of 78 million lb., we suppose 83 to 85 millions would be a saie reckoning for 1894. But we must not speculate further, i One thing is certain: that ‘‘looal consumption” must henceforward be taken into account. Thece i3 no question that a rapidly imoreasing proportion of our population are tuking to tea drinking. In Coiombo and our other large towns, the consumption must be considerable, while in the boutiques along the maio thoioughfares a bowl of tea can now be far more readily got than one of coffee, the supply of which has fulien to very low as to make it almost a luxury in the planting district:, Of course, it is chiefly the inferior kinds of tea that are used by the natives so far—the red-,eaf, dust and broken teas sold off from several factories to travelling tamby-pedlars who are developing an extensive business in this line, and are beginning to carry their distributing trade far beyond the ordinary beaten tracks into rem te districts and secluded villages. Nor do we know of any trade that more heartily deserves encouragement. The ‘‘temperance”’ Party in Our midst ougaot especiaily to rejoice in the spread of tea-drinking habits among the people as one of the best antidotes to the arrack-shop, Nor need the planter have any feeling but one of satisfaction; for unlike ‘ coffee’? and ‘‘cocoa,” there 1s little or no chance of ‘tea-leaf’’ being etulen from the field, however much the demand for «ne prepared product may extend, and all he has to do is to guard his factory. Of course, it must be remembered that many of the Sinhalese themselves are becoming oulti- vators of tea, especially in the lowcountry and more partioularly in the Southern Province. In his Administration Report for last year, Mr. Hlliott remarks that ‘‘ tea planting is becoming popular with the Sinhalese: their gardens are especially numerous in Wellaboda and Talpe pattus.” We do not at allfear the result as regards our ex- port trade: we consider rather that local con- sumption will extend pari passu with such native culuyation until amovg the 3 millions of people in Ceylon as many million lb. of tea are consumed —a very low rate of consumpiion as compared with thst obtaining in the movher-country or the Australian colonies. io TEA SEED OIL. We have lately referred more than once to sam- Jes of oil prepared from tea-ssed, which wer® highly approved by Colombo authorities on oil- We have reterred one home for report; but meantime we learo from Mr. Walter Agar, Dikoya, that some years ago he secured & report and analysis by & competent English authority, the result of which was not favourable. Mr. Agar is good enough to give us the foilowiny information: — “Jn May 1890, I sent a quantity home tor re- port avd analysis. Professor Attfield analyzed it and hig report 1 cannot lay my hands on just now, hence delay 10 writing you. However, the valuation placed on 1t was too low to make a paying speo of i-, by exporting it to England. 1 have some ot what I made then suli here. It has become beautifully clear like Lucca oil in the keeping and for localuse might pay- It takes a large quantity of seed, however, tO produce & bottle of ou; this was done in my case by ® h.nd or cooly chekko-mill. I may be to get a copy of Professor Attfield’s analysis ble ti oa from my @geuts who sent the oil home and had ; ti ae r We shail be glad to have the Professor's Analysis and Report. Lt is just possible that there would be a better demaad and price now ayailable than in 1890, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 397 VOELCKER’S REPORT ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE. This report, which after so long a period of incuba ation has at last seen the light, proves to be of n far more valuable character than could have bee anticipated from the brief summaries of Dr. Vo Icker’s ideas and conclusions which have appesred from time to time rioce he left India two and & half years ago. On several of these we commented at the time they appeared, and we were constrained to remark that the learned Doctor had not, it seemed to us, appreciated all the aspects of the problem be- fore him. The delay which has been allowed to ccour in the preparation of his Report has, however, enabled him to get himself right in many ways in which at first he appesred to have gone astray, and he has now produced a work which—if the powere- that-be will reai, mark, learn, and inwardly dig- est the advice he eets before them, and then proceed to act thereon consistently and strena- ously—should lead to very considerable results as to the improvement of Indian agriculture. It ie not that Dr. Voeleker tellaus much that has not been taid before one or other of the various authorities who have made a study of the problems of Indian agriculture on the spot, but rather that from his position a3 an outside-, brought in as a scientific authority on agricultural matters he bas been evabled to bring such views into fovus, aud to put them for- ward with a weight and imprcssiveness that no one whose position has been that of-a student on the spot can ever expect to exert. Thus the results of Dr. Voelcker’s Report are Jikely to be much more far- reaching than any that could be expected from what might be said or urged by authorities on such matter whose reputation is Ludian or merely provincial. Not that wa would be understood to say that all the Doctor’s ex-cathedra deliverances on such yaried agri- cultural topics as judging at Horse-Shows to the management of fuel reserves, or from dealing with cattle disease to details of agricultural education, are to be accepted en bloc, but that on the greater number of the various matters that he has dealt with, and these are many and diverse, he has shown great shrewdness and discrimination in sifting the wheat from the chaff. Where he has failed, the failures are generally of minor importance and easily explained by the limitations of the qualifications of an Agri- cultural Chemist howeverable and distinguished, for dealing with a matter concerning s) widea fieldas agriculture in India, with only one year’s experience in the country. When, four years ago, it wae announced that the Secretary of State had seoured the services of Dr. Voelcker to come to India to report upon the possi- bility of improving Indian agriculture, and to setile once for all a long standing ciscussion which had been proceeding between him and Sir Edward Buck as to the advisability of furnishing the latter with a scientific adviser in agricultural matters in the form of an Agricultural Ohemist, there was an uneasy feeling afloat that the Govern- ment of India understood that the mission had been entrusted to the distinguished father of the indyi- dual who was aolually sent out. As we have already said, the son has tully justified the choice, and has added further to the honour in which the name of Voelcker is held in the agricultural world by the manner in which his work has been done. For the greater part of 3 year he travelled up and down the land, evidently making the most of his oppor- tunities, which were great, for obtaining from everyone who had given thought to the matter information on the principal subject of his mie- sion, and finding here, there, and everywhere items of evidence of the utility of having an Agri- cultural Chemist to study Indian problems. Dr. Voelcker also had placed at his dieposal the mines of wealth in these respects to be fonnd in the official literature of the Secretariats, and his Report bears repeated evidence of his industry in Dtilising these resources, All thesg sonroce, from which DR. 308 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. an [Nov. 1, 1893. he has drawn so beneficially, are gratefully acknow- ledged by Dr. Voe'cker, when he compares the oppor- tunities he had with those whom he terms his “ pre- decessors” in the field. His main conclusion regarding the Indian cultivator aud his practice is that sweeping generalisations deduced from, experieuce of one part of India may be d-rectly contradioted by reference to the practice of snother part, but that, “ taking everything together, and more especially connidering .the conditions under which Indian crops sre grown, they (practices of the ryot) are wonderfully gvood.”’ This is no doubt true, but fully, so only in regard to cultivation, and that is it must be remembered, only one portion of -agroultural practice, and, as the Doctor himeelf shows in his Report, the management of bis cattle aid of their manure, which are two other most important items in agricultural practice, are matturs to which epithets entirely oontroverting the aboye would Le most justly applied. Dr. Voeloker, moreover, expressly Jimiss big. remarks to the ordinary acts of husbandry, eg., keeping the land clean from weeds, ingenuity in device, of water-raising appliances, knowledge of soila and their capabilities as well as of the exact time to\\sow and to reap; and this limitation must be re- membered, slways when hie remarks on the subject ere being. studied. It is to be regretted tht Dr. Voeloker did not see more of thie Presidency than he did, to enable him to epecify more definitely his opipious on local practices. but his remarks, that in the garden cultivation ’ of Coimbatore thee is little that can be bettered, and that in the general culti- vation of Tanjore there is a field for improvement, are-euoh as will commend themselves to all who have made much study of the matter, and ena»le them to estimate the value of his conclusions. What appears to bsave impressed Dr. Voel- eker most in Indian agricu'ture i+ the great variationa in practice in different parts of the country in one place, the practice being so good, and in an- other so inferior. He rightly pu’s this cown to one ox other of three causes, or of several of these causes acting together. The oauses are (1) ditferences in- herent to the. people themselves,. such as prejudices which prevent people of ccrtnin castes from utilising night soil asa manure, and others from engaging in indigo cultivation; (2) differences du- to external surrouniings, such as rainfall, or facilitics for water manure, grazing, wood, etc., the former being beyond human contro], except perhaps to a very limited degree, but the latter calling for direct action; (3) differences arising from want of knowledge whioh may and do occur frequently either because the ryotsof a tract simply do not know of any better practice than their own although such may be followed in au ad- joining District, or because the ryot’s capacity for appreciating improvements on his own practice has not been developed to enable him to grasp the manner in which he may benefically modifiy it. Under the second head we should be inclined to include many moatters of economic’ importance which lead to dif- ferences in practice ;.but although he notices the existence of such causes briefly, Dr. Voeloker refrains fiom attempting to deal with them in his Report, and it is sufficient to allude to their importance in any consideration. of the general question of improving Indian agriculture. Dr. Voelcker’a chief recommenda- tion for the removal of the differences noted is the spread of General and Agricultura! Education, a matter to which we only very recently referred, but besides this, his remarks and conclusions on many other points of great importance are of such, value as to demand separate notice, which we muat defer to another occa- sion.—M. Marl. JAVA PETROLEUM. The Dorstohe Petroleum Company commenced ope- rations about the middle of 1888 with a capital of 350,000 florins (about £92,000,) and is reputed to have paid last year a dividend of 80 per cent. At Wonokromo, five’ miles and a half from’ Sourabaya, it has erected a large refinery, employing some 200 al mep. The oil is procured at present from wells. in a village called Djabokkoto, four miles from Wono- Ekromo, being conveyed tothe refinery by pipes: At Djsbakkoto there are twenty-seven wells varying in depth from 100 to 600feet. The deusity of the cil ia 23° to 42°, At another village (Gogor) there are six wells, the deepest being 1850 fect. There is also a ges wellet Gogor with a preseure of 438lb. The gas is utilized for stoking purposes. The area of the Dortsche Petroleum Company's conerssions in differ- ent parts of Java is about 150,000 baboer (a bahoe is an acre and three quarters,) At preseut there are about 96,000 tins of oil obtained every month, which will sv0n be increased to double that emonnt, The oil costs packed in tins end cases, 2°29 florins per case, aud is sold in Sourabsya by sents of the compavy for 3 624 to 3 65 florins, The compeny buys up empty tins and cases, and utilizes them for its oil. There is another concession for petroleum. The Goenoeng Sarie—granted by the Government to s Chinese family, the Twan Lok, with a registered capital of 300,000 florins; but they are reputed to have formed s Chinese company witb 4,000,000 florins capital.— New York Drug Reporter. ——___—————— NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. TEA AND THE INLAND ReveNvE.—Acocrding to the report ot the Commirsioners of Inland Revenue, the consumption of tea is still steadily increetiig. The amount used per head last year wee 5483 /b., a larger average than in any previous year; but coffees seems to be going out of favour. We consumed jast year 207,055,679 lb. of tea, and only 28,224.008 lb. of coffee. As a beverage, indeed, cocoa may soon be ropping coffee a close race, as 10 les than 20,795,271 lb. of it was consumed Iset year, though forty years ago we used ten times more coffee than cocoa. Inpian TzA Companizs.—The statistical table of Indian tea companies, compiled by Mr. Geo. Seton, which appears on apother page, 18 additional testi- mony in favour of the growth and developmert ofthe tea industry. The table now includes particulars of forty companies, as sgainst thirty-five lett year; and, if we allow for the omission of two from the list, there are steven new names added to the list of Indian tea compsnies in London since last year. A study of the capital cost per acre, cost of production, margin of profit, the amount of reserve fucd, out-turn per acre, and the proportion of immature plant given in this table, will enable -the trade to judge of the merits of the respective companies from the investing point of view, and should satisfy him that tea companies should occupy a prominent place ia every well-celected list of sound investments. Last WeeEx’s Tea MarkeT.—Of last week’s tea ssles the Produce Market's Review says :—‘A cor sider- able: quantity of Indian tea has been placed on the market, including.a somewhat better sel: ction, The demand generally continues active, buyers evidently taking advantage of the exceptionslly good values offering, espeoislly in teas under 9d. Many ef these grades probably show as good value now as they will atapy time during the season, and retailers may, with confidence, hold a fair working stock of well-selected tea over 6d and up to the above price. As these kinds have now touched the lowest point at the most depressed period last season, and compare most fayourably with other growths, it is not improbable that the demand willkeep pace with the supply, although imports are expected to be materi- ally in excess of last year; the effect, however, bas aixeady been disceunted in the present Jow range of values. The good medium grades -are not over plentiful, particularly whole leaf teas between 9d, and 1s, but later on the selection will no doubt im- prove, while broken leafs at these prices offer fair value. For the finest grades the market is more liberally supplied, and the distinctly easier ten- dency has been established, excepting for some of Noy. ‘1, 1893.] the choicest Assam and Darjeeling growths which were keenly bid for and fetched extreme rates. The downward tendency noticed last week in Ceylon teas has received a check in the consider- ably smaller supplies brought forward, and most of the common grades ruled firm, while in many cases a rise was established. No public sales have been held since Tuesday, and the quantity at pre- sent advertised for next week again shows a falling off, so that lower prices are very improbable, even in the face of the cheap Indian teas now offering. The bulk of the sales has consisted of the medium and lower kinds, good Pekoes about 9d and upwards continuing very scarce, and all fine descriptions have met with a good demand.” ; Yue Tra TRADE or Curna.—Mr. O’Conor, in a report to the Harl of Rosebery, on the foreign trade of China, makes the following references to tea:— “Tea has not been so profitable for the Chinese middleman. Money was made by him at Hankow on what he sold there, but the Russian demand was limited, and a later demand expected through London never came. The consequence was that some good teas brought from Hankow to Shanghai were sold at a reduction of 30;+050 per cent of prices obtainable at Hankow early in the season, and upon these teamen suffered heavy losses. The foreign exporter of tem bore in mind the heavy losses of previous years, and displayed much caution in purchases which hae born». good fruit. Acshrinkege in the export of tea from In ‘ia and Ceylon owing to drought helped him, as it imparted strength to the London market, and, on the whole the tea exporter to London has had the best sea- son on record for some years. Teas to America have practically done fairly well, and exporters to that market are satisfied with their operations. A SuRPRISE INDHED.—Indulging in playful specula- tion as tothe future of Indian coal, the Globe says :— ‘‘ Although India does not yet figure among the great coal-producing countries of the world, her out-turn of black diamonds ia assuming quite respeotable di- mensions. What an unpleasant surprise for the British miner it would be if India were literally to ‘send coals to Newoastle.’ Yet half a century ago wheat growing was unknown io the peninsula; now India is one of its ohief exporters. At the same date China monopolised the Hnglish market for tea; now hoth India and Ceylon are a long way ahead of her. Then, too, there are the Bombay cotton mills steadily eating into Lanca- shire’s trade with the Far Hast. In presence of these quite recent conquests our pitmen should not make too sure that they would have the game in their hands against consumers even if Continental competition came to an end. Tue Bank Rare.—At a meeting of the directors of the Bank of England yesterday the Bank rate was reduced from 5 per cent. (at which it has stood since Aug. 24th) to 4 per cent.—H. and C. Mail, Sep. 15. ee eee INDIAN TEA NOTES AND NEWS. Our Moriani correspondent writes on 9th September : —Rainfall up to date 72°10, total for same period last year 77°67; most gardens now doing fairly well although very little: ahead of last year. There are already tigus of an early close to the season, viz,, the usual fox in the morning and cold nights. Our Hulmari correspondent writes on the 6th September :—The weather for the last week has been dry with a very high temperature. Rainfall to date 86’ against 132’ last year. There has been a good deal of sickness amongst the coolies, and a large percentage down with fever daily. Leaf is fairly pitutiful and most gardens are ahead, but the prices realized for first invoices are not encouraging. The weather in Chittagong during the past week has been somewhat more favourable for leaf and most of the gardensin the northern part of the district are dving well, while those in the southera—notably Chandpore aud Tungoo—still suffer from the effeots of the late floods due to a large portion of the tea be ng ia low-lying flats, the tap root being water- logged,—Jndian Planters’ Garette, Sept, 16, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 309 CEYLON PRODUCE IN AUSTRALIA. In 8 report of the Spring Show in connection with the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society which appears in the South Australian Register, of the !6thult. i+ is stated :— Among the many interesting exhibits at the Show is a fine collection of Ceylon and Indian produce, arrayed by Messrs. Drummond Brothers. On the stand are to be seen photographic views of tea and coffee plantations with the natives at work in the fields, and performing the various operations neces- sary before the tea is fit tobe put in cases for ex- port. It is interesting to see displayed the many varieties of tea, from the strong black pungent article to the exquisite-flavoured flowery orange Pekoe. A sample of ‘Golden Tips” at four guineas per pound provoked a farmer to say that if gentle- men indulged in high-priced wines the gentler sex must sometimes indulge in expensive teas. ————_>———____—__— MADAGASCAR RUBBER. Some people who ought to know have come to the conclusion tuat Para robber will find formidable rivals in some of the Madegascar grades as soon as ratioral and nniform methods of procuring and coagulating the milk are adopted. From recent French reports it appears that rubber vines abound in the forest, but the product (as in other rubber districts) be- comes rarer, and cousequently rises in price, in consequence of the wastetul methods of tne native rubber gatherers. On the Hast Coast the article has gone up considerably in price, in the thinly populated West it is as plentiful as ever, and oan be purchased ata very low figure. But the natives must be taught not to saw dowua the vines for the sake of drawi) g them, bat to tap them annually instesd, They also need instruction iu the pr-pacavion of the rubver. They use warm water and citrom juice, or even te3 salt, with very imperfect results, Only where Kuropeans are in authority is sulphuric acid used, and of course, pays well for the extra expense and trouble. The future of Madagascar, commercially and financially speak- ing, is declared by men who have carefully considered the subject to rest largely upon the proper manage- ment of its rubber product. ‘he authorivies who may hold the destinies of the island in their hands, whether native, or Freuch, or Hnglish, or any other, will be guilty of inexcusable tolly it they neglect to take proper measures for enforcing economical and efficient -methods :of tapping the wines aud preparing the pro- duct for commercial purposes.—Jndia Rubber Journal. cre MORE ABOUT TEA IN CEYLON. PROSPECT OF EXTENDED NATIVE CON- SUMPTION: AND IS IT TO BE ENCOURAGED ? On page 306, we referzed to the rapidly extending consumption of tea among the Sinhalese anu Tamils, ‘The cups “that cheer but not inebriate ” are fast supp'ying the favourite beverage at every roadside bouvgue, in native, boarding-schvuols and even in the yaliage dwellings of the people. Nor is Oeylon doing more than following the example of Norshern India at least in this matter. Ib Was not avove the dignity of the Goyernment of India some years ago to take an interest im the establishment of wayside tea-shops where the people could get this refreshing beyerage supplies and this led later on to the establishment ot an Association in Calcutta in the interests vf the tea planters, and haying for its ovjuct, the pro- motion of a taste for tea among toe 60 millions of natives in Bengal, as well as amoung the vact populaticn io the Norih-West and Oentral Provinces, the Punjab and the borders gonerally, These 316 might well be expected in the course of years to consume a large proportion of the commoner teas produced in India, leaving the better kinds for export; and there is no reason why the same ex- perience should not extend over the Bombay and Madras Provinces—though coffee is still available in the latter—and in Ceylon. We think every encouragement should be given by our tea planters and members of the public service, if not the Government, to promote the local distribution, and thereby foster a taste for tea among the native population. Official epproval of the opening of tea shops can be indicated without much trouble and we know bow far some notice in this way goes with natives of all degrees in our remoter districts. In this connection we cannot help repeating the passage in which the veteran Goy- erument Agent for the Northern Province relates his experience and evident approval of recent development in the habits of the people under his care. In his Administration Report for 1892, Mr. Twynam writes :— “Tea shops have recently become quite a feature of the peninsula of Jaffna. 1 first noticed the hawking of tea at the pearl fishery of 1888, whentwo or three tea cans were carried about thecamp. In 1889 the pumber increased, and in 1891, at Marichohukkatti, there were several tea boutiques, which were much frequented by the Muhammadav divers. There are now tea shops at Jaffna near the Kachcheri, the Courts, the Custom-houre, and in almost all the bazasre of the peuinsula. Tea is retailed at 1 cent the tumbler without milk, and 2 cents with milk.” So much for tea consumption among the natives of the lowcountry. We do not know how far planters would deem it wise to encourage a taste for tea drinking among their estate coolies, and to carry the same with them from time to time to Southern India. Wefear they would consider the tisk of appropriations from the factory too great. We remember how alarmed the late Mersrs. Worms were at the thought of a taste for coffee spreading to the coolies or even in the wayside boutiques in the planting districts. According to one satirical visitor who wrote about the hill country twenty years ago, the way to horrify a planter and to create @ sensation in a ‘‘resthouse,”’ was to shout, —‘*Boy, bring a cup of coffee,’—the answer being ‘Coffee not allowed keep, Sar’! The story is a good one though apocryphal; but cer- tainly no such prohibition or scarcity, even in resthouses, applies to tea; and while our Tea Fund Committea do well to give all possible attention to Ameritas, the Australian colonies and Russia, let them not despise tea-drinkers nearer home with “the day of small things,” seeing it may develop into a consumption following after that of China and Japan where the people drink a weak decoction of tea morning, noon and night, and never touch unboiled water, thereby saving them- selves to a great extent from the fevers, dysentery and other troubles so prevalent among the natives of many districts of India and Ceylon. “Nothing more dangerous to drink in India than brandy, except water runs the old saw,’’ and certainly if the people in the country districts could, as a rule, be got to substitute a weak decoction of tea for the water they often drink, there would be less expenditure in the distribution of fever medicines and less need for multiplying dispensaries. Is this view of the case above the notice of the Tea Fund Committee, the Civil Medical Department and of Government? ee Brazin grows about four-fifths of all the coffee consumed in the world. Its exportation of coffee berries last year amounted to no less than 360,000 tons,—Huening Standard. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. _— ——————————_—_—_-- or —n— [Nov. 1, 1893. SAMPLES “OF FINE TEAS FROM THE LANE. We have received a series of “ samples” from the ‘‘ Lane” authority whose letter about Ceylon teas in our columns, some time ago, attracted go much attention and was generally acknowledged to be the weightiest deliverance in respect of “quality” and alleged deterioration made in the whole course of the discussion. Our correspondent now writ.s :— **By mail 1 am sending you specimens of the new crop Indian teas, which may perbaps interest planters who look in at your office to telk over ‘tea,’ and ask what like are the teus fetebiog high prices in London. “The Darjeelings lesveme with high aroma on dry leaf, which may probably be lostin transit: it counts much as 4 factor of value. “Wishing you every success in your efforte on behalf of planting industry.” The particulare of the intereeting selection of samples (which we may as well say come from 38, Mincing Lane) are as follows, with the remarks of the sender :— 16th Bept. 1893. 1, Goomtee, Darjeeling sold at .. 38 8d Best of the season. Above the average 2. Goomtee, Darjeeling of crop valued for sold at -. 28 94) combination of 3. Margaret’s Hope sold at 2s 1d\ high flavour with 4. Do rr ls 6d{deep colour and 5. Lebong, Co. A 2s Od| fullness in cup: 7. Pandam » 1s 94djall in fair sized breaks. Not the finest in 6. Assam Oompany’s,, 28 2d/ liquor sent from 8. Assam Frontier Assam, but speci- Company’s » 28 1d) allygood in make and colour of tip. Such teas were worth 2s 9d to 38 in the time of high ee for fine Ceylons). 9. Kangra Valley Tea sold at Is 1d. A particularly peed specimen in make and liquor: sent to show ow value of tea has fallen: thisused to be 2s or 2s 3d in days of high prices. 10. Sylhet Tea soldat 8d. A specimen of well made tea of fairly good quality, but quite wanting “strength” ‘“pungency” or ‘ flavour.” This is from one of the best estates, hitherto noted for fine tea—and shows how “ character” may change, without fault of the tea maker. The selection can be seen at our office, and on Wednesdsy next, we shall hand them to Messrs. Somerville & Co. to show in the Colombo Tea Sales Room where they are sure to attract attention. ——__—_———_—>___———__ OUR CEYLON TEA INDUSTRY AGAIN: OUR BIGGER PLANTATIONS AND FACTORIES ; SOME INDIAN AND OEYLON TEA COMPANIES, With 273,000 acres planted with tea and con- siderable reserves in private hands, besides the amount of money sunk in factories and machinery, we cannot be above the mark in giving 6 to 7 million pounds sterling as the value represented by our tea industry at the present time, This may, indeed, be thought too moderate an estimate by many, seeing that tea plantations have sold as high as £55 an acre inthe Kelani Valley and no lees in the Kalutara distiict. Thirty pounds an acre would therefore seem a moderate average valuation, but we prefer to take £25 which when turned info rupees does not fall short of the old rate fixed for coffee of R400 per acre including stores and pulping machinery. Much more ele- borate and costly, however, are Tea Factories and tea machinery than ever were Coffee Estate Stores with their few simple appliances for all the prepa- ration of the beans done on the estates. It is of interest in this connection to name a few of Nov. 3, 1893. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3tt the largest Tea Factories in the country with | Hunasgeriya ~ Hunasgeriya Tea Co.,Ld.. 839 estimates of the total quantity of tea prepared in | Gallamoodena includ- twelvemonths. We adopted for our Handbook ing Mousagals ... cee Planters of Osylon ar Review, 500,000 lb. as a limit, and the result of o our inquiry gave us the following big Ceylon Tea Norwood EésteraPradnes and Estates 820 Factories with approximate quantity of tea made Mangakelli gi gakellieand in each per annum :— Begelly Ceylon Tea Plantation Oo., Name. District. Proprietors. Making Limited 818 aboutlb. | Vellai Oya Eastern Produce & Estates New Pera- Hantane Ceylon Land & Prod. ‘ Oo., Ld. 56 788 deniya Oo. +800,000 | Mount Vernon A.C. White an 175 Mariswatte Kadugan- Oeylon Ter Planta- Gampaha ».. Matheson & Co. 769 nawa tions Co. .. 750,000 | Kirkoswald . C.andA, Fetherstonhangh 768 Do. do, New Factory ...150,000 | Matale West inolud- Wallaha Dimbula Ceylon Tea Planta- ing Asgeria .. Hester Eroduse and Estates tions Co. «700,000 Co,, L 767 Carolina L.Dikoya Carolina Tea Oo. ...650000 | GammaduaGroup,. New eis Plant, Co. La. 765 Diyagama Dimbula New Dimbula Co., Lid... 6,000 | Craigie Les nae 3. B. Estates Co. Ld, .. 755 Gallaha Hantane Ohas. Strachan & Co...500,u00 | Kandenewera .. R.S., R. and Major E. L; Of the larger plantations in Ceylon, the list as now i Fraser es 165 compiled taking 750 acres as the minimum limit | Meeriabedde . A. Gibson ce = 753 runs as follows, only that it must be remembered | Charley Valley ... Lady De Soysa, exeoutriz ; the area in some oases includes coffee and cinchona of C.H.DeSoyen .. 750 as well as tea :— Cutti- NAME. PRoPRIETORS, VATED : EXTENT, Diagama «> New DimbulaCo., Ld. .. 2,334 Meddccumbera Eastern Produce & Estates Co., Ld. wet 2270 Darohetesne Group T.J. Lipton 1,681 Hope Eastern Produce & Estates Oo., Ld. -» 41,676 Spring Valley... Spring Valley Oo., Ld. 1,644 Glen Alpine Oayah Coffee Oo., Ld. 1,431 Pallekelly S. F. Somes 1,326 Noth Matale Ceylon Land & Produce Co., L3. 1,192 Rothschild Eastern Projuce & Estates Co., Ld. 1,153 Westhall Group... Sir @. H. D. Eipbinstone, Bart. 1,075 Great Western and Scalpa +» Great Western Tea Co. of Ceylon 1,067 Gonakelle Group... Heirs of Col, J. R. Dawson & G. S. Daft 1,065 Elkadua Group ... J.B. MacBrayne, R King, J. M. Maitland-Kirwan, W.F. Courthope, F. G. Ambrose, A.M. Hurst.. 1,042 Wanarajah ard Manikwatte .., Wanarajah Tea Co. .» 1,024 Lebanon Group ... T. Dickson, Sr., and Mee. Dickson © 1,016 Dunsipane «» Messrs. Arbuthnot and Austruther a 949 Ragalle aud Hal- granoya Chas. E. Strachan ae 947 Kellic Group .». Keilie Tea Plantation Co. 939 Ls Villon Group... Oey!ou and Oriental Estates Co., Lid. beth B) Ranugbodda includ- ing Bluefields .. G.S, Duff oc 928 Togurugalla and Beruwala .«» Eastern Produce & Estates Oo., Ld. 925 Uva « Qolombo Com: Co,, Lid... 887 Wattegoda +» QOonsolidated Estates Con Limited 882 Abbousleizh Abbotsivigh Tca Es tate Co., Li. 873 Kepitigaila A.J. &R.J. Farquharson. . 860 Rejawe |. Upyer aud GL ver A C. P*-ie, M. L. Hadden and M. H. Piris at 856 Demodera Group... H. O. Hossason, P. FP. Hx4o~, J G. Crow and G. if. "Osvorne 850 Nayabedde «» GS. Duff and Uolonel R. Dawson ee 843 [We include ‘‘ groups” where worked through one factory. | Finally we may repeat a list, representing “ the business agency of plantations,’ which has ap- peared in connection with our J irectory for many years and which has lately been corrected as far as was possible. This gives a list of all Estate Agents representing from about 1,000 acres up- wards, although such representation in many cases may mean merely the shipping of the tea, while in others if means the financing and transaction of ali business in connection with, if not the responsible management of, the plantations. In most cases again, ‘‘ Colombo Agency” in this “tea ’’ era is @ very different and less important matter than was that of “coffee,” the chief pre- paration of the latter being attended to at the stores of the Oolombo Agents. With this expla- natory introduction we give the following list :— [‘P. p.” stands for Partly Sonnac ten ES Pea Or Small Portion Proprietary; “0. for Chiefly Pro- pretary; “A. p.” for All Pioprictary ; Cui A.” Chiiefly Shipping Agents. ] sal sicio Name of Firm. 33 ue 3 a $3 $55 Aa ord Geo. Steuart & Oo.* Li soe 128 39,083 Eastern Produce & Estates Oo.t ...(0. p.) 46 20,039 J. M. Robertson & Co. .., aco 46 18,712 Bosanquet & Oo. on o(P,p.) 8h 17,862 Whittall & Oo. (3. p.) 73 16,089 Ovlombo Commercial Co., », Lid. (3S p-) 43 12,989 Buchavan, Frazer & Co,... ---(O.8.A.) 38 11,515 Oeylon Tea Plantation Co. (G. A. Talbot) ose .(P-p.) 28 9,641 Boustead Bros. -(O. p.) 31 9,561 Charles Strachan & Co. ... (0. p.) 30 8,882 Cumbertatch & Uo. Eo (S.p.) 35 8,433 Oriental Rank Hstates Co, Ld. .(A.p.) 18 8,187 Baker & Hall as -(C.S.A.) 23. 7,303 Mackwood & Co. ne «(P.p.) 38 6,955 D. Edwards & Oo. sot -(S-p.) 23 5,500 Bois Brothers & Co. ose awe 14 4,314 J. P. Green & Co. -(C.p.) 24 4,399 Skrine & Co. awe «(P. p.) 16 4,108 B nbiisw & Bremner coe “co 17 4,144 Carson & “o. ats (O.p.) 12 3,963 * Also Agents for coconut or cinnamon properties. ~The E P. & E, Co own 19 properties, eomprisinz 9,723 acres in tea, Its Agency estates nnmber 20 incl nding those of the Ceylon & Oriental Estates C»., Ld. The Oompany are also Shipping Agents for Oeylon Tes Plantitions Oo, Ltd., The Scottish Oeyion ea Oo., Ltd., &c., also are Ceylon Agents of the Orient Oo., Ltd, 312 S - Sunuone Name of Firm. S es = 2 “Besa Chas. Mackwood & Oo. ... «(C.p.) 18 3,688 Leechman & Oo. Her oo 17 3,683 Aitken, Spence & Co. ... 58 10 3,629 W. D. Gibbon “st, saokicn 3 15 3,486 Lee, Hedges & Co. mae sale Dy 9 3,058 Alston, Scott & Co, in liquidation ...(P.p.) 18 2,815 Lady dé Sovsa* ay .(A, p.) 26 2,286 Freudéniberg & Oo. ie 4p 5 25127 A. Cantlay Dp: »(P.p) 6 2,289 Lewis Brown & Co. =r ose 14 2,199 T, C., Owen Bs i(P. py 6 1,874 Suottish Ceylon Tea Oo: (D; Kerr) ...(A.p.) 8 1,781 Cargill &' Co. Jy (PB? pj 6" 1/739 T. N. Christie bed «.(PR. pi) 12 1,605 HA, Whitham Aon «eP.p.) 6 1,518 H. A. Clarke as gee 10 1,303 Darley; Butler & Co. ... (PR. ps) 9 1,269 O. P. Hiyley & Co Ay «(P. ps) ; — W. Law & Co. as Seen CG. W: Horstall * Proprietor of extensive coconut,cinnamon and other lowcountry estates. —____@__—_ THE TASMANIAN EXHIBITION. As we haye already mentioned, the Gazette contains the prospectus of the International Exhibi- tion of Industry Science and Art to be held at Hobart, Tasmania, in 1894-95 under Government patronage. In that document it is stated that the proposal has been taken up by the people of Tasmania and the adjacent colonies with such general approval that the necessary capital has been most readily subscribed. The Gity of Hobart is most favourably situated. The Colony of Tasmania has a population of 150,000, and with the neighbouring colonies the total population numbers about 4,000,000 inhabi- tants. Launceston and other centres are within a few hours by rail. The Austrian Colonies are éasy of access by steam,and tourists’ routes to all places of interest’ radiate from Hobart. The objects of the Exhibition are:—To promote and foster Industry, Science, and Art, by inciting the inventive genius of our people to a further improvemet in Arts, and Manufactures as well as to stimulate commercial enterprise ath inviting all nations to exhibit their products, bot in the raw and finished state. Samples of the products for which this and the other Australasian Colonies have become famous will be exhi- bited with a view to increase the development of their natural resources. Similar and more varied exhibits may be expected from Great Britain, the Continent of Hurope, America, India, Oanada, the Cape, and other Colonies, to which the Government of Tasmania have forwarded an official invitation to ooo wee grant their substantial support to the undertaking. A Fine Art Section will form an important and attractive: department of the exhibition, For the accommodation of the Art Treasures and Historical Objects a special block of the building willbe reserved, and the most ample precautions will be taken for the security of valuable property lent for the purposes of the Exhibition, Two sections, viz., the Women’s In- dustrial and the Artisan Section, will be particular features. Special arrangements will be made for the management of these. ¥ The site which has been granted by the Goyern- ment for the Exhibition Buildings covers about eleyen acres. It is one of exceptional beaaty and convenience, being that portion of the Queen’s Domain adjoining the Battery and the Central Railway Station. The Exhibition will be opqned on the libth day of November, 1894, and will continue open during the day and evening for a period of about six months, No goods will be received prior to the 1st of September, 1894, without the special permission of the Directors, nor after the 1st of November, but arrangements may be made for motors, heavy THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov 1, 1893. machinery, boilers, or any Exhibit requiring under- building. The following are the headings of the classification of exbibits:—I,—Fine Arts (including Photography, Engravings, etc.); IL—Music and Trasical Instru- ments; III,—Education and Apparatus for Physical Training ; [V.—Furniture, Decoration, Fancy Goods ; V.—Pottery and Glass; Vi.—Jewellery, Clocks, Watches, andother Time-keepers;VII.—Paper, Print- ing, Bookbinding, and Stationery; VIII.—Textile Fabrics, Leather, Indiarubber Goods, Clothing ; IX.— Food, including Drinks; X.—Chemistry, Apparatus and Processes, Philosophical Inetruments; XI.— Electricity; XII—Gas and Lighting, other than Electricity ; XIIf.—Heating and Cooking Apparatus ; XIV.—Cutlery, Ironmongery; Firearms, Military Weapons; XV.—Road Carriages, Bicycles, Tricycles, Ambulance; XKVI.— Machinery, Machine ‘Tools, Hydraulic Machines, and Machines for raisi heavy weights, Elements of Machines, Furnaces; XVII.— Prime Movers, and means of distributing their power, Railway plant; XVIII.—Naval Architecture and Engineering ; XIX.—Civil Engineering, Construction, and Architecture, Sanitary Appliances, Aeronanties, etc. ; XX.—Mining and Metallurgy, Minerals, Quarry- ing, and Fuel. XXI. — Agriculture, Horticulture, Arboriculture ; XXII.—Fisheries ; XXIIJ.— Women's Industries; XXIV.—Artisan Section. Group 9 includes coffee, chocolate, tea, and the apparatus used in the process of infusion. SS RUBBER AND COFFEE PLANTING IN MEXICO. From an American journal elsewhere we give come curious particulars of coffee planting in Mexico under the shade of rubber trees, the kind used being the Panama (Castilloa), whieh we believe Dr. Trimen does not consider so promising in Ceylon as Hevea, either as to growth or yield. In Mexico it is said however, that no better shade has been found for coffee than this rubber, and it looks as if cacao also was to be planted along with it, In Dumbara, we believe, the Ceara Rubber tree has not been a success as a shade tree for coffee or cacao. But what are we to say of the yield of coffee per bush in Mexico: 1 Ib. a tree in Oeylon would mean 10 cwt. per sore, & maximum yield seldom reached save in the early days; but the Vera Oruz writer speaks of 2 1b. and even 3 lb. per tree—only his trees (he does not specify the kind of coffee planted) are placed 74 to 9 feet apart instead of half that distance as is usually the cases with Arabian coffee, so that after all the return per acre may not exceed the half-ton. We suppose the 100,000 coffee trees and 25,000 rubber trees cover about 250 acres, and this area is supposed to be fully planted and kept up for three years exclusive of Managers’ sslary for 12,200 dollars—say roughly £2,000, a good deal less perhaps if cheap silver in Mexican dollars is considered. At the rate we mention, the outlay would be £8 per acre (or let as. put the dollars into rupees and reckon) B100 per acre which would certainly be very moderate. The buying of plants is included, but nothing is said about cost of land? We should like to have the opinion of our correspondent, Mr. W. J. Forsythe, who is now busy coffee-planting in Western Mexico, on this Vera Cruz ‘“coffee-and-rubber’’ experiment. We Have heard of an interesting rubber-growing experiment on a tea plantation in the Kalutara district ; but although the price of rubber keeps up fairly well and the demand is a growing on-, our latest information as to the enormous extent of the Amazonian country covered with indigenous rubber trees, and of the supplies which that region as well as Africa can send ‘forth, is not specially encouraging to cultivators. : Nov. i, 1893:] THE SUPPLY OF PALMYRA AND OTHER FIBRE, A very material impetus to the welfare of the native inhabitants of our Northern and Eastern Provinces has of late been afforded by the demand for palmira fibre. Anyone acquainted with the districts which have specially benefited by this demand would have deemed that the supply must have proved almost more than adequate, but the teaching of experience seems to have demonstrated the insufficiency of it. For very many miles the Jaffon Peninsula presents an almost unbroken grove of these somewhat unsightly palms. Along the shores on both the east and west coasts south- wards towards Manaar on the one side and Trin- comalee on the other, there algo exist long-stretch- | ing groves of the tree. In the neighbourhood of Battioaloa also, the palmira has long been oulti- | vated, in large quantities, so that, as we have said, little apprehension could have been felt of | the disparity which has been proved to exist between demand and supply. It becomes a question well worthy of consideration as to how the balance | igs an exceed. | indeed, | that it does not reach maturity under a hundred | 1 | ago there were not more than 30,000 cottee-trees and | uo planted rubber, we find today handreds of thousands The palmira may be redressed. is stated, ingly slow-growing tree, It years. In that case there could be little prospect of any substantial addition to the number of fibre-yielding. trees within the present generation. Anyone who tend to discourage the further extension of the cultivation, and we know that this has been largely the cause tending to restrict its further systematio | its full return | cultivation. While tea renders almost at the age of three years, the reluctance to give attention to the more slow-growing produc- except that of the palmira. It is, which requires little or no‘care or attention after the seedlings have been once planted out. It may, therefore, be hoped that inclined to plant such land with palmira or other fibre-yielding palms, [f the fruits should and so afford a return for the first expense to be inourred. the tree. want of experience in obtaining the fibre than lection: leaps and bounds, and manufacturers are every day experiencing increasing difficulty in obtaining | Palmira fibre has evi- | dently been appreciated by them as a stop-gap, | the supplies they require. but as they cannot, apparently, rely upon get.ing all that they want of it, substitutes must be found, We should seriously recommend those who have benefited by the late run upon this special fibre to consider whether it would not be possible to cultivate other trees which yield a similar article and which come earlier to maturity than does the palmira. It bas been shown to them hovw ample s market may be secured for fibres meeting the wants of home manufacturers, and they will prove themselves to be wanting in resource if they Patke nq endeavour to meet it, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, | stride has been made in their production. era ann | There is a great boom in this iaterest all over the isth- them must do so only in the hope of bentiting | his grandchildren, and we fear this fact must | many may feel | cooler and more healthful, and disagreeable insects 313 | RUBBER AND COFFEE-PLANTING IN MEXICO. Some interesting experiments have been in process for some time on the Isthmus of Tehauntepec, look- ing to the cultivation of coffee with the use of rubber- trees for shading, so that the two industries may go on together. This isthmus lies between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific. Ocean, at the point where the two seas approach nearest each other. In tha India Rubber World Mr. F. O. Harriman, O.E, Jaltipan, Vera Cruz, says: Tne rubber-tree (Castilloa elastica) was found to give as good if not better results thaa any of the woods formerly used, and all new plantations are sub- stituting this shade-tree. Oo account of the continued high price of both coffee and rubber for several years past, and ofthe great advantages of this district in fertility, ex- cellence of itscoffee, fayorable means of communica- tion both by river and the isthmus railroad, and nearness to the markets of the United States, a great Without doubt this district will become a most important factor in the world’s production of both rubber and coffee. In the town of Jaltipan, for instance, where ten years of coffee-trees, with corresponding rubber shade-trees. mus, natives and foreiguers trying to outdo each other, From actual experiments Mr, Harriman gives directions for the cultivation of coffee in connection : 4° | with rubber, and to him we wonid refer all parties The coconut palm does not yield its | full crop until 20 years have matured its growth, | interested, He states that the coffee-trea will bear the third year after setting out, and the fourth year will produce an ayerage yield of about two pounde per tree. He says: One plantation ia the district of Pena Blanca givea a | yearly average of over taree pounds, whichis a great | deal more than the average of the plantations in the tions can be well understood. The counterbalance | is, however, to be found in the fact that millions of ‘acres exist in Ceylon unfitted for any growth | besides, a tree | S : | It arose from the simple fact that plantations were | formerly mostly made in high localities on account of high altitudes of Oordova, Orezala, Oaxaca, and Guate- mala, where one pound per tree 1s considered a good yield. The old theory that coffee should be planted at an eleva- tion of over 3,000 fees is entirely without foundation. life being more pleasant there, the climate being being leas plentiful, Lands on the isthmus at aa ele- |. vation of 400 to 1,500 feet have the advantages not be gathered by them, at least land co planted | of produciog a greater quantity per fens pen Ne must year by year become enhanced in yalue, | slight | It seems to be a |} question ag to whether the gathering of the fibre | does not reduce the other yielding qualities of | It may possibly be the case that this | apprehended difficulty may be due more to the | (2) of beimg much better adapted to the growth of rubber, and (3) of being adapted to cacao culture, besides haviag more fertile soils: Our coffeo-troes spread out very much, and even when planted 23 and 3 yards apart, willinterlace after four years when the ground below becomes so shaded that little or no work is needed in cleaning. From actual experiences in planting coffee with rub- from any evil that must positively attend the ool. | P& shade! find that it can be done (iaclu ting clean- But we think it should be borne in mind |} that the world’s demand fer fibre extends with | ing ground, buying plants, setting ou’, reasiting those that die, and the three cleanings that are needed) for 9 cents per tree. This is for one rubber-tree to four coffee-treas. ‘I'he seoond year there willbe about 10 per cent of reietting on account ot loss to weaker plants, or say nine-tenths of 1 ceut per tree. The three cleanings in the second year will cost 374 csnts per hundred ines including twenty-five, rubbers or $1124 ior the three cleanings,—that is 1} cents per tree. Phe tuiru yoar the cost will bo the same, and tae total cost by the time the coffee begins to produce wil be 12} cents. For 100,000 coffee-trees aud the corresponding 25,000 rubper-trees we have a total cost of plantstion for three years (not inoluding salary of munager, etc.) of $12,20C. The third year the crop will be so smail that it may only pay for picking, but the toarth year it will be profitable, and, as the ground is so well bhaded by this time, very little work in cleaving wil pe necessary, 314 THE TROPICAL AG RICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1893. An extremely low average yield of coffee on the isthmus is two pounds per tree, which will give 200,000 pounds for our plantation. No coffee has been so!d in the State of Vera Cruz in the past year et less than 20cents (in Mexican gilver) per pound which would give $40,000 Allowing $10,000 per year for maximum cost «f picking and cleaning we have after the fourth year, $30,000 profit, if coffee continues at the same price. Coffee-trees increase in yield up to the tenth or twelth year, remaining stationary to about the twentieth year, and then decline to about the thirtieth year when they should be removed, intervening ones having been cet out to take their place. Ip allold coffee plantations shade trees were ured that were uscless in other respects but we have substituted a shale that in seven years will in itself alone more than pay all expenses of the plantation of today—both coffee and rubber, cultivation and cost of Jand—and pay an interest on the capital invested. Putting the value upon the coffee and rnubber-trees that is customary on the isthmus—50 cents for coffee and $4 for rubber—we bave for the 100,000 coffee- trees $50,000, and for the 25,000 rubber-trees $100,000, or o total of $150,000. ‘his should give a net yearly income of $50,540 gold, which may be seen, withont furtber calculation, to be a handsome rate of profit.—American Grocer. ao Bese NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. Last Wnex’s Tra Marxer.—The demand for Indian tea basnot been quite so active as in the preceding week, which is no doubt mainly attributable to the advance in the lower grades, says the Produce Markets’ Review. In these a rise of 4d has been established, and with smaller supplies and a stronger market for Ceylon growths, there does not appear to be any immediate probability of a return to the lower prices of last week. Teas between 6d and 9d, however, continue in full supply, and offer exceptionally good yalue, so that a large business has been transacted in them. At the current low rates for these descriptions a continuance of the present good demand may be expected, as prices have touched a level that cannot fail to bring them liberally into consumption for the retail medium and lower-priced blends. For Pekoes between 9d and 1s the market remains poorly supplied, and firm rates Save been paid, while Brokens of similar grades are more plentiful and relatively better value. The quantity of Oeylon tea brought forward has again been small, and the market continues very firm at the advanced rates. Oorrez in Burman.—Lower Burmah promises well for coffee growing. The Tayoy district is regarded by experts as being exceptionally rich in suitable soil for coffee growing. —H. and C. Mail, Sept. 22. Ro CULTIVATION OF ALFALFA. The cultivation of Alfalfa, better known in Europe as lucerne, says the Baitish Consul at Buenos Ayres, covers an enormous area in Argentina, and is every year becoming more important. In the opinion of many persons it will probably, as an export, be second only to wheat and maizein importance. It has already been exported to England as an experi- ment, and been pronounced a most satisfactory forage, Alfalfa is a kind of clover, and is particu- jarly suited to a great part of Argentina, owing to its not yvequiring much surface damp or rain, It throws down its roots very deep, even tothe depth of five yards, and is therefore more dependent on moisture deep down thanon the weather for its nourishment, FHiyen after long drought it remains green. Alfalfa evriches the ground. Its success depends largely on the substratum of soil; if that is satisfactory, alfalfa has been known to yield good ciops for twenty years. One can get four or five ciops regularly a year, sometimes more. If wheat Jands after six to ten years only yield poor crops, and deep ploughing ox xotation of crops is not pamie wae of, alfalfa can be sown °* between the 5 last crop, and the following year will yield a little and the next year good crops. This alfalfa is grown for forage purposes, and largely used for i animals and fattening them up for market—a busi- ness that is rapidly developing, Like wheat and maize, it is a large article of consumption. Con- siderable quantities are exported to Brezil for feed- ing cattle there. The province of Cordova is often called the alfalfaregion; the lands round Rio Quarto are particularly suited toits growth, but it flourishes almost everywhere. One reason of its rapid iicreasa of cultivation in late yeere is undoubtedly the facilities afforded by the railways for its transport to ports for exportation. In 1892, 39,200 tons were exported, though this is probably but» small begin- ing of a large branch of trode.” Alfalfa, grown as 8 forege, adds the Ooneul, has a great feature, and, if properly managed, may become a most importaut aud valuable export of the Argentine Republic. At present itis mostly consumed in the convtry, either fresh as pasture for cattle, or in a dried form as bay. The profits vary largely, according to the price of alfalfa, which bas been sold for 50 dollars a ton (£3 6s), but the average is £2 upwarde. The area of alfalfa in 1891 has been given as 1,495,000, and is now probably 3,000,000 scres.—Commerce, Sept, 18. OO COFFEE IN MEXICO. The fecilities offered by this country for the grow- ing of cuffee, at present one of the most profitable of tropical crops, are attracting much attention in the United States. A short time ago we noticed the taking up by Americans for coffee culture large tracts of land on the isthmus of Tehuantepec, and since then the enterprise has taken definite shape under the name of the Mexico Land and Improvement company. Following the lead of this company several private individuals have made purchases of coffee lands in other parts of the state of Vera Cruz, Some of these investors have settled on their plantations in order personally to acquire a knowledge of the business of coffee-growing, while others have ap- pointed agents to watch over their interests. As long as the price of coffee rules high, the invest- ment of American capital in Mexican coffee lands is likely to continue. The unfavourable conditions of the labor market in Brazil and the unsettled state of affairs there generaliy, haye furnished Mexico with her golden opportunity in the matter of coffee production.— Vexican Finance. COFFEE NOTES, The arrivals of coffee in the United States east of the rocky mountains during the year ended June 30th last eepeegsted 4,283,239 bags, against 4,617,019 bage in 1891-92. The new export duty on coffee in Mexico wert into effect on July lst. It amounts to $3-00 per 100 kilogram- mes, and will unquestionably prove prejudicial 1o the development of coffee production in that country. In an article on Jamaica, in Scribner's for July, the good qualities of the coffee produced in that island are referred to. ‘‘ W= ure told, however,” says the writer; “that the quintessence of all is the rat coffee, or the seeds from ferries which have been gnawed by rats, for these animals are very fond of the aromatic pulp of the cherry-like fruit which incloses the seeds, and as their fastidious taste leads them to select the best, children are employed to gather among the bushes the berries which they have gbawed, and this coffee is set apart as the finest and most delicious of all.”"—Rio News, RUBBER IN MEXICO, A few years agoa Mexican company purchased from the Government half a million acres of choice lands in a certain district in western Oaxaca bordering on the Pacific, with numerous rivers, two harbors, good roads and the certainty of a railway now being rapidly extended from Mexico city into the district, together with a most valuable concession providing for the Noy. 1, 1893.] planting of 15,000,000 rubber trees on these lands, the Government paying the owners of the land 3 cents cash for every tree planted, and admitting free of duty everyth ing needed for the plantation. The subsidy amounts to $450,000, and is payable when- ever 100,000 trees have been planted. One million trees are already growing and forming the nucleus of a vast and steadily increasing fortune. This land is of easy access, two mail steamers touching twice a month at its two harbours. The title is absolute and cannot be forfeited by failure of carrying out the concession. The land can be subdivided and sold to colonists, who will enjoy all the privileges of the colonization law for fifteen years,—Mexican Financier. ——— es THE DUTCH MARKET. AmstERDAM, Sept. 14.—The cinchona-auctions to be | held here on October 5 will consist of 4,485 bale: a-d 278 cases, or about 391 tons, divided as followss From Government plantations, 332 bales (about 38 tons); from private plantations, 4,153 bales and 273 cases (about 358 tous). This quantity contains; Of druggists’ bark—Succirubra quills, 14 bales 160 cases ; broken quills and chips, 80 bales 118 cases; root, 91 bales. Of mannfacturing bark: Ledgeriana broken quills and chips, 3,186 bales; root, 973 bales. Hybrid broken quills and chips, 133 bales. Officinalis root, 8 bales.—Chemist and Druggist. ; ———————— THE JAVA CI{NCHONA PLANTATIONS. The official report of Java Government cinchona- plantations for the second quarter of 1893 contains interesting account of the alkaloidal development in young trees of the C. calisaya Schuhkraft variety ia the Lembang plantations, showing that the increase in the quinine percentage of the trees is largest between the ages of 12 and 18 months, whereas aiter four years of age the alkaloids increase but littie. The following table demonstrates this :— Total Age of Cincho- Quinis Cinch.+ per Tree. Quinine nidine cine Amorph., cent year Alk, of Alk. 1 2:18 a0 2°64 4°82 1k 0 4-49 me wa 1:92 6-41 12 5°15 0:04 ay 2°21 7:40 2 6:90 0:07 os 1 82 879 3 3°60 0-21 oe 1:40 11:21 4 10°43 0°30 ocb 110 11:83 5 10°60 0°30 1:15 12:05 Some trees showed a decline in alkaloidal content at the age of 15. In one of them the percentage of qnioine fell from 1033 to 6:06 per cent whilst that of einchouidice increased. There are now in the open air on the Government plantations 2,874,000 cinchona trees, of which 2,177,000 are Ladgers, 1,900 ca'isay2s and Hoisskaslianas, 650,000 succirubras and calopteras, 43,900 cffitinalis and 2,000 lancifolias, the latter in- cuding 1,500 C. pitayensis. The nurseries contein 1,019,000 plants of which 802,000 are succirabras and the remainder Ledgers.—Cheimist.and Druggist. —-—-—_———_@___——_- COFFEE IN SELANGOR. AN OLD CEYLON PLANTER TO THE FRONT. Mr. J. R. O. Aldworth, the District officer, Klang, in his August report, says:—On the Ist of August the grant to Mr. A. Forsyth, of Medan, Deli, of 500 acres of land near Klang for ‘coffea planting was sanctioned, There are now about 800 acres of coffeein this district, 80 percent. of which is owned by Asiatic:; itis of all ages up to about 10 years, and the unanimous verdict of the Europeans to whom I have shewn it is that nothing like it is to be saen elsewhere in the State, Mr. Forsyth, who has been in Sumatra for 13 years and was previously well known in Ceylon, has made arrangements wiih Mr. 0. M. Cumminy (now looking after Weld’s Hill Estat) to come to Klang and open up the land, as Mr, Forsyth intends to make the Proyincs his head-quarters.—Pinany Gazette. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | | 315 FROM THE HILLS IN CEYLON. TimBER TREES ON Esrates In Dmevta. Oot. 12th. No one can now-a-days use the heading of our letter without recalling the hand and pen that made it so peculiarly their own in these columns and the flow of spirits which betokened his return to his beloved hillsides. “When musing on companions gone, We doubly feel ourselves alone ’—~ says the poet, and dnring the past few days i revisiting the mountain-home, the paths and dells, the vantage-points which “our senior” loved so well it is only natural that the feeling which Words- worth so wel! touches in his ‘‘ Yarrow Revisited”’ should predominate. How much has occurred in the planting district and neighbourhood in which _he above most, would feel the keenest intere>t. Not the least. the multiplication of first-class factories, thoroughly eqaipped, especially the one which he did not live to see finished on his own property—the mavr- vellous success shown on plantations in his neigh- beurhood (Mr. Beck’s Henfold and St. Regulus) in the production of first-class teas in quantity as well as quality. How keenly would he have shared the good hope that the time is fast approaching when a high average price should be attained and main- tained for all tea over a certain limit, 4.500 or even 4,000 feet, as well as for the select portion of 10,000 acres above the 5,000 feet limited. Again, how enthusiastic would the writer of “From the Hills” have become over the wonderful change which every few months illustrates more delightfully in the landscape of the planting districts. Where not so long all was tea—tea—or a little earlier all coffee— coffee—without a break of forest fora thousand, aye over five or ten thousand acres, now there is scarcely an estate without its avenues or reserves of useful and ornamental timber trees. Dimbula and the sister districts are putting on a truly varied and interesting appearance. There is no more monotony for the vision; for as seen from the top of Abbots- ford, we doubt if there is a more attractive tropical planting district in the world than a clear day brings under the ken of the visitor between Great Western and Elbedde, Pilot Hill and Rilligala. And no one did so much to promote this great and beneficial change, to lead the way in introducing attractive as well as valuable exotic trees, as the late owner of the estate on which we stend. We suppose that even now, save in the Peradeniya and Hakeala Gardens, no greater variety or larger number of diffe-ent trees are to be found than on Abbotsford. We must not say greater extent planted, because even as we write we learn from a ‘“ V.A.’, who travels far and wide, of how freely this example of interspersing and surrounding the staple with trees has been followed in the midd'e and lower districts. To hear of one flourishing tea plantation on classic coffee ground iu Matale, having as many as EIXTY ACRES COVERED WITH GREVILLEAS gives one a new idea of the advance in re-afforest- ing the Kandyan planted districts which has set in with the tea era. The contrasts between the foliage of the Eucalypti, Acacias, Grevilleas, Cedars and Pines and elsewhere the ‘‘T'oons” and Firs against the handsome indigenous Kinas andother forest trees, add a new interest of the most gratifying character to our planting districts. Henceforward, it will not simply be to see tea or coffee, or cinchona or cacao, that the visitor or traveller can be sent to “ the hills ;’ but to inspect groves and avenues of trees which for variety and successful growth cannot be equalled by anything under the care of our Ceylon or Indian Foresters. There is to be at least no scarcity of timber or firewood for tea estate proprietors who are thus tak- ing time by the forelock, and as THE TEA PLANT HAS COME TO STAY IN CEYLON, it is well that all due provision for a long spell of tea- making, aye, into the generation to come, should be $16 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Nov. 1, 1894. nememmmeememee tmade by all whose forest reserves melted away, when planting every acre with coffee and cinchona was the rage. 'That the tea plant has found a congenial home in at least these higher regions of Ceylon may be deduced from an experience in HAKGALA GARDENS —which the courteous and intelligent Superintend.- ent, Mr.'Nock, is fond of showing to those interested, The plot of China tea put in there in the early days —the Gardens were opened in the year of our arrival in the island (1861)—was some years ago condemned to be removed and superseded, and coolies with knife, axe and mamotie were set to work to clear it out— even the firestick was eventually nsed—but of no avail; the roots could not all be got at, and from these new shrubs haye sprung up; so that Mr. Nock’s experience is of tea being in this respect as great » nuisance as the despised wattle—there is no getting rid va it when you want to do so! In how .120Y respects is a visit to these highland ~htful to the jaded toiler from the Gardens delip. 5 3 seaside? We reney #¢uaintance with all the old and many new favour °8-, We note again with ever-new delight the grace:.! head of fronds of the most attractive of all tree-fernn, 4/sophila crinita. It is something to be proud of that Ceylon should have indigenous to it—common enough in Cur uplard glens and in gardens in and around Nuwara Hliya. —the tree-fern which Colonel Beddome. the great authority on Indian ferns. pronounced the finest of all the Asiatic tree-ferns; and no less interesting to learn from Mr. Nock that none of the West Indian varieties that he had seen in Jamaica, and none even of the Australasian tree-ferns, are to be compared to it in gracefulness and beauty. In Hakgala, there is a specimen not far short of 20 feet in height with a head of fronds wonderful to see. In contrast we have the New Zealad silver-tree fern, striking and attrac- tive in its way. The Gardens had suffered from a rather prolonged drought before our visit, but this did not affect the splendid specimens of introduced trees : —in Japan cryptomerias, cupressus, the flame tree, pinus longifolia and a host besides. The giant for growth, at least in girth, is an acacia dealbata, con- demned by planters for its troublesome spreading habit from the roots, but which in this case in the course of 12 years has developed a circumference not less than 83 to 9 feet, say 3 feet diameter at the stoutest. NEW YEGETABLES, Mr. Nock’s great service to the community in introducing useful vegetables from the West Indies is well-known. The tree tomato is now widespread in many of the higher districts and most productive and useful is it found to be. No less so are the cho-cho and some vegetables which are admirably adapted for native cultivation, but which it is found most dificult to get the Sinhalese to take in hand. They would fain go on as their fathers did before them ; and yet that persistency has its reward is shown by the way in which the people of Uva cultivate potatoes at the present day and for many years back. Of course, we have here an introduced vegetable which at the beginning of the present century was quite unknown to the Sinhalese, but which now they quite appreciate, at least in Uva. So we encouraged Mr. Nock to persevere until he sees the villagers far and near growing his ‘‘ cho- chos’’ and ‘‘arracachas”’ and realizing that they are more useful even than the tree-tomatoes and nearly as much so as potatoes. And then in re- ference to the last-named vegetable, how much has been doneat Hakgala by introducing fresh seed (the value of which the natives most fully appreciate) and a great number of varieties. In this respect, as in the introduction and growth of new fruits, black- berries, strawberries, cherries, pears, figs, apples, Mr. Nock hasdone very valuable work of late years at Hakgala, and no onecould be readier, or more interested, than he in helping any native or planter who may wish to profit by his experience m ex- perimenting with any of these new introductions. “We have alluded to a recent drought at Hakgala. Here are the figures for the expired nine months ef the year compared with the same period of 1892: 1892. 1898. Inches, Inches. 8°10 ese January ee 5°26 309 .. February .. 119 8°81 see March eo §6—6A BB 761 AA April ed 3°15 9 33 : ay -- 649 vieel Fe June ow» §«=—:11°46 6°42 ; July SS 5°82 4°60 ; August ar 2°81 5°96 P September .. 1°27 56:03 Total 47°99 47°99 804 Deficiency. The deficiency is thus over eight inches, and more particularly have August and September been short, notwithstanding very wet weather occasionally on the Dimbula side. But that is a common exprri- ence; for while Nuwara Eliya as well as the western districts have had for three or four days now abundance of rain (in this last Sou’-Wester), Hakgala with all Uva and indeed—as I learn as I write—Maturata, have had no rain whatever, but are bathed in sunshine. There is no need toallude to the delightfal view from Hakgala ; for we had the more novel as well as interesting outlook over Uva afforded from MR. LIPTON FOR INSTANCE. In purchasing the Dambatenne-Laymas Group, it is understood the coffee was reckoned as very Tittle. worth—as likely to disappear before long, and yet last year this fortunate propriety got no less than: 8,000 bushels of this valuable product. He is now the owner of nearly 1,000 acres of tea and the Dambatenne portion is among the very finest in the island. Indeed the higher you go in Haputale (as in some other anita the finer the tea serms to be. It will be hard to beat in India or Ceylon the St. Catherine portion of the far-famed Nayabedde belonging to another and even more extensive pro- prietor, whose dealings in se be (from the time he was known asthe most capable and successful Bank Manager the East ever saw) bayve been almost uniformly successful. We icfer to MR. G. 8S. DUFF who has never spared his capital in doing justice to his plantation agree | in so many of our more notable districts. e have it on competent im- artial authority—that of a Matale proprietor and nspector of estates, (not the ex-Haputale resident who had to do with the planting !)—that there is no finer field of tea in the island than that which runs up to over 6,000 feet altitude on the St. Catherine’s division of Nayabedde. We have frequently referred to the great success of TEA ON PATANA LAND IN UVA —and this opens up a vista for extended cultivation in the neighbourbood of Badulla, Passara and below Narangalla, which we scarcely like to dwell on at a time when Sir John Muir and his colleagues are threatening in another Hac to inaugurate the era of oyer-production. One thing is certain: that the Secretary of State must relax his law about CROWN LAND OVER 5,0U0 FEET so far as the country between Dimbula and Haputale is concerned. It will never do to have a Railway running some 12, 15 or even 20 miles with scarcely any contributory traffic en route. We are aware, of course—no one knows better—that the terminal traffic at The Pass which practically commands Uva, was the great object in view. But as owners of the railway and trustees for the public interests, the Government are surely bound to, at least, afford the opportunity of developing industry and traffic alongside their own railway stations and sidings through one of the healthiest regions in the island. We do not so much think of the sale of forest-land forthe purpose of tea planting, though there ara select valleys between Nuwara Hliya and utale, where lots might well be cut ont and sold at from R100 upwards per acre probably, with the condilion that a certain Nov. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 317 —_———— ee eeeeeeeeeeesSesesesesesessFFFSSssssssesese reserve of forest be maintained, or groves of exotic trees planted. But apart from this, there is - the utilization of much of the country we speak of for live-stock and grazing purposes, under a system of leases, which could provide for none of the larger timber trees being interfered with. As we close (on the 13th) the mist and rain. of the past few days have given place to a cloudless, blue sky and delightful sunshine over the Plains, with a cool brisk brezee— ** A livelier emerald twinkles in the grass, A purer sapphire melts iuto the lake,’”— the day broke in fact as if the ‘‘clerk of the weatber ” were determined to make it all right for the cricke'ing visitors and their planting opponents at Radella. So may it be. The subj ined report from Hakgala is dated the 12th and shows that yesterday’s rain extended so far although today all from the ‘‘ Jaw Mountain”! to Nawinacooly is doubtless ‘‘ bathed in sunshine ” :— ‘The wind is pretty atrong here this morning and between 5-30 and 8 a.m. *26 parts of an inch of rain fell. Since then it has been dull ana drizzling, but it. appears to be still fineon the Uvaside. It is quite likely that there will be a bresk of nice weather in Nuwara Eliya before the N.-E. sets in, but I am afraid it will vot be along spell this year.” Our holiday is at an end; but we trust for others who follow and for hill residenta generally that the intervening spell of fine weather may be an appre- @ able one. —— =? THA PLANTING IN INDIA AND CEYLON: From time to tims, Ceylon planters have been alarmed by accounts of the fareextending and rich reserves of land at the back of the Indian tea planters. ‘‘In the future development of tea planting, Ceylon is not in it” has been the assurance oft-times advanced and that not alto- gether by interested parties. We recall the fact that a well-known machinist and inventor, ag much interested in the welfare of Ceylon as of Indian planters, after his last visit to the North, had a wonderful account to give of the thousands upon thousands of acres of rich, deep black soil in the Dooars waiting to be turned into tea- gardens, and which, from the results obtained in the srea already open, must yield additions to the tea supply of the world far beyond any to be experienced in Ceylon. But year after year goes by, and so far there is no special sign of a great advance in cultivation or production ; while there ig the significant fact that somehow neither in the Dooars nor anywhere else can Indian Tea Plant- ing Companies yield the dividends which appertain to not a few Oeylon Companies. It is no doubt this monetary result and the continued prosperity of the Ceylon tea industry, in epite of all the prophecies of our critical visitors for the past ten years, that have at length induced Jeading capitalists Interested in North Iodian tea voncerns to turn their attention for investments to this colony. Tbe mer- cantile houses and tea companies with which Sir John Muir and Mr, P. R. Buchanan—who are on their way to visit the island—are identified are among -the most important of Anglo-Indian firms, and they control come of the largest tea plantations or gardens in Northern India. With unlimited re- seryes to fall back on in the Dooars and other districts, the question may well.be asked why the chief capitalis.s in large Assam-and Sylhet Com- panics sbould want to invest in forestland in Comparatively poor Ceylon? The answer must no doubt be that whether it be climate, readier meang of transport, better or more manageable labour, or more skilled: and systematic management, tea ' plantations in Useylon yield larger profits as a rule than those in India. Hence we have the pros- pecting on the Balangoda side for suitable land among the few large forest reserves in private hands in this island and the news that some 5,000 acres have been as good as secured on behalf of the capitalists who are nearing our shores. No doubt Sir Jobn Muir and Mr, Buchanan are wise in their generation in arranging for a considerable planting interest in this colony, before it is too late; and besides it will be specially interesting to them to visit some of our planting districts and leading gardens and factories and then to contrast their experience with that cn their own North Indian properties whither they will doubtless proceed a little later on, We have already fully analyzed by groups of districts, the Ceylon tea industry aggregating | 273,000 acres, with a possible total crop for the current year of 80 million lb. Let us sum up the figures which, after collation from official and other sources, seem to us to represent the Indian Tea Industry at the present time. We have first the enterprise in Assam, including Cachar and Sylhet ; nextin Bengal (Darjiling, Chittagong, Chota-Nagpur, &4.);in the North-West Provinces (Kumeaon, Debra Dun, &c.); in the Punjab (Kangra Valley) ; and thenin Southern India, the Nilgiris —where although a beginning was made so far as 1835, it is still the day of small things—in the Wynaad, Travancore, &.; and firally in Burma and the Andamans. The result in area planted works out, approximately, as follows :— Districts, Properties. Area Total planted acres. acres. Assem; Sylhet, &e. 918 1,050,665 241.586* Darjiling, Chitta- gong, &c. _ — 75,000 Kumaon, Dehra Dan, &e. = — 10,000 Kangra Valley, &c. _ _ 10,000 Nilgiris and Wynaad — = 19 000 Travancore _ (52,000 reserve) 9,500 Burma & the Andamans — — 1,500 Total acres: 866,586 Or with extensions since the official returns were sent in, we may say 379,000 acres of tea, and making allowance for the local consumption of South India as well as Northern teas, the total crop. for a year at this time may be given at 130,000,000 lb. Indeed as the Calcutta Tea Asso- ciation make out a crop of nearly 127 millions for North Indian gardens alone, our total must be below the mark. In the Association’s return (given below) the Nilgiris, Wynaad—tea chiefly young—and the Travancore districts, are ignored :— EstIMATE oF Crop oF 1893. Revised. lb. Assam eee coe 53,298,839 Cachar ae eee se 17,870,889 Sylvet cs w- 18,948,414 Darjeeling see ee ee 7,328,314 Terai che ae CoC 3,587 009 Dooars ate mer 15,935,066 Caittagong... ae 879 389 Chota-Nagpore ae 431,862 Dehra Dun, Kumaon and Kangra 4,500,000 Privateand Native Gardens 4,000,000 126,779,773 The area represented for the above crop is about 336,000 acres or about 22 per cent more than we haye planted in Oeylon, while the crop is more than 50 percent. in excess of our Ceylon estimate * Of this 247,249 acres all ‘' mature” tea and 4,237 acres “ young ” tes, 318 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1893. aR TST RI for 1898, Hither therefore the returns of planted extent are below the actual figure:—not improb- able—or the average yield per acre is cons‘derably greater in India and this is no doubt the case. Still, as respects profitable tea concerns, Ceylon can undoubtedly hold her own, and this oan best be seen by a comparison between a cer- tain number of Indian and Ceylon Tea Companies 85 follows :— oe colt foie eee ME Tae ee ec nacre Onc 10 Bis Loma = 681 a Ore ie) rhe ie 4 T68T Cov O om 62oeh B commons a ps O6GSTNe casieiie ea cee en eae Coa Z = Doms 2 Sip JO88he siti ie Seale A row on boo a % < 888T mee Tit ebro aA ZA Misia & A Fa). CLECs aes Boies ee Meet [tied Ae Ze. wi ° ° vu ieee “aogy ot wes ones *Ole2 ae Ls We A ees ele f eo qa Wie 15 1 So 3 Oe {sal gal ie 5 B Sp Meet pl abet a De a =] P< €88T ODODORDIAN | ee < tA dale oO a o EA CSL rae eee ey eae ma =| a os a spate a o 1881 SNS =) Filesterate ai o fe mien nt 2 = z (EE ease eases: i = a2 Bad ae aS 5am; ES 5 € : Z : | A ‘ -8 ays a yA = Pee See ee] ee KO: URW le oO a *. WS Sa ofS q Se Ae Ae & paS| x B%on 2 Ag oA g8aSssee Adee aa e250 ks On Bs & NHEQHBHOG AHLon 250S8HOOD5 OF B50 -A5HANMAR OO Hat There are some other Ceylon Oompanies with dividends of from 10 to 12 per cent for a few years back which might be added ; but, of course, it is open to our Indian critics to say that our local experience is but limited. However, the Oeylon Tea Plantations Company with plantations in low and medium as well as high disrtricts, is about the best and oldest represantative that oan be offered for local prefitable concerns ; and although the profits must be a good deal less in the case of Ceylon tea grown on the older coff-e lands, yet the comparison must always be for comparatively virgin soil on both sides. ee MINOR PRODUCTS IN THE PLANTING DISTRICTS : CASTILLOA RUBBER FOR LOWCOUNTRY DISTRIOTS AND AS SHADE FOR COFFRE: ‘We thoroughly endorse the opinion expressed -in the following interesting communication as to the importance of adding new, even if minor, products to the cultivation of our staples, and we are pleased to learn that Castilloa ybber ig doing bettet than we expected. We trust the example set by our correspor dent wi'l be widely followed. The sample be sends us seems to be a very satis- factory and merchantable one. We shall try and get an expert’s opinion on it :— x read with much interest your remarks upon the Mexican experimert of growing Castilloa elastica as shade amongst coffas, “The Cistilloa rubber has not been thonght much of in Ceylon, but {am disposed to think it may have been under-rated, [ rend you a semple which her ben lying 00 my desk some months exposed, and which ought surely to have been spoiled if not good stuff, end YOU C&n see yourself how good the substence and elasticity gre. “My op’n'0n jg that we should not overlook snch valoable ®%Xiliary cultivations as rubber in the low- country estates, and though we are certrsin'y im- proving 1" many respects, by the intredaction of various Minor products, there is still room for a vast deal more to be done. There sre alwave patches of the low.lsing places that wou'd serve for such cultivations and on which the main enterprise may not be ko succersfnl, and then there are roa¢s and r'ver- sider, and Caatil'oa may prove good shade for coffee where Liberian or Coorg is being newly erown. There is no question abont the Albiccia Moluccana which you once wrote sbout, being one of the finest possible shade trees for coffee and tea: but Castillon would, if itis snited for shade, be more valusble, from its prodace being an annnal crop, whereas the Alb‘zzia to be utilized for timber, bas to be altogether sacrificed. “T found my Castillon trees grew slowly, andit is a tree that does not brench cut much—and is not suggestive of being a good shade tree in that respecte, nor to afford the eplerdid fertilizing litter of the Albizzia—but it would bea splendid belp. “Ceara ia a feilure for shade—and is injorious I think to both coffee and coena. I remember being taken in Dumbara t? a magnificent cocoa tree close to an equally fine Ceara, as a proof thet Oeara did not injure cocoa, but I never believed it and pnt mv Ceara separate, and it has fallen into complete disrepute in Dumbara. It is, of course, discouraging to hear of the vast supplies that the American and African forests must contain of rubber, but nevertheless we have some advantages here in respect of labor and transport, and really the enterprise could be gone on with steadily and without great risk of loss.—J. M.” ta A BARK AND DRUG REPORT, (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Sept. 21st. CincHONA.—As already foreshadowed by us last week, the cinchona-sales which took place here on Tuesday were the smalle-t in extent known for many years, while the quality of the bark offered was mostly very peor, not a single parcel of rich grey or yellow barks being §shown. The seven catalogues embraced of :— Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona 278 of which 259 were sold East Indian cinchona 302 Sn 224 a West American ,, 66 “ 66 2 646 549 The total amount of bark placed on sale contained the equivalent of about 4,000 lb. sulphate of quinine, or say 2°56 per cent on the average. There was rather more animation in the competition than has been observed lately, principally because one of the German factories which abstained from buying on the last occasin now again entered the market, and also because the druggists bought a considerab’e quantity of bark; but no actual alteration in price can be reported, the unit remain- ing 3d per lb. The following are quantities secured by the principal uyers :— Lb. Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 40,364 Agents for Auerbach factory bee A 22,746 Agents for the Frankfort-o/Main and Stuttgart : works 5 we —«:18, 896 Nov. 1, 1893. | Messrs, Howard & Sons aa i, 18,636 Agents for the Paris factory con can 6,000 Agents for the Brunswick factory cen an 4,739 Sundry druggists ace sos 15,485 Total quantity of bark sold... 129,867 Bought in or withdrawn 6 26,600 Total quantity of bark offered ... 156,467 The following prices were paid for sound bark :— CEYLON CINCHONA.--Orizinal—Red varieties: Ordinary dusty to fair, pariiy quilly stem and branch chips 1d to 14a; low dark, dusty chips 4d to #d; dull root 1gd per lb. Gray stem chips, poor and dull ifd per lb. Yellow stem chips, mixed with root 33d to 3841; small to fair stem and branch chips 1gd to 22i per lo. Hybrid dull chips 140°} rvot lid per ib. Renewed: dull to good bright red cuips 1gd to zid per lb, Hybrid stem chips 2%u to 24d per |b. WST AFRICAN CINCHONA.—Sixty-six bales totalling about 6,a0u 1b. cf Succirabra bark in fair medium to thin, partly irregular aud slightly damagea quil/, from St. Thomas, suld at from 23d to 3d per lb, to ihe ex ort druggists. At the Amsterdam auctions on October 5,4431 packages bark contains 364 tovs cf cincbona, will be offered, ex- clusive of Government-growp bark. During the month of July the exports of cinchona frum Java Were heavy - viz, 788,640 Amsterdam lb. against 279,094, 1,164,164, 35,012, nd 3u5,397 Amsterdam ib. in the months ot Juiy of the our proceeding years. Cooa.—Lbe American market is reported to be glutted with best qualivby of bright green Truxilio leaves, which are offered in 10n-iots at the rate of 74d per lb. c.i.f., which is the lowest price on record for coca ; bola Huancco leay_ ——___--— NOTES ON RODUCE AND FINANCE. Tue AvstRALIAN TEA MARkET.—The Austra'ian tea market, which the Ceylon growers are so anxious to capture, is well worth the effort. The Australians are great tea-drinkers, and import annually some 30,000,000 lb, of the leaf the bulk of which was brought from China. This year Ceylon shipments are expectel to reach 7,000,000 lb. A New Tea Company.—The Etah Tea Oompany, Limited, has been registered with a capital of £22,000 in 500 preference and 1,700 ordinary shares of £10 each, to acquire and take over from the respective pro- prietors the tea gardens, plantations, factories, lands and property tituated in the district of Sylhet in British India known as the Haten and Indessur Tea Estates ; and to carry on the business of tea planters, &o. The subscribers, who take one shsre each, are:—*M. Fox, 2, Catherine Place, Bath, gentleman; *J. D. Boswell, 1, North Charlotte Street, Edinburgh, soli- citor; 0. D. Boswell, Sundgate, Ayr, widow; J. D. Boswell, Sandgate, Ayr, spinster; W. H. Davlop, Doonside, Ayr, gentleman; C.A. Goodricke, 110, Cannon Street, B.C. Indian tea estate agent; H. A, Aokin, 46 Queen Victoria Street, E,C., solicitor. The first directors are those gentlemen whose names are marked by an asterisk ; qualification, £500; remu- neration not yet fixed. Registered office, 110, Cannon Street, H.C, T'xa anp Corren Drinkinc.—The Oustoms returns are all in favour of the consumption of tea and the decline of coffee, but notwithstanding this there are those, with whom the wish is father to the thought, who profess to deteot a rival of coffee drinking habits. A writeria the Globe, for instance, says :— ‘ Are we becoming a nation of coffee drinkers? In spite of the Customs returns it looke rather like it. Already the City is undermined by luxurious cellars with Oriental names where coffee is almost the ex- clusive drink.” In the desire to prejudice the con- sumer against tea this writer continues :—“ Coffee is a giant driok, and has played the tyrant ere now. Briidat-Savarin tells ns that he saw in London—‘sur la place de Leicester’—a ce‘tee drunkard who had uearly wrecked his constitution,but had sofar disciplined himself as to indulge innot morethan five or six cups a day. It would be easy to pile up evidence of the ravages oo health of which this eminently ‘temperance’ beverage is capable. Already the question is being asked in high medical quarters whether we are developing into a nation of tea @runkerde. The cup that cheers is roundly deolared to inebriate after all, in the strong Indian form in which it is now universally drunk, or at least -work, mischief not a whit less.serious in the 12 roa than is imputed to sloohol. This is be- wildering, and yet a orusade against tea drinking, with its own pledge cards and banners, might be welcomed asa reductio ad absurdum. It would surely convince our mis-called ‘temperance’ friends that they are moving in a circle, and that the enemy is mot the thing abused, but the tendency to abuse it. At least let us start fair with coffee, While as regards tea we are said to be now developing ‘ that indiffer- ence to quality which is the crowning mark of in- dulgence. We are just beginning to appreciate ganlity in coffee, We are learning to fake it pure and strong.” ‘ Pure and strong coffee” is a very good drink for those who can take it, but the majority find it far more potent for evil than the of late much maligned Indian and Ceylon tea. FoRkmosan Tea,—In a recent issue we referred to the cousular report on this subject, and gave some parti- culars of the cultivation. Mr. Hosie in hie report re- ferring ‘o the mavufacture, says :-—* Toe 1ea mana- factured in Formosa is generally, but erroneously classed a8 a green tea; It is in reality a black tea, prepared without the usua) fermentation, but it posses- ses a decided flavour of the greeu variety, The leaf is ‘fried’ when green, aud this taken with the flavour, may account for the popular belkf. Bat between the exposure in the open air aud the firing the edges of the leaves are rendered quite soft by being thrown agsiost bamboos in # revulving machine—a process unknown elsewhere in OCbina. It is said that if the leaves, after being picked and expored for s short time, were placed in the firing pans they would spiit up—tbe tea leaf is thick and britle and lose all) remblance to the whole Jesf which is 60 much desired,” Mr. Hosie describesihe important process of * firing” as follows:—* On entering a firingroom, one sees rows of circuler holes two feet in diameier, two feet deep, and a foot apart, faced with brick, raised about 18 inches above the brick floor. These arethe firepisces wherein the live charcoal, which has been brought to a red heat outside, is placed. Betore any firing can begin it is essential that all the combustible ma‘ter in the charcoal has been courumed aud that no smoke remains. To attain this end men are constantly engaged in breaking up the live charcoal in the holes with long iron instruments. When it is uviformly red and smokeless a Jayer of the ashes of paddy bueks is spread over the charcoal to temper the great beat Wuich it emits, and the fires are ready to receive the tea. The firing basket is shaped like a dice-boxr with the bottom kuocked out. It is woven of eplit bamboo, about 3 ft. high, a littleover 2 ft, in diameter aud narrowing from both ends towards the centre. Into one end a moveable bamboo sieve, which fits the centre, is pushed, and the other end is placed over the firing-hole. The leaves are poured in at the top and the firing begins, the firers constantly going the ronvd ot the baskets aud shaking pp the contents, so as to ensure uniformity in firmg. When this firing is completed, the tea is spread vutin flat bamboo baskets, snd all peces of twigs and leaf stalks removed by hand. This part of the work is performed by women and girls, The tea is sgain poured into the firing-baskets, and, after being fred until every particle of moisture has evaporated, it is removed and packed hot in lead lined baskets for exports,”"—H,. and C. Mail, Sept. 29. —__2.——__________ COFFEE NOTES. The Mexican Coffee Company has been incorpo- rated at Alpuqueque, New Mexico, with a capital of $3,000,000. A concession has been granted by the Mexican Government to Dr A. K. Oaney and E. J. Monera of San Francisco, for the purpose of colonizing Americans in the states of Vera Cruz and Hilderga on rich coffee ~ and agricultural lauds. Mr D. O. Weymuth has teen appointed colonization agent for the company.—JV. Y- Journal of Commerce. Our American exchanges publish the following telegram from the city of Mexico, dated Joly 22:— ‘Ip view of the export tax ou coffee, imposed July Ist, planters in the states of Vera Cruz, Ozcjaca, nd other districts of Mexico made great efforts to sbip all their surplus in June. During tie latter - half of that month prices ruled’ at $25 to $26 per- quintal of second quality. One steamer, “kl Gran Antilia,” sailed during the last week in June with 10,470 sacks for New Orleans. Since June 30ihcom-~ plete calm bas reigned in the Vera Cruz market, there being no stock on hacd. However, when the new crop comes io, if the high price in exchavge continues the difference, will more than cover the export tax now ‘levied upon coffee,—Fie Vews, . Noy. 1, 1893.] THE ORIENTAL BANK ESTATES co. (LD.) ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. The seventh annual ordina y general meeting of the above company was held at Winchester House, Old Broad-street, on 28th inst. io receive and consider the directors’ report and statement of accounts, and to transact the ordinary business ofthe company. Mr. Alexander William Orichton presided, The secretary (Mr. Henry Greey) having read the notice convening the meeting, the Ohairman said :— Gentlemen: I haye now to lay before this meeting our report, with the balance sheet and profit and loss account, for the seventh year of the working of the company, and, in doing so, I would observe that this is the first time since the beginning of our business in which a large balance of profit has not been shown on the account asthe result of the year. The cause of the present state of things has been, of course, the great hurricane which swept over Mauritius, at an utterly unprecedented time, when the greatest possible amount of damage could be wrought. We suffered a very heavy loss there, but in estimating the value of our Mauritius estates and the benefit derived by the company from them, not one, but several years should be taken. In the preceding year the profits derived from other sources were not large compared with those from Mauritius, which, as I then told you, amounted to over three lakhs of rupees. In the next year—the year covered by this balance sheet—had it not been for the hurricane, the profits would un- doubtedly have been near to five lakhs of rupees. ‘That is the opinion of those best ac- quainted with the subject, and in the current year, that is, the year which will be before you at the next meeting, the profits are again estimated to be at least over three lakhs of rupees. Referring now to the year covered by this balance sheet, after all tbe losses we have sustained, their still remains a balance to our credit on the account. That balance, you wil) observe, is ascertained after the payment of all debenture interest, and after payment of all the expenses connected with the hurri- cane, and also after setting aside a very considerable sum to meet the loss of exchange in silver, as com- pared with gold, which corresponds to a certain depreciation of our assets. We have written off, for this purpose, £9,800. The report, after stating that the hurricane occurred in the year under consideration proceeds as follows:—‘‘ The damage inflicted on the Ocmpany’s buildings and plant proved to be about as anticipated by the Chairman in his speech of last year; but as he stated, it was impossible then to forecast with any acouracy the damage done to the canes, and the loss then likely to accrue from the injury to them and from the deterioration in the cane juice, and the difficulty of extracting the sugar.” The exact damage inflicted on the Company’s buildings and plant, as measured by the cost of restoration, amounted to £6,500, but the principal loss that we sustained was not this, it arose from the destruction of our crop. After the storm the oanes were laid over wide areas in all directions; many were twisted and broken, and many were otherwise spoilt. We obtained, ot course, from our manager a very full report on the whole subject, but I could not go into his figures as regards all the estates unless I had much more time at my disposal than you could allow me at present. But the best proof of the diminution of the crop lies in the figures of the export ot sugar from Maur.tius, which was reduced from a normal crop of about 125,000 tons canes to 70,000 only. Besides that, this diminution appears in the figures of our balances sheet, for the crops unsold in hand on 81st March whereas in the previous balance sheet they were valued at £59,898 in this balance the entry is reduced to £28,971, a reduction of over £30,000, due almost entirely to the hurricane, You will see there- fore that after the hurricane we were suddenly con- fronted with a most difficult and serious problem. Our crops were to be reduced perhaps by one-half, while the expenses, as we feared, were considerably 41 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 32% to be raised, not only for the repairs of the build- ings and plant on our own estates but algo partly on those other estates in which we were interestei and which we were working. Besides this, there were the sireams and watercourses, which were choked with debr’s and which had to be cleared; there was the drainage which had to be restored; and there were the roads, bridges, and communications, which had to be put in order. Everyone in Mauritius was clamouring for extra labourers for gimilar pur- poses at the same time. When the news of the disaster arrived in England, Lord Knutsford, who was then Secretary for the Colonies, himself at once perceived the gravity of the situation, and he took, I believe, a warm interest in it. Ultimately he as- sented to the Mauritius Government issuing a loan, the proceeds of which were to be applied partly to assist the planters. Those arrangements were made and published, with which you will more or less be familiar, and we, in common with others, received benefits from them. Indeed, the policy which dictated the making of the loan, was very beneficial, inasmuch as the property of Mauritius depends upon the pros- perity of its planters, who by these means were en- abled to tide over a great difficulty, and were put in a way to recover their former position. Oircum- stances, too, have turned in their favour, for sugar holds a good place in the markets of the world. Prices are accordingly expected to be more remu- nerative than usual, and the prospects of the crop are reported to be favourable, so at least we were on all hands. Having thus explained the circumstances which have affected our balance-sheet unfayourably I will, now proceed to comment on its most salient features. After the figures relating to the capital and the deben- tures comes the ‘‘ Mauritius Government Mortgage” covering a Joan which we contracted under the cir- cumetances which I have fully detailed to you and which is charged on our estate of Britannia only, repayable by the actionof the sinking fund spread over a period of twenty-five years, the interest being 5 per cent. The next item is that of Sundry Cre- ditors,” That is the account of our floating indebted- ness, and this I think will be found to be highly satisfactory, because the acceptances which in the preceding year stood at £20,000 have now been reduced to £11,000 and the accounts payable with then stood at £106,000 are now reduced to £56,000, Of course this great reduation in our indebted- ness, or rather avoidance of indebtedness, was effected by means of the money which we obtained from the Government loan, and also by means of other moneys which we had previously invested on mort- gage and which were called in. But I would strongly insist that this great reduction of floating liabilities is a most eatisfactory feature in our present accounts, The “‘ Cost of Estates ” on the asset side shows a small increase, but that has nothing whatever to do with any expenses on account of the hurricane, or any of the repairs or supplies in that connection. All such repairs and supplies have been charged to the ordinary expenditure of the year, and the details will be found ineluded in the £110,000 oharged for the upkeep of the estates in profit andloss account. This increase of cost is for perfectly new plant and buildings, about equally divided between Ceylon aud Mauritius, and which we were advised by our managers to be necessary for the conduct of our increasing business, and which therefore, after scrutiney, we had to assent to. The next item is“ Sundry Accounts Receivable,” whioh is about the same as the previous year. “Ad- vances on Mortgage” have been reduced, owing to our having called in certain moneys in consequence of the stringency of the money market at a particular period. The ‘Shares in Companies” are about the same, and “Cash in Hand” amounts to £10,000. In profit and loss account sou will see the ‘ Cost of Upkeep of Estates” is raised from £104,000 in the previous year to £111,000, For that there are three reasons. In the first place, that oost includes all the hurricane expenses; in the second place, it includes the cost of a very large quantity of canes which were bought, worked into sugar, 322 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1893. and the produce of which appears on the credit side of the socouut; and in the third place, it includes that considerable sum I mentioned of £9,800, which we have written off owing to fall of exohange, and whioh is to harmonise the values in our balance sh eet with the low rate of exchange now had in view. It may be said that as this low exchsnge is not detrimental to our business, but, on the contrary, that no provision need be made for itas yet. I am quite sure however, we are taking the most houest and prudent course. Asto the division of oxpenses between Oceylon and Mauritios, as thatis a question we have been asked, I will mention it generaliy now, although wesre quite prepared to give any figures whioh are required. In ordinary years the expenses of Oeylon and Mauritius are about equally divided. In this year the expenses in Mauritious are about £12,000 beyond those in Ceylon, because there is added tothem that allowance for the deprec ation by the fall of exchange which I have alluded to, and also there is added the amount which repre- sents the molasses, which were utterly destroyed by the hurricane. But I would point out to you, in justification of our managerin Manritius, if these extraordiovary charges, the hurricane expenses and the loss by ex- change, were removed from the Mauritius expenses, it would be found to be greatly reduced and much below the Ceylon expenses. Generally as to the profit and loss sccount, the key of the emall balance in our favour will be found to be the reduction io the value of the produce in hand on March 31st Jast as compared with the preceding March 31st, attribu- table to the hurricane, for on Muroh 3ist last the produce was only valuedat £28,900, as against £59,800 on the preceding March 31s}, a difference of no less than £30,000. The account closes with a balance of £1,454, which, however little advantageous from the point ot view of dividend, is, I would submit, not so very unsa- tisfactory if you compareit with the reports of similar companies doing business in Mauritius during that yesr, You will see that the most respectable and influential companies made a loss of £40,000, or £50,000 ,and in one case there was a loss £100,090. This concludes the consideration of the balance-sheet, but I muat still detain you in order to give you the details asked for at the last meeting with regard to Oeylon. ‘They are principally as follows:—From the tea estates, which now include about 4,000 acres in bearing, we made 1,363,714 lb. of tea, and, in addition to that, we manufactured for other persons 156,797 lb. of tea. The cost of cultivation and manufacture te f.o.b. Colombo varied with different estates from 5d to 7°36d per lb. of made tea. The cocoa crop amounted to 1,417 owt. from about 500 acres in bearing, and realised gross, 110 shillings per cwt. The company’s agents appear to be well satisfied with the general condition of the estates, although they recommend that the cultivation of the tea should be extended to those places which were left avilable by the decay of the coffee and cinchona, which is, I think, common to all estates in Ceylon. With regard to the direction of the company, Mr. Shaw, as I think you are aware, has resigned his seat at the board, and in conse- quence of this we elected Mr. Henry K. Rutherford, chairman of the Oeylon Tea Plantations Company. Few persons, I believe, have a better knowledge or judgment with regard to the management of tea estates in Oeylon than Mr. Rutherford, and I think the company is fortunate in obtaining the benefit of his advice and co-operation, In conclusion, we have every reason to believe, from the inorease of our orops and from the good prices we are obtaining for part of it, at all events, that a prosperous year lies before us. Owing to the meeting being held later, we can speak on this point with greater confidence than usual: We sincerely trust that at our next meeting our hopes and calculations may be found to be realised and fulfilled.- I have now to move that the directors’ report and statement of accounts to March 31, 1893, now submitted, be and they are hereby adopted. Mr, W. ©. Rohde seconded, ; Mr. Hewitt complained of the way in which the accounts had been presented; alleging that they were charactericed by a policy of non-disclosure. He thought that separate figures should be given for the charges in Ceylon, Mauritius, and Londop, aud that they should not be Iumped together as in the present profit and loss account. Uuless the directors would undertake to give the information he would move the appvintment of a committee of shareholders to investigate the affairs of the company. General Massey said he would second thet. He quite agreed with the previous speaker es to the lack of information contained in the accounts. Mr, Welton, the auditor, said there would be no inconvenience in separating the upkeep of Ceylon end Mauritius and in giving more details, and he hoped the directors would adopt that course. Mr. Laurence asked the chairman whether be would give the separate figures for Ceylon and Manritine, so that they might know exactly where the loss occurred. In the course of further discussion, Major Speed criticised the management of the directors in Oeylon. The Ohairman, in a general reply, said the only reason why the accounts bad not been rendered in the way suggested was that the directors felt that it might be prejudicial to their business to do 60. There was no desire whatever to keep any information from the shareholders. With regard to the London expenses they only amounted to £2,800 which was s comparatively small amount for such sn extensive business. The produce from Ceylon was valued at £63,906 3s, and the expenditure £48,541. The value of the produce in Mauritius was reduced, owing to the harricane, to £38,639 198 4d, end the expenditure £48,303 9s 4d, including the hurricane expenses, leav- ing a deficit of £9,663 10s. The directors would circulate s printed paper amongst the shareboldere, giving all tho details asked for, Mr. Hewitt expressed himeelf satisfied with the chair- man’s statement, and withdrew hie amendment with regard to the appointment of a committee of share- holders. The resolution for the adoption of the report and accounts was then put, and carlied unanimously. Mr. Normsn W. Grieve was unavimonsly elected a director in the place of G. H. Todd-Heatly, who retired, and did not offer himselffor re-election. Mr. Hewitt proposed the re-election of the auditors, Messrs. Welton, Jones & Co. General Marsey seconded, and it wascarried unauimous!y. A vote of thanks to the chairman terminated the proceedings.—L, and C, Express, Sept. 29, —— CACAO PLANTING NOTES. Matale, Oot. 14. Although we had rain since Saturday last, sufficient to put away all further apprehensions concerning the drought, it isnot exactly what may be called plant- ing weather as yet. Two or three days of bright hot sunshine waited on us during last week, enough to have scorched out any tender plant brought. ou of & nursery where it had been used to regular watering. However, the steady rains are not far off and let us hope to have a good planting season, now that we have seen the laet of one of the severest droughts we have had for some years past. If it was impossible to make a ceriain estimate while the drought was on, then the ceitsinty that is left us now is that the best part of the young crop has been burnt off, as may be gathered from the innumerable little pods a week or two old, withered and black, hanging on to the branches, This year’s crop depends therefore chiefly on the already matured pods which when the drought came on were hardy enough to have withstood it. One might venture to guess that by the end of the year most estates will see the bulk of their present crop out. The drought was so intense that on some estates acres upon acres of cacao had, at great cost, tobe actually watered, tosave them from thefire. They Werenot ngrelipgs either, but venerable crop-hearer Noy, 1, 1893. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 323 The orop this year will therefore so far from showiog an increase on the last year more likely approximate the returns of the previous year. The compeneating advantages of a rise in the market, ig all the consolation that is left now, with, of course the prospect of a bumpcrcrop to come, which let us hope we shallall realize next year. oo, CROPS IN CEYLON: ABSTRACT OF OFFICIAL SEASON REPORTS FOR Srpr. 1893. In the Western Province good yala harvest has been reaped, particularly in the Rayigam korale, Kalutara District, where it is said to have exaeeded any harvest during the past ten years. Maha suffered from drought. In the Kandy District of the Oentral Province far crops are reported andit is said that rain ig much wanted in every division. In the Matale district there is severe drought everywhere in the district. Ratemahatmaya reports scarcity of food in Kanda— palla and Wagapanaha Pallesiya pattu. Coming now tothe Northern Province the report from the Jaffna District is that there was no rain during the month except slight showerson the 29th and 30th in some parts. Paddy sowing for kalapokum of 1893 commenced. Payaru reaped crop reported fair, Palmira fruit gathered; crop indifferent, In the Mannar District there is no land under crop. People are still clearing jungle and preparing lands for dry grain cultivation. No rain. Great distress. In Galle District the report is—yala over ; good. In Matara the crop prospects are good all over the district. In Hambantota District the yala returns were generally excellent. Owing to irrigation works the district was not much affected by the longdrought. In Batticaloa the threshing of later pinmari on 5,500 acres was nearly over; yield good. Eltota harvest on 400 acres is ripe; 1,500 acres sown a second time ; crop now in ear on 1,400 acres is very good. Ploughing for munmari harvest of 1894 is retar- ded for want of rain. In Trincomalee the Pinmari harvest throughout the district reaped and stacked; threshing not over, weather being unsettled. More rain wanted to moisten munmari lands for ploughing and sowing; on this account progress in cultivation slow. In Kurunegala the country has suffered seriously from want of water during September ; cultivation was consequently retarded. Oattle everywhere suffer from want of grass and water; beyond the Deduruoya drought most pronounced; tanks empty. Oultivation for maha wet and dry very restricted, and _ food supply at low ebb. Melief works in Wanni draw increasing numbers—-five hundred persons now at work; drinking water very short, especi- ally beyond Deduru-oya. In the North-Central Province paddy crops, where irrigation available, matured well, and are harvested. A few tanks contain water, but most are still dry. Scarcity of food reported in some villages. The prices of all grain are high, though not prohibitory. Sore eyes, measles, and fever reported prevalent. In province of Uva the report is—harvesting of late maha sowing ; crop damaged by flies ; yield conse- quently below the average. Yala oultivation in progress. From Ratnapura it is reported that in all the korales a good yala crop has been harves- ted, weather having been splendid for harvestiog cperations. Prospects of maha cultivation through- out the district both in dry and mud lands are unfayourable, owing to the continued drought. In Nawadun korale some of the maha plants in the fields have suffered from the growth of » weed known as‘! madametta’’ or “ kizihovan.”—Guzette, se — ee INDIAN TEA NOTES AND NEWS. A South Wynaad correspondent writes:—“I am very glad indeed to learn that the Perindotty Factory was fully insured. The energetic manager bas done wonders and has run up sheds with the expedition of a burst-out American citizen, and hand rolling is in fall swing until machinery is available. There are splendid flushes on the tea bushes now, which it would have been a thousand pities to lose.” There is a decline, says an American paper, for the demand of Formosa green tea, which is such a favourite with Americaus, The Japanese seem to be making the running for green tea, though, as an English traveller siys, there is no accounting for its popularity except that it is due to the big com- mercial intercourse between Japan and the States. The Japanese green tea may be preferable to that from Formosa; but itis not free from adulteration. The colouring or painting is still effected by means of a spoonful of indigo and powdered soapstone put into each basin, and thus disseminated through its contents. But in Japan tea is not grown for export only, but is the chief article of home consumption, and these domestic teas as procured in the country are probably the only samples of unadulterated green tea which Europeans are likely to meet with. They produce a beverage which is refreshing, quite harmless, and which, notwithstanding the way in which it is pre- pared, can, after only a short residence in the oountry, be readily distinguished from hot water. ‘‘W.’’ writes:—It is not generally known that years ago the Government issued a circular on the subject of the preparation of briok tea, and attempts to make it were started in Dehra-Dun: but unsuccess- fully. Theplanters had not the trick of supplying the abominations which the Chinese use in fabricating this etuff, and I think they were too honest. Ohina brick tea, at its best, is but a confection pre- pared out of the refuse of tea and the decayed leaves and twigs, which is pressed into moulds, and with a little sheep or ox blood added to asatiffen the mass aod perhaps make it palatable, Bullocks’ urine is used to give certain sorts of it a flavour acceptable to the Thibetan, and there are other vile mixtures which I would rather not mention. Up to the half-year ending 31st August, the Dehra Dun Tea Company manufactured 500,0001b of tea, being about 10,000lb in excess of the corresponding period of last year. The estimates have been already exceeded and reports are most favourable. A letter from Jorebaut (Upper Assam) states that the leaf is fairly plentiful, but is getting short in the shoot. It appears that on the 14th September the flats at Gusein Goun wentdown to the month of the Sutee, owing toa fallofthe Brahmapootra, and thia occasioned some inconvenience, as the Godown at Gusein Goun had been washed away and there were ns boats to take the tea chests.—Zndian Planters’ azette. Zz SSS LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE CEYLON PRODUCE. TRAVANCORE TEA, (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report of the Colonial Markets for the Week ending September 27th, 1893.) The undermentioned teas have been sold thia week, prices for which show no alteration, d =| op pi 43 a » Gbuea beled ae 2.8 o <= 3 ~~ 3 : ° - ° ° q Se viel eg Bal Bs og Fos). a ro Aa mn 4 Co ---—— MORE POTASH NEEDED. 1. Fodder crops, pasture grasses, corn stoyer and hay all remove large amounts of potash from the soil, and these crops occupy a large proportion of our improved lands. 2. The urine of our domestic animals contains about four-fifths of the total potash of their excre- ments. 8. When nrine is is poor in potash. 4. When manures are exposed to rains, much of the potash being soluble, is washed away. 5. Nearly all the special fertilizers are especial! rich in phosphoric acid, and do not contain se oxi otash. . 6. Superphosphates were the first fertilizers to come into general use among onr farmers. 7. When the farmer buys a fertilizer, he still, nine times out of ten, calls for a phosphate. 8. As a result of the above conditions our soils seem to be quite generally in need of more liberal applications of potash. 9. In the case of corn the need of potash appears to be algalgeaeee prominent. 10. For a good crop of corn the fertilizer used should supply 100 to 125lb. of actual potash per acre ; 200 to 2501b. of muriate of potash or one ton (50 Bu) of good wood ashes will do this. 1l. With Seditaee farm and stable manure it will generally pay to use some potash for corn; 125 to 150 lb. of muriate of potash has given profitable re- sults. 12. The liberal use of the potash means more clover in our fields, more nitrogen taken from the air, more milk in the pail, a richer manure heap, and store-houses and barns full to overflowing i allowed to waste, the manure means also a sod which when turned will help every other crop. 13. For the potato crop the sulphate appears to be much superior to the muriate of potash, promoting both yield and quality in much higher degree ; 300 to 400 lb. of high grade sulphate of potash fur- nishes enough of this element. 14. For oats, rye and grass, nitrate of soda ap- plied just as the growth begins in spring has proved very beneficial; 300 to 400lb. per acre should be applied. - Prof. W. P. Brooks, Massachusetts Agri- cultural College.—Indian Agriculturist. InocULATING FoRkEsT-PESTS.—The Society of Friends of Natural Science in Danzig off2re, says Chemist and Druggist, a prize of 501. for the most practical method of destroying the insects which ravage the forests of Western Prussia, by means of the introduction among them of an epidemioal disease. Treatises on the subject must bs written in German or French, and reach ths Secretary of the Society in the course of the present year. Nov. 3, 1893. | Goyyespondsngs. ——eee SS To the Lastor. MANGOSTEENS IN THE PLANTING DISTRICTS : PRACTICAL HINTS. September 18. Dear Sir,—You were good enough to take notice of my mangosteens and therefore I am taking it upon me to send you the following notes :— The mangosteen (Gareinia mangostapa) is a Hative of the Moluccas Islands and is a very slow Srowing tree, but most certainly worth the small troubie of patiently watching its gradual develop- ment, and he is selfish indeed who thinks thus: ‘oh what’s the use, I won’t get the benefit, I plant, and another reaps the fruit thereof.’ Mather be the _ benefactor to your species in even making one mangosteen tree grow where none grew before! The plants I got from the Peradeniya Gardens in 1872, so that they are now twenty-one years old, The first crop was in 1883, so that one nas to waitsome ten years before they can enjoy this fruit,—a delicious blend of sweet and acid—of their own planting. Don’t be discouraged, keep in mind the Auld Laird’s advice to his son: ‘ Aye be sticking ina tree’ Jock, it will be growing while ye are asleep- ing.’ They are growing on very fair soil at an elevation of 1,700 feet and have received no special oare or treatment. Rainfall is about 180 inches, They look very healthy with their large leathery leaves, and are free from insect pests. Height of tree which has a tapering stem and regular form is 254 feet, and the diameter of foliage the same. The stem has a girth of 28 inehes at a foot from the ground, Crop is once a year, August-September. JOHN DRUMMOND. THE BANDARAPOLA CEYLON COMPANY, LIMITED. London, E.C,, Sept. 27th. Sizn,—We beg to inform you that the Board of Directors of this Company have deolared an interim dividend at the rate of 6 per cent. per annum (free of income tax) for the haif-year ending 30th June last, —Your obdient Servants, ANDHRSON BROS., Agents and Secretaries. THE QUALITY OF TEA IN THE LOCAL MARKET. —Yours truly, Sept. 30. THE HNCOURAGEMENT GIVEN BY BUYERS. Dar Eprton,—In your issue (Observer) of 25th, there is a letter from Mr. Street, in which he com- plains that there isa iaok of good teas in the Colombo market, Lhismay beso; buy do planters get encour- agement from the Colombo buyers tu send really good teas to their market? I for one think that good teas don’t get that attention in Colombo they ought lo get. I will give you an instance that came under my notice, which will bear out what I have stated. A parcel of tea was cent to Colombo for last Wednesday's sale, but previous to despatch samples were sent toone who is deservedly thought to be the best taster and valuer in Colombo. He valued the Broken Pekoe at 88 cents. The teas were sent away to another broker forsale and he at once sent his valuation: Broken Pekge 73 cents (seventy three cents); THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST., 327 I may here mention that in the interimthere was a rise in the market. When this valuation was received by the parties interested, you may be sure they were put out. They at once wired “B. P. not to be sold below 90 cents.” Well,the teas were put up and 76 cents was bid at the sale ; but would you believe it—the tea was sold the following day at 90 cents. Now, Mr. Editor, what do you think of the fore going. Here was tea valued by one broker at .. 88 cts. per lb. Do. by the selling broker at aay 18 do. And afterwards bought by a well-known Colombo man for 30 50) ELH do. You will see we planters are really at the meroy of Colombo buyers and usually we have to take what- ever is offered. In the case mentioned above some of the parties interested have an idea what good tea is ; otherwise this fine sample of tea would have been thrown away.—I am, HH, COFFEE IN DOLOSBAGE: LIBERIAN AND COORG-ARABIAN PROMISING WELL: A CORRECTION. Dear Sirn,—In a recent leading article you re- marked that no coffee was grown in this uistrict, If you will refer to ome of the returns iur- nished for your Directory, you wiil find that there are 20 acres of Liberian and 35 acres Arabian (Naalkanad-Ooorg variety) growing on one estate, The Arabian is now 18 months old and pro mises to bea great success, DOLOSBAGH. TALAGSWELA TEA COMPANY LIMITED, Colombo, Oct. 16, Dzar Sin,—We have been asked to inyite your attention to the Brokers’ Oiroulars, which are usually issued with your paper, in which the estimate of Talgaswela Lea Crop, for 1893 most persistently appears at 18u,0U0 lb. made tea, ‘The estimate for 1893 was revised in June last to 140,000 lb., ana information to this etfeot was made public, but evidently not availed of by the brokers tor the benefit of the shareholders. The following aye been the crops since the manufacture of tea was commenced un the Com- pany’s property. Year ending 3lst Deo. 1891; 80,000lb. made Tea, do do do 1892, 118,U0U0iv. do do Present estimate for 1893, 185,UUUlb. do do The Crop for 1893 which so far has averaged 45 o. per lb,, will shew a yield of about 20U ib, per acre, and a substantial dividend will be deciared in February next.,—Yours faithfully, BAKER & HauL, Seoretaries, ro DrxtEtic Propucts.—Of the popular beverages for the breakfast table, the home consumpuon of cocom keeps pretty steady at 21,000,L00 lb. yeuriy, Coffee is stationery at about 255,U0u cwt., chicory coming in largely to replace 18 with 93,000 owt, Tea makes giant progress, at the advanced raie of 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 lb. yearly, inuian aud Ceylon teas forming the bulk; for out of 207,000,u00 lb, taken last year, only 33,000,000 ib, o1 Coinese tea were consumed, The average is now about 154 lb, per head of the populaviou. The import ot refined sugar were about 700,00u cwt. less vbas in 1891, but those of unrefined sugar show & sligat inorease over the previous year. ihe quantity of raw sugar consumed per head of the population is now about 474 lb., and of refined 33 1b,—Journal of the Soovety of Ars 428 ee REPORT FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCE. (Notes from Wanderer.) October 12, Ta Prices are certainly more encouraging. We are now only $d below last year’s average at same date and exactly the same average as India. Last year we were 27d under India. Our Indian brethren are now being treated to the same style of gentle chiding from the London brokers, meted out to Osylon planters last year. Gow, Wilson Stanton thus discourse in their circular of the 22nd Sept:—'‘ Quality from some of the Assam gardens is better, though not equal to last year. Darjeeling continues to pend some fine tea, but in other districts the crop shows no new feature.” India has therefore to take a back seat in the Lane this season. Neilgherry 589 packages averaging 7d, and Travancore, 1,204 packages, 63d, are not startling. Java, 1,711 packages averaging 67d does not say much for the Dutchman’s manufacture of the cheering leaf. Weratner.—Matale and Dumbara men begin to hold up their heads, for rain has st Jact fallen. Rain was wanted even in the Kelani Valley. Some estates there have had no rain for 20 days. ; Henorertis is now becoming scarce in the Kelani Valley, thanks to the catching of these troublesome pests. If they reappear, vigorous eteps should at once be taken to destroy them. I fancy ‘‘ mosquito blight,” as they oallit in India, will neyer be so troublesome or so destructive in Qeylon as in India, for we only lose a month’s flush which can be made up later on. On the Indian Oontinent they have virtually only three months of heavy plucking, and if anything interferes with the flush in these mon ths the whole season’s yield is affected, — Coast Apvances.—Some planters are inclined to insinuate that the joint Committees of the P.A. and Chamber of Commerce have not done mush to improve matters. They haye on oalled they could and if their suggestions are loyally carried out, we shall see a more healthy state of matters in 1894, FRUIT RPESERVING AT SINGAPORE: therland Oonsular report on Singapore for eaneer, just published iu the Java Government Ganette, gives the folloowing partioluars regarding the preserved pinesple trade:— : “The preparation of preserved tropical fruits, chiefly piceaples, increased again during the year under report, the export being estimated at 1,670,000 pineaples against 1,600,000 in 1891, ‘his increase of 70,000 units is, almcst exclusively, to be ascribed to the augmented export of 30,000 units to Great Britain and 40,000 units to the Oontinent of Europe, mostly to France. The steady extension of this branch of industry is in consequence of the artiole becoming better known abroad, and of the considerable in- of pineapple i e, Jo arava seen a eaae as also on neighbouring islets in the Rhio Archipelago. The pineapple crop was, moreover, very satistactory during the past year, 80 that the supply was considerably greater than in 1891. The price realised, on the average,’ fell hence to 2 dollar cents for- each pineapple against 6 cents in 1891, and this, too, In spite of an iucrease in pre- serving factories. During the year under report, at Singapore, five Huropeans and five Chinese carried on the preserving business against four HKuropeans and three Chinese in 1891. rom the above men- tioned increase in the export, it need not, however, be made out that the cousumption abroad has grown in proportion. A lot inconsiderable portion cf the export, indeed, mostly to England, had to remain there unsold owing to a glut in the market, as also in consequence of inferior quality and less careful pre- paration of the product. These last mentioned consignments were largely from Chinese factories, of which during the past year, several stopped business While othere were eet up,” THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. cultivation in Singapore, Jobore — [Nov. 1, 1893. SALES OF ESTATE PROPERTY. We heard some weeks ago from a Fort business- man that a nice little cacao propcrty was in the market at what seemed @ very low price—the explanation being tbat it wes ro surrounded by native thieves that the. crops coud sever be se- cured! We do not know if this is the reason; but now learn that Kendewatte plantation of 182 acres (115 in caceo) in the Dumbura district, has been sold to a native by Mersre, Chas. Strachan & Co. for R12,500 which seems a bergain if the trees are in good condition. Another sale ie that of Nugawella tea estate in the Puesellawa district—191 scres, 180 in tea—by Mr. A. O. White to Mr, M. B.Evanus for £4,000 or £4,500. It is reported that the Ceylon and Oricstal Estates Company sre buying a group of Baduile estates. A contemporary has the following :— Mr. HK. H. Stewart, of Wattegama, has purchased the property known as the Naraudande lands from the Ueylon Tobacco Company, Limited, at present in liquidation, ond they will, I bear, together with the surroundirg land, aleo purchased by the same gentleman, be Koown infutore as “ Gillbury Estate.” The property in question is situated jbetween Katu- gastota and Wattegamme.—Kandy Cor. PLANTING REPORT FROM UVA. Badulla, Oct. 16th. THE WEATHER during the latter partof September was showery and we all thought the North-Hast monsoon had made an early burst. Some few were adventurous enough to plant. It is now hard and dry. Wind at night from the South-West and, though clouds bank up in the East in the afternoons, no immediate prospect of rain. The weather now is particularly bright and the mornings are very charming. Tea is still flushing well, though not quite so heavily as it was three weeks ago. The pruned fields have recoyered wonderfully well, and those fields pruned in July and August are flushing very well. Olearings are being busily proceeded with and a very considerable acreage will go into tea in this district this year. With the older tea yielding as it is, proprietors have every encouragement to in- crease their acreages. I understand that a very 6 Central Factory is being built in Badulla by the Uva Company to serve the estates in that vicinity. Corrne is looking well, and bug, though present, does not seem spreading or doing any particular harm, The dry weather we are now haying means a good deal to coffee proprietors, for higher estates will give another blossom yet, if itlast a little longer. There is @ good blossom in spike. There was 4 very nice sprinkle of blossom out last week, and every little helps at present prices. Autumn crops are coming in well, and as far as my experi- ence goes will everywhere exceed estimates The quality is, moreover, excellent, and there is practi- cally no light coffee. Your remarks re patana land for tea in Uva interested me much, I do not myself, however, think that there are the large acreages available generally supposed. There is patana land and ~patana land and I think a very large proportion is unsuited for tea The patana that does. grow tea -grows it magnificently, but lvery much doubt immense acreages of it being available. The finest patana pro- bably lies on the spurs of the hill country. But here the rainfall is very generally doubtful, and the climate is not very desirable. Most of the Uva patanas proper are more suited to cattle grazing than tea growing, and I wonder no one has attempted an experiment of this sort on a large scale. Has manuring of grass land with lime ever been tried? [We think not in Ceylon.—Hp. T. A.] I believe the Ramway is taking almost the whole of the Badulla traffic, and {[ fancy—and hope—few carts are working on the Ratnapura road, lt would be interesting to know what produce does reach Colombo from Uva by that route. The Police re- gtering stations youl supply the information, Nov. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 329 PROSPECTS OF THE CEYLON TEA ENTER- PRISE IN AMERICA. Our London Correspondent has ben endeavour- ing to leara the feeling existent among QO-ylon men at home, with reference to Mr. Grin- linton’s demind that we should do some thing to render lasting the appreciation of Osylon tea tbat he staves will be the outcome of his endeavours at Ohicago. Up to the date of his last letter, our correspondent had only succeeded in obtaining two such opinions—those of Mr. J. L. Shand and Mr. Martin Leake. As an instalment, the views of those two well-known men of businoss mu3t be valuable. The first-named is sure that, viewed from the stand-point of British trade, any attempt made directly by our Planters’ Association w d be unjustifiable in pringiple. But he does ot feel certain that the same view would be taken of such a course in the Uniled States, The customs and rules that so conserva- uuvely govern the conditions of trade in the United Kinguom are, according to Mr. Shand, of very tare application among our American cousins. He holds it to be possible, therefore, that things might ba done in America that in the mother country would be regarled as wholly un- justifiabl», and which would ba certain to produce oacmbined and determined mercantile opposition, We find, howeycr, that Mr. Shand has, on other grounds, objections to Me. Grinlinton’s proposels being foliowed up. These objections are based entirely upon pecuniary considerations, not involv - ing condemnation of the principle advocated by Mr, Grinlinton, In his (Mr. Shand’s) opinion, nothing should be att:mpted with a# less capital than £100,000. He fixes this sum, it would seem, upon the results of his own experience in the endeavours made by his firm to introduce Ceylon tea into America, He fears that our tea wi!l never be largely consumed in that country until it can bo acquired at very low prices from the surplus which muy overflow from the supply of Kuropean and Aus- tralian markets. He admits that the American consumers wiil pay high prices ; but the wholesale dealers will zever introduce a tea for which they have to pay correspondingly. And, as his con- clusion, Mr. Shand asks :—‘‘ Where is the £100,000 going to come from’’? We fear echo must answer ‘' Where indeed ’’? Mr. Leake, in reply on tha case stated to him, at once said:—‘‘ Well, the gol@en goose has been killed. Had the American Usylon Tea Company been maintained, Mr. Grinlinton would have found the agencies he now demands ready to his hands.’ This statement, of course, cannot be gainsaid, But it is little use looking back now that the steed has beea stolen, Whether it would have been possible, had good relations been maintained be-— tween Mr. May and Mr, Grinolinton, to have pulled the Amorican Ceylon Tea Company through its difficulties, it is useless at present to inquire. ‘But, even according to Mr, Grinlinton’s own showing, the work accomplished by Mr. May has, if we are to reap continued benefit from the exertions made at Chicago, to be dove over again. But threads once dropped are not eacily to be recovered, and perhaps Mr. Shand’s estimate of £100,000 is not 80 extravagant as some might deem it at first sight to be. We ehall be anxious to receive further home opinions upon Mr, Grinlinton’s pro- posals. We must reserve judgment as to whether the sudden inorease of London exports of Ceylon tea to America assigned by the home brokers as the cause of the late very favourable turn in price, 2 may be due to a demand consequent upon our representation at Chicago. It may be that it is only a “flash in the pan,’’ copsequent upon Mr. Gcinlinton’s own purchases for the supply of tea in the Ceylon Courts in the Great Exposition. If, however, the :mcrease indicate a really growing appreciation of our teas by the American people, it is certainly an argument urging us to make some effort to further Mr. Grinlinton’s suggestior. And there is this important fact that coffee is bound to be both scarce and dear—in view of the news from Brazil and Java—for some time to come; and it ig not unlikely therefore that many of the American consumers should turn ther attention to tea during the next twelve months. 3 f. =

TEA NOTES AND NEWS. Our Rajghur correspondent writes on 3rd October 1893 :—Rainfall to 80th ultimo 69°60 against 108-55 inches to the same Gata last year. September closed with & large increase on all gardens near here, last year that month having been a particularly small one for yield. The prospect for October appears to be good and the season generally seems likely to be s gcod one for quantity,-but the reports of rice lateiy to hand are not very encouraging. Dhan planting is now finished and very well the oreps are lookiog, sbewing every promise of a good yield. Our -Darjecling correspoiident writes on Il1h October 1893 :—The past ten days or so have. been bright and warm, especially in the vall-ys, rather foggy in the mornings on the higer elevations. Rain has been promising the last two or three days and now and then fitful showers have fallen. Leaf is fairly good for time of year, although bligh® has made sad hayoo on some estates. A nice sutumn flayour is now shewing in the teas, so invoices shor\ly goirg forward should shew some very 400)! average.— 1. PF. Gazette. 2 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST (Nov. 1, 1893. THE AMSTERDAM BARK-SALES. Amsterdam, Ootober 5. At today’s auctions 3,350 bales of Java cinohona bark, representing about two-thirde of tho quantity offered, sold with fair competition at an advance of 5 per cent, the unit averaging now 2°70o (or 4d per lb.) which makes the Amsterdam quotations equal to the London ones. The figures realised were:—For manufacturers’ bark in chips and broken quil's 4ic to 28%c (equal to 3d to 44d per lb.) ; ditto in root 740 to 1940 (equal to lid to 34d per lb.) For druggists’ barke the prices ere: 540 to 112c (equal to jd to le 8d per Ib.) for quills an4 chips, and 5c to64c (eqnal to 1d to 1id per lb.) for root. The chief buyers were Mr. Gustav Briegleg, the Auerbach Works, the Fraukfort Works and the Brunswick Factory.— Chemist and Drugyist. _—_— THE PACKING OF DUSTY TEA. In consequence of the complaints of country tea dealers about loss of weight in dusty tes, owing to insecure packing, the London wholesale Tea Deaiers’ Association urged the planters about a year ago to use metal packages for dusty teas. Experience now seems to have led them to change their opinion, as the following correspondence shows. In tbis they suggest as we did in our issue of July 28, the use of a canvas wrapper in addition to the ordinary package : To the Editor Home anp CoxonrAc Matt. Dear Siz,—Kindly give insertion to the following letter from the London Wholesale Tea Dealers’ As- sociation on the subject of packing dusty teas so as to avoid loss of weight and subsequent claims, and oblige,—Yours truly, Ernzst TYE. Seoretary Indian Tea Districts Association. Ernest Tye, Eeq., Secretary, Indian Tea Districts Association. Dar Siz,—My Committee were pleased to note by your favour that notice has been called to the subject of more securely packing dusty teas, and they sug- gest the desirability of using & oanvas wrapper in preference to metal cases, which do not appear tobe acceptable to buyers in the country, and therefore might prejudice the gale of the tea to a certain extent.—Yours faithfully, (Sigaed) R.Sgpewicx, Hon, Sec. London Whelesale Tea Dealers’ Association, 4, Fenchurch Street, E.C., Oct. 2, 1893. TEA SAMPLES FROM INDIA. The following iea continuation of the correspondence which we published last week :— General Post Office, London, Sept. 28, 1893. GENTLEMEN,—With reference to your further letter of yesterday’s date, I beg leave to inform you that the Department has already telegraphed to the Post Office cf India, directing attention to the fact that tea is not prohibited from importation into the United Kingdom by zample post/—I am, gentlemen, yeur obedient servant, (Sioned) W. Rocus, for the Secretary. Mersrs. D. M. Stewart and Co.—H. and C. Mail. —_—_—__@ SANDISON'S FAMOUS TEA SEED. We are requested from Maskeliye to make @ correction in our recent reference to Mr. W. G, Siandison and his tea seed. Mr. Sandison, we are reminded, had three seed gardens, Arcady, Asoka and Sana, distant three to six miles from each other, from which he gathered his seed. Although calling it all “ Sana” seed, his famous “‘ Sandison’s Orosded Indigenous” (see numerous references in the 7, 4. and gig grown on Arcady, and bis “Singlo Hybrid” on Asoka and Sana. It was on Arcady, and not on Sana, that he planted the Manipuri Indigenous (‘‘wild tea’’) seed obtained by himself from the villagers on the spot in India, and gathered from seed-bearers growing wild in the jungle. — TOPICAL DITTIES. Tue Tea Baoxer. In this spicy charming Isle I am sure ‘twould you beguile, If I sang a little while Of the tea brokers. All about the Fort they swarm They are not at all forlorn, ‘lhey’re as common as the worm, Are the tea brokers. Do a palate they possess For your pekoes se they’re less Than they ought tobe? O yes, Do those tea brokers. But if samples you send round, Not two of them I’m bound Will agree, this has been found Of the tea brokers. “Oh! is blackish gre ish brown, Liquors weak, an O my son Too much red leaf”! So says one Of the tea brokers. Another vyouches him your friend, So your pekoes him you send; But he swears it is a blend Of Indo-China! Then you try another man, Who as taster has a fame, Who is second unto none Of the tea brokers. Here's the burden of his song, For he would not do you wrong, He can stretch his conscience long Like elastic. “Oh its brownish blackish grey, Liquors prime, ’tis truth I say, Never tasted better tea.” Writes this tea broker. Andas he thinks it’s pice Just to say ‘twill fetch a price, He then values it at twice What the others did. ; But after auction sale, When you bitterly bewail That the “bids” were such a fail— —ure for those pekoes, He’ll condole, but cannot tell How your teas he could not sell At his valuations—well But—that’s the tea broker. Had the “liquor” been too strong That his valuation’s wrong ? Well, perhaps your coarse souchong May have done it! “Still they’re such a flayoury lot, Tho’ this market’s gone to pot, You can ship ‘em, yes, why not ?” Says that tea broker. But withal you must agree Tho’ they often slang your tea, They’re as jolly as can be All those tea brokers. Yes they’re right as right can be, Tho’ they never do agree On the merits of a tea— Good old tea brokers ! Nov. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 333 PUSHING CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Our London Correspondent has now obtained and forwarded to us the opinions of some of the most prominent members of our home colony on the subject of Mr. Grinlinton’s proposals. Messrs. J. L. Sband, W, M. Leake, H. K. Rutherford, and Mr, Whittall, besides Mr, J, H. Roberts—compara- tively speaking, an outsider,—have all expressed their views upon the topic, and doubtless the ex- perience of all these gentlemen has well fitted them to form a judgment on a matter which must be of as great importance to their own as it is to our island interests. In addition to the contributions made severally by them to the discussion of this question, we are further in- formed that the Tea Committee of the Ceylon Association in London had sat to consider it. But we find that there is no inconsiderable diver- gence of opinion expressed. Mr. Rutherford, seems to stand pretty well alone as an advocate for measures to be taken here. But even he deems the matter of too wide a scope to be dealt with by enterprise founded only on private capital of local subscription. Evidently, although he has not so explicitly expressed himself, he regards such a venture as being financially risky. Therefore, as the endeavour suggested is to be in the interest of the whole of our tea-planting community, he bolds that every member of it should share in the risk. This end, he believes, can only be attained by the continuance of the present ex- port cess, and the administration of the funds realized from it by our Tea Fund, He suggests that with the means to bea so obtained the management of that Fund should seek the co- operation of one of the foremost of the London firms interested in the Ceylon tea trade, and that this should undertake communication with the leading retail houses of the States and make all required arrangements with them, receiving from our Tea Fund such an amount of annual subsidy as should minimize their possible logses until the trade to be done with America should develop to the self-supporting stage, Mr, Rutherford’s suggestion contains much to recommend it, for he holds, as do all the other gentlemen consulted, that heavy financial failure must attend any private endeayour unsupported by _ public contributions. But while all the other old friends who have expressed their opinion share this latter view, they are oprosed to any course whatever being taken in furtherance of Mr. Grinlinton’s scheme, Mr. Whiltall is especi- ally strong in his denunciation of such a movement. He holds that unless effort previously made prove to be sufficient to secure the appreciation of our teas throughout the States, unless they may now safely be permitted to force themselves into con- sumption upon their own merits, nothing that we may further undertake will induce the American people to sbandon their long-established procli- vities in their choice ef tess. ‘‘ We are not philanthropists,” Mr. Whittall remarked, “and who is going to find capital for an endeavour which is certain to fail in the object for which it igs proposed to expend it?’ He further stated that he was himself devoting attention to the manufacture of green teas for the purpose of trying to introduce the “thin end of the wedge.” Mr. Shand is, perhaps, more strongly opposed (o further public effort than any other of the geotiemen consulted. He holds that it would be wholly wasted unless a very latge capital—which he puts at £100,000—was available. He further thinks tbat if trade is to be done with America, private enterprise of the character of that pursued by Mr. Lipton will find the way to establish it. Mr. Shand, however, expresses a view with regard to restricting sales to pure Ceylon tea which we fancy will not receive general endorsement. We have hitherto relied upon purity as the surest basis for securing success. We should not fecl disposed to counsel any departure in the case of America from that basis, and to place our interests for the future in Mr. Lipton’s haads would, we fear, ensure the abandonment of that principle and the landing of ourselves we know not whither. Mr. Leake seems to share Mr. Shand’s view as to the hope- lessness of any endeavour to regain the ground lost by the cessation of Mr. Elwood May’s enter- prise, and the Tea Committee, in the absence of any directly propounded proposals, has been able to come to no resolution on the subject. Mr. John Roberts, of Messrs. S. Rucker & Co., states that he would be glad, in the interests of Ceylon tea, to see further efforts made, but at the same time he holds to his previously expressed opinion that America is a hopeless field for our teas, for reasons to which our correspondent gives cur- renoy. Any investments made for tha object proposed would, he feels sure, be wholly lost, and he would counsel no friend of his to put money into any scheme having it in view. To sum up these opinions impartially is a difficult matter. We must leave final judgment upon them to those who have taken the matter in hand here, and can only express regret that the failure of the Ameri- can Ceylon Tea Planters’ Company should have occurred at such an inopportune juncture as it did, Meautime, we must just wait to see what result will follow on the establishment of Tea Agencies by Commissioner Griniinton, and how far these can be extended to other large American towns besides Chicago. Wiest Sarge) ine TEA IN AMERICA: OPINIONS. Lonpov, Oct, 5. During the week it has been possible for me to obtain further opinions from Ceylon menin London with reference to the practicability of oarrying out Mr. Grinlinton’s views in respect of Ceyion CEYLON FURTHER tes in America. Conversation has been had by me on this topic with Mr. H. K, Ruvherford, Mr. J, Whittall, and Mr. J. Roberis, Before pro- ceeding to report what those said, it may he ag well to interpolate that the Tea Committee of the Ceylon Association met on Tuesday last to talk over this subject, but no real proposal was submitted to it, and the members deemed it to be fruitless to discuss the mere principle advocated by your Oommissioner at Ohicago. The Com- mittee therefore separated without arriving at any resolution, or venturing on the expression of combined opinion. Mr, RUTHERFORD was the above-mentioned who was seen by me re- lative to this matter. Hetold me that the first intimation he received relative to it was by a letter from Mr. Wright of Maskeliya. This gentleman had just returned from a visit to Ohicaygo, where he had been greatly picased with what Mr, Grinlinton had accomplished on behalf of Oosylon. His letter reached Mr. Rutherford while in Sootland, who replied to it by another in which he stated his view that, as any effort to be made must be in the interest of all your planters equally, all first among tho 334 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1893 should be compelled to contribute towards it. He considered the enterprise to be ENTIRELY BEYOND THE FINANCIAL POWER OF THE CEYLON PLANTERS as private individuals. He believed there must be o heavy first lose, and that to meet it a very large capital wouid be required. Neither was it the sort oi business that could be conducted by the planters thumeelves. Men of experience in the tea-trade would be required for this throughout. His sugges- tion to Mr. Wright was that the export cess levied on tea to meet Mr. Grinlinton’s expenditure should be continued after that had been fully met, for the purpose of making the effort desired. The money £0 obtained should be handed over to, and be administered by, your local Tea Fund Oom- mittes. This body should seek the co-operation of some prominent London firm connected with the tea trade to which a subsidy of annual amount should be paid as @ guarantees for first expenses. The amount of this subsidy would, in Mr. Rutherford’s opinion, probably be £1,200 or £1,500 a year. It should be the duty of that ficm to open up and establish relations with the most influential retail traders throughout America, and to offer them every reasonable in- ducement to give Ocylon teas a foremost place in their dealings. ‘Those proprietors of newspapers who had aiverticeed Ceylon teas under Mr. El- wood May’s regime, and who doubtless were em- bittered by the fruitlessness to themselves of the efforts made by them, might be conciliated co as to withdraw opposition by further advertising to be placed with them. Mr, Rutherford was in- formed by Mr. Wrightthat the plan formed in his own mind had been identical with that formu- lated by him and detailed above, Mr. Wright could, he said, see no other way in which the sustained help desired by Mr. Grinlinton could be given. In further conversation with Mr. Rutherford he told me that, not knowing Mr. Lipton, he could not say how far he might be relied upon to introduce Ceylon tea into America, When it was mentioned to him that Mr. Shand had said that we need not insist upon only pure Ceylon tea being sold, Mr. Rutherford remarked {hat he took a different view entirely. ‘‘ We have always,’ he said, ‘* worked in the past: upon the intrinsic qualities of our teas, and have insisted upon their being sold pureand unblended. I should think it would be a great mistake to depart from this ractice and to placa our teas unreservedly at the discretion of a trader like Mr. Lipton, whose system of advertising it cannot be said I quite rove.” Mr. ia he certainly thought some effort should be made to continue Mr. Grinlinton's work when the Exhibition closes, but that it would be hopeless to make it on the limited basis proposxd by Mr. Kelly with his £1 shares. The next gentleman seen by me was Mr. Jamus Waitratn. I found him to be wholly opposed to the spending of any more money, public or private, in the endeavour to force Ceylon tea into consumption in America... “ If, after all that has been done,” he remarked, ‘ihe intrinsic merits of Ceylon teas will not recommend them to the Americans, it is hopeless to expect “any further exertions by Ceylon will compel Se nsalk estimate of £100,000 does not peem to me to be at all an exaggerated one, and I should say it would be all lost. Where on earth.is it to come from? We are not philanthro- pists! We don’t want to throw away our money with an illusory object! And the planters! of Ceylon Rutherford concluded by saying - want to see a certain return before them, and won't go throwing good money after bad on the advice of anybody. Besides, suppose we could stimulate an American demand up to 18 million or 20 millions lb., how could Qeylon vossibly supply it? I am trying to introduce the thin end cf the wedge myself by manufacturing green teas on one of my estates with which I purpose trying the American market. That may pogsibly cuit the national taste. It is far more likely to do so than the more delicately flavoured Ceylon teas.” My next call was upon Mr, John Roberte of Meesrs. 8, Rucker & Co. That gentleman at first showed come indisposition to reply to my question on the subject dealt with above. On my pressing him he said:—‘‘ The fact is I do not wish to appear as im any way inclined to discourage an endeavour such a8 you mention. It would undoubt- edly advertise Ceylon teas, and in a public sense would probably be useful. But I cannot close my eyes to what I hold to be part donbt. There is no chance, in my opinion, of those who may invest in the echeme ever seeing their money back again. For I still hold strongly to the opinion before expressed to you that THE AMERICANS WILL NEVER TAKE TO CEYLON TRA. Of course, I do not say that many individuals among them will not do so, but that the great mass of the people will ever care for it I am more than doubtful, Ceylon tea is utterly opposed in its character to the palate of the people, formed as that has been by climatic influences. Very recently I had a Ceylon gentleman in here to see me who discussed this very matter of further pushing of Ceylon teas in America with me. He told me he was quife prepared to invest £500 in it. I told him that if he did he would loge every penny of it. ‘Neve r mind if I do,"’ was his reply, “the endeavour will benefit Ceylon, and by so doing will benefit myself.” As he was prepared to view the matter in that light I had of course, nothing more to. say, and could only sdmire bis speculative disinterestedness. Still I should certainly not for myself care to follow his propored lead. 1 adhere to my text in this matter most completely, but perhaps Mr. Whittall’s green tea may take the public taste in America.” RECENT INCREASE IN EXPORTS TO AMERICA. Ono my referring to the recent increase in exports to America, Mr. Roberts said :—‘Yes, there has undoutedly been a spurt, but not sufficient to affect the market to ‘the extent ehown by the late rise in price of Ceylon tea. That has been due to several conditions. Better qualities have come forward ; the seasonis that at which more purchases are made; and hundreds who have been hanging back are now buying freely. It is very probable that Mr. Grinlinton’s own demands for his tea rooms at the Exposition are responsible for the extra demand for America, but it is not likely, in my opinion, that this will be maintained.”’ OEYLON’S CAPACITY. On my referring to Mr, Whittall’s doubt if Ceylon could supply another 20 millions of pounds if wanted for America, Mr. Roberts replied: —‘‘I should think that it might doso. I was: terribly lnughed et when I prophesied that one day the Ceylen export would reach 80 millions. Of course the area for tea growing in Oeylon may be somewhat circumscribed, but tea growing in the lowcountry is advancing, and low-grown teas irom Ceylon have greatly improved in quality of-late. I still expect to see that her export: will one day reach the round 100 million.” Nov. 1, 1893.] COCONUT PLANTING IN OUR EAST COAST. WHAT COCONOTS C.iN DO IN SANDY SOIL IN THE BATTICALIA DISTRICT. We are indebted to a correspondent for a splendid specimen of coconut (brought to us through the good offices of Capt. Whitley of the “Lady Gordon”) grown upon a young estate belonging to Mr. H. N. Atherton, Ii is certainly a big nut, weighing 641b., and shews what Batticaloa can grow on sandy soil and from a ten-year old tree! This ig one from several hundred picked of the same sz. ‘‘ There were larger ones ’’—writes our correspoadent—"‘ but this was a better shaped one, and I thought you would lke to sea it. It measures 31 inches round. ‘the larger ones measuring 36 ! The natives have gone in very largely for coco- nuts, and every acre has beea readily purchased for its cultivation and they seem more keen on it than ever. When Mr. EH. N, Atherton opened this estate on the ‘Trincomalee Road (12th mil), Governor Longden inquired from Mr. Worthington, Acting G. A., what fool intends growing coconuts on such goil ?! The result as you perceive is the ‘fool’s’ nut!!” ed IN THE HHART OF THE RUBBER LAND. A. Special. correspondent of the Washington Evening Star, Fannie B. Ward, has been traversing the regions where the rubber tree flourishes, and we gladly reproduce in our columns her interesting narrative, which is as follows:— Being in any of these Amazonian towns, where everything reeks of India-rubber—where it is the one engrossing industry of the people, the one topic of conversation, the one thing constantly seen, smelled and tasted—you are sure to be seized by the spirit of discovery sooner or later and a burning desire to turn hunter yourself and become a habitante, if for ever so brief a period, of a genuine rubber camp in the wilderness. And nothing is easier than to gratify that laudable ambition especially if you are ‘taken’ with it at Manaos, a thousand miles up the mighty river, in the heart of the greatest rubber-producmg section of the globe. OFF FOR A RUBBER CAMP. In our case it was particularly easy, for our host is arubber merchant (as are most of the substantial citizens of the place), who keeps from 50 to 100 Indians constantly employed as collectors, under the leadership of a “captain” or head collector of their own choosing. It happens that their present main camp may be reached without ditticulty by a two days’ journey up the Rio Negro on one otf the regular steamers, and then, disembarking at a certain point in the wilderness, near the mouth ot an unnamed atiluent, by a slower canoe ernise of several hours, between jJungle-covered banks, where apparently human beings never came before. At the first indication of our desire, which had eyidently been expected and partially prepared for, a party was made up, headea by mine host and his family, servants were sent ahead with tents and provisions, and Indian boatmen summoned from the distant camp to meet us at the junction of the rivers. ‘l’o our kind entertainers it was merely a pleasant little picnic excursion, such as New Yorkers are wont to make up the Hudson; but to us «t was an event of magnitude, fraught with perils and adyentures enough to keep the average Yankee ot either sex in yarning material for a litetime. Think of it; the Amazon river measures more miles straight across its mouth than the whole navigable length of the “lordly Hudson.” IN THE FOREST. And then suppose those Indian boatmen should fail to be on hand at the appointed time and place and we be left, like the babes in the Woods, among boas and tigers and goodness knows what THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 335 other terrors? And later—when being paddled up the nameless igarape, which is hundreds of miles from anywhere, and so narrow a stream that the dense wall of vegetation towering upon both sides keeps it in perpetual twilight, and the absolute silence of the primeval solitude is mournfully oppres- live—suppose the half- savage guides, who certainly look capable of any atrocity, should conclude it were batter paying business to rob and murder their charges, what in the world was th re to prevent them? We thought of the harrowing ex- periences of Madame Godin des Odonais in these same wilds (of which I must tell you anon), and of the thousands of explorers, whose hearts were fired with missionary zeal, or love of nature, or search for the fabled El Dorado, or greed of gold and conquest, who haye perished miserably here —and there is none to tell their story. We re- membered Capt. Mayne Reid’s tree-dwelling savages who delight to puncture Amazonian travellers with poisoned arrows shot from blow guns; and the monster serpents of the same author, which lie in wait upon overhanging branches and swallow them, boats and all. But in our expedition it turned out that there was on almost disappointing dearth of perilous adventure and not a single ‘hairbreadth scape” to chronicle. The Indians we encountered despite their unprepossessing appearance, proved ‘o be the most docile, gentle, and tractable of creatures, and probably the aerial savages and man-swallowing snakes, disgusted with the increasing frequency of human invasion, have retired farther into the wilderness. THE RUBBER TRADE. The following facts, stated briefly as possible, are a summary of the information we have picked up in Brazil from diyerse sources relative to the rubber trade. Like other industries in various parts of the world, it appears to be controlled by capital on the Scriptural plan of “to him that hato shall be given,” while the actual toilers are very poorly paid for their labour, Hereabouts it is customary for a wealthy man to obtain a grant of land, of greater or less extent according to his political influence and financial powers of persuasion, with the exclusive right of gathering rubber thereon for a stated number of years. The entire river trade of the Amazon is run on the credit system. THE RUBBER HUNTERS, who ave mostly Indians, are fitted out by their employers much as American miners used to be supplied with “grub stake’ in their search for precious metals. Hach hunter, before he sets forth on a fresh journey, is provided with a gun, a quantity of ammunition, blanket, hammock, and enough provisions to sustain him from two to six months, all of which is charged to his account at the highest market pr ce, and in return he stipulates to sell to this same accommodating dealer, at some fixed sum per pound, all the rubber he may collect during bis trip, after paying what he owes for the outfit. But he seldom gets the debt paid up, and, according to the laws of Brazil, as long as he owes a penny, the man to whom he is indebted can claim him for work, holidays and all, in a bondage akin to slavery. They are engaged, in the first place, for a term of years, ana the majority of nunters, in consequence of their debts and propensity to drink up all available cash in the form of chicha, are practically neyer released from the contract. THE EXCHANGE, The employers, in their turn, are bound to be in debt to the small traders in the river towns, to whom they sell the rubber. They pay absurdly high prices for inferior goods and get little for the product of the enterprise as compared to the price of rubber when it gets out of the clutches ot the ‘‘ middlemen,”’ while those who do all the actual work and endure the risks and hardships get next to nothing. The small trader, likewise, is in debt to the wholesale dealer at Para, and the wholesaler 336 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1893, is even more deeply indebted to the New York, Baltimore, or London firm ‘which furnishes him with supplies amd finally secures the rubber. Some- body makes heavy profits out of every transaction; but it is not the poor Indian, upon whose courage and powers of endurance all depends, nor yet the smaller traders. THE ANNUAL EXPORTATION OF INDIA-RUBBER from Para is said to be upward of 20,000,000 pounds, worth from 6,000,000 to 9,000,000 dollars. The rubber tree of Brazil (siphonia elastca, a near relative of the ficus elastica of the East Indies, and the wreeola clastica of Asia) is really a giant species of milk weed. It begins to yie'd when about fifteen years old, and the Government has repeatedly eug- gested plans for cultivating it by planting large areas with trees and conducting the business like that of coffee and sugar plantations. But Brazilians seem to be peculiarly devoid of the power to take “a, long look ahead,” and, so far, nobody has been found willing to wait fifteen years for the first returns on an investment. ON THE HUN’. Hereabouts the rubber hunters are called strin- guerios, as in Central America they ave known as yularoes. They usually go out in small parties, haying chosen one of their own number as “ cap- tain,’ and as soon as the rubber swamps are reached they select a suitable spot for the base of operations and proceed to construct arude camp, which serves as a general rendezvous. They then wander off, singly and in couples, searching all day for the new .trees, and returning to headquarters at nightfall. The “camp” consists of a central hut, built upon stilt-like supports to elevate it above the malaria-haunted morass, in which rubber trees most abound, with palm-thateched roof projecting all around like that of a Swiss chalet. There are neither windows nor door to this rude home, nor any interior furnishings except hooks upon which hammocks may be suspended when rains drive their owners inside. Ordinarily ‘‘all out doors’’ serves well for a kitchen, and the men prefer to suspend their sleeping paraphernalia from the trees around the central fire, built for the triple purpose of frightening away prowling beasts, counteracting the effects of deadly dews and miasmas and keeping off those troublesome pests, mosquitoes, gnats, xin- xins and garripotas. All around the little camp is boundless forest, so dense that it is impossible to penetrate it the distauce of a rod beyond the hut, except in those paths which the hunters haye partially cleared with intinite toil. But I can assure you that a visitor feels no ‘‘call” to walk abroad in the spongy marshes, where every step sinks him in above the shoe tops, and poisonous water snakes are known to lurk and jaguars prowl in search of prey. A DANGEROUS LIFE. As may be imagined, the hunter’s life is little above that of the wild beasts whose prowlings make night hideous around him, and he is constantly exposed to a thousand dangers, seen and unseen. Not only do hungry pumas, wild boars and other powerful animals abound, but deadly reptiles no longer than your finger and tiny insects whose sting is fatal. There are wee lizards, the exact colour of the leaves under which they hide, and innumer- able creeping and crawling things more dangerous than the dreaded rattler of our northern wilds, which at least gives some warning of his intention to strike ; while even more to be feared than the monstrous crocodiles of the lagoons and serpents of hugging proclivities, are thetfevers that float upon the noxious yapours of the tierra caliente. MARKING THE TREES. The hunter, as he goes his daily rounds, makes a number of fresh cuts around the trunk of each tree which he has previously marked as his own special property, pro tem. and sets his little clay cups to catch the valuabe sap that will ooze from the inci- sion. Later in the day he repeats the round, carry- ing a queer sort of bucket made from a big gourd § which has acoyer and handle of braided palm fibre i and into it he empties the collected contents of all the little cups. hen he gets back to camp he pours the juice from the calabash pail into the mammoth shell of a torturuga or Amazon turtle. In thatstage the yellowish white fluid resembles good rich Jerse cream more nearly than anything else to which can compare it. Different ways of coagulating it into the article known to commerce, are practised in various partsof the world. Here it is held on a wood- en paddle over a fire of palm nuts which has been built under a clay pot shaped like a huge lamp chim- ney. The dense white smoke issuing from the top of the pot hardens it into a heathery sub- stance, and at the same time changes its colour from pale yellow to black. As fast as it hardens more sap is poured on, until the mass of rubber on the paddle is as heavy as a man can handle, when it is sliced off with a huge knife, IN CENTRAL AMERICA the fluid is coagulated with the sap of a wild vine, somewhat resembling the grape, which overgrows all those tangled forests and acts the part of rennet to cheese curd or ‘‘mother’’-pulque to crude paaney juice, for after its addition the milk soon hardens into hard cakes of India-rubber, al] ready for trans- portation. In other places it is solidified by evapo- ration of the liquid part in the san, and is then completely dried inkettles suspended over a wood fire. In the great warehouses of Manaos and Para, you may see enormous masses of dried caoutchouc sap, resembling cheeses, awaiting shipment. By the wa the native word for India-rubber (caoutchouc) sounds much like a sneeze, and is pronounced as if spelled keechook, with the accent strong on the first syl- lable. The milky juice which now plays so impor- tant a part among the world’s productions was first made use by the Indians of Costa Rica, and by them made known to their conquerors. Early as 1,513the Spaniards in Mexico had learned to make it into shoes, and also to use it for waxing their cloaks in order to render them waterproof; and no doubt that was the origin of the idea of its manufacture into waterproof cloth and the modern mackintosh.—India- rubber and Guttapercha Journal. CINCHONA BARK AND QUININE IN THE UNITED frares.—ihe American Grocer has the following :— Bearing ou the geueral question of the present supply aud position of bark we give the following imports iuto the Ui ed Stat.s for several fiscal years ending June 30th from which it will be perceived that the receipts, as a rule, are slowly diminishing year after year: 1887, 4,787,311 pouads; 1883, 2,801,457 pounds ; 1889, 2,878,184 pounds ; 1890, 2,838,306 pounds 1891, 2,672,364 pounds ; 1892, 3,434,875 pounds, and 1893, 2,379,395 pounds. Duriog the same period wa imported quinine to the fuilowivg extent: 1887, 2,180,157 ounces; 1833, 1,603,936 ounces; 1889, 2,825,008 ounces ; 189), 299.),233 ounses; 1891, 3,079,000 ounces; and 1892, 2,686,677 onuuces. For the last fiscs] year, tue separaie figures fur quinine are not yet avalivle, but the repoct on thas article includes all alkaloids ur salts of cinchova bark and amount to 3,443,907 ouncer. A Rivan To Oaxk —The representative of a well- known firm of builders informs me (says the London correspondent of the Manchester Courier) that he believes himself to have bit upon a dis- covery in a Borneo wood called ‘‘ bilian.” It has a very close graia, and in appearance is not un- like ebony, more especially after exposure to the air. Its main virtue, however, consist in its break- ing strain, which is greater even than that of English oak. Moreover, “‘bilian” is not a parti- cularly heavy wood, since it only weighs 601b per cubic foot against the 801b. of box- wood. Further, it seems remarkably free from the prepensity to swell in water, and so would be extremely useful for subaqueous piles, besides being most suitable for beams and uprights in domestic azrchitecture.—Public Opinion. Nov. 1, 1893.| Boryespondenda. peor eae, To the Laitor. A CEYLON PLANTER IN VICTORIA, Geelong, Victoria, Oct. 7. Sir,—In viewof my expected return to the “ Spicy Isle’ shortly, I have not been using my pen to record my observations so much lately, intending rather to defer them till I should find myself back again in Ceylon. It is a wonderfully attractive place is that same island,—th2re is no quitting it, and whether it be some enormous loadstone of world-wide influence, or the spell of its dusky Syreas, that accounts. for it, it is quite evident that all who once come under its sway find it very hard, if not altogether impossible, to sever their connection with it, And yet its attractions for the home-sick colonists are but few, and equally so are the in- dividuals who care to spend more than a few years of their existence, in what they deem tobe at best an exile. Ask the most successful planter or merchant you may meet and you will find his _ prospects all time towards going home. Where are the successful ‘“K.C. B’s, who for love of occupation settle down on their family estates and spend their declining years in curbing the scamping propensities of Ramasamy and Nagalingen, and filling in their leisure by the study of Coast Advances, etc.? Oh! no. They are off home and Mr. Freshman, fresh from the scene where the batile of Waterloo was won, according to an eminent authority, takes over charge of Teatotum Wattie, and so it goes on. But this is not the end, Aftera few years when Hemileia and Helopeltis have had their turn out comes our yeteran again—couldn’t stand the winter at home, estate matters requiring attention, etc.: any way out he comes. So itis with the disappointed man who goes off to Canada, Australia, Africa or Fiji, all come back like the bad shilling, What is it,Mr. Editor ? I have long come to the conclusion that Ceylon was made for Sportsmen and Missionaries, a queer assortment perhaps, but I believe about the best solution of the problem. There is a grand field for both, and it will result in the survival of the fittest. So ‘‘Aberdonensis” is back again! Well, he will haye some experience to give you, and he has got the right notion about Ceylon tea. What is going to be done? I see you are discuss- ing what is to be done to secure the advantage gained by the Chicago Exhibition, and it is certain that unless it is followed up, the money already spent might as well have been dropped into the sea. A nine-days’ wonder at the best and Ceylon and its Court forgotten altogether. I think it is a mercantile matter, but oux merchants’ horizon is confined to Mincing Lane, and they are great be- lievers in ordinary trade channels, which is a mis- } take in this instance, be given to the CEYLON MEN ALREADY AT WORK IN THE STATES, and if some of our Colombo houses would start agen" cies both in America and in these colonies they would soon do an exceedingly profitable business, and greatly benefit Ceylon. It must be pushed in these new markets by men thoroughly loyal to Ceylon; otherwise you will find the name of Ceylon getting injured by rubbishy blends being sold. Per- sonally I have declined to handle any blended teas, although offered commissions to do so; but in stick- ing to pure Ceylon, [ felt 1 knew what I was doing and could safely guarantee quality. There is no yery stirring news here. The weather js getting warmer avd we shall soon be glad to get back to Ceylon to avoid the heat! [ astonieh people here when I te)l them we used to have fires every night of the year ut Nuvwara Lliya. The changes of season here are very abrupt, and @lready a few hot daya have given us a tasteof what Eyery encouragement should ral THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, ee SS ESS ee een eee 337 summer weatler means, while only a week or so Bgo we Were experiencing bitterly cold weather. The winter has been a severe one according toall accounts, but the abundant rains are a great boon to the country, and the crops are likely to turn out very well; and provided the market keeps up for all country produce, the farmers should have little to complain of, THE WANT OF EMPLOYMENT is still the pressing question of the day, and there is a@ great deal of distress in all thelarge towns. LBe- yond effesting considerable retrenchment in the public expenditure, the Government has done very little to better tbe condition of matters, the several labour colonies started being tooliliputian in their scope to relievo the conjested condition of the labour market, brought about by the protection system and the inflstion of the land-boom. One result of the depression has been the turnivg of attention to the development of the minsivg industry and tho prospecting of new fields. There hss been a revival of miving in some of the older fields, and deeper sinking and improved machinery are proving these to bo far from worked out and capable of yielding profitable returns a'though it msy be far below the rich revenues obtained in times gone by. The main hope for the country is however,in my opivion, the settlement of a large rural population and the fostering of AGRICULTURAL ENTFERPRISH, and the sooner the people recognize the fact, and one and all set to work to carry it out instead of playing at it and waiting for each other to begin, the better. The report of Mr, Wilson, the expert on daiay produce, who has been on a mission to England in connection with the trade in frozen meet and dairy produce, has been published, and is on the whole encouraging, There is evidently room for a large development of trade in these articles and public attention is more likely to be directel lo it now that tke brick and mortar craze hes come to euch a disastrous termination. I hear of over 300 houses in one suburb of Melbourne being empty and of an iastance where a rent-free tenant threatened to leave unless the landlord aided an-= Other room to the premises. CAPRICORN, INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA COMPANIES. Dear Sin,—In your interesting article on ‘Tea Planting in India and Ceylon” (829 page 317) you have quoted a comparative table of tha profits paid by some Indian and Ceylon Tea Companies, but unfortunately you have overlooked the question of capital account per acre whioh makes your statistics utterly misleading. The capital of the Indian gardens quoted is somewhat over £50 per acre, while the capital of the Ceylon gardens quoted is, I fancy, con- siderably under half this sum (will you ba good enough to give the capital per acre of the Oeylon gardens quoted ?*). The real test of the tea enter- prise is the profit it gives per acre ; andI fincy if you compare those same Indian gardens against tha Ceylon ones on this basis they (the Indian gardens) will come out very muoh more fayour— ably than your tables indicate; or if you write up the Ceylon Companies’ capital to the same amount of the Indian Companies you will find the dividends are much more favourable to India, Another thing is that the four Oeylon Com- panies you have quoted are about the most suc- cessful Companies in the island and as such do * Not got it; but surely it is all the moreto the credit ofthe Ceylon gardens if their capital expen. diture isso low? =Hp, 7.4, 338 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Noy. 1, 1893. not indicate a fair ayerage, while the Indian Companies are sbout a fair average of all the Indian Tca Companies, What about the Castle- reagh Oo., Hapuiale Co,, Oriental Bank Eestates ©Oo., Madulsima, Oo., Lanka Oo,, Spring Valley Co,, Asiatic Prduce Co. and others which might be quoted as well as those Oompanies we hear rumours about planting with large capital, £50 to £60 an acre? What about themI ask ?—Yours faithfully, TEA PLANTER, INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA COMPANIES: CRITICISM THEREON. Colombo, Oct. 23, 1893. Dean S1z,—Mr. George Seton’s ‘‘Comparative table of Indian Tea Companies ’’ is interesting to all in the tea swim. The first thing that strikes one ig if in 1892 the Companies, whose working is analysed, paid a dividend of 7} per cent, made a profit of 24d per lb. on the made tea; how much are they likely to pay in 1893 when Indian teas have avesaged about 23a per Wb, less than they did in 1892? — The second thing that strikes one—that is the Companies with large yield, paid better than the Companies whose yield was smaller and prices higher. Thus three Companies whose yisld was 628—527 and 710 lb. per acre: respectively, although they only realized 8:31d--8'11d and 8’30d, or an ayerage of 620 1b, at 8:404, per lb. made an average profit of £8 83 3d an acre, against an average of £4 133 41 for all the Companies reyiswed. This indicates either that 1892 was a year of extra profit jor estates producing low priced tex; or, that a larger yield pays ‘infinitely Letter than a low yield and fancy prices and that 620 lb. an acre at $404 is much more profitable than 440 lb. at 11d a lb,; and I take the latter as being the correct deduction, Then take capital accounts, there are 15 Companice; whose capital is £50 and upwards per acre and they paid a dividend of 5 per cent on an average against an average of 7} per cent for all the Companies, £0 high capital is a great disadyantage. he Indian Companies which yielded under 325 lb. an acre coasting 9°04d to place in London market and selling at fully lld had an average of £45 per acre. capilal, and on it yielded 5 per cent, and if we compare this with the proposed Gallaba Company, which is estimated to yield 10 per cent, I confess I am a little confused. Perhaps~-if it is still intended to float it as a public Company—its valuator Mr. Gibbon will give the public tha benefit of his researches, and for somparison they might be put in tabular form thus :— gig) Veet vgs é ‘hm aa & > oO oo n a 2. (38 ni oS -5,0 SE, @ be. 232 783 om a5 nO Mor Boe SRA Bm ae OR & & A Iniian Companies whose . ieldis 325 lb an acro 5 ; He under average.. £45 300 av. 9°04 11 5°/° Gallaha pompany aay mated (Total capita #1301000). ait iie Fae ? P 10°/,? “If the actual yield for Gallahifor 12 ‘months from July 1892 price por 1b. it realized is added is would be better. The selling price of the Indian teas 1ld per lb. is so very much above what any Ceylons of medium elevation are likely to fetch that it seems difficult to see where a 10 per cent dividend is likely to be got, as the yields ( are approximately the same sofar as I uncer- stand but (if the Compsny is to be floated publicly) Mr, Gibbon will no doubt afford the information for the benefit of intending shareholders, and make the matter quite plain. Please observe that the profit of these estates was £2 10s an acre only although their teas fetched lid per lb! Altcgether the outlook of the tea enterprise is not of the brightest aud for estates giving about 300 1b. an acro especially (as will be seen when we compare the first group of estates with the last group) the outlook is gloomy :— Yield Bellingat Profit per acre Ist group 620 1b. 8:40 £8 8s 3d 2nd group 300 abont 11 £2 10s Which goes to prove that high pricesare of very little avail unless they have a large yield with them and that with a large yield a moderate price leaves o fine margin for profit. The reason of this is that whether we get a yield of 200 Ib. per acre or 80U lb. all standing charges have to be paid, euch as weeding, pruning, upkeep of building, superintendence, Agency, &c. The getrength of Ceylon today lies in the fact that a far larger pro- portion of the capital invested in the enterprise belongs to the proprietors than in the days of coffee when many a man borrowed half to two- thirds of the value of his estate on mortgage bonds with the result that when coffee began to fail the men had nothing to fall back on but with tea it is dif- ferent. The banks have constantly refused toadvance on block loans, with the result that eltbough our acreage ig emaller than it would otherwise have been, the amount borrowed on it is much lees per acre and so we will be botter able to stand the coming crisis in our tea enterprise. So far as 1693 is concerned prices for the first 6 months have been at a level that would have ruined many, had they remained at it much longer ; and fortunately for us owing to short yield (we are not likely to get over 78,500,000 Ib. at the cutside) prices are likely to keep up till December anyhow. TEA PLANTER. a Hore ror THe West Inpizs.—In concluding a very readable liltle new book Mr. H. J. Bell— says the St. James’s Budget—combats the idea that the West Indies are ‘played out.” Writing of Grenada, Mr. | Froude declares that the cettlers, had once bern a thriy.ng and wealthy community, but have melted away. Those that are left he says, ara clearing out, having sold their estates for anything they could get. But Mr, Bell points out that :— So far from this being the case, the truth is that ten to twenty years ago, the sugar-cane having become an unprofitable cultivation, a good many proprietors of sugar estates sold them for less than their value and left the colony, To every one of these individuals, ten, instead of giving up in despair, stirred up their energies and set to replacing the worn-out sugar industry by raising cocoa plantations on their rich cane lands. Last year Grenada ex- ported over 80,000 cwt. of cocoa, worth about £300,000, As cocoa at present pays about 20 per cent. on the outlay, every one who can is planting up every acre he can get of suitable Jand, and so far from the white planters selling their estates for whatever they can get for them, it is the rarest thing for a cocoa estate to be sold willingly, and for every such estate there would be twenty buyers. A great many Hng- lishmen haye, in the last two or three years, come to Grenada with the intention of investing in cocoa plantations, but so far from obtaining estates for a song, were nearly all obliged to return home, not finding a single cocoa estate for sale. Cocoa lands sold by the Provost Marshal realize sums which would have bought five times as many acres in days gone by, and only the other day £210 were paid for tw@ acres of land in cocoa, ~ Noy, 1, 1893.] An Inpustry which has caught on—say the Pioneer—with remarkable rapidity in India during the last few years is paper-making. Ten years ago the total outturn from all the Indian paper- mills was only 74 million pounds a year. Last year the nine mills now in existence had an output of 263 million pounds. Tea IN SpRrviA.—In Servia, tea which, for Customs purposes, used to be classed under the head of groceriss, is according to the L. and C. Lepress, placed in the Servian statistics for 1891 under that of drug3 and chemicals, owing, porhaps, to the extremely high price of the commodity, and to the fact that the bulk of the people look upon it as a beverage to be used only in times of iilness. Tho value of the total amount imported did not excecd £625. Tra Currine Macuinery,—J/V. Parnall, Bristol — The cutting rollers are proyidel w~«n s groove at one end, into which is dropped a plate or other suitable stop to retain the rollers in position, In connection with these rollers is or are arranged one or more knives, construstcd to move bask- wards, and kept sgainst a shoulder by means of n lever weighted atthe end, Working against the knives is a special form of ratchet or wheel, arranged so that the teeth are not provided with a con- tinuous flange.—No. 16,274. 12th September, 1892, —Industries and Tron, “Tapour used to rob the soil is worse than labour thrown away,’ said Mr, Henry C. Carey, the American ecoromist. ‘The saying is quoted by Dr, Bruno Terne in connection with the fact that the sewageof atown is so.much chemical wealth originally taken from the fields and not returaed to it. The Chinese, he remarks, are wiser than us in carefully restoring to the soil what can be restored, and thus keeping up its fertility. Hence it is that go dense a population can be supported by it, The refuse of a city of a million inhabi- tants amounts, as Liebig showed, to no less than 45,000,000 1b. of fertilising matterina year. Instead of imitating the Chinse and following the advice of Liebig, we neglect this cource of supply at our doors, and import phosphates and nitrates at great expense from distant countries. Cacao CULTIVATION IN CryLon.—Mr. Joseph Holloway, the Wattegama pioneer of new and old products, will have to prepare to meet a rush of inquiries after ‘‘cacao investments” from the city of London! For, his letter to us showing forth the extreme profitableness of his 15-acre field has been copied into the London City Leader in large type and the rate of profit—£22 per acre!—is pure to have such an effect on City men with spare cash, in this time of distrust, that cacao more than tea, is likely to beaome the subject of inquiry with would-be investors. At apy rate, Mr. Holloway has made an impression in ‘the city” with his £22 per acre clear profit! DesrccatED Coconurs.—I notice by the Chamber of Commerce circular dated the 23rd inst. that the quantity of this stuff exported from 1st January to 23rd October this year was 5,305,077 Ib. against same time last year of 2,562,320 lv.—or an incresss of 2,742,757 lb. As three nuts on an average go to a pound the quantity of extra nuts used ia this masu- facture is 8,228,271. There are still two months for the year to run out, and if we take another 100,000 lb. as the average quantity that will be sent away during November and December, we sball get a grand total of 8,528,271 nats used in the manu- factuce of Dosgiccated Ooconuts this year, a8 com- pared with lasf year, Who will say after this that THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 339 the price of cocanuts has not been affected—Com, Cor., local ‘‘ Examiner.” TEA Sraristics.x—The London correspondent of the morning pap-:r brings us to task over tea statistics and inferences advanced before the com- pletion of our ‘‘ Handbook and Directory.’ He ought to have waited for the book itself. In it he will find the figures in detail of the estimate we ventured on for next year—figures which generally followed, so far as crops ere concerned, those adopted by Mr. Rutherford some years ago. There ig very little practical use in forecasting for 1896, although our critic seems to have named 90 million lb. for that year from 280,000 acres because 250,000 acres are this year producing about €0 millionlb. Well, if our annual outturn only increases by 5 million lb.—a very moderate es- timate surely—we ought to have 95 million lb. at least in 1896! It must be remembered by friends who are inclined to insist on low estimates, that quite as much harm may be done by minimising as by exaggerating estimates. Nothing will encourage the Indian tea planters to extend culture more than to tell them that Ceyion has nearly reached her meximum—rot morethan 10 millionlb, addi- tional to her crops being expected in the next three years ! THe Surrey LAvenppr Frezps.—A correspondent of the Daily Chronicle, who has recenily paid a visit to Miss Sprules, whose family for over a century bas been engaged in the industry of lavender distillation at Mitcham, writes :—The process of distillation is a very interesting and somewhat primitive affair. The lavender is deftly cut by men with small saw-like scythes, then mada up into sheaves, aad finally rolled into ‘‘ mats,’ into which they are secured by skewers. These mats or sacks of layeader are then brought along to the distillery, which consists of a lower floor, in which sre the receiving cans for the ol and the furances for heating the stills above, and an upper floor, which is arsised platform of wood with « thatched roof supported by beams, in which are the stills and vats. The big iron coppers or stills are filled with the pretty, delicate-looking bloom by men naked to their waists, who press it dowu and stamp upon it till the still is tightly packed. Water is then addcd, the head of the still is firmly fixed on by means of a crane, and the whole made aiitight (to prevent the escape of any steam) by layers of whitening. The men then light the fires below, and the vapour passing through a pipe technically kcown as the ‘ worm,” is caught in a huge vat nearly full of cold water, where it gets condensed, and flows into a receiving-cen below as oil and water. The essential oil is thusretained whilst the water, which is useless, trickles away. Io the distillation of peppermint the water is collected, as itis regarded by the poorer people of the district as a potent remedy against certain minor gilments. A large portion of the lavender oil is sent up by Miss Sprules to the druggist for medicinal purposes, the remainder being retaincd for the preparation of her famous lavender water the details of which sre her own eecret. During the autumn and winter the bottling of the lavender water, lavender essence, andthe aromatic lavender ealls, ig carricd on in the farm parlour. The stranger should not leave tbis attractive place without a étroll through the fields where the lavender and mint grow. A huge field of lavender lies a little to the east of the town, skirted on one side by a plain of yellow waving oats and on the other by a field of mauve-tinted mint. Near by 18 & field camomile the white b’ossoms of which is dried and usedin the composition of yarious drugs, - Public Opinions 340 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1894. A New Oryron Tea Oomrany: THe Hornsey Esratz, Coy., Lrp,—The mail jastin brirgs us news of the starting of this Company, which is formed to take over the Hornsey, Abercairney, and Ulapane estates in Dikoya, and the Gandanawa property near Nawalapitiya, in woich Messre. W. and WH. Saunders, EH. O. Bredin and HE. G. Hardivg are severally inter- ested, The vendors will retain a large proportion of the shares in their own hands, aud there is very little likelihood of the scheme falling through. We shall doubtless have further particulars in a short time: RE-AFFORESTING IN THE SovtH oF FRANCE is certainly found to be profitabe to the State, » and beneficial to public wealth in a high degree. We quote as follows :— In the report for the Department of the Landes, published towards the close of ’90, particulars were giyen of the reclamation work carried on for thirty ears on the waste land between Bordeaux and ayonne. The 730,000 acres, distributed over 162 pavishes, and worth only 4 fr.an acre, or under £120,000, had been replanted and drained, and are now worth £3,200,000. Private owners have also reclaimed and reafforested 875,000 acres. The vine has flourished on a sandy soil, where the phyl- loxera will not thrive, and the exports of pine timber and of turpentine have rapidly deyeloped. The Department, from being the most unhealthy in France, is now one of the most salubrious, and the last statistical report showed that the births exceeded the deaths by 1,412. INDIAN Forester ;” for Oct. 1893, has for its con- tents :—-I.—Original Articles and Translations. A tour in Jaunsar, No. 4; Located Fellings, a first step towards regular Working Plans, by “ Vagrany*; Wood paving from India ; The Prize day at Coopers Hill; Obituary, J. Kelly. I1.—Correspondence. ‘Tea boxes,’ a letter from ‘' Viper”; Growth of Wucalyptus in Hoshiarpur, letter from W. Oold stream, O. 8. III. — Official Papers and Intelligence. Allowance to Working Plan Officers; Budget Estimates of the Forest Department for 1893-94, IV.—Reviews. Forest Planting in New York State; Annu.l Forest Adminis- tration Reports for 1891-92 for the Central Provinces and Bombay. V1.—Extracts; Notes and Queries. New Indiarubber Rules in Assam; Meeting of tho Royal Scottish Agricultural Society, Hucalyptus and Malaria in Italy; Douglas fir for tea boxes. VII.— Timber and Produce Trade. The Teak Trade; Chor- chill and Sim’s Oircular, September 1893; Market Rates of Produce; Cawnpore Price Current. VILI.— Extracts from Official Gazettes: Appendix Series Todia Rubber from Ficus Elatsica. Orium AnD Honey,—lIt would be interesting, says & writer in the St. James's, if the Commissioners now examining into the Opium Question would inquire whether honey made from the flowers of the poppy isin any way injurious to health. The cultivation of the plant in England for ornamental purposes hag increased enormously of late years. Scarcely a villa or cottage but has its broad patches of the gaily coloured annual, while in gardens of any extent it may almost be said to ba sown by the acre: From the tiny Iceland variety, through French, Norwegian, Danish, up to the beautiful and stately white “ sleep-poppy,” allthe papavera are instensely beloved of bees; and if, as is alleged the honey so made is injurious, the increasing cultivation of the poppy is likely to become a serious question for bee-keepers. The anti-opiumists ought really to sea to this. There is little doubt that the properties of honey are much influenced by the flowers from which the bees gather if, Xenophon’s account of the effect of the Tribizoned honey onthe soldiers who ate of it will ba re- membered. It is said that the drunkeness to whivh he alludes was caused owing to the bees extracting the honey from the Azalea pontica, which abounds in that region. Again, the excellence and harm- jessness of that made from wild thyme, such as the Hybla honey from Sicily, or that Hymettus, in Attica, also drawn from fragrant herbs; the Narbonne, the Swiss mountain honey, and the heather honey of our own moorlands, each having its own separate scent and flavour—all go to prove how much depends upon the sources from which it is derived,—Pioneer. UparvusseLtawa, Oct. 22nd.—This favourite dis- trict is coming to the fore with a vengeance and promises to hold its own agsinst the island, not only as regards tea but that glorious old staple coffee. The recent prices realized for the ‘St. Leonard’s” tea speak, for themselves, and as regards coffees one has only to visit the district just now during the blossom, to be struck by the magni- ficent and unusual show. “ Delmar” in particular is a perfect picture, come fields of which near the road look like a sheet of snow so white and even with bloseom and reminds me forcibly of the good old days when crops were too heavy to be all pickcd. If the favourable weather they are now having continues, eight cwt. per acre should be an easy yield for that estate; this probably sounds “ tall’ in these days of tea, but no doubt’ the old Indian system of shade and renovation pitting, which that estate has recently adopted accounts for a lot ! Those who were fortunate in getting their tea pruning done early are now deriving the benefit ; the old tea, though not probably flushing as ‘‘heavy as one could wish” is in splendid heart and promises well for the future clearings, of which there is alarge acreage being energetically pushed forward and some places are only waiting for the monzoon to burst to commence planting. The Association met the other day and discussed that bitter subject of coast advances; nothing de- finile seems to have been arrived at further than that the heavy advance system little or in no way affects this district. Isuanps or Cartor.—At the meeting of the British Association, Mrs. Lilly Grove, ¥F-Ro.s., gave an interesting description of her visit to tha islands of Chilos as follows :— These islands lie between 41 deg. and 43 deg. 8. Lat., and are only 25 miles distant from the jmain- land at its nearest point. The principal island, Chiloe, can be round by steamer or by one of the native sailing vessels, which are well managed by the hardy and dexterous Chilotes. These vessels form the chief means of communication, as the postal service is irregular. The island is peaceful and prosperous, and crime is rare among its gentle and hospitable inhabitants. Education is improving, and agriculture and wood-cutting are the chief employ- ments both of the men and women, and the owner- ship of land is very widely diffused. They have few wants, fish and the potato forming the staple articles of their food. Wages are generally paid in kind, often, unfortunately, in alcohol. It is interest- ing to know that the potato (called patata or papa) ‘is of Chilian origin, and grows in the wildest tricts, even at the top of the highest mountains. A whole region iscalledafterit, and it is sometimes the sole foodof the people. Other interesting native plants are the latu® (similar to belladonna), an infusion of which produces temporary madness; the pangae, valuable as an astringent; the pinon, rising to a majestic height, with a white rosin, also useful medicinally ; the canelo, whose branches are recog- nized asa flag of truce; and the alerce, large forests of which are found near Castro and Ancund, and whose woodis most valuable for building purposes; but better means of transport are needed in order to work these forests economically. Fishing is a very important industry, both in Chiloe and the Guaitecas. Telegraphic communication between the last-named islands and the mainland would be of great service, and the Government of Chili should make fishing and shooting regulations to prevent the extermination of the seals, whose skins are prepared near Daleahue. The chief ports are Ancud and Oastro, the latter of which is very picturesque. Noy. 1, 1893.] Crop Prosprota OoorG : vERY FAIR.—Mr Lambert, Honorary Seoretary of the Coorg Planters’ Associa- tion writes:—With regard to the crop prospects and season in Coorg, the crop in N. Ooorg promises to be a good one generally, the crop in 8. Ooorg is average, but is better on the Sidapur side than on the Polli Betta side. The season has been a good one, and Coffee is looking very well all over Coorg. A little leaf disease is showivg here and there, but nothing of a serious nature. Borer has been bad this year, unusaally so.—S. I. Observer. “An Account or THA CULTIVATION AND Manouracrurre in Cryton by J. A. & W. Hi. Hea- derson,”’—a copy of which has reached us is a noat little brochure of 38 pages which is in- treduced by the following. — Prefatory Note.—It was at the instigation of a number of friends, who, on various grounds, are interested in the tea enterprise of Ceylon, that the following pages were written. Their contents ave largely matter of compilation, and there is no pretence to originality in them. A full list of the sources from which we are conscious of having drawn will be found at the end; but we would mention here that the writings of Mr, J. Ferguson, Mr. J. Paton, Colonel Money, and Mr. H. K. Rutherford are those from which the borrow- ing has been largest. In general, quotation marks have been purposely omitted, it being thought that their frequent appearance would have consti- tuted an interruption of comfort in reading. . The chapters are :—Latroduction (a brief historical account of tea); Part 1.—Wield-work on a_ tea estate; part IZ tea manufacture ; and a skort concluding chapter besides two or three illustrations and useful tabular statements as appendices. Altegather for the purpose of giving our Aus- tralian fellow-colonists or American cousins a proper notion of Ceylon tea, this little pamphlet ig admirably adapted. OrncHona 1n JAvA.—The Chemist and Druggist sums up the case of the Java Bark exports as follows :— According to Mr. Van Gorkom’s statements there are at present in Java no fewer than 149 companies or private proprietors who grow cinchona bark, and who, together, possess about 283 plantations. These figures are much in excess of those given by the Java Planters’ Association, and even if they should turn out to be somewhat in access of the actuality, they show that the exhaustion of Java in consequence of unremunerative prices will be but a slow process. Another fastor which renders many Java planters able to bear up against low prices for a prolonged period is that on a large number of the plantations cinchona is only a culture of secondary importance, and where that is the case the planter can refrain from harvesting his bark until happier times are in prospect. Unfortunately, the conditions upon which the land of other plantations has been leased by the Government preclude the lessors from planting coffee, the alternative crop for which the soil is suited, and Mr. Van Gorkom urges that under the present distressed conditions of the cinchona industry the Govyern- ment should abolish that disability. He also sug- gests tho restriction of the output of the Government plantations, which is now sold in Amsterdam in competition with private firms. This is a suggestion that bas also been made by the Amsterdam Cham- ber of Commerce, but to which the Government dogs not appear inclined to listen. Tho Government plantations are the richest in tho island, and their produce represented in 1892 about 10 par cent in weight and abont 13 percent of the quinine sold at the Amsterdam auctione. It should not be lost sight of, however, that the main object of tbe Government in establishing plantations in Java was not to assist private planters in making a profit, but to insure the constant supply of cheap quinine—an object which has certainly been fully attained. Up to the present lime, it appears, the Java bork at the Amsterdam sales has heen much bolow the quinine richness that may bo expected from it whon tho marke conditions THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 341 nya oncs more such that only mature trees will be harvested. In their hurry to grow ciuchona many growers have planted theirtrees too closely together, thus preventing the alkaloids from attaining their natucal proportions, Tho immature trees are now being uprooted in large numbers and their bark keeps down the genoral level, Altogether the prospects do not seem very favourable for the planters, and during the present year, ab any rate, the continuation of a cbeap quinine and bark supply seems well assured. OrtentaL Bank Estarrs Company.—We call attention to tho full report of the Ohairman’s addve3ss at tho annual meeting given on page 321 as atfording an interesting account of the position of the Company. We are averse to the conjunction of sugar estates in Mauritius and tea coffee or cacao plantations in Ceylon under one Oom- pany. The case of the Ceylon Company, Limited, was & warning that ought not to be forgotten, and we think it would be far better if two Companies divided the properties and interests now held bythe ebave institution. No doubt there would be eharehold- ers ready to back up both Companies freely; for the Mauritius properties appear to be valuable and to have been got as good bargains; but then share- holders who know about Ceylon interests—ag General Massey and Mr, Lawrance—are apt to be suspicious of Mauritius, and no doubt, vice versa. It seems to us that a division should result in better and more economical management; but of courses, thig is a matter for the shareholders and Directors themselves. Our London Correspondent made a rather dubious reference to one of the Chairman’s utterances which we may as well correct—it was not as regards the “management,” but the details of ‘expenditure’ that the Chair— man objected to give in public full particulars and for obvious reasons. Meantime, the Company has undoubtedly to ba congratulated on the ac- cession to their Directorate of two such well-known, reliable men as Messrs. H; K. Rutherford and Norman Grieve. Tha Ohairman (Mr. Crichton) alluded to the former ag follows :— Few porsons, I believe, have a better knowledge or judgment with regard to the management of tea estates in Ceylon than Mr. Rutherford, and I think the Company is fortunate in obtaining the benefit of his advice aad co-operation. Both Messrs. Rutherford and Grieve are about to visit the island,and there will no doubt be a oare- ful inspection of the Ceylon properties with ad« vantageous results to the shareholders, SULPHATE OF QUININE AND ELEcrriciry,—Qui- nine aS many uses, and it would bea very good thing if these could be even more extended. We see in tho £nginecr of last week that the sulphate of your production is being used to illus- trate electrical action, but it may well be doubted if this use would prove one likely to raise the price of your product in the market. Tha fact, however, is not without ita scientific in- terest. The object of the use of sulphata of quinine after this new fashion is to make visible lines of electric force, The sulphate is intro- duced into a chemical mixtura which need not ba here specified and on passing the electric current through this the ecrysial of the sulphate form beautiful ourves, showing the directions in which the current is passing with more or less intensity. The Scientific American says that on sending a series of discharges through a mixture of quinine and oil of turpentine, ‘‘a clearance is produced at the positive pole, and the particles cluster round tho negative pole, atrangiag them- selves in streamers directed along the lines of force.” Wo presume it is the extreme lightness of the sulphate of quinine which has led to its selolion for use in thego interesting experiments, 342 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 189%, a TEA CULTURE IN ASSAM. Since writing a recent article on Tea in India and Ceylon, we have come on the official Report on Tea Oulture in Assam for 1892 by the local Goyern- ment. It does not cover all the territory we had included in Assam and subsidiary districts ; but it is interesting to see the details so far, although the figures are far from complete and trustworthy :— As regards sub-divisions, Cachar sudder maintains its position at the head of the list with the largest number of gardens, and Lukhimpore sudder comes next. The former also has the largest area under tea, whereas Lukhimpore shows the largest outturn. Tezpore sudder, in the Brahmaputra Valley claims the highest average yield, viz.. 598 pounds per acre; while in the Surma Valley, Habiganj, asin the previous year, heads the list with an average of 551 pounds per acre. The total numberof gardens on the district registers at the end of the year under report was 807, agaiust 828 in 1891, showing a decrease of twenty-one gardens, Oaly four gardens were newly opened durivg the year against twenty-one in the previous year, and thirteen were closed, against twenty-four in 1891, twelve gardens were amalgamated with other gardens; against seven in 1891. The explanation of the apparently large inorease in the area of land held by tea-p!anters in the Lukbim- pore district is that the total area taken by planters under differant kinds of tenure, whether cultivated or not, has been shown in the returos of the year under report, whereas in the previous year only the total area under tea was shown. ‘The increxses in Sylhet, and Sibsagar have not been explained by the Deputy Commissioners; tho decreases iu area iu Goalpars, Kamrub, and Nowgong are owing to the closing of gardens. ‘The cause of the decrease in Durrung has not been explained by the Deputy Oommissiorers. The Chief Commissioner regreta to find that con- kiderable difficulty is still experienced in obtaining information from theagents and managers of gardeus. Duriog the year under report, statistics were received in respect of 671 gardens only against 752 in the previous year, and it was found necessary to frame estimates for 6s many 136 gardens compared with seventy-six in 1891, The gardens for which estimates hsve been framed on the returns furnished during the precading yerr are distributed as follows:—Silchar 34, Hailakandil9, South Sylhet 8, Karim-jang 3, Gowhatty 8, Tespore 33, Mangaldai 7, Sibsagar 7, Jorhat 5, Golaghat 8, Dibrugharh 8, and North Lukhimpore 1, Nowgong has the credit of being the only district which has sent in returns for all gardens. The Chief Commissioner’s thanks are due to those planters and agents who have furnished the statistic] which are incorporated in this report. The increase under mature plants was 6,118 acres, and occurred mainly in tho districts of Sylhet (1,856 acres), Liukhimpore (1,121 acres), - Darrung 1,137 aeres), and Sibsagar (1,101 acres). This would have caused a corresponding decrease in the area under immature plants, but it was more than made up by extensions as the area under im- mature plants increased from 38,416 acres in 1891 to 33,667 acres in 1892. Thus, there Were increases in the total area under tea in the districts of Cachar, Sylhet, Duorrung, Nowgong, and Lukhimpore, the largest increases having occurred in Sylhet, Duarrung, and Lukhimpore. The total outtarn of tea during the year under rovyiew is reported as 84,221,133 lb, against 90,399,362 lb., in the previous year, showing a decrease of 6,178,229 lb. The average yield per acre for the whole province is 394, against 434, lb. in the previous year the decrease during the year under report being considerable. The decrease occurs in both valleys but that in the Surma Valley is more marked, During the year under report tea-seed was im- ported from Manipore into Cachar and Kamrup, but itis old at an extremely low rate. The Deputy Oom- missioner of Cachar reports that planters are : i diinclined to buy it, as it has heretofore brea adulteratcd with China seed. The reports from other districts do Lot supply avy information oa this point. apn ene BARK AND DRUG REPORT, (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Oct. 5th. CINNAMON.—A considerable business has been trans- acted recently for arrival at 6 9-1é6ths d. to 681 per Ib. c.i. f, terms, usual assortment. Sales are also (reported of 20 toos of cionamon chips at 2¥d per 1b., c.i.f. terms, October-December shipment. CINCHONA.—At Tuesday’s fortnightly avetions an eves more emaciated selection of bark was offered than at the preceding sales. Both from India and from Ceylon the arrivals have been very small lately, and barring the working-off of the old stock, which ma occupy a considerable time, and the selling of the few consign- ments that still keep dribbling in, it really Jooke as if the London cinchona-market were jalready in the throcs of expiration. The full descriptive memoir of the career of the deceased, when it comes to be written, will be an interesting document. The five catalogues at ycsterday’s auctions (there was to have been a sixth of 49 bales of QOeylon bark, but the broker explained that he had forgotten to make bis sale known in the usual way, and no one appeared to de- plore the withdrawel of the parce!) included of :— Packages Packages 3/7 of which 307 were sold 316 387 “a =. 694 22 oe South American, Javan, or African barks were olfered, The auctions being seemingly too unimportant to Warrant the expectation that buyers wonld be will- ing to climb four flights of stairs, they were held in the historic back-room on the ground floor 6 Minciug Lane, which ten or twelve years ago resounded with the excited bids of buyers competing for Pitayo and Colombian barks at from 3s to 6s per lb., and thinking nothing of buy- ing £:0,000 worth of them at a single sale. The same buyers were there now, or many them, but in the prices, ‘‘Oh Hamlet, what a falling-off was there ! This week the unit scarcely exceeded $d per Ib. on any lot, and although competition was occasionally a little less iodnimate than before, we appear to be as far removed from an improvement as ever. Some of the druggists, however, bought freely, apparently in the confident ex- pectation that the long-looked-for turn in the market is in sight, and a gspeculator also laid in ten or eleven tons of good Ledger bark. The following wre the quantities secured by the princi- pal buyers :— Ceylon cinchona East Indian ciachona Lb. Messrs, Howards & Sons ava one 19,292 Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 16,602 Agents for the Brunswick works ove one 14,487 Agents for Auerbach works ow ass 13,692 Agents for the French works inn ous 2,450 Sundry druggists and speculators oon oss 75,064 Total quantity of bark sold... oe 141,497 Boughtin or withdrawn ... fa 17,229 Total quantity of bark offered ... 158,726 It will be“neticed that more than half of all the bark sold was bought in by non-manufacturers, an occurrence probably unmatched in the history of the London bark sales. The following prices were paid for sound bark :— CEYLON CincHONA.—Original—Red varieties :—Ordinary weody to good bright stem shavings 1d to ‘4; bright chips and shavings mixed 1jd; bold bright chips 12d; fair to good root 1d to 19d perlb. Grey varieties: Or- dinary dull to fair stem chips 3d to ld;{istem shayings #4 to 1d; dusty but quilly mixed ebips 13d per jb. Yellow stem chips, fair quilly mixed 14d to 13d per ib. Hybrid chips 1jd; shavings 1d to 13d per lb. Renewed. Red varieties, small and dull stem and branch chips 13d to 13d; stem shavings 14d; good bright chips 32d ; per lb. Grey stem chips 13d to 13d per lb. Hybrid shavings 13d to 1Zdper Ib. , Cocoa BuTTER.—At auction on Tuesday 400 2-ewt. cases of Cadbury’s cocoa butter sold at Is 24d to Ig 22d per Ib., an average decline of about Z d per Ib. 3 Nov. 3, 1892.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 343 THE EARLY EUROPEAN COCONUT IN- DUSTRY IN THE BATICOLOA DISTRICT. BarricaLoA Nortu.—An old resident in Batticaloa has sent us the following interesting notes in con- nection with this subject :— The coconut planting enterprise in Batticaloa North was commenced fifty years ago by the late Dr. Sortain, a worthy Britisher who. after distinguishing himself in physical science and metaphysics at Hdinburgh and Germany, came out to the Hast asa naval doctor, and then joined the Civil Medical Department. He eventually devoted himself exclusi- vely and successfully in 1846 to the coconut industry at Tannamunai estate, five miles from the town of Batticaloa, at the head of the northern arm of the lagoon. Simultaneously Mr. Robert Atherton, senior, then Assistant Government Agent at Batti- caloa, opened Kalmunai estate, 14 miles to the north of the bar, and perhaps owing to the Governor’s minute as to Civil Servants holding landed property, he sold it to his cousin, Capt. (afterwards Colonel Meadows Taylor, the well-known historian and novelist of Cen- ¢:al Indir.) His brothers, Messrs. Selby and Glanyile ‘aylor, came over here, tho latter to !ook after his brother’s Hyderabad estate, and the otker to open out Linsogosr for Captain («fterward3 General) Bal- main Availing themselves cf aseries of watsr holes or ‘“‘cobbs they made an artificial cinal up to the mouth of the river for cheap and easy transport of materials aud produce to and from the g-oup of estates. But piocveer work of this kind was too much for the young mea, and they both succumbed t> dysentery one after another. The large herd of black cattle they had acquired were brought down to the town and sold with their other effects, But Some of them seem to have broken sway int) the jungle and their progeny—a herd of wild black cattle knowa as “Taylor Durai’s cattle’—are still roam- in about the jungles; the young ones being occasion- ally trapped and trained by the wily natives. More than one of those estates now belong to Mr. Edward Atherton, retired District Judge. Mr. Charles Dixon was the son and heir of Colonel Dixon, who introduced civilization among the Abori- ignes of Central India near Ajmere, and induced the Indian ru'er of the place to tound a newcity “Nya Nugger, ’ and for whom a permanent memorial has been Jately raised there, Young Charles Dixon set to work vigourously, and opened out the Ajmere and Nya Nougger estates, founded a town residence anda country residence, became counected with the Athertons by marriage with a relatives of their, and wasgett- iog on splendidly for a time. But in an evil hour he became enchanted with the dazzling prospects of coffee, sold out his estates, one to a Samil broker aod the other to a Moorish trader, while his tiny garden was donated to his god-daughter, the child of the Rey. S. Nicholas, then of Batticaloa and who died as the Colonial Ohapiain of St. Paul’s, Colombo. The property was eventually bought by the Jate Dr, Coviogton, and now forms a part of that bone of con- tention, the new market of the Local Bo rd, Mr. C. Dixon proceeded to the Central Province and invested his savings in coffee. Ho foiled with the failure of coffee, sickened, and died there. His eldest daughter married young Forbes (son of the late Government Agent), who died at Matar: lately. His only son, C, Dixon, junior, went out to Americ», bu’ is now, we _believe, in the Straits Settlements. Besides the ‘Tanramunai estate, opened by Dr. Sortain, the pioneer planter, there was also another medico, Dr. Jal'and, who opened Mylampoveli estate, but disappeared from the scene without making his mark. Mylampaveli estate belongs to Mrs, Atherton, sanior, The Hayen belongs to the heirs of Mr. Treahy—a thrifty non-commissioned officer who took to coconut plantiag, and owned estates at Trincomalee ‘and Batti- caloa. [le was a good man, and waa successful for a long time and when Kottaimunai (For!.point) became the northern suburb of the town aftcr the construction of the bridge, he built good houses in the most desirable nooks of jungle lands that he had had the forethought fo buy, and rented them outito Haxropesn residents, Rookwood estate was opened in 1850 by Mr. Kidd ; but the natural advantages possessed by Innds in that quarter were not discovered until more recent times, when theall classes and creede, nor is it devoid of several queer differences ofopinion and romantic tales. Rumour bas it that ouce upun a time o@ public servant, who also had a hereditary penchant for planting enter- tained a frieud of his at his town residence. While conducted throngh the rooms to his accustomed morn- ing bath the fricnd espied on the walls the plansof all the estates in which the pubic servant and the members of his family were interested. Amplor details no doubt must have been freely given during the post-prandial smal] telk, Several inaccurate impressions were received and formed: Time passed by, months elapse}, the friendship cooled, and causes ot difference arose. Matters - were brought to a head, and then followed in quick succession a commission of enquiry and ite tiain of at- tendant circumstance. In the meantime the coconut plant3 rose up, a3 no earthly commission coull arrest their natural growth. A few changes, a mere flea- bite, the coast cleared, andthe quondam public ger- vant reigned supreme. Land-grabbing is thought by some to be a vice peculiar to the members of the Anglo-S1xon race, but when accompanied by a benign patriarchal disposition anda kindly and philantbropic dispOsition, it is of immense and lasting benefit to the natives around, which though real is honestly acknow- ledged by a few only. Chantiveli (upper and lower), in the Northern diyi- sion of the Batticaloa district was opened in 1847 by the Messrs. Munro, The p'ace was then (and to some extent is even now) the haunt of the bear, the cheetah, and the elepbant. Being keen sportsmen they were in their turn spotte@ by the wild beasts, They had monthly encounters during full moon time and contend- ed for the mastery of the primeval forest that had hitherto remained untouched by civilized man. Oneof the brothers was hugged and soverely bitten by a bear, which disabled him from active work for along time. The other brother fell ill and eventually died. An Assistant Saperiotendent, a gigantio Highlander, escaped malatia and the wiid beasts for a time, An elephant at last trampled him almost to death, and returning to Harope, he died there. Strange to Bay the “bear-bit:en Durai” (Mr. Stuart Canada Munro) has returned to his first love. Half of the estate belongs to the heirs of Oolonel Spencer, viz:— (1.)—Charlotte Frances Bona, widow of George Fitzory, Hequire; (2.)—Frances Isabella Catherine, widow of Lord Vere Cholmondeley; (3.)—Caroline Louisa Elizabeth, widow of the Hon. Charles Murra; Hay Forbes; (4.)—Georgina Meliceut Julia Spencer, and (5.)—Jobn Winston Thomas Spencer, Major, R. A. But the “Laird of Chantiveli,” an old bachelor still, Joved aud honoured alike by all classes, remains the sole representative of the piouveer planters of the Eastern Province, ® model of justice, equity, and liberty. A list of tho estates and the present owners is as follows :— “ Extent; Remarks, Name of Estate. Properties, in acres. Acres Kumburumulai Bs ae Crowther 135 125 cultivated ae 5. C. Munro & ) - Cworand Lowes Bet of Calon 500 ary grass nel Spence § — 480d & Jungle Rockwood e«. H.N.Atherton 277 160 Cultivated Hyderabad E.Nt Atherton 500 100 do Linsogoor H.N,Atherton 40 20 do. Newnham «. W.N. Atherton 180 150 do. Kumbilymadu... E.N.Atherton 80 54 do, Mylampaveli ... Mrs. E. T. Ather- . ton 400 150 do Tannmunai ., Mrs. Sortain 638 208 do Hayon +» HeirsofTreahy 80 4 do, Ajmere -» Vannithamp 105 Nya Nugger ., M. Ahamatu- levai & Brothers 400 Navyalkeni oe Wr. - Om 200 i pR Kadramar Kulwunai.,.., and Mrs, J. B.}370 300cuitivyated Us Swaminader —‘ Local Times,’ 344 ORCHID TKA One would not look to the Kew Bulletin fora hint upon French customs. But some who have been thinking themselves familiar with the ways of Gaul may be surprised to learn from that recondite per- iodical that a tea of orchid Jeaves has long been popalar ncross the Channel. There is record of it fifty years ago as a beverage fairly well established and of late consumption has increased, The saga- cious and enterprising people of this country are always glad to hear of something new for the toa- table and acquaintance with this boon should not be confined to the readers of the Kew Bulletin—a peculiarly estimable class, but limited. The mere name of orchid tea has something lordly and im- pressive in its sound. We fancy a millionaire con- eigning plants worth their weight in gold to the housekeeper’s room, there to be stewed and served up for royal guests. It seems a revival of the luxury of old Rome. Vitelius shonld have drunk orchid tea at his feasts. Cleopatra should have dissolved her perrl thorein. Jt is a theme for the invective of those guilelees mora/ists who denonnee the unparalle- led extravagance of the Upper Classes. Looking more closely, however, we fail to see any- thing really wicked in the fashion of orchid tea. The article is genuine enough. It is not compounded of some homely weed which botanists alone identify aa akin to the gorgeous Cattleyas and the stately Dendrobes of the tropics. The orchid from which this tes is mideis a member of one of the handsomest and mot expensive familice—the Angrwcum—and & very pretty member too. It grows in the forests of Bourbon and Mauritius, and the scientists know it as Angraecum fragrans. Probably the natives have been using it for ages, Incidentally we may remark thot those who fear the extermination of the nobler orchids may find solace hero, If a small spies occupying a very narrow area, of which flowers and loaves alike are eagerly stripped, can hold its own for generations, there is not much cause to dread that the most ruthless of collectors can do worse than retard for a little while the increase of more showy species which are quite as prolific. ‘ The commercial virtue of augiecum fragrans lies in the strong perfume of its leaves. The genus is allied to vanilla—also an orchid, of course—and in this instance kinship displays itself, It is enough, we read, “to touch tho fresh leaves for the fingers to remain impregnated with the aroma, which re- mains when the leaves are dried. ‘I'his _process is simple as could be, apparently. No heat is applied ; no colouring matter. Describing samplesat Kew, the Bulletin observes that they ore unshriyelled and as ‘* flat as we shonld find them in any herbarium. And the decoction is equally simple. You just lay the leaves and stalkein cold water, abiut one gramme toa teacup --more or less according to taste—close the vessel tight and boil for ten minutes. Itmay bs sweetened; milk and rum bring out the flavour of the vanilla more ly. ap aE ‘deterioration. Finally, we are told that material enough for fifty cups is sold in Paris for 2 fr. 50c., 105 coups 5 fr. It is called Faham, as in Mouritins.—Hongkong Daily Press. SS Se GALAHA TEA FACTORY, i n the best information at our command, meee Galaha among the big tea factories of the island as manufacturing about 500,000 lb. in a year; but we learn in correction from Mr. W. M. Hall, the Manager, tbat for 1893, his mauu- facture will not aggregate leas than 1,200,000 1b, making the biggest retura for any single fastory in the island, we suppose. Mr. Hall writes :— ‘‘We are at present very busy fixing a new steam engine and when complete, the engine and tur- bine will together represent 120 H.P. At present I am taking in daily 20,000 lb. green loat and th busy season has barely started yet, ~ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. EES lteter: Leer eeeesepernoneee eg It is as good cold as hot, and may be warmed . [Nov. 1, 1894, THE GREAT WESTERN TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED, Report of the Directors for Presentation to the first Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders, to be held on TueslJay; 7th November, 1893, at noon In order that no disappointment may be felt through the non-payment of an interim dividend, the Directors haye decided to present this short report to the Shareholders on the working of the estetes during the first six months of the Company’s fican- cial year, The yield of tea in this period, viz., 145,600 Jb., bas been satisfactory, being 31,677 Ib, in ¢xcess of that in the same months of 1891-92; 890 that there is every prospect of the estimate for the reason, viz., 830,000. Ib. tes being fully secured, The prices too realised, viz. about 56 cts. per Ib. net by the Company’s tea*, have been falisfactory, see- ing Pea tho bulk of them came to a depressed market, The cost of production per Ib. of tes during th fix months under review has necessarily been heavy since four out of the six months are a in which the smallest yields are always secured on these estates. The expenditure, moreover, has bean increased by having to bear some R4,000 more then its shere of such items as buildings, pruning, manuring, &. The crop of 145,600 lb. tea has been put on board ebip in Colombo at # Jittle under 39 cts. per lb.: but the Directors estimate that the 185,000 lb. tea expected from 1st October to 31st March next will not cost more then 30 cts. per lb. About 144 acres of tea have been manured since Ist April with bulk, compost, and ortificial, Notwithstanding the short yield end comparatively high expenditure, the result of the balf-year’s working shonld leave a profit equal to st least 4} per cent. on the Company’s capital, a result that the Directors consider augare very favourably for the future of the Company, having regard to the time of year it has bsen realised and to the consider- able ecreazge of tea, which, being stii] young, is contribating as yet but little to revenue, In not recommending the payment of an interim dividend the Directors are solely iofluenced by the fact that they would have to borrow money to do this, for the full share capital of the Company was paid over to the vendors of the estate:, and a con- siderable portion of the six months’ profit is there- fore unavailable immediately for distribution. Ooast advances taken over and preliminary expenses absorb alarge sum, though the former are all corsidered good and sre recoverable. Some 38,700 Ib. of ten moreover are still unsold. Two of the Directors have recent!y visited the estates, and were much pleased with the general appearance and condition of the whole property. pee ee A PROFIT ON TEA, Our esteemed Canadian contemporary, Hardware, is in line in advocacy of working for good profits. It says :— In spite of small profits there are here and there lines out of which the grocer can make a little profit. Tea is one of them ; and it is strange that some do not make a greater effort to culti- vate it. Practically the same sugars, fruits, canned goods, etc., are sold by all dealers alike, but with tea the case is different, and the very fact of this difference prevents cutting and gives each grocer an opportunity of making money out of it. The same class of tea will not suit every locality, but a goed tea will take anywhere. The peculiarities of customers in the matter of taste require a good deal of careful study, But the taste once gauged, as it were, the next thing is to push the sale of the tea for allyou are worth. Itwould be inadvisable to do so before you know whether or not you have got a tea that suits the majority of your customers,”— American Grocer, Noy. 1, 1893.] CROPS AND PROSPECTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. HEMP—COFFEE—TE4—TOBACCO— SUGAR, dc. Consul Wi'liam Stigand, in forwarding the Commercial Report on Manila for 1892, etates in his covering letter : —tThe difficulty of procuring statistics hire is very con- siderable. He proceeds to give some account ot the ge- beral characteristics of the Islands, remarkiny they are anextremely fertile group ofis!ands, over500 innumber, rich both in soil and in minerals, which, together with the Osrolinas, Pelews, and the Marianues, form an area of 116,256 square miles. Luzon is the largest island of the grcup, and bas abont 40,024 square miles of land area. Mindanao, the next Jargest inland, lies quite to the soutb,and has something like the form of a crab, with one very Jong claw. Itis very moun- tainous, and contains the highest volcano on the islands, Apo, which is still active. The permanancy of tropical temperature in the islands, however favourable for the production of sugar, hemp, tobacco, and vegetation generally, tella much even on the physique of the native inhabitants, who are mostly under sized and not too well favoured specimens of the Malay type. ‘They are, however, when young, very docile, and make as ‘‘ muchéchos,”’ or boys, very feir household servants. The vatives are all called ‘‘ Indios” by the Spaniards, and are, as a rule, unenterprising and inaolext, unkss well looked after, they are much in the hends of the priests, and are very superstitious. Their chief sports are cock-fighting and gambling, ard most of the Malay men and boys have a pet “coq de bataille,” whom they carry about like a baby on their arms, and whose comfort they look to before that of wife or children. Women, children and priests smoke every- where, and especially in the streets. The people are, however, clean in their habits externally. There are tribes in the interior in a savage or halt-savage state—the Igorrotes of the mountains in the west of Luzon are one tribe of these, the Negritos of the island, of evident negro origin, aze another, and the Moros of Mindanao, who appear to be descended from tbe Mussulman Dyaks of Horneo. Frora—The flora of the islands would require a long chapter for proper treatment. There is a great absence of flowering plants, and those which do flower have, as a rule, very amall flowers, snd the absence of odorous blossoms is as remarkable as the absence of singing birds. Vegetables—beans and peas, for example—are grown here by covering them up from the pun with trelliswork, covered with banara aod other leaves, but most of the vegetables are brought from Hongkong. Thereis hardly any eatable fruit but mangoes and pine-apples. The sugar-cane, coffee plant, ‘‘ abaca”’ cr hemp, tobacco, maize and rice sre the plants chiefly cultivated. As for the wocdsa of the country their nomenclature forms animmerse list, and the better kind of woods are too little known. Some of these woods are excellently suited for furni- ture, especially the ‘‘ narra ” wood, which has the look of mahogany, but is not so close in grain, while having a lighter colour. ———»>_——— TEA SEED OIL, A Loudon merchant, to whom we sent an Uva correspondent’s sampie of tea seed oil, reports as follows :— “7 duly received the small sample, and have had it carefully and exhaustively tested and valued. The sample was too small to enable us to ascer- tain accurately its commercial value, but there is little doubt it would find a ready sale in quantity, say at £20 to £22 per ton as a safe quotavion. “You might induce ‘Wallace’ cr some other of your enterprising correspondents upcountry to crush 5 to 10 tons of the seed, and send us the oil for sale in packages not exceeding 10 owt. each, and let them put a brand on the pavkages, but avoid indicating that it is tea seed oil. With an appreciable quantity like this we could better 44 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 345 gauge the market, but I have no doubt, if it cap be produced like the sample, that it has a commercial value, and that the price I have named as safe. “I sheuld like to learn whether the oil is pro- duced by crushing or boiling? Any information as to this, and generally regarding the artiole would be acceptable. “Tea seed oil is not & new product. It has been for long in use in China for cooking and lighting, but for some reason unknown to me it has never found a market here.” We suspect it is too early in the history of our tes enterprise as yet to expect attention to be given to the exiraction of oi! from the seed on any considerable scale. But this msy come a Jittle later; and even now an _ experiment, such as is suggested in the above letter, might be made? ——_-_-->_—___——_ NOTES FROM OUR LONDON LETTER. Lonpon, Ost 13. TEA OIL, After more than one atiempt, and after a long period of patient waiting in his office, I this week succeeded in getting hold of that much-engaged man Mr. Christie, the well-known dealer in tropical and other diugs. My object in endeavouring to obtain a few minutes of conversation with him was to try aod learn irom him something respecting the tea-oil to which you have lately referred on several occasions in your Overland issue, Mr. Christie could only give me on the occasion of our meeting a few very hurried words, but he has kindly promised me a fixed and more lengthy interview on some more favourable occasion. In reply tothe few hurried quections 1 have as yet been able to put to him, he told me that this tea- oil is well-known in the market here as China oil, and has been a commercial product for a lcng time past, At the same time he does not think it to be possessed of much vaiue, and it is—so far ag [ could judge from his rapidly made remarks—of but limited use or application. I shall hope to tell you more about this oil before long, but you may conclude from what has above been written that tea oil is not a thing likely to be in much demand, or worth the while of your planters to give much consideration to, nevertheless it ocours to me that it may be useful to follow up my inquiries into the subject, because we can imagine tbat there may be instances in which the leaf may become spoiled for manufacture into tea, which it might yet be available for the oil-press. RAGALLA ESTATES COMPANY. It was a surprise to me, after what had been told to me by Messrs. Dunn and Evans recently as to the dropping of the scheme fora Oeylon Estate Company with which their names had been prominently connected, to see that a Company had just been registered to the deed of which their names were appended. The following extract from last Saturday’s Investors’ Guardian furnished the first information had by me with respect to this new Ceylon venture :— Ra@atla Tea Estates, Lim (39,657). The co. wus registered ou the 25th nolt. with a capital of £50,000, in £10 sbares, to purciuase or acquire in aby other manner lauds and buildings in Ceyion or elsewhere and in particular the estates known as * Ragalla’ and “ Halgran Oya,” situated in the d s- trict of Udapusselawa, Ceylon; and, among other things, to carry on the business of farmers plsn- ters, graziers, cultivators and growers of tea, coffee, and other crops, miners, and shipbrokers. The sub- scribers are ;— 346 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1893. Shares M.P. Evans, 1 & 2, Fenchurch St. E. O., mercht W. Dunn, 1&2, Fenchurch St. E.C,, mercht W. Harwood, 31, Lombard St, E.C., solor J.P. Evans; 1 & 2, Fenchorch St. E,O., mercht 8.J. Wilson, 41, Mincing Lano, E.0., colonial broker .:. We “ss as 1 W. Schmidt, 10, Cornhill, E.0., underwriter «. 1 T. Mercer, 21, Mincing Lane, E.C,, mercht ... 1 O.E. Strachan, 35a, South St. Mayfair, tea- planter ... seo ae no The first directors are :—O.E. Strachan, M, P. Eyans, C. Hannen; qualn, £1,000; remun, £100 per ann each. Registered office, 1 & 2, Fenchurch St. E.C. On reading this paragraph inquiry was made by me at the registered office for a copy of the prospectus, but I was told that it could not be permitted to be given to me as also that no information of any kind respecting the company would be made public, the association baying a strictly private charavter. We haye become too much accustomed to such refusals to think them either discourteous or singular. There are doubtless good and sufficient reasons for them, but is it not somewhat strange that as regards Tea Companies enterprise in Oeylon there is often shown s0 much disinolination to take the public into full confidence ? This disinclination is not confined to the initiatory start of Companies connected with Coylon tea cultivation. It is constantly exhibitéd with regard to their published reports. Some time back, desiring to systematize my method of obtaining puch reports for forwarding to you, I took much trouble in preparing a list of Oeylon Tea Companies in Loadon and in writing to each individually requesting the favour of in- formation as to the date of publication of their reports. It was singular how few of the replies obtained exhibited a desire that these documents should receive publicity. The excuses were many and various, and although in some instances every information, and copies of reports when published, was promised, it has unfortunately proved to be the case that with bat few exceptions the promises made have not been kept. Newspaper cor- respondents are therefore. subjected to use enormous amount of trouble to obtain these annual docu- ments, and we cannot conceive why the Companies connected with Ceylon should shew the publicity that others of a more general character directly court. Oertainly as the rule, the reports made are usually very deficient in information as to details. Very recently, as you will recollect, complaint was made as to this deficiency at the meeting of one of the most important of the Ceylon tea companies that representing the Oriental Bank Estates. The only reply given by the chairman was that it was Sell eel eel eel inexpedient to give the information sought tor unless in privacy and confidence. What does this mean? There may be secrets in the growth and preparation of tes, but these oan hardly exist in respect to some of the information desired. There is an air of mystery about Tea Companies working in Ceylon which does not attend the proceedings of any other Oompanies that are known to us here in London. A NEW DEPARTURE. Passing through» Westbourne Grove'of Whiteley farm, the other day, I saw it announced in the window of a newly completed shop that it was to be opened by the Kanagalla (?) Tea Company of Oeylon as a first olass floral depot, and that mild refreshments would Also be served therein. This isa new departure in the history of home enterprise in Oeylon fea; but it seems to me to be one that will not improbably be a, successful one. The swarms of ladies who are. attracted by Whiteley’s emporium, as are flies round a sugar cask, will very possibly avail themselves in large numbers of the opportunity for dripking thelr afternoon cup of Ceylon tea in the midst of sweet- scented flowers. a PEPPER. _ There is said-to be probably no country in the Far East where better pepper is grown than in Cochiu- Chins. Experts have given the palm to Cochin-Obina as & pepper-producing country, aud yet nearly all of that condiment consumed in Fiauce is obtained from the London market, despite the fact thet pepper from Cochin-China is atked to pay only half the fixed duty. The ont-put of pepper for this yearin Siam is looked upon es very encou- ragipg, no less than 20,000 piouls baving been re- ported to have been exported from Chantaboon.— Straits Times, Oot. 24. Dee INDIAN TEA EXPORTS. The following paragraphs from the proceedings of the Committee of the Indian Tea Asgociation, dated 29th Sept. last, only now published, are of interest to Ceylon planters :— Read letter from Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co, suggesting an alteration in the system on which the Association’s Monthly Returns of shipments of tea from Calcutta are made up. The suggestion was to the effect that the figures should be taken daily from the Custom House list of Exports and an allowance made for all relands, instead of making up the returns from the actual clearances, as under the present system, in the case of a vessel clearing on the lst or 2nd of the month, the cargo, although viriually shipped in the previous month, would not be included in the Returns for that month, After a fall discussion of the matter the com- mittee were of opinion that the Association’s system of making up the Returns, which was also followed by Messrs. W. Moran & Co., Messrs. J. Thomas & Co., and Messrs, Carritt & Co., was the most reliable, and it was resolved to address a ietter to Messrs. Watson, Sibthorp & Co., asking them if they could not adopt the same system so as to bring all the circulars into line. Read letter of 12th instant, frem Mr, J. C. Stelkarit, stating that he uuderstood a World’s Fair was, about to be heldat San Francisco, and suggesting that, if this was the case, Mr. Blechynden’s operations should be continued another year on America, and that he sbould push Indian tea in that quarter. Mr. Blechyoden wes to be written asking if he had heard anything about an Exhibition at Sau Francisco, as no information of the kiud had reached the Committee. Considered also letters of the 9th and 19th Sepiem- ber, from Mr. H. E. Grant, Allababad, stating that he was going to Hobart town, Tasmania, for the Exhibition whioh was to open early next year, and offering his services as an Agent for the Agsociation to push Indian tes. The Committee, however, were not disposed to ente: tain the application, and Mr. Grant was to be informed in accordance. 22 ea 2 “LIPTON” TO MAKE COLOMBO THE HEADQUARTERS OF HIS EASTERN TEA TRADE. Mr; Lipton’s Agent here has just taken a new departure in establishing a separate office and stores in view of the growth of business and not because of any withdrawal from Mesgers. Buchanan, Frazer & Oo, of whose management of Mr. Lipton’s interests, Mr. Duplock speaks in the highest terms. The offices taken are those formerly held by Messrs. Baker & Hall in Upper Chatham Street and a portion of the Fairfield Store Noy. 1, 1893.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 347 Road, Slave Island. Now that Mr. Lipton is established in India, and his business in the East generally and Australia is growing so rapidly, it bas beccme a matter of great importance that he sbould have a recognised headquarters in this part of the world. Mr. Lipton’s interests in Ceylon are go large and Colombo is go centrally situated, that very naturally it has been selectcd as the best centre from which to work both in India and Australia, The possi- bilities of building up a big business here and there sometimes, are very great and we understand Mr. Lipton means to do it. But our extraordinary Custome Tariff is a big drawback: the duty on impcrted tea (25 cents per Jb) for instance is the only hindrance in the way of Mr. Lipton doing all his Australian business from here, instead of doing it. partly from London and partly from Oalcutta, Is if not abeurd that this big tex dealer and dis- tributer should be sending tea to Calcutta, in order that it should be blended with Indians and sent thence to Australia?! A very considerable amount of occupation which might be given to the native population in Colombo is in consequence given to the Bangalis and much valuable time, and opportunities of steady shipments are lost. Freight from Caleutta to Australia is very irregular, while from here. it is -constant even though dificult at times to get, If OUolombo is to attain to iis true position as the great central trading Port between India and Australia, as well as Hurope, it is quite evident that absurd and illibeval Customs restrictions will have to be abo- lished and the sooner the better.—Mr. Duplock expects by next Orient steamer a trained tea Assistant, Mr..Davis from London, to remain in Colombo, while Mr. Pohl, who was here for a short time last spring, takes charge under his direction in Calcutta. In respect of the American tea market again, Mr. Lipton is determined to go ahead, and no doubt large shipments could be made direct from Colombo if antiquated restrictions were removed, The news from London is that Mr. Lipton was endeavouring to secure wholesale places at Montreal, Quebeo, and New Orleans, as well as at New York and Chicago. From the last-named town the business in America will in the firet place be started, and already the special blends of tea required for this new de- velopment of the business are decided on. ————————— DRUG REPORT. the Chemist and Druggist.) Lonion, ;Oct. 12, CROTON SEED.—At today’s auctions 45 bags from Ceylon sold at :0s to 2Js for feir medium small seeds; from 13s to 178; for apparently damaged dark seeds ; and 78 per ewt. for common quality. CUBEBS.—The 1eport that several parcels have been withdrawn from the market is confirmed. On the other hand, a new arrival of atout 50 bags of fair commercial quality has just been landed and is held for75s per cwt. At auction today 16 bags were shown, bold brown berries being quoted at 80s per cwt. Cuscus GRAss —Forty bundles of this drug, of fair biight colour, but somewhat sandy, were bought in at _ 30s perewt. There was no bid at 29s per cwt. Kota is in moderate supply, with which the demand mcre than keeps pace. ‘Vhirteen packages shown to- day were mostly sold at pretty full prices: good bright West Indian, 8d; mouldy ditto 64 per lb.; and Afri- cap, tather davk and partly mouldy (without reserve), jd per lb, QUININE.—At the close of last week, when the result of the Amsterdam cinchona-sales had become known, the quinine market began to show a further consider- able improvement. About 25,000 oz. German bulk quinine (in second-hands). sold at 93d to 94d per oz; and after these transactions the agents for the Mannheim works rejected an offer of 94d per uz, which was made to them. ‘This week, hoWever, the article has been altegether quiet, and today it would be possible to buy at 9§d per oz, second-hand, It is said that there in Union (From is a Jarge American order in the warket, waiting to be executed. VANILLA.—At today’s auctions only a moderate quan- tity of about 160 tins was ‘offered, snd chiefly s0)d\ at Steady prices; gcod to;fine bright crystallised at from 83 to 148 ;,medinm chocolate 33 to.6 inches, at 7s. 3d fo 8s 9d per lb. ; eee THE PERFUME-CROPS IN SOUTHERN FRANCE. London, Oct. 12. In the South of France: the collection of jasmine is nearly finished. It ‘will be ono of the heaviest on record. The tuberose-crop which has been gathered earlier than usus), bas only yielded a moderate reeult. Nevertheless, even the tuberose-output has been greater than the prcebable consumption, and the price remains low for beth articles. he recond week of October will witness the beginning of the cassie-manufacture. With regard to this flcwer, it is a noteworthy fact that the commoner quality the so-called cassie romaine, is searcely saleable any mcre. Perfumers prefer to pay double or treble the price of this kind for other cassie varietiesand the planters arc therefore gradually exterminating the flowers of the “Rcman’’ variety.— Chemist and Druggist. see LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE CEYLON PRODUCE. TRAVANCORE TEA. (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report of the Colonial Markets for the Week ending October 18th, 1893.) These are only in moderate supply and of medium quality, which, in sympathy ,with similar classes of Indian and Ceylon, barely maintained previous prices. ad =] ap a . s Fojadd | Boshagpayi sealira ay es sic Pyar bias 3 apabenti= beatin : ° str aOesppth 63 haa ssissien 76 €or. on: Sisavigguo myo Apo Rs en tah oe a Merchis- ton 10d, Tha : 6td 303-chs. 734 74 Invercaula 84d 7d 6d oo. 900, 1. 312:.do «74d 5a Isefield 73d 6a 5hd, 41 chests7d 5id Nagamally 8id 6id 53d ... 53d 55 do 68d Glenmary ... 62d .. 6d 53d 77 do 64d Carady Goody ete “26G5) an 6d 27 do 64d unas. Total 261 packages, averaging 63d per Ib., against 94d for the corresponding week last year. —_—_ >——_———~- THE GREAT WESTERN TEA COMPANY. The first ordinary general meeting of the share- holders of:the Great Western'Tea Company of Oeylon was hold today (Nov. 7th) at noonin ths register- ed office of ihe Company No. 6 Prir ce Street, Colombo, Mr. J, C. Dunbar presided and the others present were Messrs. W.B. Baring, V..A. Julius, D. Notle, Eric Anderson and H. G. Bois. The Chairman and Mr, Baring held proxies:representing 467 shares. The following Report by the Directors was sub- mitted :— ; In order that no disappointment may be felt through the non-payment ofan interim dividend, the Direc- tor’ have decided to present this short report to the Shareholders on the working of the estates during the first six mcenths of the Oompany’s financial year. The yield of ica in this period, viz., 145,600 lb., has been entisfactory, being 31,677 lb. im excess of 348 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Nov. 1, 1893. 68 that in the same months of 1891-92; so that therei every prospect of the estimate for the season, viz., 830,000 Ib, tesa, being fully secured. The prices tao realised, viz.. ebont 56 c's. per Ib. net by the Compeny’s tess, have been gsati-fac'ory, seeing that the buik of them ceme to a depressed merket. Tho cort of production per lb, of tes during the six months under review hes necessarily been heavy, since four out of therix months sre those in which the smallest yields are slways secured on these estates, The expenditure, moreover, has been increased by having to bear rome R4,000 more than its share of such items as buildings, pruning, manuring, &o. The crop of 145,600 lb tea base been put on board thip in Colombo at a little under 89 cts. per lb.; but the Directors estimete that the 185,000 lb, tca expected from let October to 8lst March next will not cost more than 30cte. per lb. Two of the Directors have recently visited the estetes, and were much pleased with the general app arence and condition of the whole property. The CHAinMan in moving the adoption of the report said they continued to receive most satia- factcry accounts of the estate where everything was in the finest order and condition, Since this report was furnished the figures showed that the yield of tea to the end of Jast month was 180,500 lbs. which is 7,500 lbs. more then the official estimate up to that date. The tea was coming in very rapidly indeed, The prices realised for the half-year had been satisfactory, and if they could only maintsin these prices and secure the yield originally estimated, when they met again at the end of the financial year, the state- ment that would be placed before them would be a very satisfactory one. In fact it did not require much calculation to see whet the earnings for the season would be. Remark*bad been made as to the cost of production. Well, he thought it had now come to be generally recognised that tea ought to be manured. Fle was a very strong advccate of the use of manure, and he did not think they could spend too much money on cultivation. The estimated cost of production was 32 or 33 cents and of that 4 cts. was for the upkeep of the very large cattle esjablishment they hed and forthe purchase of artificial manure. If they deducted the cost of manure they would find that the oost of production was 20 cents per lb. forthe year. For the firat half year it was rather high, because, asthe report showed, several things went into that which would not come into the second half year. The cost of production. for September was only R26 97 cents per ib. and be thought that at the end of the yerr they would find that they had worked down to a fair figure while at the same time doing justice to the estate. The estate was well supplied with labour in every way end the coast advances’ stood at a reasonable figure about R7 or R8 per head. He did not think there was anything elee he need say at present. This was only an ad intertm meeting and he hoped that when next they met when the accounts for the year would be clogced, there would be & larger number of share- holders present to hear the satisfactory report which be was sure would be submitted then. Mr. Noxzx seconded and the report was una i— mouely adopted- This was all the business and the meeting separated after according a vote of thanks to the Chairman on the motion of Mr. Julius seconded by Mr. Anderson; SSS LIPTON’S FIRE: COFFEE ?/. TEA. The London correspondents of our evening con- fi1porary and our own have made a curious lunder over the great Shoreditch fire, in BUPPOS- ing that the Store and Depét burnt contained a large quantity of tea. Our correspondent speculates on the effect on Mincing Lene, while our con- temporsr)'s cut-bero’s Herod ty describing the sight of the tea burning! The Shoreditch store we need scercely sey wee one of coffee only and of our old staple some Lund:eds of tons probably were burnt, besides # large quantity in psokeges of coffee essence, &. To thew the extent of the business done there, we need only mention tbat there was a steam engine of 60 horse-power, and 6 gas engine of 10 to 12 to drive the essence- making and other machinery. Originally, this dep6t was Mr. Lipton's beadquerters and then he had tea as well as coffee there; but the beadguarters and tea store are now in Bath Street; and certainly not more than 50 to 60 chests of tea in the street retail shop can have perished in the fire. It is the price therefore of coffee— a scarce article everywhere this seaton—tbat is likely to be benefitted. It is not expected that a man of Mr. Lipton’s resources and energy will lose many days in being sble to continue hie prepsrations and eupply of ccffee—from temporary premises and arrangements. oo ae BUFFALO BILL AND BARLEY COFFEE. The bandeome hero of tbe plains and proprietor of the Wild West Show has gone into 6 new enter- priee, viz.: the msnufacture of an imitation coffee from barley ~ sud wheat, to which mixture a coffee flavour, the discovery of a Dr: Powell, ie added. Co). Cody calls the new article ‘‘ pan malt,” ard claims it to be a eatisiying and economical substitute for coffee. None bas been placed on the market to date. —American Grocer. INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, Oct. 18. Specifications of the undermentioned inventions have been filed, under the provisions of Act V of 1888, in the Office of the Secretary eppointed under the Inventions and Designs Act, 1888. No. 819 of 1892.—Angustine Cooke, Tea Planter, of Ranchi, Chota Nagpore, for improvements in ap- liance for the treatment of and pressing green tes leaf prior to the process known as firing. (Filed 4th September 1893.)—JZndian Engineer. ee SALE OF TEA IN AMERICA. The first paragraph of the following London commupication to our evening contemporary is reassuring, after the fears expreseed that Mr. Grin- linton’s use of ‘fine teas’' might do harm. There is much truth in the following view of the case :— Your Commissioner knows well what he is about. Get the thin erd of the wedge in, interest people in your article, get them to talk about it, praise it, eulogise it asthe most delicious tea grown by giving them the very best and the notcriety which leads to enquiry will be secured, and the retailers will soon push on to people your cheaper tess in their endeayour to secure a larger profit. When I com- menced at the Health Fxhibition in 1884 to introduce your teas to the British public, do you think my Ceylon tea-house would have kecome the rage it was if I hed sold a commcn Oeylov. I chose the finest Rcokwood teas I could procure, and for the first Week I served everybody with cream. This set pecple talking sand success was secured. Before a week was over all the officials were coming for their aiternoon tea and their after-dinner, and they never forsook the house. When trying an article they sre unaccustomed to, the Yankees must taste the best we have. [ Noy. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 349 I have heard thata rent of £2,500 a year is being contemplated in connexion with the continuance, after the Exhibition is closed, of the sale of Ceylon tea. I should be corry to beconnected with any Oompany saddled with such an enormousexpenditure. In there days the profit upon tea is ‘“‘cut” very considerably, and it would take a very handsome sale of tea to secure therent alone. Whatever is done, take the place only for one year. I should venture to prediot that the second year would see the lessees less anxious to renew that tenancy than when they entered into possession. Whereis Herry S. King & Co.’s shop in Gracechurch Street, today, which was started on a precieely similar connexion, and for a precisely similar reason, except that they had the advantage of selling Indian as well as Oeylon tea? The idea of shops at Ohicago, New York Montreal, and other places that Mr. Grinlinton mentions as the way to continue the sale of your tea rends very well on paper. But when you getit into actual prac- tice who is going to manage these shops. Emp!oyés are all very well when they are looked after. But they want looking after daily. So do the expenses, So does the casb. You cannot compete against shop- keepers unless you have the same advantages. I should like to know what Yankee grocer would like to have the enormous distances, ag contemplated by your Oommicsioner, betwen bis branches. It is this sketched idea of Mr. Grivlinton that convinces me that, how- ever good he mty beat doirg the talkee-talkee per- fectly necessary at euch an Exhibition, and hewever good an organiser he may be (with £30,000 to spend), he knows nothing whatever about the conditions neces- cary to euccessiully run a shop, and that te will lose his money and that of snbscribers to such a scheme if be cerries it out. So wil the Ceylon Tea Company Limited. That Company will soon find a branch at Chicago is a veritable “while elephent,” and the shareholders will rue the dey when they decided, if they do decide, to launch out eo far away frcm their base. ——————— TEA PLANTING IN INDIA AND CEYLON. AN ASSAM PLANTING VISITOR. We have had a very experienced Assam planter in our midst in Mr. John Stewart whose experience of tea in India goes back thirty years and to tke days when averages were 48 to 58 the lb.—an ex- perience, alas! not likely to return. Mr. Stewart bas had a wide and yaried experience during some 27 years of almost continued work as manager and managing proprietor of large concerns in several divisions of Assam. He has been at home for the past four years and isnow on his way out (with Mrs. Stewart) to inspect properties in which he is interested, and he has taken Ceylon, where he has relatives and friends among the planters, on the way. Mr. Stewart has spent some days in Dikoys, Bogawantalawa, Dimbula and on to Haputale where he bas been with Mr. Morison of Dambetenne, whoce large clearings of young tea at 6,000 feet altitude and over were of special interest to him. He was also pleased with the tea on Norwood end parts of Bogawantalawa: the best cover of tea he has seen was Mr. Hill’s Harrington. Several things astonished Mr, Stewart - after his Assam experience: among the rest to fee tea growing amcng stcnes and rocks. to note the close planting even on old coffee lend—(ithe poorer the Iand he would say, the wider apart !)— the style of transplanting from nursery to ficld without any large ball of earth round cach plant such as they sre careful to have in Assam not- withstanding their rioh soil, {he cheapness of the labour (though he takes a serious view of the ‘advances ” liabilities) and finally the long time given to rolling the tee—1} to 2 hours against lets than an hour in Ascam. ‘The large area of young tea—scome thousands of acres—he passed through bas strongly impreseed Mr. Stewart and he wonders what is to beccme of the increated production both here and in India where planting is also extending every year. Mr. Stewart would be a strong advocate for India raising a Tea Fund—by a Customs cess after the fashion of Ceylon if possible—and the two bodies of planters (India sud Ceylon) working shoulder to shoulder to drive out China tea from Russia as well as America and Australia, while exploiting fresh fields for consumption elsewhere,—Of all the enemies of tea, Mr. Stewart thinks ‘‘ mosquito blight” most troublescme, the insects, very similar to morquitoes, multiply co rapidly end are too emall and numerous and too quick in their mischief to be dealt with effectively. In his experience, badly planted, weak poor j&t fields bave always been the first to enffer; and he thinks there is room for improved jat in Ceylon and for an improved style of plant- ing. As for the country and life in the hills of Ccylon—in climate, scenery, means of transport, &o. —Mr. Stewart was charmed, and thinks tea planters alove 4,000 feet here ought to be thankful for their lot, so long as tea continues to pay ! oe A CEYLON PLANTER IN BRAZIL, [We have received along communication from Mr, A.S. Blacklaw on the siege, which will appear in our next Monday morning’s issue. Meantime we give the following.—Ep. 7.4.] Rio, 23rd Sept. 1893. DEAR OBsERVER,—As I mentioned in my last com- munication, public curiosity was centred in Santos, which one may call the second city of the Republic as regards the yalue of Imports and Exports, being the port of export of the greater part of the coffee which leaves Brazil for Europe and the United States. The news is confirmed that the ‘‘ Republica” and one of the prizes taken in Rio harbour—these are two of the five which had forced the bar of Rio on the morning of Monday the 18th—had appeared at Santos. Their appearance there has created a panic, Telegraphic communication being stopped, the Santos newspapers (come by private means) give details, The most important to note is that the two vessels do not show any damage from the firing of the three forts as they passed out of Rio harbour. Shots were exchanged between the ‘“‘ Republica’— the armed yessel—and the fort at Santos, bnt no damage was done, unless knocking in some old walls and wounding some two soldiers out of the 140 defending it. It seemed—on the part of the two ships —to be a look-in to let the people of Santos know that they had passed the strongly fortified harbour of Rio withcut damage. A regular exodus commenced from Santos in two days. 2,700 passengers left by the English railway for the interior and others who could not get by rail fled to the outskirts of the town. This is foolish, for the insurgents do not show a disposition to attack innocent people, or places that are undefended in Rio. Yesterday afternoon one of the vessels, taking a position right under the nose of one cf the fortified places, tempted the land batteries to fire which was responded to. The result as usual was killing innocent people—a poor woman who was leaving the town from fear of the firing, aud ean advocate who was proceeding to his home on the outskirts. The ta l—it 1s suppored—had missed the castle hill battery, and landing far beyond it bappened to Jand in the part of the town where these pecple happened to be. The two papers, the Patz andthe Troupe, are, of course, very sentimental ovr the affa'r, and itis no dovbt lamentable that innccert people heve to soffer for therake of these insignificant political equabbles— for cue can call the whole ‘‘uegocio” nothing else. Place-hunting and military derpotiem are at the bottom of it all. Until they can get rid of the latter, these outbursts of revolutiona wiJl always happen. The people have thcmselyes to blame, for they will 350 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. pot use the voting power their Constitution gives them; and they are led by the nose by professional politicians who take to politics for the money they oan make by it. In Rio, yesterday up till night, even with all the firiog in the bay, loading and unloading of ships con- tinued, but Isunches and lighters had to be under a4 foreign fixg. : The quays are lined with Govardus National ; but even then, the steam launches of the Rebel ships succeed in occasionally taking some valuable prizes, right under their noses. Three fine Brazilian steamers were taken only yesterday froma wharf where they were unloading, during broad daylight. Parliament bas only two more days to sit, the President having given his veto sgainst the bill pre- venting him from being re-elected. The house which prevented it bas the right to over-ride his vetoby a vote of three-fourths. It has been proposed again ard requires to be yoted only—the discussion on it bemg closed—but there cannot be members enough found to attend to vote (it requires a house of 110 before a vote can be taken.) There fellows do not want to vote this measure, as this would prvbably cort them their seatsat next election, end, of course, all the emoluments and patronage which it gives ‘hem would go to others. The most of them have slready goue home, the steamer which takes this will bear nway from Rio all those for north of Bahia, so this President will heve it all his own way for a year longer that is to gay the elections can only take place in March 1895, and as from the time of their independence some seventy years ago the party who happens to be in power always wins the electionst, the state of Brezil may continue the same for some years. For Floriano Peixoto is determined at oll hazards to keep in powcr with the support the military give him. Ooffee planters have all along held aloof from politics being content to gather in the extra cash which their coffee gives them by the low exchange, - for the gold value of coffee has always kept up, while the cost of production has not increased. 27d is the gold value of the milreis avd the forced cirouJation of paper money has made them currency only on sn average of 12d, and when the banks be- gin to do business it will be about 10d or even lecs after this row. So the wealthy people in the interior will not offer opposition to the present Government in Rio- As might have been expected, when firing began yesterday afternoon the people made 6 stampede for the outside of the town; again every place where they could find shelter would be occn- pied—even the virgin forests in the hille round the town would be cccupied. It seems to me a storm in a teapot. I was on the top of a hill right behind where the foreign fleet are anchored yesterday, while the firing was going on; and it was ridiculous to see such child’s play, the fort firing at the ships at least tlree miles off and vice versa. I could notice no hits on either side. The ships did not fue in the direction . of the town. The stray ball which killed two people although said to be from the ships, could much more readily be from the Santo Croz Fort, passing wide ot.the, mark, Commercial interests suffer a great deal and people of nervous temperaments seem to get almost distracted during these stupid displeys. We receive European telegrams now, if written in plain Janguage without reference to Brazilian matters; but local telegrams are entirely blocked and all ehennels of information, either ingoing or outgoing are entirely under police censorsbip. AS. B. SS ee HOW TO TEST SEEDS. ‘The following interesting details on the subject of ‘testing seeds, copied from an exchange, are worthy of erusal by farmers, gardenera and setlers generally :— tis of the utmost importance to everyone to know how to buy seeds. Whenyou want new seed peas pvt one from the stockinto your mouth and bite it. If it is very hard it is more than one year old. If ‘the tecth enter it with moderate ease, it is newseed, New carrot seed always has a green shade onit. Old seed loses this, and is ofa dead pale brown, and less fragrant. New parsnip seed bas a shade of green, which it loses if more than one yesrold. Onion seed is more difficultto provetban most other seeds, but if you take a single seed at a time end carefully bite it yon will find that the old seed hase tough, dry skin, witha very white and harsh kernel, while new seed has a more tender moist skin, and the kernel postesses @ greater degree of moisture, and is some- what oily. The seed may be cut with a penkife instead of bitten. Onioneeed thathas no vitality at all has no kernel, or one perfectly dry. Test this by pressing the seedon a piece of white writing paper. If it leaves no moisture on the paperit is of no use, and hae been tampered with, and bas lost ite vitality by age. New cabbage and broccoli seed sess « pale green thsde in the kernel] when pres out or cut, and a tinge of green in the brown skin also. But old seed losestbisin proportion to ite age, becoming of a dull dark brown. Cabbage, brocooli, bales, ete., will retain their vitality longer than any other seed, and will grow when three years old, or even six years when wellkept. Beet secd bas» feint tinge of pale green if new, but is a dull brown if old, and its yitality is very doubtful if old. New celeryreed has a faint tinge of green, aud is very aromatic, but it loses the green and becomes less fragrant if more than one year old, and is .donbtfal. Lettuce seed is of a bright rilvery grey if new, and the kerne! hese green tinge with it, both of which it partially loses with age. Lettuce seed will grow very well two years old, but above that age it is doubtful. The black-sceded varieties can only be tested by the colour of the kernel, which ie the same as in the white-seeded, _- oe CACAO-GROWING 1N THE WEST INDIES AND CEYLON. (Communicated.) The Report on the failure of the cacaocrop in Dominica * (1892-3) made by Mr. Barber to Govern- ment cannot fail tobe of special interest to Ceylon cacao growers as the causes that led to the failure of cropsin the West Indies may at any time over- take the growth of the same product in our island. And to be forewarned is to be forearmed. Yet there is one dreaded physical agency in operation in the West Indies, of which, we in Ceylon should be thankful to say, we are entirely free; and that isthe prevalence of hurricanes, which do disastronsly affect the plantations in those islands. Passing over the consideration, therefore, of thieone external destructive agency, agaiast which the planter is practically powerless, it will be of profit to the Ceylon grower to lookupon the others as common causes that may lead at any time to failure either here or there, just in the same manner, under similar conditions. Foremost among the enemies and pests affecting the cacao tree in Dominica, Mr. Barber places the xoct disease. In describing thisit may be of im- portance to use his very words :—“A tree in apparently good soil and of considerable health ait’ Sizour suddenly dies off from the root. The neighbouring trees are seen shortly to be similarly affected and frequently the patch of infected trees attains considerable dimensions.’’ He describes it further on as affecting also Liberian coffee. Yet it is possible that his examination was .superficial. All the same he sold out. It is, however, quite clear now, from the light thrown on the in- vestigation by so eminent sn authority as Mr. Barber, that there is a pest or root disease which has disclosed itself among the West Incian planta- tions. It is noticed by the destruction of patches of trees in a plantation, and is readily traced to the mycelium of e fungus. ‘In all cases” he enys, “1 have succeeded in discovering & white fan-like net- * Report of the failure of the Dominica Cacao Crop (1892-93,) by C. A. Barber, M.a., F.L s.—Supple- ment to the Leeward Island Gazette, Nov. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 351 work of byphae between the bark and wood of the roots, (7.e. the cambium) and by this fan-like net- work the root-fungus may be known.” Whether this disease has nowhere manifested itself in Ceylon or if it has whether it has escaped our comparative superficial observation hitherto, remains to be seen. With the berries atill clinging to the withered branches, it gives to the tree the appear- ance of having undergone the process of petrification. Now this, it may be here noted, is not altogether unknown to Ceylon; as Mr. Vanderpoorten when he was here a couple of years ago complained to the writer more than once that patches of his cacao died out in a mysterious fashion. It was asked whether he menured the trees sufficiently, or whether he overdid it; if he forked up the soil; if there was slab rock at bottom in these patches; or too much moisture judging from the situation of the particular field. In short he was plied with one and all the questions that would suggest themselves to an old cacao plenter. His characteristic answer came in the shape of a query—‘' Do you think that a proprietor eujoying good profits and years of ex- perience, as I had, would have neglected anything even the most distant suggestion.” But one thing is certain that one is}{naturally in a hurry to invite the public to go and see his plantation “petrified” in patches; or so ready to run down cacao in the island as the one proprietor who insisted that cacao was doomed in Ceylon, be- cause he lost some trees in patches in spite of all hig experience and care inits cu'tivation and treatment. At the present moment there sre tea plantations in the lowcountry where,if you take the evidence of com- petent visiting agents, Helopeltis ia doing. considerable mischief, and is increasing rapidly; but you hear little discussiun about it in the papers. Yet some say the time may come, though we hope sincerely never, that a Government Commission or one irom the P, A. may be appointed to sit on the prolific bug and investigate watters; as it came about in the days of the decline and fall of coffee when Morris wect out on his campaign and the cotice planters resorted to this expensive treatment he sug- gested with sulphur, Butit was too late aud ‘ The sulphur blowers an a’an a’’ found the crop did not pay the hundred pipers an a’ ana ’to “blaw” the sulphur over the leaves of Valambrosa, and so they diverted their atveution to the discussion of the cooly wages bills that followed in the wake of the disaster. But now before we proceed further into the sub- ject of cacao let me throw out a suggestion to the afflicted tea planters from the visitation of Aclopeltis. Most inseots swarm into bungalows in the night attracted by the lights in the bungalow. If it be ascertained that the Helopeltis theovora is partial to light and is drawn by it, how would it do to clear up portions of the plantation at certain distances at the sacrifice of a few trees and to have regular bou- fires lighted in these places by night. It will be well to begia the experiment at once and so check the spresd of the pest, if it csn be done. There is the sacrifice but it must be faced, But to turn to the cacao root fungus and its life history as detailed in the Report :— “The fruotifaction is, I believe, & lateral out- growth of mushroom-like character which is usually seen on old trunks of dead trees a few feet from the grouod. But it is the insidious mycelium which creeps from tree to trse beneath the surface that we have to fear and one feels helpless against it.” a NES UDUGAMA TEA AND TIMBER COM. PANY, LIMITED, The first ordinary meeting of this Company was held at Messrs. Mackwood & Uo. Offices at 3 p.m. today (Noy. 10th), Present.—Meesre. J. N. Oampbell, W. H. Figg, A. P. Green, BE. Benham, T, B, Oampbell, R. D. Kershaw (representing T. $. Dobree), H. W. Unwin, (repre- senting Rey, W. EH, Rowlands) and Mr, A; F. Conic (Superiatendent.) DIRECTORS, The Provisional Directors having enrounced their retirement. Mr. J. N. Campbell was elected to the cheir and Mr, A, P. Green moved and Mr, W. H, Unwn seconded. That the following be appointed Directors :—Messrs. J. N. Campbell, W. H. Figg, T. S. Dobree, H. Creasy and C. P. Hayley, This was carried unanimously, ALTERATIONS IN PROSPECTUS. The Chairman then stated that as the whole cepital had not been taken up it had been arranged that thevendors should take a larger proportion of the purchase money in fully paid up shares and on these terms the Directors propose that the Oompany should go on with the leeser capital subsoribed. The arrangements having been fully explained the resolu- tion that the Oompany should go on the new conditions was carried unanimously and all the shareholders present signed a memorandum accepting he alterations, After cne or two questions had been asked and answered, the meeting ciosed with avote of thanks to the chair. ete Ne Inpia TEA Campaian.—We call the attention of our teaplanters to an artic'e from the Indian Planters’ Gazette in our Tropical Agriculturist : it shows that at last they are fairly waking up in India to the necessity of tollowing the adveruusing and exploiting example of the Ceylon iea Industry a little more freely, We wish our Indian brethien ali success CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTHIBULION, 1893. fos) 218 2 ' Lae of B a2es" @O omr wa oo on oO oxnoem ° en oowt s ssceds Ona elow 1D IO ND Covi Oleet sic es = be oO —- OOo Sloe © x meee 21g | oo Ba $ Sibel = © Obs ato ala 23835n S$ Sgin Oc 1aP ona AN ss : wwe ;RO SCliSE |Sta win Pi smnge tas ESE on ig Sadr eo eit 25S = = TONS HMA MARA ree es Si 8 o sr woaan Aer DOAN onee B|2e |BS5 iSVSA i tSRR HZis) Fees © = 5 Zgims | = Ser on | 8 \ > som oo Snnw 2 8 SSeaRa Sh) ah eae Be CBr 4 a LH :sONSRH oO he sett 19 cl vy Eee Se be g1S5 |S iSAEGS see mee bee Seba F B= eS eal eorloges RT OD | s Ss . a e seseses , 28s 3 gone Eb bs Z -ARONESS *VCVO! 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Bees Ow Sane E S . sb i 5 a Bee at dade ed cdratle Leonie: gavrdulete\: « az m ESeretspisi ch somsmente: Cusies gs) vers ist shs iS faa] ~~ a Ey Se & a r 2s Eooo°o p M GASES a, =$ ss |2£Aaaa a) meseosh .oom Begeabes| ks o SSRs sl egsBassesSaaens= | AS — i= Lod C=] =9 < _ ABS EOS ABST ORS aS ta Ba SeONS caaksa ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTUAAL STUDENTS, In the last instalment of these notes reference was made to the various orders of Insecta, and especially those which were most harmful to agriculture. We do not purpose taking up in- dividual insects and referring to their physio- logical characteristics and habits of life in detail, for we shall then be encroaching upon the domains of the science of entomology. We would, how- ever (to show the importance of an acquaintance with this sub-kingdom of zoology), point out that allinsects may be roughly cassified as biting insects (Wandibulata) and sucking insects (/Zauslellata): to the former class belong the Coleoptera, Iyme- noptera, Orthoptera and Neuroptera; to the latter, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera and Diptera. The biting insects (the beetles for in- stance) are furnished with two pairs of jaws, the mandibles for biting, the maxille for chewing. In the sucking insect (such as the butterfly) the maxill are transformed into two long slender tubes so as to form a canal through which liquids can be sucked; this canal, which can be coiled up when notin use, is called the proboscis. irom what has been said, students will to some extent be able to classify insects as biting or su ‘king insects, as well as, in some measure, to place them in the different orders in which they have been grouped principally according to the Structure of their wings. But it is often not so easy to state the natural order to which a mature insect belongs. Beetles, moths and dipterous insects are sufficiently distinct; but as many insects (all those that pass through a complete metamorphosis) are specially destruc- tive to vegetation in the larval stage, it is of practical importance,—especially with a view to wlopt remedies—to be able to determine of what order a larva is a member. Dr. Fream gives the following asa guide to this process ot identifieatio1:—“A ~ legless fleshy grub, with a soft, fleshy, retractile head (a “maggot”) is usually one of» the diptera, An active six-legged. grub, with a horny head and strong jaws, is usually that of a beetle (coleoptera), The so-ealled caterpillars, long, soft (sometimes hairy), with prominent head and jaws, and, furnished with sixteen legs, belong to the lepidoptera. When several of the inter- mediate legs are absent, a “looper” caterpillar results. Active leaf-eating larvie, with from 18 to 22 feet, usually belong to the hymenoptera, and are termed “false Caterpillars.” It will be seen from the foregoihg notes that a knowledge of the zoology of insects is most im- portant, in that it helps us, in a great measure, to find the means of dealing with them when they appear as agricultural ‘pests. The biting insects which destroy vegetation by'gnawing, can be reached by some porson (e.7., arsenical com- pound) thrown on the leaf itself, so that when they consume the leaf, they also take in the poison and are killed. ~1n-the case of the sucking insects, something (¢@y., kerosine) must be forcibly thrown ov them, which in itself is fatiul by contact. It should also be borne in mind that insects breathe by mews of air-tubes (traches) which open at the surface of the body, so that by clogging up these pores with powders or other materials, an insect may be suffocated, and many methods of destroying insect pests are based on this fact also. N.B.—In the August number, in enumerating the characteristics of the individuals belonging to Insecta, they were said to “breathe by means of trachea,’ (wind-pipe). This last word should have been trachee (air-tubes). HP _———— THE DAIRY. Never allow your cows to be hurried to and from the pasture, and never allow a dog to worry them. In fact a dog is a useless thing around cows. He invariably barks or in other ways annoys them. Cows should be kept as quiet as possible, that the milk may be normally secreted. It is a disappointing time when one sees the calf that has been growing thriftily while fed by its mother, begin to look rough in the hair and thin in flesh, as it comes to the changed con- dition of feed when once it has been weaned It is just here that much of the trouble comes in attempting to raise calves. It is the suddenly changed condition of food that damages the small animal's digestive organs, and for a while appears to stop its growth entirely. The remedy is the making of the change from the mother’s milk to the new food as little of a change as pos- sible at first, and to make this change very gra- dually. The great point is to make the change so gradually as not to disturb the digestive functions, and no small part of the care required to do this is haying the prepared food ulways of the warmth of new milk. Afterit has grown strong and lusty on its new diet, the calf may have some grass or hay, but .not too much, as by overtaxiug both the capacity and digestive 356 ; Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” (Noy. 1, 1893, powers of the stomach, it will tend to become “pot-bellied” and unthrifty. If scour occurs, even when all care is taken, a drink of milk freshly drawn from the cow will prove a cor- trective, while constipation may be corrected by the addition of laxative food, such as boiled bram. If such a system is followed, and the little animal is kept warm and givena dry pen, the change from their dams to the pail can be made with little difficulty. Stock of all kinds are not unlike mankind in some respects, and seek shade whenever pos- sible during extreme heat. ‘lo gratify this desire, shade should be provided wherever practicable by means of trees; otherwise, and while trees are growing, it would be only humane to provide a temporary shelter of some _ kind, such as setting up a few posts and covering with poles upon which are thrown branches of evergreens or even limbs of trees in full leaf. This will afford a useful shelter. An American paper recommends that a handful, or more, of salt thrown into the churn when the cream begins to granulate, assists in the separation of the butter, while the butter milk will draw off much more freely. We have tried this, and found it true. A case of great interest and importance as bear- ing upon the adding of water to milk came before the London Police Courts. A respectable farmer was charged with sending milk to the metropolis, which in one instance was alleged to contain six and in another seven per cent of added water. It turned out, however, on Mr. Lloyd, the well- known analytical chemist, examining samples of the mixed milk of 17 cows belonging to the defendant who had the animals milked in the presence of the chemist, that they contained eight per cent more wxter than what is regarded as the normal standard. The explanation offered is that the water over the usual proportion was due to the exceptionally poor qualily of the milk; in other words, to the very small precentage of solids, and that was to be attributed to the miserable quality of the herbage caused by the character of the season. The Scottish Farmer writes as follows on the above case:—It shows that in exceptional cir- cumstances milk may contain a large percentage of water without any being added from “the cow with the iron tail”—in other words, without any water being literally mixed with it. It is of the utmost importance that the public should be protected against paying for water when they should have milk. It is so from an ordinary commercial point of view, and it is so also from the further consideration that the people should get nourishing food when they believe they are purchasing it. But it may be asked, Isa man to be liable to be punished for adding water to milk when in reality he vends it in its strictly natural condition? Of course there is a way of feeding cows with sloppy food for the express purpose of making them produce a large quantity of poor, thin milk which, when sold by bulk or per gallon, will yield a large return. While that should be provided against, it may be hard on a farmer, such as in this case, whose milk is watery although his cows are feeding on the natural pastures in the fields. Mr. Francis Watt of the Government Laborat ory Antigua, has wisely exposed the defects in the use of the lactometer:—The lactometer merely indicates the density of a fluid and gives no in- dication of its character; and if plunged into any solution haying a density of about 1-030 will indicate it as “ pure milk,” hence any addition to the adulterated milk which will raise its density to the required point will render the lactometer inefiicient to detect the addition of water. Another and more serious defect arises in the following way: —The cream or fat of milk has a lower density or is lighter than water, (the reason why it floats on the surface) hence if the cream be removed the remaining skim milk will have a higher density than normal milk, and the density in this way may be brought up to 1:036 or 1037 (that is 36 or 37 on the lactometer). If now water is added in proper quantity, the density may be reduced to 1-030. Here then we have the lactometer indicating as “ pure milk,” milk doubtly sophisticated, _ firstly by abstraction of cream, and then by addition of water. The lactometers commonly made are adjusted at a temperature of 60° F., being intended for use in temperate climates. Should it be necessary to use a lactometer gradula ed at 60°, at a temperature of 82° or 84° F., then 3° should be added to the reading. Thus a sample of milk tested with a lactometer gradulated at 60° and showiug a density cf 27, should have :3 added, thus bringing the true density up to 30. The lactometer may be tested by floating it in pure rain water when it should float to the O mark, since the specific gravity of water is 1-000 ; if it is gradulated at 60° and is fioated in water at say 84° F., it will sink about 3 degrees below the O mark, and in this way the amoun to be added to the readings to correct them for temperature may be found. It is very desirable that every instrument should be so tested before use in order that any error may be detected and allowed for in the manner described. The lactometer is a usefnl instrument to the dairyman who superintends the milking of his cows, and enables him to ascertain the quality of milk of different animals so far as the percentage of water in milk is concerned ; but it is of little or no value to the purchasers of milk. The evil in the use of the lactometer, however, is that few know its exact character and capabi- lities or how to use it correctly. Most people make no allowance for the temperature of the milk when tested, not knowing that the specific gravity of a fluid varies with its temperature. Fortunately for the dairy industry, as well as for buyers of milk, there is now more than one means of rapidly and conveniently testing milk. Dr. Voeleker, the well-known chemist of the Royal Agriculturai Society of England, regards the popular idea that Morning’s milk is of a better quality than that drawn in the evening as a fallacy. As far as his experience goes, he says, the result \ Noy. 1, 1893.] Supplement to the depends on the quality and quantity of the food which is given to the cows four or five hours before milking. “If the supply of food given inthe day time be good and plentiful, and that furnished in the evening be unnutritions and scanty, the evening's milk is of the better quality. On the other hand, when the cows get a good supply of rich food in the evening, and are stinted or fed upon very watery food during the daytime, the evening milk is the poorer.” —___—___—_— MAN AND BEAST. Tuberculosis is another disease of cattle which is communicable to man. It isa matter of great difficulty to diagnose a case of tuberculosis in its early stages, though the characteristic manifes- tations in the later stages of the affection can never be mistaken, On postmortem examination tubercular growths varying from the size of a pin’s head to a pigeon’s egg are invariably tound in various parts of the body, and commonly in the lungs. These nodules contain the germs of the disease, and the meat, but especially the milk, of affected animals are capable of com- municating the disease to those who consume it as food, developing in the human race the common-enough-disease known as consumption. Actinomycosis is a new disease only in the sense that it was formerly confounded with other perfectly distinct affections, chiefly cancer and tuberculosis. The disease isnow admitted to be caused by a vegetable parasite called from its mode oi growth the actinomyces or ray fungus, and by the presence of this fungus in the diseased parts we can easily distinguish between this affection and tuberculosis. Rinderpest is the most common disease among cattle in India and Ceylon. It is the so-called murrain or cattle-plague of Ceylon ( Vasangata). The suddenness of attack, the prevalence of the disease in epizootic form, the inflammation of the digestive canal followed up by constipation or diarrhoea are all well-known symptoms, while the postmortem appearances especially in the tissues of the mouth and stomach are well marked, By introduction of the septic matter of this disease into man, serious affections of the stomach, and even typhoid fever are apt to supervene. Pleuropneumoniais not of so common occurrence in India and Ceylon as in other countries. In the case of this disease, too, mistakes are apt to occur in diagnosing during the early stages, when an af- fected animal is otten liable to appear in more than ordinary thriving condition, betore the well- marked symptoms ot geueral debility, fever and cough are developed. ‘The appearance of the lungs which become more or less solidified, and the flabby glazed meat, on postmortem examina- tion, are unmistakable sigus of the disease. In addition to the wbove-meutioued aifectious skin diseases, such as ringworm, are also liable to be contracted by man; while we should eveu guard against cousumiug the mewt ot animals suffering from rheumatic affections, the meat or milk of cows attacked by partucieut diseases, or of animals dying suddenly from suffocution or poison. W. A. DB S. “ Tropical Agriculturist.” TUBERCULOSIS. IN CATTLE. Tuberculosis is one of the few diseases which, it has been demonstrated time and _ again, cannot be accurately diagnosed in its early stages in the cow by a physical examination, even by the most expert men. Veterinary Surgeon Niles of the Experimental Station, Blacksburg, has contributed a paper on this subject, with the object of directing attention to the possibility of the detection of the disease in its early stages, so as to save the human family from a source of great danger. “ When we stop to consider,” says the writer, “that one out of every seven persons dies of tuberculosis, and that perhaps the greatest source ot infection is the flesh and milk of tuberculous cattle, the importance of an early diagnosis im- presses itself upon us. It is alsostated by various authorities that a majority of the deaths of infants in the cities are caused by tuberculosis as a result of being fed on tuberculous milk. There is probably no disease of the lower animals and human being so treacherous as tuberculosis. lt may infect the individual or animal for an indefinite Jength of time without causing sus- picion. Yet, at the same time, such individuals or animals are a constant source of danger to others.” The practically important part of the paper, however, is to tollow, namely a description of the method of detecting the disease in its earliest stages; we quote the writer's own words :— “In 1890, Dr. Koch announced the fact of his discovery of a substance with which he believed he would be able to successfully treat the disease. This substance is known as Koch's lymph, or tuberculin, and consists of the taxy- albumins produced by the growth of the germ in artificial culture-media. It has a specific action on tubercular processes, and, when properly administered, causes a hyperemia, or congestion, around the tubercle, and elevation of the body temperature. This action is not observed when the substance is injected into heaithy animals, or those suffer- ing from other diseases than tuberculosis. As a cure for the disease, the substance is at present a failure, but as an aid to the diagnosis or detection of tuberculosis, in all its forms and stages, it is invaluable. No matter what organ or organs of the animal economy are affected, or how © slight the lesions, aw re-action is sure to follow the injection of tuberculin if the animal has tuberculosis. Since 1891, numerous investigators have ex- perimented with tuberculin on the lower animals very extensively, and reports are unanimous as to its value as a diagnostic ageut. When animals do not re-act after the injection of tuberculin, it can be said, with almost absolute certainty, that they are free from tuberculosis, since not a single case has been uuquestiouably established in wauich animals affecced with tuber- culosis did not re-act. On the other aand, if a re-action takes place, it may be said, with almost absolute certainty, thatthe anuual has tuberculosis. The method of using tuberculin is as follows :—A lO per cent, solution is mude in a | per cent. solution of carbolic acid. Of this dilution, 2° ce. am 358 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” [Nov. 1, 1898. a to 5cc., according to size of animal, are injected beneath the disinfected skin of the scapular region by means of a hypodermic syringe. Animals to be injected should be tied in the barn two or three hours beforehand, and the in- jection made at about 6 p.m, at which time the temperature should be normal. The temperature of the animal is taken at the time of injection, and at intervals of three hours, for fifteen hours. The amount of re-action varies from two to six degrees, and lasts from twelve to twenty-four hours, and in some cases longer. The entire herd of cattle, on the Experiment Station Farm, has been subjected to the test of tuberculin with the result of discovering that one animal gave the characteristic re-action. This animal was apparently healthy, aud showed no physical symptoms of the disease. Upon a postmortem examination, however, the lungs, liver, and in- testines contained a number of tubercles, from the size of a pea fo that of a walnat. The amount of tuberculin used varied from ‘25 of a grain to ‘5 of a grain, according to size and age of animal.” Since writing the above, the writer made, by request, another test on 38 head of cattle. Only one out ot the thirty-eight tested gave the characteristic reaction. But for the use of tuber- culin, the disease could not have been positively diagnosed. A postmortem examination confirmed the presence of the disease in that animal. Mr. Niles anticipates if the Koch test be regularly applied, and all diseased animals be destroyed, that “the continuous spread of ‘tuberculosis or consumption would be checked, and it would be a comparatively short time before the disease would be almost unknown in the bovine species, while the number of cases would also be decreased in the human family at least 50 per cent in a short time.” He further urges the necessity for legislation to compel all parties keeping cattle, especially for supplying milk and meat, to furnish a certificate to the effect that the animals have been tested and found free from the disease. SS THE MURUNGA TREE. In the latest Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of India the cultivation of murunga (Moringa Pterygosperma) and the expressing of oil from the seed, are advised as a desirable and remunerative occupation. to the myrunga, says :—‘‘ The seeds yield a Clear, limpid, almost colourless oil (according to Cloez 86 per cent), rather thick at ordinary temperatures and easily extracted by simple pressure ... . It is composed of oleine, margarine and stearine . and is highly esteemed by perfumers, owing to its great power of absorbing and retain- ing the most fugitive odours.” In the West Indies murunga oil is used asa salad oil. The Director of the Jamaica Botanical Gardens men- tioned some time ago in a report that great interest was being shown in the extraction of the | oil from the seed of the horse-radish tree, as the murunga is sometimes called. The oil has a specific gravity of ‘912 to ‘915 at 60° F., is fluid ‘at 77° F., thick at 79° and solid at lower temper- _ It has neither colour nor sinell, saponifies It is from atures. 3 slowly, and does not turn rancid, Dr. Watt, referring | this tree as well as the closely-allied Moringa aptera that the lubricant so much valued by watchmakers is obtained. The oil isalso known as oil of Ben. The following appears in the Chemist and Druggist of the 20th May Yast — “OIL oF BEN.—Those whio think that thisis the original macassar oil may be interested to know that the Kew authorities are endeavouring to encourage the propagation of the plant that yields it—Moringa Pterygoxperma.” The ~murunga grows almost wild in native’gardens in Ceylon, and one often sees the trees forming live fences. The fruite—sometimes called “ drumsticks”’—are a favourite vegetable, the natives looking up on them as particularly wholesome articles of food. Parts of the tree are used in native medicine in Ceylon. For instance: ‘The bark of the tree and of the root is acrid and pungent ; internally it is used for promoting the appetite and to help digestion, and externally as a rubefacient in case of collapse ; the leaves for wounds from dog bites.” We have often heard of the root bark being taken internally as acarminative, and the boiled leaves are used for fomenting, in all cases where fomentations are advised, The tree can hardly be said to be eulti- vated here, but where it is at all cared for, it is for the sake of the fruits which are commonly found inthe market; the leaves also being eaten after cooking. If, however, the tree is to be cultivated for its seed, the fruits will have to be allowed to mature on the tree, and this would unfit them for eating purposes, as they become very hard and fibrous when mature, and are always collected when tender for eating. The oil, it is said, can be expressed in the ordinary natiye mill, the only difficulty being the clearing process. This, however, we are told, would soon be overcome, once a supply of the erude oil is obtained in large quantities, and it is expected that a demand for even the crude oil will spring up. The murunga, it may not be generally known, produces a beautiful gum, resembling tragacanth. In Jamaica the wood is used for dyeing a blue colour, > —— GENERAL ITEMS. In an account of the bread-fruit tree as found in the South Sea Islands, the writer says that the fibre of the inner bark makes good cloth but coarser than the “tapa” made from the paper mulberry tree. The wood is soft and light, of a rich yellow turning to mahogany by use, and suitable for dug-out canoes. Then the milky juice obtained by puncturing the stem is used as gum and for bird-lime, a preparation being also used for tatooing. The Polynesians, when they do not care for the baked fruit, make silo pits into which they fill about a couple of tons of the fruit so as to change them from sweet to sour, in which state it will keep for months, These Islanders bake their fruits after a curious fashion. The fruit is cut up, the core removed, and, hot stones haying been placed in a hollow in the earth and covered with leaves, the fruit is laid on the top and again covered with leaves and hot stones, on which more bread-fruit is laid, and so on; a layer of earth about six inches deep covering the whole, The baking lasts Nov. 1, 1893.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” about thirty minutes, and the result isa brown piece of natural bread, white or perhaps yellow inside, and very nutritious. The important influence which the physical or mechanical properties of the soil exert upon its fertility are pretty generally though vaguely recognised by practical farmers. These properties were among the first to be investigated, and such investigators as Sir Humphrey Davy and others did much to throw light on this department of agronomy, as the French call the science of the soil. The physical properties of a soil may affect plant growth in several different ways. For one thing, a soil may be so compact or tenacious as to prevent the plant roots from freely developing. Most important, too, is the influence of the physical condition of the soil on those biological processes whereby plant food is prepared for the plants’ needs. The process of nitrification, for example, is entirely controlled in its develop- ment by the mechanical properties of a soil. No matter what the composition of the soil is, unless its physical condition is favourable, it is incapable of producing large crops. These pre- perties, which were early reqognised as haying an important bearing on soil fertility, have been of recent years too much neglected by agricultural scientists, Says an Australian paper:—The reckless and wanton wood-cutting operations which have been going on in Australia without intermission for upwards of forty years, are unparalleled in any other part of the world, The proportion of trees felled, but left unsed, to those made use of has been astounding. ‘This death-like disregard of Nature’s teachings through her forests has so disarranged the seasons in the north and north- west districts of Victoria as to render profitable farming almost a matter of impossibility. The wonderful climatic changes that have come over the Wimmera and other districts are painfully apparent to farmers and all observant residents. The heat of the summer has become more intense, and the cold of the winter more severe, and there is a greater liability to drought. The late Mr. Clement Hodgkinson, Assistant Commissioner of Crown Lands in Victoria, wrote on this subject :—“ The destruction of forests on any tract of land lessens the rainfall thereon, arrests the springs at the sources of the water-courses, besides rendering the flow of water thereon irregular and intermittent. On the other hand, the renewal of extensive planting operations of the forest on such tract again increases the rain- fall thereon, causes: the springs to re-appear, and the discharge of the watercourses to be again satisfactory, as incontestibly proved by the multitude of well-authenticated cases recorded by French, German and Italian scientists, in which cases the reduction and irregularity of the flow of water and the disappearance of springs on tracts of lands on which forests have been sud- denly felled, have been completely overcome, and the water supply restored to its pristine state, by planting such tracts with trees,” 359 An Australian nurserymian referring to the three common pests on fruits and flowers, viz., scale, aphis, and mildew, gives some practical hints from his own experience, In the case of the coccus or scale insect and the aphis or plant louse, he recommends kerosine emulsion as the most simple, effective and the easiest appliéd. The following is the recipe: Boil soft soap in just sufficient water to dissolve it (1 1b. soap to 12 pint water), then add one pint of kerosine. When thoroughly mixed one quart will be suflicient: for three gallons of water, and the mixture should be applied witha fine nozzled syringe. In the case of the plant louse one good dressing~ is generally effectual, but when applied to the scale the greatest care should be exercised, so chat every part of the tree gets thoroughly saturated, more especially underneath the leaves, for if this is neglected all the insects so secured’ will’ remain untouched and form a new stock for further destruction. The oidium or. mildew, different from the two preceding pests, is due to a fungus, and in its early stages consists of a white coating over all parts of the infested plant. ‘the super- ficial position of the fungus renders direct treat- ment comparatively easy, and a _ thorough application to the diseased part of flowers of sulphur or sulplide of potassium in weak solution (whieh is also recommended for green fly and red spider) will be found sufficient to put an end to the fungus without injuring the plants. But it has also been found that the same remedy as lias been recommended for scale and plant louse with the addition of a little fiowers of sulphur, applied during tbe period of rest, has been found a good preventative: loose bark and the soil immediately round the plant should at the same time be removed and burnt, und every part of the plant thoroughly washed. It -this treatment is adopted once a year, as a rule, it will destroy all traces of mildew. The following is recommended in cases of roup among fowls. Preventive treatment : keep poultry houses scrupulously clean, sprinkling unslaked lime over the floor and thoroughly Jimewashing walls, perches and boxes. On the appearance of the first symptoms remove the affected bird, give a small quantity of epsom salts; next morning follow with a piece of camphor about the size of a French bean, and give only soft food. Where the breathing is very heavy, syringe through the roof of the nose with a weak solution of Condy’s fluid, A writer to an Australian paper is advocating the establishment of ‘“ Advisory Boards” of agriculture consisting of agricultural authorities and scientific experts in various districts. Here in Ceylon, with no proper agricultural depart- ment, we have not yet succeeded in establishing even a Central Agricultural Board for the Colony. If there is any subject which nearly every man thinks he knows something about, it is Agriculture; and it is often folly for those who really know something about the subject to be wise. *“‘ Evenden’s butter extractor” is the name of a new patent churn, The following, in the words of the advertisers, are “a few of its many sut- 360 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist,” (Nov. 1, 1893. passing qualities.” It will produce butter in less than five minutes, and it will do so whether the temperature is 32° or 81°, whether the atmo- sphere is clear or muggy. It removes the butter- milk automatically, and the butter can be washed fora week without injuring the grain. The butter can never be overworked, lt will be admitted that if all these claims can be justified, the Evenden butter worker is bound to supersede every other churn, at any rate in the tropics. The Scottish Farmer refers to a glowing account, in Le Petit Journal, of the new forage plant, Polygonum Sachalinense, which comes from a Russian Island between Siberia and Japan, “ The planting,” we are told, “is, so to speak, for perpetuity. All that remains to be done is to restrain its encroachments.” Among exotic fruits recently introduced into India, one of the most promising seems to be the American dewberry, which is bearing profusely in the Shaharanpur Botanic Gardens. . The Japanese finger orange tree produces fruits made up of a number of long segments joined together at the lower end, but separating towards the apex into a number of finger-like bodies. The fruit taken on the whole is suid to be so unlike an ordinary orange, that it can- scarcely be recognised as the fruit of a member of that family. Professor Wally, in a paper read before the British Institute of Public Health, advocated radical forms in the method of inspecting dead meat. In regard to the first source of supply— that of meat specially fed for the butcher. and | finding its way to the consumer through the ordinary recognised channels—there was not much to be said, but the case was different with meat that had not been specially prepared—meat thrown on the market suddenly from a variety ot causes, and reaching the consumer in unrecog- nised and sometimes illegitimate ways. It is not difficult to follow the former, but with the latter it is otherwise. His point was that all animals should be inspected before sliughter, but in order to do this there must be, as in Berlin, one receiving house for all cattle to be slaughtered— one common slaughter-house—and an effective system of both live and dead meat examination by qualified professional men having some trained acquaintance with diagnosis of disease. The head and the chief internal organs—the heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver—should be hung up beside each carcase until the dead meat inspection was completed, and provided the animals slaughtered could be marked when examined alive, important statistics would thus be collected regarding diseases in cattle and means provided for comparing the results of live and dead meat inspection. Should such reforms be carried out, it is obvious that there would be a great accession to departments of life open to veterinary surgeons, and it is well, in view of | the probablity of an extension of their functions and responsibilities, that veterinary students henceforth require to be as well equipped before entering on their studies as members of the medical profession. Professor Sachs, of Wurzburg, asserted, and the Royal Institute for fruit and vine culture at Giesedheim has tried experiments and is ap- parently satisfied, that sulphate of iron is a valuable stimulant to plants that are suffering from chlorosis, or absence of the proper green colour. They gave small trees 2 1-5th lb. of copperas, and large trees 4 and 2-5th lb. The results, it is said, were most gratifying. Strange to say in some cases where the trees were suffering from the attack of aphides as well as deficiency of colour in the leaves, the aphides disappeared, and frequently the leaves became healthy within a few days after the treatment. The sulphate of iron was dissolved in water, and applied near the roots. Early spring is the best time to try the experiment. Some soils do not require the addition of sulphate of iron. CHRISTOPHER ELLIOT, M.D. Tropical A gricullurist Portrait’ Gallery. No. IV. od MONTHLY. be Vol. XIII.] COLOMBO, DECEMBER (ist, CHRISTOPHER ELLIOTT, “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” M.D., WHO DIED AS “ PRINCIPAL CIVIL MEDICAL OFFICER” OF CEYLON ; RESIDENT IN THE ISLAND 1834-1859; PHYSICIAN, PHILANTHROPIST, PIONEER PLANTER, AND AN ALL-ROUND PUBLIC MAN, | HRISTOPHER ELLIOTT was born at Clonmore, County Kilkenny in Ireland, on the 7th July 1810, and was the youngest of a family of six brothers, all of whom took to professions, Christopher ‘in Dublin. He arrived medicine studying in Colombo on the 30th July 1834 by the ship ‘‘ Henry Wellesley.” Dr. Elliott came out in the Government service as one of three “Colonial Assistant Surgeons,” another being Dr. Kelly, father of the present Planting Member in the Legislative Council, who arrived in the “Louisa Campbell” on 31st July 1834. The third was Dr. Grant. The medical arrangements of the island were at the time and for many years after under the control of the Military doctors, and this was an experiment to supple- ment the staff.* Dr. Elliott was first stationed at Badulla, having as his neighbour at Aliput the late Sir C. P. Layard, at that time (1834) returned from England and just married. Dr. Elliott proceeded to his station by riding via Pussellawa and Nuwara Eliya, and in after years he used to recall the dense jungle covering the former district, which was afterwards well named ‘‘ Black Forest,” when opened as a coffee planta- tion. He did not long remain in Government service ; severing his connection in 1835, and * The three gentlemen named were appointed Assistants in the ‘“ Vaccine Department,’ and so appearin the ‘Government Almanacs” of 1835 and 1836, coming to Colombo to practise his profession, he early became connected as a contributor with the Observer, then a small weekly broadsheet. This he soon after purchased for £120 from the Syndicate of Merchants who had established it in opposition to another print, the Colombo Chronicle, largely conducted by Government servants, and to which the then Governor, Sir Robert Wilmot Horton, wasa regular contributor. * Dr. Elliott was married on ]8th January 1836 to Miss Jessie Selina Clark, sister of Mr. W. Clark, a well-known Scotch Colombo merchant, and who had come. to the Colony very much about the * The period of Sir Robert Horton’s rule was the era of newspapers. The Governor was fond of writing, and he had as Private Secretary his son- in-law Mr. ‘Tuffnell, afternards a Lord of the Admiralty, who, it is ui derstood, wrote a good deal. Then there were Mr. George Lee, Mr. E. R. Power and others, while Turnour, Forbes, Fagan, Xc., contributed notices of antiquiies. ‘he first paper ever printed in Ceylon was the Colombo Journal, of which two volumes were issued from the Government Press; but then the Home Authorities ordered the local Government to confine itself to publishing the Government Gazette, leaving newspapers to private enterprise. Accordingly the Ubserver was started by the merchants, the late Mr. E. J. Darley being for a time the Editor. Mr. George Winter also efited the paper. The title was subsequently changed to the Colombo Observer, and Dr. Elliott left the Colonial Medical Service to become Editor and Proprietor. The subsequent history of the Colombo Observer, now the Ceylon Observer, we need not write. Dr. Elliott and the merchants of that day going into strong opposition to the Government of Sr R. W. H:rton, ‘a committee of gentlemen” started the Chronicle of which Mr. George Lee was understood to be Editor, Sir Robert H:rton contributing largely to its columns. Soon after Mr. Stewart Mackenzie became Goyernor the Chronicle had ite name changed to the Herald 362 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {[Dec. 1, 1893. same time as her future husband. was the first merchant to introduce Manchester wools to Ceylon. From 1836 to 1859 Dr, Elliott's widely identified with the social and material progress of the Colony.. He achieved great popularity and esteem as a very capable physician and a bold as well as skilful surgeon. He was the first to ent down to the livercfor abscess on that organ, and he did so in spite of serious remonstrances from other day in Ceyion, at atime when the anesthetics and antiseptics, now so largely used, were unknownaids in surgery. Army Surgeon Cameron was one of the’ renidnstrants, but he’ confessed afterwards inthe Lancet~how he had watched and profited by the success of Dr. Elliott's operations. Dr. Elliott acquired immense in- fluence medically with the natives at a time when European medical aid was, as a rule, scorned by them. He, was trusted and beloved by the European and Native community of Colombo beyond any other European who ever lived in Ceylon, and it was tlirongh his influence that the Ceylon Government in 1858 created a Civil Medical Department, of which he was appropriately nanied the first Chief, although he swvived at the post for less than a year. career Was The compiler of the. present. notice arrived in Ceylon two yearsjafter his.death, but he found then, and for many years after, that Dr. Elliott’s name was famliar as a hoysehold word in Colombo The doctor was the kindest.and most sympathetic of friends and,physicians, and, yet withal very practical,.and shrewd., One. characteristic story was, connected with his choice of the ‘ Captain’s Garder ” peninsula. as the site of his chief hospital.;, Asked why he fixed on that spot, the Dr, replied : “© You see they are going to place the Railway terminal station close by; now they are sure to have accidents, on the Kadugannawa incline especially, and ‘as‘we can have a siding from the station. to the hospital, what so con- venient as ‘to be able to’ run the train with the we can erialy is get: i broken bones put be Pe and one of the softest: hearted men living rubbed his, hands. at the thought of the good he and his staff niight’do'\on the oceurrence of the in- evitable. accident! Eventually, Borella became the site of the Civil Hospital ; no ‘such ~ accident as’ ‘Dr. Elliott feared has ever occured, on our, ‘Colombo- Kandy line, since its” opening, very much owing to the’ steadiness of the; broad-gange. . and. the careful way in which 'traffid isworked-under the: block: system. To tell f he" ‘Bi ory,,of Dr. Elliott's work among thes pooitof ‘Colombo. asi Christian. philanthropist, aw well as: physi¢iay, ever ready to help without Mr. W. Clark medical men of the | but fortunately | fee or reward, would require a volume in itself. Few better men have ever lived in the island or have done better work for their adopted land- As Editor, Dr. Elliott was upright and out- spoken and a rapid, good writer. As an Irishman born, he ‘hadya ready )wit and was prompt to act, as the following /anecdote shews- In the very early days of the Oéservers on one oceasion’a contribution intended for thé Chronicle was left at the Observer office containing, it was believed, an article by the Governor. A notice appeared in that day’s issue of the Observer :—* A parce) said to be from King’s House and addressed to the Chronicle office, left by mistake at this office by a mounted orderly, can be had on application’! Following the strong opposition to Government in Sir RK. W. Horton’s term came a spell of more general accord with official action in. the time of that very high-minded statesman, the Right Hon. Stewart Mackenzie; but the days of Sir Emerson Tennent and especially Lord Torrington found the Observer again in strong opposition to the Goyernment, and their rash, new-fangled notions of taxation and harassing legislation. The disturbance which took place in the interior—notably, in, the Matale and Kurunegala Districts—and which was mag- nified into a ‘* Rebellion,” although not a British soldier received a scratch, was very much oc- casioned by the fears of the people as to the new taxes. So high did the excitement reach in Colombo, and so enraged were the Governor and the Colonial Secretary with the Observer's writings, that it was reported on good authority, that warrants were agreed on at one time in \the Executive Council for the arresy of hoth Editors (Mr. A. M. Ferguson had joined Dy, Elliott as Co-Editor in 1846), and were it. not for the wiser counsels and sturdy resistance of both the Chief Justice (Sir Anthony, Oliphant) and the Queen’s Advocate (Mr. Selby), it was believed Lord Torrington would have been foolish enough to. have forstalled Mr. Eyre’s action in Janiaica by casting) his two political foes into jail.* His Lordship, however, paid off his score against the Doetor on one occasion when the latter headed a deputation of residents in the Pettah (then occupied by a large number of Dutch descendants) on the ‘‘ Verandali Question.” His. Excellency received the deputation very. coldly, with a bow, listened to theix written. and spoken statements, and then merely bowed, advanced a step and bowed,;and.so on, until he bowed them-out. of the room without uttering.a word! The fiery'as well as watm-hearted Irish leader), was’ furious * Dr. Elliott too was warnei by friends not to visit. Kandy after “Martial’law” was proclaimed (very unnecessarily) there. ‘Dec. 1,'1893.| it HE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 363 ~ —he rushed over Baillie Street where friends’ were waiting to learn’ the result, and the first thing he got was a bucket of water in the hackyart to dip his head and face in, to cool his passion! He then came in to his friends exclaiming :—‘* Were it not for my religious principles I could haye —— him’! An illustration of the natives ocenrred soon after, and shewed how he stood in their opinion quite as high as the ‘one-armed Rajah” (Mr. Anstruther), of whom it was’ said that had he beemim Kandy or Matale “during the So-called) Rebellion, he would only have had to shout, ‘* ‘To your tents, oh! Israel” to “et every Kandyan to go home. at once. The news of a series of new taxes led to publie meetings of protest’ in Kandy on’ 8th July, 1848, and the news of these taxes alarming the natives of the Colombo, Hanwella and Panadure districts, they assembled in many thousands one day at Cotta ‘to march into Colombo and lay their grievances before the supreme Raj, according to usual oriental practice. The Government got intimation, and chose to regard this movement as a beginning of “ Rebellion” in the loweountry : the» Fort guns were ordered to be loaded, double sentries posted at the gates, and the mass of natives were to be fired on if they dared to try and ‘pass:into the: Fort !, Indeed the military were ordered to march towards -Borella, and they: got as far> as Slave Island, ready to stop the Natives’ advance. (This was on 26th July 1848).°Dr. Elliott: got news of all this only after the crowd of people had started from Cotta in the full belief that their great number would induce the Government to abolish the new taxes. He drove off to meet them—did so at the “Mango Tree,” Darley Road, close to where the Baptist Church now stands. He called a halt, ‘only just in time to prevent a collision, got a table from an adjacent house, mounted it and addressed the people by interpretation, explaining to them the risk they ran of giving offence and getting. into trouble,—he explained the English custom of ‘ petitioning” against grievances, and having» brought. paper, pen and ink with hin, he caused a short Petition to. be drafted. in Sinhalese on the spot, read it to the crowd, got thein zeady approval, and then,called for signatures, selecting three or four representatives .to present it. All this was done, and the people at the worthy doctor’s request, at once returned home, quite satisfied. | ‘Had they: gone by thousands to Slave (sland and tried to force their way on, they would probably have been shot down! to his great influence over Dr. Elliott was next actively engaged as an un- official representative for the Natives and Bur- ghers in their. grievances against the ‘Torrington | a large plantation Government. He suceeede lin getting a Parlia- mentary Inghiry-by Commitreeinto Ceylon affairs, both: Messrs.oG@ladstonetoand’ Disraeli voting: in theimajority against: Lord John! Russell's Govern- ment, and’ afterwards ‘sitting’ together onthe Committee, AC Coniimission: of Aneglo-TIndianoft- cers came to Ceylon and Di Elliott was examified before it. The Inquiry resulted in thid'recall of Vord Torrington and Sir iierson ‘entiént, [Some years afterwards, Dro Elliott, and later on’ My: Ai M. Ferguson, met: both Tord Torrington o and Sir Emmerson Tennent con) ‘friendly termsiin England. | Dr. Elliott and the Obserer very cordially wel- eomed Sir Henry” Ward’ to’ the Government of Ceylon, and most heartily Supported his —pro- gressive administration ; but the ereat Governor in his ardent desire to see a railway nade to Kandy in his day, entered into a rash, one-sided, and as it turned out, most un- fortunate compact with a Railway Company, Dr, Elliott was one of ‘the’ first to take alarm and to resist the Governor with all his in- fluence and strengtl by pen and voice, although his doing so imperilled his being appointed Prine cipal Civil Medical Officer by the Governor, — His boldness and ready wit appeared in a public meeting in Kandy where°‘admiration of the Governor personally, divided ‘opinion with great distrust of the: Railway compact. Mr: > John Selby, who them edited.the Huaminer, wassent up to Kandy te support,.the Governor's policy and to offer certain concessions which much modi- fied the objectionable features—and it was then that with reference to Mr. Selby and those who acted with him, that Dr. Elliott hit off the prevalent feeling exactly by an apt classical quotation :— “Timeo Dancos et dona ferenetes””—« 1 feay the Greeks even when bringing gifts.” when After the death of his wife,—on 7th March 1855 (aged 48 years)—Dr. Elliott visited Eng- land in. 1856, and while there he was consulted by the Secretary of State regarding the Railway, and also about the arrangements for freeing the State of any. connection with Buddhism. On the 24th March, 1857, Dr, Elliott was married a second time to an, Irish lady, Miss Bessie Scott, who still survives him, living with some members of her family in Texas. Our review. now draws to a elose ; but ‘before winding up, we cmust. refer yto «Dr. | Elliott's connection: with Pioneer Planting operations) in different directions., He» took a warm interest in the development. of the great coffee planting enterprise, and atone date was apart proprietor of, a coffee estate until the bad times of 1846 arrived. Still earlier he was interested in. ex- periments in sugar cultivation; but his” last love proved his best, namely the coconut jrlm, of, which he formed with 364 his savings in the Negombo district, leased for many years after his death to the late Mr. David Wilson, and eventually sold to Mr. De Soysa. Dr. Elliott wrote very freely during the ‘‘forties” and ‘‘fifties” on planting and agricultural topics generally, and he was keenly alive to all improvements that could be in. troduced into local industries. To shew what Sir Henry Ward thought of him—notwithstanding the opposition to his Rail- way Company—we need only repeat that it was he who chose Dr. Elliott to be the first holder of the office of ‘‘ Principal Civil Medical Officer” for the Colony, tor which also Sir Charles Mac Carthy and his father-in-law Sir Benjamin Hawes (Permanent Under-Secretary) strongly recommended him. This was in 1858, and, alas! within a twelvemonth, he in whom so many hopes and so much affection (public as well as private) were centered, was no more. Dr, Elliott was struck down by dysentery and died on the 22nd May, 1869. We need say nothing of his final illness and the closing scene, nor of his activity and warm interest in another phase —that of Christian teacher as well as philan- thropist—because all are so fully and well dealt with in the extracts we now append from the file of the Observer and from the Examiner, to which the late Mr. C. A. Lorenz contributed his testimony in verse. We quote as follows :— To THE EDITOR OF THE ‘‘ COLOMBO UBSERVER.” Kandy, Saturday Evening, May 14, 1859. All who know of Dr. Elliott will feel how real and genuine is the regret shared by all classes of men at his serious indisposition. Last Sunday Evening he preached in the Baptist Chapel from Hebrews 9, 27th and 28th verses. In his opening he alluded to his journey to Matale on the previous day—his having met with a poor Tamil woman on the ‘roadside lying down ill—with two of her children one of whom was dying—and his urgent recommendation to the mother to seek shelter in the Hospital and of her refusal —and when she was told that her child was dying and will surely die —of her wild grief and agony—that when the Doctor returned from Matale how the two letters he opened brought the aftlicting intelligence of the death of William Ferguson’s child and of young MacGregor. He said that after the experi- ence of the day he wasat no loss for a suiject. Moat who heard him that night never for a moment imagined that the preacher himself would be soon - stricken with the insidious disease, dysentery. | ‘(who had heard him before, felt that there was a change in his delivery—that he looked exhausted —and gasped for breath—and had not suf- ficient strength to continue his address. One would have naturally ascribed it to the excite- ment of the occasion, but it never entered into THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Se See eee Seat eee rc {Dec. 1, 1893. the minds of his hearers that he was then sub. jected to the fearful attack ot so fatal a malady. (From the ‘‘Observer.”) ‘* At Colombo, on the morning of Sunday, May 22nd, C. Exvxiort, Esqg., M.D., Principal Civil Medical Officer of Ceylon, aged 49 years and 10 months.” DEATH OF Dr. ELLIOTT. (By A. M. Ferguson in 1859.) We, in common with Dr. Elliott’s family and friends, have to deplore an event which although it places him beyond the reach of suffering, and in possession of “ joy unspeak- able and full of glory’, is to us, personally, one of the greatest of earthly calamities, The warm- hearted steadfast friend—the wise and cheerful adviser of more than twenty years’ standing, has been taken from our side, and while the wound is so recent, we feel it impossible to do more than briefly notice a loss which to us, to his family, and we may safely add to a large portion of the public of Ceylon, is irremediable. Latterly Dr. Elliott has been best known and most prized as a skilful and successful Medical man, with sympathy for all who suffered and advice and comfort for the many who sought his guidance in time of sickness, trouble and perplexity. As a Christian he had been for years back becoming increasingly affectionate, earnest and laborious, and his last public act was to stand upin the pulpit and warn sinners to prepare for death and eternity. We who knew much of bis inmost life, can testify that when he bore testimony to the grand verities and the comforting assurances of the Gospel, he spoke of what he sincerely believed felt and enjoyed. The turmoil of political life does not, perhaps, present the most favourable elements for maturing Christian character—is cer, tainly not the best calculated to secure for him who takes part in it the credit of good intentions- Dr. Elliott was for about 24 years—(almost the whole period of his residence in Ceylon) connected with the Colombo Observer, as Editor and Pro- Prietor. It cannot be hoped that the course he pursued—the sentiments he put forth—should always and with all command approval. But we believe there are few now in Ceylon who will not admit that his intentions were ever good and his aim to advance what he believed to be the true interests of the country of his adoption. Dr. Elliott had been always in the habit of atiordiug gratuitous aid to the sick poor (having gained in an eminent degree the confidence of the Natives) and latterly his appointment to the post of Principal Civil Medical Officer of Ceylon, gave him increased opportunities of doing good which, we are confident, he valued as much at least as the emoluments and honors of office. It seems & Dec. 1, 1893. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 365 most mysterious providence that he should have been cut down at the very period when he had the immediate prospect of carrying out several wise and benevolent plans which were caculated to alleviate suffering and extend the benefits of medicat knowledge over the Colony, and on the accomplishment of which he had set his heart. But He “ who doeth all things well,” knew what was best, and death found our friend fully pre- pared for the last conflict and the great change :— prepared not by reference to the useful life he had led, but to the foundation on which, as he averred, he had rested for 30 years and which was the mainspring of his every holy thought and good action through life—the atonement of the Son or Gop. ‘It is all right” was his repeated declaration as to spiritual things; and in the midst of physical suttering, which was occasionally severe, such was the composure of his mind that throughout his illness he continued to watch his own symptoms, which from the first he pronounced to be fatal. It was affecting to notice him feeling his own pulse and drawing inferences from its character almost to the moment when pulsation ceased—and when one of the warmest, noblest and most generous hearts that beat in human breast, gave its last heave and was for ever still. All that was mortal of Dr. Elliott died at } past 9 yesterday, Sunday, 22nd May, (From the ‘‘ Ceylon Examiner.’’) CHRISTOPHER ELLIOTT. One bright career was over, Another scarce begun :— Death crossed his path of usefulness, And left us all one friend the less— The tried and valued ONE. And though amongst the living, They may be others such, As true, as noble-hearted, As the good man departed :— Yet WHO hath done so much. In striving for our welfare, In battling for the right ; In works of love, in acts of faith, In turning hearts from Sin and Death To realms of Life and Light 7 Careless of those who wished him il], (The paltry few above him,) Ile left no work of good undone, Outlived the slanders, one by one, And forced his foes to love him. And those who scorned or envied him For deeds which shamed their own, Porgot at last the Partizan, In the generous, frank and honest man, And wept that he was gone. Such was the man we’ve lost— The good, the noble-hearted ; Kach tear that told our heart’s regret Was a joy in heaven, when angels met To welcome the Departed, C, A. £, | ted to be a good as well as an able man. (From the ‘* Ceylon Overland Observer.’’) Colombo, 26th May, 1859. Weshall be pardoned if on this occasion we refer, at the outset, to the loss the Colony has sustained in the death of Dr. C. Elliott, a gentle- man who for nearly a quarter of a century took an active and useful part in the discussion of every question connected with the interests of Ceylon and its people. He arrived in 1834 in the capacity of Colonial Surgeon, and was for some six months stationed at Badulla. He then re- signed the service, and settled in Colombo, where for well nigh twenty-four years he was before the public as Editor and Proprietor of the Colombo Observer. In June last year he obtained the ap- pointment of Principal Civil Medical Officer of Ceylon, an office for which he was well qualified by skill and experience in his profession, while the confidence with which all elasses of the Native inhabitants regarded him, opened up to him a special and extensive prospect of usefulness. But just as he had got settled in his office and was about to carry out his plans of usefulness, he way attacked by rapid and fatal dysentery, under which he sunk at Colombo, on Sunday the 22nd instant. He was not quite 50 when he died, but he was eminently a man who “lived while he lived.” Naturally buoyant. and conscientiously active, he crowded the exertions and the events of many ordinary life-times into his own. In the strife of politics, of course he must have some- times erred, and often failed to command credit for the good intentions by which he was always actuated. But no earthly consideration could induce him to swerve from the avowal of his sincere convictions in polities or religion ; and as years passed away and prejudices softened down, his really excellent qualities of head and heart becaine generally appreciated, and he was admit- The immense attendance at his funeral shewed the respect in which his memory was held. A notice of his dying hours—which were cheered by un- shaken Christian faith—will be found elsewhere. | (From the “ Examiner,” Saturday, June 4, 1859.) MEMORIAL OF DR. ELLIOTT’S SERVICES. To THE EDITOR oF THE ‘f EXAMINER.” DEAR Sir,—I have read with cordial feelings the excellent verses published in one of your late periodicals, on the death of Dr. Elliott. In him, indeed Ceylon lost one of her most beloved benefactors. Now, sir, shall we pass by such « lamentable event without doing perpetuate amongst us the memory of that great and beloved man? Surely not; the unspeakable Yalue of Dr. Elliott asa good man, and what he something to 2366 THE) TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dre. 1, 01893. did and suffered for the promotion of the interests of all classes of people ‘in this Island are enough to rouse our ‘feelings of gratitude, if we are susceptible to those feelings which, I think, are radical to all-rational beings; and I say, those ‘considerations demand most strongly, that some- thing..shonld be done by us, as a token that Ceylonese do; appreciate the value of a man, and that. they have . sense enough to recognize the Services done for them by any one, whoever he is, If’ I be asked, what shall we do, [would say, let us make a special subscription in the land and get out a statue of Dr. Elliott from England, and set it up in a suitable place either in Colombo or Kandy. Dear Editor, permit me to eall upon you or some other good and noble-hearted man, to propose and cause some such a thing to be done, whereby we may best represent our regard and respect tothe name of Dr. Elliott. I remain, dear Sir, Your obedient servant, Gampola, 3lst May, 1859. ob axe “TESTIMONIAL TO THE LATE Dr. ELLIOTT. ‘(From the ‘ Colombo Observer,” 8th July, 1859.) Marandahn, June 15, 1859. “DEAR SIR, The services which Dr. Elliott rendered to the people of Ceylon during his long residence amongst us, have already been prominently alluded to in “the public papers ; and expression has been given to the very ‘general feeling entertained by the pub- lic that there should be some appropriate Memorial “of their regard for him. He was not known and “esteemed for political services alone. The many ‘good works with which he was connected, as a ‘Physician, and a Christian, have secured for him a place in the hearts of the multitude ; and it will ‘be many years before his virtues and kindnesses will be forgotten. And though there were many who differed from him in his views on particular ~sub,ects ; there are, I believe, NONE who did not ‘admire and esteem him for his sincerity and his devotion to the cause of Religion and’ Humanity. Under these circumstances I applied to a few | Gentlemen, who I. thought. would be willing to act as a.Committee for the purpose of receiving subscriptions towards securing some token of our regard for the Memory of Dr. Elliott. And I trust.'to-be able shortly ‘to‘publish the names of those whoj have agreed to form the Committee. rAmeng the several suggestions. which have been mmade on this stibject} there-may!-be some difficulty |. i~adopting therone mostdikely to find favour. with intending:subscribers. » The selection will:probably tbe betweensthe erection of a Tablet, or Monument and the ; formation of. a;fand;,to,.provide,,for-~the) educations of &}limitedshuniber; of pupils, {male-or female, latssomerobthe Sehools in Colombo. wMhis, 3 difficulty may however be solved by taking the opinion of the majority of ‘the subscribers, “or by leaving the question to the decision of the Gem. mittee. The Committee when formed will-at onee 'pro- ceed to receive! subscriptions throughly the Seere- tary in Colombo, and throngh Agents at Outeta- tions, whose names. will shortly he submitted: to the public through the papers. Inthe meantime I have thought. it expedient to address this letter to you, with the view of informing the public at once of the measures which are about to be taken. Your obedient servant, C, A, LORENZ. Strange to say, notwithstanding all the talk and ‘writing ‘on the subject, nothing ever re- ‘sulted ‘in “the'shape of a Publie Memérial to one whoihad ‘proved so great a benefactor and friend of the Ceylonese eommunity, and especially of the’ Burghers\ and Natives of Colombo. Over Dr. Elliott’s' remains in' Wolvendal Chureli, a plain stone was placed by his representatives on Which the inscription runs :— SACRED to the memory of CHRISTOPHER ELLIOTT’ Esg., M.D. Principal Civil Medical Officer of this Island. Who died 22nd May 1859 aged 49. And Jessie his wife who died 7th March 1855 aged 47 Heb. ix, 27-28. Those who were joined with him in fellowship in the Pettah Baptist Chureh ‘placed a memorial tablet in the wall of the Chapel, Prince Street, on which is engraved :— ‘‘IN MEMORY OF CHRISTOPHER, ELLIOTT m.p. Principal Civil Medical Offieer a deacon of this Church and a Preacher of the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ to the congregation assembling in this place. As‘a servant of Christ, an enlightened Citizen, a discerning Philanthropist, ‘and a skilful Physician, having served ‘his day ‘and generation well, ‘He died in the Lord at Colombo, on May 22nd 1859, aged 49 years. This»tableti is: erected by::theanembers of the chureh“‘and -congreeation with whdm! he was wont to worship.” Dee.: 1, 1893.) Dr. Elliott left altogether a family of five sons and three daughters: two of the sons have been closely connected with Ceylon; but the second Mr. John Clark Elliott, after good work done as planter and in the Public Works Department, settled. down to farming in Ireland, and has since gone out to Texas to’ reside with his family. The eldest of the family entered the Ceylon Civil Service, and after a long and ‘varied administrative -and judicial career in nearly every province of the island, is now as the Hon. Edward Elliott, Acting Government Agent, Western Province, and Member. of the Legislative Council. CLEARING JUNGLE. The letter relating.to the extermination of jungle quoted by our London correspondent on page 368, deals witha subject that has considerable interest for allengaged in planting operations in tropical or sub- tropical countries. We are not aware if Lhe special compound to which that letter makes re- ference is known to any member of our own planting community. If it be so, and if any trial has» been made. with: it.in Ceylon, the results, if communicated to us, would certainly be possessed of considerable interest, Both on patana and chena Jands, the growth of noxious grasses or of those of a character unfitted for use creates a difficulty that, could it-be removed, would probably enable many acres that now are perforce left sterile to be brought under’ profitable cultivation» It is commonly to be observed on the occasions when publication is made as to the number of acres composed within certain estates, that no incon- siderable proportion of their areas is described as uncultivated. It would be 6 distinct gain if this proportion could by any method be reduced. Ot course we know that much of this uncultivated acre— age is not without its useful purpose, Belts of timber are left as wind-screens, while other areas of the same deecription of growth remain unfelled as a reserve for firewood or for the promotion of rainfall. Similarly, there is a distinot object in leaving portions of an estate untilled for the sake of the growth of such grasses as are useful for cattle fodder, litter, &c.,. for the numerous cattle that are kept either for manuring or trans- port purposes. But even when allowance has been made for these voluntary reserves, there yet remain on many of our estates a considerable amount of Jand of which it seems to be. impos- sible, to use, We believe that much of this. is abandoned because of the noxious growths which it alone seems fitted to produce, The letter to which we have above referred seems to indicate the possibility of dealing with such land, It would be well worth the whils, we should think, of some of our planters to experimentalize with this compound. We are not informed as to the name by whioh it is known in India, the corre- spondent writing the letter to the West Indian and Commercial Advertiser not, having given. it. But there ig little doubt that this could readily be obtained from some of the agencies in India. lf this mixture oan accomplish what is pro- fessed for it, a great step in the direction of our requirements would be gained, Anyone who has endeavoured to reclaim lunds producing only useless growths has experienced the first difficulty of completely oradicating the | latter, So long as there remains the tendency to reproduce THE: TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 367 noxious growths, efforts to cultivate must, prove fruit- less. If they could be thoroughly cleared off, steps might then be taken to introduce some more profitable cultivation. We hold that the constant reproduc- tion of particular forms of useless scrub or grasses does not necessarily mean that the land is not possessed of qualities fitting it for higher forms of plant life. It is simply that the lower form has acquired such a hold upon it that its prevalence kills off any natural endeavour made by seeds of more valuable. products. Therefore the steps of primary importance must. be to destroy this hold. If after doing this the land to be dealt with was thoroughly ploughed — over and left for ® season to aérate, it might, we think, probably be found possible by the: aid of enrichment by manure to grow upon it either tea or coffee, or failing that, some useful fodder grasses. At sll events it strikes us that experiment- ing in this direction might be useful. It is asked if our Forest Department has’ ever made any endeavour to rescue from their condition of inutility any of the. clearings so abundant throughout our forest areas that. have been devoted to chena cultivation. Ifthis has teen done, it would be useful to know what results have followed, It seems to be opposed to the beneficent laws of nature that land of the kind should. be for ever rendered unproductive. In the earlier stages fol- lowing after their abandonment we can understand this relative sterility rendering them incapable of the higher productions. They yield, therefore, during such stages only such weak growths as they may be fitted for. But if these could be thoroughly eradicated by the use of some such compound as the letter under reference indicates, there doea pot seem any reason why, by careful after-treatment, they might not be restored to their pristine vigour and productiveness. We can only suggeat that.some such process might be usefully tried, and were it successful, a very considerable acreage now valueless might be added to the productive area of our estates. ————— >> ——_- PLANTAIN GROWING. (To tHE Epiror “Sovurmor InpiA OBsHRvER.”} Sir,—In compliance with the suggesticn in your issue of the 26th ultimo that Isboule let you know the result of, plantain growing at Kotrh Hall I send the following notes. My experiment was on, asmall scale, and did no last long enough to givea reliable estimate of yield per acre. Of course the experiment was interesting on account of the elevation, 6,200 feet. At Kotah Hall fruit was obtained in from 18 mosths to two years. after a planting out of suckers; a few months efter the parent stem had borne and been out down, the largest sucker came into bearing, followed a few mopths later by, the next in siz3; andsoon,, until the soil was exhausted or kept on by mannuring. Exhaustion was shown by the frnit becoming puny and the bunches small, This kind of yield was also noticeable wherever too many stems were allowed to grow together. A space of ten feet square for each plant in the first instance was found advissble not to allow more than five stems ata time from suokera in each space. The extra suckers were either planted elsewhere or destroyed. The more numerous the suckers were allowed to grow the smaller the frait became and also the bunches. Very good fruit was obtained, and the flayour wae cousidered more delicate than the same jat grown at a low elevation. In poor soil, where manure had not been used, and where in- sufficiently used, the usual signs of weakness (puny fruit and small bunches) were noticeatle. On the other hand, where manure bad been liberally applied the yield was most satisfactory, aud signs of exhaustion 368 were not apperent. The experiment was commenced with two pisnte, which in about five yeare had ine creased to several hundred, when the es ate passed outof my bande, The cultivation consisted in marur- ing where needed ; in good forking round tle p'snts: avd in weeding and piling the weeds arcuid the rtems to turn into mould. Though plantain growing, even at this elevaton, is remunerative. I wonld not re- commend it as a speculation on @ lerge scale, be- cause it is still more remunerative, at low elevations. Here the cuitivation is more expensive; rich soil being searce, manure would have to make up for the deficiency. I found it necessary to fence in plantain trees to protect them from wild pigs, &c. These rearons do not apply eo strictly to the growing of Pears, Walnuts, Apricote, &c., and I believe that some of the expcsed parts of these bills which are much injured by Samy cultivation could be covered by dwarf* cherries. The injury done on these hills by Samy cultivation and what in my opi- pion should take its place would make this letter longer, probably, than you desire. W.D. ReEpMonp. [At the distance noted in the above there would be about 440 stools per acre, which would mean the same number of bunches. Allowing the wholerale price to be three annas rer bunch, the gross returns would only be R82-odd per acres, that is to say if ench stool gave only one bunch per year. We would ask Mr. Redmond to correct us if We are wropg.— Ep,|—South of India Observer. ee THE COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN MONTSERRAT, conducted as they are by a coffee planter of con- siderable experience in Ceylon (Mr, Hamilton) are of great importance to the Leeward Islands: and I regard their success or failure as a matter of vital interest in connection with the re-establish- ment of coffee in Dominica. I have carefully ex- amined the plantations from time to time with Mr. Hamilton. On the last occasion I observed a des- tructive scale insect of familiar appearance which had attacked most of the trees. Mr. Hamilton however pointed out a small red ant which he credited with estroying the scale insects. And certainly most of the trees appeared well able to throw off the parasite, for after a season the scale insects be- came flat, surrounded by a small film, and finally died off. Unfortunately it is too well known that the ants usually livein a kind of symbiosis with scale insects. They have been observed in the case of Lecanium hemisphericum to carry the eggs from one tree to another, and thus literally to plant the sca!e insects upon the trees, afterwards feeding upon the sweet waxy recretion exuded by these in- sects. Knowing these facts I collected specimens and examined into the matter. My conclusions were that some other cause was at work, probably the abvndant rainfall as much as much as anything— and I noted and carefully collected specimens of the scale which appeared to have died and become mouldy from this excess of moisture. These I sent to Professor Reily the celebrated Entomologist of the United States Agricultural. Department, with whom I had commenced a fairly constant corres- pondence, stating my views concerning the fungus, the ant, and the scale insect. I have received the following confirmatory letter from him. "™ The Mont- serrat coffee scale is, as you suppose, Lecanium hemisphericum and the small red ant is etra- mortum auropunctatum, Rog. Many of the scale had evidently been killed by fungus disease. Thi was practicularly true among those ‘said to be cleared by the red ant.. The mouldy appearance is mycelium and nct wax.’? The scale insect Leca- in England ‘in unfavourable situations witbout manure. The average -yield per stool was a bunch of atout 60 plantains. The retail price of the same size but inferior flavour was about eight annas per bunch. The wholesale prices were about three annas per bunch. * Yhese are grown THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. 1, 1893. nium hemisphericum is unfortunately too well known to me as & most destructive pert in Antigua and other islands, and the discovery of its destroyer I regard of great importance. As far as my obser- vations at present extend this scsle, as well as many others of a like nature, cannot stand much rain : and after the setting in of the autumn rains in Antigua, the trees are quickly, although only tem- porarily, freed from it. I shall take particular notice whether the fungus is already in Antigua, and if not, shal] attempt to introduce it at the first opportunity, as it will undoubtedly be a great assistance to the sprays I have hitherto ad- vised’ I have not at present met with the scale on coffee in Dominica although I hear that it is met with in Martinique. Unliss, however, we can succeed in fighting it by means of this fungus, I fear that the expensive spraying opera- tions will do much to injure the industry which I regard as one of the most likely to bring pros- oe back to that once famous coffee growing island.—I haye the honour to remain, your obdt. servant, C. A. Barser, Hon. Col. Secy. ; Supt. of Agriculture. —Agri-Horticultural Society of India. a ee THE EXTERMINATION OF JUNGLE. In the West Indian and Commercial Advertiser of last week the following letter attracted my attention :-— “EXTERMINATION OF JUNGLE. TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘ WEST INDIAN AND COMMER- CIAL ADVERTIGER ’ “Sin, —Permit me to bring to your notice the fol- lowing invention of an Australisn geotleman for the eradication of jungle by chemical means, which has been placed upon the Indian market. It is stated that by spriakling or spraying the compound st tbe the rate of half an ounce to every gallon of water it will kill all kinds of sbrab avd noxious grasses in one to at most four applicstions. I obtained a hun- dredweight of the compound from the firm intro- ducing it, and made careful trials with it. I found if wes capable of doing all that wags represented if it was applied to the sorob or noxions gresses whilc these were in active growth, but it was almost in- noxious if applied in the winter while growth was inective. Tte compound iz, 11 my opinion, wortby of a fairtrial, but as it is eaid to be very poisonous, great care has to be exercised in its use. London, October 24, 1893. INDIAN.” It occurred to me that posssibly a good use of the mixture referred to might be made in many localities in Ceylon. Otten during my journeys through the forests of the Northern Province it has occurred to me to come across, surrounded by magnificent growths of timber trees, several acres ofdwarfid and stunted vegetation, and even in such cases wherein to all outward seeming the trees were as fine and perfect as all others in their neighbourhood, it has been observable that they were partially bollow, end therefore wortbless to the timber feller. It was known to me that such areas had in days gone by been subjected to the procees of chenaing. I have always he'd the theory that, if the weakened vegetation eculd be thoroughly rooted out and the soil in some way reinvigorated, such patches might become as fertile as is the origival forestland. It occurs to me that the employment of some such agent as that Mentioned in the letter given above might be able to effect this complete eradication and pave the way for subsequent treatment, Possibly this compound, or something analogous, may be already known in Ceylon, and may have received trisl there; but sbould it not have done so, it seema tkat experiments with it might result usefully in the direction pointed ont. ————<—_@____ A NEW TEA COMPANY. _ The Morawakorale Tea Co., Ld., with a capital of £50,000, takes over Ensalwatta, Orayen, Silva- kande and Naragalla estates. Dec, 1, 1893.] CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI- CAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.S. (Continued fron page 295. ) CHAPTER VIII. OILS. ESSENTIAL OLLS—CINNAMON OIL—-CITRONELLA OIL—CILTRONELLA GRASS—LEMON GRASS OIL— INDIAN GRASS OILS—OIL OF PATCHOULI— TABLE OF ESSENTIAL OILLS—BURNING OILS-— KEROSENE OIL —LUBRICATING OILS —FIXED VE- GETABLE OILS—COCONUT OIL-—KING COCONUT OIL—MARGOSA OLL—CASTOR OIL—GINGELLY OLL —SOME FIXED OILS FROM PLANTS THAT ARE COMMON IN CEYLON--STANDARD ANALYSES OF OIL SEEDS AND OIL CAKES. Essential Oils. Many odour-bearing plants are found in Ceylon from the roots, bark, wood, leaves, or fruits, of which essences are extracted and exported to Europe for use in pharmacy or perfumery. Amongst the best known essential oils exported from Ceylon may be enumerated Cinnamon oil, Citronella oil, Lemon grass oil, Patchouli oil Cinnamon Oil. This very fragrant oil extracted from different parts of the cinnamon shrub—Cinnamomum Zeylanicum—is chiefly composed of cinnamic aldehyde and a hydrocarbon. — By exposure to the air a portion of the cinnamic aldehyde C,H, O is converted into cinnamic acid C,H,O, and a_ portion of the hydrocarbon into a resinoid body, the oil becoming darker in color. When freshly prepared, the best quality is of a golden yellow color; but by age the color deepens to a reddish orange. The specific gravity of cinnamon oils varies from 1:019 to 1°053. The finest quality is distilled from quill bark only, and has a specific gravity of from 1°019 to 1:021. The quality that is more commonly met with in commerce as bark oil is distilled from cinnamon chips, root bark and broken quill. Its specific gravity way reach 1:035. A third quality is distilled from the leaves, and this has the highest specific gravity of al!. 1 varies from 1-040 to 1:053. This oil is much darker in color and its perfume much inferior to the bark oil. Muter gives the boiling point of cinnamon oil at 428° to 446°. Cinnamon oil ranks high as an antiseptic substance. Citronella Oil. This is one of the essential oils known as the Indian-grass oils. It is distilled from the erass Andropogon nardus of Linneus, and is extensively used in perfumery, the well-known scent of honey soap being due to this essence. The erass from which the oil is distilled attains the height of 6 to § feet and contains much silica. The color of the oil may be pale yellow, orange yellow or light green, and the same oil may pass through these changes of color in a short time. The specific gravity of the oil varies between wide limits. As the result of testing some hundreds of samples I have found the specific gravity of gennine oils vary from °870 to 902. A show sample exhibited at the Agri-Horticultural Show in Colombo in 1891 had a much higher specific gravity than 902, but IE had no opportunity of examining THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 369 it as to its purity.* The low specific gravity oil when genuine is considered the best. The great difference in the specific gravities is no doubt due to oils from different varieties of grass being called by the same name. Conditions of age of the grass, climate, and of soil, are also said to affect the specific gravity of the oil. Formerly this oil was adulterated with coconut oil, more recently with kerosene oil. This last reduces the specific gravity of the oil; but the range of specific gravity of the genuine article being so great, this test left a large margin for adulteration. Owing, however, to the discovery of a better test, the amount of adulteration practised has been greatly lessened, Besides its chief use of scenting fine soaps, citronella oil is also used as a preserving agent for books and natural history specimens, especially in tropical climates where these are subject to the ravages of insects. Like most of the essential oils it produces, when applied to the skin, 4 burning sensation ; hence it is used as an external application, with rubbing, in rheumatic affections. The grass from which the oil has been ex- tracted is used as a feeding material; for although cattle refuse to eat the grass in its natural state, even calves will eat it after it has been mollified by the thorough steaming or boiling it gets in the process of oil extraction. It would therefore be interesting to analyse it as a feeding material. I analysed a sample of the steamed and decayed grass to ascertain for . constituent its value as manure. The followin were the results obtained :— Analysis of Steamed and Decayed Citronella Grass : per cent, Moisture expelled at 212° F. 82°68 Dry matter at es 17°32 100-00 The dry matter had the following composition } per cent, “Organic matter ate 84°09 Ash consisting of Silica sas Ao PAB!) Oxide of iron and alumina °97 +Phosphorie acid ihe ‘30 Lime a0 On ‘61 Potash te a0 09 Other constituents & ‘74 — 1501 100-00 “Containing nitrogen .. 2:34 Equal to Ammonia 50 227 |+Equal to tribasie phosphate of lime -65 It is evident that the manurial valu o this substance is small. The nitrogen is the chief element of value present, of which the dry matter contains somewhat less than three- fourths of the amount in coconut poons whereas the manure in its wet state contain only about two-thirds as much nitrogen as farmyard manure. Of the mineral ingredients, by far the most abundant is silica, which constitutes 82 per cent of the ash or 12°32 per cent of the dry matter. It is possible that as a manure for sugar cane this silica may have a distinct value as being no doubt more easily assimi- lated than the sand or mineral silicate of the soil. * Citronella oil apparently genuine, ot speciae gra vity as high as ‘922 is now (Noy. 1893) finding its way into the market. It does not pass Messrs. Schimnrel & Co’s. modification of the alcohol test; nevertheless the sample submitted to me was not adulterated with kerosene or other mineral oil nor with coconut or other fatty oil. It behaved like the heavier portion of citronella oil that has bey fractionally distillgd, > s i at wehe eck te ON ee tree 370 Lemon Grass Oil. This oil is distilled from the grass Andropogon ettratus of De Candolle, which is cultivated on an extensive scale in Ceylon and Singapore. The oil is also known as oil of verbena from its odour resembling that of the sweet-scented verbena. Another name by which it is known is Indian melissa oil. Gladstone gives the specific gravity of this oil as 8932 at 15°5C., that of the oil from Penang being °8766 for the same tem- perature. Bentley says; ‘‘It is spoken highly of in “India as an external application in rheumatism ‘‘and for internal use in cholera. It possesses “stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, and dia- ‘‘phoretic properties. _ The fresh leaves are some- “times used as a substitute for tea and the “centre of the stems for flavoring curries.” Other Indian Grass Oils. An oil is derived from Andropogon pachnodes known under various names, such as oil of gera- nium, oil of ginger grass, grass oil of Namur. In India it is known as Rusakatel or Rusa oil. It is said to be used to adulterate the true geranium oil and otto of rose. If this is the same as Dr. Gladstone refers to in the table as Indian veranium oil its specific gravity is -9043. An oil is derived from Andropogon muricatus, which has also many names, such as khus- khus, cuscus or vettiver or vetiver. It is from the roots of this tall tufted perennial grass that the oil is obtained. ‘The leaves of the grass are without perfume; but the roots are very fragrant. When dried the odour is less perceptible ; but on moistening the dried roots the perfume is again given out. ence it is used in India woven into screens, which, when moistened, both cool and perfume the atmosphere. The yield of oil from the roots has been variously stated at from 2 0z. per 100 Ibs. to 10 oz. per ewt. I have also seen it given as from ‘8 to 1 per cent of the root. The oil is said to possess stimulant and diaphoretic properties. The specific gravity of this oil according to Gladstone is 1-007. Oil of Patchouli. This oil which is much used in perfumery Table of Essential THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dee. 1, 1893. is distilled from the Jeaves of Pogostemon patchouli. The leaves of this plant are exported from Singapore to Europe. I am not aware that the leaves are exported to any extent from Ceylon; but a small parcel sent to England in 1887 was valued in Mincing Lane at 9d per Th., the leaves arriving in a slightly mouldy condition. Good Singapore leaves at that time were worth from one shilling to one shilling and a penny per Jb. ; The leaves are said to yield 13 per cent of essence. The following table giving a numerical ex- pression to certain of the physical characteristics of essential oils is extracted from the article ey, in “Chemistry theoretical and practical.” he author of the article remarks: ‘ Essential “oils possess great refractive and dispersive ‘* power and exhibit peculiar effects when sub- “mitted to the action of a ray of polarized ‘‘light—some being dextro, others laevo rotatory “in various degrees, while a few are inactive. ‘* The rotatory power is given fora tube 10 inches ‘Jong; this length of a solution consisting of eqnal “ parts of cane sugar and water giving a rotation of 105°. It should be remarked that the product “ obtained by any one of the ordinary methods of “* preparation neta consists of a simple volatile ‘oil, but generally is a mixture of two or “more oils. One of these, a hydrocarbon, “is lighter and more volatile than the other “which is either an oil containing oxygen or “acamphor. Hence various samples of ernde “oils may show slight differences in the pro- “perties here given. The history of the “ specimens used in the determinations was “generally well known, and the examination of “them gave no reason to doubt their genuineness, ‘‘the only sign of impurity being a little * aleohol in one or two.” From information fur- ished by Dr. Trimen T have marked with a dagger the plants caltivated in Ceylon, principally in the Botanie Gardens, which yield eseattent” oils. The only one in the list that is from a plant native to Ceylon is vetivert from cuseus grass (Andropogon muricatus.) Oils. (GLADSTONE.) Rotation of Ser | Specific [a column Principal Applications. CRUDE OiLs. OUESEs | Gravity | 10 inches (From Encye. Brit.) @155°C.) long. | Anise ... ae ...| Pimpinella anisuin .. ‘9852 | - 1° | Medicine, flavouring Atherosperma moschatum = 10425. | + 7° do Bay... oe ... | Laurus nobilis "8808 | - 6° do Bergamot hi ... | Citrus bergamia 8825. | + 23° do perfumery, flavouring Ng Florence ay _ 8804 | + 40° do do do Birch bark att ... | Betula alba 9005 | + 38° do | do do {Cajeput ... | Melaleuca minor +9203 0° | Medicine 7Calamus oe ... | Acorus calamus na 9388 | + 43°°5) do » Hamburg — "9410. | + 4292) do) Caraway — i ... | Carum earui 8845 | + 63° | Medicine, Havonring », Hamburg Ist dist. — “9121 — do do 9 35 2nd ,, ; — *8832 oe do do Cascarilla ... | Croton eleuteria $956 | + 26° do do Cassia ... uf «. | Ginnamomum eassia 1:0297 ‘De do perfumery, flavouring Cedar ... Vac ... | Juniperus virginiana 9622 | + 3° | Perfumery +Cedrat.., au ... | Citrus medica "8584 | +156° do Citron .., doo 0 — "8914 * — pee + Citronella oon .. | Andropogon nardus... 8908 | — 4° | Perfumery ‘ Ae Penang oa [eus "8847 .| - 1 do | [ing, arts tCloves .. ak .. | Caryophyllus aromati-| 1°0475 — 4° | Medicine, perfumery, flavour- Coriander if .. | Coriandrum sativum 8775 | + 21°21 do flavouring tCubebs ... | Piper cubeba 58 9414 — do Dill... Anethum graveolens "8922 | +206° | .do do “The “Specilic gravity of citron, lign-aloes, pimento and vetivert 1s given for the temperature 49°, 18°, 10°, and 19°59 respectively, ‘ Table of Essential Oils (GUADSTONE.)—( contd.) re |Rotation of | Specifie | a colunni Prineipal Applications. CRUDE OZLS. Source. Gravity | 10 inches (From Encyce. Brit.) |@ 155°C) long. Elder... oi we | Sainbnens nigra ‘8584 | + 14°°5| Medicine, flavouring Eucalyptus amygdalina | © == SOOM ce sole do favouring, arts Hp oleosa —' “fantlias!) 9322. ++. 4° do Mndian geranium «| Andropogon Schoen S045 iP ea do perfumery +Lavendet . | Lavandula vera i 58903; oF — 20>" | do arts |} Lemon : . | Citrus limomum | 8498 +164° | do perfumery, flavouring + Lemon grass .. .. | Atidropogon citratus -| 89382 | + 3°27] do do do Pee bCuane..;., | — ‘8766 0° do do do Lign aloes ; .. | Aquilaria agallochaum — °8702* = do Melaleuca ericifolie ... | — ‘9030 | + 26° do FA linarifolia = ‘9016 | + 11° do ; Mint ... .. | Mentha viridis 93495 | 2 11G2 clo flavouring A aes aa aes hia, 91057 Ie 15C do do +Myrtle . Mytrusconmunis [ha ‘8911 | + 21° do Myrrh Balsamodendron myrr-| 10189 — 136° do Neroli < Citrus vulgaris Pe (le 8180 aat=sloe do perfumery, flavouring i Bie = =< | 8743 + -28° do do | do + Nutmeg ; Myristica moschata .... ‘8826 | + 44° do flavouring a5 Penang f —_— | ‘9069 + 9° do do +Orange peel ... Citrus velgaris °8509 + 32°24 do perfumery, flavouring 3 », Florence -— "8864 | 216° do ; do do | Parsley se Apium petroselinum ‘9926 | — 9°? | Flavouring + Patchouli .. | Pogostemon patchouli, “9554 = Perfumery Ks Penang E =~ | +9592 — 120° do rin French ces | ms / 10119 — do ag | Peppermint ... ... | Mentha piperita ... 9028 | — 72° | Medicine, perfumery, flavouring bes Florence ... ‘9116 - 44° do do do Petit grain Citrus vulgaris b 8765. | +: 26°° «| Perfumery {Pimento vee ... | Eugenia pimenta 1-0374* | — Medicine, flavouring Rose ... Rosa damascena “8912 72 do perfumery, Havouring Rosemary ... | Rosemarinus officinalis) ‘9080 Wiss clo do Rosewood — 9064 |) = 16'S — +Santal wood ... Santalum album...) 9750 | — 50° | Medicine, perfumery Thyine ate Thymus vulgaris 8843 - do clo Turpentine... ... | Finus (several species) "8727 | = 719° (lo aris | Verbena ace .. | Aloysia citriodora ... 8812 | - 6° | Perfumery +Vetivert .... ...| Andropogon muricatus) 1-0070* = lo Winter green ... . |Gaultheria procumbens) 1:1423 | + Medicine Wormwood Artemisia absinthium 9122 | 830-+] do flavouring. 10°, 18°, 10°, and The specific gravity of citron, lignaloes, pimento and vitivert is given for the temperature 10°52 respectively. The following are additional Essential Oils extracted froma list given in an article on Essential Oils in the Eneyclopedia Britannica, but the specific gravities are quoted from Squire’s Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia Name of Oil. Bitter almonds Cardamoms Chamomile Copaiba Cumin Ergot Fennel Garlie Ginger Jasmine Juniper Lime Mustard Pennyroyal Rue re Sage Sassafras ... hn Savin AA BL it Star anise... eT Valerian ... ok see fee The rotatory power of these oils does not appear to have yet been published:— Supplementary List of Essential Oils. + Ilicium anisatum + Valeriana officinalis | *980—-960 | *+ While none. of the plants yielding the oils in this su isk (*) are according to Dr. Trimen cu Cultivated in (he Hakgala Botanical Gardens, marked with ana; 3: with a dagger plementary list is tivated in Ceylon gardens, Source. pines Principal Applications. Amyedalus communis var. amara | 1:06—1-:07 | Medicine and flavouring | +Elettaria eardamomum.., .. | *900—"940 | do do +Matricaria chamomilla... *905— 915 | do + Copaifera officinalis i 878 | do +Cuminum cyminum... whe A H do do Claviceps purpurea a do *Foeniculum vuleare ee ‘970 do lo * Allium sativum... “6 ae do * Zingiber officinale Eo ! do do * Jasminum x Se do do Juniperus communis “860—"SS80 | do * Citrus limetta... : *85—-86 do do + Brassica nigra.. . |. 1-015—1 -025} do + Mentha pulegium ; ae do “Ruta graveolens “870 do * Salvia officinalis oe = ; Sassafras officinalis : 1:090 Medicine, perfumery, flavouring + Juniperus sabina Ae aa ‘910 | Medicine | ‘980 do flavouring do naive to Ceylon, those that | have those that I haye marked 372 Dr. Trimen inentions one other plant which “grows in Ceylon, the flowers of which are used for the preparation of an essential oil for local sale, viz., the Aegle marmelos, which furnishes the Beli-flower oil, a favourite peifume among the Burgher community ; but, Dr. Trimen adds, “There are numerous neglected flowers which “would be well worth using for the purpose as :— Sapu (Michelia chainpaca) Wana-sapu (Cananga ordorata—ylang ylang) Petika-wel (Artabotrys odoratissimus) _ Netan and Dat-ketiya (Xylopia parvifolia and X.-Championii) Na (Mesua ferrea), “‘and many others, such as all the species of ‘citrus and the jasmines. “T have often wondered that no one has taken up this industry.” Burning Oils. The oils that are used for illuminating or heating purposes in Ceylon are chiefly two, viz., kerosene and coconnt. Kerosene Oil. Kerosene is a mineral oil, being derived from petroleum, of which it forms 50 to 70 per cent. A burning oil similar in properties to kerosene is also obtained from bitumen and shale. Crude American petroleum has a ee. gravity varying usually from *790 to °800, though it 1s found from ‘74 to 92 in specifie gravity. The specific gravity of erude Scotch shale oil is from *860to -890. In ‘his work entitled ‘Commercial Organic Analysis,” Mr. A. H. Allen, F.1.¢., F-C.S., gives the following table, which shows the character and quantities of the products obtainable from average Pennsylvanian petroleum of 5$.G. 807, and crude Scotch shale oil. y. Hw -- 5 ‘aSequooleg he IGA) 5 a8 | : f=) 1D 2 < 5 A a me Aqraviy “dg I eat | nm i : SE eh ist iQ in oe a asvqueoteg | 527 RBS sae Paik aS ——————— hiss me Sk | ous QU = 20 Be Saat pans | am ‘Ayaerg dg cof eee: :) - 0, oy . x > ~p: | eos | DProsn j 1 © Sas ae arya : | 2 Sate | = 56 Toi) 5... Wie % 38 Es pai ees te cl) Se see & = ae Bide of a Hoe BY x OR ao%eaS See ore & EGecsaae > Ss oo Sea 6 CUO ARAARO The same author states that the density of the first 90 fractions obtained by distilling the average petroleum of the New York market, has been determined by Bourgongnon ; and the following table shews the density of every 10th fraetion obtained, the original oil haying a specific gravity of °7982 at 15°C. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a 2 = ————— SS | Seen Stele NSS (Dc. 1, 1893. 8.G. 8.G. Ist Traction +679 50th Fraction °777 10th * ‘705 60th a ‘790 20th a ‘728 70th te "BIS 34th . ‘750 80th ~* “829 40th + ‘765 90th 7 B25 The composition of the crude oil furnished by the distillation was naphtha at -700 17°; benzine at ‘7309%; burning oil at °783, 64% ; residue and loss 10%; and the residue contained about 4b. of its weight of solid paraffin. The specific gravity of kerosene varies between the limits ‘78 and -s2. The commercial tests for the quality of petro- leum are its specific gravity, its color, odour, the sensation it produces when rubbed between the fingers, and the amount of naphtha of -700 specitic gravity, which it yields on distillation Seeing that petroleum gives off inflammable vapor at a comparatively low temperature, the storing and transport of this substance is attended with some danger. Hence in civilized countries stringent regulations are in foree to prevent accident to life and property from the careless treatment of this substance. The Ordinance No. 6 of 1887 entitled “ An ordinance to regulate the importation, possession, transport, and hawking of petroleum and other fluids of a like nature” is that which is at present in force in Ceylon. According to this ordinance the term vetroleum includes also the liquids commonly ‘nown by the name of Rock oil, Rangoon oil, Burma oil, Kerosene, Paraffin oil, Mineral oil, Petroleum, Gasolene, Benzol, Benzoline, Benzine, and any inflammable liquid that is made from petroleum, coal, schist, shale, peat, or any other bituminous substance, or from any products of petroleum ; but it does not include any oil ordinarily used for lubricating purposes,” and having its flashing point at or above 2%, degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer. The ordinance further distinguishes petroleum as dangerous petroleum when the flashing point by Abel’s test is below 76°F. “If, however, the petroleum on board a ship or in the possession of a dealer, is declared by the master of the ship or the consignee of the cargo, or by the dealers, as the case may be, to be one uniform quality, the petroleum shall not be deemed to be dangerous if the samples selected from the petroleum have their flashing points, onan average at not less than 76 degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, and if no one sample has its flashing point below 73 degrees of that thermometer.” Much of the ordinary kerosene oil consumed in Ceylon has a flashing point only a very little higher than is required to remove it from the class of dangerous petroleum. Thus 14 samples of kerosene drawn from a cargo of 35,000 cases of Russian petroleum were tested by the author, and the average flashing point was found to be 77:9" F., while in no single sample was the flashing point below 76° F. The flashing point of the special product known as water-white oil, is said to be consider- ably higher then that of ordinary kerosene. The flashing point by the open test is usually higher than J18° F, and deducting from this 27° which is the mean difference found to exist between the open the close test, this would give at least 91° as the flashing point of this oil. AS an crample of mineral burning oil with a very high flashing point, I might cite an oil imported into Ceylon for use in the light-houses, This oil is known as “ mineral colza.” I found the flashing point of this oil to be heyond the range Dre. t 1893. | of the thermometer accompanying Abel’s test apparatus, so that the flashing point had to be" determined by the open test and was found to be 266° F. The firing point or the temperature at which the oil became permanently ignited was 311° F. The specific gravity of this oi] at 82° F was ‘82, and its viscosity, compared with American kerosene was as 30 to 20. The following is a comparison of the eravities and flash points of the four principal mineral oils used as illuminants in Europe :— Specific Flash eravity. point. Ordinary American petroleum — *790 73°F. American ‘‘ Royal daylight ™ = -Sl0 76° Russian 25 $2° geotch extra refined “809 104° Lubricating Oils. Mineral oi!s of high flashing point are used in Ceylon, as elsewhere. as lubricating oils. Such oils sometimes have fanciful names, but they are prepared from petroleum or shale. According to Allen ‘mineral lubricating oils have densities “yaneing from °850 to 915, the most usual ‘ oyavities falling between ‘880 and 905. Mineral “ lubricating oils boil at avery high temperature. “ The flashing point of the pale Scotch oils from “ shale range from 130° to 180° C. (266° to 356° F.), “and of the darker oils and greases from 180° to 920° C. (356° to 446° F.). The viscosity at 15°C, ** (59° F.) is from 2 to 7 times that of water.” Most of the mineral oils exhibit the character of fluorescence, and they are not saponifiable ; characteristics which are useful in enabling us to distinguish them from fat oils. The following series of propositions give in a condensed form a description of the properties of lubricating oils. They are from Spon’s ‘‘ Encyelo- pedia of the Industrial Oils” with some verbal alterations by Allen. (a) ‘*A mineral oil flashing below 150° C. is unsafe, (6) A mineral oil losing more than 5 per cent in ten hours at 15° #0 20° C. 1s inadmissible, as the evaporation creates «a viscous residue, or leaves the bearing dry. (ec) The most fluid oil that will remain in its place fulfilling other conditions is the best for all light bearings at high speeds. (d@) ‘Lhe best oil is that which has the greatest adhesion to metallic surfaces, and the least cohesion in its own particles ; in this respect the line mineral oils stand Ist ; sperm oil, 2nd; Neat’s foot oil 2rd; and laid oil, 4th; consequently, the finest mineral oils are best for light bearings and high velocities, the best animal oil to give hody to fine mineral oils is sperm oil (%); lard and Neat’s foot oils may replace sperm oil when greater tenacity is required. (e) The best mineral oil for cylinders is one having «a density of 893 and a flashing point of 360°C. (7) The best mineral oil for heavy machinery has a density of -880 and a flashing point of 269° C. ~(g) ‘The best mineral oil for light bearings and high velocities has a density of ‘871, and a flashing point of 262° C. (4) Mineral oils alone ave not suited for heavy machinery, on account of their want of body ; but well purified animal oils are applicable to the heaviest machinery. (4) Olive oil stands first among vegetable oils, as itean be purified without the aid of mineral acids. The other vegetable oils which, though far inferior to olive oil, are admirable as lubricants, are, in their order of merit, sesame, earthnut, rape and colza, and cotton seed oils. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 373 (7) No oil is admissible which has been puri fied by means of mineral acids.” The property of lubricating oils called viscosity, which is determined by noting the number of seconds a given measure of oil takes to run through a small orifice of definite size, is one which varies niuch according to temperature, but does not vary in any definite manner according to the specific gravity of the oil. In England the viscosity of the commoner animal and vegetable Jubricating oils varies though a very wide range ; in Ceylon the range is much Jess, while above 80° C. there is very little difference in this respect between them. The following table quoted by Allen from a pamphlet by Messrs. J. Veitch, Wilson & Co. gives the viscosity for the commoner animal and vegetable lubricating oils for three temperatures. | No. of Seconds. IXind of Oil. | ee 7 at 60° F. | at 120° F. | at 180° F. =o Cnt 404 Cr le Sa, _—_——_— — —— SS _ = Spern. oil 47 | 305 | 252 Olive oil 92 37 283 Lard oil 96 38 283 Rape oil 108 | 41st | 39 Neat’s foot oil 112 404 | 294 Tallow oil 143 Heee 37 | 25 Engine Tallow} Solid | 41 | 26% The author has not had occasion to test lubris cating oils as used in Ceylon. The following, however, are notes of a few observations made :— Lubricating Oils used in Ceylon. The following are some of the lubricating oil- used for machinery in Ceylon :— Crane’s Machinery oil for machinery generally. This oil has a greenish yellow color when seen by transmitted light, with a blueish green fluorescence or bloom when seen by reflected light. Its specific eravity at the ordinary temperature of Colombo, compared with water at the same temperature is °933. Crane's Patent Oil for engine cylinders is red by transmitted light with blueish green fluorescence and specific gravity °915. Rangoon oil used for machinery, gearing &c, is dark red by transmitted light with dark fluorescence specific gravity 934. Lngleberts-oil, a dark-colored oil, used for engine cylinders, valves &e. Castor oil of lemon yellow color, specific gravity *965 ; and also Coconut oil ave used as lubricants, though they are less in favour than formerly. Coconut oil contains free acids which is a disadvantage in a lubricating oil. The mineral lubricating oils of Messrs. Thompson and Bedford Company, Limited, of New York, are also used to a considerable extent in Ceylon. In specific gravity they range from °880 to *930 at standard temperature. Fixed Vegetable Oils. As examples of Ceylon fixed vegetable oils might be mentioned Coconut oil, Gingelly oil, and Margosa oil. Coconut Oil. The oil is obtained from the dried kernel of the cocos-nuciferda, technically known as copra, either by the process of boiling in water, and skimming off the oil, which rises to the surface, or, more commonly, by pressure. Its uses are very varied. It is used for burning, either in its crude state as in warm countries, or after being converted into sandles as in cold countries. It is largely used in Eastern cookery ; also as a cosmetic. The manu. facture of soaps also absorbs a large quantity of 474 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dec. 1, 1By3. oconut oil. The soap male from it is soluble to 4 larger extent in saline and alkaline water than niost other kinds of soap; hence it is used for the, manufacture of marine soaps. It does not make a good lubricant, as it contains free acids. In addition tothe other uses enumerated, it has been used in considerable quantities of recent years for the manufacture of a butter substitute, known in commerce as coconut butter. Coconut oil has a very complex constitution. The tollowing fatty acids have been found in it, Laurie acid C,, H,, O.,; myristic acid C,, H,, Q,; acids having the composition ©,, H,, O, and. C,, H,, 0; also palmitic acid C,, H,. O.; and stearic acid C,, H,, O,. When coconut oil has solidified, whieh it does at the comparatively high temperature of 78° F. it can be readily separated by pressure into a solid body, stearine, anda liquid called elaine. The former substance is used in the manufacture of candles, the latter, after being gee with ul phurie acid, is used as a burning oil. A sample of ordinary coconut oil from the bazaar hada specifie gravity ‘9207 at 85°F. (29-4° C.). A sample of Hultsdorf pure king-coconut oil at the same temperature had a preci? gravity of -9186. The specific gravity of coconut oil given by European writers is for the temperature 212° F. (100° C) ‘868. Margosa Oil. This is a bitter oil obtained by pressure from the seeds of the Margosa tree, Melia Azardirachta, also known as the nim or neem tree. The bark of this tree has long been known to possess tonic and astringent properties, and is now also used as a febrifuge. ‘The leaves are used as an external application for ulcers, &e. The oil is highly;prized for its anthelmintic properties, and is used more especially to protect the sores on horses and cattle from blow flies. It is used also as a lubricant for steel, iron, &c., bnt its price is too high to admit of its extended use in this direction. It is dark in color, and has a strong smell. A sample of the oil purchased in the bazaar had a specific gravity of ‘9223 at 80° F. (26° C.). Castor Oil. This oil is extracted from the seeds of Ricinus communis, a plant which is common in Ceylon. The chief applications of castor oil are in medicine, in the making of toilet soaps, and asa lubricant for heavy machinery. It is a colorless or pale ellow, viscid oil, of specific gravity 960 to -964, at 59° to 60° F. It is anoil which is subjected toa good deal of adulteration, such substances as olive oil, poppy seed oil, lard oils, coconut oil and refined rosin oil being amongst the known sophistications, Gingelly Oil. This oil is expressed from the seeds of Sesamam indicum, and Sesamwm orentale. It is known by different names such as Benne, Sesame, Til, Teel, Gingili. For many purposes it forms a good substitute for olive oil. In Ceylon and Egypt it is used asa cosmetic, in addition to its other applications, such as for cooking and burning. It is used to some extent for soap making, and for adulterating olive oil. This adulteration can be detected by the shape of the cohesion figure formed when a drop is placed on the surface of water. The color of gingelly oil is pale yellow, it has yery, little odour, and,its taste is mild and rather | agreeable. ; A sample of bazaar oil had a specific grayity | of 9163. at 80° F. Its specific gravity at 59 to 60° F. (15° to 15°5° C.) is "923 50-924. It becomes | solid at from + 8 to 5° C. (Allen). y ; fre ing erate rape barning: =: lnbrieat @ toilet soapss udacture of soag. cin > mak p making erating olive oil. ; man y y used to adult and candles. and olive oil. @: soa Chief Application. icine quent! adult Medi lubricating. Soap m ‘ agree- | Cookin 1, taste aking ; Ceylon. colorless ; viseic ke taste and) Pharmac smell not liable to become rancid. Id and e; almost odourless, to h yellow color ; muld taste, or brownish Characters. i greenis imes strong and yellow Colorless, chocolate ]i pale aerid. , taste somet « oil of GS lorous Yellow yellow ; taste m ld, then mi Color * and other so ra eS ee oe disagreeable. mild 2s lpag inoc abl Colorless or | A dryin =| 23 Fluidity C 00 4°9 Solidifyin Point 08 2to --3 + 8to —5 30° © " =59 to 60° F.) 3 to ‘924 “960 to *964 ‘945 to ‘952 ‘92 ‘O17 942 Sp. Gravity 954 ‘ 15 to 155°C. phyllum inophyllum barbadense other species 1s ; ; Table 1.—Particulars of some Fixed Oils and Fats from Plants Common in or 5 Souree of Oil. ypu anc 1ecinus commun indicum Sesamum orientale and Butea frondosa Mesua ferrea ... Theobroma cacao Goss Calo R Nicotiana tabacum eee tee eee tee wee Name of Oil, eS —_— Cotton seed oil Seed of Seed of ‘Sesame or Teel oil ... ‘Castor oil.. Tobacco seed oil Mesua seed oil ‘Cacao butter Dec. 1, 1893.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 375 Comparatively few of the vegetable fixed oils of commerce. besides those already mentioned, are obtained from plants which grow in Ceylon. Many oils, however, that are not produced in | Ceylon are used in Ceylon either in medicine or the arts, so that a vegetable and animal oils of commerce might not be out of place in this work. Those speci- ally interested in oils not produced in the island, however, would doubtless require more detailed information than falls within the scope of this work to furnish. The reader desirous ot such information is therefore referred to such works as Watt’s or Thorpe’s Dictionaries of Chemistry, Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis, &c. From Allens tables I select particulars of a few oils which are obtained from plants that are common in Ceylon.—/( See table 1.) retty full. list of the | The following f are some standard analyses o Oil-seeds :— i (C.cA. | (I. Anderson.) | Came-| (T. Anderson.) lowed |. ron.) con | Lin- | Rape | Rave | Hemp Cotton | seed. | seed. | seed. | seed. | seed. | | 7 iper ct./per ct.|per ct./per ct./per ct. Water | 760) 7:18.) 7:12). 6°47) 6°57 Oil ... | 84°00 | 36°81 | 41:33 | 31°84 | 31°24 | Albumenovids ... | 24°44 | 20°50 | 18:00.) 22°60 | 31°86 | Carbohydrates \ 69 18°73 3|-23°26.) 96 :n5 71 14:12 Fibre .. 30°73 17:86]. 5°66 | 22/2) 7:30 Ash ... 3:33 | 8°97 | 4-63) 6°37) 8-91 100-00 |L00-00 1100-00. 100-00 100-00 _ The following are analyses of various Oil-cakes used as Feeding Stuffs from Jolmston and Cameron’s ‘‘ Elements of Agricultural Chemistry ” :— ‘Cotton SeedCake. | reo, | Linseed Rape Palm- eobeauserivele: Cocoa Foe } ee | Locust | Cake. Cake. en ‘Decorti- |Undecor-- Cake. Cake Cake | Beans. | | ) weal: | cated. | ticated. | a aed i eed i fee et ee MY ee | ———————— cnt Penne Me, per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent./per cent. per cent. Water see coo | HOO Se lOm 4 Se ett chal? a Td eh Ud 22 ies 3 4 Albumenoids .. | 22,to 30 30 16 35 22 20 32 30 7 Oil me 9 to 13 10 18 14 8 8 6 8 1 Carbohydrates ... | 30 to 36 S24 ul io 84 24 32 31) 38 42 68 Fibre 66 SONS tol, sje 1Oket duel, 9 20 205 | . 7 Ash és serrlo} 160) 83a | Siii psn Tenis £26 7 12 Sion lk cgue ests oe SB es aaah Ti (Rap Se |e eh Se et Foe eg eae a | 100 | 100-100, | 100100, —*2100 100 | 100 The following are analyses of other cakes by J. Hughes :— Dent Sur- China | Gin- | Pun- | Coconut Poonac. ute goorgie.| Bean, | gelly. jam. ‘Chekku | Mill. ‘per cent.|/per cent.|per cent. per cent./per cent./per cent./per cent. Water 10:16 10°80.| 1160 | 9:78 | 10°34 | 13°04 10°14 Oil <= O86 13°20 1'83..| 7.63 700, | 8°74 | 10°93 8°67 * Albumenoids 18°87 | 33°87 | 40°87 | 30°37 |. 25°75 | 18°87.| 20°94 Carbohydrates 31°67 19°59 | 27-19 27:32 | 43°75 43°06 41-21 Fibre- ay 17:50, . 18:17. .|. 6-24, | 12:21.) . 4:90 6°30 8°58 + Ash 8°60 15:74 | 6:28 13:02. |. 6752 7°80 10:46 100-00 | 100-00 | 99-81 100-00 100-00 100-00 | 100-00 ae pe anal RA etna ts ae onl Sh at aslo ee ose hae yf * Containing nitrogen an hi. 3:02 }. BAD 654 4:86-) 4-11 A) 3-02) ) 3°35 t Containing sand sa oa 3:00 | 9:06 | 38 | 4:41 2°50 | - 2:02 | « 4:32 (To be continued.) : e = THE EILA ‘TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON LIMITED. At an extraordinary General Meeting of Share- holders held today in the Company's registere1 offico, No. 6 Prince Street, the following resolutions paseed at the Extzaordinary General Meeting held on 4th ul'imo were confirmed, viz:— lst, That the Kanangama Estate be purchased by the Company. 2nd, That the Capifal of the Company be increased to “R300,000. . ; 3rd. That the Directors be authorized to_issne Detdpture Bonds to. the extent of R100,000—as re- quired. for ‘tae. purposes of the Company, hearing Jutérert at 7 per cent, J.M, RepBRasON &Co.. Agents and Secretaries. * Resin-oPab,—We planting friend wh specimen of a strikin has a good deal forming him before Geo, Armitage pronounces it t opsl,’’ @ very pleasing coloured and marked form | of Quartz-resinits about which ‘Dana ” informs | Usin the following paragraph :— Common Opal.—In_ part translucent ; milk-white to greenish, yellowish, bluish ;-(4) Resin- opal (Wachsopal, Pecbopal. ocher-yellow, Germ.), o be Owe an apology to a. o sent us a short time ago & g-looking stone, of which ha on his property, for not in- now about its nature, Mr, ** resinous- (a) mitk-ona/, wax- honey, to With a resinous luster; (c) dull olive: green and mountsir- reen; (d) brick-red. Includes Semional, Halbopal fern. Nicely polished pap r.weights or. other useful ‘articles of resin-opal would lock well. Hf a LL 376 VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Tza PLANTING In INDIA AND CryLon.—Says the H. and C. Mail :—If the tea industry of Ceyion should decline, a contingency 60 remo‘e that we will regard itas well-nigh impossible, it wiJl cortainly not be for lack of enthusiasm on the part of those ¢n- gaged in upholding it. The newspapers published in the island have made Ceylontes their rallying cry, and bavevied with each other in singing ita praises. They never tire of the operation, and if their spirits ever flag, or there isthe s‘ightest sugge tion of mono- tony in the chant in praise of tea, a new chord is touched, and the poans are renewed with fresh vigour. The Ceylon Observer, we notice is for the moment especially jubilaut over the idea that some Anylo- Indian firms are turning their sttention to Cey'on. Then follows our note about the Dooars and about Sir John Muir and Mr. Buchanan coming to Ceylon. The Mail winds up :— “The Observer gives figures in support of the claims it puts forward that Ceylon can hold its own as a tea- growing country, and it infers that not only tre the Anglo-Indiaar, who are opening their eyes to the ad- vantage of Ceylon, wise in their generation, but that in doing this “before it is too late’ they are to ba @ongratulated. Hereiathe material for snother boom in Ceylon tes garcens and the produce thereof. Truly the zeal and push of the friends of Ceylon tra resemble the soil and resources of tbe island, in that they are well-nigh inexhanstible.”’ A Breakrast WEATHER GAUGE.—F rom an article in Chambers’ Journal on ‘* Natural Barometers” we learn that the forecasting of the weather by the bubbles in a cup of coffee has been lately attracting attention in the columns of the daily papers. A writer says:—‘“‘With my breakfast I drink coffee mixed with milk. When poured into the cup I gently drop in the lumps of loaf sugar, and shortly after the fixed air in the sugar rises to the top in small detached bubbles. Now watch these: I call them my little people, who will tell me if it is going to rain or not; and although the coffee is perfectly still, these little bubbles will be ou the move, almost like life. It will be noticed that if it is going to rain very bard, they will almost rush over to the side of the cup—ar much as to say, I shall get under shelter, as quickly as possible. If the rain is only to be a gentle downfall, then the bubbles all meet together, evidently to deliberate on the matter, and then quietly move over to the side; but if it is not going to rain, every bubble that comes up remains stationary io the middle of the cup.” The writer adds ‘that during the past four or five years these little people have not deceived him a dozen times.” The main condition seems to be that the observations be made in the m:rn‘ng, when atmospberic influences will have every chauce of fair play, and if the wiodow beirg open so much the better. CoFFEE,—Messrs. I. A, Rucker & Bencraft’s weekly report for Nov. 9th, is as usual pithy and interesting ;— A comparison of the figures is interesting. World’s Visible Supply Ist Sept. 193,626 tons, last year 163,417 tons. World’s Visible Supply 1st Nov. 147,679 tons, last year 162,065 tons. In two months a sur- plus of 30,000 tons has changel into a deficiency of 15,000 tons, a marvellous transformation. Afloat to Europe from Brazil and the East 8,526 tons against 28,370 tons last year. Comment i3 bardly necessary, and if is uot difficult to look for the real reason of present high prices. Bull specuiation cr manipulation bas played no part in this upward movement, and the ouly factor has been scarcity. To prognosticate the immediate future would be dangerous, as price Is a great leveller, but the Trade must bear in mind that scarcity still faces us for some time to come. That trade continues slow is ‘perhaps explained by the fact that in some leading consuming countries, at present retail prices, th-re igs no margin for rofit to the desler. Retail prices will, we are ed to b lieve, be raised shortly, and this would give the small dealer again some wargia avd tha effect Would be immediately fely at the Cotes centres, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [ Duc, 1, 18934° where prices for mild Coffies are absurdly low in comparison with Bazil. It may be ressovably argued that raising retail priccs wii] affect ecnsumption, this is protable and must be £0, ss ovly decreased ecn- sumption can estailish a proper ba'acee between supply and demaid. Mesresrs. Noss:ck cable from Sautos :—‘* Reduce present crop estimate to two mil- lionr, next uucertain.’’ Mersre. Goetz, Hayn & Co., Santos :—“‘ Prospects less favourable, four millions,” Tue New “ Fopper PLrant—referred to by our London correspondent—(see page 400) 18 ian reality an old garden plant (lvlygonum sachalmense) remarkable for its size, beauty rapid growth and, according to several gentlemen who have experimented with it, for forage and eyen Fuman food! From notes published by Mr. J. Wood of Kiikstal), we quote as follows :— it is a :ative of the Isle of Sakbulieo, in the Sea of Okhotek, betwcen Japan and Siberia, It was dis- covered by a Russian explorer, aud introduced into English gariens about 26 yeurs ago. Another name than Polygonum rachalicn-e by which it is kuown is Persicaria sachalimenee. Its botanicel relationship may be ceascribed as pear to our common deck, OF course it bas a very different aspect, and few would suspect its relationehip to ove of our commonest weeds. The plint grows to a rtiture of ten feet. This is al the more wonderful when it is considered thet it is merely an herbactous plant—that is, that it dies down every year a:d makes this length of stem a fresh anpually. The main stems have au o‘lique and semi-arctiing habit. They have Ja‘eral Lrauches or twigs, ell furvished with bold heart- shaped leaves, 8 in. to 10 in. scrose, and from the base of each Jraf there springs a tuft or compound cluster of spike ets of white flowers, It may there. fore be imagined bow noble and beautiful the plent is srvhivg, full-foliaged, and touched off with such blossom. Ite rete of growth hes bren measured in late spring or early summer to be 34 inches rer shoot per day, and as one frieud said, ‘You may almost stand and watch it grow.” ‘The vigour and d ffuse habit cf the root isas remarkable as its repd development, It goes without siyivg that such a plavt bas been taken adyaxtage of by gardeners, and especially by gentiemeu who seek for tropical effects in theic grounds. In the vicinity of weterit grows with even increased luxuriauce, aud is a traly stately plant, It has of late, however, been brought into more prominent notice in the National Society of Agriculture of Franco by «xperimenters. They epe- cially commend it a3 a forage plant, and alihongh it lcves the vicinity of water, it proves to be a good grower in a droughty scason like the present. This is a most commenuable property. Experiments sre ssid to have given results highly sstisfactery. The green yield is said to have be n 44\b, to 83b. per equare yard, or 95 tous to 190 tous per secre. Bees are food of the flowers, and cattle extremely fond of its foliage. Doubtless more will be heard of this plant ere long. It does not yield se-d, and therelore bes fo be planted by pieces of root, every stort piece of which will make a plant, and grow strongly the firet year. The new shocts or sprouts in spring are st_uter than the thickest asperegus, and much resemble that vegetable. Indeed, the shoots have been used in a similar way to asparigus. It is similar to Polygonum cuspidatum in all its parts, bat much le:s. Curpi- da:um, I know to he cultivated in many of the thickly populated parts of Leeds, auc, indeed, is one of thore things that may be caid to ba capable of grcwing auywhere, This is a usetul feature in a way; but in well-kept gazdens it sbould ba planted jndi- ciously, or owners may havs to speak bitterly cf it, as Mr. Joshua Buckton does, who aptly descr:bes it as. “original. eiv.” Notwithstanding the tropical appearance of the plent, it is capable of endurioy our worst and coldest winters, and once it gets pis- session of good light soil, it grows amazingly, aud, indeed, in the worst soil in which vegetation can live at all, it thrives in a degree beyoud comparison with most vegetation, : ap 4 Has anything been done ig Qoylon with {his plant ? Die, T1863) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 3717 TEA VERSUS ALCOHOL. To the Editor Home AND CoLontAL Main. Sr1r,—The fcllowing quotation from the report cf Sir Evelyn Wood onthe recent Aldershot manceuvres may not be altogether without interest to tea planters : “The experiment of giving the men cold tea, flavoured with lemon, was triej, and some beer, given by a lendowner, wes issued during one mareb. . . . - The medical officers advie me, and [I am satisfied that although the stimu'us of the beer produced an apparent benefical effect for about an hour, it was manifest later on that the men would have marched better without i'.”’ Your readers will observe that the General refrains from making avy actual comparison between the efi.ct of tea and of becr respectively, but, inferentially, we may conciuve that his opinion was in favour of the tia. Oertainly, in my own experience, a mild infusion of tea—not tco strong—with a slice cf lemon and some sugar, ii both a refre hing and stimu’ating drink, and the pity is that the efficacy of tea, drunk in this way, is not more widely app-eciated in this country.—Yours faithfully, GEo. SEtToN, 126, Bishopsgate Street, EC. Oct. 11, 18938-—H. and ©. Mail, Oct. 18, <> INDIAN TEA. A CAMPAIGN IN AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA ADVOCATEDS WANTED MORE PUSH, PLUCK AND PERFECTION. According to an old planting ‘‘wheezs.” when ecffee failed in Ovylon a sturdy and, we fosr, irreverent, old planter threw h‘s last rupees into tca with the profane alteration of the motto—Jn te (thea) Domine, speravi, which he interpreted as * In tea, O Lord, have I put my trust.” He afterwards altered this to “ Zn te (thea) Domine, spes nostra,’ as he thought the change more appropriate to the prospects of Ceylon. Now, though tea is not the mainstay of India, asitis of Oeylov, yet it is nevertheless ore of the many hopes of this country, which might be labelled with the parodied mctto of the disrespectful Ceylon planter. According to Dr. Watt, little short of 20 millions of British capita! are invested in te. planting in India, while it affords employment for half a million pcople, including some of the finest and best speci- mens of Britist manhood. It has been the means of introducing a large amount of foreign capital into provinces, which otherwise would have been waste places, and giving lucrative employment to numbers of the native population, that erstwhile leda sayage, half-starved existence. If it has not fulfilled the glowing anticipations of the early writers on Indian tes, who fondly imagined that in time the Indian people might, like the Chinese, take to this ‘ simple healthy beverage,” it has at any rate supplied the British public with a wholesome article, of British growth and manufacture, in place of a doubtful article from an alien source. It has made a wonder- ful progress and it would have achieved greater victories were it not for the rivalry of Ceylon. Having reached this point of prosperity, it would seem that Indian tea plantera think that they can rest on their oars ard pleasantly glide whither the current takes them. We say seem, as the lack of outward aud visible signs of enterprise, such as are sce2 in Ceylon, denotes, at least to the casual ob- servar, this conclusion though it may not neeessarily be the correct one, or even approximately so. As we shewed in our last issue, the Oeylon planters are Siraining «very nerve to push their teas, the most trivial devices being employed to effcct this purpose. They are as alivo aud smart as Americans in adver- tising their wares, and their enterprise is really phenomenal compared with the qnietness and ap- parent sluggshness of tea folk in India. Theve is a capital field in the United States and Australia ; but requir s hard working, for we have not only to fight against China, whioh is still supreme but eagaingt Ceylon, which is pertinaciously push- 48 ing her teas in theso parts, The Pionecr is not given to extremes of opinion, and in a recent artic’e it showed that the Indian leaf has lost ground jn the United States, for whereas 83, 4151b. were impor(ed therein in 1891-92, only’ 59,000 1b. were impor!ei in 1892-93, while the importa- tions of Chinese growth have tremendously increased. Tten inregard to Austialia, we are told, that though there was a greater demand for Indian teag in 1891— 92, there was a marked falling-off in the following year. “it will be seen,” says the Pioneer, ‘ that except as regards Great Britain, Ohina and Japan still more than hold their own against India, while last year’s official trade returns shew that the footing we had acquired in Persia is being lo-tagain.” America offers a fice future for Indian teas, but to take advantago of it, we must be prepared to compete with Ceylon in the matter of advertising and gene. rally pushing the leaf. The United States consume from 80 to 100 mill’on pounds of tea per annum, and according to latest reports a distinct favour has been shewn for Icdian tea, wherever it has been introduced. It is not possible to enlarge the area of its consumption, by some enterprising methods of advertisement and then by making tea adapted to the American taste P Our representative at the Chicago Exhibition has done good work in making known Indian teas to the American t¢a drinker; he has laboured quietly and, we believe, very effectively. But more is required with a busy, quick, alert people like the Americans, who take to nothing unless it is well advertised and consider that au article whose merits are not dege cribed in flaming characters and well pushed, is not worth having. Tke sane remark applies, though perhaps with less force, to Austialia, It might be worth while to prepare a systematic campaign for America as well as Australia, on the following lines, Let cach garden producing 5,000 maunds of tea give five maunds, and each garden of 1,500 maunds 14 maunds to the Tea Association or some Agency, so that if can be bulked and shipped to our repre- sentative in America and distributed by him in such a wey as to have the merits cf Indian tea impressed on circles whence it is likely to be spread, Distaste- ful though it be, we think that we should follow the cxample of Ceylon in this matter, aud ‘ go one better” than the planters and their agents in that island, while there must be mora atten'ion given to the quality of the tea so that it may bo adapted to the tas’e of intending customers. The /aissez faire system must be thrown aside altogether, Indian tea must improve in quality if it is to con- tinue a profitable investment, and we think there ig something to be said on the point of scientific knowledga in the manufacture aud a quickness in meeting popniar tastes, diverse though they be. The London market is now flooded with inferior tea which some letters described in terms that we thould not care to repeat aud to quotes one authority, this is likely to be co with the foolich competition among planters for quantity not quality results, The practic? ee2ms to be hardening,” says one corres- pondent, ‘‘ that if B. has estimated for 5000 maunds, C,, his neighbour says to himself Vil go for 52CO maunds, forgetting that it is better ta make 3000 lb. of eight auna stuff than 5000 of very inferior.” The deterioration iu the quality of Indian teas, encouraged by this inoadvis- able competition, is being stropgly commented ou at home, the usual ending of # letter on the subject being ‘reform, or you will be beaten by Ceylon.” Last year the home sa'es shewed that there was 50 percent. medium disposed of, but this year the propo.tion is, following the figures of our autho- rity, 15 per cent. good and 85 per cent. inferior medium, of which a large quantity Was very inferior calling forth some of the expressions once applied to China tea of the commoner sorts. 1t i# not well to take so pessimist a view of the situation as some dealers; but wo cannot slight theic opioions nor fuil to see that there must be an improvement 10 quality, if Indian tea is to hold its place in the 378 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec, 1, 1893 London market; and, beyond this, some notice shcu'd be taken of the warning given by Dr. Watt, that the manufacture should be pursued on scientific principles, especially in view of the probability of the superior strength of Indian teas waning through changes in the soil, when it will be necess*ry to invoke for rature the aid of seience.—Jndian Planter’s Gazette. = ty ——— NEWS FROM GERMAN EAST AFRICA. We are glad to have a good report from Mr. W. H. Oowley of his health and the progress of the works under hiscare. He writes:— “Listterly I have been away living frome ton miles from this close to a large tract of jungle which I hope to begin felling soon to form another coffes estate ; and this week I go off again to the lowcountry 1o fina'ly pick out a piece for cacao and lowcountry products. I hear my assistant will turn up soon. What a blessing it willbe. I shall prob- ably meet him, if anywhere near Janguat the time.” ee DE COFFER-GROWING is evidently going to take hold in Queensland, and there is no lack of information offered to intending planters, The latest is a pamphlet ie- sued by the Agricultural Department entitled :-~ * Coffee-growing and its preparation for market by R. W. McCulloch.”—From his paper we quote :— That tke Coffee plant has found a congenial home in Queensland has been amply demonstrated in almost all the Northern coast dirtricts, and recently in the Buderim Mountain district, where the crops promise to be phenomenal. Inthe North the dryest scasonu seemed to affect the plant but little, judging by the luxuriance of its dark grcea fo''age when that of most other plants was yellow, and by the unusually heavy crop of berries produced. The demand for seed and plants, o8 well as information, pointing to a growing interest inan industry which promises to be remu- nerative, ard to, in the near future, assume large pio- porticas, is suffci nt inducement for the Depsrtment of Agriculture to issue this Bulletin on ‘“ Coffee- growing andits Preparation for Market,” with a hope that the information contained herein, being the out- come of practical knowledgeon the subject by the writer, and writtea tosuit Queens'and conditions, will be of interest to i: tending Coffee-growers, The list of contents may be given :— - Historioal, Botanical, O'imates and Soile, See}, Nursery, Transplanting, Cultural Operations, Pruning, Harvesting, Preparationfor Market, Roasting, Yield per Acre, Will it Pay ?, Diseases, Statistical. And finally we quote the two paras of most practical interest :— Witt ir Pay ?—The only serious consideration in connection with coffee-growing is the neceasary labour for picking the crop when ready, and this will have to be got over somehow. Ths operation is uo different from the picking of hops or any other fruit. Contract work having cvercome this difficulty in other places will doubtless do the same here. The following cal- culation may elucidate this point a little:—One acre of coffee will yield 25 cwt. of ripe “ cherrier.” An averege Huropean labourer ought easily to pick 2001b. of ripe cherry per day; at this rate it will requires fourtoen mento pickone scre; wages,say, at 3s 4d per day, equal to £2 63 8]. The 25 cwt. of “cl erry” will yield 5 cwt. of marketab’e coffee, valued at £2 10s per cwt. at the very lowest, which is ¢qual to £12 10s per acre. Surely euch a return would warrant higher wagesthan £1 a week being paid for cofice- picking, and so attract labour. Coffee-picking is essentially suitable work for women and children, and opens out remunerative employment for them. Payment may well be mede by resulta, atso much per bushel. Thequestion of suitable Jatour during the picking s¢a.on will cottle i:self. Like the sheurers in inis colony and the hop-pickers in Ingland, a class of coffee-pickers will spring into existence and trav) stout earning good wages. Coffee-growing in big areae, like our sugar plantations, is not advocated under present lakour conditions, these pages being written for small growers only. Areas of from 5 to 10 acres are quite sufficient for any one grower, end, were tix or twelve such growers to co-operate and procurea good pulper, would prove highly remunera- tive. Tbe intending coffee planter will naturally ask wkere the market for his produce lies. ‘I'he following table of impcrts during 1890 wil] clearly show the de- mand there is for thearticle. These figares do not limit the demand, for so surely as it is escerteined that genuine unadulterated cotfee is precurable, to turely will the demand for this most popular beverage arise :— Coffee Value lb. £ Victoria «. 1,288,996 58,31 New South Wales 659,241 32,294 Queensland .. 223,193 9,947 South Australia oe 397,476 19,912 Total... 2,568,905 120,467 The above figures represent imports of both raw and rossted coffve. Can avnyose doubt the chances of success of coffee-growing ? PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION. The Rural Californian has the following paragraph referring to Coconut cultivation in our Tdlenlles’™ e coconut has made such good progress in Ceylon, that the difficulty now is to obtain first-class suitable land. Wherever there is avy, Government should have no hesitation in hurrying it in to the market, for whatever may be said about tea, the planting with palms is, in every sense, better, for the Island and its people than the maintenance of the forest.’ Good advice in a way, but it may be pointed ont at the same time that our forests do not, as things go in Ceylon, consist of tea. Mr. Forsyth, of the School of Mines, Adelaide, ably deals with the subject of the education of Colonial boys in a lecture which the Adelaide Observer epitomises. The question is one of universal interest and the following quotation is worthy the consideration of parents in this country :— The question of questions among educationists now is whether the usual studies of the ordinary lad are to be curtailed in order to make room for manual training? One class of instructors reply in the negative, and contend that every boy should have his intellecttrained while his time is free for such training; busy times, occup‘ed with other things, will come soon enough, but the intelligeut boy, who has made good use of his intellectual school training is the one who has reasoning powers to give hima good start in life, and who will ultimately succeed. Hazlitt once remarked very forcibly that ‘a very large proportion of people confound a knowledge of useful things with useful knowledge. The most valuable training which any boy can get is not that which consists in the actual handling of useful things, but that which will in later years enable him to understand and appreciate these things when he conies to use them. If together with this sort of knowledge we can succeed iu instilling into the lisipg gencration not only a taste for useful manual work, but also a clear idea of the dignity of labour and its importance in the world’s progress, we eball have cone all that ia usually possible, co fur as echooldiys sre concerned. The great want is a more decided recogniti m by parents of the necessity of determiving what line of life their cbildren shall follow out, If there were decision on this point the work of the teacher would be greatly simplified. Those intended for professional life could theu aim st passing the Univeisity :tanmdarde; thore meant to take up commercial pursuits could study bcokkeeping, modern languages, shorthand, and so forth; while those with Dee. t, 1893.] a bent for instruments! work would do a good course of manual training and the ,study cf macbi- nery. It would be a huge mistake to allow even manual training to oust from their present positions any of the reatly elementary subiects of education. But ss soon a3 boys are able to pass a fa'r test iu these they should be free to specialize for tha rest of their schooldays. In the present d:y there is a tendency on tho part of medical men to forget the older remedies aud to be carried away by an enthusiasm for new drugs, Frequently those who constantly employ the newer remedies find that they fail to produce the desired results, and are surprised, when the older medicines are resorted to, that resul's are got whiob, if pro- duced by the newer drug, would lead to enthusiastic praise. An instance of a drug which is io danger of passing into obscurity is cimpbor, on the vaiue of which the Therapeutics Gazette has a long diser- tation, noting the various cases in which it has been found most efficacious and almost invaluable. ‘We believe,” says the Gazette, “that cauwphor is not sufficiently used ” and the object of the paper is admitted to be ‘‘ to increase its general employ- ment.” Indeed tho article referred to can be read with benefit by our mnew-drog doctors, and will delight the heart of the so-called old-fashioned physician: The India Agriculturist has been treating exhaus- tively on the subject of ‘‘Hemp drugs and their uses.” The narcotic producta of the hemp plant ara briefly stated as follows:— 1, Churrus the resin (named cannabin) which is either collected off the leaves from which it is found exuding, or extracted by infusion or decoction in spirits of wine or either from the flowers and twigs. 2. Ganja properly a preparation of the flowers, but the gapja of commerce consists of three varieties : —(1) the flat ganja said to be full of leaves; (2) round ganja, named from the form it takes in being rolled, and credited with stronger narcotic powers; (3) rora or choor, broken flowers and leaves, undoubtedly the strongest in narcotic properties. 8. The leaves, which form a most important article of trade are known under the different names of ‘* Bhahg, siddhi, patti, andeubj’.”” The commonest pre- paratiou is as follows :— The dried leaves are repeatedly washed to remove the green coloring matter, thea pounded into a fine piste with a few graius of aniseed, diluted with water and drank as a refreshing draught. Pounded dry rose leaves, black pepper, rose water ard sugar may be added according to taste. Another favourite form is anextract of the resin from the leaves which are boiled in Water with ghee. The jelly so obtained is cooked with dessicated milk and sugar into a paste which on hardening is cut into small table‘s. The preparation is known as majun or majum. Chorrus is sold in brownish black grains or masses. It is only used tor smoking mixed with tobacco and molasses, and is frequently taken to whip up the effects of gapj>, which is also usel only tor intoxi- cation in the form of a smoke. The useful produots of the hemp plant are its ex- cellent fibre, and the seed. The latter produces a bland fixed oil, employed sometimes in the adulteration of mustard oi/, but also for burning in lamps, in wax- makiog and iv paints and varnishes; while tho seeds themselves may be eaten, and are given to birde. Q. <_< THE NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF INDIA. Sir Juland Danvers’ paper on this subject should be oarefglly studied by all those interested in the progress of this country. Its agriculture aod its ma- nufastures have, only since the assumption cf the Government by the Orown, exhibited development, bul be dic not wish to depreciate, in saying so, what pad bean done for hotb, by the late Hast India THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 379 Company, who laboured for thirty years previously in the same direction. That more success did not attend their pioneer efforts was not due to the absence of cazacious energy or activity on their part, bnt rather because modern improvements in eteam navi- gation, and cheap aud speedy intercourse with Europe *xere wanting. ‘l'hese have since placed Indian natural products, her grains, her seeds, her cotton, her jute, her tea, her coffee, tobacco, silk aud other thiogs before capitalists at home, and have brought about the advancement of the last twenty-five years. The Suez Canal has played no insignificant part in this result. With that powerful factor of civilisation, he brackets the moral and intellectual progress of India and the greater secority it enjoys in good government end the policy inaugurated by the Esst India Company. Steam, electricity, machinery, capital, science, skill, energy and wise admiuistr. tion have all contributed to tre result, and it would not be possible to differentiate the part each of thesa forces has exerted in the common cause where all were so intimately associated aud worked together. Speaking of the alarm which the great iucrease of tLe Indian population occasions in some quarters, he adopted the sentiments, and quoted the words of the late Corsus Commissioner who arrived at the followiog conclusions after mature deliberation and with a lirge and recent experience, “ that relatively to its mcans of subsistence India is not over- peopled, that even in the favourable circumstances of tbe last ten years, the population has not increased in an undue proportion to those means, whilst the rates of increass in its process of produotion and purchare indicate a general rise in the wellbeing of the community at lurge.” In recent years more land has come under cultiva- tion and irlization has been extended over vast areas. Agriculture bas becn decidedly improved though there is room for greater improvemeat, It is the preponderating industry of the country, as no less than 83 per cent of the population ara sus- tained by it. Compared with this enormous par- centege, the 9 per cent that live on handicrafts and manufactures are an ineignificant factor and equa- ally so is the amount of exports credited to them, averaging 14,300,000 rupees comparcd with a total aggregating 103,500,000 rupees. It is not desirable that a great country shonld depend on one source of wealth. Agriculture will, no doubt, hold its own, and continue to be the main indusiry, but if besides exporting her raw materials, Todia could turn them to account in supplying her own and foreign markets with manufactured goods an important step will be taken in promoting the prosperity of the coun'ry, Among her agricultu-al products, Sir Juland Danvers no'iced tea, coffee, cinchons, tobacco, fibres, bamboo, timber, opium and indigo. Tea ho said ia now cultivated snd manufactured on the slopes of the Himalayas, and on the hill tracts of Southern India, occupying an area of no less than 1,000,C00 acres and exporting as much as 120,149,467 pounds of made ta in 1891, of which 111,169,000 went to Great Bceitain and considerable cossiguments t» Persia and Australia. Hecovld remember the time when Indian tea was a curiosity at home, Chins, enjoying the monopoly of that product ani supplying 146,687,870 pounds in 1871. In twenty years, this quantity dwindled to 67,256,263 pounds with o tendency to fall lower still year by year since. This shows what oan be done by energy, inte ligence, and the outlay of British capital properly directed. Quinine is another product, he said, which had been tuccessfully introduced and cstablished in Indis. Mr, Markham in 1858 was deputed to South America to collect ciachona ceeds aud plants from the forests of the Andes. The attempts were unsuccessful at first, the plants were injured by travel and arrived in a dying state, but subsequently seed were gathere], and with perseverunco were got to germivate on the Nilgirie, where seyoral flourishing Government plan; tations now exist where the drug is produced in greay purity and abundance, 480 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [ Due, 1, 1893) Another industry which has not made the same strides but is steadily increas ng in bulk and value is tobacco. The climate of Southern India is admirably adapted for this cultivation, which needs careful choice of seed and Letter treatment to expaud indefi- hitely. Both in the time of the Honorable the East India Company and since, efforts have lecn made in this direction, but no very marked degree of success attended them, perhaps because English capital has mot been devoted more largely t>» the pvoduc- tidn of tobacco and the manvfacture of cigars. Actording to latest statistical infcrmation 31 tobacco farms and factories exist in India, of which 29 are situated in the Madras Presidency, Ixports, however, are Saall and show little incecase. In 1881-82, these amounted in value to rupees 115,000, and ten years later to no more than 145,000 rupees, or an increase of 30,000 rupees only. Ia fibres, again, there is an opening for greater commercial and industria] activity. Many g:ow in India, such as the rbea, jute ialoe, mallows, barks of sorts and grasses and reeds in endless variety. All grow luxuriously aud are worked up for domestic nse into rcpes, bags, clothing, mats, paper, canvas, and other things too numerous to mention, For greater development of this industry lndia requires suitable machinery for oleaning and prepating its different fibres, Yhe production of that excellent material Rhen, Janguishes from this cause, ‘ British manufacturers would pay a profitable price, for the fibre, if it could be placed in the market, in reliable quantity and quality, for their purposes. ‘bey have asked for it during many years but cannot have the demund met, from the want of an efficient decort ca- ting machine, Jute, which is a coarser material, shows a better history. It had its first ster) in the European market at the time of the Crimean War when Rassian hemp was excluded from export and Scottish and Irish firms were compelled, with a short notice to fiud a substitute ond a sonrce of supply. Bengal in 1857, exported rupees 32,90,760 worth in 1891-92, this export rose to rupees 68,48,493 or more than double, Locally by baudlooms Jute is used for manu- facturing gunny cloth. There are 26 factories which have sprung up, but one only in the Madras Pre: sidency. Statistics of the Jute industry show its importance at present. In 1890 according to Mr. O'Connor there were 8100 looms, 161,815 spindles and 61,915 operatives engaged in making gunny bsgs and clothes, and in 1891-92, rupees 25,13.1000 worth of these articles were exported. The lecturer did not dwelt in ecufficient detail oh the timbers and bamboos of India, Teak he s-id foucd its way in considerable quantities to England for shipbuilding and the manu- facture of furniture, te thought however tbat with the facilities enjoyed in the way of che1p Jabor, much valuable trade might be done in sending it out ready cut up instead of in logs ai is done with pine irom Norway and Sweden. Bambocs ro abundantly grown in warm localities, hava recently found their way to Europe and America. The caues vary in size from a walking stick toa thick pole. In India bamboos are used for the {frame work of buildings, fcr bridges of light construction, for primitive articles of furniture and for musical instru- ments. Art has been brought t» boar in working up this raw materials in America where it is mace into chicks, screens, fretwork, flower stands, baskets, fancy boxes, parasols, chairs, tables, footstools, flower pots, settees, hat racks, cabinets, puckets, bottles, easels, whatnots, and a multitude of other articles for which them re expensive and less easily manipu- lated Woods are now used.— Wilgiri News. a COFFER AND BANANAS IN GUATEMALA. A former Uva resident writes to a Ceylon friend, from Guatemala, Central America, as follows:— *¢T came down here from the States last July with a Chicago man for tke purpose of opening up an estate for coifee and bananas, the latter is a very profitable crop here, easily raised and you gather your first crop in 10 months and montbly after that. This is a beautiful country tut nt like Oeylon; T have often wished myself back in the spicy island. During July and ao part of August I was plantiog bananas aud then tiok sick with fever I am now better bat very weak asI lost 30 Ib. weight.” _ Ths writer further speaks of planting tea; but we strongly advise him for his own benefit to give the preference to coffee as ia better demand and for which thera is at preseat no lear of ovyer- production, er ee a STANDARD TEA COMPANY. The directors of the Standard Tea Company of Ceylon paid Oct. 20th an interim dividend at the rate of 5 percent per annum for the half-year ending June 30th last. Last year the interim dividend was at the same rate, though the dividends for the whole year 1892 amounted t» 10 per cent,—O. Mai, ——————— A NEGLECTED INDUSTRY FOR EUROPEANS. The Asian of the 3-d ult. devotes a column to an article by ‘‘Creighton’’ on cosonut planting as a neglected industry for Europeans. The article begins :— I am sure that this branch of planting does not receive half the attention it deszrves from Europeans in India. Yet in Ceylon it is a very favourite form of investment, and coconut topes in bearing are eagerly sought after by both Europeans and Natives. As an investment coconut planting is considered far safer thao banks and yields moreover a much greater interest. The profits are not very high compared with tea and coffee, but the initial ontlay and subsequent cultivation required are of the smallest. The returos per acre are not—I am talking of Ceylon —much over R150 per acre on the average, but well- cared-for estates yicid more like R200 annually. A yield of only fifty nuts per tree will in a good year —'ike 1892-93—bring in as much as R130 per aere, while on well-cultivated land the yield is sometimes as high as 150 nuts per tree, which in a good year mean almost Ii400 per azre. Of course the one great disadvantage is the length of time required before they begin to yield—from six to seyen years —hbut this again is no longer than in the case of cacao. From time to time the Tropical Agricultwrist has published many scattered notes on the subject, and the following notes contain the gist of papers contributed to that journal from time to time. The notes quoted are chiefly from ‘‘W.H, W.” contribution to our columns. HYBRID COFFEE. I read somewhere recently that the authorities at the Government Botanical gardens at Perrdeuiya, Ceylon, had succeeded in obtaining hybrid plants by cross-fertilisation between the flowers of Arabian and Liberian Ooffee. Taois was probably accomplished artificially, as in a state of nature they can but oceur Very fortuitously seeirg that they hardly ever blo-som simultaneously, et any rate this ie the case up here. I suppose it will bean easy matter to obtain hybrid seed from the above mentionei gardens.qIf this be the case, it would be chesper and would sare a lot of trouble and diiappointment if planters who are desirous of trying the hybrid plants, obtained the secd from there. Some months ago you had an extract from the Ceylon Observer in which Messrs. Middletcn and Brooke-Mockett of Mysore were repor- tcd to h.ve said in an interview witha representative ofthat paper that some hybrid trees bearing thea jhad been discovered in a Liberian fie’d on the estate of the latter gentleman, and that he intended plant- ing up a Jarge a-ea with what he believed to be hybrid seed. Now I believe hybrids planted by themselves are bound to be diseppointivg, as the follgwiog from Dre, t, 1893.] PH TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 381 Hcokex’s Botany will make clear. Ie says:— ‘Hybrids are the result of the ovules of one species haying been fertilised by the pollen of avother. They are called mules, and are rare in nature but easily produced by art. Many grow rapidly and flower copi uslr, but do not fertilise their ovules, owing to the imperfection of these or of their pollen; hence they rarely ripen seed. Onthe other hand, they often pro- duce seed abundantly when fertilised by the pollen of one of their parents.’’ The itelics in the above are mine, and I thiuk planters would do well to take rote of it. It is clear from the atove that bybrids to be @ success must be intermingled with ether Arabian or Liberian Coffee—i.c., one of their parents—so as to facilitute their flowers being fertilised by the pollen of the latter. Furthermore their succoss will also le conditional on their flowering at the eame time as at least one of the latter.—Milgirt News. —_— MOTHER-OF-PEARL AND SHELLS. The Joniteur Officiel du Commerce publishes the following acconnt of the Javan trade in mother-of- pearl and shcll3 taken from a recent report of the French Consul at Batavi1:—Macas:ar appears to be the point where the products of the region intended fcx export ore centred. The following is the result of the market ot this place for the year 1892, as re- gards mother-of-pearl and sheils:—The Aroe mcther- of-pearl fishery wus very satisfactory; the proluct placed on the Macasser market in 1892 was abcut 2,000 piculs (picul—about 133 1-3b.) Tue first arriv.ls were 1apidly sold, and about 1,200 piculs were cleared at prices varyirg Letwecn 109 and 125 florins per picu). Thcse jr.ces are considered on the market a3 very high, Towards the end of the season the prices fell and tke Ja t motber-of-pcarl thells from Aroe ariying on the market, about 800 picule, rea'ised an average price of 102 flori:s per plow!. During the final months of 1892 the Aroe itlands were charact rised by disturb n-e3 on the part of native and Chinese coolies, and the inc-ease in price of the mother-of pearl shells is partly at- tributed to this event, Thers is still some agitation in the Aroe island, the fishermen only venturing with caution into these parts, and it is anticipated in consequence that the Aroe mo'her-of-pearl will be scarce on the Macas-ar market this scason; prices are therefore, expectei to rule still highor. The Brgos shells have ar ived on the Macassar market in sufficient quantity to eatisfy all demands. Shells from this region of large cr average dimensions ere sold at from 24fl, to 25°50. per picul. For those of small dimensions the price has yuiriel between 19f. and 22ad per picule. he Bangai and Ceran shells have realis d an average price of 75fl. per picul. The other shells which are sold at Maca sar are those which come from Floresso Banda; they are in less demand; and their value has consequently decrease] from 30fl. to 19fl. per picul. The principal markets for the mother-of-pearl and the various shel’s employed in European industry are found in the large commercial towns of the Nether~ lands and Belgium. It is there that the European Pticesare at present fixed, but an attempt has already been made by the Americans to take this market into certain towns in the United States. The exports from Macassar go direct from that port to the port of destinition, when the exporter has enough to entirely fill up a yesse!, if notthe goods are generally fent to Singapcre so as to be r2-coasigned, after transbipment to tke port of final doztinstion. ie NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. TEA AND THE Water Surpries.—The question of the water supply and the part it plays in tho deye- lopment of the flavour of tea is not lost sight of by the Jarge tes dealers, The right sort of tea to suit the water in any particular district is ca-efully studied by many dealers, who haye exp rimented with much patience in this direction. Just at present Dublin is in a very bad stato as regards in water supply, and brewers, distillers, aud tea dealers are rather exercised about the threatened water famine. Cacuar PLANTERs Dine Tocetiipr,—Another gather- ing in London of tca plenters is likely to become an anoual affsir. From particulars which have heen commuvicated to us, and which appear in another column, it will will be geen that a number of Gachar plauters dined together on October 12tb, and it is proposed to make this an avnual dinner. We shall then have an Assam, a Ceylon, and a Cachar Annual Dinver takirg place in London, which says something for the imp rtance of the tea industry as well as for the fes'ive disposition of those engaged in it. Tue CorreE MArker.—This market continues ex- tremely firm, with appreciating values for near'y all varistics, Oolory kinds are now scarce and in con- siderabie request and command a high figure. Tho better trade demand which usually sets in at this time of the year is now showing itself, ard as supplies jast at present are very mcderate, there is keen com- petition for all desrable lots. There has also been a considerable spccula'ive busincas iu the Term markets, the continued unsettled position in Brazil, which prevents the distribution of arrivals from the interior and the moderate da ly receipts, ivducing large opera: tions for a rise, Quotations at the c'ose show an advance of fully 23 per cwt. for all potitions.—H. and C, Mail, Oct. 27. eae THE PROSPECTS OF CINCHONA BARK, We call attention to the letter of Chevalier Schmidt on page 385. We can only _ refer him and the Java planters generally, to the re- view of the present position of our cinchona in- dustry and the prospects of bark generally given in our ‘ Handbcokand Directory’ just published; Against an export Jast year of 62 million Ib., we do not exp2ct to see more than 4 million shipped for 1:93—if so much. Up to the 6th inst. the t-tal is only 3,131,982 1b., and unless prices improve, there may be no additions for some weeks, For next year, we ventured to say that the total export wou!d not exceed 8 million lb., but even that may be too high if the markat keep as depressed as it is at present. Should prices on the other hand improve, 3 or eyen 4 million Ib. of bark might be collected and shipped frum Ceylon. The acreage now under cinchona in this island is quite insignificant, and South America —rather than India or Ceylon—should be con- sidered by Java as the only rival source of supply of special importance. —_> NEWS FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCE PLANTING AND OTHERWISE, (Notes by Wanderer.) 9th Nov. WEATHER exactly what is wanted, and the rains haye done good to tea and cacao. We don’t worry much about weather for coffee on the Kandy side of the Nuwara Eliya range. Cacao.—It is quite wonderful to note the growth of wood. If the rains of the N.-H. monsson don’t continue too long we willhaye good cacao blossoms for Spring. Still the general opinion is that the Automn crop of 1894 will pullup the crop returns for next season. 25,338 cwt. to 6th November against 15,237 cwt. to same date in 1892, means a large addition to stocks of Ceylon cocoa, and there is little doubt we shall send away 28,000 ewe. by the end of 1893. The stock of cocoa at home is 5,00) packages more than it was at same date last year. That abominable Guayaquil received 12,000 quintals in the first fortnight in October as against 8,400 in the corresponding fort- night of last year. Howeyer, a rise of a few shillings took place lately aud the market was acquainted with all the foregoing facts. : 'ea,—We haye shipped 69,189,601 lb. to 6th Noy- ember. So if we have sutiigient shipping we shall 382 export two or three millions over the maximum P. A. Hstimate by end of December. ‘ea is re- ported to be flushing splendidly everywhere, and planters are grudging the holidays the coolies like to keep at this time. Cacao SrrALiInc,—We are anxiously looking for- ward to the action wiich will be taken by our Planting Represeutative in Council to lessen this evil- The Native Representatives, more especially Mr. Panabokka, wiil no doubt back up Mr. Kelly, for the industrious Native Agriculturist is terribly handicapped by the cacao thief who tries his hand on other products when the cacao season is over. The recerver ought to be got at. Ratraut Datty Returns are sometimes very funny reading. For instance Jaffna on the 4th November had 1°38 inches of rain in the 24 hours, but the numeral sign for weather in the 24 hours is ? which means threatening. I once met a Brother Scot in the Kotmale Pass in the midst of a thunderstorm, and he ventured the remark that it was ‘ike to be showery.”’ Of course, he andthe Jaffna weather man both hail from the North. However, the Matale observer of weather on the 7tb, takes a leaf out of the book of his Brother in Jatfna, and records the figure “2” when the rainfall of the last 24 hours was 1°37. I suppose the Recording Angels in Dikoya and Nawala- pitiya have broken their rain gauges, for they don’t give any record of rain in inches on the 4th, and report the weather as “1” or jine and clear. Vhe Nawalapitiya Angel in fact goes the levgth of record- ing the weather as fine or “1” onthe 4th, 6th, 7th, aod 8th instant. Every one who lives in that damp yillage knoys that to be absurd. —_— —_->— --— PLANTING IN THE RATNAPURA DISTRICT. Ratnarurs, 23rd Oct, 1893.—I haye now been nearly four months in this obscure corner of the earth between five and six miles to the north-west of the city of gems. Our climate is nearly all that can be desired for tea. I wish I could sayas much for our soil. This estate is situate in a valley with high steep ridges on either side with a stream in the bottom running nearly due north. The whole valley is elosely studded with boulders and the banks of the stream is broken up with old gem pits at every few yards. Such is the spot on which i have lighted on for a home till I am called to my long one. The tea field has been leased for some years and the lease is not yet lapsed. In the meantime we are endeayouring to get it equipped with necessary buildings, &c., before taking it over. Our chance of success will lie rather in the cheapness of our work- ing than in the bulk of our crops or the fineness of quality, if we may judge by the prices obtained by the lessee. Rainfall:—August 709 inches, September 7°88 inches, October to date 14°85—eleyen inches of which fell in five days 8th to 12th, The North-east opened on the 22nd with a shower of 50 cents. —— _ BAMBOO. The Orient is wreathed with bamboo. A consider- uble proportion of the houses in the Hast are built of bamboo, and at one season of thy year many thou- sands of natiyes are fed on bambo», ‘bere is nothing else I should find co impossible to wize from my memoried picture of the Hast as bamboo. It is tke one characteristic common t9 all the Hast. InJigo, rice, opium, tea, coffte, cochincal, gems, spices—they all mean the Hast, Lut no one of them means the entire East. Bamboo is symbolic of all the Exst. It lifts its graceful feathery heads among the coconut trees and cinnamon groves of Ueyl.n, it touches with rere beauty every tew yards of the Chinese lands- expe. It breaks up into lovely bits the fielda of India. It grows at the base of the Himalsyas, It softens pgaio the soft, fair face of Japan, It thrives in _ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Die. 1, 1894. Singapore, it runs rictin Penang. And woode-fully deft sre ths various natives in theie use of bamboo. ‘the Chinamen excel in its manipulat on. I have come home, after a sejouro in the Hast of some years, With an idza that the Chinamen excel in almost everything mechanical in which they bave an entirely fa'r chaxce. Tuere are few things & Chinaman caniot make ont of bamboo: houses, boxes and baskets, furniture, palanquins, ‘rickshaws, hats, shields, carriages, scaffolding, fesces, mats, portiers; those area few of the simplest uses to which Chin- Yang puts bamboo, Tuere is nothing else in the vegetable kingdom et once 80 pliable and eo etrong as bawboo. The fingers of Ohinese children weave it. The bands of Indian women pluckit, Yet from it is made scaffolding, upon which stend a multitude of Ohinese workmen. Once in Honzkong I saw the Chinese prepire for their “Soul Festiva).” The ‘ Soal Festiva:” is a unique expression otf theartistic yearnings of this peculiar people. It occurs once in every four yesrs. A temporary house is built of bamboo. It is lined with shelves of bamboo; on those shelves are placed pictures, vaee3 of flowers—ia brief, anything and everything that marks Chioese progress in the fine arts. be “* Sout Festiva\’’ is the Chinese Wozld’s Fair, Buta World's Fair from which all the world is rigorously excluded except China. ‘There was a great deal about the “Soul Fcstiva',” [ saw that was incomprebensible to me. And a Chinese mystery is apt to remain a Ohivese mystery, to the most inquiring Europeans. They are not prone to explain themselves to us. Oue thing, bow:ver, wes clear to me at the “Sonl Festival,’ That one thing was the preponderance of bamboo, Not only was bamboo an important ingredient of tke buildirg, and of half the semi- useful articles displayed, but it was in evidence on the msjority of the pottery, and ia maoy of the pictures. It wasthe saving grace of the most hideous carvings. It gave the utmost touch of beauty to the fiuest ivorier. Bamboo is as light as it is strong. That makes it invaluable for receptacles that must be carried. I uscd often to stop in the strects of Shanghsi to buy Ohivese sweetmeats from a ‘‘ chow-chow seller” who kala portable booth or cabinet. I wondered at the ease with which he carried it, until one day I lift.d it myself. It was inexpreseibly light. It waa made of bambo>. The minor Obisese bridges are made of bamboo. Very quaiut and effective they are. 1 went toa Chinese court of justice. The judges sat upon bambvo chairs, absut a bambco table, The doors of a Chinese prison are barred with bamboo lattice-work. ‘ke sbields of the Ohivese s»ldiers are made cf bamboo. Of bamboo ,are made the flutes of the Chinese musicians. ‘he Chinese poulterer carr.es across his shoulder a straight bamboo rod, aud oa it are hung his feathery wares. The captive soog-virds of China chirp their sid music behind the birs of bamboo cages. The Chinese woman who toidles from her window to s3e your strange pale European face leans over a bamboo balcony. 1 hal some boxes made io Sinagapore (Singapore is full of Chinese), and in Hoagkong, I ussd to tpsnd huurs watching their manufacture from the almost green bambco. The Chinese are uurivalled io thorough- hess and in exactre3ze. I drew a plan of a rather intricate box for a Chinaman in Singapore. I gota tape measure and showed him the cimens:ons I wished. We bargained, as to the price, on our fiagers. ‘he day on which it should be completed was determined in the same way. On the day agreed upon, John arrived with my box. He had padded and liced it with silk, as I nad shown him, the com- partment for my wigs; he had lined the litile place for “ make-up” wi:h tin; my armour fitted into its place to a sicety. In brief, he had done everything exactly as I had indicated. Not frum one of my many instructions had he deviated by a baiz’s breadth. And yet I bad only shown him on a piece of paper. I bad told him nothing. We ware eqaally ignorant each of the other’s language. I paid him the exact Bum agreed upon, and he said ** Onin-cnin,”’ and went away very contentedly, ‘That is & characteristic of Dec. 1, 1893,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 383 the Chinese, the quslity of fidelity to a bargsin. In that they differ from the Japenese. Ifa Chineman agrees to make you a pair of boots for three ven, und to deiver them on Monday, why then, as sure as Mondsy comes, come the boots, made as they were ordered. The bootmaker takes his three yen, and says “ Thank you.” Meke an identical arrangement with a Japenese. On Monday ycureverseehim. On Tuesday he calls to cay that he will brirg the boots on Wednesday» On Thursday he actuelly brings them. Hcisvery polite, far pcliter thanthe Chinese cobbler. He demands four yep, because they Lave taken twice the leather he thought they would. Nine to one the boo's ave not just what you crdered. But there will be about them that indefinable some- thing that will stamp them works of art; and the boots the Chinaman made you, though just ag you ordered, will be, at the utmost, masterpieces of mechanical workmanship. In BengalI have seen women carrying bundles of barnboo three times their own beight and quite their own circumference. They cut it, the women of the coolie clase (hard-working class) and carry it for miles on their beads. They have a little pad cf rags between their skul!s and their tremendous burdens. They bring the bambco tothe nearest village and sell it to some bamboosbop. The ‘‘Mohurrum”’ is the thriving timefor one brauch of the bamboo trade, for at the celebra- stion of the Mohurrum festival thousands of tazias are ca’ried about the s'reets before they are throwr, as sacrifices to the native gods, into the Ganges or its nea:est substitute. The tazias are marvellous cor- cootions of paper and tintrel, more or less typical of Indian religious history or myth. They ere carried npon carts, or upon the shoulders of religious enthu- siasts. But whether the tazias are esiried on carter, or by men, they rest upon bamboo scaffoldings. And most of them are built upon bamboo framework. The Mohurrum is ore of the two great Mahommedan fes- tivals. It is often provocative of riot and bloodshed and it ig at such times, when native fanaticism rices its high hobby-horse, that Huropcan iuterests are most eudangered. Bamboo is a delightful vegetable. Only the young tender shoots can be eaten; but they are very palat- able. They are dressed w.th a a criam sauce, suchas Americans serve asparagus points with. The vatives use them in an insipid broth, They area toothsome accompaniment to any game eurry. They are often used in all the nicest curries. I claim to have inven- ted bamboo salad, and I assure you it is very nice. You boil the young tender tips, but not too thoroughly. Tien put them io the ice-chest. When they are thoroughly cold, serve them with a French dressing, or with a rich mayonnaise. You can serve them with or without lettuce, cucumber, &c. But serve a little celery with thim, if possible; and whether you use the French drcs:ing or the mayou- aise, season it with cayeine unt:l it is quite piquant. The bamboo tips are als) very nice scrved as a confiture with preserved ginger end candied mangces. I was looking the other day over the price list of en Hastern condiment bouse here in London. But no Eastern delecatesse was there. The fruits, the queer combinttions that give the Hastern flavour to your food aud make every mouthful more delicious and pungent than the last, they are not to be had kere. But it is happiness to remember them, But it is the pictur.sque aspect of the growing bamboo that I would emphasize, Uxcept in Japan, slmost all the beauties of the Enst are positive— aggressive in colour andin line, Bamboo is soft of hue, graceful, indefini'e of ontline. It softcus and modifies many a wile of Indian scenery which without it would be crude. I remember with genuine gratitude one glorious clump of bamboo in Jubbulpore. It was eo delicate in tint and shape tha’ it toned to teuder half- colours the rough dycs of the garments of the natives who clustered about it. LIalways made a point of in- cluding it in my afternoon drive, and many a stariit bight [have walked some considerable distance to see it out!ined, like wouderful grey-green lace, sgsiis: the opalescent sky, from which the sunset had nut quite gone.—Pall Mall Budget. THE FUTURE OF CINCHONA BARK AND QUININE, : We call the attenticn of Java (and for that matter of Ceylon ard Indian) cinchona planters te the letter from Messrs, Bohringcr which appears on page 386. We learn from this leading berk-buying house that their principals in Mann- heim concider the Statistics and Review in our latect ‘* Handbcok ard Directcry”’ as, on the whole; fairly correct, Butthere is one important correction to be noted which we could rot possibly discover from the authority from which we quoted, The exports of ‘‘Quinine and Quinine Salts” from Germany which were returned at the large figures of 7,966,000 ounces last year really include the wcight of the packages! ‘‘ Tare” has to be deducted and in some cases this will make a very large difference. Then we are also informed that of late years, the seanufacture of quinine in both Fiance end Italy bas fallen cif even toa greater extent than we ventured to show. But the im- poriant point is that although the consumption of quinine—notwithstanding the number of sub- stitutes introduced of late— is steadiJy growing every year, slillthe total has scarcely reached to our estim- ated quantity. Nevertheless it now bears a most encouraging proportion to the supply of bark, and if the Java planters—as Messrs. Bohringer re- commend—will only restrict and regulate their exports henceforward, they can very specdily secure a considerable difference in the bark market. Our Java neighbours undoubtedly hold the key of the posiiion: they can easily raise the prices by checking their output; for Ceylcn and India are no lenger to be counted as of importance, What has hitherto kept the prices of bark unduly down, is speculation in quinine to hold for future ute, based on the extremely low quotations for the latter article. Quinine is co easily stored, that there will be always a temptation to buy to hold. But the manufacturers rather checkmated the spcculators by fixing among themselves a minimum rate below which they would not sell, and co for come time, the market has been supplied a gcod deal fiom the stock held by the sp culators, and the demand for bark has correspondingly fellen cff. But this will soon right itself, and if the Java planters only refrain from sending out too much of their jive-per-cent bark during 1894, a considerable improvement in the market may be anticipated. cae ee LOWER AMBAGAMUWA. Noy. 10th, THE WEATHER.— Quite an inch of rain aday for nine days in November is a record yon would be quite proud of. Presumably we are in for another spell of the wet cycle. Docile Menatchie and dodgy Ramasamy with their time-honored ‘“ Tevallie” have hsd a mest damping time of it. In spite of the spirits imbibed the cooling spi:it has had the ascendancy all throughout; thus Rumaeamy off the balsnce has becn a peculiarly rire feature this festive season. For such little mercy at least let us be truly thankful. QUEEN TEA is behaying herself very encouragingly. Spring-tide, as these months are gcneraliy termed, naturally turns the scale in favour of the long suffer- ing Ceylon planter, and with the cel brated Dr, Olark gathered unio bis fathers, Oeylon aud Indian tea planters are at lesst one short of their numerous Helopeltis, and crape manufacturers, I am afraid, need not turn their steention to Ceylon and Indian tes plenters for a fortane in cape trade, I cont think they would sell } a yard in the Lea distric!s of Ceylon! De mortias nil nisi bonum. VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Tea Sexrp O1r.—We have some further in- quiries respecting this product. It is a curious fact that in Balfour’s ‘' Cyclopalia of India” where a very full list of all oils known in India and Ohina are given, ‘tea seed oil” docs not occur, although we .have mentioned such seed oily as *‘cacao whole seeds,’ ‘‘ croton seeds’’ &e. In along list of ‘‘ Chinese oils’ also tea seed oil docs not occur. Travancore ‘[rA anp CrincHona DBarx.—Mr. H. M. Knight, Chairman of the Travancore Planters’ Association, has been taking some interest while passing through Colombo, in the question of getting the produce of Travancore into Oolombo market free of Customs duty. We think there is mnch to be said for the Government making such an exception and legislating if necessary. ‘Travancore has ever been regarded as an outlying disir:ct of Ceylon and already exceptional nezo'iations about tobacco have taken place between the two States. Finr Teas For AustRaLiA-—With reference to the recent complaint published atout more fine teas being required in the Colombo market to meot a demand for Australia, a tea authority calls cur attention to the following ex‘ract from the Melbourne Journal of Commerce, Out. 24 ;— “Colombo is seuding reduced shipmente, the shoit- age of space and the unsatisfectory result cf sales Laving ita effect upon shippers. Several auction tales bave been held here, but tue rezult has not been good, the proporticn of withdrawals being heavy, Fine tca is very difficult to scll at covering rates, the trade evidently not being able to sell high price tea. CorreE Near Kanpy.—A visitor from Jaya, without much time to spare, was anxious to see coffee growing in Ceylon, but his Colembo agents were puzzled above all things to know where, within a cay’s journey of Colombo, our old staple could ke seen! At length, inquiry brought to light the fact of a young field on Anniewatte near Kandy, grown from Coorg seed, and here the Java planter was able to satisfy his curiosity. The field in question only covers a few acres and was a piece of land often chenaed; but the coffee on it is looking very well, notwithstanding that the plants were covered with leaf disease in the nursery. The field is, however, carefully manured. A Rumepy ror Puytioxpra.—A paper presented to the Paris Academy cf Sciences by M. F. de Mely would lcad to the ccnclusion that the treatment of vines with peat-moss mixed with schist is, at least tosome extent, a remedy against the phylloxera. At all events, some expcriments have proved so successful that the Government has taken the matter in hand, anda systematic trial on a large scale is tobe made, ‘he phyl- loxera igs.easS serious an enemy to the French vineyards as the hop aphis in Kent and Sussex, or the potato disease in Ireland to the respective crops which they attack, and any suggested re- medy which has appeared to be tentatively successful ig worthy of extensive trial.— English Mechanic. Tue Import Dury on Tea in Hotitanp.— We are indebted to M:. Schwaz cf Mesers, Volkart Bros., Consul for the Netherlands, for the information conveyed in his letter given on page 386. It shows that the duty in Holland is equal to about 2 1-5thd per lb., a very moderate rate when compared with the duty in Germany (54d) or Bel- gium 371, England 41. France 9d to 114d! Holland ought to become a great tea-drinking country were it not for the prevalent taste in favour of coffee, —which Jave, of course, supplies—in all the provin- ccs save one or two o3the borders of Germany. Pro poseD CuLtivaTion or Tea 1x Ruseia.—It is stated, according to the Overland China Mail, that tke Russiens ere exporting from China large quantities of tea plants and appliances with the intention of etarting plantations in the mountains of South-east Russia, which is said to be very favourable for the growth of the plant. Chinese Jabourers are being taken over. The Chinese trading classes do not favour the proj: ct a3 they consider it wll become arother serious rival to the native industry. Reports of famine in some of the Provinces of Ohina come in periodically, but there are reports from other Provinces of firet-rate croys.—Pioneer* ANOTHER Puantinc Company: THE CEYLON- Serancor Prantinc Company, Luontep.—We under- stand that a Company is about to be formed under the above title with a capital of R200,000 for the purpose of acquiring from Mr. H.W. Bailey a block of some 2,000 acres extent in Selangor. The land has a railway—that from Klang to Kwala Lumpur —running through it, and the Petalin station is on the land about 4 miles from Kwala Lumpur. It is believed to be the best land in the State, and the Company is to be formed to acquire the land and to open up 600 acres in Liberian coffee. We are glad to learn that a large number of the shares have already been sybscribed for, and we hope the project will be successfully put through. A Lesson To Fruiranowrers.—An American agri- cullurist raised the questioa a short time ago as to the necessity of msect visite to the flowers of pears and other fruils affected by blight. It was shown that the organism causing blight was disseminated by insects during their visits to the blozeoms, and it was thought that if by some practical means insects could be excluded from the fiowers without interfering with the fruitfulnesa of the trees, one form of blight at least might be prevented. A series of experiments were made at Brcckport, New York, to obtain some ioformation in regard to the effect on fruitfulness of excluding insecte, Yhese experiments were made under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculiure, and the. results which are certainly startling, haye becn published. The results seem to indicate a fact hitherto overlooked by scientific and practical men—y.z. that many well-known varieties of pears will not cet fruit unless their fiowers receive pollen from other vyarieties—that is to say, the visits of insects, by means of which cress-fertilisation is effected, necessary to enrure proper sitting of the fruit. Further information on the subject being required, come extended experiments were made, the work being carried on in Virginia, New York, and New Jersey. The resul{s in every case confirmed those previously obtained. Thus it would seem thst mest of the common yarieties of pears and apples are unable to fertilise themselves. Of course, this has been touched upon by Darwin, Kuight, and others ; but it would appear that no one Las advanced any theories as to the common fruits. The lesson for the fruit grower is to select his varieties and plant them in such a way as to ensure cross-fertilisation, —Pall Mall Gazette. - ' Dec. 1, 1893. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 385 Coyysspondenca, SS To the E£ditor. COFFEE AND TEA IN GUATEMALA. Guatemala, Cantral America, Sept. 19. Colombo, Ceylon. Dear Sir,—I venture to ask you for the kind information whether frost hurts the tea plant. In addition to a coffee estate, I have recently pur- chased a beautiful piece of land 4,800 feet high, the only disadvantage of which is that in certain seasons slight frosts occur, which fact prohibits me from planting coffee. But as the soilis very fine and over a hundred Indian families are living on the land, I should not like to leave it un- cultivated, and I am convinced that tea would grow very well, if the rare and slight frosts would not interfere, I should be glad to receive your reply to the question asked and hope you will with equal frankness aek for my services when required.—Yours very truly, EK. FE. DISSELDORFF, |The tea plant as well as coffee is affected by frost though perhaps not to the same extent. Opening in small clearings with belts of forest sheltering them all round might protect both plants from irost, and if tea is to be tried the hardy Ohina varioty, though not so prolific as the Assam,might suit better. But ag there is much danger of tea being overproduced, while the sup- ply of coffee is greatly failing off, we would strongly advise Mr. Disseldorff to try cofiee even at 4800 feet, in his latitude, by opening in gmall clearings in theway we suggest.—Hp, 7’.A. ] CEYLON TEAS IN MONTREAL, CANADA. Montreal, 3rd Oot. 1893. Dear Srr,—I send you particulars of our last tea sale amounting to about R150,000 to R200.000 which may be interesting as showing the increaced esteem in which Ceylon tea is being held in the Dominion: audI have no doubt that our market here for Ceylon teas can be increased by judicious shipments of high middle class teas and fine gradec:— Japans realized from 13 to 39 cents. Young Hysons 5 122 >to) 31; *,, Gunpowder na et ton. S5ie ts, Congou ni 17% to 24 ,, Ceylons 241 to 37 It will be noticed that while Ceylon’s did not fetch the very highest price (by 1d), yet the lowest price Ceylons brought double and over double the pricey of the lower grade3 of other teas (with the exoep- tion of congous). The prices equal say 1s id to 1s 64d. All tho teas were sold at our periodic auction sales. I shall ba happy to give any information regard- ing through rates of freight or other particulars at any time.—Yours truly, WILLIAM BENTHAM. CINCHONA BARK IN JAVA, Soerabaia, Java, Oct. 28th. Sm,—You know the most deplorable condition of the planters of Peruvian bark and it is super- fluous to expatiate upon it. The manufasturers impute the overproduction resulting from the colossal harvests of Ceylon some years ago, and they say that, with a little inorease of prices, Ceylon will be able to furnish 5 or 6 millions of pounds a year for some years, 49 For us Javanese planters it is of the greatest importance to know, ata rough guess, how much bark Ceylon will be able to furnish during the next years, and it is therefore that I take the liberty to ask from you as expert and ed tor of the Tropical Agriculturist, the favour, to give us some information on it, if you can do go. Your infor- mations are destined for the Soekaboenisehe Landbomoveruniging. With my sincerest thanks I remain, your obedient fervant, J. H. SCHMIDT, Chevalier of the Datch Lion, CEYLON TEAS IN THE AUSTRALIAN MARKET. Colombo, 28'h Oot. 1893. Dear S1r,—We publish the following extract from the letter of alarge tea firm in the Australian Colonies in the hopes that it may lead to better teas being offered on this market. We are distinotly of opinion that the large proportion or more or less spoilt teas seen on this market, is due to faults in plucking and manufacture.—Yours faithfully, po pro. BATHGATE, PIM & CO., I, F, STREET. E tract from Australian letter. “Thera is every appearance at present of this market being overdoae by imports and even vow we ara buying better than we could import in some kinds. “There ig aleéo much tea hera more or less ont of condition, that looks a8 if mixed with old spoilt leaf and tastes sour. It will take very little of thig sort of thing to drive three-fifths of the present Ceylon business on to Indians, which are showing better valae at the present time. “There seems to bea prevalent notion both in Colombo and Calcutta that quality will not sell at a profit here, that in fact anything is god enough for the Colonies. The sooner this notion is got rid of the better for all concerned; its operation is simply to hinder the more rapid growth in consumption of both Indien and Ceylon sorts. The consumption of fine to finest t-ag is now as large per head as any where else and would rapidly grow with very liitle enoour- agement and opportunity.” THE VALUE OF MANURE FOR TEA: HOW TO SECURE 100 MILLION LB. OF TEA IN CEYLON “NEXT YEAR.” Upcountry, Oct. 30th, Dear Srr,—If you wish to see your estimate of tea for 1896 secured next ycar, advocate manuring one-fourth of the acreage in full (?) beariog. Lipton will then have his work cut out to dispose of the tea from the acreage not yet in full bearing. Manure and medium plucking has doubled the yield in fieids in this neighbourhood.—Yours truly, AN OLD COFFEE STUMP. (Good for individual proprietors; but in the intereste of the entire tea planting community, we standin doubt a3 to whether we should wish to sce an outturn of 85 million lb. tea exceeded in 1894? !—Ep, 7.4.] PRACTICAL CULTIVATION OF CACAO AND RESULTS. Marakona, Nov. 7. Dear Sir,—In my letter of 17th August last I have shown the results of practical cultivation of cacao on a land which many thought not fit 386 for oacao. You will no doubt remember I have proved the same on Maria estate with coffee when jn November 1883 I challenged all to come and see the result, His Excellency the then Licut.-Governor Sir John Douglas was good enough to pay us a visit ; full description was given in the your paper of 20th November 1883 by a correspondent, from which I take the following extract:—‘‘In the dining- room thers was ‘ King Coftee’ in letters made with ripe cherry and wire, ‘Queen Oacao’ with a fine sample cacao pod underneath, next (the pretender) ‘Cinchona' covering his head for a time with cacao leaves; at the other end of the yoom was ‘Prince Tea’ who desires to become emperor (if care is used in planting and prices keep up he may be).” Now how true this prophesy made ten years ago has turned out. Planters should take a lessen from experience in Coffee which I maintain was abused not used, in many ways; bad planting, overbearing, no cultivation ; in some instances too much forcing manure used, bad pruning ; and now I have shown confidence in coffee when nearly every one has given it up by planting some on Nikatenna _ estate in Papwila and will show good results before long. You krow I like to take in hand what others are frightened to touch and prove what practical cultivation can and willdo, You must lcarn {1o understand by the appearance of the leaf and bark and soil what is required to be done with or added to the soil to make the plants healthy. I cannot bear to see the treatment many of our products receive; sometimes allowed to struggle on for mere existence where a little money spent in the proper time ard with practical knowledge of what to do would make them good plants and profitable; remember the old saying—a stitch in time saves nine—even plants have a language, they Bhow their wants through leaves and bark ; when they get what is wanted their gratitude is shown by the new healthy leaf and sappy bark. I much enjoy the letter of Doctor Dale and agrecd with it in many arguments he has used. ‘‘ Theory is doubtful, practice is safe.’ The writer advising cocoa pods for planting should only be plucked from the stem is entirely in error; { have tested pods from stem and branches in planting as well as curing and found good and bad from stem as well as branch. I noticed a remark in the Agricultural School Magazine, referring to my letter about weeds; surely I did not put Illook among useful weeds. I must say it all depends, in some soil I1look—as Jong as you do not let it get too thick—will actually do good by keeping coil moist, and open; the roots taken out and washed clean and given to cattle raw or boiled is much relished and cows fed on same will give much milk.—Yours truly, HOLLOWAY. THE DUTY ON TEA IMPORTED INTO HOLLAND, Netherlands Consulate, Colombo; Nov. 9th, Dear S1r,—With regard to your enquiry re duty on tea imported into Holland, I am informed by the Department for Foreign Affairs at the Hague that the duty levied is 25 florins per 100 Kilo- grammes. I may mention that 12 florins = £1 and 50-75 Kilos. = 1 owt. The communication from the Hague further states that the tare of packages is fixed in the following manner. Packages of 68 Kilos, or more 18 per cent; packages below 58 Kilos. weight 25 per cent, I remain, yours faithfully A. SCHWARZ, Consul for the Netherlands. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dec. 1, 1893, THE FUTURE OF CINCHONA BARK AND QUININE—JAVA AND CEYLON BARK. Colombo, Nov. 14th. Drar Stz,—With reference to an article published in your paper ve cinchona bark, we quite agree with you as regards the future output of bark in Ceylon. There is no doubt about it that Java holds the key of the situation and it only depends on the policy of the Java cinchona planters whe- ther prices will have to suffer a further reduction or not. The consumption of quinine has always been over-ertimated and the consequence was that the cinchona bark produced and ehipped during the last years has been far beyond the requirement of the demand for quinine. With the increasing production of bark and quinine, the speculation in the latter article bas attained great propor- tions and if the manufacturers are afraid of the increasing output of bark it is quile natural be- cause the overproduction of bark and quinine will only encourage the speculators and interfere with the consumptive demand of quinine. There is no danger of Ceylon overfiowing the market es there are only emall quantities left. The Java planters pot only incressed their shipments as rigards quantity, but their shipments show an increase in the percentage aa well. If they don’t put a stop to the increasing export, prices are sure to go even below the prisent limit. The average analyses of Ceylon bark compare with that of Java jike 2 to 1 or in other words 5 million pounds Java bark are equal to about 10 million pounds Ceylon bark. If Java limits its output to 5 million vounds at 5 per cent average, the eitua- tion is bound to improve as Ceylon end India are quite out of the question. The great question is to regulate the supply according to the de- mand for quinine, a problem which remains with the Java bark producers to be solyed.—Yours faith- fully, CH. & A. BOHRINGER. DAMMER AND SEALING WAX—AN INQUIRY. Clilivers, Nagercoil, Travancore, Friday, Noy. 10. Dear, Sir,—Could you kindly let me know bow black dammer can be conyerted into good sealing wax ? I have melted some with coconut oil but the sticks do not dry sufficient!y and are not brittle like those ore buys inthe shops.— Yours sincerely, A CONSTANT READER. SPLENDID COCOA PODS FROM WATTEGAMA. Wattegama, Noy. 16. Dear Srr,—I have sent you by this morning’s train eight cocoa pods gathered yesterday from Frankland Estate. There are 4 varieties, two of each :—Forestero, Condamara, Criolo and Car- races Hybrid. This will show you what this estate can do—last year’s crop was 1,555 pods to the ewt. Glad to say my son plucked fully one ewt. per acre in ons plucking the last round. Orop it is true is eomewhat late this year, but we have secured up to 10th inst., 30 cwt. 1 quarter 14—not bad for the little Watte. Marakona Estate Cocoa is now Coming on finely—a leaf plucked measured 25 inches by 103 inches and some pods weigh 3 lb.— Yours truly, HOLLOWAY. {This is certainly the finest collection of Cocoa pods we have ever scen: the eight weigh 19 lb., and the heaviest one of all is 23 ]b. and measures 11 inches in length and 133 in largest girth. We shall try that all interested in the Fort see them.— Ep. T.A.]} Dec. i, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3°7 VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Tue Corree Crop in Haputale, which at one time was expected to be ehort, is now reported as likely to be quite up to that of last year— and therefore a fairly good one. The prospect of prices up to 17 and 18 rupees a bushel makes everyone with a coffee crop extra cheerful. CorFrEE Prosprects.—Messrs. James Cook & Co.’s on the 23rd Oct. report:—So far as accounts of the growing crops have been received, the prospects of that of Rio do not point toa large yield; as regards Santos little news isas yet to hand. The Central American crops promise to be of an average, with the exception of the Cucho district (Guatemala). The new Java crop is estimated to produce 1} million piculs, of which fully 500,000 for private account, but the present Government crop has now been reduced to 71,000 piculs, against last month’s estimate of 92,000. THE INFLUENCE OF THE Moon on THE RAIN- FALL.—Two American meteorologists have collected statistics of rainfall over a large number of years to test the popular belief that rain is influenced by the moon. ‘The resulis, which are published in Science, show that during 1881-90 the rainfall was liable to increase about the {ime of the new moon; that the new moon was generally followed by a diminution in tke quantity of rain that fell; and that the wettest period of the lunar month was that just preceding the new moon, while the driest was that just preceding the first quarter. Tur German Hast ArricaAn Company’s new depar- ture in the introduotion of coolies has asread in the CO. M. Intelligencey for Noy. apparently met with Batisfactory resulis. Four hundred and sixty-two were brought to Tanga ; of these, 277 Chinese avd Javanese are employed at Derema and Ngouelo on the extensive coffee-plantations. The Oompsny however, dves not confine itself to the growth of coffee only ; tes, cocoa, cardamom, comes within its scope. Its two stations of Bagamoyo and Quiloa haye proved profitable, but the depreciation of silver has been prejudicial to its progress. CorFEE IN THE Far Hast.—They seem to have a ‘coffee plantation’’ at Hongkong or in the neighbourhood, to judge by the following paragraph from the Hongkong Press :— For stabbing another Chinaman at the Cottee Plantation on June 27th last, a gardener was on Saturday sentenced to six months’ imprisonment. he wounded man was very dangerously wounded in the abdomen, and remained a patient in the Hospital for a long period. The latest news from North Borneo, under date Sandakan, 12th October, includes the following :— Coffee everywhere is doing well, and there is a prospect of two or three more estates being opened in the near future. The tobacco crop on all the estates in the British North Borneo, has, at the same date, reported to be eafe. Tae Cuina Tra TrapE.—We have had the Opportunity of discussing ‘‘the situation’ and prospects in respect of China tea with a_ gentle- map of considerable experience in the trade. He has just come from Foochow and says the feason has, on the whole, been an encouraging one for the buyers, that shipments are not quite closed yet for the season and that he and otheis anticipate more trade and a better class of teas “next year.’”’ In fact the China tea trade is not dead yet in his estimation, even in its competition with India’s and Ceylon's in the old country and Australia, while for Russia and Amorica it will hold its owe, he thinks, for a long time, There can be no question that the difference in exchange may next eceason give a serious advantage to China and the gravity of the position will bave to be fully considered by Ceylon men.—As respects the present season, the latest figures show that half-a-million Jb. has been added to the exports to Britain, making the total 34 million ahead of last year; and no less than 2,360,000 lb. from China and 8C0,000 Ib. from Japan, additional, have gone to America, which thus hag got nearly 71 million 1b, from Ohina and Japan against 75 million lb. last year, Tra Pricks AND PRUNING.—A Dimbula planter writes 8s follows:—‘‘{t is really wonderful to note how short a epace of time a given crack estate main- tains its high pricer, Agarsland no longer tops the market, aod where is Hoolankande? Portswood and Pelro seem to be well in the front at present, though I have not heard so much about Portswood of late. Why is this? Isit not because they cannot main- tain these prices long without wearing out the trees?” Tre above eubject is of great interest to all planters, bot we donot think the explanation of an undoubted fact is very difficult to account for, though some may not agree with us. Is it not a fact that very high and exceptional prices are not to be obtained without a great loss in yield even in the case of high grown tea, and that that reluction in production more tban counterbalances tke increased price obtained? The great aim of every p'anter should be to hit the happy mean and secure tho largest yield compatible with the smallest sacrifice in quality. And this must necerearily differ in different districts and even with different cstates. That too heavy pruning results in a loss of qualjty, sometimes spread over a long period scems open tq little doubt, aud planters are right in using the knife more sparingly than they used to do. It is worthy of no'e that bizh estates, noted | for the fine flavor of their teas seldom prune so heavily as others at a lower altitude. Of course they do not require to do so, but the fact remaing and must not be lost sight of. CeytoN Tea in AmERICA.—The Tea Fund should advertise in America in the interests of the sellers, No one cares to give something for nothing: When a groccr in the cream of the packet days was ap= proached to take up an agency for Oeylon tea he often stipulated that a certain amount should be expended in his local paper to create the demand. His people were very well sitisfied with what they were getting, ond be did not see why he ehould push another man’s goods, helping to establish his buginess without that other man spendicg something at first to help the sale. How do you suppose such firms as Henri Nestle, of Condensed Milk fame, Van Honten, and others, got thcir footing inthis country. They went tothe wholesale men and got them to include their goods in their lists, they advertised them and referred all enqurcs tothem. Tea may bea little different from a branded article, but the same thing applies. Doubt- less many and mauy a wholesale firm in America issuesthe same sort of price list that Lazenby, Crosse aud Blackwell, Moir, T'ravere, Hanson and hundreda of others send cut weekly to their constituents. Ta advertise in thee lists would awaken their interest in your article and impress the wholesalers of America Wii your busincs3 grasp of the position that would surely boar fruit, following such a true wholesalers’ method ofcreating a sale as the spending of £30,000 atthe Exhibiton. But to starta retail store in Chicago to follow this most te!ling and grand introduction cf your artiole !! Take my advice and leave it severely alone. Botter, far better, put one advertisement in the best Yankee daily, with ‘ Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy, Ceylon,” at the foot, giving a good description of Ceylon tea and the namesot the firms who have already taken up the sale of Ceylon tea, and offering to add others, naming the most popular firm of wholesalers for retailers toapply tg, Stes to wholesaling.— London Cy’, 388 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. 1, 189%. Tue Prairies or tHE Conco,—The King of the Belgians, as Sovereign of the Independent State of the Congo, has sent a professor from one of the Ecoles d’Agriculture, of Belgium, to the Congo, to choose the site for the prairies destined for grazing cattle in large quantities to meet the requirements of the new country.—Gardencis’ Chronicle. SisAn Hemp.—Referring to the culture of Sisal Hemp in Havana, it is stated in a recent report that limited attempts have been made to introduce this branch of industry, but up to date no profits have been derived from it for want of special atten- tion. In and about the port of Nueyitas more than 1,800 acres have been planted close to the seashore, of the very best appearance and quality. Now that the plants have attained full growth, there seems to be no doubt but that the industry could be made a thriving one if some capital were invested in proper machinery to obtain the fibre, which is of remark- able strength, length and whiteness.—J/id. Srory or AN Enauisa Farm.—Mr. S. Skinner, a farmer, of Mount Pleasant Farm, Hornchurch, told a painful story yesterday at the Romford Petty Sessions to exp'ain the non pisyment of certain rates. He said he had lost £1,100 during the past thres years, and owing to the drought his early crops this year entirely failed. The Jandlord’s agent came in for rent and sold him up, property worth about £500 bringing in only £60. His rent again became due on September 29, and on the very next day the landlord’s agent came in. He declined to allow him a few days’ grace to get up his potatoes, and another forced sale r.sulted in a serious loss on the potatocrop. If time was given him he should be able to pay the rates. An order was made for payment of the rates, but it is to stand over for six weeks,—Globe. Mr. Duriock, Mri Lipton’s Ceylon agent, who was recently in Oalcutta, has not a good word for the tea industry in this part of the world. He must evidently have been ‘‘crabbed’’ while here cr he could never bave spoken so unfavourably of what he gaw while in Oalcutta. ‘‘ He has,” says a Colombo paper, ‘‘afew interesting items to give us in reference to the Caloutta tea market which be says, has ‘gone to the dogs.’ Asked why this was so, be said that the quality of the tea coming down from the gardeas this year would not bear comparison wth the crop Jast year. Some of the estates in the Dooars and in Cachar have been innundated with floods of a most disastrous character and the weather has been alto- gether against manufacturing good teas. The result is that fine teas are very scarce, and the tea gardeus sre having a bad time. This ought to be good newe for Ceylon estates; but the number turning out fine teas now is not Jarge.”—Zndian Planters’ Gazette. Paumyra Fisre.—I was asked a little time back for information as to the varied uses to which Palmyra fibre is applicable, but was un- able to afford tho information desired. What it was possible for me to say as to the nature of the fibre itself made my questioner very doubtful as to the possibilities of its application, and it occurs to me to suggest that full informa- tion on this point would be very acceptable. Would it not be possible to find some use for the fibres ofthe trunkitself 2? They are very coarse, too much so it would seem for any textile application, hut they are possessed of immense individual strength. Many years ago a series of experiments upon Palmyra wood was entrusted to me, and comparing the results obtained with those deduced from comparative experiments with other woods, it was found that the Palmyra was prominent among all the specimens for strength. The peculiarity of the trials made with this was that it did not yield to strain in the same way that all the other woods did. Teak, satin, halmilla, nadoon, and the other woods, allbroke at the first shown symptom of yielding. The Palmyra gave repeated warnings before doing fo, the weaker among its fibre giving way fixat with ] oud reports at marked intervals, showing that the wood would indicate adangerous strain being put upon it bsfore completely giving way toit. This peculiarity might in many cases of application prove to be a most useful one, giving time to remove an undue strain to which the wood might be subjecte —Indian Cor. Corrre Prosprects.—Messrs. Rucker & Ben- craft thus deliver themeelyes on future of coffee, writing on 12th Oct. :-— History repeats itself. Weare again in the midst of small crops, with a tendency bere and there to Jook for smaller supplies than the estimates pointed to three months ago, at the commencement of the current season; whilst at the same time mary seem overpowered by the idea that next season the supplies may be over bountiful. The latter idea cannot at present be treated asa matter of practical politics, firstly, because it is siill purely conjectaral, and secondly, becure the shortness of current crops, which is not conjectural, has not yet been rea'ly felt. There are houses of the first class who estimate the present Rio and Santos crops as lowas 4,500,000 bags. Brazil stocks in Riv and Santos at the commencement of the season were as small as 167,000 bags,so they cannot be much drawn on. Again, when we recollect that the Cape, other countries, &c., &c , take at lezst 2,00,000 bags per annum,probably nearer 250,000 bags, and that last season nearly 6,000,000 bsgs were exported to Europe and the States, itis evident that thie sea- son we may be anything from 1,250,000 to 1,750,000 bags shortas compared with a year ago. The exports from the Dutch East Indies sre estimated at about 400,000 bags egainst 1,081,100 bags last year. The course of deliveries is generally conceded to be ur- usually uncertain, and few would care to commit themselves toa figure, but, on the otber hand, we hear nothing about bounteons stocks upcountry, and consumers will have to draw their requiremeats from the entrepO‘s. Under these circumstances we find it impossible to treat velues suchas are now current as anything but normal. Cooty Immigration to THE West Inpins.—The editor of 7ruth bas been airing his opinions ov Indian immigration to the West Indian Islands, and, as so often happens, has mide a sad muddle of the who'e affair. This week’s 7ruth coutaine a letter from a Jamaica coffee planter—whom, I suspect, is none other than our old friend W. Sabonadiere. It is worth quoting as showing the difficulties under which the planter labors in the Carribean seas. He saye;—*On my coffee plantation the natives commence work at 9 a.m. (!) and leave off at4p.m., taking one hour for breakfast in the middle of the day, If, from rain or any other cause, they do not turn out on Monday morning, they take a holiday for the entire week. None work continuously, and nine months of this kind cf Jabor during the year is probably the utmost they ever give. They are employed by contract, and can earo from 123to15s in four dayz. Gonsidering that the climate does not compel them to buy clothes or fue), that their grounds give them all they require to eat, that illegitimasy is 72 per cent, and that they do pot drink and have no ambition, you will ee3 that they are infinitely better paid than the ‘ gentlemen of Billingsgate.’ With such insufficient labor—for 1t as only a few who will work even as above described, the greater portion do nothing—it is impossible to cultivate any eitate. In Jamaica all coffee planters are resident proprietors. No new industries cau possibly be opesed up without cooly immigration. Coolie; in no way injure the natives who will not work, or reduce the earning power of those who occasionally do; but by their constant labor enable produce to be raised, which is the only source of prosperity. ‘To stop coolie immigration wovli be to reduce the natives to the state of the savsge, for all capital must in that case leave.” Labby’s moralising on this plain statement of facts is a study, and E commend it to your notices. You will find it at page 746 of Truth, illustrating the teachings of that Oobden school whose mottois ‘Perish Indis.’—I might add “and the Colonies” |—London Cor., Local “Limes. ! 7 Dec. 1, 1892.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 389 me GREVILLEA ROBUSTA. This welleknown tree—the ‘‘ Silky Oak ’’ of Aus- tralia—is now so freely grown on Ceylon planta- tions that the following notes upon if by Mr, J. H. Maiden, Oonsulting Botanist, Sydney, cannot fail to be of interest t2 our planters. He writes in the latest Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales :— The Silky Oak is an excellent plant forbees. L'ke most of its congeners, it abounds in nectar. When in full bloom it is a gorgeous sight, the masses of orange- coloured blossom; being well set off by the beautiful fern-like foliage, The fruit is technically koown ag a “follicle,” and is about threo quarters of an inch long. It contains two winged seeds. The Silky Oak being in such steady demand, ripe seeds are always valuable, and they should be collectei and preserved wherever practicable. Their retail price ascends to ag much as 53. per once and more, and in some sea- song they can hardly be bought, so rare do they be- come. Besides the local demand, a quantity is exported to other colonies and foreiga countries every year. Exupation—Like a number of other plants, the Silky Oak produces at different times, or uader dif- ferent circumstances, two kinds of exudations, the ons a true gum, and the other a gum-resin, 7.¢., an admixture of gum and resin. As regards the gum- resin, it was first exhibited in the New South Wales Court at the Paris Exhibition, 1867, bat no notice appears to have been taken of the substance until, in the year 1885, Mons. Fleury published a chemical analysis of a sample which he had obtained from trees growing io Algeria, in which country it has been thoroughly acclimatiaed, His results are too techni- cal for repreduction here but they showthe gum resin to be a very interesting substance, Sincethen I hava obtained a quantity from the Richmond River. Wheo quite fresh and so!t itis of a p-culiar yellow colour, but on hardening it assumey something of a flesh or wine colour. It has an extremely disagreeable smell. The local opinionis that there is more ** gum”’ during rainy weather than during drier sessons. The country people look upon it asa nuisance, as it sticks to the horses’ manes when they rub themselves against the trees. Ag regards Silky Oak gum, it has only been recorded, so faras I kaow, by one observer. In some notes on the Shevaroy Hills, Iudia, for 1881, by Deputy Surgeon-General Shortt, the following pas- gaze occurs :—‘* Of the planta introduced io these hills, I have t» notice a peculiarity as regards Grevllea vobusta, one tree, which is now 11 years old, his during the rains produced spontaneously each year about 10 ounces of a translucent gum, which has no smell or particular taste, is of a pale yellow colour, and mixes readily with water, when it forms a whitish-brown coloured mucilage, and ag a paste auswers all the purposes of the so-callel gum arabic for adhesive purposes.” A true gum is here evidently referred to. TimBER.—Pule-coloured, from creamy to flesh- coloured, but darkepiog with age, It has the pretty mottled grain which is characteristic of most of the timbers of the Natural Order (the Proteaceae), to which it belongs, and which includes the honysuckles, geebungs, nut-trees, waratahs, Hakeas and many Others, It splits readily, and is hence used largely for staves inthe Northera Districts. It is elastic and durable. In some experiments on our native timbers, conducted at the Sydney Mintin the year 1860, the specitic gravity of Silky Osk timberjwas given at °564, equiva- Jent to s weight of 35 lb. 4 oz. per cubic foot. Another specimen, whose specific gravity was deter- mined by the writer, gave 361b. 2 oz. per cubic foot, whilea tnird;corresponded to 38lb. 14 oz. per cubic foot. Its use, besides the local ones of cabinet-work, shingles for roofs snd lining boards, has hitherto been for tallow-casks. Its pale coloucand absence of taste have also suggested its usefor wine-casks. Tollowing is aa interessing letter from Mr. thomas Bawden, of Grafton, well known as an authority on such sub- jects :—‘‘ From 1840 in this district down to the advent of galvanised iron-ware, Silky Oak timber was plmos the only wood used for foil hucketa and dairy utensils generally, for which purpose it was found admirably suited. Silky Oak has been proved here to te a durable timber. 1 know a house erected in 1852 floored with Silky Oak, whose floor is atill per- fectly eound unless where it was exposed to the weather, such as ne:r the edge of the verandah, show- ing for durability and suitability for flooring its supe- riority to bardwood, and that it is equal to some of the imported timbers used for that purpose. Daring the boiling-down era this district was almost swept of Silky Oak, so that there is now very little to be found of any size. I know 2% selector who appears to be more wise than his fellows, who has a very fine plantation of Silky Osk trees which will ine few yeaca be of great value. From my knowledge of the timber it is only secoud for many purposes to the Red Cedar co far as commercial value is concerned, aud is in some respects superior to that valuable timber. The Silky Oak shows corsiderable adaptibility to climate. Its natural home is on the Northern Rivers, yot it flourishes in the dry western country, showing, as Baron yoo Mueller has pointed out, that it resists droucht in a remakable degree, It does well in the tropics, as experience in Inlia, Oeylon, Jamaica, &c. ag amply proved. It is also tolerant to cold. The Secretary to the Park Trustees at Adelong Orossing reports that Sily Oak trees planted three years since are uow 15 feet high, and 15 inches in circumferences of trunk at 6inchesfrom the ground. They are grow- ing rapidly, are not in a sheltered place, and were only 3 feet high when planted. The Silky Oaks do well at Echuca in Victoria, farther south still, and they flower even in Melbourne, Grevitlea robusta finda a place in the list of hardy trees and shrubs of a Tasmaniin nurseryman, so that brings the geogra- phical limit of out-door culture as far south as Tas- mania, SizE.—Up to 70 or 80 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 2 or 8 feet. PRroPAGATION.—From seed. It prefers deep, rich, moist soil, and the proteotion of other trees, but it is very accommodating, making fine growth under what would be called uncongenial surroundings. Itis hardly possible to name an Australian tree whioh promises a more profitable return than does the Silky Oak. It is being used for street planting, and the worst that oan be said of itis that, being semi-deciduous, it is apt to make a little litter in winter, The “Silky Oak” ought to become the popu- lar name in our hill country as it is in the Southern Oolonies and, as we have said once before, it is likely to prove the most useful arboreal gift ever bestowed on Oeylon by Australia, ———————— DRUG REPORT: (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Oct. 28. ANNATTO.—Fully 4d per lb. higher. Of 26 bags shown today 18 sold with good competition at 33d per lb. for fine bright seei from Ceylon and Madras, and 2d per lb, for dull. CINNAMON remains in antive request for arrival, further sales being reported at 61 per lb., c,i.f terms for usual assortmeat, November-Jaouary shipment. CoCa-LEAVES are in large suppiy, but tho market is quite neglected. For fair to good strong brownish Hua- noco leaves; Is 44 to ls 6d per lb is asked, and for broken green Truxillo 1s 2d to 1s 3d per 1b. Eleven cases fair hard grey leaves from Colombo were bought ia at 10 per lb. CUBEBS.—Whateyer scarcity may have existed a short time ago (when it was said that, in spite of the fairly considerable stocks in eXistence, holders were unwillingly to sell except at an advance) has been removed by the arrival of a consignment of 122 bags of cubecbs from Sin~ gapore. Another lot of 14 bags fair bright genuine ber- ries, not stalky, imported via Amsterdam sold cheaply at 62s 6d per cwt, KoLa.—Of 21 cases shown tolay only 5 sold at 6}d_ to 74a per lb. for good, bright, partly mouldy. West iadian kolas, and at 2d per lb, for common dark quality. er QUININE.—The market keeps very firm, out quiet. The only business reported this week is a sale of 5,000 oA. second-hand German bulk at 93d peroz. Two parcels were offered at today’s sales, one of these consisting of 7,000 02, of Whiflin’s brand, in 10d-og, tins, wes ought in agloj4 390 THE TROPICAL AG RICULTURIST. (Duc. 1, 1893: an offer of 10d being rejected; for the other lot of 4,500 of the Bruuswick quiniae also in 100-07. tins, a bid of 921 was rejected. VANILLA.—About 700 packages were offered today, and of these two-thirds sold at steady ra‘es for the better qualities, at a decline cf 61 to Js on short beans, At first, competition was very good, but towards the end it became less lively, Good fresh chocolate sold at &s to (8; medium ‘to good slightly crystallised, 35 to 7 inches, at 3s to 98; common foxy and rough at trom !s 38d to 4s per lb. i THE AMSTERDAM MARKET. Amsterdam, Oct. 19. The cinchona auctions to be held in Amsterdam on November 9th will consist of 4,610 bales and 292 cases or about 420 tons weight of bark, divided as follows:—From Government plantations 34 bales and 17 cases, about 33 tons; from private platations 4,266 bales and 275 oases, about 337 tons. This quan- tity contains: Of druggists’ bark—Succirubra, quills 194 cases; br. kon quills and chips 166 baJes and 98 cases; root 107 bales. Of manufacturing bark—Ledgeri- ana, broken quills and chips 2,859 bales; root 847 bales. Hybrids, broken quills and chips 580 bales; root 33 bales. Ofticinalie. broken quills and chips 16 bales, root 3 bales.—Chemist and Druggist. ee THE CUBEB MARKET, The 0. P.g D. Reporter, in reviewing the position of cubebe, observes:—Cubebs are now approaching the level which prevailed previous to 1880. In Ootober 77, minimum price ot cubebs in the New York market reached the unprecedentedly low figure of 8c per lb,; but from this time forward, with a few re- trogressive steps, values appreciated until high-water mark was attained in ’89, when sales were made 65 high at $1'75 perlb. The cauces of the high prices relate principally to specuiative manipulation. It his been estimated that the average annual consumption of oubebs is about 150,000 ib , and if this is reasonably accurate, the proportion of the production brought to the United States is very considerable as wiil be perceived by reference to the Government reports for the past ten years. These are the figure : 783,. 120,618 Ib. ; 784, 89,745 lb. ; 785, 82,526 lb.; *86, 110,065 lb.; ’87, 61,481 Ib. ; 788, 68,031 lb, ; ’89, 51,021 Ib.; 790, 84,729 Ib.; "91, 65,404 lb. ; and ‘92, 115,974 lb. The year of the largest importation was 1879, when 277,422 lb. arrived in this country. It is easy to understand that such immense quantities were not necded except to meet a fictitious, speculative inquiry whioh developed strongly about that time.—Chemist and Druggist. > ESTATE MANAGEMENT (IN CEYLON.) A very important and commendable step was taken by the directors of the Oriental Bank Estates Oom- pany, at their recent general meeting. 1t wes no other than the appointment of two gentlemen possessed of Ceylon experience to act with them on the Board. This wasa tacit admiscion, that the element of local experienca was absent from their council of management, aud that in order to command success in the working of their valuable and extensive estate property, such experts were absolutely necessary. The Board ot Directors had not previously contained any shareholder who had the slightest acquaintance with Ceylon or Oeylon indurtries, nor had any office bearer cf the company ever been in the island. It is true the London manager, Mr. Rhode, has had some ex— perience of coffee planting in the Neilgherries, but so far as we are informed he had never seen a ‘ea plant, noless, perhaps, in a nursery. With the best possible intentions, therefore, and with the most earnest desire to duly discharge ther duty, the Board and the staff of their company could not pcssibly carry oa the management of the numerous estates in their charge ina manner conducive to the best iuterests of the shareholders. When we allude to “mansgement” wa refer especially to that one element in all such ‘yudgrjakinge which js 69 eagential to success above all other considerations. We mean a cordial uo- deretanding between tbe governing boiy in London sud the Company’s superiateodents and visiting agents in the island ; if this be absent there van be no good feeling between tkem, and consequently no success ia the working of the properties. On this subject we co not profess to have any personal knowledge, but reports coming from many sources, and of long con- tinuance, assure us of a lamentable absence of avy approach to cntente cordiale where there should have been perfect understanding and mutual confidence. These unfortunate facts were a common talk in the room during the meeting, and anyone baying ac- quaintance with shareholders present could not well be ignorant of these things. If the directors of this company desire information as t>» what constitutes good management let them esxertain how matters stand between the Directors aud the Superin- tendents of the Oeylon Tea Plantation Oom- pany, and they will «et once learn what it is which has had so much to do with earsing continuous dividends of 15 per cent. during the last 6 or 7 years. The liberal, even generous treatment accorded the working staff of the latter company, the entire confidence placed ian every one of themand the business-like tone of the correspondence passing between the London office and the Company's repre- seatatives in the island, all go to covstitute the secret of their succear. The long, almost wearisome address of the chairman at the late meeting, failed to restore confidence in the miods of the shareholders presevt, ® result that was only attained by the appointment on the Board of such experte as Meesrs. Rutherford and Norman Grieve. Men not words canalone restore the Company to its proper condition of security and prosperity, and now that changes have been made io the Board of Diractors, no doubt others will follow in due time.—Ceylon Advertiser. ———__—_—_ NOTES AND COMMENTS FROM LONDON ; TrA-Corree-CHOCOLATE. It is pasiing strange that whilst a decided improve- ment has taken place of late years in the quality of tea ard chocolates dispensed at city buffets, the coffee vended i3 still exeorable in flavour, and often un- drinkable, and it is no doubt to this fact that we must ascribe the decline in the consumption of the berry which is dwind!ing year by year. The truth ie, we believe, that the high price of coffee since the devastation of leaf diseare bas been sucha great in- ducement to adulterate ground coffee which admits of easy manipulation, thit coffee shop-kecpers aré unable to resiat the strong temptation to make money in this way. A month or so ago the demand in Mincing-lane ran very much on teas for price, now, however, there seems to be a decided rush for full flavoured broken pekoes and avy of these possessing full flavour and point ‘command great attention from buyers, for not only this market but for the Continent, where as we uoder- staud there is a strong enquiry for grades of various degrees. Purchases for those quariers have been con- siderable, though the declared exports do not as yet show any large advance. Travelling on the Continent by English tourists no doubt goes far to account for this growing increase in the demand for full flavoured Oeylon teas. Surely the planters and merchants of Oeylon will cot allow their admirable show at Ohicago to be closed without some practical outcome in the form of agencies throughout some of the leading centres of American population, where the tea, which was 50 admired in the Ceylon Court, may be purchased at reasoable prices. ‘This is the task which the colony has now to take in hand, and though it is true that the Government will not join in any financial support to specu’ative business transactions, there can be no good reason why they may not consent to allow a portion of the official Tea Fund to be deyoted for a certain time to the advertising of Ceylon tea in American citics, jnvolying no sort of risk, Dec. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 391 Half a kola nut will, says Mr. O. F. Scott Elliott’ io bis report on the botany of Sierra Leone, euable a men t2 go without food anisupport great fatigue for 94 hours or more. itis an exceileat nerve tonic, end especially good for keeping tlie brain clear and active at night. It prevents sleep, however, almost too thoroughly, and should not be taken lesa than four hours before bed. It is said to remove immediately and thoroughly the uosteadiness avd stupidity due to drunkennes3.—llid. po eee NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. Tastr iN TEA.—Discussing the qiestion of taste in tea and coffee, the American Grocer Bays: “The rank and coarser sorts of coffee and tea are in most favour in the newer portions of the country, while in the oller established sections, etpeciatly those where wealth and culture are most marked, tea and coffee of the most de'icate flavour are in highest favour. Boston, New York, and Philade!phia are the best markets for the finest Formosa and Foochow Oolongs, In the leading cities of the south great attention is given to flavour. In New Orleans the best grocers use the very finest grades to be had in the America market, taking the fioest Congou, Engtish Breakfast, Foochow, Formosa, Oolong, Moyuue, Ganpowder, and ge little India and young Hyson and a very little Japan. In the country districts of the south, price rather than quality is the first consideration. Country jobbers wil! buy black teas ranging from 123 to 30 cts. aud are indifferent as to whether Amoy, lHoochow or Formosa Oolcng. In purchasing low-grade greens atten- tion is given 1o wel-made leaf, so that Pingsueys are in favour. It is satd thst in and about New Orleans country dealers take about two packages of green to one of black, while in the city dealers take two of black to ove of green. A correspon- dent in Philadelphia states that Formosa Oolong bas for many yerrs been the favourite with old Philadelphia families; the custom prevailing with them tends to effect the demand of the entire community. The newer element in Philadelphia ite partial to Formosa Oolong, which at first a ved with Foochow Oolong until the demand gradually and steadily inclined toward straight Formosa. THE MacnitupE oF THE Trea TrADE.—Messrs. Brooke, Bond & Co., Limited, in a letter to a Man- chester p2per, call attention to one or two points in connection with tea which are worth noting. They say: “It is gratifying to our national vanity that the tea produced in the British possessions in India and Oeylon are more and more takiog the place of the China growths. Indeed, the time seems to be fest approaching when practically sll the tea consumed in Great Britain will be the produce of British soil. This change is startlicg when it is remembered that only a generation ago all our teas were imported from tho Celestial HEapire. The causes are easy to discover, and may be summarised mainly ag the underhand practices of the Chinese, their primi- tive methods of manufacture, their thort-sighted system of taxing and hampering trade, and the steadily increasing demand in England, and especially the North, for a stronger tea than the somewhat weak and delicately-flavoured growths of the Flowery Land. It may be mentioned, as showing the far- reaching effects of economic changes, that the recent aotion of our own Government in sustaining the ex- change valueof,the Indian ropee has partially checked the long and continued decline in our imports of China tea. Perhaps the most interesting characteristic of the international trade in tea during the last twelve months hes been the creation of a demand in North America for Ceylon and Indian growths. Americans unlike the Englisb, but like the French, drink fer more coffee than tea, and they have long pre- ferred the weak and comparatively colourless liquor prepared from the Japan or Formosan leaf. Owing, however, to the e cerprising efforts of the Tndian Government andof thy Indian and Sinbalese planters, by menus of imposing and attractive dis- pleys and free samples at the Chicago Exhibition, a taste seems already to have been created across the Atlantic for the darker and stronger British-grown teas, The mischievous M’Kin'ey tariff, moreover, has done much to divert the trade of Canada event the United States to British possessions, withthe econo- mic result that our North American Dominion is now developing a taste for Cvylon tea, and ig taking less feom Japan, The Canadians pay more attention tothe liquor than to the appearance of the dry leaf, and prefir Cylon, whlst their neighbours in the States nolice the leaf rather than the infusion, and seem to be more interested in Darjeeling and other Indian teas, Coming back to our home tirade, we may add that the trjing season has necessitated the highest art and rkill on the part of that * borngenius the expert tea blender’ in main- taining the exceptionally high standard of quality s t by last year’s growths. It is a satisfactory fact from a nations! point of view that the millions in our manufacturing districts show yeer by yeara steadily increasing preference for tea and other temperate drinks. Indeed, the quantity of tea con:umcd by the masses in the northern cities aud towns ig enormous and almcstireredible. It is brougat to them literally in tonsevery hour by railand sea from the London market, which ebso:utely coutrols the tea trade of the British Empire. A Larce Corree PLanrarion.—A L’ve:pool syndi- cate, tt the headof which is Mr. Alfred L. Jones and Mr. John Holt, of Liverpool, haz proonred what will probably be one of the largeet, if not ectually the largest coffee plantation in existe c+. The place is situated sbout 75 miles from the town of Tsgoz, on the West Africana Ooast, and is about 50 square miles in extent. In order to grasp the enormous size of this plantatioa it is necessary to realzs that it would cover quarter the distance from Liverpcol to London one mile in width. The lend, which is under British protection, was acquired about two years ago for the cultivation chiefly of African coffee, and already there are about 10,000 trees planted. It isintended to put at least 120,000 plants down within the next five years, and as the ground is said to be adapted for rubber growing, it is likely that this product may also be cultivated. A town is be‘ng erected close by called Jonestown, and a cecond one is to Le named Holttown,—H. and C. Mail, Nov. 3, — ie TECHNICAL EDUCATION: GARDENING, &c. The following letter expresses the views of many of our readers, and deserves attentive consideration. It may be pointed out that the Royal Horticul- tural Society has recognised the requirements of the case, and by instituting scholarships, contin- gent not only on the results of didactic teaching and subsequent examination, but also on actual practice in the garden, has set an excellent ex- ample. At the Horticultural College at Swanley, the instruction is very largely practical; whilst at Kew, a practical training in various departments is always given. The lectures and examinations will serye as valuable preliminaries to such practical training. An adequate knowledge of the significance of “principles” is the great want among young gardeners :— “The technical education movement is gradually spreading to all parts of the country. Many able men are engaged in the work, and here and there much interest is being shown, not only on the part of the lecturers, but also on that of their audiences. On the other hand, there are many capable men who think very little practical good is likely to result from this new departure, It may be of some service to look carefully into the matter, and as- certain, if possible, on which side the truth lies; and in doing so, we shall deal ouly with the subject of horticulture, which, in passing, we may say, seems to be one of the most popular among rural audiences, even more so than agriculture, which, a priori, one would have thought, would haye been 392 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. interesting to larger numbers. Possibly the explan- ation is, that those concerned in gardening are, speaking generally, a more enlightened body of men ; any way, the fact is incontestable, that the interest in gardening is greater than that in farming. - “The point on which we desire to lay the largest stress is, how far mere teaching without practical experience will be of real benefit to those who attend these technical lectures. We are very much afraid that what goes in at one ear will go out at the other; and if this he so, a vast amount of the good teaching now being given will be wasted. Gardening operations must, to be permanently effective, be actually done by the students. The very best teaching jnay be available, but if it is not supplemented by practice, so that the teaching may be congealed in the minds of the students, we can- not believe that its effect will be permanent and enduring. Jf this is not so, it will be of little real value, Doubtless there is a great future for garden- ing in this country, and its chief hope is dependent on the proper education of the rising generation, who will be taught to do their work not by rule of thumb, but on the basis of well-ascertained principles. If we can by means of the popular technical education lectures, or in any other way within our reach train the pardenens of the future in the days of their youth, when they are most susceptible to teaching influences, so that when they come in con- tact with actual practice they can apply their theore- tical knowledge, and bring to bear an awakened intelligence in dealing with their routine daties, very important results may be anticipated. So far as we can judge, the great want in the existing state of affairs is the absence of practical training. Country lads, however intelligent, may listen time after time to the most practical lectures about horticultural methods, but unless they have the chance of putting the instruction to the test of actnal practice, much that they heve will pass away from their remembrance and leave no trace behind. But if after a lecture on, say, pruning fruit trees, they are set to do the work they have been told is adyisable, and especially if this work is done under the inspection of a com- petent instructor, there is no doubt but that some definite ideas will be fixed in their minds, and some real good will have been done; and so with all other operations which the competent lecturer will commend to their attention. “The practical conclusion from these remarks is, that in every centre where technical instruction is given in horticulture, there should be an opportunity afforded for the students to gain practical experience, and thereby to apply and consolidate the theore- tical teaching they have received. It seems to us that there should be a garden provided at every centre of technical instruction in horticulture, where the students could put in practice what the lecturer has told them they should do,”—Gardeners’ Chronicle. ee A NEW PLANTING GENERATION. It is interesting to note how in many cases £on is succeeding father in the planting districts of QGeylon, and how the names of pioneers are carried on in a new generation. If we ran over our planting districts, we could now make out quite a considerable list of those who represent a younger generation, in p»ssession or management or in training for the management of ths property originally opened by piternal relatives. The latest addition to the list is one whom we heartily welcome to Ceylon in Mr. Forbes, younger of Ka- dienlena, Kotmale,. son of Capt. J. Arthur Forbes, -N.; and nephew of Mr. 0, W, Forbes, the original proprietor, whose name goes back to the very carly days of planting out bere. We wish Mr. A. G. Forbdes, who has just come to the colony, every suc- -eess in his training as a planter under such good guidance as that of Mr. Elder and Mr. Gray on | ‘Kadienlena. [Dec. 1, 1983. VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. A New Cuemicar 1'ReArMENT FoR STABLE ManuREeE.— Two Italian horticulturists have saat | proposed to prerane the loss of ammonia from stable-dung, &c., by means of sulphuric acid, which is employed in the form of a composition termed “ arotol.” This composition is obtained from organic substances, containing hydrogen and oxygen in the same pro- portion in which they are contained in water, such as dry straw, sawdust, d&c.; 25 to 50 per cent. of such matters are mixed with 50 to 75 per cent of. sulphuric acid, allowed to stand till cold, and then reduced to powder. The charred power contains u to 75 per cent. of free sulphuric acid, and in_ this state may be advantageously scattered about on dung- hills, or left exposed in sted lon. -eandanelat Chronicle. Kew Burxievin.—The numbers for February and March are issued under one cover, and contain an exhaustive article on the Palm-weevil in British Honduras, by Mr. Blandford. The principal, but not the only culprit, is a beetle known as Rhyncho- phorus palmarum. Of this insect, the history and mode of life are given, and the available remedial measures discussed. Mr. Rolfe contributes a fifth decade of new Orchids. In this list, whenever a personal name is used adjectivelly, the word is spelt witbout an initial capital: thus Bpidendrum lancheanum; but whenever the word is used as @ substantive, then the initial letter is written as @ capital, thus Stanhopea Lowii. This plan, though open to some objections, has the advantage of ac- centuating the fact that the termination “anum” or “ana” is used merely as a complimentary epithet, and does not imply that the person whose name is used has had any thing whatever to do with the plant. Where the capital letter is used, and the genitive from i or ii employed, the inference is that the person whose name has been used is in some ae or another directly concerned with the plant.— vc Tue Sram Teax Tripz.—The British Consul at Bangkok, reporting on trade of that port for 1892 fays that rice and teak are the two chief indas- tries of Siam, Concerning teak, the continued depression of the London markets offered little inducement to shippers in Bangkok to charter tonnage for direct shipment to Europe. It was found more pr.fitable to sepply the local demand which was sufliciently keen on account of exten- sive building in Bankok to keep three European steam saw-mills fully employed during the season. There was slso a fair market in Hongkong, to which most of the secondary wood is shipped. The quality of the teak which has been shipped to London from Bangkok, has much improved of late. Shipments are now contined to these British firms, and great care is exercised in selecting the choicest wood. Burmah wood has still the best reputation in home markets, but there is now nothing to choose between the two. The prefer- ence is certainly to be given to Siam as regards cube average enl length, the former of which occasionally reaches 50 feet, and the average length is seldon below 28 feet. The shorter lengths of 15 to 20 ft. seem to be pleatiful in Darmah cargoes, which is due to the facs that the forests of the Burmah side are probably more exbausted than whcse of Siam. When the improved quality of Bangkok shipments become more generally kaown to buyers in London and on the Clyde, Siam teak will doubtless be more in demand than that of Burmah. Of the British firms engaged in the teak trade, in which a large amount of capital has been invested, two have leases of forests in the north,.and have been obliged to advance large sums of money to foresters for the purpose of working cut the wood. With prices at 97. 10s. per ton, and stocks in London going off rather slowly, the prospects of the teak merchants are not particularly encoursging.—(Cardeners’ Chronicle. pare : ae Dec, 1, 1893. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 393 THE VANNI DISTRICT :—PADDY (RICE) CULTIVATION THEREIN. Rice being the chief articls of food of the perple of the District, it is not surprising to fiud that the cultivation of paddy is their cbief occupation. Out of 10,315 acres under cultivation in 188) it wag es- timated that 6,610 acres were cultivated with paddy.(a) There are three harvests, of which the ouly con- siderable one isthe “ Kalapokam” ‘‘or x gular crop” sowa in September or Octuber when the rains of the North-East Monsoon bein, and reaped in February or March. The other two are “ Idaippokam” ‘“ middle cr p” sown in February or March and “ Chirupokam” “little crop” sownin Ap il. The three crops are only possible whera there are tanks to irrigate the fields. Where the cultivation depends entir ly upon raia as ia most parts of the maritime pattus there is as a rule only one crop, Kalapokam.(b) Idaippokam and Chirupokam sre of yery uncertain Occurrence depending entirely on the quantity of wa'er ava lable at the time in the particular tanks under which the fi Ids le. As regards the means of irrigation as has already been hinted there are three different kinds of lands :— 1. Tank lands. 2. Manavart (c) lands, which depend entirely upon rain; and 3. Lands irrigated by spring, (Chunaittaraz). Most of the fields i1 the maritime pattus are Manavari lands, but there are two villages, where lands of the third description are to be found, vizx., Mullizavalai and Tauniyuttu. In the} inland pattus where the soil is clayey it becomes to» hard afier some months’ exposure to the burning sun to allow ot the showers softeving it sufficiently for ploughing which is the main reason why manavari cultivation is not practised in these divisions. Paddy cultivation in the Vanni is of two kinds. (1) “ Puluti” or palverized soil, and (2) “ Chettu”’ or mud cultivation. Therg are two methods of pulzuti cultivation, accord- ing as the seed is sown before or after the rains ef the North-East Monsoon. The former or Kachchuppuluti vitaippu (dry puluti sowing) is chiefly carriedou in manavarr la sds. The lands are ploughed as soon after barvest as there is a shower of rain which is generally in Joly and the soil is then kept soft by tue snowers until it is sown in August and the early part of September. Later than August this mods of cultivation is not customary. One advantage resulting from it is that the heat of the s il keeps the seeda dry for a time, and they consequently germinate well, and when this is f. lowed by avundance of rain the plants root well and grow luxuriantly. Lhe latter or irappuluti vitaippu (“wet puluti sowi''g’’) requi.e3 sandy soil and toerefore is usually practised in manavari lands though occasionally als» in tank lands if the soil is 1 ght and sandy. The fields are sown after the rains of the North-East Monsoon, When th: soil hasb en eutticiently softened by the rain or by water from the tauk it is plough-d (d) and then sown, and asain on the 3rd or Sth day reploughed, The sowiug tskes place in October and November. This is an inefficieut and lazy method a The primary object of the people ia cultivating is to obtain food by the shortest road and as the direct result of their labours, and not to make a profit ia money by trading with the produce, No amount of arguing therefore that they ought to cultivate other and more paying products can have any effect in altering the existing conditions which lead to the results stated above, b In some villages such as Mulliyayalai and Tauniyuttu where there are natural springs there is also Chirupokam cultivation. e Manavari is said to be a corruption of vana ri (“sky water”), It is not given by Winslow, d It is not always sown before ploughing, Al! paddy will not grow; and it is necessary that it should be allowed to dy ufser reaping aud be properly secured from yaip, wc, ; 99 of cultivation and is much favoured by farmers who have ex'ens’ye lands to cul ivate. it fosters the growth of weeds, while the eoil eventually is not sufficiently paiye:ize i when the seed is eown to allow of the paddy plants rvoting properly. If there is cosstant rain germinated seeds are town. (2) Chettu vitaippu is the mde of cultivation adopted in all land; where the soil is other than sandy. The land is p oughed twice—af er the first plough- ing it is left alone for from 3 to 7 days unt'l the mud and water become ‘ sour” (pulippw) and the wecds and grass are decayed, wheu it 1s replougned. After this it is smoothed with a board (palakai) about 8 feet long drawn by a pair of buffaloes. The man who drives the baffsloes stands on the plank and ho'ds on by arope. This smoothing is called palakai adyppu. Gaerminated seeiis then sown. It has been previously kept for 5 days to germinate, being immersed for ons night in water. When sown the seeds sink int» the mud and water avd 12 hours afte-wards the water is let out. This mode of cultivation ia much superior to tie other two, but requires more water, and if there is in- sufficient water the plan‘s die sconer than in the other methods. The sowing takes place at any time from October toa January whenever the e is enough water in the tanks. As to the soil I take the following classification from Mr. Dyke’s Diary of 2nd November 1848. There are four kinds of soil in the Vanni, viz:— — 1. Kalittarai “clay soil.” If cultivated yearly the produce will continue to be same for 50 years, the rate of proluce beiog about 20 fold, and after the above period it would begiu to decrease at the rate oft less for a spaca of 20 years, and of 4 less for 10. year and # less for another 10 years, The last rate will continue without any variation. Ta remedy this the ground is usually left uncultivated for 3or 4 years and whea the cultivation is resumed the produce would rise to 10 fold and not more. 4, Irupadduttarat, i.e,, “Soil of two qualities” (padu). ‘Thisis a mixture of clay and sand. The produce continues the same for the space of 30 years, the rate of produce, 15 fold; in other respects the ssme as No.1, 3. Manattarai (sandy soil), produca the same for 20 years, rate 10 fold. 4, Uvattarar (soil containing salt) the produce con- tinues the same for 10 years, the rate d fold, ; In the Vanni Pattus very often ploughing is not commenced until the tans is full and it is thus sometimes begun too late. An udaiyar in 1864 (a) gave it as his opinion that “if preparations for paddy cultivation were commenced at the sams time asthe people begin to clear chenas, and in substitution of that business there would never be a failure of paddy crops. Such failures usually result from paddy cultivation not being commenced until after com- pletion of the clearing of chenas.” Transplant ng is not practised. ‘I'ae pupils at the Agricultural School were taught it in 1886, and I find that one of them has sincs practised it with advantage. Atthe same time experiments were made with the ‘Indian Ryot”’ plough and those belonging to the two Kachcheris bave occasionally been used since, being lent to applicants desirous of trying them. In Vayuviya, the Mudaliyar, by using the Kachcheri plough in 1884 got a return mearly double the rate of that of the rest of the field, Comp‘aiut, however, was that the buffa'oes who worked it could do no more work for the rest of the season, and that it can ovly be usedin sandy s il. It seems that buffaloes require triinivg for its use. It would be too heavy for the bullocks generally used in ploughing sandy oil. The ploughing moreover is often done in a par- functory way. ‘‘Inmany cases they do not plough before sowing, but simply cut away the thorny weeds with which the fields are generally overgrown, burn the rubbish, sow the paddy and ploughit in afterwards, The roots themselyes are not removed and they grow up with the youeg paddy which consequently a a a a a a @ Of Melpattu Saath, 394 TiHk TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. choke the paddy and take all the nourishment from the soil, so that the crop is + th what it ought to have been.’’(a) Nothing isdone in the way of mavuring or weeding () and the Mudaliyars periodically rend in reports to tbe Kachcheri that “the crop is being much damaged by weeds,’ but it never occurs to the cultivator that they and their families might weed the fields. The spectacle of a rumber of women weding a paddy field, whichis so common a sight in the Kandyau districts, is never seen in the Vanni.(c) Buffaloes are ured f.r ploughing, genera ly in pairs, but sometimes as many as 3,4, or 5er3 ured. At Chundikulam where t:e foil is sandy, bullocks are used as in Jaffua instead of buffalo s. The Vanni ploughis of the Juffua pattern but larg r. »®: The hire for a pair of baffaloes for the sowing season, 2¢., from ths beginning of the month of August to the middle or end of Septemb-r in the case of manavari lands, and later ia the case of tink lauds, is 15 marakkals,(d) It is understood that the pair are to plough for this hire not more than 30 marakkals sowmng extent of manavaril.nd, if tank land, rather less. An owner can hire out his pair twice in the eeason—ore pair of buffaloes can plough about 3 marakkal’s eowing exteat a day. The paddy sown for Aalapokam is oue of the kinds that ripen in 5 months; for idaippokam 5 or 4 months piddy is used, and for Chirupokam paddy that ripens in 8 months, F The different kinds of paddy sown are as follows :— Kalapokam paddy. 1. Kullavalai—5 months—more productivc—requires nck water. 4 Kelley tenB mouths, . Karattaytlankalayan 4 4, Vellaiyilankalayan }—4 months, sandy soil. These are the kinds usually sown, bere are besides varieties of Champa ripening in 4 menths 5, Kamukampu Champa—‘ axrekanut flower Champa.” This ‘‘ gives a very fine kind of rice, the grain of rica being in size nearly that of Bengal table-rice although not quite so white. This kind is not generally sown.” 6. Chempavala Champa. “4. Lkku Champa ‘ Chirupokam paddy. 8. Pachchapiperumal—3 mouths, small and reddish. 9, Chinaddi—3 months, small and black. 10: Vellaichchinaddi. ‘There is a larger kind of paddy called Perunellu taking six months to ripen, which is sown in the beds of tanks. It is consiiered inferior to the emaller pads taking from 3 to 5 months, the best paddy eing that which comes to maturity in 3 months.” (¢) Experiments were made by Government ia 1869-70 with foreign varieties of paddy, Carolina paddy was tried as Marai-adittahulam and Kumarapuraw, the ted voriety at Maraatodai in Odduchchuddan, Otiyamalai and Karaippadd-murippu, China paddy white and black at these places and at Marutodsi, Paliyanbulam, Melpattu south and Putukkudiyiruppn. a Diary of Mr. Pr’ce, _b Except in Kamilamunai where people from Jaffna have introduced Jeffna methods. e [have however seen women usiog the mamoty at Otiyamalai, but that was unusual. d The hire of butfaloes in 1807 was £10 marakkals for a season. For some time previous to 1842 the hire of s pair was said to have been 24 marakkals, In.1845 it had risen to 30 marakkals, See Diary of Sth October 1849. e Other kinds of paddy are:— Oddaivalan Vadduppittan Charali Chori Kurampi Kadaikkaluttan Morunkan Alakiyavanan Manalvari Panankaliyan Malaiyalakan Chiruvellai Kar Nellu Muppankan Mulli Ne'la Chayarakkuran Adukku Vellai Karonkuruvai : flee Diary of oth May 1848; [Dee. 4, 1893. In some places transplanting which was directed was not carried out ‘‘ because it is not the custom.” Complaiots were made that the red Carolina paddy was difficult to thrash, while the other variety was easy to thrash but gave a great deal of chaff. The China pa‘dy, even where transplanting was carried out, was not nearly so prolific as the country paddy, of the Coiva black paddy sewn at Odduchchuddan, the ears being hard were entirely destroyed by flies before they ripened. The practice to be followed by the enltivators with respect to extent to be cultivated in a given season, kind of paddy to be sown, rights and duties of thareholders, erections of watch hats and fencing, care of cattle, &c., is embodied in the Irrigation Rules, there being a separate set of rules for tank and manavari lands (a) respectively though many of tbe provisions in each set are identical, As these rules represent the customs of the country (b) with regard to paddy cultivation, no account of this subject could be a which omitted them, and I there- fore give such of the rules for Tank lands as are mora particularly concerned with paddy cultivation, at the same time indicating where the rules as to manavari lands differ from them. The first 7 of these rules regarding tank lands provide for the upkeep of the tanks. EXTENT TO BE CULTIVATED. Rule 10.—Before the commencement of the sowing season, the proprietors of each tract of field intend- ing to cultivate for the season shall decide on the description of paddy that shall be sown for that season, and any proprietor sowing any other descrip- tion of paddy than that agreed on by the majority shall do so on his own responsibility and risk, and shall continue to watch, fence and perform ail the duties as hereinafter mentioned until all the measly in the field is reaped. For instance, if it be decid to sow five months’ paddy, and a proprietor chooses to sow three months’ paddy, he shall nevertheless con- tinue to watch the fields till the whole of the five months’ paddy is reaped. But whereas in some fields it is not possible to sow the same description of paddy over the whole extent, in consequence of the varieties of the soil, a majority of the proprietors intending to cultivate for the season shall decide on the description of paddy that shall be sown, and all the ers shall watch, keep up the fence, &c., until all the paddy is reaped. This is identical with Rule 9 manavari, but instead of tract of field, paddy fields of each Veli is sub- stituted, and there is a special rule (No: 1) explaining what is intended by a Veli, and providing for the separate enclosure of each Veli. This rule is as follows :— No. 1.—‘‘For the purpose of effectively carryin: out the following rules, each tract of paddy fie (Veli) in a village shall be separately enclosed by itself with the customary fence of stakes or thorns. In cases where a Veli is not easily defineable, the majority of proprietors and headmen shall decide what extent of tract is to be calleda Veli for these purposes,” CouRsE 10 BE FOLLOWED WHERE THERE Is INSUFFICIENCY OF WATER. Rule 11.—‘‘ Whereas in these districts the sowing season for the Kalapokam commences long before the tanks are full, and it cannot possibly be known until after the heavy rains how much water will be available, and whether there will be sufficient for the full extent of the fields sown, if, after the rains, it be found that the supply of water is insufficient for all the fields sown, a majority of the proprietors of the fields sown for the season shall decide on what fields shall be abandoned. In the event of the proprietors not coming to a decision, it shall be open a Lands irrigate 1 by springsare classed as manavari lands, | b There is no reason to suppose that the customs of the Vanni as regards paddy cultivation haye changed im any material respect within the memory 9f man, ye Duc. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 395 to the Government Agent or the Assistant Govern- ment Agent to decide what fields shall be abandoned ; and in the event of a proprietor being aggrieved by the decision of the majority, it shall be open to him to appeal to the Government Agent or the Assistant Government Agent, whose decision shall be final.” This rule of course can only refer to Tank lands. SHAREHOLDER NEGLECTING To CULTIVATE. Rule 12.—‘‘Ifa proprietor absents himself at the sowing season, or neglects to cultivate his share, it may be cultivated by the other proprietors or by one of them, as the majority may decide, free of rent for that season, all the duties required of the owner being erformed by the person cultivating for that season. t must be understood that such duties do not in- clude services required of the proprietors by 2nd and 3rd clauses. In the event of the share of an absentee not being cultivated by the other share- holders, the proprietor himself shall perform all the duties required of a proprietor, whether he cultivates the land or not, The cases of proprietors unable to cultivate their shares for any year from ill-health or some unavoidable cause, will be specially con- sidered by the Government Agent, who may, if he thinks fit soto do, remit the commutation for service due for that year under the 2nd and 3rd_ clauses.” A proprietor of manavait lands has to give due notice of his intention not to sow, to the adjacent share- holder or shareholders in the presence of the irrigation headman on or before the Ist of June. In other respects the rule is practically the same for both des- eriptons of land, but the adjacent shareholder has the. first option of cultivating the absentee’s share. SuBSTITUTE FoR PROPRIETOR. Rule 13.—‘‘ A proprietor if unable to attend per- sonally, may provide for the cultivation of his share by substitute or ‘ Varakkudi’ in the performance of the duties required. No proprietor shall employ any substitute or ‘ Varakkudi’ who is in the service of another proprietor as ‘ Varakkudi’ without the con- sent of such other proprietor.”’ : The same for Manavari lands (Rule 11). WATCHING. Rule 14.—‘ Hach proprietor shall erect a proper watch-hut in his share and shall watch his share until all the paddy in the field is reaped, whether his own paddy has been reaped or not.” In the ease of manavart lands the proprietor has to continue watching for 14 days after the whole of his crop has been reaped, and he has to give infor- mation of the completion of reaping of his crop without delay to the irrigation headmen. FENCING. - Rule 15.—‘ Each proprietor shall assist in fencing the field in proportion to his share in the field; the fence shall be made sufficiently strong to keep out cattle, and all cultivators shall put up their fences before commencing to cultivate; and each proprietor shall see that his portion of the fence is kept in proper order throughout the Kalapokam season, until the crop is finally reaped, whether he cultivates his share or not, unless his share be cultivated by some other proprietor.’ (a) For manavari lands, which consist of a large tract of fields in one enclosure, it is provided that “ each proprietor whose share lies on the outside shall put up his usual share of fence in a Veli (Rule 13). Proprietors of inside shares therefore are not bound to do any fencing except that of enclosing the Veli under (Rule 1). For manavari lands also a date is fixed on or before which the fencing is to be com- pleted, viz., 15th August. Non-cultivating-proprietors sure not bound to assist in keeping up the fence. THRASHING Foor. Rule 16.—‘‘ Each proprietor shall be allowed a share in one of the thrashing floors, in which to w This rule is not adhered to in Melpattu North where it is doubtful whether it is in accordance with ancient custom. Only the proprietors of the shares on the outside of the field there put up the fence. stack his paddy till it is thrashed; and all the share- holders of each thrashing floor shall put up a strong stake fence round it, and keep up the fence till all the paddy is thrashed. Each proprietor shall watch the thrashing floor, though his own paddy shal] have been thrashed, for at least fourteen days after his paddy has been thrashed.” In the case of manavari lands, it is a commorm practice for each proprietor to have a separate thrash- ing floor and the fencing of each separate thrashing floor, if there are such, is therefore also require by the Rule 14. The common thrashing floor hag only to be watched for 7 days instead of 14 by each proprietor after threshing of his share. IpAIPPOKAM AND CHIRUPOKAM. Rule 17.—‘ Whereas in these districts there is in general very little water available for idaippokam and chirupokam cultivation, when the sowing season for these crops arrives, a majority of the proprie- tors of each field shall decide on the extent and portion of the field-to be cultivated, and all such proprietors as are desirous of sowing for the idaip- pokam or chirupokam, shall haye a share in such extent in proportion to their shares in the field, But no shareholder shall be bound to cultivate for the iddaippokam or chirupokam, and all the duties regarding the watching and fencing the c¢daippokam a: d chirupokam shall be performed by those proprie- tors alone who have undertaken to cultivate for these harvests; and any shareholder sowing for the idaip- pokam or chirupokam shall perform all such duties until the whole of the idaipokam or chirupokam is reaped, whether his own share succeed or not. There is no corresponding rule as regards manavari lands. The only manavari lands in which there is chirupokam are those watered by springs as well as rain. What people cultivating under tanks call idaippokam would be called by manavaiz cultivators chirupokam. There is no rule respecting chirupokam in manavart lands. Much damage to the growing crops is also done by cattle.(a) The crops are also damaged by pests that no irri- gation rules cancontrol. The principal of these are: 1. A kind of fly called in Tamil by the terse pot Somprebensiye name of 7; 7 ig a general name or fly. 2: Rolidiydn a sort of green and black caterpillar. This may have been the ‘kind of green insect resembling a worm and about an inch long” which cuts the young plantas if with a knife and almost destroyed the crop of many fields after the storm of November 25th 1884. 3. Néreli, a kind of beetle. 4. Kappuppulu, a large green caterpillar or worm.(d) In January 1883 a sort of yollowish fungus or nest began to make its appearance on the leaves of the paddy plants. near Mullaittivu. This was washed away by the heavy rain that occurred in that month. At the other end of the scale we have elephants which occasionally help themselves to the growing or the stacked paddy. Bird and beasts of all sorts do their share of pilfering and keep the occupants of the watch huts fully employed. CULTIVATION OF TANK. When there is not sufficient rain in any season to supply the tanks or when the fields require to lie fallow for a time, it is the practice to cultivate the bed of the tank This is called pulavu cultiva. tion. The ancient customs of the country give the people a kind of prescriptive right to this mode of cultivation, and these are embodied in one of the irrigation rules relating to tank lands which is as follows :— Rule 9,—‘‘At the commencement of the sowing season it shall be decided by a majority of the proprietors of any tank and fields, whether or not a See under ‘‘cattle.” : b To which may be added ‘‘a species of green bug about the size of a large ant (with) a most dis- agreeable smell,—Diary of Mr. Price, 8th May 1863, 396 the tank or any portion of it shall be cultivated | and if it be decided to cultivate any portion of it each proprietor shall be entitled to a share of the extent it is proposed to cultivate, in proportion to his share of the fields; and no proprietor shall be allowed to cultivate any portion of the tank, if it be decided by a majority of the proprietors not to carry on any cultivation in the bed of the tank. An appeal from a decision in this case may he made to the Government Agent or Assistant Agent of the district, whose decision shall be final.” In the Vanni the thrashing of the crop is usually delayed for months, and a cnltivator thrashes a small quantity only at the time of harvest; thus “out of 50 bushels sowing extent he thrashes about 6).” This portion is equally divided between . him- self and his Varvas:' udis, and is what is called putir. They have a superstitious fear that unless they make a ponkal with putir (or “first fruits’’ of their labour) before they finally stack their paddy crops, the devils will destroy, or to use their own words, run away with all the paddy. “This custom is religiously observed by the Wannians.’’(a) Mr. Dyke remarks with respect to the custom in the Vanni of deferring the thrashing of the crops for months:—‘I have been familiar with the fact ever since I knew this country, but I have never been able to understand the real reason for the great delay in thrashing the crops.” In numerous villages that we have been in they have not yet thrashed even the Kalappokam—and now they must expect rain to interrupt them and perhaps injure the paddy; besides there is all the enormous additional labour of watching the heaps for all this time. The explanation given by one of the Mudaliyars when he was consulted on the subject was that it was due to two principal reasons which, however, the people were disinclined to divulge.()) 1. By keeying the crops unthrashed the share of the Varakhkudi is detaine1 with it, and as long as the share thus remains undecided the Varakkudi could not well quit his master’s service or engage himse'f to another employer, or make any engage- ment with another employer. Consequently, the thrashing is generally done and the share of the Varakkudi is allotted to him after he has done a considerable share of the work of the next cultivation. 2. It is a prevailing custom among natives when they wish to secure their grain, money, or other articles, from being carelessly spent, to invent some means to keep these articles under some restriction, 7.e., in such a way that access cannot readily be had to them. For instance, in the case of money, they would not keep it in loose coin but change it into notes or gold, and perhaps hide it under ground to prevent it from being spent withont sufficient necessity. So in the case of a paddy crop, it is probable that the thrashing is deferred from similar consideration. When paddy is actually required a certain quantity is drawn out from the stack and thrashed by the cultivators themselves, treading out the corn. Obstacles in the way of cultivation, besides the periodical droughts, are occasionally want of seed paddy, want of command of labour, and, after one of the periodical epidemics of murrain, scarcity of a (Diary of Mr. Atherton, 16th April 1854.) It gives the renters a hold upon the cultivators, as he informs them that for partially thrashing iu this way they are liable toa penalty under the ordinance to the extent of double the tithe. If his tithe is 10 parras he tells them that if they will give him 15 parras he will not prosecute them: knowing that they had no right to act as they did, they pay him the 15 parras in money or kind. b Diary of 2nd November 1848. The reasons alleged by the people themselves were want of cattle, want of time, and carelessness but these the Mudaliyar did not believe. ‘ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ' followed in Jaffna generally a [Dec 1, 1893, buffaloes.(a) As regards labour the Varakhudi system revails. This system is fully explained bawneenit I take the following from Mr. Dyke's diary of 26th August 1842. ‘The rent of paddy land is usually 1 marakkal of paddy for each erated of sowing extent. The average rate of produce may be taken at 10 for 1. The person holding the land in rent 6 tithe. For 10 marakkals sowing extent of fecest or efore he probably pays 10 marakkals for rent and 10 for tax—in all 20.” Except perhaps in one or two es such as Putukkudiyiruppu it is probable that the extent of paddy land available is quite as much as the present population is able to cultivate.(c) Such being the case it is not to be expected t the extent of land cultivated with paddy will show amy tendency to increase. The following tables shew the extent sown at different periods:— Pappy. Quantity sown in acres.(d) Divisions. Wannian Dutch Period Period 2507 Karikkaddumulai North 256 769 1155 1475 1548 a. South 640 512 64 456 509 Mulliyavalai 153 153 25 366 ©6420 Putukkudiyiruppu 410 410 238 «5250 397 Karunavelpattu North 512 512 769 _ A South 1282 2051 102 96 «107 Tunukkay 1538 1025 205 172 226 Melpattu North 153 B84 76 «6462 «6412 Total 4944 5816 2629 8552 3619 Pappy—VAvoniya. Extent sown in acres.(d) Divisions. ro pate, 1807 1889 Kilakkumulai South 230 205 93. Bd1 - North 256 B84 179270 Naduchecheddikulam 538 682 38 «673 Sinnachcheddikulam 512 769 51 B26 Merkumulai 512 512 38 87 Panankamam 2564 2051 128 172 Udaiyaur 761 B80 51 88 Melapattu South 384 410 51 160 » Bast 384 512 153-361 Total 6141 5905 782 2990 Extent sown from 1879 to 1889 (in acres). Year Vanniya Mallaittivu 1879 ee .* — ee ee 3554 1880 oe eo. _ es ee 3667 1881 = oe 2989 os oe 3848 1882 A 57 3012 8 no 4524 1883 os oe 4536 eo es 5308 1884 oid 44 3501 5 es 4790 1885 ee ay 4191 os ee 4791 1886 ae rin 4015 os AA 4536 1887 eee ve 3151 oe os 4480 1888 ee ee 3015 se oe 3589 1889 35 at 2990 2: = 3620 a These obstac'es have been subjects of compla‘nt since the beginning of the century. In February 1863 the cultivators were paying 1s a day to coolies. It is customary for a propietor of paddy land if he has no seed paddy to allow another man who has to sow his field. In that case he gets a quantity equal to the seed paddy for rent. b See chapter on “ Labour-wages.” c See Mr. Ellis’ Adm. Report for 1880. d I have reduced the figures given in Turnour’s diary from marakkals of 12 and 15 seers to acres, taking 3,°. marakkals of 15 seers as sowing one acre's extent. In all the figures, factions are neglected: The figures in the first two columns are of course nearly conjectural, and in their original form are given in round numbers. Hence the appearance of identical numbers in the two columns, from which extreme accuracy and a series of curious coincidences must not be inferred. : Dec. 1, 1893.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. This shows an average of about 3,500 acres sown annually in Vanniya and 4,250 in Mallaittiva. The extent sown in the Mullaittivu district proper in 1858 was 3,830 acres. As has already appeared there is a great difference in the fertility of lands cultivated under tanks and of manavai lands. The former yield from 5 to 30 fold, the latter generally not more than 5 to 10 fold. According to the estimate given to Mr. Turnour in 1807 the following were the yates of yield in the different divisions of the Vavuntya District. Tank land -Wlakkumulai South | 15 to 20 fold. do North ; SERS. a Naduchcheddikulam 8 to 30 Sinnechcheddikulam Average 20, Merkumulai ace 60 6 to 20 Panankamam .... aie 8 to 12 Udaiyaur do ois 10 to 30 Melpattu South 15 to 20% do East pyenee 20 Mutxairrryu District. g ) Tank land Karikkaddumulai North’. Manavari land 5 to 8 fold do South) 5 to 20 - Average 12 Mulliyavalai.. aie ) do 6 Putukkudiyiruppu .. 10tofold 6 to 10 Karunavalpattu North... 15-10 do South .. 30 Tunukkay ile Seal aS 5 to a 2 Melpattu North 1; pels aris Kilakkumulai North, the Cheddikulams, Udaiyaur and Melpattu South in the Vavuniya District and Karunavaipattu South in the Mullaittiva District would therefore seem to be the most fertile parts, and there can be no doubt as to the great fertility of the soil of the inland pattus generally. Mr. Price observes it is impossible to find superior land for any cultivation than there is in the district especially at Ariyamadu.” But according to the estimate of the headmen the average rate of yield is not more than 6, fold in the Vavuniya District and 4}fold in Mullaittivu. This is shewn by the following tables.— VAVUNIYA. = Extent sown Produce ae Year Bushels Bushels Rate FUSE L SF ager OAC 56 43470 ie 6% IS PAyaw we eneee ONES aie SRE) ooe. wes 1883 10206 : 55902 ww 2S 8B 1884... 7878 aie 47241 Hey emmys MS Opin veke 9420 58 GCBLIG, Vaererrny Con 1886 a 9040 as 66853 ww 7B, W887 i. 7089 ALD tele 3 ARS S UMS LOUT IKI) ..0%00 43293 Hub Cae 1889 As 6730 We 50144 ve 72 Total 70646 437643 G5 MULMAITTIVU. L Extent sown Produce Year Bushels Bushels Rate 1879 7996 DAA A iene We: 1880) 8250 AO2GS wine marks 1881 8658 565387. OS 1882 10179 47865 ie 445 1883 11943 BTUBO pies vir et 1884 10777 41204 a. Bi. 1885 10779 43786 4 L886 10206 49510 44 1887 10080 36543. BF 1888 8075 UGPAS SG] i cite guns 1889 8145 ove 85833") 4 Total 105088 466784 42 There is no doubt however that the -headmen systematically under-estimate the crop. Mr. Fowler calculated this under-estimation to be at the rate of 3, 7.e., a crop of 60,009 bushels would be estimated by the headmen at 40,000 bushles(g). And if the esti- mated produce is compared with the produce as calculated from the amounts for which the rents sell, the substantiul accuracy of this view will be confirmed. With regard to the question whether the paddy produced in the district is sufficient for the want of the inhabitants, Mr. Fowler calculated and I see no reason for not accepting his calculation, that it required not less than 60,000 bushels to meet the wants of the district for a year. This would be represented in the headmen’s estimate by 40,000 bushels. Referring to the figures given above we find that there were only 4 years in the period 1879, 1889, when the crop fell short of this quantity, viz:— in 1879, 1887, 1888 (when the failure was disastrous) and 1889. Sa THE DROPPING OF THE BUDS OF PEACHES, &c. This is a calamity to which the Peach tree, as raised and grown in gardens in this country, is particularly liable, and as to which the best gardeners are at variance in regard to the cause and the remedy. It will occur in trees in a forcing-house, in pots in the orchard-house, and on open walls. The mechanical conditions of the soil, apart from its special natare, may, and do seem to offer a probable cause, in so far as at one time the soil may become exhausted of its humus by the previous heavy draughts on its store of food supplies by a tree in luxuriant growth, or from an inadequate amount of water present in it, especially when the buds are nearing their full development in the autumn. To go into the woods and forests for an illustra- tion, we see something of this kind of effect in the sickening of, say, Oaks in a plantation that has been greatly thinned out, where previously the trees have grown healthily and well. The excessive thinning has let in the sun; there is no dense canopy of foliage to prevent rapid evaporation of moisture from the soil, and the exposure hastens the decay of the covering of leaves and leaf-mould, and other soluble plant-food on and in the soil, with the effect of hasten- ing growth at the top. After a few years the vigorous growth of the crown and stem-growths has exhausted the stores of plant-food in the soil, the upper layer being without sufficient protecting cover- ing, dries out quickly in the summer season; and then follows acourse of starvation, with the subse- quent result, if there is no undergrowth coming on to supply the shade that has been lost, that the trees die back at the top, and sometimes a whole plantation will die out. Is there not in the case of our Peach trees some- thing that in its inital stage resembles the unfortu- nate results, of inordinate tree thinning? In the case of trees on a wall, or those exposed to the full blaze of the sun in a Peach-house, we have some- thing that is anatogous tothe over-thinned trees with an uncovered soil, exposed to the fierce rays of the sun, evaporating its moisture, and causing a rapid decrease of the manurial portions of the same, at the same time that a large amount of growth of shoot and stem is encouraged, and an exhausting crop of fruits taken. The gardener who considers all these points, can, and does try to mitigate the evils that are likely to arise from his special, and we may say unnataral, or at least artificial, proceedings; for he copiously waters the soil, not only during the season of growth, but afterwards, when the trees are about to enter 308. their winter’s rest; and if it be a light soil, and therefore readily parts with its moisture, he mulches it with stable manure in sufficient quantity to prevent undue loss by evaporation, but not toseal it against the entrance of air. Loss of buds may arise from a crowded state of the shoots, inwhich case only those shoots which are least crowded, such as those at the extremities of the longer branches, would develop good fruit and wood buds. The crowded shoots would produce buds small in size, deficient in vigour, and certain to be ill-matured at the end of the season, and this would be equally true of trees in houses and on walls. It will be obvious to anyone that crowding the shoots cannot pay, and the best growers have for many years past advocated a judicious thinning of the shoots, and an early commencement of the operation, together with its gradual performance. his year the lessening of the number of shoots on a Peach tree was begun, owing to the extreme earliness of ate so early as the second week of April in southern pee of the country, and a finish will be made of the heavier portion of the work before the end of the present month. Of course, there is some thinning and cutting back of over-strong shoots to be performed even so late as the beginning of August. Another cause we may advert to as affording a reason for bud-dropping, is a soil with inefficient drainage, or none at all. There, the excessive mois- ture present prevents the ingress ofair, consequently keeps the soil cool, tends to prolong growth toa late period, and provgute its attaining to full maturity. In such soils the Peach seldom pays to grow, for unfruitfulness is sure to intervene when the roots have penetrated to any depth; and in such cases, nothing short of thoroughly draining the border and replanting the trees, perhaps renewing some of the staple, is of any use. There is one aspect of the case which we Bay here say a few words about, and that is the stoc on which the Peach and Nectarine should be budded when the tree is to occupy a place on a south wall on warm dry land, or in. the peachery. The Peach and Nectarine differ from most other kinds of fruit in being “ worked” on a plant which in many points differs greatly from themselves. In the case of the Apple, we make use of the crab, the progenitor of all Apples, or of the Doucin, the Burr Knot and seedling Apples taken from all sorts of sources, without regard to suitability, because, perhaps with the exception of the Doucin, a “dwarfing stock,” it does not much matter, they being all of them Apples trees, and, therefore, nearly related. It is the same with the Plum, only Plum stocks are employed; andthe Pear, with the exception of some score or two of varieties which grow on the Quince, is not happy if not united to another Pear. With the Peach this is different, for in this country it has become the mode, because found the best adapted to our climate in general culture, to work it on the Plum stock, a near relation probably some long ages since, but now widely dissimilar im fruit, foliage, root-formation, and many other points. The usual stocks for the out-of-doors culture of Peaches, &c., are the Muscle, which comes pretty true from seed, but is best raised from stools, the St. Julien and the Damson, this last the worst. As is wellknown, the Plum stock tends to fruitfulness in the Peach or Nectarine, and in our moist climate is preferred to the Almond of the wild Peach stock. It is, however, not so certain that in our Peach- houses, where artificial conditions necessarily pre- vail, that the Plum stock is as well suited as those stocks that are found to suit the plants in countries with climatic conditions, closely resembling those we maintain in our forcing-houses. And may not this, under certain conditions of soil and treatment, ac- count for the untimely fall of wood and fruit-buds? In the Plum we have a plant that possesses abun- dance of small roots, but these naturally lie in the greater number near to the surface, and good fruit- growers endeayour to have them there, and transplant or lift the trees at intervals of three or four years with that intent. So far so good, but the bringing THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST (Duc. 1, 1894. up of the roots of the Plum near to the surface of the ground where any drought prolonged for only a few weeks might act injuriously on the roots, and, consequently, on the stepchild drawing its nourish- ment from them, seems tobe a practice that is not without some element of danger. It is a question whether the Peach or Almond would not, at least for trees in forcing-houses, and very warm porous soils in the open air, be the more suitable stocks to make use of. Both of them are found to succeed better as stocks for the Peach iu France, where the hard-shelled sweet Almond, Amandier dower a coque dure, is preferred; the warmer parts of the Peach- belt in the United States of North America, Austria, Hungary, and south-eastern Europe generally, all of them countries in which the Peach is grown as an orchard tree. The roots of the Peach and Almond are few in comparison with the Plum, and have a natural ten- dency to stretch downwards in search of moisture, hence their greater adaptability for countries with warm dry summer climates. In all of these the trees are cropped to their utmost capacity whilst they are young and vigorous, and last but a few years, say, ten to twelve; in the United States of America, not so long, on account of that much- dreaded disease, the yellows. At about that age the fruit crop becomes smaller, and the trees are cleared out, young plantations taking their place. Here, there are often qualms about destroying old trees, and in spite of the obvious incurability of the weak- ness of old age, trees are kept alive along after they should have found a place on the rubbish-heap. In fact, the retention of old and worthless fruit trees amounts, in some gardens, to a superstition, and if any one who reads this note has doubts of its correctness, let him visit the old gardens in his neighbourhood, and judge for himself. The roots of the Peach and Almond must not have their natural downward tendency curtailed by cutting off tap roots, as is practised with the Plum stock, or its capacity to support a tree in the com- paratively dry soil and dry air of the Peach-house would be reduced below that of the surface-rooting Plum, and ill-health follows; nor should it be done when these stocks are used in dry soil and sites out-of-doors, for the same reason. At the most, the tap roots whilst at a pliable age, may be bent as much in a horizontal direction as may be without breaking them; but this will not effect much, and the points of these roots—of which there are always several on a tree, will again soon take a downward direction. This fact will determine the depth of the Peach border. It should not be less than 3 feet where the trees stand; although there is no reason that it should be so deep over the whole area, and it may slope off to 18 inches atthe sides or front, or the top may be nearly level, and the bottom of the border slope downwards towards the wall, or that parts where the trees stand, and be provided with a drain at that side to carry off the water. In fact, in making borders for Peaches and Vines, there are good reasons for elevating the artificially made border-bottom at the point farthest from the pee and placing the drains where the: soil is the eepest, not where it is, in most cases, shallowest. By so doing, the extending roots, instead of ever tending downwards away from warmth and air would be kept at a short distance from the top of the border, a part in which gardeners mostly like to find them.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. eee FIBRES : RAMIE MACHINE TRIALS AT NEW ORLEANS. The latest information connected with the extrac- tion of fibre from Ramie (Bochmeria nivea, Hk. and Boehmeria nivea, yar. tenacissima, Gaud.) is contained in a Report on the recent trials of Ramie decortj- cating machines held under the authority of the U.S. wepartment of Agriculture at New Orleans. The ‘trials took place on the 30th September Jast, and Dic. t; 1893: ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 399 the Report of the Board of Experts, acting as jury, has just been published.* The resul's of the New Orleans trials do not appear to carry us any nearer to the solution of the prob- lem that has been so long under consideration in regard to the extraction of Ramie fibre. The machines presented do not appear to possess any advantages over those tried at Paris in 1888 and 1889, and fully discussed in the Kew Bulletin, 1888, p. 273, and 1889, p. 268,—wbhile they are apparently inferior tothe machines tried also at Paris under the auspices of the Société des Agriculteurs de France in Septem- ber 1891. The following extracts are taken from the United States Report :— MaAcuints ENTERED. “The official trials of Ramie machines, under the auspices of the office of fibre investigations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, set for the last week in September at Audubon Park, New Orleans, came off on the 30th of September, and included trials upon jute stalks as well as upon stalks of Ramie. “Three machines were entered for trial as fol- lows:—The Kauffman machine, by the Kauffman Fibre Company of New Orleans, La.; the Felix Fremerey Decorticator, by the Felix Fremerey Decorticator Company, of Galveston, Texas; the Fibre Delignating machine (known as the J. J. Green machine) of the United States Fibre Company of Versailles, Ky. “The Kauffman machine.—According to the entry of this machine it requires 15-horse power; it works upon green stalks ctripped of leaves and upon dried stalks. Four attendents are required to run it; floor space occupied 6 by 14 feet. ‘he machine is termed a decorticator for ramie, jute and hemp. ,..-. . “The Fremerey machine.—In the entry of this machine about 5 horse power is stated. The machine is arranged to work upon green stalks, either strip- ped or with the leayes and upon dry stalks. It occupies a floor space of about 5 by 18 feet. The machine requires five attendants, three of whom may be boys. .... « "The J. J. Green machine.—Ten-horse power is named as the power required to drive this machine. The entry states that it works upon dried stalks (but it is also expected to work green. stalks with or without leaves.) Five attendants are required for full capacity, three of whom may be boys; it occupies a floor space of 8 by 12 feet.” TRIALS OF GREEN STRIPPED RAMIE. “The first trial was with the Kauffman machine, 500 pounds of green stripped stalks having been weigh+d out for the test. Of this amount 332 pounds of stalks were run throughthe machine in 42 minutes, when the machine clogged. The result in wet ribbons was 88 pounds, and 168 pounds of stalks remained unworked, owing tothe inability of the machine to proceed further. ‘“Mr. Fremery declined to enter this trial after 500 pounds of green stripped ramie stalks had been weighed out, claiming that the stalks were too uneven in size, the construction of his machine requiring medium stalks.” CoNnCLUSIONS. In a review of the results of these trials, Mr. Charles Richard Dodge, special agent in charge of fibre investigations, report as follows:— _ “While the figures for a day’s work, based on the results of short running, are wholly misleading, it is interesting to note that the output of the Kautfman machine, during the 42 minutes of con- tinuous work before it clogged. represents 4,743 pounds of green stalks in 10 hours of continuous action, or a little over 2 tons, with an output of 1,257 pounds of wet ribbons, equal to about 420 pounds of dry ribbons, which weight would be con- *The United States Department of Agriculture. Division of Statistics, New Series: Report No. 99, September, and October 1892. Washington Goyern- yaent Printing Office, pp, 347—3d4, siderable reduced after the loose hurds and woody matter remaining inthe ribbons produced by this machine had been eliminated. “In like manner, were the J.J. Green machine to run continuously for 10 hours, turning out ribbons at the rate of speed shown when in actual opera- tion (that is, dedocting the 67 minutes spent in cleaning and 1e-adjustment) the output would have shown a capacity of 4,821 pounds of stalks and 1,232 pounds of wet ribbons, equal to about 410 pounds of dry ribbons. But, as shewn, both machines were unable to finish the 500 pounds of stalks weighed out to each for the trial. “The results of the new Orleans trials are satis- factory as far as they have demon-trated the status of the machines entered, and established an American record that gives a starting point for future comparison, a3 the results of other trials are made known. It is tobe regretted, however, that alarger number of machines was not represented. In this report comparisons cannot be made with the best foreign machines, though I shall endeavour to cover the whole ground in a special report, Bulletin No. 5, Fibre investigations, to be issued at an early date.” The trials with Ju'e stems were very similar in their results to those no‘ed inthe case of Ramie stems. There was no conclusive evidence either way. The best results with Jute stalks as far as they went, were given by the Kauffman machine. This cleaned 100 pound: of stalks in 20 minutes, yielding 32 pounds of wet ribbons. The ribbons were described ‘as well delignated with a very small percentage of woody waste. The fibre occasionally was somewhat broken.”—Kew Bulletin, ——_—_o—_——_—- CINCHONA. Lonpoy, Nov, 3. Norres rrom Our Lonpon Lerter. Meeting Mr. John Hamilton this week, sid knowing him to be well-up in all that relates to cinchona, it occurred to me to question him as td the improved prospects reported for the bark. His reply was in stibstance ;—‘‘ Really we seem here to have lost touch with the future of cinchona. I can really tell you nothing but what it may be believed Mr. John Ferguson is as well or better acquainted with than I can be. Youcould not have a better authority than that gentleman on all matters connected with planting produots. Yes, it istrue that a batter demand has of Jate been developed in America for quinine. The reason for this is not known to me, but itis a fact that whereas we were exportingto that country a year or two back only three million 1b. the amount now is up to about four million or so. The result of this has been to make prices here rise somewhat, and they seem to be firm and to promise a chance of expansion. You ask if quinine 18 locally manu- factured in America. Yes, itie. There are,I think, two or three well-known manufactories in the States and they derive their bark supply through the Eu- ropean markets. But London is no longer the chief centre of the trade. We have to watoh the sales at Amsterdam and one or two other German centres. The quotations there now wholly rule prices here, You see the larger proportion of the bark supply now comes from Java. How is it, you ask, that that island has maintained the cultivation in opposi- tion to India and Ceylon? The answer is very ready. It is simply a case of quality. Java sends us far richer bark than the average of Ceylon and Indian growth yield, I suppose this to be due to the soil of the island, for the rich Ledger tree flourishes there, and all the bark Java sends us almost jis of that valuable kind. Do 1 think there is a chanve of Oeylon being able to compete successfully with Jaya in the future? Well, I hardly like t) give an opiaion, but as Qeylon fails, exeopt in certain localiticd aud yadiy 400 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: (Dec. 1, 1893: certain conditions to grow the Ledger tree, I fear she has but little chance of competing successfully. Still, if in the course of time the demand shouid extend beyond the capacities of Java to supply— and the available area there is now very short— or should inferior sorts obtain a frecr market, the trees now standing in Ceylon might be made profit- able, but I don’t suppose its planters will ever care to plant fresh trees extensively, or that it would pay them if they did. No, Ithink Ceylon must be content with having made a good thing of the bark in the past. It. undoubtedly helped its planters well over the bridge batween coifze and tea, I think the soil of Java to be throughout far better than that of Ceylon, It always seems to me that it was a mistake of the British Government to give up Java and retain Ceylon. The former is very rapidly coming to the front with many cultivations, and its Government is doing all it can to foster these. I know several young men who arenow goirg out to Java to plant coffee on the Ceylon plan, and thre seems every reason to expect success for them.” It is to be feared these views of Mr. Hamilto1 are some- what opposed to the anticipations recently expressed by yourselves. He told mehe had readyour remarks, but that he could not fully endorse them for the reasons he gave me as stated above. It occurs to myself, in addition to Mr. Hamilton’s reasons, that Java must have a great advantage in any competition with Ceylon owing to the absence of fluctuation in her currency value. With her guilder always maintained at 1s 8d, while your rupee intrincically worth 20 per cent more, obopping and changing about from 1s 3d or s0,she cannot fail to come to the front. TEA SEED OIL, Another expert that afforded me an interview this week was Mr. Christy. We resumed our former conversation on the eubject of tea oil, but Mr, Christy was able to give me but little additional information to this matter. He remarked however : -——"‘ Ido notsee that, even if the oil could ba used for any special application, its manufacture could be economically or beneficially carried out in Ceylon. In the first place it does not seem to me that the cake after the oil has been expressed could be made available. It certainly would not be suited as a cattle food. The only thing that could be done with it would be to return it to the soil as manure. Now in the expressing of most other oils, such as that obtained from cotton seed, copra, &c., the residual is almost as valuable as the oil. At all events it is in no casa known to me a wasted product, but I cannot suggest any purpose to which tea-cake could be applied save that of manuring, and I doubt if it would be well suited even to that purposs, If tea seed oil Were to command a high price this might not be a matter of such esonomia consequence. But, as I before told you, it does not secure this. It could never, in my opinion, compete with cotton seed oil, which can be and is applied tosuch ‘g diversity of purposes. It can be so cheaply produced, too, that no comparison could be made between the price of it and that of oil expressed from tea. In short, no oil can com- pete with it either for wide application or for ‘cheapness of production, and I should not counsel your planters to trouble themselves about trying experiments with tea oil.” A NEW FODDER PLANT. On my asking Mr. Christy whether he had of late come across any new products facts as to which might interest Oeylon readers, he replied :—‘‘ There is one that 1 believe might well recommend itself to the RES iE Re ie ponsideration of alldwellers in Ceylon, This is the Poligonum.” (Query, if my epelliag be quite correst.) “This ig a most wonderful fodder plant, and I some time back promised Mr. Ferguson I would write him fully with reference to it, but time hes not permitted of my fulfilling that promise. This plantis fonnd in o natural state only in the island of Sagholian. Some nine years back I managed to obtain a few slices of the root, from which alone the plant can be propagated. These I planted in my Gardens at Sydenham, and now I have quite a fine bank of it. Every effort bas been made by me to secure further plants. I sent agents toroughout Germany with this object, but they could not finda single plant anywhere except solitary specimens in the different Boten’c Gardens of that country and its special value seems to have been unresognized there. The Gardeners’ Chronicle bas published several notices of this plant, and Mr. Ferguson will find full descriptions in his copies of that journal, I took an Indian tea planter dowa to my garden to see what I have grown of it, and he was so struck by its capabilities that he immediately ordered a Wardian case and has sent out in it @ quantity of root pieces with which [ supplied him from my own growth to plant along the sides of the water courses on his estate. It grows fast and freely, and seems to do well in this climate, having withstood all the severe frost we have bad since it was first planted by me, It is, perhaps, one of the most valuable fodder plants known to us, andI should recommend your planters to follow the example of their brother- planters of India and grow it extensively on their estates.’’ Perhaps you will be able to publish a full description of this plant from your numbers of the Gardeners’ Chronicle. I do not feel sure if you havea not already quoted them in the TJopi- cal Agriculturist, but have had no time as yet to refer to the back numbers, You have, however, so often written as to the desirability of finding and growing new fodder plants, that we suspect this item among them has not altogether escaped your notice, — + TEA-SEED OIL, It appears that some of the Oeylon tea-planters are mMakiog an organised attempt to obtain a sale for their tea-seed in the London market. A parcel of seven bags of that article was offerei at the drug-sales recently, but no one seemed to know what to do with it, and although the broker declared his belief that the drag was ‘‘a favourite medicice ia Caius,” the audience remained unmoved. Nevertheless, the tea-se-d might have been worth parchasing for the sake of the bland oil which it contains to tke extent of about 35 per cent. by weight, and which resembles olive oil in colour, aud somewhat in taste. The seeds are about the size of » cherry-stone, sub- globular in sbap>, and of a deep-brown colour. The oil would be useful for burning or lubricating.— Chemist and Druggist. —_____¢—______ Sopium as A Puant Foop.—In pure chemistry the properties of sodium and potassium are very closely related, butin the practical application of compounds containing these elements great differences are ob- served. However, some recent researches by A. Atterberg (Expt. Stat. Rec., iii., p. 554) show that in regard to the food of plants, sodium and potassium, though not capable of mutual substitution with equal advantage, possess some properties in common. In short, sodium compounds may be of considerable advantage where potassium in deficient. This obser- yation has an important commercial consequence, since the large amount of sodium present in many of the standard manurial salts can now no longer k¢ considered as useless. Gardeners Chromele, Dre, 3, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 4ot a PROSPECTS OF CINCHONA CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. Reference was recently made by us to the im- proved demand noticeable for quinine in America, Although the cause for this is not entirely demonstrable, there is no doubt that the inorease exists, and there is reason to believe that it may yet extend. Under these circumstances it seemed reasonable to hope that prices in the Huropean markets would rise to a point at which the export of cinchona bark from Ceylon might again become profitable. To judge from what Mr. John Hamilton of Messre. S. Rucker & Oo. recently mentioned in conversation with our London correspondent, it would, however, appear to be the case that some time yet must pass before it will be possible to state whether that expectation may be well founded or not. Mr. Hamilton agrees with us that Java now holds the key of the position and everything must depend upon the future course of cinchona cultivation in that island. The soil there appears to possess qualifications for the cultivation that are absent in the cases both of Ceylon and India. The bark Java sends home ig almost entirely that of the Ledgeriana variety, and it contains a very materially greater pro- portion of quinine than does the cultivated. product of Ceylon and India. Still, it is admitted that the position of cinchona bark in the London market has sensibly strengthened. But with the increace of its export from Java, the controlling power of the London trade has become largely transferred to the great ‘auction marts of Amsterdam and other leading continental centres. Hence home dealers look more to quotations at those places than to such ag are derived from the auctions in Mincing Lane. Under ‘all these conditions, Mr. Hamilton cannot exprers himself hopefully with regard to the future of cinchona cultivation in Ceylon. It is true he believes it to be the case that there remains but ® marrow area in the great Datch island upon which the extension of planting can proceed: but he is strongly of opinion that it must be a long time yet before the demand can rise to a point at which it will outstrip the oapacity of Java to supply it. Nor does he seem to think that any proposal that our planters might again endeavor to extend their cultivation of the tree should be fayourably received by them. Tea, in Mr. Hamil- ton’s judgment, would suffer if cinchona trees encroached too much upon it, and he regards that cultivation as being too valuable to permit of any risk of injury being done to it bya revival of former efforts. Aud besides, while acknowledging that there is a promise of improved prices for the bark, he fears that neither Ceylon nor India are likely to reap much benefit unless their production of it canbe raised to the high level of that of Java. The soil generally throughout that island is superior in most respects to that of Geylon, and as regards the growth of cinchona it possesses very undoubted and very material advantage. With theso opinions before us, it becomes increasingly difficult to offer advice to our own plantors with respect to their future dealings with the tree. Already, as we know, there has been a wide up-rooting of it over areas on which it was at one time dominant, There remain, how- ever, 28 considerable number of trees scattered about our tea estates. The question now, as it appear to us, is not altogether whether the number of these should recsive extension, but as to whether it may be worth 5 while to maintain it at its existing level, For years to come, probably, the key of the position which Mr. Hamilton asserts Java to hold muat remain with it. Demand must outstrip her capacity for production before that of either India or Ceylon is likely to be largely called upon. In- dividual planters must decide on their future course for themselves. In certain localities it is possible cinchona may be cultivated in Ceylon of a quality that may rival in richness of extract the yield of the Javanese bark, and in such cases we should say it would be wise to plant judiciously when circumstances may admit of this being beneficially and economically done, But the future offers no prospect for this island such as was experienced when it first entered upon the cultivation. Cinchona is never again likely, we should say, to call for the attention of our planters as a possibly leading item of their business. Java has beaten ug, and is likely from natural causes to always maintain the superiority now established for her. > THE DECLINE OF SULPHATE OF CINCHONIDINE - The Oil Paint and Drug Reporter calls attention to the decline in the use of sulphate of cinchonidine which only about ten years ago still figured exten- sively in every miscellaneous order for goods was accorded a favoured placa among the staple articles and of which the commercial fluctuations were eagerly watched by the trade. Since 1882, when sulphate of cinchonidine of American manufacture was worth from 900. to $1 per oz.in New York, the value of the drug has declined to 3$c. per oz. Concurrently with this decline in value, the consuwption of cinchonidine has dimi- nished particularly within the last five years. Apart from the domestic article, of which the production and distribution sre not definitely known, the supplies drawn from Europe have tallen off to the following extent :—’84, 381,885 oz.; ’85, 478,747 oz.; 786, 449,414 oz.; 787, 570,162,0z.; 788, 609,576 oz.; ’89, 171,251 oz. ; 790, 106,8290z.; 791, 156,229 oz.; and ’92, 11,483 oz, —Chemist and Druggist. — INCREASE IN THE WEST-INDIAN ARROW- ROOT PRODUCTION. The production of arrowroot in the West Indiar Island of St. Vincent has lately increased at ieee dous rate, the quantities exported from the island having been 15,458 barrelsin ’88, 16,732 in ’89, 20,846 in ’90, 17,540 in 791, and 23,433 barrele in '92. | OF the ’92 exports 17,008 barrels were shipped to the United Kingdom and 6,224 barrels to the United States. The advantage to the island of this extension of cultivation is shown by the fact that. whereas the average vaiue of the arrowroot exports for the last three years was 29,152/., the shipments in 1892 alone were valued at 61,3137. The increaso in the quantity produced was caused by a great advance in the price of the starch which had previously brought euch low figures that ite cultivation had almost become unprofitable. In his Official Report for 1892 Administrator Goulds- bury, with more enthusiasm than grammar,’ states that; ‘‘Arrowroot and cocoa are now the main chances of the colony: As the product of srrowroot is almost wholly limited to St. Vincent and Natal and the product of Natal had almost disapprared nearly the very moment when the Jamaica Exhibition produced its effects on the exhibits of the colony of St. Vincent, it may be assumed tbat the St. Vincent arrowroot fiuds itself, all of a sudden in a position of ‘commercial good luck, with the knowledge that arrowroot-production cannot be inoreased on the smallest seale inside of at leart eix months, and on a scale (for want of plants) likely to affect prices for 8 much longer time; s> that there is 8 good early fature for those who have arrowroot estates.” — Chemist and Druggist, 4o2 NW penance cain abet itn Saskia Ri i aia teat THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dec. 1, 1893, ‘THE COFFEE SITUATION. The world requires an annual supply of 650,000 to 660,000 tons (11,050,000 to 11,220,000 bags) of coffee, under normal conditions. Brazil furnishes nearly 55 per cent. of the total exports. Central America, the United States of Colombia and Mexico are pushing coffee cultivation and more than offset- ting the decreased yield in the Hast Indies. From the above statements it will be seen that the situation is more perplexing than usual. Thereis no immediate danger of a lack of cotfee with stocks in Europe large. The war in Brazil must be of short duration, so that exports of coffee are likely to be resumed soon. Consumption is threatened by finan- cial troubles and unemployed labor. ‘The prospective increase of supply from Oentral America and Mexico is an indefinite quantity. The safe course is con- servative buying and light stocks. It is seldom that credits are as much of a factor as crops, but such is the present situation.—American Grocer. ——— PERAK AND PLANTERS, The “Times of Ceylon” discussing an alleged dis- couragement of Oeylon planters in Perak, seeks to contend that Perak is much in the rearin regard to sgriculture, and that its land is not open to planters in a spirit that encourages enterprise. Further, rolat- ing whatis alleged to be an account of a personal application for land, the Oeylon newspaper contends thet Perak should be religious'y left slone. Putting aside the question of allowing the personalities of a disappointed planter to creep in what was intended to be a just criticism of the State of Perak, we regret that the Ceylon paper should have been led to believe what has been told. The article contains the a'le- gation tbat Perak iu agriculture is far bebindhand as compared with Selangor. That is wholly inaccu- rate, There is’) more agriculture in Perak then in Selangor. In the Kemuning LEstate, Perak possesses the finest and largest Libe:isn cc flee estate in the Peninsula. Its control is under Mr. Hill, a planter of considerable experience, most of that experience being gained in Ceylon. Inthe Waterioo Estate, Perak possesses the only Arabian coffee estate in the Peninsula, owned by Sir G. Elphinstone, ove of Ceylon’s planters. There are very many sugar estates in Perak, notably the estate owned and operated by the Shanghai Company. What is Perak doing in tea, the staple product of the “ spicy isle’? SHlere in Singapore the tea from Perak is found on the market and is readily saleable, and has the re- putation of fluvour equa'ling that grown in Cry!on. Of padi, one district of Perak alone exported last year no less than two and a half millions of gantangs. Especially for Malay cultivation.: Perak is urquestion- ably ahead of every other Native State. The rad facilities in Perak are greater also than in any other State,—a fact, no doubt due to greater resources derived from tin. It is news to learn that ‘ the Selangor Railway is being extended to meet the wants of planters’; andalso ‘!that Selangor is putting on extra steamers to meet the requirements of planters.” Perak is extending her railway, ad also her road construction; but, for years, Perak bas been build. “ing roads. A cart road was specially construct:d to give access to the planting hill country, Lut it was only used by one estate. The hills there were not taken up for planting. It is absurd in the Ceylon critic to think, much more to commit to black and white, that the lessee of the Waterloo Estate cen exclude any from selecting on the eastern face «f the Hijau range. ; % The Resident of Perak has amply shown in his articles “about Perak” that he has always given ‘and does now give. his support, and all proper -enouragement, to those who intended to embark ‘upon legitimate planting Shien: The C-ylon critic talks of delay of survey. There is an answer to that point. It is only nec ssary to select tle land, and demarcate it, to at once proceed with the work of planting. Itis not true to say that a selector must wait for the survey ; and, we believe, we are correct gr oR ee ee says that the when we eay thet scarcely any planter either in Perak or Selacgor has waited for survey before proceeding with the work of planting. Before concluding it may be usefal to note a little incident that goes to show what some “ planters” expect. One psrty—and itis significant thet the perty came from Ceylos—openly admitted converea- tionally that they desired a very lerge block of jengle country with valuable timber which they would fell and sell. They would commit themselves to nothing more. They were informed that Perak did not urgently peed woodeutters and sswyers, but that bona-fide planting the Government would do snytbing in reason to encourage. Theland was not teken up. Perak, the foremost of the Malavan Native States, affords truly a field for agricultural development. Undoubtedly, Perak is at the present time, essentially 4 tin-producing country; tin bas made Perak what it is. Tin-Mining has paved the way for Agriculture. Tin bas built the roads and reilways. Planting bee been rendered possible by mining. Perak possesses a wealth of land admirably suited to agriculture ; aud planters who ere not concession-mongers will find every help in Perak.—Straits Times. 8 eee NILGIRI TEA REPORT. Our Ooonoor District correspondent writes :— Out-turn is above average, quality of all tea made after September is likely to be very satisfactory. Flush is coming out strong and healthy with fine bud. Very tippy and fiavovry. Weather.—Very heavy rain lately, nicely distributed on some parts, too heavy on mevt. _ Labour supply very indifferent. Trouble with default- ing contractors on the increase. Remarks.—Everywhere increased interest in tea is shown. Openings sre now carefuily made with good jate. Drainage needs closer and better attention.— South of India Observer, Nov. 18. _ — —~+ — — INDIAN PATENTS. CaLcurTa, 8TH NovEMBER, 1893, Applications in :espect of the unde:mentioned in- ventions have been filed :-- No. 313 of 1893.--William Bull, Oivil Engineer, at present residing in Calcutta, for an improved method of working continuous kilns fur burning bricks and tiles by meaus of a single moveable chimney. No. 314 of 1893.—James Alexander Orawford, Cer- tificated Engineer, First Class, residing at Kalighat, South Sylhet, for prersing tea into boxes, and to be called ‘* Crawford’s Patent Tea Press.” No. 197 of 1893—James Cockle Ooxe, a Sub- Engineer in the Public Works Department, at pre- rent on furlough, residing at No. 6. Comeden Bagan Lane, Kidderpore, in the suburbs of Oaleutta, Bengal, for an improved relf-levelling “ waterstone ” and mixture to keep awsy ante of all kinds from almirahe, tables, boxes, &c,, to be called “J. C. Coxe’s patent ant defier.” (Filed 27th October 1893.)— —indian Engineer. ———______—_ TEA-PLANTING EXTENSION IN CEYLON. We learn that Mr. E. M. Leaf of the Dikoya district (Ceylon) has taken up some 800 acres of land for tea in the Balangoda district. Part of it wag under coffee in the very early days, but has for a long time row been cheng. Two other planting gentlemen—Mecrsrs. Bailey and Worship—are going to open a tea plantation, in the same district ; and all thisis apart from wkat the Muir-Buchanan Syndicate is expected to do. —_—_———_—_ si. HicH—ciass Niwerrt TEA, a Southern contemporary 2 estate of Noneuch owned by Mr. EF. Gage, and situated on the Droog some nine miles from Coonor, has yielded scme splendid Specimens of first class tea. A break of 99 pack. ages fetched the fine average of Is 3id in the London mark3t,—Jndian Planters’ Gazette, Dee. i, 1892.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 403 CACAO ROOT DISEASE IN THE WREST INDIES. (Continued from page 351.) Nor does this root fungus confine itself to any ohe species or order of plants; but affects alike the mango, the orange, the coffee or the cacao in short almost anything from a sugarcane to a breadfruit, no diversity being apparently wide enough in the structure of the plant or root to deny to it a congenial nursery and home, ‘It is found,’ says the Keport ‘‘in all its glory at the ‘Latent’ Estate. It has strayedinto the ‘Malgretout’ Estate where the Liberian Coffee seems to be specially selected.” ‘“ At Uurrey’s Rest, cacao trees have been killed, be- sides coffee, bananas and two fine orange trees.” Thus far we have tangible facts resting on the evidence of one’s observation. But now we come to a study of the approximate causes; and in doing 80, we are naturally obliged to step outside the limits of observation and patent facts; into the domain of speculation. How far the conclusions arrived at are justifiable, remains to be proved later on, that is to say, when a sufficient length of time shall have elapsed after the removal of the suspected causes, to be able to say with certainty that the disease has . disappeared with the removal of these alleged causes, In the cases that came under his observation, Mr, Barber has been led to conclude that the disease is primarily and principally traceable to the prezence cf decaying stumps left on the ground, combined with the “ slovenly planting of more trees than the ground can contain ;’ and thereme ty he hasprescribed in the cases wuder consideration is to ‘“‘ burn every stump and as much of the affected roots as possible.” In Jamaica Mr. Barber noticed a similar fungus oslled locally ‘‘Saltpetre’ in the cacao and coffee, Mr, Fawcett, the Director of the Botanic Department, forwarded the following prescription :— “Try Ferrous Sulphate (green vitriol) for your root mycelium. It isan excellent manure used at the rate of }cwt. to the acre andkills fungi. In wet weather it is sufficient to sprinkle itonthe ground, and the rain will dissolve it and carryit down to the root.” Mr. Lockhart, who communicated with Mr. Barber, and appears to have given him yaluable information, describes another fungus 25 attacking mot fields or patches but isolated cacao trees at Mitcham. It is said to be troublesome but not fatal in all cases. It is » fungua found notin the soil or root but above groumd, and so this for distinction is calleda ‘ branch fungus.” The following is a full and detailed description of the same :— “It is peculiar and well marked; and appears to travel up the branches, making its way principally in the thick bast Jayers. Oo examiniag a diseased branch the following regions may be looked for, working downwoerds :— (1) Hea'thy stem-surface, outer bark normal, thin and delicate. (2) A delicate film of external, closely adpressed glistening hypbe resembling the track of asnail, (3) Flesh-coloured bodies (spore bodies) principally at the angles of the lenticels; gum is trequently found exuding among these bodies from rents in the bark—also at (1) and (2). (4) The surface becomes covered with a velvety, flesh-coloured layer with small dark letter-like erosions. (5) The bark becomes brown, decayed : bast rotten- the bast is largely cracked and the deoay trequently extends some way intojthe wood. (6) In mavy cases branchesse3m to recover. A callus is formed by the cambium and grows around as if attempting to cover up the injured parts. A long cleft in healed branches frequently indicates the juno- tion of the two callus-masses over a dead place; and a section of the stem at such parts shows a large dead tract underneath the callue, buried by subsequent growtb.” It is recommended in this digease—which is not #0 fatal as the root fungua inasmuch as the trees often recover from the attack—to paint the infected branches with some fungus-destroying compound; such as weak carbolio acid or carbolized tar, carrosive sublimate, and green vitriol. This disease has not yet been traced to any known cause, as even isolated trees have succumbed to it, To turn our attention to the more fatal root disease whose presence has been traced to decaying stumps and closs planting: Allwe in Oeylon can say is that wo have both causes present in our cacao plantations. In the new forest or jungle-clearinga there is always the stump left in the ground after the burn—and in the older plantations, where a superabundance of the shade growth is cut down, trunk aud branch and not merely thinned out, then the stump is in many instances left inthe soil especially when too large for convenient eradication, so that there is one of the factorsor external agents present; and the other of the two mentioned is caid to be close planting: by which we should understand that there 18 & crowding of roots witbim a limited area of soil. It need not for a moment b3 supposed that th3 special root of the cacao is the only one likely to contribute towards the outbreak of the root disease ; for it has appeared in every sort of root from the lowly sugarcane and banana to the higher orders of bread-fruié and mangoe. It is therefore not the slovenly p'anting of cacao alone that contributes to the mischief. The general crowding of xoots has to be equally guarded against. Our Ceylon planters, therefore, whoare adventuring on this product so largely at present, whether they be men of limited experience or of great experience in general matters of planting, will no doubt be careful not to rest contented in the security of having put their plants out twelve or fourteen feet apart: for ia every plantation in the island the - tendency is, under the assurance that shade and shelter are absolutely neceseary for the cacao, to plant all manner of choice shade trees as quickly as possible. And if may thus come about some day that in some admirable damp situation for the cacao where tha soil is rich, the land as flat as atenvis court, with too much shade and insufficient drainage from the nature of the land, and an overcrowding of roots in general, 2 root fungus may be started as a pestin Ceylon. It will, therefore, be none too soon to warn the public of the danger that may berun by the cacao planter inany part of the tropics, And the failure of the crops in Dominica in 1892 and 1893, which called for the Report under consider: ation may well bea offered as an illustration and a warning to all. -_—_----——=<}-—____——— TEA DRINKING AND MORALS IN WALES, The Daily Chronicle in reviewing ‘‘Glimpses of Welsh Life and Oharacter’’ by Marie Trevelyan, has the following ;— Again, as in other lands, so also in Wales, there was no great gulf fixed between the upper and lower classes a hundred years ago. There was a much freer gsocial commingling in those good old times than in these degenerate modern days. “It was nothing unusual to ses the wealthy landlord and poor tenant riding abreast to market, and sitting down at the same ‘ market ordin- ary.’” ‘‘Money makes the mare to go,’ said a poor Welshman to a rich neighbour. ‘Aye, aye, boy! but its manners make the man,’’ was the reply. No longer do servants remain a life-time with their employers, leaving only to be buried, or, it may be, to be married; and it is only in the smaller farmhouses that they sit at the same table with the master and mistress, The analytical spirit of the newer age has established discriminations. The great cause of this notable alteration in social life Miss Trevelyan has discovered from an old diarist. It is the ‘exorbitant practice of tea-drinking which has corrupted the morals of people of every rank.’ Lamentable de- clension from the days of the potency of methegliu! Especially among the hill women, among the most intensely Welsh of Welshmen, the colliers and miners, is this ruinous devotion to immogderaty 404 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dut 1 1853. tea-drinking established. Hence is it that “their complexions fade early, and leave a sallow and muddy colour upon the skin. Tea is drunk for breakfast; for dinner, at tea-time, for supper, and again before going to bed. That alone would be five times a day; but, as the tea-pot is always on the hob, there is no end to the potations."’ Let the theory of the diarist stand for whatever it may be worth. The tea-drinking has not deteriorated the patriotism, industry, and pluck that the hill-men received as a heritage from their forebears, Nor is the new altogether bad. wee CITRONELLA OIL ADULTERATION. From the Semi-Annual (Drug) Report of Messrs. Schimmel & Co. we quote as follows:—No alteration has taken placein the value of thisimportant article since our last Report. On the other hand adultera- tion is being pushed to such extremities in Oeylon that it has become impossible for the middleman to guarantee the supply of pure oil. In order to strike at the root of this evil we have thought it expedient to place ourselves in direct understanding with the producers and shippers of citronella oilin Ceylon, and ave forwarded to thema circular of which the fol- lowing is a re-print:—‘‘The sophistication of citro- nella oil has extended in Ceylon during recent years in such a remarkable manner, that we feel compelled to call the attention of the firms engaged in the ex- port and sale of this oil to this grave deterioration aud to indicate the means of confronting this mischief which threatens to entirely spoil the reputation of the article. By long experience we have stated that the adulteration is effected by admixture of either a fatty oil (probably coconut oil) or petroleum (kerosene oil), Inboth cases it can easily be detected by the following test, which, by its extreme simplicity, is practicable in buying the oil from the native distillers and therefore, EOE recommended by us. One part of citronella oil should yield aclear solution when well shaken with tea parts of spirit of 80 per cent. In applying the testa graduated measure is used, which we think may be obtained from any Ceylon chemist. A certain quantity of the oil to be examined is pnt into the measure and 10 times as much spirit of 80 per cent (sp gr. 0.8645 at 15° C.), also procurable from any chemist, is added. Pure oil of citronella yields a clear or feebly opalescent solution not separatin out after standing. Ifthe oil should be adulterate by the addition of fatty oil or kerosene oil, the mixture is quite turbid when shaken and drops of the adulte- rant will separate out from the spirit after standing for about 12 hours. Fatty oils will of course sink on the bottom of the vessel, while kerosene oil will float on the surface of the solution. All oils not standing tbe above test are decidedly sophisticated and should be rejected as not being marketable. Our method of examination is so absolutely reliable and proved by our practical experience, that it will be unnecessary to require a certain specific gravity, the determination of which, onthe spot, is often attended with difficul- ties, Weare convinced that those Ceylon firms who will abandon the objectionable system of selling the oil in their contracts under the meaningless term: ‘Pair average quality of the season’; but apply in their reports, offers and contracts the words: ‘‘ stand- ing Schimmel & Co.’s test” will increase their sales and profits inthesame way, as the Hongkong firms have done, since our we!l-known re-organisation of the érade in cassia oil, a product now entirely saved from adulteration by our energetic interference and ex- amined all over China by the test published as the result of our investigations. We, therefore, request all firms interested in the citronella oil trade to adopt our system of examination and shall be glad to ublish their names in our next semi-annual Report. oreover we shall be. pleased to supply them with the described graduated measures, in case they should not be obtainable in Ceylon.’’ We have no doubt that the favourable effect of this step will soon begin- to show itself in a practical manner. With regard to the original packages we have experienced fresh disappointments, The small drums lately introduced, and containing about 97 Jb, of oil, have alto- gether unfit for use. In the first place oil, upon arrival, is mostly of a Spaeeen colour owing to oxidation, and, secondly, the exterior coating red oil-colour often comes into contact with the conten of the drum on account of the exietence of i places, the citronella oil being thereby contami b After having tried all imaginable modes of i with negative results, we have come to the isi to give up our transit-stocks and ship citronella oil only, re-packed either in demijohns or in tins, according tothe wish of the buyer and the distance of the place of consignment, Citronella oil is exhibited at Chicago by the firms of Clark, Spence & Co. and Delmege, Reid & Co., both of : Ceylon. —_—————.—_—___ TEA AND SCANDAL, I have just come across at the Brilish Musenma maouscript entitled “The Qualities end the Operations of the Herb called Tea or chee,” by Robt, Hooke, which I thought worthy to head my letter to you this week. It has, according to the description, (be- ivog translated out of the China language), there following virtues:—1l. It purifies the blood that which is grosse & heavy. 2. It vanquisheth hesuy dreams. 3. It easeth the brain of beavy damps. 4. Easeth & cureth giddinesse & paines in the heade. 5. Prevents the dropsie.6. Drieth moist humonrs ie the head. 7. Consumes rawneese. 8. Opons obstructions. 9. Cleares the sight. 10. Olenseth & purifieth a dust humours & s hot liver. 11. Pnrifieth defects of the bladder & kiddneys. 12. Vanquisheth euper- filuous sleep. 13. Drives a way diesiness makes one nimble & valient. 14. Encourageth the beart & drives away fcare. 15. Drives away all paines of the collick which proeeed from wiod 16. Strengtheneth tbe inward paris & prevents consumptions. 17. Strengthens the memory. 18, Sharpens the witt and quickens the understanding. 19. Purgeth safely the gaul. 20. Strengthens the use of due due bene- voleness. (Travscribed from a paper of Thos. Pouey, Esq. October 20, 1686.) ‘ Here are some mere Tea Names & Items to add to the list;—Domvera, Matagala, . Venoys, Lindoo Valley, Oopack, Packoo, & Oopong, “ Pure Ceylon Tes, Ceylonia, imported direct from the plantations’ (which), *“Teal/l0. This is not the finest tea the world produces, but it cannot be beaten at the price.” The following proverbial sayings concerning tea contain good advice:—* “Another pot” try the teapot.’ ‘Less in the pewter pot, & more in the iron pot.’ ‘spend your evening at the sign of “the tea kettle.” ’ From tea we naturally pasa to taste, so I copy this from LEverybody’s Scrap-book of Curious Facts :— “From some experiments made at the University of Kaneas, it appears that the average person can taste the better of quinine when one part is dissolved in 152,000 parts of water. Salt was detected in water when one part to 640 of the liquid was used. Suger could be tasted in 228 parts of water, & common soda in48. In nesrly all cases women could detect a smaller quantity thau men.” A. M. FErcuson. i JAFFA ORANGES, The British Consul at Jerusalem has recently sent to the Foreign Office a translation of a report by an engineer of the Turkish Government on a scheme for irrigating the plains and orange gardens of Jaffa, in which, incidentally, some interesting information is given in regard to the famous Jaffa oranges. The town, it is said, owes its importance to its climate, which is extremely favourable for orange growing. In consequence, the port is sur- rounded on the side by orange groves, covering an area of about1,780 acres. Jaffa oranges, on account of their excellent flayour, haye of late years acquired a world-wide reputation, and while some 18 years ago they were known only at -Beyrout, Alexandria and Constantinople, enormous quantities are now ex- ported to Europe, America, and even to India, and | Dec. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 405 the cultivation has constantly increased to a very considerable extent. A special feature of Jaffa oranges is that they will keep from 30 to 40 days, and, if roperly packed, for two and eyen three months. ee orange groves are continually being laid out, and the total number is now about 400, against 200, 15 years ago. This, again, has affected the po- ulation of Jaffa, which now contains 42,000 inha- itants, against 15,000 inhabitants 12 years ago. The exports for the last few years have averaged 36,000 boxes per annum, and owing chiefly to this trade Jaffa ranks next to Beyrout in importance among Syrian coast towns. Orange growing in Syria is conducted exclusively by natives. Each orange garden contains about 2,000 square feet of planted area, equal to about 1,300 trees to 2% acres. The trees begin to bear the fourth year after planting, but itis estimated that it takes seven and sometimes eight years before an orange orchard yieldsaremunerative crop. During all this time, and even afterwards, the orchards have tobe watered continually, and this irrigation is the most difficult and laborious part of the work, inasmuch as the water has to be drawn by means of primitive water-wheels from wells dug inthe gardens 90ft. and even. j00ft. deep. Pumping by horse-power has been tried and im some rare cases steam, but both have failed to give satisfaction. Oathe Jewish Alliance farm an artesian well has been tried, but had to be abandoned after three years spent in fruitless eadeav- ours tostrike water, although a depth of 700ft. had been reached and £2,400 hai been spent in the sttempt. The wells are circular, 20ft, to 26ft.indiameter, and have to besunk in the sandy soil down to the. rocky stratum before water canbefound. ‘hat part of the wells which goes through the sand has to be faced with masonry duriog the process of sinking. This watering begins onMay 1 aud is carried on until November 1. Tie cost of irrigation alone represents from 45 to 47 per cent of the first year’s outlay, and during the second year itforms from 40 to 42 per cent of the working expenses. An improved and cheaper system of irrigation is therefore of paramount import- ance, and the need of it has been much felt for more than 10 years past, as it would tend to the extensive and fertile plains round Jaffa becoming in a ehort space of time extensive orange groves, would sheapen the production, and would enable the growers and ex- porters to compete with the oranges of other countries in the Earopean markets. Ascheme for utilizing the waters of the river Audja, which fiows into the sea a few miles to the north of Jaffa and for which a con- cession has been granted by the Porte, is then described in detail.—London Times. mn ee NORTH BORNEO: LATEST NEWS, _ Puantine anpD OTHERWISE, Gotp Mrntnc.—Ift speaks well for the prospects that with an unsatisfactory rate of labour, the men make dollars 1}, 24, 3 and in some cases 4 per diem. The unsatisfactory rate arises from the fact that the men at work digging are tobacco estate labourers who have completed their contracts, and have been hired in small parties by various Chinese Tawkeys in Silam and Labadan who find them in food, tobacco and opium, and in return take over the gold they manage to secure. What is wanted to properly deyelope and follow up the recent gold discoveries is an influx of Chinese skilled miners to the country. Masonry is taking root in Borneo, for we read ofa ee “At Homes”, &c., given by the Sandakan odge. SARAWAK AND Brirish Norrn Borneo,—There is no truth, says the Borneo Herald, in the rumour that the authorities of the latter territory have been in negotiation with Rajah Brooke. If the territory eyer changes hands we feel convinced that the Im- erial Government and none other will be established ja North Borneo, BRITISH Grounp Nurs.—The ground nut is little known in England, but in all other parts of the world it has in one farm or another an immense sale: in the United States there are some thirty thousand acres under cultivation with lit, in Senegal 100,000, while in China it is chiefly used for cooking pur- poses, and the production is immense: Marseilles imports about 100,000 tons a year half of which without doubt makes its appearance as olive oil, and the residue is pressed into cake of which some 60,000 tons were made in Marseilles alone in 1886. The Peanut sale farm in the Chicago exhibition is an item of no inconsiderable importance. Ground nuts are a four months crop, so that it would in good ground, or with manure be nearly possible to get three crops a year. The price of the oil has riseu in China, and as there will also be a good market in San Francisco when freights across the Pacific are cheap the cultivation promises to be- come of importance to North Borneo in the future. The latest quotation in Marseilles shows a return of about 3? dollars per picul to the cultivator, The amount of land suitable for ground nuts in North Borneois indefinite. Saco.—The cultivation of the SAco Paum on the river of the West Coast has always been an im- portant industry, while on the East Coast the valleys of the rivers Kinibatangan, Labuk, Segat, Segama, and others offer the greatest facilities for its growth, if only there werea sufficient population, while conversely its cultivation and manufacture hold out the promise of remunerative occupation to a nu- merous population. The demand for sago has steadily increased. Last year’s exports from Singapore bulked over 100,000 tons. In 1887 they were under 60,000, while the price of sago flour which for the years 1884 to 1888 averaged somewhere about 2 dollars per picul, is now hearly 2.50 and as the demand for it for adulterating, starch making and other purposes increases, the price gives every promise of remaining unchanged, if not rising for years to come. te eae eS DRUG REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Noy. 2. CINcHONA.—The fortnightly auctions, which fellon Tues- day last, were again very limited in extent, ouly five brokers offering bark, their catalogues totalling up to— Packages. Packages. Ceylon cinchona 252 of which 226 were sold East Indian cinchona 662 in 638 = American bark 133 mA 53 7 1,047 917 There was a fairly steady demand throughout the auctiuns, one or two parcels of bark which were bought inatsale finding buyers immediately afterwards. The unig remaing unaltered at $1 per Ib. The following were the chief buyers :— Lb. Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works... 59,378 Messrs. Howards & Sons ooo see we 39,480 Agents for the Auerbach works ae soe) 121,319 Agents for the Frankfort 0/M and Stuttgart works 20,220 Agents for the Paris factory axe 145 Agents for the Brunswick works cee vee 8,287 Mr. Thos. Whiffen o0c toe 7,120 Sundry druggists .. TH - hos eee 47,984 Total quantity of bark sold caw ww» 212,933 Bought in or withdrawn ve - 29,520 Total guantity of bark offered ... eee 242,453 The following are the prices paid for sound bark :— CEYLON CINCHONA,—Original—Red vyarievies: Ordinary dull to god bright quilly chips, 1d to 24d per Ilb.; dull shavings }4d; ordinary dull root 134 to 1§d_ per lb, Grey varieties: Dull shavings :4d per lb.; dusty NeLOv chips 33d per lb, Fair hybrid chips 1d to Ijd per lb. CINNAMON continues to sell well; business being re- ported in Ceylon quill, usual assortment, October-Novem- ber shipment at 6jd per lb. c,i.f. terms. VANILLA.—It is pointed out that more than three fourths (784 per cent of the 656 tins of new crop beans offered at last Thursday’s public sales consisted of “ghort lengths "—ie., pods under 6 inghes in lyagth—~ 466 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dee. 1, 1893. while 15 per cent measured from 6 to 7, end only 24 per cent from 7 to 7; inches. As a rule, the percentage proportion of short pas in a Jarge ssle such 68 that under notice is much smaller, and it is argued that, if last Thursday’s assortment is fairly representative of the 6eap0n’s deo cf Seychelles vanilla, loug pods are likely to advance in price, while short Ones may decline still further than they did on October 26th, when they fell from 6d to 1s 6d per 1b. in value. ——__-+ THE NEW DIMBULA COMPANY, LIMITED. The following is the report which was laid before the meeting of the shareholders of this Company on the 25th ultimo. In presenting their eighth annual report, the direc- tors are glad to be in a position to recommend a further reduction of the amount due on account of the cumulative dividends on the ‘B” shares. The estate suffered somewhat from the exceptionally cold weather of the past season, with the result that the yield of tea was less than the estimate. Some con- siderable profit has, however, been secured from the coffee still remaining, but the directors cannot hope for much forther yield from this product. The accounts now presented show a surplus of £10,752 bs 1lld after crediting Tea Extension Fund with £1,500 and writing off ppoaon of the “ Factory and Machinery Account.’ The directors propose a divi- dend at the usual rate of 8 per cent per annum on the “A” Shares for the year ended 30th June last, one- half of which was paid in March last; the directors also propose a further payment in reduction of the cumulative dividend on the ‘‘B” Shares of 14 per cent. Very satisfactory reports have been received of the property, and of the state of the Factory and Machinery. The general management in Ceylon continues to give every satisfaction, and has been ably supplemented by the local staff, to whom the directors recognise the justice of awarding a bonus on their salaries.—By order of the Board, A. Crane, Secy., 52, Gracechurch Street, London, E. C. Tur New Dimsuta Company.—London, Oct. 27.— The eighth annual meeting of the shareholders of the New Dimbula Company, Limited, was held at their offices in Gracechurch Street cn the 25th inst., when the Director’s report, which I enclose, was taken into consideration. So brief is this document ‘that some may have considered it afforded but little opportunity for criticism; two of the shareholders, however, both formerly Ceylon men, viz., J. Anderson, once of the Oriental Bank, and J. K. Morrison, a former inspector of the same institution, did not hold this opinion and ‘‘ wanted to know ”’ on several points. They regarded the report as far too meagre and pepered for information which, in their opinion, should ave been found in it. Amongst the shareholders connected with your Island in addition tothe above-mentioned were Sir A.- Birch, and Messrs. H. Bois and A. Y. Adams, _ known for his daring night ride to Trincomalee through the Matale rabbles in 1848, whither he went with ‘ orders for troops to be pushed up by forced marches. The Secretary, Mr. A. CrasBe, having read the notice: convening the meeting, and the previous minutes, the CHarrMAN proceeded to offer some re marks on the statement of accounts and balance - sheet, which he presumed would be taken as read. The season in the past year had been unfayour- able for crops, hence the lessened returns shown on the credit side of the accounts; there was, however, every reason to look for better results in the cur- rent season. Sums would no longer appear against the tea extension account, as it was not deemed advisable to plant up any further extent of land of which ,they had still a considerable acreage. He would move that the accounts and report as laid on the table be adopted.—Sir ArrHur Brircy haying ~ seconded the resolution, the Chairman said that be- ’ fore putting ‘it to the yote he would wish to know if any shareholders desired information on any matter connected with the Company’s operations. - Mr. J. AnpErson thought the Directors might have offered the shareholders a good deal more juigrmation than was to ke found in their Report, It wes usual in such documents to enter into some little detail as to the acreage of tea in , the ages of the different portions of the Com 8 pro- perty, estimates of tea and coffee crops for past and present season, the cost of the tea, &e., but none of these details were forthcoming. Mr. J. K. Morrison wished in the first place to remark on what he regarded as unusual in reference to the Companies’ balance sheets; the document submitted bore no signature whatever. It would have been satisfactory had the report stated the cost of their tea on the spot, which had not been done; it was a question also whether the local charges were not rather heavy. The Carman remarked in reply that they had not thought it necessary to cumber their report with more details than were absolutely ; at the same time he had much pleasure in affording all the information in his power on the points indicated. With regard to estimates and outturn of crop; the yield had been adversely affected by unfavourable weather, as to cost of their tea it stood them in 498d. t.e., not quite 5d, whilst exchange had ruled at 153d. In the previous year their tea had cost them 4’88d with an exchange of 163d; the price realised for their last crop had been gd per Ib. less than in the previous year. It was not an easy matter to state the peels acreage now under tea seeing that the coffee which grew amongst it was gradually dying out, and before long would have disappeared altogether, Making a rough statement, it might be assured that they had about 1,640 acres of tea in bearing, and 290 acres containing tea and coffee. As for cinchona that was a uct which was rapidly becoming a thing of the . The directors now proposed to dec a dividend of 8 per cent. on the “A” shares, and 14 per cent. on the ‘B” shares, made up as follows:—4 per cent. on the balance of 1890 accounts, 8 per cent. on the balance of 1890 accounts, and 2 per cent. on the 1891 accounts. The report was then declared adopted, the officers rengnyicineeds and a yote of thanks carried to the Ceylon staff, and the Directors, who, as a share- holder remarked, have had a very low seale of fees, whatever may be thought of the Ceylon charges. INSECTS ON FRUIT TREES. For the benefit of those of our readers who may be unacquainted with the means of destroying insects on fruit trees at the present season, we publish the following excerpt from a recent leafiet issued by the Board of Agriculture :— Upon examination of fruit trees, and especially Apple and Damson trees,it will be seen that many caterpillars are at work eating the forming fruit and the leaves. The caterpillars at first are greyish, and so small as to escape notice unless attention is specially directed to them, but they can be found in alarming numbers in many orchards and fruit plantations, and it is most important that steps should be taken at once to check their progress. In their later stages the caterpillars are light-green, and nearly three-quarters of an inch long. First.—1t should be noted that syringing the trees infested with caterpillars has proyed advantageous in many places in previous seasons; it has nm more particularly useful in respect of Plam, Damson, and small Apple trees. The large old Apple trees are beyond the reach of ordinary garden engines used for this purpose, and it is only in hop-growing districts where hop-washing machines are generally tsed that the systematic syringing of large standard trees has been adopted. ‘These machines can be moyed about easily enough in orchards. Inplanta- tions, with fruit bushes under the standards, it is more difficult to move them about, and to get the sup- plies of liquid brought through the thick erica The mixtures to be employed for syringing fruit trees are :— . “Ist. The extract of 10 lb. of Quassia, obtained by_boiling Quassia in water, to 100 gallons of water and 7 Ib. of soft-soap. s Dec, 1, 1893.) 9nd. The extract of 5 lb. of Quassia, to 100 gallons of water, with 6 lb. of soft-soap and 4 pints of paraffin, well stirred. 8rd. The extract of 5 lb. of Quassia, to 100 gal- lons of water, with 6 lb. of soft-soap and 4 pints of Calvert’s carbolic acid, No. 5. 4th. 8 lb. of soft-soap and 2 1b. of finely-ground Hellebore, and a quart of paraffin, boiled and well stirred together. This is sufficient for 100 gallons of water. The soft-soap is dissolved in a tub with hot water; the Quassia chips are boiled in water, and put into another tub. Where paraffin is used, it should be well stirred up with boiling soap and water before it is mixed with the cold water. Water- carts, ordinary barrels, or wine casks set upon frames with wheels, should be brought full of water to where the materials are being prepared, either at the farm buildings, or in an extemporised shed with a copper in it, and the requisite amount of dissolved soap and other ingredients added. The Hclair, and other similar Bane machines, can be used for small Apple trees, Plum and Damson trees, and for Filbert and Cobnut trees, which are also badly infested. It is important that syringing should be done at once, as, to be effective, it must be commenced early. Directly there are signs of infestation, the process should be begun. As the hatching out of caterpillars is not simultaneous, but is extended over some days, the syringings must be renewed. Secondly:—Some fruit growers in several parts of the country have tried the arsenical insecticides used extensively in the United States and Canada. These have not been generally adopted in this country on account of their poisonous properties. The time has now arrived when they should be fully tried. There are two special substances of this nature. The one, “Paris Green,” or. ‘Emerald Green,’ is strongly recommended by several American and Canadian entomologists. The latest advice from experienced practical ento- mologists is to put 1 lb. of Paris Green, in the form of paste, which is far better than powder, into from 165 to 200 gallons of water. The mixture must be kept well stirred, in order that the solution may be maintained at an uniform strength. The object is vot to dislodge the caterpillars, but to poison their food with arsenical solutions, which should fall, like gentle rain, upon the leaves and blossoms. For this purpose fine ‘‘rose” jetsshould be used. Riley’s “‘ cyclone nozzle” is used in America. The Vermorel nozzle is also a good distributor. The other arsenical compound is ‘‘ London Purple,” obtained in the manufacture of aniline dyes, and composed of lime and arsenious acid. One ‘pound of London Purple should be mixed with from 160 to 180 gallons of water and kept well stirred, being applied in the same manner as the Paris Green, sprayed on in the form of a heavy dew or mist, and not squirted violently upon the leaves and blossoms. London Purple can be obtained as a powder, and in a fluid form ready for mixing with water. It is as poisonous as Paris Green. Stock must not be put on grass in orchards where these arsenical solutions haye been used on the fruit trees until a considerable period has elapsed and rains have fallen; nor must they be used where bush fruits for early picking, and vegetables are grown under the trees. Three or four days will elapse before the effect of these solutions is apparent, and, as a rule, it will be found necessary to repeat the applications. These solutions can i put on with kop-washing engines, ordinary garden engines, the Kelair, hydro- nettes, and other pail engines. Syringing with Paris Green, London Purple, and other solutions recom- mended aboye, will be equally detrimental to the Apple Blossom Weevil (Anthonomus pomorum) now present in large numbers, and to the Apple Sucker (Vsylla mali), which is causing unprecedented harm in many localities.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 404 CACAO IN NICARAGUA AND CENTRAL AMERICA GENERALLY. We have received from Mr. Hart of Trinidad a copy of an interesting Report drawn up by him on “Cacao in Nicaragua’’ and making references to cultivation in other Central, and in a few Southern American States. He also gives some information respecting coffee sand nutmegs. We had no idea before reading this Report that the growth of cacao was of so much importance in Nicaragua, For the whole of Oentral America our estimate of production as given in our lecture before the London Chamber of Commerce, was 65,000 owt, or rather more than one-third the crop of Trinidad. But it is evident that these figures are consider- ably below the mark, although the difference does not affect the markets of the rest of the world. This is accounted for by the fact, that as Mr. Hart mentions, all the cocoa produced in Nicara- gua is consumed within that State, not a single pound being exported. Cocoa is in fact the great drink of the people, chocolate in various forms being used several times a day by all classes, so that even Monsieur Menier, the great French Cholocate Manufacturer, who owns a a large cacao property there, finds it to his advantage to dispose of all his product on the spot! Mr. Hart’s mission was to convey a selection of the best varieties of Trinidad cacao, and although owing to ‘‘revolutions” and blockades, he could not land at one port after another and was altogether 47 days on the journey, 98 per cent of the seeds planted in Wardian cases gave good healthy plants, while plants 6 and12 months old taken. did not fara so well. In some cases artificial irrigation is applied to Nicaraguan plantations ; but the rich deep soil aud great care taken in planting are sufficient to ensure success. Mr. Hart writes :— The land ofthe district I visited was of a dark colour, and appeared to be composed principilly of fine volcanic dust, mixed with a large proportion of orgavic matter. The depth of the tillable soil varied from (3) three to six (6) feet, to which depth not a single stone or rock of any kind was tobe found, In the general run, the class of cacao grown io Nicaragaoa, when seen in the pods, differs little from that seen on a Trinidad estnte, and pods oan be selected to fairly represent most of the Trinidad var‘eties, such as Forastero, Amelouado, Calabacillo, Creolo, &c. When the pod is opened, however, it is at once seen that the bean is considerably larger and fuller than avy Tri- nidad variety. Again, on cutting the beanit is found as a rule to be whiteinthe ineide, or in some cases slightly tinged with the purplish colour so well known in Trinidad. Again, it is found that it requires a very much shorter period for fermentation as will be de- scribed later. The plantations are laid out in squarea of considerable area, and compl«tely surrounded wih hedges of mango trees planted closely together to form wind breaks in every direction. These trees grow to a height of sixty feet and are kept well trim- med so as to forma thick screen without geps. The seeds are sown thickly together in straightlines to produce these hedges. The landis well drained by open surface channe's similarto the Trinidad system- The “ boisimmortel” or Lrythrina is known, but little used for shade. The tres in general use for this pur- pose is a species of Lonchocarpus or “ Savonette’— there called ‘' Madera.’ The plantation is formed andthe ‘‘ Madera” or permanent shade is first planted from seed in straight lines about five ‘‘ varas’’ apars, which would be equal to abont 13 Eoglish feet. After allowing the shade to grow from 18 months to 2 yesrs, the oacao trees are planted inthe eame lines as the shade trees and alternating with them in the rows at about 12 or 13 feet apart or less. The “ Madera’. becomes the permauent shade of the plantation, but primary and secondary shade is also used at the same time. The primary shade is formed by a shrub be- 408 onging to the Oomporite known as “ Carrisso,” pro- ate Clibadium. The secondary shade tree is known aa the “ Quelita,’ end ise Jatropha near to Jatropha multifida. Plantains are also used as intermediate shade, but are generally removed early. They ere, however, largely used for shading nurserics, aod are thickly planted slong roadsides. The frait is scld at the rate of 15 plantains for 5 cents Nicaraguan money, abcut equal to 3cents—“ gold.’ The planting of the cacao and shade trees is extremely well done, the lines are kept beautifully straight, and the trees are not an inch out ofline in any direction. We are rather puzzled to understand how mango trees which are allowed to grow to @ height of ‘‘ sixty” feet can be kept trimmed 50 as to form a thick soreen without gaps? It looke as ifthis were a misprint for “six feet,’ more especially when it is added, that the seeds are gown thickly together to produce theee hedges. Harvesting or picking and breaking (not cutting) the pods are carried on after @ primitive fashion in Nicaragua ; but of the result Mr. Hart reporte as follows :— On 48 hours’ fermentstion the white-coloured bean changes into the beautiful cinnamon-brown so much prized by the chocolate manofacturers, and presents an appearance and “ break” identical with the best strains of Oeylon cacao, but with beans more than double the size of the C-ylon growth. If more time for fermentation is afforded, it results in giving a Garker colour to the interior, and tke ontside of the bean is rendered slmost black and the substance of the bean itself loses flavour and sroma, Nicaraguan cacio does pot contain nearly as much fat as the Trinidad sawples, but from personal obser- vation it ia at the ssme time possessed of an aroma and flayour which is at least equal to, if not superior to the best Trinidad marks. The Nicaraguan uses a large quantity of cacao for the preparation of teste.” This is a crink made of ground roast corn or ‘* Mays, mixed with the chocolate into a kind of gruel or pap, which is very nourishing and wholesome food. ‘This is a universal drink for the carly morning, but it is also taken at other times during the day. 1) Oe A description is given of several new varieties, and more especially of the Alligator cacao of Nicaragua, a taller and more vigorous tree and better cropper than the ordinary kinds. Attributing great importance to the intercbange of seed between one country and another, Mr. Hart brought back a good supply of four different varie- ties to Trinidad. He shows how even in Nicaragua the yield per tree has fallen off in 30 years, and -how it improved again when new seed was utilised. To this fact the Trinidad, as well BS South American planters seem now fully alive, for we read further :— : wes Baron Eggers, the Danish Botanist is now ona ‘mission to South American Republics, in which the cacao interest plays a most important part, and Robert Thompson, Hsq., fermerly of the Botanical Department Jamaica, has recently procu-ed | seed in quantity from Trinidad for the Columbian interior, personally assuring me that Trinidad cacao succeeds better there than the native varieties; which he reported as being weak, liable to diseace, and grad- nelly dying out; and Trinidad herself must not _be -behind if she desires to maintain her proud position in the world’s marketer. These statements show -¢hat the natural result to be obtained from imported seed is that as a rule plents obtained from it are decidedly more vigorous and kealthy; and when the election of the varieties is good, it is quite probable -¢hat the quality of the produce will also be improved. The cacao of Nicaragua is of a bigh claes, rich in -colour and aroms, a magnificent bean and altogether of a cless likely to improve under Trinidsd culture. and if ‘it can be shown that under culture the colvur and size of the bean can be maintained, there is little doubt that it will materially improve the quality of our cacao export in future years. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i i (Dec. 1, 1893. It is perhaps too soon in the experience of cacao plenting in Oceylon to speak of a change of seed. Dr. Trimen bas very clearly defined the varieties of “cacao” in his annual Reports from time to time, and we know from him that our ‘Old Red” esearcely varies at all; while any number of varieties of the “ Forastero”’ can be made to fancy. These came to us inde:d from Trividad under half-a-dozen names obviously applied in a quite haphezard way and this is very much the experience in [rini- dad itself. As a guide scientifically or even to the Agriculturist, these names are wellnigh worth- less. 1t might be well, however, for intending planters of cacao to endeavour to get specimers of what Mr. Hart calls the “best Nicaraguan variety white seceded,” and of the “ Alligator" variety. —_—_—__@—_—___—— COFFEE, NUTMEGS, RUBBER AND. SHADE PLANTING IN NICARAGUA. : In the course of his Report on Oacao, Mr. Hart incidentally refers to other products and we quote the more interesting paragraphs. The coffe industry in Nicaragua, so far as we can learn, is represented by a planted area of from 80,000 to 100,000 acres, the annual shipments being between 400,000 cwt, and 600,000 cwt, :-— - Splendid coffee is grown in Nicaragua, especially in the district of Diriamba, one property alone rhip- ping as much as 4,000 quintals of 100 lb. each per annum. This ccffee is all shipped in the parchment end clesned in London, The prices obtained fcr it are nearly ona par with those obtsined for the celebrated Blue Mountain coffee or Jamaica. A small consignment of nutmeg plants was carried to Nicaragua with the cacao, nal stood the voyage without the loss of a single plant, although crowded together in the original seed box to save freight. These sppear to be the firet nutmegs imported into the country, as little was known of the tree or its cultivation. A considerable order for seeds has since been received. Castilloa elastica, Cav., is a common wayside plant in Nicaragua, but it is always found under shade of other trees. It is beiog planted somewhat largely for rubber-prcdaucipg purposes, but always with the pro- tectirg shade of large trees, and im areas proved to be ungnited to the growth of cacao by actual ex- periment. I observed that a trial was being made of planting cacao under tke shade of the original forest, thinned out toa evitable density ; but on enquiry I found the proprietor bad not much faith in the experiment, and the look of the young plants fully justified bis doubts. I was told; however, by a large end successful coffee planter that having tricd the system of felling and clearing and burning all materials end also that of planting under natural shade, with simply the leeser number of trees removed; he was bound to concede the advantage to the latter, althongh bis own in- clinations led him somewhat to regret the copelusion, as he considered felling and clearing to be a much meater and cleaner method of planting, both for coffee or Boy other crop. Cryton Prantinc.—We learn that Mr. James Hill, one of the Proprietors of the well-known Kodanaad Tea Estate, has just returned from his Ccylon trip. He is staying just now with some friends at Nanduwattum, but wiil return to Ooty in a day or two. We hear that he is very full of what he has seen and heard of the Ceylon methcds and means to try some of them up here.—South of India Observer, Noy, 18. Dic. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 409 Coyydapondende. ee To the Editor. INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA COMPANIES : A WOULD-BE CRITIC DISPOSED OF. [In reply to letters appearing on pages 337 and 338.—Ep. 7.A.] Colombo, Oct. 25. DEAR SiR,—With reference to the communi’ cation in your last night’s edition headed ‘“ Indian and Ceylon Tea Companies: Criticism Thereon” we are not aware that there is any Galaha Co. in existence for your correspondent “Tea Planter” to criticize. Negotiations were entered into for the purchase of certain properties from the proprietor of Galaha from which he withdrew when it appeared that he would not receive what he considered their value. Should a Galaha Co. be brought out, “Tea Planter” may rest assured that all statements made in the Prospectus will be based on figures which will be verified by a competent account- ant, and in the meanwhile the business of your anonymous correspondent would presumably ap- pear to be tea planting.—Yours faithfully, per pro, CHARLES STRACHAN & Oo., J. H. STRACHAN, CUSTOMS TARIFFS ON TEA, Colombo, Noy. 17. Dear Sir,—Enolosed information may be of use to you, and { think you are collecting the parti- lars of the European Customs Tariffs. Be E KE. B. OG, EUROPEAN Tartrr—Genoa, October 23, 1893. Tya—Lire 250 pr. 100 Kilos. Toxsacco (prohibited). } : Cicars as Manila, Avana au Oigarets Lire 35 _ pr. Kilo. ; Corrrr (natural) Lire 150 pr. 100 Kilos. Precious SronEs (raw) free from Custom. Precious Sronus (laborated) Lire 10 pr.1 Kilo. ee Tartre, Marseilles, October 28, 1893. OoF FER .. frances 156 per 100 Kilos Tra ) Dogar POs Idi, Topacco: (a) Cigars and Cigarettes os ! 33600) 55) a5 re (b) Wrought for smoking, snuffing, masticating 1,500 ,, ,, & : N.B.—'Tobacco can only be imported for pri- vate use, exclusive of whatsoever commer- cial purposes and the yearly quantity granted for one person, even paying above duties, cannot exceed 10 Kilogr. for Gems or precious stones, cut or uncut oe a no duty AGATE or do do do uncut ° do the same, cut . francs 18 por 100 Kos. N.B.—Precious Srones is a qualification insufh- cient; they must be described as GEM or AGATE precious stones. oO Su MILK TREES AND DYSENTERY. Gonavy, Noy. 21. Dear Sir,—I send you copy of an extract from Chambers’s Journal of September last. Should the roperties of the Clusia Galactqdendron be what hey are deseribed, the tree if possible should be pa introduced into Ceylon where dysentery is so pre- valent and fatal a disease,—Yours faithfully, W. H, WALTERS. MILK TREES. (Extract from Chambers’s Journal Sept. 9th, 1893.) 6 ONG Besides the general usefulness of the juice as milk, it possesses another property, which though far more valuable, is oftentimes overlooked. Our readers will have noticed that the milk is always viscid, and contains a little caoutchouc; this renders it a most important remedy for dysentery. Its utility in this respect has been confirmed by an English gentleman who some years back resided on the Pacific Coast. He says: ‘I was attacked by diarrhea, which in two days passed into very severe dysentery. In the space of 12 hours I was reduced to a state of utter prostration, suffering the most excruciating pains. The bloody discharge was sa terrible, that it seemed possible to predict death in a few hours. At daybreak the wife of one of our inspectors was called in, as a nurse, and by 9 o’clock “leche de saca’’ (the Spanish name for this milk,) was procured. Up to this time, I was getting rapidly worse, and was then hardly conscious. The milk was given to me, a tablespoonfal in a giass of water, every half hour, till 90’clock, and at this hour I was perfectly free from dysentery or the slightest symptom of it. Broth and light food was given me fora few days, andI wasrestored to perfect health, without taking any other medicine.” The tree from which this milk was obtained was tha Clusia Galactodendron, a native of Venezuela. It ia said to contain a resinoasand an astrivgent principle, and an aromatic and tonio substance. ... The resin no doubt coats the intestines witha film, and allaya irritation. No other medicine is used in Ohoco, or on the coast of New Grenada, for dysentery, whera this disease is thought little or nothing of, as itis so easily cured. MR, A. E, WRIGHT ON THE CHICAGO CEYLON TEA STORE. Bedford, Nov. 9th, Dear Sir,—Mr. J, Capper of the ‘‘ Ceylon Times’! has written to ask me if it is the oase that I had arranged with the Ceylon Commissioner at Ohicago to join in a Syndicate for running a Tea Store in that city after the olose of the World’s Fair, and in reply I have sent him a oopy of my letter embodying my proposal to Mr. Grinlinton and think it only fair to put your readers in posses- sion of the same information. When in Chicago in June last I was so much impressed with tha necessity of something of this sort (especially after the collapse of the Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Company) to back up the benefit the Exposition has been doing our tea enterprise, that on my return to London I called upon the Seoretary of our London Association and several of the leading merchants, who have interests in Ceylon, to try and interest them in the formation of a Bie Company to push Oeylon tea in America. Tha matter was afterwards discussed by the Committes of the London Association who thought that the matter had better be left over for the present, ag the subject was being taken up in Ceylon, Fearing that nothing might be done, as the Tea Fund could only grant Mr. Grinlinton £1,000, out of the £2,500 asked for, I wrote him the enclosed letter, and if he accepts my proposal; I trust that this Company may be the nucleus of a large concern later on. ‘he importance of tha subject is my excuse for asking you to publish these letters in your yaluable paper.—Yours faith~ fully, A, B. WRIGHT, Ato -THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [ Dee. 1, 1893. Bedford, Oot. 18th, J. J. Grivlinton Esq, Ohicago. Dear Sir,—I see by the Ceylon Observer (cutting enclosed) that the Tea Fund bave only been able to grant you £1,000 out of the £2,500 which ‘you require to start the store in Chicago. If you will subscribe £500, I will give a like tum, and I feel sure that ———— will make up the balance of the £2,500. What I pro- pos2 is that we form ourselves into a Limited Company and start work at once, as there is no time to be lost, and I think we may fairly claim an annual grant from the Tea Fund, should we have a loss on our venture; bat the interests of Ceylon generully are so much at stake that we must risk something, and it is of vital im- portance that you should put matters in training before you leave. The ‘Tea Planters’ Cuompsny, or some other Company with a large capital could take over our Company afterwards.—Yours faithfully, A. E. WRIGHT, Since writing this letter I have met Mr. Edmund Walker, of Messrs. Walker & Sons, Colombo, and read him this letter and he is wiling to take £100 io shares in our Company and allow you to ure his name; also information of same, if necesssry on the terms of this letter, A. E. W. a eae VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. To CLryaAN WATER-BOTTLES.--Half fill the bottles with tea leaves and a little water, and then add & spoonful of common vinegar; shake all thoroughly, then empty, and rivse well with cold water. A ‘Tes PranteR writes from the Nilgiris that something should be done to encourage settlement ‘there as there is no better or healthier spot in India, Not a few mothers will tell you that they have had no occasion to call in a doctor once in the whole season for anyone of their 3 or 4 ‘‘dots’’; while as to the chemist’s bill, that has amounted to the price of a bottle of castor- oil and a dose or two of paregoric. Another en- thusiast says~‘‘Tea is king.”’—Indian Planters’ Gazette. CorreEe In Braziu.—Here isa characteristic and sigaificant advertisement from the Rio News :— COFFEH CULTURE in. Brazil: pays better than any other agricultural work, Small farms of twenty to one hundred acres each are offered in exchange for manual Jabor. NINETY THOUSAND ACRES of the first quality , often felling them 80 as to render the operation of tapping more con- venient. Scarcely anything can be more disheartening than the sight of hundreds of magnificent trees lying bleeding on the ground, their roots, trunks, and ee. branches covered with sickeni gashes. Not infrequently these roving Vandals set fire to forests, so that tender shrubs may sprimg up on which their flocks may feed. More often, along the banks of rivers and their swollen tributaries, they cut away the timber, so valuable while living, and float it down to besold for the commonest of purposes. Presi RVATION.—It_ is a pleasure, boweyer to be able to say, that the statement one frequently meets, that no effort is being made for the pre-ervation of rubber trees is incorrect. Nothing is more interest. ing to observe than the untiring efforts of the British Government fr the conservation of the forests and for the care of Vicus elastica plantations. The immediate « ffect_ of the extension of English rule of course, is the widespread devastation of lorests, since the people just beyond the limit of restraint collect for the new market the caoatchouc in their destructive way; tut once under the will of the new ruler their wasteful natures are curbed, and their ruinous practices, to a great extent, stopped, The protection of areas with naturally grown rubber trees on them is exceedingly difficult, on account of the well-: igh inaccessible localities where these trees grow, and because of the unequal way in which they are scattered over vast regions. Kubber is Se) very portable. iis remoyal not being confined to roads or rivers, a3 with timber, that depredations on the forest preserves are of frequent occurrence. Vigi- lance neyer ceases. however, and wew districts are constantly added to be watched over by the officials of the forest departmen’. In the single province of Bengal, 11,468 square miles are under the control of these officers. One district in Assam, 8 by 30 miles,is said to contain 43,000 rubber tress, many of them more than 100 feet high. LecitimaTE GATHERING.—The legitimate collection of rubber in the timber reserves is conducted under regid restrictions. Fresh cuts are made only in February, March, and April, and the irees are allowed to rest for too years between each tapping. The cuts begin about 4 feet from the ground on the main stem alone, and are not less than 2 feet apart, and penetrate the bark only. A European house adopted the plan of running the milk into wooden bins 6 feet square, partially filled with water, on whi h the rubber floats after a time. While the caoutchouce is still a, liquid. it is remoyed and boiled over a slow fire in iron pans 4 by 6 feet and 2 feet deep, two parts of water are added, and the whole is stirred constantly. When coagylated the rubber is removed with irey Dec. 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL forks, pressed, again boiled and pressed, sun dried, and washed over with lime. Quauiry or Rusper.- The rubber brought in from the region bordering on China is wretched-looking stuff, consisting of chunks resembling dark tufa or balls, 30 per cent. of which is sand, bark, and clay. Many of the dirty stringy globes the natives have to sell remind one of a ball made by athrifty mother of different sizes of twine that has been played with in the muddy streets by her scampish sons. Th se unscrupulous col ectors always conceal a lump of mud in the centre of the glutinous mass, imagining ~ since it is sold nominally by weigh , that theic cheat- ing has not b ing foreknown and provided for. The jw gle people also mix with the produce of the Ficus elasticarubbers derived from two large creepers, the botanical names of which are Chonemorpha mac- rophylla and Rhyncodia walichit. PLaNTING tHE Ficus.—Recently the authorities have been spending large amounts of money, and wisely directed effort in planting and raising the Ficus elastica. The British Government has come with purpose of staying, and it can afford to wait for the large returns that are certain to be de- rived from its investments in plantations and forest reservations. It is a difficult thing to arrive atthe truth in an investigation in regard to future pro- ductions, for those who know most differ widely in their judgmen’. Dr. Geo ge King, the superin- tendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, tells me that he “expects a decided increase in the rubber pro- duct within a reasonable period, as the effect of the protection of rubber trees within British ter- ritory,’ while Mr. Gustay Mann, conservator of forests, informs me “that there is sure to be a decrease of natural supply from this country.” No practical scientists stand higher than these two gentlemen. Be the results of forest protection and forest des- tru tion what they may, the Government is using great precuation against the absolute ruin of the tubber industry, by starting Ficus elastica plan- tations in different parts of the country. _ PLANTING AND CULTIVATING THE FICUS. Sowine THE Ficus Surp.—The seed of this tree ripens from January to March, when it is collected as it falls, and dried in the sun. It is, properly speaking, the fruit, and consists of small figs the size of a pea. These, at the time of sowing, are broken between the hands, and the seed thus mixed with the particles of fruit is sown without any attempt to clean or separate the seed. About 75 seed are in one fig. Germination takes place sometimes only three months after the seed has been sown, and as it is very small, it is scattered on the surface of the soil only. It requires as much light as possible from above; side shaie is an advantage. ‘lhe seed is sown on beds, or in boxes or flowerpots, and it is most essen.ial that the drainage of the soil be perfect and that the earth never becomes soaking wet; whilst on the other hand it is never allowed to become thoroughly dry, but is kept always moist, TRANSPLANTING.—As the seedlings are very small at first, they are treated with great care, and drip from trees above the seed bed is guarded against. The soil is kept loose and open. Vegetable mould is the best soil. When seedlings are 2 or 3 inches high, they have formed already a little thickened root, something like a small carrot, and are then transplanted very safely. This is done on a pro- perly dug nursery bed, well drained, and the seed- ings are placed about 1 foot apart, in lines also a a foot from each other. After the seedlings haye become 1 to 2 feet in heigh, they are very hardy, and can he transplanted at any time of the year; but to protect them from the deer, who are extre- mely fond of the leaves, and to avoid the great Sxpense of fencing ina plavtition, it is deemed ad- visable to transplant the young trees a second time in nurseries, giving them more room, say 3 to 4 feet eee to each plant, and to let them grow until 10 t9 12 feet high, when they can he AGRICULTURIST. 42t put out into the plantation without fear that ‘the deer will destroy them. Th»y require, however, a strong stake each, as the deer will bend the young trees down with their horns if not staked. Seedlings of Ficus elastica planted in the forks of trees in the forest are very difficult to attend to, and they in consequence often become dry about their roots, which retards their growth, if it does not kill them. For these reasons rubber trees planted on the ground grow much better in Assam p'antations, and the latter mode of plan ing has therefore been adopted almost exclusively. They are not planted, however, on the ground in the common way, but on small mounds 3.to 4 feet high of earth, and the cut wood and rubbish close at hand, which suits the epiphytal habit of growth of this tree. Curzincs.—This rubber tree can also readily be propagated from cuttings, if only perfectly ripe young branches or shoots are used, but young trees. so. raised are not so hardy as the seedlings, and do not make equally good growth in the first five to ten years, SituAtion.—To insure the greatest possible. amount of moisture in the atmosphere, the plantations of Ficus elastica in Assam have been made in the moist evergreen forests, near the foot of the hills, through which lines 40 feet in width were cleared 100 feet apart from centre to centre of the lines, thus leaving 60 feet of forest standing between the lines. On these cleared lines the mounds for the planting of seedlings or saplings are thrown up at a distance of 25 feet apart. Oare has to be taken afterwards to prevent the forest trees left standing closing in above, oyer the lines and the rubber trees planted on them, which they have always a tendency to do, and which, if not guarded against, is very detrimental to the growth of the young rubber trees. This is easily effected ty lopping the branches of the forest trees left standing. The undergrowth which springs up on these lines and as a rule grows most vigorously, has also to be cleared two or three times in the year for the first four or five years to admit air for the. young rubber trees; but beyond this, and the putting occasionally some more earth on to the mounds on which the trees were planted, nothing is necessary, The lines for planting are cut in an east and west direction, so as to protect the young rubber trees against the strong sun in the middle of the day; the atmos- phere also keeps moister in this case than if the lines were cut south and north. High ground is always best, and swampy ground where water lod- ges is avoided; hut the tree grows very well on alluvial flats, on the banks of rivers, even though the land be inundated for few days once or twice in the year. DurraNy PLANTATION.—T'he only successful plan- tation of any size in India is in the Durrany district of the province of Assam. Its area is now 1,588 acres and the trees are growing lexuriantly, Since it is not thought to be wise to tap the trees before they are twenty-five years old, no estimate can as yet be made as to what the product will be. As it is said that an amount varying from 40 to 80 pounds of rubber has been taken from a forest tree yearly without injury, there is an opportunity for everyone to make his own calculation as to the outcome of the govern. mental experiments, Tue Naruran Suppry.~ When men who knew most in regard to the rubber business are asked whether they fear a decrease of the natural supply of rubber, the rep'y is almost always in the aftirm- ative; but they are careful to add the lack of Knowledge, which, perhaps, is unattainable, and the rapid increase of manufactories are the causes of the commercial fright. ; It was my pleasure to have a long conversation with Maj. J. A. Betts, who to scientific acquirements has added that practical knowledge that comes to a business man with opportunities of travel; while an officer in the Chinese army be explored the Jarga 422 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dec. 3, 1893. LLL LL LL LE Ls slands of Formosa and Hainan, and foun dthe forests filled with untouched Ficus clastica. It is natural to reason that in all the semiex- plored regions from Burmah to the Pacific these trees are to be found, and that with the subjugation of the wild tribes an amount of rubber will come from India and the country eastward, to supplement that derived from South America and Africa, suffi- cient to supply the world’s demand.—Jndia-Rubber Journal. : Ne THE ACME TEA CHEST, We have received from the local agents—as per letter given below—an Acme Tea Chest with the latest improvements, which has been Subjected to a severe test in respect of packing, with most satisfactory results, We learned from Mr. Rutherford when in Colombo that he was present when an Acme chest (with wooden end a8 now supplied) was tried after a very unusual fashion; it was packed with tea, then hoisted to a considerable height and dropped on the hard floor; and yet without any of the tea being spilt or the chest damaged to any ap- preciable extent. The chest packed with saw- dust and sand in Glasgow and sent out here, can be seen at the Observer Office and its con- dition ought to encourage planters to use what is bound to become, we think, the fayourite tea- chest of the early future. THER ACME TEA CHEST. Colombo, Dea. 5th, Dean §1r,—By request of the A. T. C. Syndicate, Lid., we sre forwarding you a specimen of the Acme Tea Chest, which has been packed with about 100 lb. saw-dustand sand, and shippedjfrom Glasgow to Oolombo to prove its stability and to enable shippers in Ceylon to judge of the packages after a yoyage.—Yours faithfully, WHITIALL & Oo., P, pro. A. J. Sawmn. —_—___ > -— CEYLON THA IN AMERICA, We ate indebted to Mr. J. L. Shand for the following very practical and instructive deliverance on the subject of the introduction of our tea into America. It will be read with interest by the planting community :— t “Your London Correspondent reports with fa‘r accuracy the conversation I had with him about Ceylon Tea in America though of course I said £30,000 would mean an expenditure of nearly £30 for each estate and not £30 for every ten* estates, I ave never looked upon the expenditure over the Ohicago Exhibition as in apy way likely to raise the tice of Ceylon tea to the producer, but as a judicious Peawed in a case they should come when the markets of Europe were glutted with black teas from India and Ceylon and no effort should be tpared to encourage the taste for black teas in the United States. So long as the London market is relieved it does not to my mind in the least matter whether {ndian or Ceylon tea goes to the States: they rise and fall io perfect harmony. With all the American bunkum and bluster about using the best of everything, you have only to look at the ‘Price Currents’ of the large towns to see how finely trade is cut. I would undertake to sell half next year’s crop of Ceylon tea in the United States, ; but I should have to do it at from 10 percent. to 20 per cent. less than I could sell it at in Lomdon. "I have seen something of the Yankee trader by whom: many interested in Ceylon tea have had their wings singed. He comes in @ mysterious way intro- “«'«Pen,” we fear must have been @ misprigt for : tea,” estates, ED, Ti Ay RO te PORE RR ORR Oo eT duced by somebody you never quite know by whom and tella you that Le wants to do business with you— no ordinary business measured by ponds or breaks, bat by tons or cargoes. You assure him you can supply his every want and after terms have been satisfactorily discussed and @ special proviso at his request conceded, that be it ten or coffee or cocos or plumbago, be should have your sole agency for the whole of the United States. He then gresps your hand warmly, takes a friendly and what geverally proves to be an e'erna! ferewel and passes from your sight aud ken for ever ! “I did not mean to ay that nogood could be done in the United States with asmallersum thav £100,000. I believe this sum would require to be spent if Cey- lon tea were to be adequately pleced before the 70,010,000 of the States aud if the London marketis to be sensibly relieved; but I believe that £10,000 or £21,000 might be profitably expenced in eubsidizing existing Ageucies, What those re-ponsible for the ex- Feaditure must beware of is the great danger of dribbling away movey and bec ming at the same time poorer and wiser a8 many who have tried to push Indian and Oeylon tess in the States have already found. Donte 1, [Mr. Forbes Laurie's letter given elsewhere, reached us at too late an hour to enable com— ment to be made,—Ep, TZ 4,] —_————__—_—_—_@—___ DRUG REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Nov. 9. CincHoNA.—The October exports from Java as announced by cable, show a very heavy decline compared with those of October 1:92. the fizures being :— Oct. i892, Oct. 1893. About 800,000 Amst, Ib. About 380,000 Amst. Ib. The excess of the Java shipments during the current year compared with 1892, which was abuut 2,000,000 Ib, on September 30th, has now been reduced to about 1,500,000 lb. The London cinvhona auctions cf Tuesday next, which at first seemed likely to be very small, will be s mewhat larger after all than was anticipited, some 706 bales of ten or twelve-year old Cuprea bark having just been declared for sale. A parcel of thi- bark, which was bought in at the last auction, hes since been sold privately at gu per lb., which is equal to about 95 per seron. The hide-covering of each package alone is worth abont 6s. The total quantity of other bar’ now catalouged is 4°38 bales Ceylon and East Indian, 56 Jaya, end 190 cul- tivated Calisaya quills. CINNAMON.—The demand still continues, ab ut 300 bales Ceylon ciunamon, November-December +hipment, usual assortment, haying sold this week at €2d per lb, c.if. terms. CocaINE.—There has been another big drop in cocsine, the manufacturers having suddenly put the price down another shilling per oz 14s to IJ4s 3d per oz. being the present figure for hydrocblorate in bulk. The cause of the drop lies partly in the heavy imposts of ernde cocaine from Peru, and partly in the determination of the older manufacturers to crush a German competitor who has lately begun to under-ell them. Coco-BUTTER.—At the ususl monthly sales hold on Tuesvay, 550 2cwt. cases of Cadbury’s coco-butter svld at from 123d to 14jd per lb., marking an average decline of 1d per lb. upon the preceding sales. ees NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. “Correa.”—In. yiew of she fect that the Lancet recentiy referred to the “ restorative” and “ reiresh- ing” properties of coffee-tea, the following letter from Mesers. Pulbrook and Co. of Idol Lane, is not without much interest ; Last June a smell quantity of ‘ coffee- Ra,’ from Ceylon, was cold in the o:mmercial Sale Rooms and now there is another sma)l parcel in tke market. So far as we can learn these are the first importations although we find that it has been pre- pared and used by the natives of Sumatra tor many years. Though the product of the coffee plant (Coffea Arabica), the lesves before infusion closely resemble true tea (Camellia thea), bot when infused they are easily distivgushed, the former lacking the serrated edges which sre characteristic of all varjetics to che famellia, The liquor is pungent with a epicy Dre, 1, 1893.] ~ flavour, for which a taste might be quickly acquired ; but st present we cannot express apy opinion as to whether this would be so or nos. The Oustoms officials are mo doubt convinced that, technically this product is not tea, ss they have piss-d it free of duty. This being so, its name is misleading, and should, we think, be changed. The importa- tion of a few ha'f-chests may svem aninsignificant matter; but neve-theless it may prove to be of con- siderable import ace, as there is no reason why larve quantities should not be produced, and it is quite possible that it may become an important tea subs ti tate, used alone, or blended as chicory is blended wit- coffee. If on analysis and practical! experience ‘ coffee- tea’ proves a wholesome beverage (it may have valu- able medicinal properties,) we see no objection to its use; but it should have a dis:inc ive name—‘ coffee,’ for instance—and pay its contribution to the revenue as other beverages have to do,” Tn Law AsouT ADULTERATED Corrg6.—The anoma- lous state of the law about the sele of chicory and coffee, to which we have frequently called attention, is referred to by the public analyser for Paddington. Says this official: ‘* You ace invited to ‘Try our cele rated oae shilling coffee. If you do so, you probably find, ou reading through the printing on the pavkage, that it is described as a‘ mixtureof chicory nd o flee.’ Analysis shows the chicory to form usually from 50 to 90 per cent. of the weight.Should you prosecute ‘he vendor, you will find that half the magistrates onthe beach bold that you, having asked for “coffee,” have aright to bavethat and nothing elsa, Tho other half hold that you may be served with anything containing some coffee, ifouly itis labelled ‘a mixture,’ whatever you might have asked for or the vendor have advor- tised to sell.” Tur DeveLopMENT or CiINcHONA CULTIVATION IN Iyp1A. —Cinchona cultivation in Ivdia has had a che- querel history, but it now bile fair to achieve its philanthropic end simultaneously with a due regard for the exigencies of finance. ‘Since January last,” we quote from Lhe Times, “any individual of the 71,000,000 who form the population of Bengel can obtain a dose of quinine at the nearest post-office for exactly one farthing.’ And the extent io which the native population has availed itself of this boon may be gauged by the fac: that in September i20,009 of these grain packets were served out in Bengal. The ex- periment has proved so successful that if the supply can keep pace with the demand, a similar system will be organised throughout the other provinces. In view of the prevalence of the influenza epidemic in this count:y, it were much to be desired thas th, poorer classes among us should be similarly provided with the meens of obtaining some trustworthy specific at an equally reasonable rate, As matters stand, they prefe: in a great many cases to give absurdly high wvrices for the concoctions of charlatans.—H. and C. Mail, Nov. 17. SS ey YATIYANTOTA THA COMPANY At an extraordinary general meeting of thi Company held on Des. 2nd, in the office of Messrs. Whittall & Oo., aspecial resolution was confirmed inserting “R100,000” for ‘R30,000" in the articles of Association, and sanctioning the issue from time to time of debenture bonds for such amounts as tha directors think proper, the whole not to exceed R75,000. oe VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. DrveLoring tHE Oorrer Brerry.—A few week ago I rsferred to the never-failing energy and enterprise of Mr. Alfred L. Jones, a wellknown Liveroool shipowner, whois closely counescted with the African trade, and to whom is mostly due the evelopment of Grand Canany. It is now reported THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 424 hat Mr. Jones intends to organise a large coffee a ntation somewhere near Lagos, acquiring for that purpose an area of some fifty or sixty thousand acres. Mr. Jones is, I believe, an excellent judge of coffee, and, unless my memory fails me, or my calculating powers are not what they ought to be, I have myself seen him dispose of no less than six cups of the finest black at a snug little lunching-club not many miles away from Cook Strest, Liverpool. Mr. Jones’s intention to develop the coffee-berry may in some away account for the rumour that he is shortly tobe made 0, B. — Messenger. Tra-mMakiInGc.—The Lonion Spectator, which straias painfully after effect, has this on making tea :—‘* Most sensib'e people brew for five minutes. The large majority of foolish persons brew either a draught as bitter as Lethe, or a wacth that i3 no better than the yellow contents of the kitchen boiler.” Judging by the amount of fairly good tca one gets to drink, even at railway refreshment rooms, this estimate puts the number of fools ia the world much lower than Carlyle set it.’—The Planter. CHYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1893. 5 Eye) 5 3 SSE i eas Sane aL MO . ~ onne 2 SCS SH ere eh reln se HWO— aD 3 Bar i | ~ Ho oe oN oo s 8s 5s 8 8s Nownowo 5S De for) te co} N=rc Lys a oD HOD oD [Pa FY a/ O-==> OO 20m wo . 2InNg | =SnmaH SS Own Md Comin) SOMO UO SOs os. (se arate et su 0 sg. oR 1: RRO wie ff fib twid : s Jao co N So O& oO soaan 34 = Sa BaIoZ oom OO ao B/Se (S2o .2a8s., 559584 ..) S228 613 Cai alee SCoinatetiulciisttsicoicgian lacey: oF us 1D 3069 Biao Oa = a nH 8 o \ Oo Sonmeax 2 % SSean 33 essa >| & O ;ONHAG s pees WD + 2 eo Sonn a da ODO De moe « eo 8 ost 2° © © © oe aomrono 3 rota SOHO DID Kod q }¢ WO 1D xs =| tSoSomoOoSS =) aja BSSS2RO>DS S28 8 HBam = aay CUORMANLES "NewS sO 2s se ™~ OOM Oo: ga PAD DA-ORR ° GAA ID Fie 7 ODe = 1D OHHDAAD A Aan a anon ~ 0) H taal Dwo-a a ule | a Ho [7} ) z rs Dc 4 la. 58 RSRa 8 SSha d A Nymeo v.32 “ONS om ss I OO QLOr~ SjMS Jit iiN:iiii: RETR Bank A ost OD 5 Sia Neutetywiataltis Misifis diet 7s er 2: Hin D See oO 9 20 1) 00 SH 5188 | SEs rs : HOMMRO2SOHH 8 RNOSOnHL ) oO a Oot W1INMA SBaxsu tes Sass Pe oO -- No 4 m1 OD N tie “De hs S oO 5 00 : aS>an 5 = ) 1D HD co 5 = jews age 8.28.) Ses o ee} ReDpett USO Bit eo sHON 5 : : 62 90 gt = aime! Steve Le @ (8 1e . . . AANTN fo) or = aC rey 3|29 |Se8eeSN" Basse te | Sess OS ene an AD 2:3: oIktee ct toe rr oNn =», Hw - - ~ = S>oOo Aa 8 oO TNS & 2 sip sieaia sirelie Piss sa SS eQaxs strsitatisitediahie tst!sivs BG BiG Buses ALAA | eae rane = a 4 a a Bcc edo BADEN HI ee i a Pea Aaln ea SPRSSMs MSE See Rei ciisiis es) Sustsrlee x bo wo a FI 23 Zi ig > 3 23 \;EFooo D $8,283 an 23 s | 84AAA i) meagoaq oD So ae = DE. ogs, Sho Sa RSgsts ga io) Se hahli pss oe sok dese Lad Seeabogd asses sabsaas apa Eo a pot aweod <3 p4qQgpomts ganundq gdalall w. [18 @ Ls 5d e/#s 6d a lie Sd Long wild Ceylon...|Common to good _ ,,,|nd a 2s 2d | 4» I, tair pidge weed CASTOR OIL, 1sts| White no he 4% a3i | JabbleporeI, good & fixe Qnds|Fair and good pale ...\2 a 28d le 78 9d a 9s CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...|Fair to fine bright ...(3:8 8 358 6d | » Il, fair rejections 5s & 68 Od Ord’y. and middling .,,|32s a 34s |Vingorlas. good and Bee 6s a 78 CINNAMON, Asts]Ord’y, to fine pale quill... rae als5d || Madras, Upper Bplerer, Good to fine picked ‘Ts 3d & 7s Od 2nds) ,, ” ” As ee " [Common to aadling - He a 6s 6d sris} ,, oe es » «sda lod } Coast a |®air ... s 3d a 7d 4ths Yoo ed 8 | Piekings ..,|Burnt and defective |” fs 6d a Se 9d Chips| Fair to fine plant [240 a Td '|MACE, Bombay “oar to good bold pale... ke & 2s CLOVES, pone | Fair to fine bright .. aa a 2h | W?dcom, darktonne bold mat _ Pemba. | |Common dull and mixed i da ahd \||NUTMEGS, - oc (85's Ay BUS vines, ait sd STEMS Common to good iia fd \90’s a 125'a He its g COCULUS INDICUS_ ...|Fair sifted... ‘\7s 73 $4 | NUX Cochin, Madra:| { Fair to rine bold fresh SS eae COFFEE 4... —«.{mid. Plantation Ceylon|!05s a i07a ||VOMICA( and Bo.nbay| | Small ordivary and fai ew ee cn) ee «|Low Middling _,, », |99S & 10ig i} LL, CINNAMON ..., “air to fine heavy “ltd ag gd COLOMBO ROOT... »»-|Good to fine bright sound|!4s a 18s | CITRONELLE ,.| Bright & good flavour. ied as Ordinary & middiing ., jLvs a 123 | LEMONGRASS Rb =H CROTON SEEDS, sifted...|Fair to tine fresh ...|798 a 273 6d | oRCHELLA Cey‘on “a? to fine, not wood) lag a» 988 CUTCH ..|Fair to fine dry . (208 a 328 | WEED | Zaozibar "| Picked clean fiat leaf ... 275 a 35 DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan. Ordinary to Bo drop .,.|3Us a 60s Mozambiqu: oo WEY dr . GALLS; Bussorah& Turkey | fair to fine dark blue ...\9/s 64a 57 6d ||?EPPER— ? P Good white and green ,,.|45s « 50s Malabar, Black sifted cair to wie epee y, ‘ ml 4 = GINGER, Cochin, Cut .../Good to fine bold {438 a Lous Alleppee & Tellicherry » ” ba 2] »» «/Smalland medium ..|953 a 753 Tellicherry, White vor 1L0d a ls Rough...|Fair to fine bold ..|993 a 753 ?@LUMBAGO, Lump _... Zair to fine bright bold 15a a Q5s Ap «..|Small and medium ...(203 a 608 ; fiddling to goct small Ils a 145 Bengal, Rough |Fair to good _nom,,,.|993 Chips ...) 3li'tly foul te fine brigh /9s a 126 QUM AMMONIACUM ...|Blocky to finecleun ,,.|203 a 50s Dust ...| ‘rdinary to fine bright.../28 91 2 §s ANIMI, washed ...)Picked fine pale in sorts,|£11 0s a £13 03|/|4ED WOOD ‘air and fine boid ...23 a £3 108 Part yellow & mixed dv.|£9 lusa £1010 ||3AFFLOWER, Bengal doodtofinepinkynominal #03 a 1008 Bean & Pea sizeditto .,.;& a £8 lus Ordinary to fair ++,|603 & 708 Amber and red bold ...| £8 Os a £9 153 : Inferior and pickings .../40s a 50s acraped Medium & bold sorts ...|£6 0s a£9 |||SALTPETKE, Pengal .../Ordinary to good 16: 61 a lis ARABIC B.I, & Aden _,|%004 to fine pale frosted ‘||SANDAL WOOD, Logs .,|Fair to fine flayour ih £85 a £55 a" = sifted a .. 40s a 623 6d ay Chips.,.'Inferior to fine «£9 a £30 Sorts, dull red to fair {278 6d a 333 3APAN woop ava ...|Lean to good bold «| £4 BET Ghatti Good to tine pale selected} ‘58 a 553s SEEDLAC 3 Ordinary to fine brizht/40e a. 90s “"\Sorts middling to good...}23s a 30s $ENNA, Tinnevelly ..|Medium to bold green .|5.1 a 10d Amrad cha,|%009,and fine pale ,,,)50s a 60s Small and « edium green|2d a 4a ‘|Reddish to pale brown ,,.|258 a 45s Common dark and smalijld @ 24 Madras Dark to tiue pale [lds a 458 Bombay ../Ordinar to good «(ld a 24 ASSAFCTIDA “")Fatr to fine pinky block SHELLS, M.-o’-P. we /EGYPTIAN—bold clean _|75s a 538 and drop ea {503 & 95s Chik.medium part stcut\8’s a Qs 6d Ordinary stony to midlin, |203 a 458 E _ |ystersand brohers piece}.5s a 753 KINO ont «»|Fair to fine bright «SBI a £18 large Be .-.| BOMBAY—good tofinet .1ci8 's Gia 908 MYRRH, picked |Faur to tine pale «(£5 a £7 Medium part stout clean part good color|92s 64a 958 Aden sorts|Middling to good .../753 @ 90s ehicken part stout ” » 9 485s.a 953 OLIBANUM, jrop...|Fair to fine white ---|408 a 60s oyster & broken pes 3° »» |608 @ 803 Reddish tomiddling .../2is a 3739 6d . Mussel ag .. bold sorts = 45s a 508 pickings. ++.|Middling to good pale «-|L2s a 183 small and medium sorts|/30s a é¥s 6d siftings ...|Slightly foultofine _...}12s a 163 Lingah Ceylon .../fhinand good s'out sorts}/4s a 123 INDIARUBBER ... ... Red hard clean ball .../1s 11d a 23 3d || TAMARINDS Bn .. (Mid. tofineblacknotstony|8s @ 9s East: African Ports, Zanzi-/White softish ditto .../\s Td a 23 Stony aod inferior .../4s a gs bar and Mozambique Coast|Unripe root ee «10d a 1s 6d TORTOISESHELL ...|Serts good mo tle, heavy|i9s a 21s ed Liver Gas «(18 4d a 1s 11d Zanzibar and Bombay|Pickings thin to heavy. aa Sausage, fair to fine {1s 6d a 23 TURMERIC,Bengal ../Leanish to tine plump ‘without sticks...|23 a 2s 3d fin Assam, .. _ «s(Good to fine ..- [1s 7d a 23 3d Madras .. |Fin. fair to fine boldbrgt 23s a 26s Common foul & middling|9d a 1s 6d ” ...|Mixed middling... Rangoon mes ..|Eair to good clean .-| 97d als 11d ”» « }sulbs 4. Madagascar, Haar Goodto fine pinky ee mppite 2s ]da 237d Cochin ,;} inger ... one Majunga -and Nossibe \ Fair to good black .jls8daislld ||VWANILLOES, IsINSGLASS> yg } Tone e seonee fine pale «.Jls 8da 25 ed Bourbon, Ists.. |‘ine, cryst’ed 5 to9in.103a@ 178 6d FisH MAWS | gue.) dark. to fair -/l0d als6d | > Mauritius, ‘Qnds...) oxy & reddish 5 to 8 in: 7s #138 “Bladder: Pipe! Clean:thin to: tine bold” «.{18'6d a 33 2d Seychelles, 3rds.. | .ean & dry to-mid, un-| > Purse .../Dark-mixed +t6 fineipale|9d a 1s 4d der 6 in, -, 43.8 78 Karrachee Leaf ...|Good. to fice pale - |is 9i a 2s 6d ’ Madagascar, ) 4ths., |Low, foxy, inferior and| IGO, Bengal ree (Middling: to fine violet...|és° a 636d ‘ pickings Ba 68 ETT Na AACA NBS orca es OF THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, CoLomrms ec: Added as a Supplement monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. The following pages include the contents of the Magazine of the School of Agriculture for December :— Vol. V.] TREATMENT OF MILCH COWS. 1 HE treatment of milch cows in this country isa subject about which yery little is known by the ordi- nary owner of these animals, and itisonly those who have given special attention to their management, so as to get the maximum yield of milk, that have, by care and perseverance, progress towards discovering the best me- thods to be followed. The native Sinha- lese cowkeeper, it will be admitted, has a very superficial knowledge of the cow, to judge by the results of his treatment of that animal, but even the well-to-do house- holder, who keeps a few cows for supplying his family with milk, is generally _ blissfully It is often ignorant of their management. mentioned as inexplicable, that a cow does not give regular quantities of milk, or that it goes off milk in a few months, or that the animal ceases giving milk owing to the death of the calf, and so on, ‘The fact, however, is that all these circumstances are easily explainable asthe result of the bad treatment that the cow has received at the hands of the cattle-keeper. We will not touch upon such questions as the selection and purchase of the milch cow, the age of the cow, the age of the calf, and other points which are all of the utmost importance to the owner of a cow, and will take ft for granted that the milking animals whose treatment we are about to refer to, are already in the possession of the cow-keeper. First, as. re- gards food. How many people are confident that they are feeding their animals on the most approyed system? Whether cotton seed, gingelly DECEMBER, made any | 1893. [ No. 6. cake, cotton cake, horse gram, bran, rice black gram or other concentrated food should form part of the diet, is generally a question thought to be immaterial, and what mixtures of these, or proportion of the ingredients, should be given, are also never seriously considered Again, the mode of preparation of the food and the time for feeding, receive little or no at- tention, Even such minor matters as bathing rubbing down or grooming and general attendance to the comfort of the animals, which have a wonderful effect on the general health, temper and eyen on the milk supply of the animal, are thought to be of nomoment. As to milking there are perhaps not two per cent of the so-called “ cattlekeepers ” (that is the cooly who looks after the cow) that can be said to be good or even fairly good milkers. Much of the secret of the milk supply is found in the milking of the cow. The gradual weaning of the calf is again a very im- portant matter, and if not studied will produce disastrous results: either the calf is allowed to suck up a quarter of the milk, so that the cow may be humoured to give the other three-fourths or it is kept starving while all the milk is being | drawn, with the not unfrequent result that the | calf dies and the milk supply is stopped. Any attempt at “weaning,” in the proper sense of the term, is never dreamt of by the owner of the cow, nor is made by the man in charge Under this system it is no matter for surprise that about 25 per cent of the calves are lost, while the majority of those left, survive through a miserable existence to become ugly, mis-shapen and unthrifty animals. The native cow-keeper does not know nor care to know much about the treatment of his animals, because, no doubt, while he has no inclina- tion to incur any extra expenditure, which is in- evitable so far as he is concerned, he is content with what he gets from the produce of the animal ac- cording to his own method of treatment; for under of the Island will be found suitable, ~ 496 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” (Dec. 1, 1893. a Ls present conditions of milk-supply in the island, the uative milkman is never at a loss to dispose of his milk, and the returns he gets are good enough for him. But the case of the householder-owner is very different, for by learning more about the- Management and treatment of milch cattle, he or she will not only be able to secure a more satis- factory (in every sense) supply of milk, but also gain in another way, by owning a few good cows that will segularly come into milk, and may be depended on to milk through a certain period. We may here refer to the prejudice that there exists in Ceylon against getting the cow into calf before she is almost dry, a prejudice which if generally prevalent, will upset all systems of dairying throughout the world, and make dairying a most unprofitable concern. If householders knew that a continual supply of milk can for many years be obtained by keeping three cows and bringing them into milk in rotation, they may possibly be inclined to drop the expensive system of buying a cow for R80 and selling her after 6 months for R25, and repeating this every 6 months, with all the trouble, worry and disappointment, and often loss, involved in purchasing milch cattle at such short intervals. The serious point, however, about all this is that the present ignorance as regards cattle manage- ment, some of the results of which (so far as the inconveniences and expense they entail are con- sidered) we have indicated above, is tending towards thedeterioration evenof the animals inport- ed into the island. A better knowledge of cattle We say, will obviate this tendeney, and, moreover, be the means of saving a deal of trouble and ex- pense (not to say that it will be a source of pleasure) to all who keep them. ‘The masters of households cannot perhaps be expected to find time to give attention to household duties, of which the Management of milch cows forms a _ part; but it is without doubt a duty of the lady or daughters of the house to acquire a _ better knowledge of this subject. Much time that is spent in a desire for something to do or wasted in an unprofitable manner, can in this way be turned to useful account, in the practice of true domestic economy. It is only a false pride that will look upon such an occupation as looking after a domestic animal (of more account than a lap dog) as a disgrace. We need not cite instances of ladies, copied as examples in _ other respects, who find an interest in and give a good deal of attention to dairying in all its branches. In England and Scotland a movement has been set on foot by which lectures and practical classes with reference to dairying have been inaugurated specially for ladies. In these days of progress, with lady doctors and lady signallers, it would not perhaps be too much to expect our ladies to attend a course of technical lectures on dairying and the management of milch cattle in Ceylon. a Ai ee RR ep OCCASIONAL NOTES. We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of a small parcel of seeds of the American dewberry -(Rubustrivialis) which has been successfully -introdiiced; into North India. It is doubtful whether the dewberry will thrive in the climate of Ceylon, though it is possible that some parts We have also to thank Mr. W. A. de Silva at present in Bombay for parcels of seeds of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and of Guizotia oleifera (known in India as ramle) as well as seeds of some garden shrubs. The Colonial Veterinary Surgeon left for India on the 18th of last month on a brief holiday. While away Mr. Lye will arrange for the impor- tation of a second batch of cows for the Govern- ment Dairy, since the first lot that came from the Bombay Presidency turned out so satisfactory and profitable. A pure bred Aden bull sent from the Poona Dairy farm was added to the stud at present kept at the School of Agriculture. The annual examinations at the School came off during the latter part of last month, and the School closed at the end of the month for the December holidays. An unexpected enemy to lucerne has appeared in the field mouse. Hitherto trouble was given by this pest (which sometimes does a good deal of injury to paddy crops) owing to its partiality for seeds planted in nurseries, but it has only of late found an agreeable food in the fleshy roots of the older lucerne plants. Te FRUIT CULTURE. The climate of Ceylon is peculiarly adapted to the growth of a large variety of delicious and wholesome fruits. Many foreign fruits, such as peaches, plums, apples, pears, figs, &¢., that will not grow in the lowcountry thrive well in the hilly districts. The grafted apples and plums grown by Mr, Nock at Hakgala “and the nice pears and peaches at Roehampton and Happy Valley in Haputale are worthy of special notice. It is not, however, about the fruits that are grown upcountry, but of those that are grown in the lowlying districts, that I wish to make a few remarks. The South-West of the Islund with its rich soil and moist and warm climate is well suited for the growth of tropical fruits ; and excellent varieties not only of oranges, mangoes, pineapples, pomegranates, &c., but also of the rarer kinds such as mangosteen and sapodilla are grown here. Fruit culture, however, is in a very backward condition in the lowcountry. No doubs, much has been done by Dr. Trimen and his assistants to extend the cultivation of fruit by giving out plants from the Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya, Henaratgoda, &c. But considering the capabilities of the soil and climate of the South and West of our Island, it is evident that much more remains to be done in this directien. I have heard that an energetic Government Agent of one of our newly- opened Provinces, in order to encourage fruit culture, exempts poor villagers from the payment of poll tax if they were to grow some good and rare fruit trees, such as mangosteen, in their gardens. It is highly desirable that the Govern- ment Agents and their assistants should encour- age fruit culture as much as they can. When | was in the Southern Province some yeirs ago, at the reyuest of Mr. H. P, Baumgartner, tie Dec. 1, 1893.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 43 =~. then A. G. A, of Matara, I made a nursery of man- gosteen seedlings in his model garden next to the Matara Police Station, as he was anxious to extend mangosteen cultivation in that town. Reference has already been made in the columns of your Magazine to the efforts made by the Jaffna Government Agent to extend the culti- vation of grafted mangoes. Occasionally we also find private individuals who take a special interest in the extension of fruit culture. Only the other day, I visited the nurseries of Mr. J. P. Abraham, at Grand- pass, and found that he has a good stock of man- gosteen and sapodilla seedlings. Of course much remains to be done by way of extending the cultivation cf the rarer and more valuable foreign fruits, and such of these as thrive in one part of the Island might be introduced into other parts where the climate and soil are similar. For instance, Hambantota is every much like Jaffna in these respects, and we have heard of palmyrah culture being intro- duced there from the North and proving a suc- cess. But why should not grape culture, which is so successful in Jaffna, be tried in Hamban- tota as well? What is, however, more important is that the numerous sorts of good fruits which are already so commonly grown should be cultivated in a systematic method. A few methods by which native fruit culture might be improved may be noticed here :— (1.) The careful selection of superior varreties.— It is of no use growing any miserable kind of orange, mango, or other fruit which comes first to hand. Good seeds from superior varieties of fruits should be selected for planting. But as seedlings are so slow in coming into bearing, and do not always preserve the quality of the fruit, it will be far more advantageous to have recourse to grafting and budding. The great object of grafting is to preserve and multiply varieties and sub-varieties of fruit trees, the qualities of which cannot be transferred with certainty to their offspring by seeds, and which would be multi- plied too slowly or ineffectually by any other mode of propagation, as wellas to accelerate and improve the fruiting of the trees. (2.) Suitable preparation of the land,—¥or any kind of fruit culture, it goes without saying that the land must be well drained either naturally or by artificial means. A damp or wet soil is the least suited forthe purpose. The land should also be broken up to a depth of at least 18 inches, befere planting out the young fruit trees. - It is very seldom that our native gardeners pay any regard to the drainage and cultivation of their orchards, if indeed they have any which are worthy of the name. (3.) Systematic planting out.—At Bandara- gama and other parts of the Rayigam Korale, I have noticed fruit trees allowed to grow in clumps and groups while there is plenty of waste land in which they might have been planted out at regular distances. It is not uncommon that seeds thrown into the compound along with the sweepings from the house get self-sown in a group; and it is not until the seedlings from them have grown several feet high and have come to a fair size, that they receive any notice worth jmontigning. But even then, either through a mistaken notion that the plants might be injured or through laziness, the landowner does not separate them but allows them to grow in situ, with the result that, when they grow up into big trees, they get crowded and smothered. Again, I have seen different sorts of fruit trees promiscuously planted together. I should think that, as a general rule, it would be advisable to plant each kind of fruit trees in separate plots. At any rate the more delicate varieties should be planted by themselves. When they are mixed up with the hardier trees, the stronger will, as it were, try to oust the weaker on the principle “might is right.” For who does not know that a tender plant by the side ofa rank feeder is deprived of its proper share of plant food by the latter? Besides, when the more delicate varicties of fruit trees are planted separately, the gardener will find it easier to give them the extra care and tending that they need. It might be useful to remark in this connection that in the case of bananas cr plantains, special care must be taken to plant them ina separate plot, not because they are themselves tender or delicate, but because they are such rank feeders that they will not allow any delicate fruit trees or vegetables to thrive in their vicinity. The native gardeners have some idea of this, but their explanation is that the shade of the plantain tree is detrimental to other plants. The fact however is that the plantain being a very gross feeder, sends its fleshy rootlets several yards around and greedily absorbs every particle of manure it could get, regardless of the wants of its weaker neigh- bours. Ihave found by experience that when plantains are allowed to grow on the border of a kitchen garden, the vegetables near them do not succeed well at all, and large enclosures are com- monly seen set apart entirely for them in the Kandyan districts. Some idea might be formed from what I have already said, of the irregular and haphazard manner in which fruit culture is generally carried on in the South-West of the Island, and the need there is for systematic cultivation of orchards. I may here quote the following passage from Mr. H. W. Green’s “ Primer of Agriculture.” He says :—‘‘T should like to see orchards of fruit trees planted over acres and acres of land in the Kaulutara distrits and elsewhere, instead of occa- sional fruit trees here and there, with no method or regularity. Apart from ail other questions, there should be a good market for good fruit properly grown, with Colombo so near, a town which, since it has become the port of call for so many steamers, should certainly be able to provide better fruit than is ordinarily to be pro- cured in the bazaars.” The Editor of the Tropical Agriculturist says in the last (October) number of that valuable jour- nal:—‘ An orchard of mangosteens or even of oranges inthese ‘steamer’ days would be a little fortune in itself.” The village landowner is, however, not quick enough to perceive what a paying concern a good orchard will be, and the necessity there is for extensive and systematic horticulture. There is no example which he might emulate or copy, and advise is simply lost on him. What is most needed now is a model fruit garden. Some months back it was intended ta opey one af 428 Bandaragama in a piece of land adjoining the site marked out for the future resthouse ; but as yet this idea has not taken shape. I hope, however, that the present Government Agent who always takes an active interest in native agriculture will soon start a model orchard at Bandaragama, which is the station of an Agricultural Instructor, The Instructors can make themselves more useful, when they work in connexion with fruit gardens in suitable localities in addition to what they do at present, and what is more, it will give them a new interest in their work. E. T. HOOLE. ae RINDERPEST—CATTLE PLAGUE, The first of a series of brochures which are likely to prove of much value, appears under the aéges of the newly-formed Civil Veterin- ary Department of India on this most important disease, which is, in fact, the greatest bane to the Indian stock-owner. The report is compiled by the assistant to the Inspector-General of the C.V.D., Lieut. H. A. Pease, a Veterinary Surgeon, who has had considerable experience in India. In addition to his own practical knowledge, he draws largely on all published literature and reports on the subject in a short preface to the work. Rinderpest, cattle plague or Typhus Bovis Contagiosa (Williams), or as it is commonly known in Ceylon ‘murrain’, and more recently named Pneumo Enteritis Contagiosa Bovis, is decidedly different in its character, and especially in its virulence in the East than it is in Europe. The latest researches have proved that this disease is, as many others now are, caused by a bacterium of the micrococcus type. As regards the development of the disease there are no two opinions among those who have investigated the subject. In Mr. Pease’s words “ Rinderpest is a malady which always develops by contagion ; this is pretty well established at the present day ; it is absolutely false to say that it may develop spontaneously.” The treatment adopted for the extenuation of this disease in England is unsuited to the conditious of India. At the outset it may be stated that the disease is more amenable to treatment in a hot climate, and the percentage of recoveries is very large. Krom the statistics gathered from various reports during an extended period, it appears that often 60 to 70 cwt. of cases have recovered under treatment, but under ordinary circumstances about fifty per cent, and the limit laid down as a certainty is twenty per cent, tuking everything into consideration. This is no mean figure when the large number attacked in the country is borne in mind, and especially when it is noted, that an animal which once recovers from an attack of this malady secures immunity from it for ever afterwards. Any system of slaughter of effected animals for exterminating the disease, as advocat- ed by some,and more than once advocated in Ceylon, would cause unnecessary waste of life, Jeaving aside its utter impracticability on account not so much of the prejudices of the people, which should decidedly be respected, but also on account of the disease not being con- fined to one particular class of animals. In this connection some definite information is given in the report under review of the cases " MWELEL Es" 8 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” [Dec. 1, 1898. treated by Veterinary Surgeon Thacker in the Madras Presidency. He treated in all 2,541 cases, carefully watching the progress of the disease ; and of these 1,763 recovered. Preventive treatment is undoubtedly most essential, and the measures that should be adopt- ed have, I believe, been reported over and over again in scores of publications. In Rinderpest the application of the provisions of the Cattle Disease Ordinance of Ceylon would no doubt be of great use, but certain characteristics of the disease itself will have to be borne in mind in having recourse to preventive measures. It is essential to know, for instance, that the period of incubation extends from three to twenty-one days , that all parts of an effected animal's body and the egesta are liable to convey the disease ; that even after recovery the animal is liable to convey conta- gion for from ten to fifteen days; that the litter, bedding, stables Xc. retain the contagion for not more than fifteen days if the weather be warm and if the articles be properly aérated. All this is valuable information. As regards curative treatment it is a well- known fact that all specific fevers should be allowed to run their course. Rinderpest affects the animal for about ten days. In the meantime the treatment should be mainly confined to the supply of proper diet and the alleviation of any untoward symptoms. In this respect it has also to be borne in mind that the cost of the food and medicines used should be such as not to exceed the value of the animals which are likely to recover, and above all, these substances should be within easy reach of the villages. The experience of Indian Veterinary Surgeons have not been in vain. They have been able to recognize the value of native drugs, and how such drugs could be substituted for more expensive stuff. They know the nature, quantity and quality of the food stuffs available in the different districts and villages. For instance, it has been found that only liquid and easily assimilable nutritious food should be given to animals effected with this disease, and that rice conjee is the most easily obtainable, whereas if milk and eggs are easily procurable, these should be added to the conjee, and that the addition of some papaw fruit in the preperation of this food would make it a most suitable diet, As regards treatment : when constipation exists an ounce of sulphur administered twice daily has proved to be of use, and when diarrhcea supervenes the following is the remedy which Veterinary Surgeon Thacker and many others have suecess< fully prescribed, viz :— Camphor ee .. 2 drams Datura (Sing. Attana) 7 ee Chiretta( ,, Binkohomba).. 1 ,, Arrack oh Pere Sao) Instead of ,Chiretta either Margosa bark, Cincohna bark, Tinospora (8. Rasakinda), Coscinium fenestratum (S. Weniwel), or for the matter of that Quinine may, I think, be substituted with equal benefit. The preparation of a receipe of the above description should be within the means of any villager. When the diarrhoea and dysentry progress, another simple remedy is a decoction of bael fruit (Sing. Beli). This decoction may be best prepar- ed by boiling 8 lbs, beel fruit broken up into piegeg 3 Dec. 1, 1893.] Supplement to the Propical Agriculturist.” 439 in 12 seers of water. A seer of the strainea decoc- tion after it is cooled should be administered every three hours. As was mentioned before, medicines are not so important in disease of this nature, but experience has shown us that with proper treatment 20 % and more of the cases recover, and hence the | cheap and easily obtainable medicines cannot but be of some use. W. A. D. S. Bombay, 2nd November, 1893. [The real Chiretta is got from Swertia (Ophelia) Chirata, found, but rarely, in Ceylon. The Sin. Bin-kohomba (Muronia pumila) is, however, a good substitute for Chiretta.—Ep. | —————— GROUND NUTS AS A FEEDING MATERIAL. The plant which produces the ground nut (also known as earthnut and peanut) is botanically known as Arachis hynogea, and is a common crop in South India, where about 30,000 acres are annu- ally sown withit. The plant is grown both under irrigation and asa dry crop, and the leaves are also useful as fodder. Frequently the whole pods, with their contents are crushed in the oil mill, but the superior varieties of cake are made from the so-called nuts only. Prof. Church, in his Food Grains of India, gives the following analysis of ground nuts :— Water Op .. » (5 percent. Albuminoids .. 24-5 5 Starch on 11:7 35) Oil Se anos 35 Fibre di og AO y Ash Be artes rh) The cake is the residue left after the extrac- tion of the oil by means of the common oil mill used in Eastern countries. An allowance of 6 lbs, of cake a day is sufficient to keep a horse in good working condition; for horses the cake has to be broken up and steeped for 24 hours in cold water. An allowance of 4 lb. per head for working cattle, with forage, keeps the animal in perfect health and condition. As a food for dairy cows it is admirable, both in increasing the yield of milk and in improving its quality. The butter of cows so fed is firmer and keeps much better than that of cows fed on any of the ordinary oil cakes. A daily allow- ance ot 4 to 6 lbs. of oil cake given in the form of a paste, utter soaking, and mixed with 2 or 3 lbs. of bran constitutes a perfect food for milch cows, a INDIAN JOTTINGS. We are accustomed to see in Ceylon only the palmyrah and the coconut plam utilized for toddy drawing, but here in the Bombay Pre- sidency the chief palm from which this sap is obtained is the date. The manner in which the sap is extracted from the date differs altogether from that adopted inthe case of the coconut, After clearing away the dry leaves and petioles from the stem of the date tree, the leaves from one quarter of the tree are cut off, exposing a ortion of the tender stem. The exposed stem 1s next punctured anda pot hung up at the place, as is done on-thg flower of the coconut, The | toddy drawer daily chips off a small portion of the tender stem and fresh sap is gathered every day. The scene presented to a traveller in Central India is quite different from any thing we see in Ceylon. Here there is no stately coconut, and the jak which gives a wooded appearance to every village is absent ; neither are there any green rice-fields torelieve the eye. All through the ground is flat except where ‘there are hills, and the hillsides are nowhere utilized in these districts for the purpose of cultivation as is done in Ceylon. The cultivated lowlands extend for hundreds and hundreds of miles. The soil is a rich loam but very shallow, and hence, perhaps, the scarcity of larger trees or bushes. The crops found growing in these places are almost all annuals, and even where perennials are grown they are treated as annuals. Another noteworthy thing I observed was the variety of crops grown. Nowhere have [ seen such a variety of plants grown in the same tract of land and sometimes in the same plot. It is not uncommon to find a plot of ground covered with alternate lines of cotton (@. Herbaceum) dhall (cajanus tndicus), sorghums, cholums, millets, Indian corn and hemp (cannabis). There are also closely-sown tracts of crotolaria (sun hemp) and ramle (Guizotia oleifera), with its sparkling yellow flowers appearing as if the whole plant was covered with a sheet of burnished gold. Ramle (Gurzotia oleifera) was quite a new plant to me, and I was a little surprized that a plant so easily and almost carelessly grown has never been introduced into Ceylon, where our goyiyas would be too willing to grow a crop which did not require much care or trouble. The plant was growing well even in the poorest soil ; and excepting the necessity for preparing the land before sowing no further care is taken of it. The ramle belongs to the composite order, and grows to the height of two to three feet. The stem is thin and branched towards the top. The ovate leaves remind one of the sunflower on a small scale. The flowers are borne on the top as well as from the axils of the upper leaves, and have a bright yellow set of outer petals; in fact the whole plant resembles the sunflower on a small scale. The seeds are small and are of a shining dark color. They yield an excellent oil much resembling the Gingelly (sesamuwm) and it is largely used for culinary purposes. Baron Von Mueller, in his work on sub-tropical plant, says that “ Guizotia oleifera is found in India and probably Abyssinia, The ramtil oil is pressed from the seeds of this annual herb which yields its crop in three months. The oil is much used like sesamum oil as well for culinary as technic purposes.” I could not obtain any definite information as to the yield per acre, oe eee POINTS ON BUTTER-MAKING IN INDIA, (By Mr. T. W. Motttson, st-r.a.c., Superin- tendent of Farms, Bonibay Presidency.) A cool, well ventilated dairy kept scrupulously clean and free from any taint and unsanitary odour is necessary, 430 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” [Dee. 1, 1893. _ A knowledge how to clean and keep clean all milk vessels &¢. is equally important. After use, all vessels should zmmediately be washed first with cold water and afterwards thoroughly scrubbed and scalded with hot water, and set in the sun to erate. Hot water coagul- ates the albumen of milk. Albumen in this curdy form adheres closely to any vessels, parti- cularly one of wood. It is for this reason that cold water is used first. Washing soda should only be used, when through neglect, milk vessels have become foul. Butter sticks to dry wood but not to wet cold wood, Therefore steep “ Scotch hands,” print moulds, and other imple- ments required for handling butter in pure cold water before use. Cream, after it has been ‘‘ separated” from the milk, is allowed to “ripen” in an earthen- ware jar covered with muslin, not with an air- tight lid. During this process the cream should be frequently stirred, at least once every two hours. The time required to ripen cream depends upon the temperature. Cream will be sufficiently ripe in 12 hours if the temperature of the dairy is from 60° to 75° F. In less: time if the temperature is higher, a greater period must elapse if the temperature is lower. During the monsoon rains, milk will sour more quickly, and cream will ripen faster than in the hot weather. It is important that the cream should be “ripe,” otherwise a less quantity of butter will be churned from a given quantity of cream. ‘To hasten ripening, a ferment may be added tothe cream. Sour milk will do, but it must be clean and free from any foreign taint or flavour. The cream is sufficiently ripe when it gets thick and mucous, Tf too much milk has been left in the cream, and if this milk has soured during the “ripening” process, a quality of butter which will not keep long may be produced. A little curd or casein, a highly fermentable substance may have become incorporated with the butter during churning. Butter should be made in India in the early morning when the dairy is cool. Ripe cream before it is churned should be cooled. 55° to 60° F. is the proper temperature. The temperature of cream is lowered by adding ice, or by setting the cream 2m ats vessels in cold water. The cooler the cream is churned the firmer the butter will be. he churn should revolve about 55 times per minute. The best results are got when the butter “Gomes” in about half an hour. The cream from buffaloe’s milk can be churned at a higher temperature than that from cows, and the butter be equally firm. Again, if buffaloes are fed with a good deal of cotton seed their milk -will yield cream, which can be churned into good firm butter at 70° F.. Cream should only half fill the churn. If it is so thick that it sticks to the churn add some pure cold water. Colouring matter if desired should be added before churning. It is made from 3 oz. anatto seed digested foran hourin 8 oz. of pure olive oil and then strained through fine muslin. One tea spoonful is sufficient for the cream from 22 gallons of milk. The lid of the churn is now fixed and the churn turned at the rate I have indicated. The cream will froth up and swell after the first few revolutions, The air that was incorporated with jt is driven out and ought | ae oA ed to escape through a valve placed on the lid of the churn for that purpose. This must be repeat- ed two or three times as the churning proceeds, A pane of glass is inserted in the lid of the churn. By careful observation the dairyman can see from time to time what is going on inside and can determine when the butter begins to form. So soon as this takes place cold water (about 1/10 of the cream quantity,) should be added. The object is to lower the temperature when the butter is forming in order to get it firm ; also to dilute the butter-milk, so that it may be the easier to be separated from the butter globules. The-churning is again continued until specks of butter on the glass are plainly distinguishable and distinctly separate from the butter milk. Experience and judgment are necessary to decide the right moment when to stop churning. If stopped too soon, butter is lost in the butter-milk because the granules are very small, If carried on too long the butter globules aggregate and the butter becomes greasy. Moreover, itis diflicult to separate the butter-milk completely by subse- quent washing or working. When churning is sufficiently advanced the butter-milk is drawn off through the taphole and strained through a hairsieve. Any butter caught is 1eturned to the churn. The churn is half filled with pure cold water and given a few more revolutions. This water as it is drawn off is also strained through a sieve and the contents of the sieve again return to the churn. The butter is now comparatively free of butter-milk, but in order that it be washed as far as possible, while still in a granular condition, brine is now added, the solution consisting of 1 lb. of salt to a gallon of water. The churn is again halt filled and revolved slowly a few times. The brine is drawn off, strained as before through a sieve. The butter is now sufficiently washed to be removed from the churn to the butter worker by means of two wooden scoops. The butter worker is a simple arrangement, whereby in a wooden trough a grooved roller kneads the butter, completely free of butter-milk. The butter milk escapes down the inclined plane which forms the floor of this trough. The butter is now in a condition to be made up into marketable form. By the use of “Scotch hands” and a wooden print mould it can be made up at once, into “pats.” Improved dairy appa- ratus is designed obviously with the object of making it unnecessary for the dairy man to touch with his hands either milk, cream, or butter, which is an advantage of significant importance in India. Butter to which 5 or4 per cent of salt was added while it was being worked onthe butter worker, will keep a considerable period if care- fully packed tight in an earthenware ‘‘ crock” having a tight-fitting lid. Butter preserved in this. way should be kept in a cool place. > THE MANURING OF THE ORANGE. Queries on the subject of manuring the orange have reached us on more than one occasion, and it is with a view to giving our readers an idea of how this operation is carried out in a country where fruit culture has reached such a pitch of pers neg fats =e ALS : " Dee. 1, 1893.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” fection, that we quote the following passages on Mulching and Manuring from an exhaustive paper onorange culture, written by Mr. Benson, Fruit Expert, for the September number of the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales :— Mulching is another operation of great import- ance, as when properly carried out andiattended to there is probably no better treatment to keep the trees healthy and vigorous. Mulching tends to keep the roots cool and to retain moisture in the soil for the use of the tree, as by the addition of organic matter the absorbent properties of the soil are much increased, thus rendering the soil better able to withstand dry weather. Mulching also tends to keep down weeds and prevents the soil from rapidly dying out. The best material for mulching is bush rakings which consists mainly of semi- decomposed leaves and small branches with a greater or less proportion of the top soil added, end when there is plenty available there is no better material either as a mulch or asa manure for orange and lemon culture, If, however, bush raking cannot be obtained a good substitute is found in old stable-manure, rotting straw, or partially decomposed weeds or other rubbish, or by growing such green crops as the cow-pea or other strong-growing leguminous plantsand cutting them when coming into pod and placing them round the trees. Hot stable-manure should never be used as a mulch by itself as it is apt to iujure the trees, but if it is desirable to use it fresh as a manure and mulch combined, it should always be mixed with bush rakings or some other similar substance. : Manuring.—In order to keep up the fertility of the soil it is mecessary to replace the materials ex- tracted from it by the crop that has been taken off the trees, and to do this it is necessary to have re- course to manuring. ‘This may either be done by the addition of new soil to the orchard or by the application of farmyard or stable-manure or one or more of the various artificial manures sold for the purpose. Manuring with fresh soil is only applicable where there is a quantity of new land adjacent to the orchard from which the surface soil can be taken, but in any case it is a very costly method of renovating au orchard, as the expense of carting and spreading is very great in proportion to the good accomplished, and also it is simply a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul, as the land from which the soil is taken is impoverished to as great an extent as the orchard is benefited, and also the constant use of fresh soil tends to bury the roots of the trees too deeply unless the surface is continually being washed away. Of course in the case of wash-outs where the soil is removed from around the roots of the trees it is always necessary to cart new soil and spread it round the trees; bat, except in this case, the use of stable-manure or artificial manure combined with proper muich.ng is preferable to the addition of fresh soil. Stable- munure acts as an all round fertiliser and supplies all the necessary plant foods, and in the case of stiff soils it has also a beneficial effect by im- proving the mechanical condition of the soil, thus rendering it more easily cultivated. The great drawback to the use of stable-manure is that the cost of its application, owing to the bulk it occupies as Compared with its manurial value, is much greater than is the case with artificial manures, and also by its means large quantities of 431 weeds are introduced into the soil, thus causing extra expense in cultivation to keep themin check. Artificial manures on the other hand are in a con- centrated and easily-handled form, the fertilising ingredients they contain being in a more or less soluble form, and thus readily available tor assi- milation by the plant or tree. The principal ingredients required by the orange for its proper development are lime, phosphorus, potash, and nitrogen, and if the soil is deficient in any of these materials the deficiency must be supplied before it can be made to produce the best returns. Lime should always be applied by itself, as, if used in conjunction with manures containing nitrogen, it will free the nitrogen contained in them, causing it to pass off in the form of ammonia vapour, and so be lost. Lime is best applied in the antumn or winter by being spread evenly over the surface of the ground, and then lightly ploughed in, Previous to spreading, it should be allowed to stand in heaps in the orchard for a short time so as to become partly air-slacked, when it can be easier and more eyeuly distributed, but if the soil is sour and stiff the lime is best applied hot. Lime, in addition to its manurial qualities, has also a chemical effect on the soil, as it neutralises the free vegetable acids that sour the land and also tends to break up the clayey matter of the soil, thereby liberating the potash it contains and rendering the land more triable and therefore more easily worked. Lime should never be ploughed in too deeply, it will sink fast enough by itself. Phos- phorus is obtained mainly from bones, coprolites, and phospatic guanos, but a new and cheap source is basic slag. Phosphates are usually applied to the soil eltherin the form of ground bones, or bone-meal when they are in an insoluble condition and not available for plant food till they have been rendered soluble by the carbonic acid gas dissolved in the water contained in the soil, so that their action is slower and more lasting than in the case of the other class— superphosphates,” where the insoluble phosphates have been ren- dered soluble by being treated with sulphuric acid. Thus, if a quick resultis desired, you use the Soluble phosphates, and if a slower and more lasting result is wished for use the insoluble or slowly-soluble phosphates. Generally speaking, the best results are derived from an admixture of the two kinds, as the soluble phosphates stimulate a rapid growth and the slowly-soluble phosphates maintain the growth when started. Potash is usually applied either in the form of kainit or of sulphate of potash, and, as a rule, except in soils very deficient in potash, it is better to apply it in conjunction with a mixture of phosphates rather than alone, so as to obtain the best results. Nitrogen is applied in the form of dried blood, and in the refuse from meat works and boiling-down establishments, when it is always combined with more or less organic matter and phosphates. In such circumstances it is often in not a very readily available form, and its action is in consequence much slower than in the case of the other forms in which it is applied to the soil, the principal of which are sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, and nitrate of potash (saltpetre). Of these latter the one almost ex- clusively used in this Colony is the sulphate ol ammonia, which is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of coal gas, Sulphate of am- 432 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist,’ [Dec. 1, 1899, monia acts very rapidly and causes the trees to throw out a vigorous growth, thereby making an increased call on the roots, so that its use must always be followed by that of othermanures. In order to produce the best effects sulphate of ammonia should always be used in conjunction with other manures, so that when its stimulating affects on the tree are over, the tree has the necessary plant food at hand to maintain a vigor- ous and healthy growth. Strictly stimulating manures such as sulphate of ammonia and soluble phosphates should never be applied except when the tree is making growth, and they'should always be followed by slower-acting manures so as to get the best permanent results, as if is no use to induce a strong growth by means of quickly acting soluble manures, if after they have become exhausted there is no plant food available for the tree to maintain the increased vigour of growth im- parted to it by the stimulating mandres. Nitrate of soda and nitrate of potash are somewhat similar in their action to sulphate of ammonia, and what I have said about the use of the latter applies equally tothem. Old and apparently worn-out orange trees can be often entirely renovated, provided the roots are sound, by following out such a treatment as I have described, and the results in any case will prove much more satis- factory than the common plan of using nothing but bone-meal, Manuring a tree continually with bone-meal and expecting to get the best results by so doing is like feeding a man on nothing ut bread, and expecting to get as much work out of him as if he were fed on a properly arranged diet, for trees, as men, require an admixture of different foods to produce the best results. ——_—_—___—_~ —___—_—- THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE. DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES. The distribution of prizes at the School of Agriculture took place on Ist December, Sir mh. N, Walker presiding, when the following Report was submitted by the Principal :— The School of Agriculture has now had an existence of 10 years, and the policy of the Govern- ment in providing the means of an Agricultural Education for the natives of the country is at one with that of most of the British colonies. So that the importance of a preparatory course of study for such of our youth as have an interest in agri- cultural pursuits, is admitted by the majority of our colonial rulers. In a paper on ‘Technical and Agticultural Edueation in the colonies,” read before the Royal Colonial Institute, the writer observes that “ he would be a bold man who in | the last decade of the nineteenth century would in the slightest degree undervalue what science can and does so largely give to agriculture ; or who would argue that because yonder fatmer has been a successful man, and yet could neither read nor write, he owes that success to the absence of education, In these days also edtedtion (not only in the principles which underlie his art but in the workings of the markets of the world) is so largely used against the farmer, that for the latter to neglect it would be the height of foolishness.” He then’goes on to show that as with the lawyer or medical man, soldier or sailor, & knowledge of the principles of his art is necéssury to ‘the Agricultutist. John Chalmers Morton, one of the leaders in the agricultural world, said when speak- ing before the Society of Arts:—“The sound preliminary education for which I am to argue, is not only the foundation-stone of a future building—it is the seed of a future life, with influ- ence and guidance in it, as well as mere security and strength. And the agriculturist, whatever the distinctive features of his occupation may be, will, I believe, quite as much as any other busy man, benefit by an education which may open his eyer a little wider than they are at present to matters which really concern himself, though they may seem outside the limits of his day’s work. Such are the opinions of those who have made a study of this subject; and such opinions are the securities for the bencfits of agricultural educa- tion: I do not give them by way of apology for the instruction imparted here, In this critical age it would seem to be expected as a matter of course, (and the expectation is not uncommonly realised) that individuals and bodies (whether educational or other) should defend their position against the attack of critics : but if those who have their work to do, and are endeavouring to do it to the best of their abilities, Stay to notice and consider how best to meet criticism, there will, | think, be little work done either by the private individual or the Govern- ment official. The object of the report I am expected to put before you today, sir, is to sketch the progress of the work done in connection with this school, particularly during the past year, and this I shall proceed to do without wearying you with details, which, however interesting they may be to some, would be out of place in a public gathering such as this. In the school proper many changes have taken place within the past year. Mr. Jayawardene, whose connection with the school dated from its very foundation, left us at the end of last year. lt is only right I should mention that he rendered valuable services, particularly in the early days of the school’s history, and it must be said to his credit that he was the first to attempt to carry on improved dairying in conection with the school. Mr. W. A. de Silva has also left us for a term, having’ been sent by the Government to prosecute his studies at the Bonibay Veterinary College, where he is doing credit to himself and to this institution where he recéived his educa- tion. Mr. Rodrigo has been transferred to the ' dairy, and he is working zealously there. The several vacancies created by these changes have been filled to the utmost satisfaction by Mr. D. A. Perera, acting headmaster, Mr. Hoole, 2nd assistant, and Mr. Samaranayake, native instructor. Another change of importance as regards thie . €urriculum is the addition of a course of veterin- ary lectures. Mr. Lye holds a class three times a week for the seniors and once a week for the junior students. ‘here is little doubt that his instruction will prove of value to the boys after they leave the school, though it would appear desirable that some arrangements should be made by which the students will have an opportunity of acquiring 4 more practical knowledge of their subject. How this is to be done—if possible— will “bé for the Veterinary Surgéon himself to decide, Dee. 1, 1893.3 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 433 The examinations this year were conducted by the Inspectors of the Director's Department, and some of the teachers of other Colleges. Mr. SENEVIRATNE, Inspector of Schools, Southern Circuit, who examined the boys on Botany wrote: “The fault, generally speaking, of the candidates, was a tendency to diffusiveness. I consider the work sent in by the first six candidates as very satisfactory.” Mr. Mernpis, of the Royal College, wrote regarding the Chemistry: “I think the work is very satisfactory. The other examiners have not made any special remarks of their own, but an inspection of the marks gained, whether in the general or technical subjects, will show that the teaching at the school has been carefully carried on. The accommodation available in these extensive buildings is now being fully utilized. A central training school for the training of Vernacular teachers has been located here. By this plan the students of the training school are given an oppor- tunity of acquiring a knowledge of Agriculture and Botany, while the agricultural students have the option of taking instruction in Sinhalese, school management and teaching. To complete the arrangements for the training of schoolmasters there is also provided a practising school, a day school attended by about 60 boys in the teaching of whom the training students under the direction of their headmaster, participate. The students of the School of Agriculture in addition to their class work, which occupies 4 or 5 hours a day, have 3 hours of out-door work on week days, with drill on Saturday. The time allotted for field worl is occupied in the preparation of the land for planting and in the cultivation of indigenous and introduced plants, useful either as tood or fodder crops. When possible new varieties of seeds are distri- buted among the Agricultural Instructors. I would strongly recommend that some provision should be made for a system of regular communi- earion with foreign, but especially Indian and Colonial Agricultural departments and societies. The benefits will be mutual. I found as the results of such communication carried on on my own account, thut while Lucerne, for instance, failed to grow from English seed sent by Sutton & Sons, it tlirives well when raised from seed procured in India. It was, again, a remark of mine contained in a letter to a gentleman in India that led to his getting from me some Mauritius grass (which he had never before heard cf) and introducing this important fodder crop to the district. The Dairy, to which I shall refer later, owes its present success to the satisfactory breed of cows, that were imported from Sind, and there suitable cattle were discovered after much corre- spondence, and later after personal interview with authorities on cattle. I mention these facts to indicate how much benefit may be expected to arise from not a mere casual correspondence but a regular system of communi- cation between ourselves and other Agricultural Institutions in India and the Colonies. There has been no increase in the number of Agricultural instructors within the past year, though there are doubtless many places, perhaps more remote than the present stations, which might advisedly be made centres of Agricultural work. I venture to think that more direct communication and consultation with this central institution will be beneficial to the instructors in their comparatively isolated and helpless condition, and if arrangements were sanctioned by which one of the officers of this school should periodically visit the Agricultural Instructors with the object of advising them and inspecting and reporting upon their work, I consider that these men could be made more useful than they are at present, and will go about their duties in a manner more satisfactory to themselves, the people of the district and the department. 1 doubt not if it be proved to his satisfaction that better results will be ensured by such a course, that our Director will, with his solicitude for the successful working of every branch of his department, see fit to recommend it. The idea of establishing a dairy in connection with the School of Agriculture arose more than two years ago, when His Excellency the Governor, who favoured the idea, desired the question of the practicability of starting and successfully maintaning such an institution, to be well threshed out. As the result of much deliberation the project was finally launched last July, when Your Excellency was administering the affairs of the colony. At that time there was a good deal of adverse criticism, of the policy of Government in deciding upon such a step, in some quarters, and one prominent Journalist delivered himself thus on the subject :— “We should not be surprised if, after a term, the Dairy, after it has taught its lesson of cleanli- ness, health, &c., comes to be closed as the Model (impiously called Muddle) Farm, as a too expensive luxury.” Without commenting on this to say the least of it, unkind opinion, I shall now very shortly trace the progress of the Dairy. During the month of June last,a herd of cows that were imported from India had to be maintained, the majority of them without giving any return in the form of milk. As @ consequence, it was found at the end of that month that there was a balance on the wrong side of R148-40, the receipts from sales of Dairy produce having amounted only to R257:70, while the cost cf maintaining the Dairy was R406°50. During July the supply of milk to the General Hospital was taken up, and at the end of that month the receipts had risen to R750:24, the ex- penses (which still included the cost of keeping a number of in-calf cows) stood at R664°30, and the profits were R86'94. In August the supply of milk to the following institutions was also undertaken, viz., the Lunatie Asylum, Leper Asylum, Police Hospital, De Soysa Lying-in-Home, Branch Hospital, Infectious Diseases Hospital. At the end of August the receipts were repre- sented by R1,248°52, the expenses stood at R737°55, and the profits were R511-47. In September the receipts aggregated R1,245-06, the cost of working the Dairy was R751:19, and the profits realized were R493°89. Last month the results were as follows:— Receipts from sales of milk R1,3879-80 Cost of working the Dairy 79867 Profits F e 58113 During the present month I do not expect the profits will be below R500, 434 Supplement to the I may mention that the total outlay on cattle, buildings, appliances, &c., did not exceed RLO,000. Up to the present, therefore you will I believe, agree with me in thinking that the Dairy has been a success; and as Superintendent of the institution I must. acknowledge that a good deal of the credit of that success is due to Mr. luye who has been most assiduous in his attention to the health and well being of the stock, and to the manager, Mr. Rodrigo, who has gone about his duties with an admirable spirit of heartiness. While a dairy isa desirable adjunct from an educational point of view, to a School of Agriculture, where the students are given an opportunity of acquiring (and it is to be hoped of disseminating) a knowledge of the management of cattle according to the most approved methods, 1 venture to think that the P.C.M.O. will endorse my sentiments when I say that the milk from the dairy comes as “a boon and a blessing ” to the inmates of the various hospitals and asylums. Moreover, the profits that arise from this enterprise, are not so trifling as not to be appreciated by the Government; while still further importance should, I think, be attached to the dairy as an instrument for good, in view of the fact that the breeding of improved stock is being carried on in connection with it. Nine’ of our present lot of students will be leaving us at the end of this session, after a two years’ course of training. Of these 6 are entitfed to Ast class certificates and 3 to 2nd class certificates. Of those who left us in previous years and are engaged in Agricultural pursuits, 10 are employed as instructors, 3 on tea plantations, and 9 engaged in private cultivation. Three others are in the Forest Department, 5 are engaged as vernacular teachers, and of 3 who have migrated to the Straits, one is employed in the Botanic Garden. Many will miss in this gathering the presence of Mr. H. W. Green, to whose liberal educational policy this school owes its existence. I must not omit to acknowledge my thanks to the liberal donors of special prizes in addition to those offered by the Department. I have now only to thank Your Excellency for haying so kindly come here today, with so little time at your disposal for other than purely official duties, to give away the prizes and certificates to the successful candidates, and by so doing to encourage us in our work, Tue Director or Pusiic InstRUCcTION then addressed the audience. He assured those present that the work during the past year had been wery successfully carried on under the superin- tendence of Mr. Drieberg. It had been very interesting owing to the introduction of a Veterinary class and the establishment of the Dairy. He wished to assure them that much ef the success of the Dairy was due to the exertions of Dr. Lye, the Veterinary Surgeon, who took a great deal of interest init, It also owed its success, he said, to the Superintendent of the Dairy Farm at Poona who took much interest in securing suitable cattle, The thanks of the Colony were due to these gentlemen. The Manager of the Dairy Farm, Mr. Rodrigo, jhad ‘also taken a great interest in it. He was a@ gtaduate of the school, and deserved thanks for his work. The other point he wished to speak upon was the suggestion made by the “Tropical Agriculturist,” | Dec. 1, 1893, Conservator of Forests for utilising this school for the training of men for the Ceylon Forest Department instead of obliging them to go to the Indian Government for men for this Depart- ment. The prizes, consisting of books and certifj- cates for nine students—six first-class and three second-class—were then distributed by H. E. the Lieut.-Goyernor, Mr, Drieberg reading the names, The prize winners were :— SENions,—Agriculture, A. M. Fernando; Science, D. K. William ; Veterinary, S. A. De Alwis; Eng- lish, G. Rajapakse; Mathematics, M. C. Cooray ; Sinhalese, G. Rajapakse; Practical Agriculture, D. A. de Silva ; Practical Chemistry, M. C. Cooray and 8S, A.de Alwis; Theoretical Chemistry, H. D. Louis. JUNIORS.—Agriculture, G. E. H. Fonseka- Science, G, E. H. Fonseka; Veterinary, D. A. Chinniah ; Mathematics, D. A. Chinniah ; English, A. Jansz; Sinhalese, G. E. H. Fonseka; Field Surveying, D. A. Chinniah ; Practical Agriculture, H. D. Martin; Dairy Works, G. E. H. Fonseka. CeRTIFICATES.—P. V. Kernando, A. M. Fer- nando, G. Rajapakse, H. D. Louis, M. A. Fernando, S. A. De Alwis, M. C. Cooray, D. A. De Silva, D. K. William. A special prize by Mr. Rodrigo for Practical Dairy was presented to A. De Alwis. H. E. the Lizur.-Governor addressed the au- dience. He said he had great pleasure in coming there that evening and meeting the masters and students of the school. He congratulated them on the good account of their stewardship given in the report read by Mr. Drieberg, and he also congratulated those students who were fortunate enough to carry away the prizes. With those who did not receive prizes he sympathised very much, and he asked them to rest assured that although they did not obtain prizes, the instruc- ticn and the training they received there would bring their own reward in time. The Superin- tendent, he said, referred in his report to one of the old boys of the school who was now prosecuting his studies in the Agricultural Col- lege at Bombay, and that he was doing good work there. He could confirm that remark, and he could say more of that student—Mr. Silva he believed—as he had seen a report which he believed Mr. Drieberg had not seen, received from the Bombay authorities, and which was couched in even more eulogistic terms than the remarks of Mr. Drieberg. The receipt of that report was a great encouragement to the Government who had been able to send up this student to Bombay to prosecute his studies there, in a college which possessed several ad- vantages, which were not to be found here. He was also glad to inform them that the Conservator of Forests had reported to him that in filling up vacancies in the Forest De- partment he always gave preference to those candidates who had undergone a_ successful course of study in the School of Agriculture, and he thought this would be another encourage- ment for the students of this school. His Excellency then said that Mr. Rodrigo and others connected with the Dairy were certainly to be con- gratulated on the very successful, work they hac done. With reference to some outside Dec. 1, 1893.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” criticism he said that as soon as the general community couid take up such matters, and competition sprang up, the Government would readily give up the undertaking, if it was deemed necessary, but until such time came the Dairy would provide a good supply of milk, When such a time comes the Government would not regret the impetus given to the general community to take the matter up. It remained for him on behalf of Government to thank all those connected with the Dairy for carrying it to a successful issue. He was very much pleased to hear of the hearty co-operation of the Veterinary Surgeon Dr. Lye, in the work of this establishment, and this was what he expected from Dr. Lye and what H. E. had observed from several opportunities he had had of forming an opinion, but it was none the less pleasing to him and the Government to hear the public acknowledgement of it by the Superintendent. As there were other speakers to follow he would onJy add one word more, and that was, that he would wish those students who were now leaving the School should be successful in the world, and he hoped that they would not regret the time they had spent in this school. He also hoped that they would during their whole course of life greatly profit by the instruction received. The Hon. E. Evriorr congratulated the Princi- pal on his report, and especially as to the new departure in regard to the Dairy. He was glad to hear the financial prospects were encourag- ing, but he warned the Superintendent against desiring to show a profit at too early a stage ; the work was experimental and pioneers generally worked ataloss. They had heard of what was doing within these walls, but he could give some account of what former students had done elsewhere, especially in the Eastern Province. He had had their co-operation of several in agricultural experiments, and was happy to be able to testify that they were all a credit to the school in which they were trained. They were capable agriculturists and intelligent work- men, who understood their work and knew how and when to plough, to sow, to water and to reap. They were, however, handicapped in their work, and rather expected like the Hebrew of old to make bricks without straw. They had no money, no seed paddy, no implements given them, but were generally attached to an ordin- ary village school and expected to cultivate paddy in an improved style. Progress under such circumstances was difficult, and their motto must be taken from the tortoise rather than the hare—“Slow but sure.” In the Eastern Province he had been able to find funds for working on a somewhat larger scale, and atten- tion had been paid tothe improved cultivation of vegetables, arrowroot, cassava and other pro- ducts which would increase the food supply in the drier zones. Cotton, too, had received at- tention, but the principal cultivation had been of paddy, and doubtless his hearers would like to know the result. Well, they had cultivated 221 acres in three different localities in three years, of which one was a very unfavourable one, at a cost of R3,596 paying for everything, and the crops raised had realised R4,688, leaving a profit of R1,092, which was equivalent to a | do so, and paddy cultivation return of 14 per cent on the capital value of the land. There was a good case for paddy cultivation and irrigation. He desired in speak- ing on this subject, not to say anything in depreciation of other branches of agriculture, He wished them God speed, but all did not was run down in several quarters, and it had been actually suggested that the production of paddy in this island was falling off. It was easy to start a hare of this sort but hard to run it down, and a simple denial would have had no effect. He had therefore compiled the tables he held in his hands, from the most reliable sources available, viz., the published Blue Book returns, showing the area cultivated in each district for the past 25 years and the estimated crops yielded. The first fact he had elicited was that the area cultivated with paddy during 1892, (613,176 acres) was the highest for the period specified, and the estimated crop was 8,363,000, say 83 millions of bushels. But as only under one-sixth of the area was profited by irrigation works, aad the rest depended on the direct rainfall, the cultivation was still liable to great fiuctuations, and it was not safe or fair to draw inferences from the results of a single year. It would be better to take the average of a series of years, and comparing on this basis the result of the first five of the past 25 years with the last five, the figures worked out as follows :—The average area cultivated had ad- vanced from 511,367 acres to 574,521 acres, or an advance of 124 per cent, and the outturn of crops had increased from 6,268,000 (say 64 millions) to 9,476,000 (say 94 millions) of bushels of paddy, or over 50 percent. His hearers would doubt!ess enquire how it was that the area cultivated had increased only one- eighth when the crops had increased one-half. The reply was simple and might be tersely put that where there was water there was no more land available, and where there was land there was no water. In the Western Province (except in the Muturajawela swamps) which were now being improved and cultivated, he was informed by a credible authority there was no great extent ot waste land suitable for paddy, not already under cultivation. He could answer there was but little in Galle and none in Matara. Further east there was lots of land, but the water stored only sufficed for the land already under culti- vation, but there were heaps of land only wait- ing until further waterworks were provided for storing the floods which now at times rolled down useless to the sea. Only a vigorous gen- erous expenditure on irrigation was required to materially extend the cultivation of paddy, which our native friends of all classes were ready to undertake. Not only the individual called the ignorant ‘“ goyiya,’ but the Moratuwa capitalist, was equally willing,and assoonas ready access was provided, and when the railway to Bentota was completed, went down and competed for the lots of the land available in the Bentota Korale. Such men know what paid and what did not. just as well as any Eurpean capitalist, and though they and others had now embarked largely on the cultivation of coconuts and even tea, he did not know if a single acre of paddy land which had been in consequence abandoned. 436 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” (Dee. 1, 1893. _ In conclusion, Mr. Elliott apologised for the length of his remarks, but he had thought they would he of interest to the students and their friends and others interested in native agricul- ture, and would furnish them with information not generally available for justifying the atten- tion and time devoted to what must always remain the chief food supply of the people. The Rey. A, PAToN who was the next speaker, said he trusted that he was discharging his sacred duties here, but outside of these he was trying to find an interest in all the life and natural products of this lovely Island, and he could conceive of no sphere for thoughtful and practical minds more full of interest and general public benefit than that of practical agriculture, in relation to the sciences. In thinking of Agri- culture here we were not to think merely or Ynainly of the ordinary farm products of the old country, but under this we were to thiuk of nearly all the products of the soil in this luxuriant climate and what a field was thus opened up, In their agricultural products most countries found their wealth, and this was essentially so in regard to Ceylon. Tropical agricultural products must be her strength. And everything that would contribute to the greater quantity and better quality of them was so much gain to the individual and general welfare of the community. Now very many of the sciences could lend their aid here. Chemistry, Botany, Geology, Zoology were all helping hand- maids in this mighty industry. In the old land practical agriculturists had a somewhat poor opinion of mere theoretical farmers; and practical knowledge was an absolute essential. Don't let students here imagine that with a mere smatter- ing of these sciences they are equipped; but with practical knowledge the intelligent mind that knew the laws and the general principles of these sciences as they bore upon practical agriculture was much better fitted to improve and develope the products of the soil and adapt them to its varying character. There was a curious tendency in agriculture to be conservative, and slow to adopt new systems. It is specially so with Eastern nations. Competition and the very struggle for existence had forced agriculture to advance with leaps and bounds in the old home Jands, and but for machinery, and improved culture and selection in herds and flocks, farming there would practically be driven out of existence. And no one could be in this land as he had been with open eyes, without realizing that something, that very much could be done and must be done in time of an improved nature in this industry. This was not, of course, to be done by merely importing our Western modes and conceptions, but by the application of rational scientific principles to the growth and culture of the narural products, the introduction and judicious fostering of new products suited to the island, and the improvement of native breeds or the prudeat ‘selection of ther breeds of live stock. In ‘all these departments there was room for wise men doing great service. He could not help admiring the wonderful way in which our industrious and thoughtful planting community had in such a short time adapted new growths as dire necessity demanded and done ‘wonders in improving the culture. Yet even the most _ Agriculture. thoughtful of them admitted that scientific’ knowledge might be more and more demanded if their growths and quality were to be long maintained on the same soils. Something might thus have yet to be learned by all of us by the aid of science combined with practical experiment. - Again, although the natura] products of the island were the wonder and the charm of all who visited it, yet it was fully conceded that much might be accomplished from the commercial value point of view, by the more carefully selected seeds that were sown, and the more improved varieties of young plants that were grown. All this was the outcome of knowledge which was science. In many instances also something might be accomplished by a more varied rotation of cropping than was practised, for science told us that different crops extracted different elements from the soil, and where one would fail another would succeed. No one could observe without positive pain, the want of care and selection of the cattle in Colombo; it was little else than a public crime to see mongrel herds allowed to mix and reproduce weeds and rags, just as they chanced to mate, when the least care in the selection of the breeding stock might at least perpetuate and improve such good qualities as they possessed. Even although we might not import and cross, which might be a doubtful experiment, a little scientific knowledge of the laws of breeding and propagat- ing might make the native breed of a much higher and better general quality to the benefit of the country. As to mutton he had to coutess that he scarcely yet could distinguish between the goat andthe sheep: and although we could not expect to find here the Leicester or the South-down, yet a little scientifie breeding might enable us without much effort to decide whether it were lamb or kid that was heing served on the table, and without ajming at a reproduction of the Berkshire pig, we might get something better than the degenerate specimens of their wild ancestors of the forest. It might indeed with some justice be urged that flesh food might not be so much required in this warm clime, but milk was of the very essence of necessity, and this he believed to be one of the most clamant wants in Colombo, and in their dairy they were doing one of the highest services to the community; and he rather thought one of the greatest pecuniary benefits to themselves. With milk at 3s. a gallon and butter at 2s. 6d. or 3s. a lb. the wonder to him was that it ‘had been left to the Government to institute such a dairy, and that private enterprise had not takenit up. When he went home to Scotland and told some of his folks of this, they would think little of their 1s. a lb. for butterand their 10d. a gallon for milk, and there might be a rush of dairy-men toColombo. There was great room here for scientific selection and propagation of the best class of milk producers. To the students he said, that when they left the school let them not think that their Agricultural education was complete. It was only begun, so let them walk humbly, observe minutely, experiment cautiously, and when'they were old men they would on then feel how little even they know of the’ great principles cf scientific and practical He knew no land that gave such’ “Dec. 1, 1893 | Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 437 opportunities tor the study of natural sciences as this, where Dame Nature seemed to spread her luxurious covering over all, and clothed everything in robes of beauty, unless it be these tiny dusky urchins, who fortunately required little of garb, except the string and charm around their loins. The Hon. A. De A. SENEVIRATNA said he was thankful for the successful work carried on there, and the public ought to be very thankful to the Government for enabling a student of this College to prosecute his studies in India, and for the encouragement thus given to the youths of Ceylon. He was glad to hear of the success of the student at Bombay. He next referred to the valuable services of the Veterinary Surgeon in the Dairy, but said with a view to rendering such services more valuable he thought the establishment of a hospital for animals was necessary. People then would bring up animals is r ‘received now. for treatment, and the students under the Surgeon would be able to gain a practical knowledge in addition to the theoretical knowledge they He was very glad to hear that some of the past students of the school were cultivating their own lands, and by such work they could teach their neighbours a better mode of agriculture. He would be glad to hear of the increase of such students from this school. The encouragement given to students to enter the Forest Department was also a pleasing matter, and he thought a training in Forestry would also be of great advantage to those students who might wish to improve their own lands. THE DiREcTOR oF Pusiic InstRucTIon then thanked His Excellency for presiding and distri- buting the prizes, and the gathering dispersed after cheers for H. E. and the Director, Refresh- ments were then served to those assembled. fad tide hs? Peta aoe A sheesh ‘i pi @ iy ee Gites > Pairs see | oe Bic Hei bite tot Cael: ne iOh ee ; : ta. esl : tot 8 ca ¥¥E od fasted yes, Suc? one i ; oe iS hay Rear ode ut Pde HA a ; pean fy ee ; ‘j » lotta AT Wepre +: ; orap? ty A ipitane fetes ofse ‘erate. Bes Qa fie PSO idevsais WR ond ‘ Alive Marae. rel. ee eit yo | ais dys. e+ oA = ; edneatriiok Hees. ny t Avo They trad | ae , efiiral eS pied hed yn en eae Vdetusrdd } futher fore syste Prey aeree Fy aut «oe nurommerts. wT ye ¥ bedi, §s Ly ae sia wey oat c rea 2 #i oo ‘ie i besreqatb’ get dite adr tet | : “gan 4 Mis Anovbeodl a Monti uit b a9 at = af al ner taal . | baldmnosan: swnedtornt let hice ral o> in oleh up yahd™ ne y — , he 4< oh ’ ome ae , 7 : KY < . ry H hone pa, dyes ry us = Fi is ‘ Ke an . - % if i a i ‘ cones Mt: . ray ' nt bel hay i ? . t/ ‘ ? 4) vo te \ i Rll . } ‘ r ; f “phy io ee 2 tei : %: f i p fs a 4,42 ~~ a) Mog oS ioe : f \ ¥ A A rt i f 7 4 « 3 = P " “s or ses r se a ' eT aes ORE Cheating? Bi ies ey mh ge pbs e tk. S38 et hb it e Tarde Pt es: : ; ae frrthoeat | a a thith Tee : : { by ‘3 " ty % " ay ker ss ia Rome = - - ; " i : i ; ff is \ Ey | ay : 4 A f ; ( wk - We ' ; ie : Mas R — \ - Fae ; : ; AP) : ; . MAJOR SKINNER, Tropical Agriculturist Portrait Gallery. No. V. C.M.G. VOL XII.) COLOMBO, JANUARY ist, 1804. Noo 3: “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON,” MAJOR THOMAS SKINNER, OM.G.,’ THE GREAT “ ROADMAKER” OF CEYLON; ALSO A PIONEER IN ‘COFFEE PLANTING,” O writea biographical notice of Ceylon’s great ‘‘ Road- maker” within the compass of a few pages, is no easy task. Even the auto- biographical volume — pub- lished by W. H. Allen & Co., “Fifty Years in Ceylon” gives but a very in- adequate account of the career of an admin- istrative officer whose life’s work was so closely identified with the material progress of the Colony, and especially with the development of the Planting Enterprise in its Mountain Zone. We shall endeavour after very briefly noticing the main events of Major Skinner’s life, to point out that portion of his work which bore more especially on the Planting Industry in Ceylon. The subject of our sketch was born in St. John’s, Newfoundland, on the 22nd May 1804, his father an officer in the Royal Artillery being then stationed there, and he seems to have been the only son of his mother who died while he was still an infant. Coming to England when 7 yearsof age, he was placed for six years in the charge of an_ easy-going Dorsetshire clergyman, and then, in 1818, left to join his father at Trincomalee, being intended for the Royal Navy. On the advice of naval officers of position, his father agreed to try him in the Army instead, and Governor Sir Robert Brownrigg early in 1819 gazetted Mr. Thomas Skinner, aged between 14 and 15, to a vacancy a second Lientenant in the Ceylon Regiment. In this capacity, the lad in his se hoolboy jacket, had to march from Trincomalee, on his first military duty in charge of detachments of the 73rd, 83rd and Ceylon Ritle Regiments, across the whole breadth of the island—anything like a proper road being then unknown—via Kandy to Colombo, and that, too, while the country was still in an unsettled state after the Rebellion of 1818. No wonder though the appearance of, we suppose. the youngest officer in the British Army, created astonishment on parade in Kandy, and afterwards in Colombo, as he marched beside six-foot Grenadiers at the head of his detachment in ‘* Eton jacket”; for Colombo at the time was garrisoned by a ‘little army” of several regiments besides Artillery, Engineer Corps and even a Troop of Dragoons. Of the youthful Lieutenant’s experiences at Colombo, Kandy, Maturata—(where he shot his first ele phant, a splendid tusker under circumstances that excited the admiration of the Malays for their «“tuan kitchel” “little gentleman” or officer, )— and Kurunegala, much might be said. But although Lieut. Skinner, had he continued in the regular service, was bound to rise to a very high position, especially if active service in India or Europe had brought into play his strong, resourceful as well as determined character ; yet his career could not have been more useful or honorable than that which followed his acceptance from Lieut.-Governor Sir Edward Barnes, in 1820, of an appointment on the great military road which His Excellency, had just commenced between Co” lombo and Kandy. Lieut. or rather Ensign Skinner, ith two years’ service, was still only in his * We regret ete ae eneraving ‘of Major Skiuner is blurred and Gihoxwike that it ages his PT ar, manly features 50 utah lees than justice.—Eb. 440 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1894. eR ere sent ees e-em shennan sentence erie W7th year when he was placed in charge of some eleven miles of the more difficult portion of the road between Ambanpitiya through the Ballapany Valley to Waracopoly, at the head of a considerable force of unskilled labourers, the major portion being Kandyan villagers who had been in open rebellion only two years before. We wish we could wait to shew in detail, how he gained their confidence, as also complete rule over them, so that Sir Edward Barnes’s frequent endorsement on the Progress Reports was “ thislad is doing well with his Kandyans ;”’ he opened his 11 miles within the year ; never touched “stimulants” (although heayy drinking was the general rule among the other officers) and earned the high opinion of the Major-General Lt.-Governor. He was next moved to the un- healthiest section at Allowe on the Mahaoya, where a large force under Col. Brown, R.£., was concentrated ; but jungle fever having broken out, very soon Lieut. Skinner was the only effective European officer left—testimony to his temperance and good constitution which had previously carried him through severe attacks of dysentery. He could not, however, expect to escape fever altogether, and at last got so bad an attack that he was invalided to England. In 1822 he revisited old Dorset school- master as a lad of 18, but an officer of three years’ standing, who had already bagged his half-dozen elephants! So small and active was he, that in 1823 when weighed (in England) he was only 7} stone. After visiting his father’s family in Newfoundland, the young Lieutenant returning to England, embarked for Ceylon again on the 15th April 1825, the vessel carrying the head- quarters of the 97th regiment and a num ber of distingnished officers. Chess seemed to be the chief object of attention on board, and Mr. Skinner, who scarcely knew the game, when he embarked became the best player of the ship’s ‘‘club” before the voyage ended. A curious coincidence, attended both his outward. voyages to Ceylon thus :— : 15th April 1818, embarked off the “Falcon Hotel,” at Gravesend. i 10th August 1818, anchored in Back Bay, Trinco- malee, P 15th April 1825, embarked off the “Talcon Hotel,” at Gravesend. : 10th August 1825, anchored on same spotin Back Bay Trincomalee. : he distance run in 1825 was 13,581 miles. On arriving in Colombo, Lieut. Skinner (who was only just of age) got the choice from Sir Edward Barnes, now full Governor and Lieut.-General, of becoming one of his As.D.C. or Staff Officer of Colombo. He chose the latter, laborious post without considering what it involved ; for as we his read the garrison of Colomboin 1825 consisted of,— - A Troop of Dragoons. 3 A Detachment of Royal Artillery. A Detachment of Royal Engineers. A Company of the Royal Staff Corps. i 16th Regiment. A portion of this cegiment detached. 75th Regiment. 83rd Regiment, 97th Regiment. Ceylon Rifles. Gun Lasecars. Armed Lascoryns. Several detachments were drafted from these regi- ments, but still the garrisou was large;and its duties were conducted on the most strict and rigid principles. A field officer and two subalterns were on garrison duty every day ; guard-mounting was done with the utmost formality ; guards were “ trooped” every morn- ing. and not the slightest deviation from established forms was permitted without the field officer of the day being called upon to give his reasons in writing. The commandant was present at. guard mounting about three days in each week. I do not believe that the garrison at Gibraltar could have been under stricter discipline than that of Colombo at this time. The Governor insisted on the young Staff Officer taking"up his residence in King’s House, and hence- forward until Sir Edward Barnes’ departure for India at the end of 1831, he Jived on terms of closest- intimacy with that most distinguished officer and administrator whom he admired and served with the utmost enthusiasm. Of Lieut. Skinner’s un- equalled activity at this time, two illustrations may be briefly mentioned : he was ordered to pro- ceed to Negombo, 23 miles north of Colonibo, make a plan of barracks there and prepare an estimate for their repair. He left King’s Honse at 2 p.m. on his grey Arab, arrived at Negombo Within 2 hours, made his measurements in an hour and galloped back in time to bathe, dress and attend a dinner party where the Governor and Lady Barnes were present. On seeing him, His Excellency, never dreaming the inspection had been made, was most indignant at the apparent dereliction of duty until he learned the facts, which pleased him immensely. Shortly after, the young Lieutenant was forced into a ride in the dark by the Governor's Military Secretary, Col. Churchill, on a wager of £50: riding to Veyangoda 25 miles and back between midnight and the hour of guard-mounting 6 a.m. He did it with half-an-hour to spare. But no officer had ever less to do with betting or gambling, equally with drinking, than the sub- ject of our notice, and Lient. Skinner had also an intense dread of getting into debt even for & purpose, such as buying a regimental step, which might well have justified the loan. He allowed himself be purchased over more than once ; declined a purse got up by brother officers who thought it a disgrace he should be so Jong without his ‘‘ Company ;” and specially prevented Governor Barnes from giving himthe preference fora Captaincy over Lient. Rogers—afterwards Major Rogers of Uva. Rogers was the great hunter, 1,500 elephants have fallen to him altogether, and was Major Skinner’s closest friend until he- was killed by lightning at the Haputale Pass on 8th June 1845. In this way it happened that Mr. Skinner served no fewer than 17 years as subaltern, before he got his Company in 1835, when-in-his 3lst-year. jan. 1 1894.] But to go back, the years 1827-8-9 proved a busy time with military duty in Colombo ; but there were frequent opportunities for sport, especially with elephants, herds of which in those days were frequently seen near Hanwella or Negombo, 20 miles from Colombo. The death on 28th March 1829 of Capt. Dawson, R.E., whose monument stands at the head of the Kadugan- nawa Pass was a severe blow to Lieut. Skinner, and the death of another officer (Lieut. W. Moore, Royal Staff Corps) led to his being ap- pointed Deputy-Assistant Quartermaster-General on the 25th Noy. 1829. All public works in the island were at that time placed under this military department, so that Lieut. Skinner had charge of the roads and bridges made or making ‘in the interior,” and this gave him plenty of riding and work all over the Kandyan Provinces. In Aug. 1830,Sir Edward Barnes sent his favourite young officer on a special mission to the Eastern Archipelago. and Java, connected with the recruiting of Malays. A Government barque with guns, ammunition, and marine artillery and some infantry was placed at his disposal. He was absent seven months and discharged his mission to the entire satisfaction of the Governor. On his return, he resumed charge of the roads in the Kandyan Provinces. Some years before he had traced the Colombo- Puttalam road, and again in 1828 that from Gampola to Ramboda. In 1832, he was detached to open a road between Arippu, on the North- West Coast, the headquarters of the Pearl Fisheries, and Anuradhapura, the ancient capital of the island. Lieut. Skinner may be said to have been the first to discover the wonderful resources of the Nuwarakalawiya district, and in a memorable State paper in 1833, addressed to His Excellency Sir Robert Wilmot- Horton (who was a great friend of his), he strongly urged that Governor to become the ‘‘ Regen- erator of Nuwarakalawiya,” a task which would have been readily undertaken had the revenue (only R3,700,000 per annum ! then) permitted ; but this regeneration had to be deferred for forty years till the time of Sir Wm. Gregory and afterwards of Sir Arthur Gordon. In 1833 when ‘‘ Compul- sory Service” (semi-slavery) was abolished in Ceylon, Lieut. Skinner propounded the scheme afterwards (in 1849) matured on a modified scale by Sir Philip Wodehouse, and passed as the Road Ordinance and Tax which have done so much to cover the island with a network of subsidiary prin- cipal and minor roads. Peradeniya satinwood bridge designed by his chief, General Fraser, was erected under Lieut. Skinner’s care in 1833, as many as 1,200 men being employed in laying and filling up the approaches, ce. After this a Civid Engineer and Surveyer- General was appointed for Ceylon, and all roads THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘any man could have endured. 44 and works were handed over to him, while the Quartermaster-General’s Department undertook a iilitary reconnaisance and survey of the Mountain Zone. On this survey, Lieut. and latterly Capt. Skinner was engaged with few intermissions, from Sept. 1833 to 1840, the total payments to his staff of Caffres —(South Africans, whom he describes as by far the best native soldiers and hardiest men ever brought to Ceylon)—and coolies, being only R4,372 in the seven years!; while the one-inch Plan of the Kandyan Provinces and the General Map of Ceylon were the result of these labours. Capt. Skinner all through his career took a pride in the economy attending his work, and indeed he often suffered great privations during his survey operations. He was the first officer to explore 500 square miles of forest included in the ‘* Wilderness of the Peak,” and here are extracts from his autobiography, we cannot deny ourselves the pleasure of making :— Although it was most interesting, it was precious hard work, delightful to think of in the retrospect. lor six or seyen months in every year I never knew the shelter of aroof from between tour or five o’clock in the morning till seven in the evening, and occasion- ally much later. My fare, too, was often humble enough. On one occasion, going into the Wilderness ot the Peak—which comprises about 500 square miles of splendid forest within its extreme boundaries—ta make my reconnaisance sketch of it, my time being limited before the rains might be expected, I could not wait for the supplies which I had sent a corporal and another man down to Saffragan to purchase, I had expected some dozens of fowls for my six weeks’ or twa months’ supply, but the men returned, after rather a lengthened absence, with only fiye miserable chickens, three of which had died from the rain and cold on their way up to the Peak, the other two had sentence of death passed on them immediately on their arrival ; they all found their way into curries, the only dish they were fit for; those that had died on their way up tha Peak did not die a natural death, haying been killed by the cold instead of witha knife. This was all the animal iood I had during nearly two months; I had a little salt fish, which was served out to me most spar- ingly, about a square inch for each meal, to give a relish to a little plain boiled rice. My people had a very knowing dodge of getting at my small stock of wine, under the plea that the bottles were broken by the men falling on the rugged rocky ground over which they had to travel. It appeared to me that though the bottles were broken, little of their contents wera spilt. These two months proved the hardest work I ever had, as hard, under the circumstances, as I believe My wigwam consisted of five sheets of the talipot leaf, stitcned together with shreds of the same material. Hach leaf was about six by four feet; three of these formed two sides and one end, with two others for the roof; along the top was a little ridge cap of the same material; the end which formed the door was always open. This tent of leaves contained my little camp bed, a small camp table, and chair. I think the talipot leayes used to cost me 134d., and generally lasted me the working season, which was six months; my lodgings, therefore, were not expensive ! I used often to see the most wonderful effects when thus camping out. On one occasion my sojourn on Adam's Peak lasted for a fortnight on the top of the cone, where I was waiting for clear weather, which I did not get, to admit of my competing my obserya- tions, One morning as the sun was rising, the shadow of the mountain was thrown across the whole land ang 442 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jaw. f, 1894, sea to the horizon, and for a few minutes the apex was doubled, and so clearly marked that the little shed over the impression of Buddha's Foot wa3 perfectly distinct in the shadow. Another most curious effect was when the mist had lain deep in the valley below, between the great Peak range and the opposite range of Rackwanie, it was an exact representation of the see; the clouds rollinz against the base of the moun- tains resembling the surf beating against the cliffs which seemed to project into the sea, the points of the hills peeping through the mist appeared like beautiful little islands, At another time, looking down from the cone, a small white cloud, the size of a man’s hand, might be seen floating upwards, about midway between the mass of vapour sea below and the top of the peak. Some- times, under certain conditions of the atmosphere, this little bit of fleecy vapeur would suddenly expand into a huge dark cloud, and come rolling up the cone, ap- parently lashing it as if with its utmost fury; aid then suddenly enyelope it with a dark mantle—a strange contrast to the clear blue atmosphere through which but a few minutes before objects might have been seen sixty or seventy miles distant. Many were his adventures during this survey work which carried him from Adam’s Peak to the top of Pidurutalagala, and thence to Nama- nakulikande above Badulla. His interest in the ** Wilderness of the Peak” continued very great, and if Capt. Skinner had had his way, it would have been thoroughly opened up by roads in Governor Stewart Mackenzie's day when the ‘rush” into planting, and especially Ambega- muwa, first commenced. What will the plant- ng residents in Dimbula, Dikoya and Maskeliya way of the following letter addressed to the Governot of Ceylon over 53 years ago, as well {nileed, of the above account of the first survey of their districts, by this true Pioneer of Planting and Civilisation ? :— Ambagamuwa, 11th August, 1840. My Dear Sir,—I am very sorry that your Excel- lency’s letter of the 1st instant has remained so long unanswered. I received it on the eve of my departure from ( olombo, and being destined for this place, as there are points in it that I could only reply to by information which I expected to receive here, I yen- tured to defer the acknowledgment of it till now. On my arrival here on the 7th, I found that both the Sur- veyors, Mr. Bagenall and Mr. Sargent, from whom I made inquiries as to the lands which had already been appropriated in this vicinity, had gone down to Palam- éttia with Captain Lillie, and it was only last evening that I met them. He gave me such a sweeping list of Jots applied for, that I feel it would be quite hopeless my attempting to describe them to you. I will there- fore request Mr. Norris to send your Excellency a copy of the general sketch of the whole, which I under- stand he has, and by which you will perceive that the margin of the Great Wilderness of the Peak (in this particular direction) is tolerably well allotted. Iam sorry that Anstruther and Wodehouse are so late in the field, for I should have preferred seeing them in this neighbourhood, instead of either of the two, for which the latter has such a predilection, viz. Ballangoddi and on the ascent to the Peak from Ratna- pura. I fear they will both (and all the south-western falls of the great mountain zone) be too much exposed to the violence of the south-west monsoon winds, and at the elevation they would require for coffee would be subject to continued fogs for seven or eight months ut of the twelve. : °"Ballangoddi has the additional disadvantage that it ia thirty miles from water carriage by a most imprac- ticable native path along which a loaded bullock could t travel, and thelands they might select may pos- sibly he ten gx twelve miles of this road. This is a kK grave matter, selecting a site for an estate on which parties seem determined to go ahead, at the A. and W. seem bent on, Mr. Turnour's land here is that piece which your Excellency went over after a five o clock breakfast on the banks of the Attella Oya, where you may remember was a pretty little waterfall. It is described by all who have seen it as the finest piece of land in all this neighbourhood. I suspect we saw the worst portions of it on that occasion. Mr. Carr’s and my land is the sloping forest on the rignt bank (within the elbow) of the Mahavilla Ganga, the villages of Ambegamoa being our northern boundary; but as regards relative positions of this and other estates (!!!) Mr. Norris's surveying sketch will explain them better thanI can. I have asked him to send you a copy of it. With all these purchases and applications, the demand for land appears to be just as insatiable as ever, while the general cry is ‘* Where shall we go to look for land?” In yain I proclaim that there isa choice of between 200,000 and 300,000 acres of the finest forest land in Ceylon within the Wilderness of the Peak, possessing in the most eminent degree every requisite of soil and climate, far above anything to be found on these outskirts of it. ‘“* How are we to get at it?"’ is the not unnatural sequence, for although | have spent many dr months in it, and there is not a roe I have not tra- versed, nor a feature, from the highest point of which, and from the top of the highest tree to be found on it, I bave not attempted to sketch in my reconnaisance, I know that manya man might dive into the depth of 500 square miles of unbroken pathless forest, who would never find his way out of it again. Will you Sir, just open your map and look at the distance between Kotmalie Valley and B oddi, and consider that by opening a bridle path, and build- ing twosmall temporary Rest Houses between those places, you wonld open out a country such as has not yet been presented to the capitalist; a large area of land with a climate more like that of Southern Buro than a region within 7° or 8° of the equator, and in which I believe may be produced most European vegetation. I respectfully urge upon your Excellency that the object is well worthy of the trifling outlay it will cost. T leave out of the question the great advantage which would result from establishing a direct communication between the central and southern provinces of the island. Instead of, as is now the case, a traveller being compelled to go round the base of the mountains, descending from Kandy to Pallapany, thence b Ruwanwella and Ballangoddi, or if by the eastward, then over the highest mountains of the country Nowara Elliya, and thence by one of the three follow- ing passes, viz. Gallagamwa, Idulgashenia, or between thot and Allipot. I feel pretty confident that I might offer to open a 5-feet path, build and furnish the two Rest Houses, from the proceeds of the sale of land along the line during. the first six months after it was opened. [ trust your Excellency will excuse me if Iam permit- ting myself to address you too oe this subject: I feel intensely interested in it. Who can view this exquisite scenery, enjoy this perfect climate (at pre- sent the themometer is between 67° and 68°) without feeling that it would be conferring a blessing upon humanity to be the means of removing some 20,000 of the panting, half-famished creatures from the burning, sandy plains of Southern India to such (compara- tive) paradise ; benefiting not only them, the colony, the indiyidual by means of whose capital they wonld be brought here, but ~Iso our own native Singhalese people inhabiting the margin of this wilderness, living as they now are like monkeys, for safety compelled ta hide jn places scarcely accessible to man, to render their dwe ling inaccessible to el phants. Many totaily unahle to cu tivate a grain of paddy. or to procure a - morsel of salt, wou'd find ‘hemselyes attracted to 3 new centre within this, at present, trackless wilder- ness, which (although [ have often been jeered at for stating it), I advisedly repeat, is destined ere long to become the garden of Ceylon, such a garden as has not” Jan. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 443 entered into the mind of us Pioneers to conceive—a garden cf European as well as of tropical productions, peopled with Huropean as with Asiatic faces ‘l'o facilitate this desirable end, I plead for a_ bridle-path as the first requisite. Hard work and priva'ion have endeared the Wilder- ness of the Peak to me, Ihave often had rough work in it, crossing flooded rivers, and living on edible roots and plants, which the Singhalese, familiar with forests, alone could have selected; but my last two months and a half work in it were the most trying, from con- tinued insufficiency of food. I reached Adam’s Peak as light of baggage as could be, hoping to be able to get some fowls up from Ratnapura. My messengers returned with only five; three died on their journey up, from cold and wet, the remaining two had to be kil ed on arrival to “‘saye”’ their lives. They all in due course found their way into curries, and [ could not discover which had yielded to the sharpness of cold, or which to that of steel. They constituted the only animal food I had during the ten weeks when, working every hour against time, I accomplished my task, having worked up to the top of Pedrotallagalle befo-e the monsoon burst, and I have thought well of the sustaining properties of bviled rice ever since. ITremain your Excellency’s faithful servant, (Signed) T. Skinner. Of Capt. Planter* we have the following :— In 1840 the officers of the public service ran wild i re coffee-planting. As pioneers they were encouraged, to the ruin of many; for though one or two had been very s'ecessful, others lost heavily by embarking in an enterprise of which they were perfectly ignorant. Sir W. O. Carr, the chief justice, and myself went into partnership. Our estate had only just come into bear- ing when the protective duties in Ceylon were remov- ed, and the price our produce realised fell from up- wards of 100s, the cwt. to 45s., the latter sum being the cost of production on the estate. Skinner’s experience as a_ Coffee We ought to have mentioned that the Civil Department for Roads &c. got into such con- fusion, that in 1837 Capt. Skinner was asked to take up the duties of ‘‘ Civil Engineer and Surveyor-General,” and he continued in the office till 1840. How he discharged the duty can be judged by the following :— Extract from. the Address of His Excellency the Gover- nor the Right Hon. Stewart Mackenzie, to the Legisla- tive Council, in January 1840. His presencet alone prevents me from bearing testi- mony to the unwearied activity of the Acting Surveyor- General, to the entire inadequacy of his means to overtake all that under the names of Surveyor- General and Oivil Engineer would be expected from him. That he has performed a most ungracious, and avery unsatisfactory work, during his tenure of these combined offices, most zealously, I can bear most ample testimony were it necessary. So that so far back as 1840, Capt. Skinner was * My. T. E. B. Skinner favours us with the fol- lowing note in answer to our inquiry as to the fate of the Major’s coffee venture :—‘‘ My father owned a large tract of land in Ambagamuw:, and once cultivated jointly with Sir W. Carr, the Chief Justice, a coffee estate which proved a failure, and eyen- tually cost him many thousand pounds sterling. Captain Eyatt purchased a portion of the land and op ned an estate called Koladeniya, which was also unsuccessful as a coffee estate, and subsequently Mr. H. Saunders bought the remainder of the block of several hundreds of acres which are now, I believe, in ten,” + Notr,—Oaptain Skinner being a Member of the Council, a member of the Legislative Council, though’ to the disgrace of both local and home authorities, one so pre-eminently fitted to be a most valuable legislator was never confirmed in his Council seat, notwithstanding several ‘ acting” appointments. On the 19th Dec. 1838, Capt. Skinner was married to Georgina, daughter of Col. Burrell, ¢.B., Com- manding the 18th Royal Irish at Trincomalee, and afterwards Lieut.-General Burrell. In 1841, the unfortunate Civil Engineer and Surveyor- General’s Department again became disorganised, and the Government resolved to divide it into two, giving Capt. Skinner charge of all the Roads on a salary of R8,000 per annum, after- wards increased in 1846 to R10,000. In April 1847, his regiment, the Ceylon Rifles being ordered to Hongkong, he finally retired from the Army as Major Skinner, selling his Commission after 28 years’ service. In 1848 Major Skinner went on leave to England, his first absence after 23 years’ continuous service including much hard work and privation; this was made the occasion for a very flattering address from the Maha and subor- dinate Mudaliyars (native chiefs), Major Skinner was absent in England when the so-called Rebellion of 1848 broke out; he had prophesied trouble in the Kurunegala and Matale districts from the misgovernment he had witnessed during the ** forties,” but his warnings were disregarded, At home, the Secretary of State for the Colo- nies, Lord Grey consulted him, and he drew up a very able State paper in July 1849 for the benefit of the Select Parliamentary Committee on Ceylon affairs, dealing with the social and material condition of the island and its people, among whom he had lived so long. In this, he recommended as one check on native litiga. tion which was filling the British Courts, the revival of ‘ Gansaibs” or ‘* Gansabawa,” another reform which it fell to Sir Hercules Robinson many years after to carry out. Major Skinner resumed his duties in Ceylon at the end of 1849, In 1850, the ‘* Civil Engineer’s” Department was separated from the Survey, and Major Skinner was ordered to incorporate it with his own. thus becoming ‘‘ Civil Engineer and Commis- sioner ot Roads,” and so continuing in charge of the entire Public Works of the Colony until his retirement in 1867. In August 1854, another departure home on leave was made the occasion of a flattering but well-deserved encomium in the Ceylon Observer, on the man had given the best years of his life—from the 14th to the 50th year—to the service of the Colony, and whose name was closely connect- ed with every line from 1819 onwards, as well as with the great survey of the island. ‘Nothing but an frame and the most temperate habits, could’”— wrote the Editor—“have enabled Major Skinus who of communication opened iron 4A4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1894: to survive his exertions in and on behalf of the | of pleasure that we accede to the request to give Colony. Believing, that there is not a man in Ceylon to whom the island owes so much in the way of material improvement, on which moral advancement so closely depends, we feel bound to yield him this parting tribute of gratitude which he has so well earned.” On his return, Major Skinner took an active part in carrying out the public works which Sir Henry Ward so warmly promoted; but he had to oppose that able Goy- ernor in respect of his rash Railway contract, and this opposition cost him deaxly—(the office of Auditor-General and a seat in the Executive and Legislative Councils)—though it saved the Colony a great deal. The first day he waited on Sir Henry Ward he laid before the Governor plans of iron bridges and urged that a dozen should be ordered out at once! In October 1860, Sir Charles MacCarthy assumed the Government, aud notwithstanding strenuous opposition in a narrowminded Executive Council, Major Skinner carried his way with the Governor, so far as to get a vote to provide for the extension of the Uva Road from Pelmadulla to Balangoda which he constructed so economically—R91,630 for 15 miles—as to have enough over to prolong the same road well on to Haputale. What the Major thought of this important line of communica- tion may be judged from the following extract from his writings :— The enterprise of coffée-planters could not be check- edand the demand for roads was excessively urgent in order to prevent the loss of much of the capital they had invested. During Sir Henry Ward's Govern- ment he exercised a will of his own, and it required no great persuasion to convince him of these wants; but now the ¢xpenditure was not considered with reference to the inéreased facilities given to the planters, but to the additional charge likely to be entailed upon the revenue for additional annual expenses. The Hap- pootella district, a group of probabiy the finest estates in the Colony, furnished a painfully striking example of the need of roads. I had long foreseen the strait to which the proprietors were inevitabiy drifting. Their rice and other provisions could be carried to the estates by manual labour, but directly the coffee tree was old enough to yield a crop the consequences were pal- pable. Thad long been struggling to open a road for wheel traffic from the highest navigable port of the Caltura River to the Port of Colombo, at Ratnapora through Saffragam to Ouvah, and had got as far as Pallamadula, twelve miles above Ratnapora. ‘There still remained at least thirty-eight miles of the most execrable native mountain path, ever traversed and intercepted by rapid torrents, only fordable ia dry weather. Over this path the planters sent down their maiden crops, which were always small and light, on men’s shoulders. -How the planters of Haputale in the “ sixties” regarded Major Skinner’s work on their behalf and his services generally, may be judged from the following address, drawn up at their request by. the present writer in 1865 :— MAJOR SKINNER AND THE PLANTERS OF HAPPOOTELLA, BADULLA, AND SAFFRAGAM. The following address and reply have been for- warded to.us, and it is with no ordinary feelings them a place in our columns, By a singular coin- cidence,; this unqualified expression of the feelings entertained towards Major Skinner by so large a section of the Planting community must have reached his hands almost simultaneously with the intellj- gence of his supersession in the post of Auditor- General. The presevt is certainly a time when in expressing their sense of th services rendered by Major Skinner, the public of this island would be simply doing a very meagre act of justice. We hope to find our suggestion acted upon by the leading members of the Planting community, in referenc to peti- tioning the Secretary of State on the position of the Commissioner of Roads. In whatever way our Legislative Council may be constituted. the presence of the officer at the head of the Public Works De- partment will henceforward become of essential im- portance to the Government and the public. The gentleman who sent the address to Major Skinner accompanied it with the following explana- tion :— “In forwarding to you the enclosed paper on behalf of the gentlemen whose names are attached to it, I have to offer some explanation. The wish to make known their feelings of gratitude to you had been expressed among the Happootella Planters about nine months ago, and shortly after, this Address was drawn up and circulated, which accounts for its alluding to you as Commissioner of Roads, &c., instead of your present official position. We preferred however sending you the original paper, with the names as written by the Flanters them- selves, some of them widely reparated, to drafti another ;—and to prevent any further delay it is thought best for me to send you the enclosure in this private manner, rather than wait for a conve- nient aie prt of meeting you publicly. It is the wish of us, Planters, however, that the Adaress and any few words of acknowledgment from you should be published.” To Masor Tuos. SKINNER, Chief Commissioner of Roads, and Ciwil Engineer, CEyLon. Srr,—We, the undersigned Planters and other Residents in the district of Happootella, Saffragam and Badulla proper, cannot permit the occasion of the completion of the Happootella Road to pass without making known to you the feelings of gratitude and esteem with which we have watched your exertions for the successful execution of this great work. We need scarcely allude to the personal interest we each and all, feel in a Tr Road opening up the districts which we represent, inaugurating a new era for a large extent of copntry, both in re- gard to European and Native Industry. We cannot ‘but realize that after our late Governor, Sir Charles MacCarthy, who first granted a vote to commence the road, there is no one connected with the Colony to whom we are more indebted than ycurself for this boon, both from the intelligent and warm interest teken, and the activity manifested in its projection and execution. Of the manner in which this has been carried out, we need say nothing here: the general expression of opinion through public channels at different times bears unqualified testimony to the substantiality of the construction and formation of the Road. Neither is it for us—comparative strangers as wa are, and the great majority at least, but Colonists of a few years’ etanding—to touch on the great services rendered by you to the Island during a life-time so well and laboriously spent here. Com- mencing in 1820 we understand, as a subaltern in charge of a section of the great Kandy Road, your name has ever since for nearly half-a-century, been closely connected with the material improyemenis in this Colony, particularly with communications from which its prosperity has mainly resulted. Now that the period has arrived when the Colombo and Kandy Road is about to be superseded by the Railway, JAN. 1, 1894.} THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 448 it must be a source of great gratification that you haye teen permitted, as Head of the Public Works Department, to complete the second great lice of communication between the Maritime Capital and the Mountain Zone. We hope that its completion throngh to Badulla may also take place under your auspices, unless well-deserved promotion stould necessitate your removal’ from the Roads Depart- -ment. Bet in any case your name must long be remembered in connection withthe Happootella and numerous other Roads, in the Island. We feel some delicacy in presenting an address to you; but we do so in the hope that our motives may not be misconstrued, springing as they do from pure regard for the unblemished public and private character of a zealous and able public officer who has so long and faithfully served this Colony. Trusting this may proye our excuse for intruding, We remain with sincere respect, Sir, Your Obedient Servants, J. Morricre J. Rupp JAMES KADENOCH Wituiam WEBSTER ARTHUR SINCLAIR A. C. Minne W. Murray JOHN STUART JOHN BaGRa JOHN FENN D. J. MAcGREGOR D. MacGrecor Francis P. Murray Epwarp J. ASTLEY J. BENNISON : G. WHaktoN Brown “Grorce Barron JouHN FRASER Epwin KxNow es A. S. BugNertT J, OLIVER J. HARPER D. L. SourrER Gro: SMITH Henry Don R. GRiGson J. MrrcHeLu JAMES ALLEN A MacPuar G. W. Murray TuHos: Ocinvir KIELLOR H. 0. TresEniss F, F. B. CH1LpERS R. MacENNERY James Innan JAMES BREMNER Cuas: Brown R. SIKES FRANK SIKES N. ORcHARD T. N. OrcHARD Jno: ATWELL Wiutiiam HENDEREON WiLLtiAM [MLAH D. C. Carson GrorGE P. DRuMMOND J. W. Wricut G. VANDERSTRAATEN EK. Joseru In his reply, Major Skinner wrote :— Hambantotte, 29th January, 1866. Dear Sir,—I had yesterday the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 26th instant, euclosing me on behalf of the gentlemen who signed it, a letter from Planters and other Residents in the districts, of Happootella, Saffragam, and Badoola proper, and in which you were kind enough to explain why it had not been transmitted to me at an earlier date. May I beg the favour of you, to convey to the gentle- men who have subscribed to the kind and flattering terms expressed towards me in their letter, my gréte- ful thanks for their, I fear, too high appreciation of the services I have been enabled to render to their districts. The expression of such kindness of feeling, and of approbation of my public conduct would have been most gratifying to me at any time ;—but circum- stances render such sympathy specially acceptable at the present moment. -In my opinion it would be difficult to over-rate the importance (as well to the interests of the native popu- lation of Saffragam, as to European enterprize) of the Happootella Trunk Road; and itis a subject of great congratulation to me, that I have been permitied to carry it out so far as it has at present reac .ed with, I trust, some prospect of its progressive improvement being unchecked until it is completed to Badulla. There are several circumstances of interest, and, I think, of instruction con ected with the construction of the Happoote la Koad. ‘lhe estima‘e sor that pov- tion from Vallomadula to Ballangodde (15 miles) was £18,644—it was the lowest of several framed by able officers, about the time the cost of work was being { warmly discussed with reference to the Estimates of the late Ceylon Railway Company—which I ventured to denounce as extravagant. In the inquiry which was instituted by a Sub-Committee of the Legislative Council, my testimony as to the previous cost of work in the Colony was questioned—not that I was sup- posed to intend willfully to mislead the public, but that I laboured under self-delusion on the subject. In adopting the lowest estimate [ informed the officer who framed it, that I should take the work under my own direction, and make it practically test the accuracy, or the fallacy of my views as to the actual cost at which its various departments could be executed. At the beginning of 1863 I droye the late Sir Charles Mac- Carthy to Ballangodde, and had the satisfaction. of shewing him that instead ofthe estimated amount of £18,644 having been expended on the road he had so much admired, its cost was only £9,163—when he was good enough to yield to my importunities to be permit- ted to carry it on for 13$ miles further, with the balance of £9,481 saved on the estimate. This is a striking instance of the value and importance of economy—but forit, in this case, I believe your car- riage road would not, at the present moment, have been extendeda yard beyond the Ballangodde Bridge; and it should satisfy the Government and the public, that it does not necessarily follow, that because liberal means are granted for the execution of works, the De- partment should lavishly and wastefully expend them. It also shows how much may be done by means of Native talent and energy—there has not been an European employed upon the Happootella road from its commencement to the present time. My early association with the Kandy Road has been kindly alluded to. This reminds me that it was said by no mean authority at the time, that the far-seeing statesman by whom it was designed and executed, deserved to be impeached for his extravagance in making it. When Sir Edward Barnes heard of this speech, he simply replied, ‘‘Ceylon’s future will determine that point’’—the “future” of Saffragam, Happootella, and Badoola will, I trust, in a -propor- tionate degree, prove the wisdom of that expenditure which has given to those districts an outlet without which success or improvement would have at least remained most problematical. It must, I think, be clear to all—but those who are wilfully blind—that without good means of communi- cation, it is ¢mpossible for any Coffee district in the present day, to struggle long with the difficulties which are inevitable in new localities—and as the success of districts is of as much importance to the general prosperity of the Colony, as the individual undertaking can be to each person concerned in it,—I trust that the policy of giving the utmost practicable aid to new districts, may not again be questioned. It has been my best reward for the labours I have gone tbrough,—frequently under great discourage- ments—to have observed, that the progress and pros- rerity of this Colony has followed with unvarying certainty upon the opening up of its communications, on which the greater part of my life has been engaged. It is by their preservation in a state of efficiency, and by their extension alone, that that prosperity can be maintained, or its resources further developed ; and it ought to be a source of great congratulation to all interested in Ceylon’s welfare, to feel that so far as t'e most painstaking, untiring energy, and sound judgment now brought to bear upon the subject, can ensure the judicious appropriation of means to works of improvement—there is little left to wish for. This auspicious state of things makes me wish I were cap- able of a few more years of good active work, that I might have the privilege of conducting the useful works which are now being initiated. While repeating the assurance of my high apprecia- tion of the kind feeling which has been expresse towards myself, I beg to be allowed to avail myself of this opportunity of recording my sincere thanks for the kind manner in which, Iam aware, the Happootella district has shown its estimate of the yalue of the services of native officers, Wellapoole, Commanding the 5th, and Shermancommanding the Sth Division 446 of Pioneers—for, after all, it is to them and to their invaluable men, that we are indebted for results so creditable to them, and so important to the public interests. I remain, Dear Sir; Yours faithfully, T. SKINNER. J. Mitchell, Esq., of Kelburne Estate,—Happootella. The death at Ramboda of his old chief General Fraser in May 1862 was a great grief to Major Skinner, especially as he was too late to be with the General at the end, as the latter earnestly desired. In March 1865, Sir Hereules Robinson arrived, and no Governor more fully appreciated Major Skinner’s unequalled experience and good work. The Governor began at once to travel a great deal over the island, generally on horseback, and taking the head of the Public Works Depart- ment with him, he thoroughly profited by all he learned in this way. In September 1865, on the death of Mr. Pennefather, Auditor-General, Sir Hercules Ro- binson requested Major Skinner to ‘take up the acting appointment in order that he might pre- Side over the Royal Commission to determine the Military Force and Expenditure requisite for the Colony. The evidence and Report of this important Commission were published in December 1865. Owing to his wife’s serious illness (and subsequent deach) in 1866, Major Skinner had to run hurriedly to England, and while there he was “specially consulted by Lord Carnarvon, or the Colonies, who invited He returned to Ceylon only ent in June 1867, an event a universal Secretary of State f him to High Clerc. to prepare for retirem which was made the occasion for expression of esteem and good-will, and of a series of farewell Addresses, one being from Colo- Merchants, Planters, &c., praying the y of State to make Major Skinner's a per annum. From in the Observer we nists, Secretar full-pay pension of £1,000 the long farewell ' notice quote but one passage -— With the formation of nearly every mile of road ‘ection of every bridge in the country, Major eae? hae pie more oe less intimately connected either as subordinate or Chief of the Public Works Department ; while we cannot forget that simultane- ously he laboured, amidst exposure and privation of which present explorers of the Kandian Provinces can have but the faintest See: See soa i es 0 e countr ope ee belie seen in the peiatcfed and useful : the res ; Mon of the Colony, and especially that of the Moun- tain Zone, with which his name, in conjunction with those of Fraser and Gallwey, will be ever honourably associated. A. harder worked or better Public Servant than Major Skinner never lived in any Colony: as he wrote himself, from the age of 16 when he was first employed away from his regiment, searcely any labourer could haye worked much THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jaw. 1, 1894. harder or gone through greater exposure, than he was subjected to during his 49 years’ service in tropical Ceylon. We have hinted more than once at the high moral character of the subject of our notice: Major Skinner was the friend of Christian Missionaries in Ceylon and of all good work in every direction. After his retirement in 1869, the Duke of Buckingham as Secretary of State, on Sir Hercules Robinson’s reconmend- ation, wished to submit his name to Her Majesty for the “K.C.M.G.;” but the veteran public servant while expressing his gratitude, declared he was too poor to covet the knighthood and begged that the honor might be ‘ C.M.G.” instead, and this was agreed to. He was con- sulted about the visits of the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince of Wales to Ceylon, and he kept up his taste for Natural History—Conchology especially—and his love for fishing in Cumber- land, Ireland, or Scotland, till the end of his life. His daughter (Miss Annie Skinner, after. wards Mrs. MacDonnell) who edited the auto- biography, thus fittingly closed the volume and the life-history of her father :— It was my privilege to be with him during the last few years of his life, which he spent principally in visiting old friends and travelling, the latter being always a special pleasure to him. He felt his work was done, and he was just waiting for his call Home It is not for me to add to the record he has left o- what that work was; I can only speak of the bright ness of the eventide, which seemed to shine more brilliantly as the end drew near. One day, looking up, he said, ‘‘ My child, all, al/ is bright; there is not a single cloud anywhere.”’ On the 24th July 1877 he passed peacefully away to the Home he was so longing for, andI felt the promise was fulfilled that “ At evening time it shall be light.’ So passed away in his 74th year, Ceylon’s great Roadmaker, Pioneer of Progress, and most devoted Public Servant. His family originally consisted of two daughters and five sons, namely, Miss Skinner who became Mrs. M. H. Thomas, wife of Mr. M. H. Thomas, a_ well-known mercantile ana planting Colonist still in our midst ; Miss Annie Skinner, editor of the above Biography, now Mrs. MacDonnell; while of the sons, G. Skinner (the second) died as Capt. in the 15th Regiment; M. Skinner died as Com- mander R.N; W. Skinner was in the Oriental Bank and was killed in Bombay by a fall from his horse. Of the two surviving, one is now (1894) Major Monier Skinner, k.E., and the other and eJdest son of the family, T. E. B. Skinner, Esq. , is well-known for his thirty-three years’ official work inthe Civil Service of this Colony, and is now Postmaster-General and Director of elegraphs in Ceylon, one of the most important adminis - trative posts connected with the Island, Jan. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 447 CHYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI- CAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.S. (Continued from page 375. ) CHAPTER. IX. MANURES. PRINCIPLES OF MANURING—NITROGEN AND RAIN- FALL-—PHOSPHORIC ACID--POTASH-—-LIME—CLAS- SIFICATION OF MANURES-—CEYLON CATTLE MANURE—CEYLON CATTLE DUNG—FARMYARD MANURE—COMPOST MANURES—MANURES' OF COMMERCE—NITROGENOUS MANURES—AMMO-s NIUM SULPHATE—SODIUM NITRATE—SOOT— DRIED FLESH—DRIED BLOOD—WOOLLEN REFUSE AND HAIR—CRUSHED OILCAKES—FRESH AND OLD CASTOR-CAKES—POTASH IN CASTOR-CAKES —ANALYSES OF VARIOUS SAMPLES OF CASTOR- CAKES—COCONUT POONAC—CRUSHED TALLOW OIL CAKE—PHOSPHORIC ACID MANURES—BONE- ASH—-ANIMAL CHARCOAL—-MINERAL PHOS- PHATES-—PHOSPHATIC GUANOS-—SUPERPHOS- PHATES-—PRECIPITATED PHOSPHATES—BASIC SLAG--POTASH MANURES--GERMAN POTASH SALTS —KAINIT—CARNALLITE—PLANT-ASHES—WOOD- ASHES OF THE KUMBUK TREE—ASHES OF MARINE PLANTS—MIXED SEAWEEDS—COMMERCIAL SUL- PHATE OF POTASH—VOLCANIC ASHES—NITROGE- NOUS AND PHOSPHATIC MANURES—CRUSHED BONES—BONEDUST AS USED IN CEYLON—REFUSE BONE DUST—DEGELATINIZED BONE MEAL—FISH MANURE—GUANOS—PERUVIAN— EQUALISED PE- RUVIAN—ICHABOE—MEAT GUANO—NITROGE- NOUS SUPERPHOSPHATES—VITRIOLATED AND DISSOLVED BONES—NITROGENQUS AND POTAS- SIC MANURES—NITRATE OF POTASH—PHOS- PHORIC ACID AND POTASH MANURES—MIXTURE OF WHITE CASTOR CAKE BONE-MEAL AND NITRE—MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE—GROUND CORAL _—-MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE OR DOLOMITE—- ESTATE MADE LIME-—GAS LIME—COLOMBO GAS LIME—COMMON SALT—COMPOSITION OF SEA- SALT—EUROPEAN ROCK SALTS—SULPHATE OF IRON—COMMERCIAL FERTILISERS FOR COFFEE, TEA, AND TOBACCO—VALUATION OF MANURES —TABLE OF VALUES IN COLOMBO. Manures. Manuves ate substances which are added to th® soil to increase or to maintain its fertility. Manures may accomplish this in two ways ; first, by the direct addition of plant food to the soil ; sccond, by rendering available the elements of plant food already in the soil. In the art of manuring the agriculturist has to take special account of these tour constituents of plant food, viz :—nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, and lime; as these, but more especially the first three, are the constituents of plants in which the soil is likely to be deficient. Nitrogen. ' Nitrogen is an element of the greatest im- portance to the fertility of the soil. There is, of course, an abundant supply of nitrogen in our atmosphere, in the uncombined state; but this is directly available as the food of plants to a very limited extent. The question how far itis available is one which has, of late, much a7 occupied the minds of scientists, and has been the subject of many practical experiments. At present the opinion is that most plants are unable to assimilate to any appreciable degree the free nitrogen of the atmosphere; but that plants of the natural order leguminosae possess to a marked extent the power through the intervention of microbes, of assimilating . the free nitrogen of the atmosphere. The assimi- lation takes place in microbe-bearing nodules, or tubercles, which are developed on the roots of the leguminosae. Although the free nitrogen of the atmosphere cannot be counted upon as a direct source of plant food for other than leguminous plants, the atmosphere contains a small proportion of nitrogen in the forms of ammonia and nitric acid which is brought down to the earth by the rains, and which constitutes an important part of the food of plants. By the systematie analysis of rain water throughout the year, in various parts of the world, calculations have been made of the aniount of nitrogen carried into the soil in the forms of ammonia and nitric acid. Mr. R. Warrington, F.RS., determined the amount of nitrogen in a year’s rainfall at Rothamstead,* St. Albans, from May 1888 to 1889. Hefound that the amount of nitrogen present as ammonia varied from ‘238 parts per million in the month of February, to 1-025 parts per million in the month of September, and the proportion for the whole year was °426 arts per million equal to 2-823 Ibs. per acre. The nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites varied from -095 parts per million in February to -253 in September, the average for the whole year being °139 parts per million equal to °917 Ibs. per acre. The total nitrogen present as ammonia and as nitric and nitrous acids is thus 3°74 lbs. per acre. Much higher figures’ than these have been obtained in Germany, and in Italy the average at 7 agricultural stations representing the rainfall of thirteen years, being 1:26 parts per million of nitrogen as ammonia and ‘47 parts per million of nitrogen as nitric acid, or a total of 10-18 Ibs. of nitrogen per acre per annum. At the Observatory of Mont Souris, Paris, the average of ten years showed 1'82 parts per million of nitrogen as ammonia, and -70 of nitrogen as nitric acid equal to 12°36 Ibs. of nitrogen per acre per annum. On the other hand, results obtained from Lincoln, New Zealand, and from Tokio, Japan, are below the Rothamstead figures. Professoy Gravy found in the former conntry, in an average of three years’ rainfall -096 parts per million of ammoniacal nitrogen and +15 of nitric nitrogen equal to a total of 1°6 lbs. of nitrogen per acre per annum. At Tokio, Kellner found in one year’s rainfall ‘126 parts per million of ammoniacal nitrogen equal to 1:78 lbs. per acre, and in another year’s rainfall 085 parts per million of nitric nitregen equal to 1:02 Ibs. per acre, showing thus a total of 2:8 lbs. of nitrogen per acre per annum. Weare not yet ina position to make similar caleulations for any part of Ceylon, as no such systematic analyses of rain water have been made throughout the year, and isolated analyses *Messrs, Lawes and Gilbert found that the amount of nitrogen furnished annually in the rain- fall to an acre of land at Rothamstead amounted to 7°21 lbs., of which 6-46 lbs. occurred as ammonia and‘75 lbs. in the form of nitric acid—Zircye, Bris TANNER als , 448 cannot give even an approximation to the average amount of nitrogen in the rainfall of a country. At the close of a period of heavy rainfall in Colom)bo, in October 1891, after nearly 28 inches of rain had fallen, the author estimated the amount of nitrogen present ina sample of rain water as ammoniacal and organie nitrogen, and found the same to be 0903 parts per iillion. The nitrogen present as nitric acid was -0346. The author also determined the amount of nitrogen present as ammonia in the rain of the 14th of Mareh 1892 (a moderate rainfall) and found it to be ‘J1 parts per million. ‘lwo determinations are of course far too few upon which to base anything like an accurate estimate, but taking the am- moniacal nitrogen at ‘1 parts per million, and the Colombo rainfall at 88 inches per annum, we get about 2]bs. per acre per annum of nitrogen in the form of ammonia; or with a rainfall of 119 inches as in the year 1891, 27 Ibs. of ammoniacal nitrogen. The amount of nitric nitrogen would be from ‘7 to ‘9 Ibs. per acre per annum. The total nitrogen would thus be Book 2°7 to 3°6 lbs. per acre per annum. It is prob- able, however, that an extended series of rain- water analyses might show this estimate to be much too low. The proportion of nitrogen in rain water is greatest in the first portion of a shower, and especially in that hich falls after drought, so that reliable data cannot be obtained unless analyses are made representing the entire year’s rainfall. The power of soil and of vegetation to detain the ammonia which falls as rain may be gathered from the fact that at the time when the nitrogen, in the form of ammonia in Colombo vain water near to the sea was at least ‘1 parts er million, that inthe town water from Labugama eservoir was under ‘01 parts per million. We have seen that a crop of tea, on a amoderate estimate removes trom the soil 194 lbs. of nitrogen per acre per annum; that a rather heavy crop of coffee, including seed, pulp, and leaves, according to Mr. Hughes’ estimate removes about 21 lbs. But the supply of available nitrogen in rain water, taking even the highest estimate before us, viz., that at the Mont Souris Observatory at Paris, is only 12°36 Ibs. of nitrogen per acre per annum. It is evident then that the atmospheric supply of nitrogen is insufficient to meet the demands of growing crops, which have therefore to draw upon the store of nitrogen existing in the soil, in com- bination with organic matters. This store must get gradually reduced beyond the point necessary to sustain an abundant crop. It therefore be- comes. necessary to replenish the supply of nitrogen by the application to the soil of nitrogenous manures. Phosphorie Acid. - The next most important constituent of plant food is phosphoric acid. The original source of this substance is the igneous rocks in whieli it is found, in small proportion, usually less than a half per cent, and often much less, in combination with lime. As the proportion in soils is usually small, it is readily reduced beyond the point necessary for fertility, and it has therefore to be supplied to the soil in the form of phosphatic manures. Seed crops, as a rule, make a great demand ou the phosphoric acid of the soil, as this substance is specially assimilated by the seeds of plants; but a leaf crop, as in the case of tea, may also make a heavy demand on the phosphoric acid of the soil, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JAN. 1) 1894. — Potash. Most soils contain sufficient potash for the food of plants, but if the demand made by a erop on this constituent is large, the potash in the natural felspathic ingredients of the soil may become too slowly available, hence potash has either to be supplied in manure for certain ereps, or it must be liberated from its combinations in the soil by the application of Jime. Lime. Soils generally contain sufficient lime to meet the demand of plants for this ingredient. Phos- phorie acid in manure is generally combined with, or accompanied by lime, so that, when phosphoric acid is added, Jime is also added. When lime by itself is directly added to the soil, it is not added with the view of supplying this element of plant food, but of decomposing the mineral and organic ingredients of the soil, and thus indirectly supplying the other forms of plant food. Lime 1s also added to improve the mechanical condition and to correct the acidity of the soil. To restore fertility to soil, some Jand requires the addition of nitrogenous manure only; other only phosphatic manures ; and, in some eases, only doors manure is sufficient. In many instances, 1owever, crops are benefited by all three con- stituents. Figures are not available for illustrating the degrees of advantage obtained by the more common Ceylon products from the three im- portant elements of plant food in manure; althongh, no doubt, Ceylon planters could supply information on the subject in general terms. The following table of agricultural experiments in the manuring of the cotton plant, at the South Carolina Experiment Station, carried on at the Darlington and Spartanburg Farms, the Jands of which are of different character, answers the question—does the cotton plant benefit by the presence in the manure of the three constituents : nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid?* ‘The figures given in the table represent the yield per acre of lint cotton in lbs., and are the averages of three years’ duplicate tests on each farm. The third column gives the average of the two farms.” The figure ‘“‘1” in the table indicates a full dose of each ingredient as cal- culated from the analysis of the cotton plant for a crop of 300 lbs. of lint per acre. Does Cotton require Nitrogen, Potash, hosphoric Acid ? Average Crops for and 1888, 1889, & 1890. Bo” oye weep ae deetnge die & Fertilizer—Doses. Sethe hoe $3 (2812 Cer eee Metter br ki 2 RS Unfertilized ... a 74 96 85 1 Nitrogen oes eee 117 80 98 1 Potash Bo 55: 71 | 125 98 1 Phosphoric Acid eo» | 148 | 171 | 159 1 Nitrogen, 1 Potash 5 ae 143 | 197 | 170 1 Potash, 1 Phosphorie Acid | 162 | 208 | 185 1 Nitrogen, 1 Phosphoric Acid! 203 | 230 216 1 Phosphoric Acid,1 Nitrogen, : 1 Potash 23) ze] 298 | SOBa dle * From the Bulletin of the Agricultural Ex periment Station of the University of Tennessee State Agricultural end. Mechanical College, a Mads: ie Jan. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 449 SS Classification of Manures. Manures may be divided into two groups: Ist, those in which the valuable ingredients are ac- companied by so much water, organic matter or earthy substances that they can only be economically applied on land situated near to the place where the manure is produced. Farm- yard manure, town refuse and compost manure furnish examples of this group ; secondly, there are the manures of commerce, in which the elements of plant food are in a concentrated form, and which may be economically carried long dis- tances to the place of application. Cattte Manure. Two samples of Ceylon-made cattle manure sent to the author in 1881 gave upon analysis the following results:—-No. 1 is the analysis of cattle manure from cattle fed upon coconut poonac and euinea grass, the bedding being mana grass ; No. 2 is the analysis of manure from cattle fed upon guinea grass only, the bedding being mana grass. Analysis of Ceylon Cattle Manure. No. 1 No. 2 per cent.|per cent. Moisture expelled at 212° F. ...) 80°487 | 74:674 Organic matter and combined eS yyvater’ as ...| 14°442°) 19°877 Ash is a .. | (5071) | (6°149) Insoluble Silica 406 fore S805 1-664 Soluble Silica i te 209 193 Oxide of Tron, Alumina and Phosphates 569 430 Lime 000 nei 497 ‘717 Magnesia ane eal eR OON 171 *Potash ... Aw One| ee ee al 1068 Chloride of Sodium and Soda ... ‘575 °827 Sulphurie Acid “159 ‘217 Carbonic Acid and loss 239 862 100-000 |1L00°000 Nitrogen 446 “644 Phosphorie Acid 250 | 092 The most striking feature in these analyses is the fact that, of the four chief manurial_ in- gredients, viz., nitrogen, phosphoric acid, lime, and potash, the most abundant is potash, which averages fully 18 per cent of the manure ash. The proportion of potash is much higher than rin NY olf’s often-quoted analyses of farmyard manure given further on ; indeed, it is twice as great. Analyses of the ashes of mana grass, guinea grass, and coconut poonac, separately, would be desirable to ascertain the proportior of potash and other ingredients derived from each of these sources. The percentage of potash in the manure from cattle fed on guinea grass only is slightly higher than in the other, when caleulated upon the weight of the manure as it stands, but if caleulated upon the weight of the ash of the manure, it is shghtly higher in that from eattle fed upon both poonae and guinea grass, the latter, 7.,e,, No.1, has a very decided advantage in respect of phosphoric acid. 1 should scarcely have expected to find No. 2 richer in nitrogen than No. 1, yet such was the fact, and although, in the case of a substance so difficult to sample, from its want of homogenity, as cattle manure is, it would be desirable to confirm this result by other analyses, the superiority in respect of nitrogen of No. 2 was borne out by analyses I made of dung * Seenote on Potash in Cattle Manure in Appendix. sent to me from cattle fed on coconut poonac and guinea grass (No. 3), and of dung from cattle fed on guinea grass only, in which the latter proved richer in nitrogen (No, 4). Analyses of Cattle Dung. | No. 3 | No. 4 \per gent.|per cent. Moisture expelled at 212° F. .., 75:°186 | 73:500 Organic matter and combined | water de ..| 21°195 | 20-253 Ash af -»| (3619) | (6°247) Insoluble Silica... eof 27221 3°667 Soluble Silica 4 Bolle ele) “328 Oxide of Ivon, Alumina and) Phosphates J "438 “499 Line on ¥e1| 464 1:037 Magnesia ot Sol, AUT8 ‘078 Potash .. AG mel} 091 213, Chloride of Sodium and Soda -043 ‘076 Sulphurie Acid ve eee 1078 112 Carbonic Acid and loss | 039 237 {100-000 100-000 Nitrogen ie Ot “392 | 529 Phosphoric Acid 174 139 Then again we notice that in the dung from cattle fed both upon poonae and guinea grass, although the percentage of ash is much lower yet the phosphoric acid is higher than in the dung from cattle ted on guinea grass only, The composition of Cattle Manures Nos. 1 and 2 may be compared with the following analyses by Professor Wolff of farmyard manure fresh and well-rotted :-— Analyses of Farmyard Manure. (WOLf.) Water.. 71 790 *Oreganic matter 24-6 14:5 + Ash et 4°4 6°5 100-0 100°00 + Containing Potash wa 52 D0 Soda bd ‘TD 13 Lime ... AA D7 88 Magnesia ane 14 18 Phosphorie Acid ... Sal 30 Sulphurie Acid... “12 13 Chlorine de "15 16 Silica Be 1:25 1:70 * Containing Nitrogen “45 “58 Equal to Ammonia “54 ‘70 An analysis of Ceylon Citronella erass viewed as a manure will be found at page 369. The following are some examples of Ceylon compost manures sent tu the author for analysis :— Analysis of Compost Manures. | No. 1] No. 2 pe reent|per cent, Moisture Re 17-04 |" 15-46 * Organic matter 24-01 28°12 {+ Mineral matter... le Begs | 56:42 | 100-00 | 100-00 —__|___- * Nitrogen tc see 1-01 ‘99 Equal to Ammonia AN 1:23] 1:20 + Containing Sand Sa Fes Oxide of Iron and Alumina | Salts of Lime, Magnesia and Alkalies ‘ee 40°40, 36°54 5°65 7°65 12°90} 12:23 450 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (JAN. 1, 1894. No. 3 per cent. Moisture nap $ 15°42 * Organic and Volatile matter ive] ee Biphosphate of Lime a oe 2°12 Equalto Bonesphospate rendered soluble} (3°32) Insoluble Phosphate of Lime ‘8 5°92 Calcium Sulphate +r, 14°20 Potassium Sulphate 3°92 Potassium Chloride 9°14 Magnesium Chloride : 1°26 Sodium Chloride es 1°52 Oxide of Iron and Alumina ... . 43 Insoluble Siliceous matter ... 3°83 100-00 * Containing \— Nitrogen PY) nab 1-87 Equal to Ammonia a Hy 2°27 Phosphoric acid-Tribasic Phosphate of Lime ete fee o- 9°24 Total Potash oe, 7°89 No. 4 per cent. Moisture aod 7:80 * Organic matter ... re 24°20 Oxide of Iron and Alumina 6°70 Lime Ake 4°96 Magnesia 8: 1-65 Potash a ‘ 1°80 Soda ... + oa aus} “93 Sodium Chloride .. 3 * “62 + Phosphorie Acid 3 - 2°64 Carbonic Acid and Sulphuric Acid 2°60 Insoluble Sileceous matter ... 46°10 100-00 * Containing : Nitrogen 5d ane 1-05 Equal to Ammonia See ap 1:25 + Equal to Tribasic Phosphate of Lime ... 5°76 No. 5 | No. 6| No. 7. per cent. |per cent.|per cent. Moisture «| 66°89) 15:00 6°6 * Organic Matter w..| 22°559 8-50 12°6 Oxide of Iron and Alumina mart SOO; 7:03 8°61 Lime oD 056 4:61 6°57 Magnesia “067 “88 1-72 Potash ... 057 69 Sodium Chloride 006 Sulphuric Acid, Car- 141/{ 5:00 bonic Acid, &e. ...) 045 he Ge f Phosphoric Acid ... 169 2°57 171 Insoluble matter ...| 9:144| 59°40; 57°19 100-000 | 100-00; 100-00 * Containing Nitrogen| 1:54 “48 °169 Equal to Ammonia W375 208 206 ¢ Equal. to Tribasic Phosphate of Lime... °369 5°61 3°733 —— eee The following is the analysis of Colombo | i latrine refuse after being incinerated with coconut fibre waste, wood and leaves :— r cent. Moisture P # Carbon, organic matter J ee 38°30 ; and combined water 14‘50 Oxide of Tron ; and Alumina 6°96 Lime Ba , ill 263 Magnesia 83 “50 Potash tt ia 98 Sodium Chloride 3 2 44 * Phosphoric Acid i tes 102 Sulphurie Acid . a3 “45 Carbonie Acid Pe 1°65 Siliceous matter ie = 32°54 00-00 * Equal to Tribasie Phosphate of Lime. 2°23 All of these compost manures might be applied with advantage to land in the vicinity of the places where the manure was produced; but none of them unless perhaps No. 3 contains the elements of plant food in a sufficiently concentrated form to repay the cultivator for the cost of their transit to a distant estate. The manures of commerce may be divided into the following classes :—1st, nitrogenous manures ; 2nd, phosphoric acid manures ; 3rd, potash manures ; 4th, nitrogen, and phosphoric acid manures; 5th, nitrogen and potassic manures; 6th, phosphoric acid and potash manures ; 7th, what might be called general or concentrated compost manures ; 8th, indirect manures. Ist. Nitrogenous Manures. Nitrogenous manures as the name indicates, are those which are valued mainly for the nitrogen they contain. Some of these contain the nitrogen in a form readily soluble in water. Such are the salts ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate. In others the nitrogen exists in a more or less in- soluble form. We have examples in dried flesh, dried blood, the various oil cakes, woollen waste and rags, hair, horn and leather waste. Ammonium Sulphate. The commercial salt contains 20 per cent of nitrogen. It is usually guaranteed to contain 24 per cent of ammonia or to consist of 93-18 per cent of real ammonium sulphate. The fo ele is the analysis of a good sample imported into Ceylon :— Water expelled at 212° F. 1:50 * Ammonium Sulphate 95°50 Volatile impurities ... ‘ . 2°74 Fixed do 5 : "26. { 5 100- * Containing ammonia 24°60 Ammonium sulphate is liable to contain small quantities of ammonium sulphocyanate, which, although a more nitrogenous substance than the pure sulphate of ammonium, is poison- ous to plants. Sodium Nitrate. When of standard purity this salt contains 95 per cent real nitrate of sodium; the remaining 5 per cent is chiefly made up of water and com- mon salt. It is obtained from the Pampas of Peru, where it occurs in the form of a crude nitrate, containing from 35 to 75 per cent, real nite, nd called caliche. Itisin the purified form that it is exported... The amount of nitrogen present in nitr:te of sodium of standard quality is 15°65 per cent, which is the equiyalent of 19 per cent of ammonia. JAN. 1, 1894.) Soot. Soot is used toa small extent in England as a nitrogenous manure. It contains nitrogen both in the soluble and insoluble forms. In there samples analysed by Mr. John Hughes he found from °23 to 2°85 per cent of ammonia existing as chloride and sulphate and therefore soluble, also nitrogen in the insoluble state equal to from 1°24 to 1-66 per cent of ammonia. The nitrogen in both forms reckoned as ammonia being from 1‘74 to 4°88 per cent. Of nitrogenous manures, containing nitrogen in the insoluble form, there is a considerable variety. Dried Flesh. Dried flesh has been used asa manure, but not extensively. It is rich in nitrogen. There samples analysed by Voelcker imported from Australia, New Orleans, and South America, con- tained from 11 to 12 per cent of nitrogen, and 3 to 8 per cent of ash. Since the development of the tinned meat and meat extract industries, bye- products from these manufactures are utilized as manures and sold under such names as meat guanos, meat meal, Freybentos guanos, mixed serap, &e. Meat meal is sold according to the percentage of nitrogen present, of which there should be the equivalent of from 8 to 13 per cent ammonia. Liebig’s meat meal is guaranteed to contain nitrogen equal to 13 per cent of ammonia. Dried Blood. When blood is thoroughly dried it contains about 15 per cent of nitrogen. Being difficult to dry, however, there is generally a considerable quantity of water in the commercial article. A sample from a quantity imported into Ceylon was analysed with the following results :— per cent. Moisture... aes 13°40 * Organic matter ai va 80°57 + Ash one 00 +. beG203 100-00 * Containing Nitrogen ... wend 12:36 Equal to Ammonia 15-00 + Containing ... Gad a Lime 300 700 oo *424 Phosphoric Acid... oo “16 Potash... "33 As good commercial dried blood should contain from 10 to 13 per cent of nitrogen, the above analysis may be regarded as representing a good average sample. Woollen Refuse and Hair. - Woollen refuse and hair are used as manure on account of the nitrogen they contain. The amount of nitrogen in pure wool and in hair is about the same, and amounts to about 17 per cent. The mineral matters are small in amount about 2 per cent. Refuse wool, such as old woollen fabrics, and shoddy, are considerably poorer in nitrogen than pure wool. The nitrogen in woollen refuse, as it finds its way to the manure market, may vary from 2 per cent to nearly 12. The mineral value of woollen refuse is lessened by the peesonce of water, oil, or mineral impurities; also by the presence of cotton or other non-nitro- genous fibres, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 451 — The following are Mr. Hughes’ analyses of good commercial shoddy :— No. 1 No. 2 percent. per cent. Water cee Bis) mel GHB} 9°86 Organie matter 63°40 76°08 INS see 16-67 14:06 100-00 100:00 Nitrogen 6°83 7°92 Crushed Oil Cakes. The nitrogenous manures that are most in request, or most easily obtained in Ceylon, are oil eakes ; of which the favorite is Crushed Castor Cake. This is the crushed residue of the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, after the oil has been expressed. The white castor cake is more valuable than the brown or black as a manure. The two latter contain a considerable proportion of the husks of the seeds, which are of little value, and impart the dark appearance to the substance. The following two analyses made for a local firm exhibit the composition of good qualities :— Analyses of Crushed Castor Cake Per cent. Per cent. Moisture ... BN i 8°20 ag 8°95 (OF 1 pean eh len 1284 12°66 * Albuminoids ate 43°81 48-13 Mucilage, digestible fe Fibre, &e. \ en 10°09 Cellulose ... ee 16°45 11°34 Soluble Ash F 6:58 577 Sand se on 4-61 3°06 rk '. 100-00 100°00 >Containing Nitrogen.. 701 7:70 For manurial purposes much less elaborate analyses suffice. The following give all the details necessary to enable buyers to judge of the quality of castor cake, which, as a manure, is usually valued altogether on the basis of its nitrogen :— Analysis of Fresh and Old Castor Cake. Fresh. | Old. percent. | per cent. Moisture td 8°88 at 8-74 Organic matter ey 80°58 80°62 Ash... wee i 10°54 10°64 100°00 100-00 Sand eis 3:08 2-70 Valuable Ash ,.. 7746 7 Nitrogen st | 7°25 6:70 452 Potash im Castor Cake, The amount of potash in castor cake appears to have been very seldom determined. The late Mr. Pringle found nearly 2 per cent. ina sample of secondary quality, while the author in a similar quality found only ‘91 per cent. In drawing out the tables for manuring of tea the author found it necessary to take account of the potash in second-class castor cake, and having only de- termined it once himself, he gave weight to Mr. Pringle’s analysis. taking the figure at 15 a little above the mean of the two analyses. Three subsequent determinations by Mr. W. R. Bur- nett, F,C.S., however, have confirmed the author’s figures, the results obtained being 92, -94, 1-15, so that 1 per cent. may be taken as quite high enough to represent the potash in seuond @laus cas- tor as cake imported into Ceylon. The following details of Mr. Pringle’s analysis and of the author’s. It would appear as if the potash were replaceable to some extent by lime, Mr. Pringle having found only a trace of lime, while the author found *78 per cent. If the class of castor cake represented by Mr. Pringle’s analysis can he freely obtained, it would be worth to the Ceylon planter R2 per tons for its potash more than that represented by the author's analysis. The following are details of the two analyses;— Analyses of two samples of Castor Cake. Secondary quality. Pringle. | Author. Moisture 671 9:06 Organic matter 87°30 83°19 Ash was eae 5°99 7 21 eS, ply ee 100-00 | 100-00 Nitrogen Si oo. 505 | 4:89 Sand ve iva 83 2-82 Soluble Ash ode Ai 5°16 4°39 Potash iat 1:98 “91 Lime ALE “te 09 ‘78 Phosphorie Acid ine 1:2] 1:24 For the determination of potash and other mineral constituents in castor cake of the first quality, I submitted a sample of what is sold in Colombo as best quality to Mr. Tatlock, Glasgow, who for quarter of a century has heen regarded as an authority on the determination of potash, and whose modification of the general process is the one generally adopted in agricul-. tural laboratories. The following were the results obtained in his laboratory. Mineral Constituents of Castor Cake. Best quality, Per cent. . Lime a afta x ‘87 Phosphoric Acid 2-94 Potash a 1:25 Ash 208 ee 9°42 Water 8-40 Of the samples submitted to me the richest white castor cake contained nitrogen equal to 9:35 per cent. of ammonia; but according to Mr: Pringle it can be produced with nitrogen equal to 10 per cent. of ammonia. Of those samples analysed in 1891 the nitrogen in no case quite reached the equivalent of 8 per cent of ammonia. The following are some examples of the castor cake of commerce in Ceylon:— THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1894. ~e lo n 2 |e82|s SRLS of ne + + 25 Br le ~LomN © = =le eH (FSP 1S |een £5 Oo x = fir > pd A lapet lo lismoe = ne (S21 S| Sasoe = Seinoocolo)|lored ~ | mate Ae ist | Si) ool | | iS } % SiS lason S | se]. fF 1 | Sorea | vat a5 /cce |2 | orem 3 © .e1e = | ~ ee ee 2 = “, iS 16 © ~~ On 5 2 (8s S| Sees 25 ;7oo lo] orom SS ~E | ot J “8 Ce | = | |) ave, Tat AS - 100m 1c | aor Ss 5 | oO | > | Fews = Se Ii Pao = i) S Ss;oren ih BN ~ i a a | ~ i bat |S | Ne ~ ae m™isi~ |S 1B S j % 5 ee hc “erate x HS} pe = corcm [ip ae ee q a" = S 2 r= =] E BE: <3 = < 2 2 gs% 25 er 2 “Le ee) o fos | siZ 7 Sos aos ZARNRN The following is an inferior sample :— , per cent. Moisture s s P49 Organic matter oti «- 80°14 Ash - esd 10°76 100-00 Nitrogen So: a9 moe 3°86 Equal to Ammonia 4°69 Soluble Ash 6°48 Sand : a 4°28 Analysis shows this sample to be of only half the commercial value in Colombo of the and of con- second example in YA Seka page, siderably tess than half the value to the planter on a distant estate. The abnormal composition of the following samples was due to the presence of bone dust :-— Anclysis of Castor Cake containing Bone Dust. : per cent. Moisture ee = iQ edD, Organic matter a «+ 73°65 Ash 5 Ss - 18-60 100-00 Nitrogen oss se a. 575 Equal to Ammonia as «- . 698 Soluble Ash ... _ aS 13-71 Phosphoric Acid 5S og 487 Equal to Tribasic Phosphate of Lime 10-64 (To be continued.) JAN. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 453 EXTENSION OF TEA CULTIVATION, With Mr. P. R. Buchanan now and Sir John Muir nearly due, it is natural that we sbovld think of the large additional extent of tea these gentlemen are likely to become responsible for. The purchase of plantations here may not disturb the planted total, though we may anticipate that all available reserves on these will be speedily utilised so far as advisable, by such enterprising capitalists. But they are also likely to open a good deal of new land in certain distric‘s. And yet after all, probably the operations in Ceylon of the powerful Firms and Companies re- presented by our visitors will count for little in comparison with the extensive new gardens being Opened under their auspices in India. We were in our midst warned some years ago to look out for ‘‘the Dooars’” as the coming great Indian Tea District for crops; but we bad no idea that Messrs, Finlay, Muir & Co, and friends had such extensive interests there as to warrant the con- struction of a special Railway (through a Company) to serve th’s district, Such is however the case, and the tea crops that will henceforward be harvested in the Dooars are bound to make a very considerable addition to the total outturn for India. We have now in Ceylon on a very brief visit, Mr. GC. Anderson (brother of Mr. T. C. Anderson of Maskeliya), a tea planter of over thirty years’ standing in Northern India and who, for several years back, has been doing pioneering work on an extensive scale in the Dooars, on behalf of Messrs, Gillanders, Arbuthnott & Co, Mr. Anderson says that quantity not quality is the characteristic of Dooars’ crops, It is impossible to make fine teas, the trees and leaves are so sappy, hut 10 to 15 maunds (800 1b, to 1,200 1b.) per acre can be made an established rate of outturn over wide areas of tea gardens there; and yet strange to say ihe crop is all gathered in four months, October being the great plucking month. The rich soil and steamy climate are equal to the heaviest crops of Jeaf; but the district is distinguished for malaria —very trying to the European planters. {t is, however, very well off so far for labour supply and altogether, ‘‘ Uhina’’ cannot be considered in the running for cheap teas with the ‘‘ Dooars” and we may add with some parts of the lowcountry of Ceylon where we hear of tea being turned out as low as 20 to 21 cents per Ib. Jn this connection we may mention that last mail has brought usa copy of the North British Jail of Glasgow with over five columns in small type devoted to an extraordinary and decidedly acrimonious Correspondence between Sir Archibald Orr-Ewing, Bart., and Sir John Muir, Bart., in regard to the management and financial arrange- meptsof the Sylhet Tea Companies in which the former holds stook to the extent of £20,000, while he complains that the shareholders are entirely at the meroy of the ( hairman (Sir Jobn Muir) and Directors and Managers who are chiefly his partners. We cannot give even an idea of the rather personal and bitter character of many of the letters given—scome of them very long— but there are certain references {o the proposed extension of operations in North India and Ceylon which are very apropos of our present subject. Betore however turniog to that part we may give the introduction to the Correspondence in the N. B. Mail ot November 7th as follows:— “Today an extraordinary general meeting of the pharcholders of the North and South Sylhet Tee Oompavy (Limited) will be held within the offices of the Company, 22 West Nile Street, at which the following resolution will be proposed :— ‘Theat the shareholders of the North Sylhet Tea Company, Limited, (or the South Tea Ocm- pany Limited, as the case may be), regret the publication by Sir Archibald Orr Ewivg of his recent correspondence on the constitution and management of the company as tending to injure the company and depreciate the value of the shareholcers’ property. That they hereby expr2sa their complete confidence in the directors, se- cretaries, agents, and munagers of the company, aod their high satisfaction with the management which has resulted in handsome dividends to the shareholders; and they instruct the directors to abide by and maintain the conditions on which Sir Archibald Orr Ewing applied for and took his shares, And that a copy of the resolution ba sent by the directors to each shareholder of the compaty.”’ As the London Mail did not leave till the 10th, the result of the meeting should have come, but we have no psper or advice on the subject beyond the paper of tha 7th; although we infer that Sir John Muir and hi3 friends were likely to carry the above vote of confidence and indeed much of Sir A. Orr-Ewing’s criticism had been discredited. In the Correspondence we find that on 28rd September last, Sir John Muir reported he was endeavouring in London, to arrange that ‘ suit- able land in Ceylon and Assam should be placed under offer, so that it may be carefully in- spected by our experts in order to make certain that it bas all the requisites essential for the formation of new estates economically and suc- ceesfully.’’ On 15th Ootober, Messrs. James Finlay & Co. report that ‘* several important negotiations are being conducted for the acquisition of desira- ble land in Ceylon and Agsam,’’ and Sir John Muir two days later deprecated the publication of controversial ciroulars at a time when the balance of £400,000 stock was being plac-:d and indeed until the return of Mr, P. R. Buchanan from Oseylon. The Oompanies under notice, it seems, have paid 12 per cent per annum to their ordinary shareholders for the past four years,— far more than most Indian Companies;—but one complaint of Sir A. Orr-Ewingwas that no balance- sheets were published, ‘as is done by every ‘* Company I am connected with except Sir Donald ‘‘ Currie’s miserable S‘eamship Company.’ On 21st September, we ought to have mentioned, the same critic had written that he wished ‘' to show the shareholders of the North and South Sylhet Tea Companies the grounds on which I opposed the extension of those Companies in Ceylon and Assam.” We have only one more quotation to make today and that is from a very full explana- tory letter of Messrs. James Finlay & Co., under date of Glasgow, 7th Oc‘ober : Full replies have been drafted to your remarks, but, in the absence of Mr. P. R. Buchanan, it has been thought better not to submit these to the share- holders till he has had an opportunity to consider your statements and the proposed replies. We feel satistied the shareholders will consider this to be the only proper and respectful course to adopt to- wards one who has done so much for these Companies. Mr. Buchanan took a very large interest in their formation. At the request of the late Mr. Thomas Coats, in 1881, he accompanied the chairman, and two of the partners of Finlay Muir & Co., on their yisit to Northand South Sylhet, and assisted materi- ally in the search for suitable land, which resulted in the purchase of the properties at Lullecherra in North Sylhet, and the Balisera Valley in South Sylhet. On their return to Glasgow, in April, 1882, the chairman and Mr. Buchanan reported to Mr, Thomas Coats what had bgen dong in India, aud, 454 after lengthened negotiations, the North and South Sylhet Tea Companies were formed in September, 1882. The memorandum of Association, and all the clauses of the Articles of Association were carefully considered and approved by Mr. Thomas Coats, Mr. Buchanan, the chairman, and others. Mr. Buchanan left some time ago, on a Visit to the United States and Canada, to push the sale of the teas of the North and South Sylhet Companies in these markets. He is now on his way from Vancouver to Ceylon, to assist Fidaly Muir & Oo. in fiading suitable iand for our new estates, One of our most experienced Tea Estate managers fromthe Balisera Valley, and one of our principal assistants from the Caloutta office have also been sent to Ceylon, and the chairman sails early in November to joia them—so that everything may be done to secure the best possible seleotion of land, and economy in the arrangements for the formation of the new plantations. We give these full explanations as you bave inti- mated your intention to ‘' publish our correspondence” to the shareholders, Weare sure our shareholders will join’ with us in thinking that Mr. Buchanan should be consulted as to the replies to be given to your letter complaining of 15 clauses in the Articles of Association, for whioh he is so largely responsible. Before Mr. Buchanan left for the United Statos, the Directors unanimously agreed to his suggestion that, in fature, the Balance Sheets and Profit and Loss Accounts should be printed, and copies sent to the ehareholders. This was not done because you had spoken s0 offensively on that and other subjects at the two meetings of shareholders which you attended but out of deference to the expressed wish of some of the original shareholders, who thought the time had now come when we might priot and circulate our accounts with safety and with advantage to the sbar eholders. We do not suppose for one moment that the opposition of Sir Archibald Orr-Ewing will be allowed to interfere with, or deley, the pro- posed extension of planting operations in Ceylon and ‘Assam; and so all interested in tea have to lay it to their account that a large addi- tion to the outturn both in India and here, must be taken into estimates, in looking to the future of our staple. oa Ss PLANTING IN NORTH TRAVANCORE: Mr. F, R. Watson, proprietor of Glen Mary, in the Peermaad division oof Travancore, has a. favourable account to give of the progress of tea planting in that dis- trict. The outturn this year will be about a million lb. of tea; but a great deal planted is not yet in full bearing. All the forest land is in private hands; but there are large recerves to go op, on most of the estates. Experiments have begun on patena land—the soil of which is very good—and Mr. Imray, who will be remembered a8 a Oeylon planter, has two-year old tea on grass-land which looks very promising, The yield on the older estates is up to 600 Ib. per acre; but on some of the lower and fiatter por- tions; of the southern districts, a yield of from ‘800 to 1,200 1b. of made tea per acre has been obtained. Travancore is evidently bound as a whole to become no inconsiderable tea district, and as soon as factories can be conveniently arranged and fully equipped, improvement in the quality of the tea may be looked for. So far, 25 to 27 cents per lb, is spoken off as the rate at which tea is placed f.o.b. at Cocbin or Al- lepey, At the latter port, Mr. Geo. Anderson, a well-known Ceylon planter in days of old, does $he mesoantile business, , THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JAN. 1, 1894. But although tea is making such a stir over the way; coffee is by no means ignored, and there are still fields and estates that yield pay- ing crops, while some of the proprietors speak of opening isolated clearings with plants trom Mysore seed. The latest project of railway is one to run through the State to ‘Tuticorin, and there is a talk of improving one of the ports; but it would be fer better for Travancore to be counted and treated as an out- lying district of Ceylon and we can see no reason why (under a epecial arrangement with the native Administration) Travancore produce in tea and cinchons, ehould not be as free to the Colombo market as the produce of any outlying district within the island. One ominous piece of news is hinted at. Through the completion of the great Periyaar Irrigation Works and their beneficial influence on the Madura and Tinnevelly districts, it is anticipated that a large number of coolies will find so much work at home as to render them less inclined to emigrate to Ceylon. But increased food in Indis means increased population, end any difficulty of the kind would, we feel eure, be temporary. ——EEE eS AMERICA FOR iNDIAN TEAS. The /ndian Planters’ Gazette, we notice, is strongly necessity for combined action and voluntary tax- ation in order to push and popularise tea in America. It says:— Admitting tbat the Americans sre not such a tea- drinking people as their Evglish brethren, it must be remembered that this is largely due to the rubbish which they get from Japan and Chins, and it is certain that once they are brought to the knowledge of good, wholesome Indian tea, they will take to it as they have done to coffee. This is no hap-Pazard assertion ; but the deliberate couviction of many Americans whore opinions are worth studying. It then proceeds :— Something must be done to find a new market to relieve the enormous out-put of the present and the progressive iucrease of the future, and North Americs is the Land of Promise for the Indian tes producer. Discussing how this happy land is to be exploited it says :— To do this effectually, there must be a liberal, far- reaching eystem of advertising and agency, and this will entail a large regular expenditure. We wonld suggest that a fund for this purpose should be rsised by a voluntary cess on every tea garden. Now there sre, roughly speaking, 340,425 acres of tea under cultivation in India. Suppose that an artsessment of 4 annas an acre were made, this would yield the sum of R85106, which would forma capitsl basis for working up and pusbing Indian tea in the United States and Canada, as well as in other places offering a favourable market, Union is strength, aud unless combined action is taken there can be no serious campaign in North America. We would suggest that a Committee should be formed, in conjunction with the Indien Tea Asso- ciation, for the purpose of formulating a scheme for this voluntary taxation in which, of course, it is abgo- utely necessary that every gardeu should take part. The best way to commence would be to calla meeting of all interested in tea to consider the scheme. If nothing else comes of such a meeting, it would certainly produce discussion on the subject, which will lead up to some combined action similar to what Ceylon planters are taking to force their teas on the American teste. We must adopt a policy different from that of Ceylon, so as to enlist the grocers on our side, making it worth their while to give our teas the preference. We feel so strongly on the point that we fear we should be wanting in our duty if we do not provoke m India that enterprise and energy which Oeylon is manifest- ing, to our detriment, in cutting @ place for ber tens ig American and other markets, : ; Jan. 1 1894.) NEW PRODUCTS IN CEYLON: RUBBER AND LIBERIAN COFFEE. When, practically, the whole planting and mer- cantile world of Ceylon are devoted to tea and seem tohave little thought or care to give to anything el-e, thecolonist who will stand up for other products oan be galled no less than a public benefactor, As suoh we class our friend ‘J.M.” who gives us a further encouraging letter elsewhere on what Castilloa and Para rubbers are likely to do, and ptill more what he himseif has done, and is doing, with Liberian coffee. Woe have never ceased re- gretting during the past five years, the premature condemnation under which ‘Liberian’ passed at the time “the rush inio tea’ began eas a full tide carrying everything else before it. Now, that it is very evident, tea is to be planted both in India and Ceylon to the very outside limit of publio requirements, we sincerely trust thet not a few will begin to follow “J.M,’ ’s example and to give special attention to Rubber and Liberian Coffce as well as Cacao. In a private note, our correspondent says: —‘* Both Para and Castillioa rubber will appear in our export returns some day to the advantage of the Oolony I hope and believe.’ And most heartily do we re-echo both the hope and the belief. a eee eres OUR TEA SOILS : ANALYSES. Mr, John Hughes, writing by a recent mail, says :— “J am very disappointed that the Planters’ Acsoaiation connot see their way to take up my mcdsst suggestion to expend £50 in extending the analyses of genuine Ceylon soils representing old and new estates, high and low altitudes and different mothods of manufacture according to the time of year and the varying humidity of the season. I cannot spare any more time for gratuitous analytical work as my own work in London is fully established and requires constant attention.” Surely for the sake of £50, our Planters’ Ascociation will not hesitate to have this useful work done, Even if the time has not come ior “ manuring ’ tea generally; yet surely itis well to know what chemical analysts have to say, if only with reference to future action. We trust that the Committee may see their way to recom- mend the necessary vote at the next General Meeting. eS THA CULTIVATION: CROPS AND PRICES. We direct attention to the letter of ‘‘ Twenty- five Years a Planter’? and to certain extracts from the South of India Observer given further on. jit would be extremely interesting to learn from Mr, Rutherford, at the end of his visit, the result of his observetions in our Tea Districts. Por, we know that Mr. Rutherford believes that there is a great deal yet to be learned in respect of Tea Cultivation and Preparation and that there are reasons not yet made olear ia explanation of the wide differences betwsen the prices realized for teas from neighbouring estates, while the jat, the cultivation and preparation on them do not materially differ. Our correspondent today is firm in the belief that good soil, good jat of tea and a certain altitude for the plantation are indispensable in Ceylon to tha production of firet-class teas; and we suppose, the vast majority of our thinking and observing planters will agree in the view thus put forward. Perhaps, if there Bae eeccenanoy at all, it will be with referenco v THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | 455 to the ‘good jit.” In the first place, our cor- respondent chould define what he means by this ; term. He ig not likely to include anv China tea, or a hybrid approaching to China; and bad the proprietor of one high estate Thoecaes are regularly “ galleried,” declaring to us a week or two ago that he attributed part of his success in the home market to the judicious admixture in his teas of a certain proportion of the product @: leaf gathered from a field he has of pure China tea; and here we have “a valued correspcndent” of our South of India namesake in+isting that well-plucked China tea oarefully manu. factured should beat Assam, in appearance and as ‘full of tip,’ though not of course in strength Still this same writer gives his voice ior a really good hybrid as best for hill cultivation—superior both to Ohina and Indigenous Assam. We know that on 8 piaatation approaching to 5,000 feet on the Hastern slopes sharing somewhat in an Uva climate, Indi- genous tea has not done nearly so well as Hybrid. What ma zy peopls would like to know is the exact clase of hybrid with which certain plantations —in Dimbu'a for instance—distinguished for heavy crops as well as high prices, —have been planted. We suspect it will be found, as Mr. Beck has indicated in his own case,” to be a Hybrid only one step _ off Indigenous. But higher up still and especially in the Nuwara Eliya and adjacent districts, which are liable to touches of frost, a more decided Hybrid is prbably the most suitable plant to use. It wuold no doubt be very instructive to learn the experience of managers who have had to do with fields of ‘‘ China ”—there are two or three in the districts we veferto;—but we shall be surprised if we are told that the leaf is mixed with that of gocd Hybrid tea. We ehould eupposa that separate preparation is indispensable to suc- cess; and we euspect the proprietor we referred to above, meant that a judicious mixture of the fully prepared tea from hig China field, with its abundance of ti the value of the rest of his tea? Tee ae we should be glad to have the opinions of plantiog authorities on the question now raised, and its discussion might be one way of informing Mr. Kutherford and others interested, of the varying opinions held throughout the country. ————_________ ‘“CREEPERS ” GALORE: NO MORE TEA ASSISTANTS WANTED IN CEYLON. An experienced planting authority feels constrai to deliver himself of the tollowine Protest ae the wholesale importation of ‘* paying pupils” — otherwise known as ‘‘ oreepers’—in some of our planting districts :— “T hear e/even new creepers are expected a all to pay premiums to, and buteher bills Fa ne importers—and all to live in a small corner of th Dikoya district. It is really time our Press, and the London Presa too, exposed this treding in youn men. { think I may safely say that no father knozing how little chance there is of hia son's getting profitable employment here or of buying an estate where no one will sell at a reasonable figur», would pay ® premium to have his son takea to Ceylon as a ‘Oreaper.’ But touts aud agents are employed and glowing accounts given, with the result of the golden harvests of a hundred guiocas ! Seeing that proprietors do not multiply, while creepers arrive in scores, if not hundreds, the chauces of employment or purchase are poor indeed. The trade was uotil recently in the hands of a very few, and a@ rich living it brought them. But their example is now being followed by many. I pity the poor deluded young men who are the yiotias,’’ 456 THE VANNI—DRY GRAIN CULTIVATION, Dry Grain cultivation generally means, chenaing, and on the evils of chenaing (a) all who are most en itled to speak on the subject are agreed. It is demoraliz- ing to the cultivators, because as long as they can obtain large returns of grain, even though of inferior kind, with the minimum of trouble, they will en- gage in no other kind of cultivation, and it is also most wasteful, destroying good forest and cau®ing an enormous waste of good material, and, at the same time, ruining the soil. It may be said that where dry grain cultivation is much practised the ecul- tivation of paddy diminishes in a corresponding degree But where there is a failure of the paddy crop or no paddy can be cultivated for want of water, or where, as at Putukkudiyiruppu in 1875-1879, some time elapses before land can be brought into a fit state for paddy cultivation and the people have no means of support in the meanwhile, chena cultivation under proper restrictions (4) has to be tolerated (c), but it should be confined to lands that a An udaiyar (Melpattu south and east) says * if permission to clear chenas were restricted much ad- vantage would result of the increase in the cultivation of paddy lands which would ensue.” Diary of 19th September, 1864. Another udaiyar (Putukkudiyiruppu) stated to Mr. Dyke that the system of chena cultivation was ‘ very pernicious in destroying young valuable trees and pre- venting the owners of paddy fields getting labour for cultivation.” 9th September, 1859, Mr. Fowler says, ‘* The more I see of this district the more firmly I am convinced that chena cultivation has been the main cause of the poverty and disease which have prevented the district from even partially regaining its former prosperity.” (Adm, Report 1887.) And again, ‘‘The Varakkudi system seems to me to have grown out of the attempts of the paddy land owners to protect themselves against the eyils of chena cultivation. Unless some such an agreement is made the labourer will whenever he gets the chance, cultivate a chena for himself and the paddy land is left uncultivated and the tank neglected with the re- sults to be seen in every direction. I believe that chenas should be entirely forbidden whenever an acre of available paddy land remains uncultivated. It is true that when a failure of crop occurs some of the land owners are among the first to ery out for cheaas but that isin order to escape the burden of supporting their Varakkudis till the next harvest, overlooking the fact that they will get no harvest without labourers.” (Adm. Report 1886.) See also Mr, Ellis’ Adm. Report 1880; Vincent’s Forest Report, Sess. Papers 1882, page 379, For an account of the Varakkudi system see the chapter on ‘‘ Labour.” b The rules as to chenas in force in the Northern Province under the Forests Ordinance will be found at-the end of the chapter. ; c The Mudaliyars state that ‘‘the cultivation of dry grain is very important to the people. ‘There are many who haye no paddy land and no means of cultivating the paddy lands of others, no cattle, &c., and who cannot procure employment under those who have paddy lands.” Diary of Mr. Dyke 26th August, Other reasons given to Mr, Dyke why dry grain cultivation could not be altogether prevented were that in the wet season, witk the fields sown and the tank full there was, as regards many villages, no place free of jungle to which the village cattle, buffaloes and black cattle could be driven to pasture but the old chenas, and (2) the want of a supply of elu (gingelly) would be much felt. (15th September 1859.) This was before the day of village clearings. At the beginning of the British administration the evils of chenaing do not seem to have been realized. The collector reports in 1808 as if it were a subject for regret that the rain during the summer months of that year caused a diminution in the cultivation of natcherry by preventing the burning of the woods.— Diary of December, 20th, 1847, ~ : THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ee (JAN. 1, 189 4, have already been subjected to the process within recent years. The dry grains cultivated are, kurakkan, vyaraku and gingelly. The jungle is clearéd in April, May, or June; in July or August when high winds are prevalent it is burnt, The land is not ploughed, it is not always turned up with the mamotty even. Sometimes it is merely scored or scratched with asort of pointed stick, For varaku cultivation a very small mamotty (illuppan) about 2 inches wide by 3 long, is used to cover the grain when sown. Another kind of mamotty larger than this, about 4 inches by 6 is used in kurakkan and gingelly cultivation for hoeing. It is known as the mantu kottukkira manveddi. There are two kinds of kurakkan known as pancha or ilam, i.e., “ soft,” and kal or van, i.¢., “hard” kurakkan. The former is sown between September and November and ripens in 3 months and the latter is sown in October or November and reaped in February or March. Varaku panicum miliaceum is sown in August and September in new chenas and in October in old chenas. It is reaped in February or March, Most of the varaku produced in the district is grown at Putukudiyiruppu where it forms the chief food of the people. Ellu or gingelly (sesamum indicum) is sown in March or April and ripens in June or July. There is a great demand for gingelly principally for oil. Chena paddy (i/a nellu) which is sown in August or September before the rains, and ripens in two or three months, is sometimes grown at Tanynuttu and in Melpattu North. For the cultivation of this chena paddy the jungle is cut in April and burnt aboutJune, It is generally sown in low ground and therefore the jungle must be burnt when there is no rain to make this low ground damp. Sami (panicum miliare; Sin., mineri) is some- times cultivated in small quantities in pulavus like gingelly. Payaru or green gram (phaseolus mungo; Sin., min eta) is sometimes sown with kurakkan and yaraku in small plots of ground on ant hills and along the fences. Kollu or gram (dolichos biflorus) is also sown at the same time with kurakkan and varaku. Varaku lands are cultivated for three successive years and are called by different names according to the year. Thus the first year they are called 1. Putukkadu (new jungle). 2. Pulakkadu or pulavu (tilled land). 3. Kurupuddi. Kurakkan is cultivated for two years successively. The land has the same names, It is said that thirty years must elapse before the jungle can be cultivated for a second period. As to the comparative fertility of putukkadu and pulakkadu My, Flanderka remarks “it is stated that pulavu cultivation yields a better crop than putukkadu. This is contrary to my impressions but that there are some grounds for the assertion appears from a statement subsequently made by the udaiyar of Karunavalpattu that ‘‘putukkadu under fayourable circumstances yields a better crop than pulavu cultivation, but insects more generally infest the former and consequently the crop frequently suffers much damage.” (a) In the Wanny (meaning the Vavuniya District and the inland pattus of the Mullaittivu District) putukkadu is stated to yield a better produce than pulavus_and more grain has to be sown in the latter than in the former. The proportion was said to be putukkadu 6 seers, pulavu 7 seers, but q 18th May, 1848, - jan. 1, 1894. | at Putukkudiyixuppu it was said that the ground being very PT es ensrec was the case. Gingelly is cultivated in puttukkadu immediately after the hurakkan or varaku is reaped, and seldom or never in pulavus. People sometimes sow gingelly on lands cleared for kurakkan or varaku which may not have been cultivated. It yieldsif there are good rains 90 to 100 fold, but generally from 10 to 30 fold. I find the following statements in Mr. Flanderka’s diary. 1. 1 seer of gingelly, 6 of kurakkan, 8 or 9 varaku, 10 orl2 of paddy, require the same extent of ground. (a) 2, One man can sow an extent of ground in a day which requires 10 to 15 marakkals of paddy(?) 12 seers of varaku, 8 of kurakkan and 2 of gingelly. 38, The hire of an acre for jungle cultivation for one season is for pulavu cultivation 8 marakkals grain; for putukkadu cultivation 4 marakkals grain.(c) To which may be added an extract from Mr. Dyke’s Diary(d) as to the capacities of paddy and dry grain as food, and the reason why the latter is so popular. The following statement was given to me but I do not feel confident of its correctness. Paddy, 90 parrahs; paddy and dry grain— paddy, 45; dry grain, 32°22. The dry grain therefore is shewn to go much fayther than paddy. Persons of the lower orders do not like to live exclusively on either. Dry grain is considered a stronger, more stimulating food, and as such in certain proportions desired by the labouring man. Above that proportion, however, it is heating and unwholesome. As to the yield of the principal dry grains it was stated to Mr. Turnoyr in 1807 that kurakkan gave 25 fold in Mulliyayalai, from 30 to 40 fold in Tunukkay, and from 150 to 200 fold in Kavikkadu- mulai south, and that yaraku yielded 60 to 70 fold (Mulliyavalai). As the extent of land cultiyated with dry grain is fluctuating and, as it were, accidental, it affords no criterion of the prosperity of the inhabitants, and it is therefore unnecessary to give any comparative statement shewing how it has varied at different periods. (e) ———$_————_——_—— FARMING IN THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS. An ex-Ceylon Planter, now a farmer, writes from Aberdeenshire under date 14:h Nov.— “ Surely this has been the record year for Scot- land in the way of weather, for here we are in the middle of November, half our ploughing done, half our turnips stored, and lovely mild calm weather overhead. I hope this sort of weather has come to stay with us! ” ———_+—___— SALE OF A TEA ESTATE TO THE SYLHET COMPANY. The price paid by the SyJhet Company to Mr, Hannam for Warwick estate, New Galway District, is £8,250. The extent planted is 214 atvres with 10 acres reserve. A large bungalow built by Mr. Dingwall was included in the sale. Mr. A. F. White continues in charge of the estate. The Company haye also purchased New Cornwall estate and there was a rumour that they might try to go in for the whole valley or district. a 29th August 1848. b This is rather a high estimate, it is not usually more than 8, ¢ 9th October 1849, d Diary of 2nd Noyember 1848, a parrah may be taken to be } of a bushel, e A sufficient idea may be formed of this by referring to the table of dry grain tithe f appended to the Chapter on the Grain Revenue, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 457 THE CALIFORNIAN EXHIBITION OF 1894: ‘“A CEYLON TEA COURT” PRIVATELY AR- RANGED FOR, WHAT ARE THE GOVERNMENT AND PLANTERS TO DO? We have already alluded to the Californian Exposition to be opened at San Francisco in January 1894, and the splendid opportunity it will afford for making our tea and other produce known in perhaps the richest State in the whole of the great North American Republic. Most fortunately for Ceylon, a representative Court and more especially of our teas, has already been arranged for by private enterprise without, so far, costing a rupee to the Colony! On the contrary, the Commissioner to Chicago has made money out of the Californian Exhibition by selling or leasing one of his Courts and insisting on cash payments from the intending exhibitors of a Ceylon representation. This seems rather hard treatment of gentlemen who, running considerable risk, must benefit the tea in- dustry of Ceylon, however little profit, even if none at all, they make for themselves. The mainstay of this enterprise in providing a Ceylon Court and special Show of Ceylon Teas at San Francisco is a Mr. Foster (long engaged in the Japanese Tea Trade in Cali- fornia) and his colleague and co-adjutor— who very much prompted Mr. Foster to this movement—is Mr. T. A. Cockburn (the “T., A. C.” Correspondent of the Vbserver,) who has had much experience as planter in this island and who is esteemed by all who know him. Messrs. Foster and Cockburn are to show and sell none but pure Ceylon teas; they have incurred a heavy initial expense and they risk a great deal more. We, therefore, consider that they deserve the cordial good wishes and the support as far as possible, of every tea planter in the island. Mr. R, V. Webster in the letter we published the other day, thought it a “ monstrous” thing that Messrs. Foster and Cockburn should have to pay R480 a month for the use of one of the Ceylon Court structures lent by Mr. Grinlinton and he suggests that the Court should be lent to them free for the six months of the Californian Exhibition. This would seem certainly a very moderate concession and if the entire cost of the Ceylon-Chicago Show turns out to be well within the funds col- lected up to the end of this year, we think the Planters’ Association might well move the Government to remit this rent on a satisfactory assurance being obtained that the Ceylon Court in the Californian Exhibition had been properly started and that none but pure Ceylon teas were shown therein. But we go further, and so strong is our opinion of the splendid field for our teas opened up in California that we should press on the Planters’, and Tea Fund, Committee to do everything in their power to countenance and promote this attempt to make the Ceylon Court a distinctive feature of the Californian Exhibition. Mr. Cockburn deserves exceed- ingly well of his brother-planters for the good work he has already done af Chicago, aud 458 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JAN. 1, 1894. this we have no doubt will be testified to by the Comissioner- He ought surely to have a grant of tea from the ‘“ Tea und Committee ” to use in his Court; and why notalso have both him and Mr. Foster nominated Honorary or Deputy Commissioners torepresent Ceylon at San Francisco? If the Government could be inoved on the recommendation of the Planters’ Association to give a nomination-letter of this kind, it would cost nothing; but it could not fail to be much appreciated by the recipients and to strengthen their position amazingly among the Californian officials. It would serve too, to bind Mr. Foster with his extensive tea interests, to the Ceylon product and to a personal permanent in- terest in the Colony. Failing such a letter of appointment from Government, we think the Planters’ Committee might ask their Chairman and Secretary to issue (under the broad seal of the Association !) a letter re- cognising the position of Messrs. Foster and Cockburn as representing the tea interests of the Colony in the ‘“ Ceylon Court” of the Californian Exhibition. After reporting to us what they bad done in ordering some hundred pounds’ worth of useful and curious Ceylon exhibits to show off the Court, and in arranging for supplies of Ceylon tea of superior quality, Mr. Cockburn adds that ‘recognition by the planters would be some reward for a great deal of hard work in their interests, while an appointment as Honorary Commissioner at San Francisco would un- doubtedly give one a better status” and would, in our opinion, enable more to be done for the products of the Colony, more especially tea. Se UES EEE sue THE NORTH AND SOUTH SYLHET TEA COMPANIES (LD.)- _ It is on behalf of the above Companies that Sir Johu Muir, Bart., of Deanston, and Mr. P. R Buchanan of Leadenhall Strest are now in our midst. Hach Company has a capital of a million sterling with £600,000 paid up, and to this £200,000, in each case, is to be added for the purpose of acquiring new land in Ceylon and Assam and opening out tea estates thereon. It is proposed erelong that both Oompanies shall be amalgamated into one large Public Com- pany with a quotation on the London, Glacgow and other leading Stock Exchanges. The present estates of the Companies are mainly situated in Sylhet and the Dooars and they comprise an area of 64,323 acres of land of which 20,376 acres are planted with best jat from 1 to 10 years old. These estates are most fully and permanently equipped in every way, the block cost on 30th November 1892 being £1,037,821, or nearly £50 per acre—so that it is mo wonder they are deemed among the finest tea estates in the world. Their crop in 1888 was 5,678,379 lb. Eut in 1892 it in- creaged to 8,359,972 lb.—the cost, including all charges in Indiaand at home, being elightly under 6d per lb., which must be considered very mode- gate, When in full bearing the area now planted should yield 12 million lb. and at a lower cost for production, From 1882 to 1887, no profits were made ; but in 1887 and 1883 the profits we Er 4 q 1a > Y, = ¥ yielded to shareholders compound interest at a per cent per annum forthe six years, For the last four years, an average dividerd of 12 per cent per annum has been paid. Last year, the net profils after paying all interest on Losns and Deposits was £95,882 and after paying 12 per cent, £22,847 was carried forward in addition to £20,000 previously at credit of Reserve Account, It will tbug be seen that the Company is a very succersful and a very strong one. And now they want to extend their operations into two more of the best tea fields in the world—Aseam, with its finer quality of tea; and Ceylon— ‘¢ where tea can be produced from first-class estates at a lower cost even than in Sylhet and the Dooars.” The Directors (who include besides the gentlemen already named, two Messrs. Coats of Paisley, Sir Robert Drummond Moncreiffe, Bart., of Monereiffe and Mes-rs. Murray and Brown, Merchants, Glas- gow) ‘have fully considered the questien of over- cupply and they are of opinion that this danger does not exiet seeing that the annual consumption of tea in the world, exclusive of tea-producing countries is 450 million lb., and of this quantity India and Ceylon, which produce the finest teas im the world, only contribute 170 million lb.’’ This is very reassuring and we cann omplain of the Eatimate, for we believe ite original cource is our own compilation for “The Ceylon Hand- book snd Directcry.” Still, India and Ceylon now produce fully 200 million lb, between them, and it willbe a bard fight before they drive China out of Russia and North America. No coubt it has to be done and will be done and we should hail aby movement which draws the Indian end Ceylon planters closer together so that they may fight ‘‘shoulder to shoulder” in the struggle against China and Japan teas. What Sir Jobn Muir himself thinks of the procpect may be judged from the fact that he holds £100,000 stock in each Company and that he intends to increase his holding by £50,000 in each—making £300,000 in all, or nearly one-fifth of the whole capital subscribed. We cannot but wish well to Companies with which the future prosperity of Ceylon is likely to be so closely identified. In this connection we mby formally welcome the establishment of the Colombo branch of Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Oo, of Calcutta, which will com- mence businers on Monday, the 11th, inst., in tem- porary offices in Messis. Bcsanquet & Co,’s block of buildings, Meesre, Wm. Walker, C. G. Ballingall and A, Fairlie—members of the Calcutta House—are to bein the meantime resident in Colombo and to sign the Firm. Mr, Walker has hed altogether fifteen years’ residence in Caleutta and will probably be going home from Colombo after the business here is fully etarted, Three euch notable additions to our mercantile community are not cften mede all at once and we give Mesers. Walker, Ballingall and Fairlie a hearty welcome. Sir John Muir and Mr. P.R, Buchanan have started upccuntry on a visit to the planting districts and propose returning vig Ratnapura and the Kaluganga to Kalutara. —— SS A BOOM IN TRAVANCORE. A tea-planting correspondent writes to the /adras Times :—A small boom in Tiayancore places a going on, and the cheaper ores are being picked up rapidly, If the railway goes to Quilona very | large acreage will ke turned into tea and cocoa, — Jan. 1, 1894. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 459 A CEYLON PLANTER AT CHICAGO EXHIBITION : HIS LAST LETTER FROM CHICAGO. BOUND FOR CALIFORNIA, Chicago, Nov. 5, “The Editor, Ceylon Observer,” Dear Mr. Epitor,—This is probably the last letter I will trouble you and your numerous readers with from Chicago. The Fair is A THING OF THE PAST aod its glory is departed. We have had a very busy month, and as you would learn from telegrams and papers, the crowds haye been enormous during the month of October, CEYLON AND CEYLON TEA ; were ever in the front, and we did a large business, although the purchasing powers of the vast crowds were not so great in proportion to numbers, as in some previous months. The number of cups served during October was 125,000, and packets of tea sold numbered 31,000, which is a very large thing indeed. Ceylon shut down serving tea on Saturday afternoon at 2-30 p.m, the 4th Nov. (being the last to go), in THE WOMEN’S BUILDING PAVILION — the last cup being poured out by the writer and handed to a charming young lady by Mr. Bierach, the fair recipient being on this occasion the guest of the Ceylon Commissioner. THE THREE REMAINING CEYLON COURTS — are to be sold by auction on Saturday, the 11th inst., at 11 o'clock, Mr. Foster and self having already bought one for San Francisco. This looks like the beginning of the end. IT fear my letter will be tinged by sorrow and sadness; for, to one who hasseen the bustle, ani- mation, life, grandeur, and surpassing beauty of the Wonderful White City, to one whose romantic mind, sensitive nature and poetic ideas are not quite rubbed out by this matter-of-fact end-of-the-century, it is A RATHER SAD AND DEPRESSING SIGHT, though in its stillness, quiet and deserted appear- ance, there is an indescribable grandeur yet, which peoples it in the imagination with the vast multi- tudes, from amongst whom a few, let us hope, constant, good and true, life-long friends have been made. CEYLON TEA TO THE FRONT. To the end, Ceylon maintained her position in the forefront. At a largely attended reception given in the New York State building, on New York Day, the famous Ceylon tea was served at one end of the room, while Indian tea was dispensed at the other end. Arrangements being as usual in the efficieut hands of our Mr. Bierach, who was an honoured guest on the occasion. There were ten of our natives there from 8 till 11 p.m., 8 men and 2 women, all nicely dressed, and not until the last of the Indian attendants had gone, did the Ceylon people begin to think of going home. There have been some other receptions of a similar nature, but I need not describe them; they were always a success, the tea being highly praised, and all arrange- ments being efficiently carried out by Mr. Bierach. VISITORS TO THE FAIR, We haye had several visitors from your island, Mr. Handcock, who enquired after many old Balangoda friends, including Stuart A. Rolland & Brother of Coorg. He was delighted with what little Ceylon had done here. Mr. Valentine of Travancore again visited us, after having bad some good shooting on his way home. We haye had some pleasant chats with Mr. R. V. Webster, the genial manager of the Ceylon Co-operative Tea Gardens Co., whose teas have been awarded a gold medal here. He was accompanied by a large party of friends from Halifax, N.S., who thoroughly enjoyed themselyes and our famoug VYeylon tea, _Mr. Webster has done a large amount of business since his arrival in Canada and the United States, and I hope to meet him later,” In San Francisco. Our latest visitor was the well-known and esteemed Mr. Kerr of Ambagamuwa, who, though a little too late, saw a great deal during the short time he had at his disposal here. THE BARL AND COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN were entertained by our Commissioner one afternoon, and were loud in their praises of our beautiful building and all the wonders it contained. THE MURDER OF THE CHICAGO MAYOR. The terrib'e murder of the esteemed Mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, within a few hours, one may say, of the official closing of the Great Fair, and to whose great personal interest, the success of the Fair is largely due, seemed to cast a shadow ofsadness and sorrow over the closing days, and deepens the depression one feels while out there now, He was within a few days of his marriage to a lovely young lady, which makes the occurrence all the more sad. PECCANT NATIVES. I regret to say that some of the natives, towards the end of things, did not continue to maintain that high character they have earned during the continuance of the Fair, but misbehaved rather badly. They are being sent back to Ceylon in disgrace, by an early steamer. THE PERMANENT WOMEN’S BUILDING. I had great pleasure in presenting to Mrs. Potter Palmer, on behalf of the Hon, J. J. Grinlinton and with the compliments of the Ceylon Commission, a few very pretty Kalutara baskets. These were much prized, and are to have a place in the permanent Women’s Building which is to be built here soon, and towards the erection of which Mrs. Potter Palmer has munificently donated the sum of $200,000 and promised as much more as may be found necessary. PACKING UP. We are nowall very busy helping with the packing up, and the store in State Street, which is being put in order, requires a great deal of the time and at- tention of our Commissioner, I think most of us are glad the Fair is over, for it has been very hard tiring work, and a great strain on most ofus. The weather is now very cold, and we are beginning to feel it ; though doubtless we will not get so fagged as during the very warm weather. Weare all fairly well, with the exception of cods and neuralgia now and aa : will be through with the Commissione the 15th, and must then pack up for Shit rien cisco, where I wiil have plenty of the same kind of hard work to do. MY NEXT LETTER, Mr. Editcr, will probably be dated from Detroit Michigan, whither I go about the 20th for a short rest, and to look up the Tea Trade there, aa every- thing must now be done to keep up the interest ex- cited in our teas by the Worla’s Fair here, CALIFORNIA MIDWINTER EXHIBITION. I hope to Jeave with my Ceylon Court and ratives for San Francisco towards the last of November, I trust I shall receive some enccuragement from the Planters’ Association and the Planters and Proprie- tors in the way of exbibits, &c., &e. Vhese should be addressed to Messrs. Foster and Cockburn, Ceylon Pavilion, Menufacturers Hall, Midwinter Exhibition, San Francisco Oalifornias. ON THE WAY HOME, I believe the Assistant Commissioner and natives leave early in December for Vancouver, on their way bome, Mr. Grivlinton goes to New York on business and returns to finally see that our store has been working well during bis absence in charge of Mr, Bierach, Qur popular Commissioner goes back: yjg 460 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. London, and no doubt will meet with # deservedly | hearty and! cordial welcome from all classes of the community he has served eo well; for our great success here it mast always be remembered is very greatly duc to him; and his pleasant end agreeable manner invariably enabled him to get what he re- quired for Ceylon. Mr. Bierach goes to New York or Toronto to Manage some Exhibitions there, or at both of there places, aud probably have the valuable assistance of Mr. Wallace who has been a most energetic salesman at the Main Court having bimself, I believe half of all that has been sold there. I belieye Captain Hansard, our kindly good-natured friend relurns to Canada, and thus we, who have worked together, and worked herd for Oeylon, sre to be scattered once more all over the world. May we mect again! Of Mr. George Marr’s plans I cannot speak jurt at precent, but he has also worked very hard for some time now on behalf of Ceylon and the Commissioner: MANY PECULIAR QUESTIONS wero asked me latterly by the country people, but most of them I have forgotten. One party asked me “Gf I could tell them when the Lagoons were going to be fed.’ I told them they were not fed till mid- night, and I believe these people waite | uptil then, or till they were put out. Another party asked me “when the wooded Island wes to te burned,” while avother learned piofessor ‘rom the country irquired “'if there were any Lagoons in the Women’s Building.” PRAISE FOR THE COMMISSIONER, Now I must asy goodbye Mr. Edi‘or, and Jet my Jast words be thore of thauks, beartfelt thanks to the Hon. J.J. Griolinton for many kind words of appre- ciation and thoughtful acts that made life worth living during the turmoil of the Fair. Sic Transit Gloria Mundi's Fair, TAC. P.S,—I notice AN EXTREMELY CHILDISH LETTER in your latest Overland signed “A Tca Planter’; but I think be is eufficiently answered by ‘ Another Tea Plenter”’: the letter in question is beneath con- tempt.—T.A. O. -———_o>-—_ NEWS FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCE; PLANTING AND OTHERWISE: (Notes by Wanderer.) Dec. 8th, ConpiTIoNs For Goop TEA Prices AND Goop Crops. ‘—Given tea bushes of good jat, fair soil, no coarse plucking, plenty of factory room, sothat no pro- cess in the manufacture has to wait for the other, and there you are! I feel sure the excellent Chairman of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Co. and new Director of the Oriental Bank Estates Co will admit that the foregoing will ensure a steady market for the producer. _ Crynton Trea in AmericA.—Mr. J. L. Shand’s experience of would-be American dealers in Ceylon tea is very amusing, Mr. Shand does not much believe in the Americans taking anything but cheap tea from us. Mr. Forbes Laurie writes sensibly, except when he writes of a Oompany he evidentl knows nothing about, the Ceylon Tea Co., Limited, which, he writes, is ‘‘a concern without sufticient individual responsibility or control, or without satis- factory results.” What do Messrs. Whittall & Co. say to Mr. Laurie's further remarks? ‘‘It only benefits, so far as I learn those who obtain commis- sions on the operations translated,” which I presume means “‘ transacted.” The Worth British Daily Mail issues of the 7th and 10th November treat their readers to a “‘little washing of dirty linen” on the part of Baronnts Sir JoHN Muir and Sir ArcHipaup Orr Ewing. lt arose in the first place from a desire that they should see “eye te eye” in the matter of “good commissions’ En [Jan. 1, 1894. end ‘extra diyidends’’ A letter from Messrs.James Finlay & Co. to the latter Baronet contains the following tit bit :—‘‘ We have referred to risks run in connection with the management of the Sylhet Tea Companies’ business in India. They are of course pecuniary risks, but we had, and have especially before us the great risks to health attendant on the supervising and inspecting estates, when the jungle is being cleared, and the land being turned up after lying dormant for hundreds of years, poisonons gases are thus let loose and permeate the whole atmosphere.’ The above reason is given why the Calcutta Agents should get 3} p. c. commissions. However. the other Baronet knocks that argument on the head by curtly remarking “ I bave never suggested that the salaries of the managers of the tea gardens should be reduced. I would treat them most liberally. It is they who run the risk of fever, not Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co,and Messrs. James Finlay & Co.” Exports or Tres.—November 1893 shows a total export of 9,300,000 lb.in the eleven months of 1693 over that of 1892. The total Ceylon Exports will run to about 83,000,000 this season. We shall be anxious to see how this abundant supply will be taken off. Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton are pretty chirpy in their Circuler of the 17th, November. They say “ with continuance of steady buying from the country, dealers have found constant replenish- ing ot stock a necessity.” Also they add: “ It is too early yet to estimate the probable result of the Com- missioners’ labours, but the market of North America cestainly appears to be taking a gradual liking for Indian and Ceylon Teas. It seems pro that the development of the trade may soon be rapid and encouraging.” ocoA.—It is pleasant to note in Messrs. Wilson. Smithett & Co’s circular, by last mail, that the stock of Cocca has been somewhat reduced. The copious rains we are now having checks setting of blossom for Spring, but there is still plenty of time, and the weather must soon harden. Your Scotcu Papre rx CoLompo spoke splendid! at the Prizegiving at tbe Agricultural School. His remarks were eminently sensible, and worth listening to. When the Presbyterian Cnurches of Scotland commence Missionary work in Ceylon, which they ought to have initiated long ago, the could not do better than start Agricultural Schoo in the villages, and appoint as president of the Mis- sion, Mr, Paton, eS INDIAN TEA SALES. (From Watson, Sibthorp & Co.’s Tea Report.) Caucurra, Noy. 29:h, 1893. There was a good general demand for all grades in the sales held on the 23rd inst. Teas under eight annas were rather dearer, the finer sorts sold very irregularly but without quotable change. in the general value, 16,185 packages changed hands. The average price of the 16,185 packages sold is As. 6-11 or about 83d per lb. as compared with 15,873 packages sold on the 24th November 1692 at As. 8-5 or about 10d per lb. and 14,188 packages sold on the 26th November 1891 at As, 6-9 or about 9d_per Ib. The Exports from 1st May to 27th November from here to Great Britain are 88,783,589 lb. as compared with 81,764,277 lb. at the corresponding period last season and 82,265,748 lb. in 1891. N ae sale’s average was As 6-10 or about 84d per Ib. Reuter telegraphs from London on the 21st inst, —'* Type 67-16d,’ on the 22nd—‘* Pekoes 4d told lower. Broken pekoes, 1d lower. Pekoe souchongs. 3d lower” and on the 23rd— Offered 39,000, sold 32,000 packages. Common qualities firm. Good to fine unchanged.” 1 ame Bills, 6 months’ sight, 1g Freight—Steamer £2-0-0 per ton of 50 c fy Jan. 1, 1894.] —. TEA. (From William Moran & Co.'s Market Report.) Cauourta, Nov. 29'h, 1893. On Thursday, 23rd inst., 16,500 chests were sold. For the better grades, and good broken pekoes es- pecially, the market was somewhat irregular ; but prices onthe whole tendeddownwards. For Bombay, there was a strong demand for suitable breaks of pekoa and pekoe souchongs. All common kinds were very firm. Tomorrow 15,000 chests will be offered. ————————— CEYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA. Tea Iv Metsourne.—The principal events in th- tea market have been the auction sales on Tues day and Thursday. Considerable catalogues of China tea ex ‘‘ Taiyuan.’ Of low common 705 half-chests were sold at 73d. Sales of common at 5d to 54d amounted to 2,693 half-chests, and 4,200 boxes com- mon at 6d to 64d showed relatively full value to buyers. Cataloges comprising 340 chests and 112 half-chests Ceylon were sold as follows :—Broken pekoe, 32 chests at 74d to 1s; pekoe, 47 chests at 7d to 93d; and pekoe souchong, 17! chests at 63d. Since the auction close upon 2,000 half-chests con- gou, then withdrawn, have been placed privately at prices a shade firmer. Sales have also been made privately of 700 quarter-chests S. O. pekoe at up to 9d. The Custom-house statement of receipts and deliveries of tea at the bonds for the week ended the 11th inst., together with the stocks in bond at the close of the week, is as follows :— Deliveries. Receipts For Home _ For Stocks _ into Oonsump- Export. on Bond. tion. Noy. 11. . lb, lb. lb. lb. China 412,080 46,804 47,022 3,162,910* India 123,185 23,421 24,350 991,305 Ceylon ... 10,284 5,834 6,466 209,741} Totals.. 546,550 76,059 77,838 4.363,956 * Exclusive of a portion of shipments ex “Taiyuan.” + Exclusive of shipments ex ‘ Australia” and “© orizaba.” At the corresponding date Jast year bonded stocks consisted of 3,147,3871lb, China, 779,539 lb. Indian, and 317,569 lb, Ceylon ; total, 4,244,495 lb. Tra at SypDNEY has been rather slow of sale. Several large buyers are away, and importers of Indians have not cared to go onat the low prices which were accepted at auction last week, Sup- plies of Indiams and Ceylons have been more than sufficient for immediate requirements, and the market consequently is weak. The position as regards China teas is unchanged, The demandhas been principally for descriptions ranging from 63d to 734. There has been no important auction sale this week, but the market will again be tested on Wednes- day next. ApELAIDE.--The tea market is well supplied, and while small lines of Ceylon and China sorts are selling no big business has matured during the week. Markets in Melbourne are easier, and local cellers are not so firm as a week or two ago. Coffee business is small; value of prime high- grown samples 1s 34d; low-grown inferior, 1s 2}d to 1s 8d per lb. d. p. New Zearanp, Nov. 11.—The trade in cocoa and coffee is lessening under the change of season, and candles are quiet. There hasbeen a trade sale of Indian and Ceylon teas during the week. Bidding Was spiritless, and although several parcels were placed the tone of the market was dull, and prices in fayour of buyers, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 461 TEA CULTIVATION: HOW TO GET GOOD CROPS AND GOOD PRICES.” We have been looking over the letters of our correspondents (sce further on) signing: —‘‘ A Planter since ’59,” ‘ Kalutara,” ‘ Altitude,” ‘*D.”, “M, H. T.” M,”, ‘*F G.A.L.”, ‘ An Old Planter,” ‘18 Years,’ ‘“W. M.”, ‘ Planter,” “I. C.G.”, ‘* Manager,” ‘30 Years’ a Planter,” ‘* Geo, Beck,” “M.” and ‘‘ W.J A.’’—representing altogether a great variety of prac~ tical experience. The discussion on this subject was commenced by a planter who laid down three conditions:—good soil, good jit and a good or high elevation above sea-level. To these a well- known Dimbula planter (‘‘W. X. B.”) added a good, commodious, well-fitted and clean Factory (including @ good teamaker) as not the least of the indigpensables to the turning out of good tea: indeed he would consider the factory more inportant than jat, above a certain altitude ezpecially. In the view that Indigenous or closely allied jits were not so desirable ax a Hybrid :t o high elevation, or even than a good Ohina in the highest fields, a number of planters conour. But there is another point on which all seem to agree and it is one to which perhaps a sufficient amount of attention has not been given hitherto in Ceylon. It is the great drawback attending a mixture of jats and the attempted manufacture of leaf of varying size and quality at the same time. Now in how many places in Ceyion—planted in the years when not so much was known about jats or when men were too poor to be particular about their seed— do we see bushes and fields showing a great variety of jat from a really good desirable Hybrid down to something worse than any ordinary Chinatea bu:h. How impossible it must be to manufacture even, nice- looking or good teas under such oircumetances? And therefor, evenness of jAt as well as quality, might well beclassedamong theconditions already named. Weremember hearing from an Aseam planter, a good many years ago, how careful they were to get rid of plants from their nurseries and even from the fields, that indicated an inferior jit and how each manager prided himself on the evenness of his show of tea-bushe3. We do not know of the practice of pulling out inferior bushes ig still in vogue; but as a Ceylon proprietor (now on a visit to the island,) with much pioneering experience in our industry, confessed to us the other day, there is no question of the superiority of Assam teas for make and appearance over “Oeylon’s”’ as a whole. We have little doubt that much of the success of Henfold is due to evenness of jit and besides good crops. Mr. Beck, we learn, is not to be content till he brings his average up to 1s 6d! All success go with him in the attempt. There can be no question as to the influence of fine snd careful plucking on good prices; but there ig still a difference of opinion as to the advantage of only taking off 200 1b. an acre and getting a price among the highest averages, instead of 500 or even 600 1b. with much lower prices. There is nothing like the actual test of experience and one proprietor we know whose teas are regularly ‘‘galleried” is fully content with the profits which a limited gathering and high prices give him. Onthe other hand, some who have tried both systems insist that very fine plucking,—taking off the immature bud, &s.—is far more trying in the end to the bushes than ordinary medium plucking. It was found to be so at least in the early days in the Kelani Valley, where fine plucking was tried on one plantation for a long time, But we are not clear that the same experience will hold good at @ higher elevation, 462 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1. 1894, There is no question of the superiority of Indi- genous tea, for the lowcountry. It gives ‘‘ double the profit” yielded by ordinary Hybrid, is the way one enthusiast puts it, and the tea seems less liable to insect attacks. Then one or two of our correspondents thorougbly believe in the good results from manuring, not only aa to yield, but as to quality of tea; but this Jatter must depend a good deal, we should, say on the kind of manure applied. In one case, at least, we remember an experienced planter attributing a fall in price to the ranker leaf producei by certain manures. We are glad to find not a few writers urging the analyses and aid which Mr. Hughes bas been eo long advocating, and we trust to see the Planters’ Association vote the need. ful £50 at an early date. The discussion is by no means at an end,—we bave several letters to follow,—and we trust, among the rest, ‘‘ Old Planter’ will continue his useful practical hints for the benefit of the younger generation of his brethren. We shall probably reprint the whole of the letters in a small pamphlet as a useful means of reference to vry varied and valuable experience at this stage in the history of THe Tea PLaAntinc EnverPrisE 1N CryLon, ——— eee TEA SHORT LANDED ? Oonsiderable dissatisfaction has been manifested for some time past in the tea sales owing to breaks of attractive tca being given out from the chair as two pickages short, or one package skort, as the cae might be, tke inference desired being that the said packages were not to befound, For a time vo surpicion of anything to the contrary was aroused; but it is no s‘oret now that some gentle- men in brokers’ offices are in the habit of supplying their friends with tea, and the presumption gained ground that instead of buying single packages of the wholesale dea'ers they were quietly getting behind the backs of both the whclesale and retail trade and abstracting as many chests from the sale as they re- quired, and paying the importer the same price asthe break sold at under the hammer. When the practice was first commenced a more straightforward policy was pursued, and the auctioner used to announce ‘* We take back three at a penny per pound prefit,” ond immediate'y a brisk competition ensucd, the pr. fit being humorously termed a ‘‘ gratuity.” But the days of gratuities bave pasted away, and for a con- siderable time the sellers hsve helped themselves to whatever they wanted at cost price. But in these days of publicity it is not easy to keep anythiog private, and the prectice bas at lest got “ blown upon,” ard, as we think, very much to the impor- dters’ interest. : largest buyera feel very strong upon the subject, andsimply refuse to bid for any break of which the quantity is diminished by one or two pack- ages; and if tho seller knocks the break down in sale,and then states that if is one package or two packages short, they decline to take delivery, and throw it back on thes llers’ hands. We con- fess we are not surprised that Duyers should feel ptiongly upon this matter, and importers will do well to insist on their brokers enti:e'y discontinuing the practice. Whatever snnoys the buyer camages the price, and, on the contrary, whatever pleases the buyer, even to a very limited extent, makes him bid up to his valuation, and thereby benefits the seller The immense quantities of tea that have now to be dealt with in Mincing Lare make the seller more or less the servant of the buyer, and it is an admitted fact that in every instance in whichthe buyers have maintained any proposition it has been found judicious to meet them. Thecase at present under considara- tion is one in which immediate concession is the only wise course, and it is to be hoped that the importer will see the justice of it.—H. and C, Mail, Nov. 24. It is well known that many of the NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. InpDtAN Correze.—The cfieet of the revolu'ion in Brezil on the Coffee Market hss not been great at present. Owing no doubt to the fact that va'nes of Rio and Santos coffee are too high alrea'y, or that no importavee whatever is attachedto these ecommu- nications, the market has remained exceedingly fist. However bitter the war may rage bstwees the two contesting parties, one tbing is certain—neither the arrival of supplies nor the export of coffee seems to be sffected by it in any way, for both continue to srrive in the osual manner. Businessin these coffees has practically come t) a standetill, holders’ ideas having become quite prohibitive. The proportion in value between Brazilian and fine-coloured coffees, such 6s East Indian end Oeylon sorts, has now become 80 exceedingly emall that the trade has given up buying the former, and has directed its attention more to the latter, snd prices which a short time ago were unobtainable for these fine sorts ere now offered in several quartere. We hear, eays the London Commercial Record, of the Neilgherry crop, “ Ferndale,” havicg realised the full velae of 100s c.f. Trieste, and of the Mysore estate, ‘“ Murgeddy,” having been disposed of at 1003 c.i.f, for the same port, Further tics are made for various other estates ou tbe basis of the above prices; but business to far has not resulted, owing to the firmness with which planters adhere to their high prices. Particu- larly the owners of coffee estates in the southern dis- tricts of Esst India, such as Wynaad, Neilgherry, Shevaroyr, Nilianpathier, Paolneys, &&., &c., are exceedingly obstinate, as their crops, owing to an unsatisfactory south western monsoon, are small, and will hardly come up to the yield of those in 1892-93, whereas the more favourable prospect ins Coorgh and Mysore, where crops of about 25 per cent. over those of last year are expected, make planters less extravagant in their ideas, It is estimated that the total yield in all the coffee-growing dis- tricts in East India will reach about the same figure as that of last year, and under most favour- able circumstances may even exceed this total by about 10 to 15 per cent. If a better spot demand here would set in to clear our somewhat heavy stocks of finecolory coffee, a good business on arrival terms in these sorts wou'd doubtless result.—H. and C. Mail, Noy. 24, —_ +> BLenpING TEA IN Borp.—We understand that, at the next meeting of the committee of the Planters’ Association, the subject of blending imported tea in bond will be brought up for discussion. The local agent of Mr. Lipton bas, we learn, addressed the Planters’ Association Committee with a view of obtaining its assistance in securing from Government the privilege of blending tea in bond in Colombo uaoder proper restrictions, As already pointed out by us, Mr. Lipton has decided to take up the work of pushing Oeylon and Indian tea in Australia, but, owing to the import duty on tea imported into the island, he is unable to carry on the business in Oolombo. Iustead of that, all the Oeylon tea intended for the blend has actually to be shipped from here to Calcutta before it can be sent to Australia. In this way Oeylon is losing all the business, and, in the course of conversation with Mr. Duplock. we were told that, if Mr. Lipton be compelled to work his Australian business to a great extent from London he will Le compelled to make use of the same blends as are now in use there, and this mesns, in the case of the chespest blend (sold for 1s perlb.), thata certain proportion of it would be Ching tea. On the other hand, if facilities are given for blending ia bond, the whole of the tea would be either Ceylon or Indian. There ought tobe no difficulty in arranging this with the local Oustoms provided Government wiil acquiesce, and we do not suppose that the Planters’ Association will raise any objections. Mr. Daplock will go up to Kandy on Friday (8th Dec.) so astobeready to answer any questions required by the Planters’ Awsociation. JAN. 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 463 THE SUPPLY OF, AND DEMAND FOR FIBRE: PALMYRA AND COIR FIBRE AND MANA GRASS. The Fibre trade ig one with which mavy of the Colonies of the British Empire are largely con- cerned. Ceylon itself has an important interest in it, for not only do we at present export a very considerable quantity of the artiole, but we indulge the hope that the future may sce that export largely extended. The information con- veyed by our London Correspondent on this Bubject—see Tropical Agriculturist—will be read With interest by many throughout the limits of this island. 1t would seem to be the case thet, until there occurs that general revival of trade for which we have go long been waiting, there is but little chancs of the demand extending. Indeed, at the present time, it is only the common dles- criptions of fibre that are much sought after in the London market. Our correspondent surmises that the present stagnation is Isrgely—indeed mainly—due {o the depressed condition of the shipping trade. Until thera ig once again induc ment for building new ships, the demand for rope, into tho manufacture of which coiz fibre enters wore especially, must, he considers, remain dull. Then again, there can be no doubt that the substitution of wire rope for all tha standing rigging of vessels, an application which seems to be daily widening and to be likely to still further develop, has muchto do with the present slackness of demand rope made from fibre. We are told that even for that known as Sisal, which enters largely into the composition of the more valuable qualities of rope, the demand is at the preseat time rather slack. Coir fibre, however, of which our exports mainly consist, hag such a varisty of applications in mat-making and other kindred employments that probably the require- ment for it will remain steady, while higher- priced sorts of fibre find but a sleck merket. That produced by the Palmyra palm, we are told, is mainly used for brush and broom making. Now there is a certainty that the requirements of home households will always use up a large amount of this descripiion ; but the export trade in these articles has experienced a s3vere reduction in amount, and so long as this continues it does not ssem likely that the present rate of consump- tion of this article is likely to extend. This particular description of fibre has, we are told, receivel of late the attention of the brush-making trade because the eupply, hitherto abundant, of Piassava,—a stiff fibre until now largely exported from the Brazils,—has recently undergone diminu tion. Whether the growth of the plant producing this last is likely onca more to receivs extension we are not told; but palmyra fiore has been found to ba go efficient and so sheap a substitute for it, that, perhaps the conservatism of trade will maintain the present position of our local production. In view of the money brought to among the inhabitants of our Northern avd Eastern Provinces by the late demand for palmyra fibres, it is to be hoped this anticipation may b2 realised. At alleven's we should fay that the prospects of a maintenance of the existing demand are sutliciently good to induce those possessed of palmyra topes to extend its cultivation as recommended in a receat article in our columns, It is to be feared that the hope at one time entertained that that wild product of many of our waste lands, mana grass, would find ad- aptability in many descriptions of home manufac- ture must now be given up. The expsrimenis pees With it, although (heir results appeared ft ox See ees at firet to promise we'll, have not brought about this desirable result. They may be seid, indeed, to have terminated in failure. It has been tried for all sorts of purposes, among others for the manufacture of gunpowder; but for this as for all the other branches experimented with, it hss been finally declared to be un- suitable. Siseal fibre, wo are somewhat surprised to learn, variss so greatly in quality that the price in the London market varies from £19 up to £45 per ton ; but for the higher-priced qualities there seems to be but littie present demand, doubtless on account of the restrioted quantity of the better description of roping now required, for the reasons before sta!ed. Perhaps Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., who has just returned from his visit to the Bahamas, undertaken mainly with the view of inquiring into the cultivation of the plant yielding this fibre, may be able to give information likely to revive tha hopes once held as to the commercial value of the product. The henequen of Mexico, again we are told, is notkeenly cought after just at the present time, though but a short time go it was booming among the London manufacturers. In the United States, itis still much in request. We had formed bright anticipa- tions, that the proposal to use coir fibre a3 a protec— tion against water entry in men-of-war would have ceused a stimulated demand for it, but our correspondent tells us that inquiries have re- eulted in his learning that as yet no disposition has been chown to mike any considerable use of it for that purpose. Altogether we must con- clude that, we shall have to await a revival of trade before we can writs hopefully as to the prospects of our various fibre industries, prio Sf Ac nae a THE REV. A. PATON ON CEYLON TEA, A series of very interesting le‘ters by the Rev. A, Paton on Ceylos—its life, products, and varied a‘tractions have been appaaring weekly in some of the Scotch pap:ra, Some 20 in all have been written, and while toey are characterized by a pleasing literary touch, they are not’ mere surfase sketches, but are full of close minute observation and accurate informstion. While not neglecting hia church work he seems to have seen intelligently much in the island and represonted it faithfully, This is what Oeylon requires. One of his recent articles we observa ison Coffes and a Coffee Estate, with a short review of the reign of King Ooffee, Two others have been upon the growth and manufacture of tha tea very accurately and olearly described. They wnd up with the sensible advice to all to a3k for Ceylon tea, and see that they get it fine. Among the hundreds of families who reid these, those on tea at least seem to have attracted theattention of the Duchess of Buccleuch, who in autumn with the Duke and their family reside at the beautifully situated Castle of Druwulanrig, c'ose to Mr. Patou’s home in Scotland. We had it on independent information that inquiries from the Oastle soon were made for Ceylon Tea. The chances would be that it wouid be some blend and not pure Ceylon tea that would be got. It is pity that some of our choicest tea could not thas be tried by Her Geace, who is a lady of the finest taste, and intimately associated with the highest Court circles. Although Mr. Paton has to leave us ina few days, the tea planters must feel he has done them good service, and that be has earacd fomo claim to be supplied with Ceylon tea for tha reat of his life. ———»——_____.. TEA AND SCANDAL, Tho only NEW TRA-NAMEI hayo to add to my list is that of ‘‘Kingella,” egotistioally sq galled by Ros bert King of Paddington, ; 464 This 1s what J. Albert de Mandelslo eaid in 1662 at p. 195 of his *‘ Voyages and ‘'rave's ’ concerning our NEW PRopDucT. ‘'As for Tsia it isa kind of Zhe or Tea but the plant is much more delicate and more highly esteemed than that of Thé. Persons of quality keep it very carefully in earthen pots well stopped and luted that if may not take wind, but the Japponeses prepare it quite otherwise than is done in Europe, for instead of infusing it into warm water, they beat it as smajlas powder and take the tea as much as will lie on the point ofa knife and put it into a dish of Porcelain or earth fnil of resthiug water, in which they stir it till the water be all green, and thendrink it as hot as they can endare it. It is excellent good after a debauch, it being certain there is not anything that allays the vapours and stil's the stomach better than this herb doth. The pots they make use of about this kind of drink are the most precious of any of their household stuff inasmuch as it is known that there have beeu 7sta pots which had cost between six and seven thousund pounds sterling.” While I was at Aberystwyth in North Wales lately I made the following notes on the names of SOME WELL-KNOWN ESTATES IN CEYLON ;— Penmyuydd. The name signifies ‘‘ mountain-top,”’ and was given to the village from respect to the munsion of the same name which is famous for being the place where Owain Tudor was bora in 1384, Penrhos. The name of this village signifies the “top of a meadow or plain.” From pen, heard, end, and vhos, meadow, moor. | Penrhyn, /éiyn, means a promontory. Lie, run, vain, and 7vhyn are derivatives of the Sanskrit 7. Iéedeg, runni.g; reindeer, the running deer, rie, swift. Penrhyn, a point of land that runs into the Sca. Rhine, a rapid river. Lhe R/yns are numerous in onr island Rindow point near Zigton: Penrhyn in Ooruwail : Rhynd iv Perth: the Mins of Galway, &c. Abergele. This pleasant market town is so called from its situation near the mouth of the river Gele. The river according to some, derives its name jrom gele, leech. A considerable number of leeches were - geen atthe estuary in olden times, but we are in- clined to think the word is a contraction of! gelen, ooze, 80 called from the very natureof the water. Bugely (? Begele). Ben, an ox: and gely, a cor- ruption ot gelly, grove, signifying ‘the buffalo of the forest,” The above show the use of philology: I add one #o show its abuse :-— Wrexham. Somebody, more wittily than correctly said that Gwrecsam means Gwraig Sam, Sam’s wife! SrrRanGE Facts aBour Tra AND CoFree.—On account of the vast difference existing in tie chemical con- stitucnts of water im various districts up aud down the country, many of the great wholesale tea and coffee merchants have had to have analyses of the different waters in every town aud district in Great. Britain made, and this at enormous expense, The reason of this is that a tea or coffee which comes out full of fine flavour and body in one town becomes a very poor decoction indeed in another, this being on account of the difference in the effect produced by the two qualities of water, just as the waters of Burton or Dublin particularly favour the brewing of ale or stout respectively. It, therefore, becomes necessary, in order to preserve the reputa- tion of any well-known tea, that a somewhat different blend of tea or quality of coffee, though with the same labelrhall be sent to different districts according to the peculiarity of the water. One great teai-firm is declared to have expended upwards of ten thousand pounds in chemical processes during the past five-years. (Answers Nov. 18th, 1893., ——_¢—___—_ A CEYLON PLANTER IN BRAZIL: Rio, Oc:. 31st, 1893. _ COFFEE. Coffee continues to come down country; it finds @ ready sale at poll sustained prices from twenty THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: [ JAN. 1, 1894. to twenty-four milreis an arroba (15 kilos). This gladdens tbe heart of the coffee pienter, for the cost of production has not increased in anything like the fame proportion, Crops for the coming season 1894-95 are expected to be large, for old coffee Las given smell erops during the current season. These six months have becn all that could be desired for forming young wood and frosts bave kept away. LABOUR SUPPLY, Chinere labour supply bes not as yet come within practicable attainment, and the cholera keeps hanging about the Mediterranean ports, which has put a stop to Italian Immigration. A. 8. B P.8.—By this steamer a small box of coffee seed goes to Mr. Oowley, East Africa, asa trial. This news is for Mr, Percy Braine. A. 8. B. —_—_____—__—= PLANTING ODDS AND ENDS. (From an ex-Ceylon Planter.) CincHona-—Some of my late planting neighbours may he glad to read the following cutting from a paper, which seems to hint at there being a good time coming for those who have saved some of their cinchona trees and not cut them all down when quinine was a drug in the market in more senses than one:— “ At intervals of a few years cinchona cultivation is sure to crop up, the demand for quinine being well sustained, especially in the United States, and in other countries in which feyers and ague prevail. Cinchona has been rushed on several occasions, one of the most noteworthy having taken place in Ceylon after the failure of coffee in consequence of the disease which destroyed so many plantations. From these and other causes the quinine market has been glutted, but indications are not wanti of a rise in the value of that all-important medicine. The magnitude of the demand will be better understood from a statement recently published by a New York house that the imports of guinins (as sul- phate and in the bark) into the United States io 1892 amounted to at least 4,500,0000z., or half the estimated output of all the factories in the world. Stocks in the States having become much lighter, it is argued that the consumption of quinine in America must be on the increase; also that generally all over the world the consumption is ahead of the production, and that the surplus stocks of former years are being used up. Cinchona culture was commenced on a small scale in Queensland some years ago; it would be interesting to know how the industry has fared. In 1881, the Cinchona Planter’s Manual was published by Messrs. A. M. and J. Fergu- son, Colombo, Ceylon. It is a comprehensive work, and fully up to the times—in matters of culture and marketing.” “Pra AND Branpy.—The superiority of tea over brandy in many cases is beyond question. The idea still lingers that alcohol keeps out the cold. Asa matter of fact mountaineers have found by repeated experience that the opposite of this holds true. Home paper.” The truthfulness of the foregoing I can testify to from personal experience and no one has better opportunities for testing than the residents among the get, high hills of New Zealand, where I dwelt so long. ——»>——_——_— HOW TO GERMINATE TEA SEED. A Kotegiri planter of much experiencs kindly sends us the following valuable notes: “Unless you are perfectly sure of a long break of fine weather do not sow your seed in open nurseries; but germinate them under cover. Heavy rain rots the seed so this is an important point. Dig a hole about 3 feet deep or less, fill in with well stamped fern till half full. Then cover with a jayer of soil. The seed may now be put in, slightly covered with about an inch or less of light sifted soil or sand. Keep jt damp by watering about twice a week, “£ Jan. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 465 have had splendid results by adopting the above plan. This of course is with sunk seed, floatage taken out.” — South of India Observer. —_———_o----—--- REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE PRODUCE. TRAVANCORE THA. (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited. Report of the Colonial Markets for the week ending Noy, 22, 1893. Enquiry haying improved for low-priced kinds, prices show a slight advance on last week’s rates. LONDON ad 8 oo a : 7) Pi 2 hod witions Ba. 18 o Ea 5 = << . ° Af 3) = B OMA bara 5 ; 5 > o ma & nm fa CS . I believe that this is the commencement of groat extensivns in that diatrict, and I sball be greatly surprized if ia ten ycars time, Kumbakkanis not the centre of a large and pepalous district. Not oaly cacao_but Liberian coffee, coconuts, eto,, will all grow there and long dispised Moniregala, now, one of the most thriving cacao districts, is proof that the climate is all that is reqnired to this cultivation, aud there is no finer or better croppiog cacao in the island, The Passara Assoctarion Breaxrast to Mr. Fisher was wonderful guccess, ‘he thoroughly cordial friendly feeling existing amongst the members wag moss marked, and (as Mr. Fisher said) the existence of such a body was the best proof possible of the change which had been brought about in tha past few years by tea. Everything showed progress and pointed to batter times. SO CEYLON AND JAMAICA AT CHICAGO EXHIBITION. The Ceylon Commission were to contribute speci- mens of graphite, or plumbago, from the well- known veins in the mountain ranges in the southern part of the island; and Jamaica, the only other British possession represented, was to present a small collection of clays and pottery sand, ochre, salt from Turk’s Island, and grey copper ore. Jamaica is not yet a mineral-producing country ; but it is believed to be rich in metalliferous minera!s, Aft the time of the writer’s visit to the Fair, neither the Ceylon nor the Jamaica collections had been received at the Mining Building —Home Paper. TEA IN MINCING LANE. A circular was recently issued, with the names of several large tea dealers and importers attached, suggesting that the offerings of Indian tea should be restricted to 30,000 pakages per week, It was also proposed that only those who joined anassoci- ation and paid a subscription should be allowed to bid at the Mincing Lane auctions. A meeting of the principal dealers has been held to consider the matter, but no one came forward to support the resolution. It was apparently felt that the scheme would never work. In the first place, it would have only led to a combination amongst the buyers not to oppose each other at the auctions; and, secondly, if teas are to be sold by public auction, it would be impossible to put restrictions on would- be buyers.—Wanchester Guardian, Nov. 13. ———— SS BARK AND DRUG REPORT, (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Nov. 16th. CINCHONA.—Tuesday’s auctions comprised a somewhat . larger quantity of bark than has been offered for some time, but the greater part of it consisted of old Cuprea which scarcely counts from a quinine-maker’s point of view. Of Ceylon cinchona only two small parcels were shown. The five catalogues aggregated :— i Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona 154 of which 128 were sold East Indian cinchona 336 v0 244 cH Java AL 56 a 35 3 §. American (Calisaya) 77 3 49 5, 623 447 Cuprea bark ... 649 289 1,272 736 The quantity of Bolivian caiisaya-bark originally ad- vertised was 190 packsges (all ¢-cwt. bales imported via Hamburg), but the greater part of it had been sold pri- vately before the auctions commenced, The Ceylon and East Indian cinchonas contained a good deal of “ druggists'” bark, and as a matter of fact a considerable proportion of these varieties was bought by drug-firms. Competition was fairly active throughout the sales, but many of the largest parcels were limited aboye the current market-price. holders apparently feel- ing more confidence in the future of thedrug- The unit may be placed at fully jd per lbd., or a shade above that of the last London auctions and slightly above the Amsterdam parity, The following are the quantities purchaed by the princi- pal buyers :— Lb. Agents for the American quinine-works Messrs. Howards & Sons ie boo Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works Agents for the Paris factory ove Agents for Auerbach factory Agents forthe Brunswick factory Various druggists 151,720 BA990 235,0.0 Total quantity of bark sold... Bought in F Total quantity of bark offered 466 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1894, It should be taken into account that the quantity of bork offered affords no indication of the amount of alkaloids secured by the purchaser. The following prices were paid for undamaged bark :— CrYLon CIncHONA.—Original—Red stem aud branch chips, fair bright quilly 13d to 14d; fair grey stem chips 134 Ber lb. Rather dull Renewed red stem chips 14d per Jb. East InpraN CincHonA,—Original—Ordinary to gool bright quilly red stem and branch chips 14d to 1{4j fair to good bright shavings 24d to 271 per lb. Fair grey chips 23d per lb. Good quilly yellow stem and branch chips “hd to 43d per lb, For a rather betier parcel, a bid of 4id per lb. will be submitted. Sound root 41; bold mixed but damaged ditto 44d per lb. Mixed bright quilly chips 33d per ib. Renewed.—Jicd chips, ordinary to fair 13d to 2d p-rflb. r JAvA Crnonona.—Fair small yellow chips realised from 13d to 3d per lb. SovurH AMERICAN C1xcmona.—Of 77 }-ewt. bales fair bright but rather irregular cultivated Calicaya quills 40 sold at 428d to 44d per Ib. VUPREA BaRk.—The sales comprise] 649 bales (of about 12Clb.'\ cach) of this bark, imported between 1881 ani 1880. The owuers declared that they couli not afford to hai e the bark re-weighed (the last samples were drawn n 1887 avd 1888), but they offered to mate an allowance 35f4 1b. per bale for loss in weight, a c»mpromise which appeared acceptable to the buyers. With some difficulty 289 bales were disposed of at J§4 tol;d per 1b. for ordi- nary dusty quality, the bulk of it being purchased by an Am erican firm. The remainder was limited at prices running from 50 te 80 per erent above the bids made. There has been an import of 142 bales West African bark from Liston this week ‘The total quantity of sul- phate of quinine represented by the bark offered on Wednesday was about 2,500 kilos, the Hast Indian bark alone containing about 1,900 kilos. Since the auction over 200 bales Cuprea and a parcel of Bost In ian bark have been sold privateiy. London, Noy. 23. CincHONA.—Among the South American bserk offered today were 81 bales old Pitayo of 1880-2 import, of which 54 were sold. Common woody a:d dusty brought 1}d to 1}d, badly damaged at 3a per lb. Nine bales fine bold sound, of Calisaya character, smoky flavour, were well competed for, and realised 6jd per Jb. Genuine flat Calisaya bark is exceedingly scarce, and would probably realise 2s per lb. for fine quality. Two bales broken bright grey East Indian quill sold at 6d per lb., a very high price. Only a few lotscf South American Guayaquil bark were Offered, but these did not find buyers. CoCA-LEAVES.—Very neglected. For 5 bales gocd bright green Truxillo cffered at auction only tid per lb. wes bid. Another lot of 11 chests, dark bold leaves, of Hnanoco .character, meuldy flavour from Ceylon, were bought in. CUBEBS.—A parcel of 15 bags, offered “without reserve,” and consisting of small partly shrivelled custy and Stalky berries, sold at 54s to 55s per cwt., which marks a decline of abvunt 7s 6d per cwt. Another let of four bags very stallky smull dark berries, however, which realised 60s per cwt., showed much better valne. For bold brown berries without stalk 65s per ewt. is asked. A considerable quantity is to be offered tomorrow morn- ing. The general aspect of the article seems to fayour lower prices. KoLa-Nu?s,—West Indian kolas, of which several parcels were offered today, were very strongly compet d for, and sold at an advance of about 2d per lb., fir to bright brown quality realising from 7d to tjd per lb., and fine brighy 103d per lb. About 10 packages were offered and sold. QUININE.—Scarcely any business has been done this week. The nominal quotation remains 9d per oz. for second-hand German bulk. VANILLA.—About 2(0 packages were offered, for which there was a good demand at steady prices for short, and rather better rates for finepods. Fime 8 to 8} inches brought 143; good chocolate 6 to 7} inches, 8s to 9s; ditto, short dengths, from 4s wo 7s 6d; and foxy to com- mon, from 38s 9d down to 1s 3 per lb. ee es CONGO RUBBER, The report of the Belgian Upper Oongo Trading Company, preserted at the General meeting of the sharehoi}dera in Brussels the other day, shows a gross profit on the African undertakings for the financial year 1892, of £64,116. After writing off against real property and river vessels in Africs, a sum of £8,000, £4,000 tor insuran¢e, and providing for various expenses, there remained a net profit of £28,153, out of which dividends of 6 per cent. on the preference scares, and 4 per cent. on the crdinary sharcs Lave been declared. The report states that the business of the company has greatly expanded. The number of trading stations has increased from pipe in 1589, fifteen in 1890, and scventecn in 189], to thirty-four leet year, and new ones are etill being established, the total in May this year being forty-one. Last yesr 90 tous of ivory and 126 tons of rubber were secured, a8 against 47 toos ivory and 26 tons rubber in 1691. The present year also promires ratiefactory reeults, 42 tons of ivory and 90 tons of rubber having been a!ready collected at the end of May.—J/ndia Kubler Journal. an FLOWERS AND PERFUMES. While ordinary perfumes are obtained by toaking the flowers in melted fat, the more delicate and subtle oves, such es those of jasmirce, jonquil, and tuberose are extracted by laying the flower: on thin layere of wax spread over glass frames, Iu process of time the gre.se sucks up the Celicate scent, and fresh flowers are supplied uti! a sufficient strength of per'ume is attared, A pound of this delicate scented wax represents the essence of fom six to ci, ht pounds of flowers. ‘Iu the pure denths ofa little bottle of perfume, says Black ani White, in en illustrated article describing the process «f manufacture, * lies tie hoarded sweetness of perhaps & thousand b] «some. ———>___—_— TEA AND TRADE IN GERMANY. British traders have long been flattered in a dubious manner by German imitators of their wares. From imitation to misrepresentation is an easy process, and the genius of the Teuton has been quite equal to the occasion. Aided and abetted by the Fourth Estate, his latest development, as shown in a letter from a correspondent in another column, is the circulation of misstatements about the London tea trade, the magnitude of which has attracted envious attention in Germany. It seems that the consumption of tea in the Fatherland is increasing largely, anda determined effort is being made to stop importations from England and to obta:n the business direct. Apparen'ly the first step towards this is to discount the quality of the English article, which is alleged to be adulterated in a manner that is not only impossible, but simply preposterous under the surveillance which the Customs and Inland Revenue authorities are bound to exercise over any- thing which is subject to duty. So large is the pro- duction of tea, andsosmallthe profit, that, ethics apart, the game of adolteration is not worth the candle. The Germans are such careful students of English newspapers, that we hop» our contem- poraries will take up the matter and expose the absurd misrepresentations to which our correspondent draws attention. There is nothing like carying the war in to the enemies’ camp.— Commerce, Nov. 8. ——_—_—__2- PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION: The Kow Bulletin mentious that the seeps of Entada scandens (tue Sinhalese Pus-wel) have been known to bave been picked up at Swansea Bay, in the Orkaeys, the Norwevian coast.axd the Azores. “There is little doubt,” says the Bulletin, “that in all these instances the seeds had come from tropical Americe cbliqnely across the Atlantic; but the most in- teresting point is that after floating for weeks, and may be months, in sea water they retain their ger- minating power. ‘‘The hard polished pericarp of Entada scandens would seem to be well adapted to keeping the endocarp water tight. It is quite com- mon at some seasons of the year to fini the seeds of Pus-wel and the more or less decayei fruits of “Kadurr” cast upon our shores with other detritus. Under the title of * An Industry for Europeans ” the Indian Agriculturist has an article (Nov. 11th) on COCONUT PLANTING, with the following introduc‘ion :— “Tam sure tbat this branch of planting does vot re- receive half the attention it deserves from Europeans in Inda. Yet in Ceylon it isa very favourite form of investment, and coconut topes in beating are eagerly sought after by bo:!h Buropeans and Natives. As an JAN. 1, 1894. ] investment coconut-planting is considered for safor than barks, ani yields, moreover 4 much greatcy in- tereat. The profits sre no! very hgh compared with tea and coffee, but the nitial ou'lay avd subsequent cultivaticn required are of the swaliest. The revurns per ecreare not—I am talkirg of Ceylon—much cver R150 per ac'e on the average, but well-cared-for cs'ates yield mere, like R2C0 avnualiy. A yield of only fifty nuts per tre will in a good year—ike 1892-93 -—bring in as much as R130 peracre, while on well- cultivat:d jand the yield is scmetimes as high as 150 puts per tree, which in a good year meen almost R400 per acre. Of course the one grsat disadvantage is the length of time required before yield—from six to ceven years—but this again is no longer than in the case of cacao.” Then fcllowa a series of notes on ccconut cultiva- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, they begiv to | tion, culled from varicus numbers of the Tropieal | Agriculturist, and embodying the views of your well known correspordents W. J. and W. Hl. W. “The new todder plant, POLYGONUM SACHALINENSIS, which your London corresponient rmifcrg to, is al- ready keown to Bengal ag kncet grass or Machute. The Indian Agricultuist thus describes it: ‘The yoots branch on all eides, and pass _horizoutally from the rhizomes, peretrating the hardest soils aud developiag new stoote, which further increase the size of the clump. The stems are numerous and clesaly set; they vegetate early, and are uct long in attaining a height of nearly ten feet. The ex- periments as yet made are sufliciently conclusive as to the value of the plant as fodder. A youag plant put into the ground is not slow in covering a surface 3 feet equare with its leafy branches. Tue first cut- ting is made when the stems are from 3 to 45 feet high; if the second growth is strong enough a second crop is gathered, but in the fo lowing year three or four cuttinzs can be made, The total quantity of the green yield is suid to be about trom 44 to &8 Ib per squre yard or about from 95 to 190 tons per acre. Cattle are extremely partial to this grass.” RAMBLING NOTES BY A TEA PLANTER, THA PLANTERS’ BLIGHTS. Rep Sprper—GReEN Fry—Mosquiro: As a planter long resident in Assam the Red Spider bas been to mea matter of absorbing interest for many years. Who is be? Where does he come from? Where dces he go to; sni if he has any place to g» to, above +ll things, why the deuce does n’t he go there? We are told that ev-rjthing exis!s for good. What good is the Red Spider? I take Gledstone’s test. I epread out the map of my garcen, end [ challenge the red spider to put bis finger, if he has one on any spot and say ‘‘there I did good.” Certainly in one sense of the word he’s here fer good, because the confounded thing won’t go away, but what moral ben:fit does the ° world in general or the tea planterin particular derive from the Red Spider? What is his pur- pose in Jife? What is the object of his exis- tence? There is certainly one quality he pos- s*sses: he’s a splerdid examp’e of perseverance and pluck. I’ve s‘en him squirtcd at with all sorts of chemical mixtures, Iy’e s‘en him choked with gobur and walty. I h’ve seen him ap- parently buried alive in Jime. But he only moves quietly on ard comes up smiirg on a@ neigh. bouring bush. His persistence in tha face of all efforts to effect his removal gives one the idea that he thinks he serves some moral but if so he’s awfully mistaken. Lf that’s his purpisa in life, he’s a most hopeless fuilure. The Red Spicer, far from a beneficial in- fluence, «xeicises a d-moralising effect on both planters and garden, There is another pest we've got, called Green Fly. I often wonder who gaye nim that name purpcse; | | qui o. 467 > He mey be fly, but he’s certainly not green, Did you ever try to catch a Green Fly? As for being green if you look at him ycu’ll see he’s perfectly white. Did ycu ever hear of a Green Fiy bemg caught by a Red Spider? I trow not. There is nothing green about a Green Fly except his name. Did you ever hear of a planter doing anything to a Green Fly? A Red Spider he'll go tor, but a Green Fly never. He’s the only blight that war is not declared against. I can't say a Green Fly is welcomed, but he’s tolerated. Planters scem agrecd that the only thing is to grin and bear—planters may not all succeed with the grio, but they all have to bear it. It isn’c that he does robarm:; he does a very con- eiderable smount. The Mosquito is the greatest enemy the Tea Bush hss. There is no mcderation about a mos- The same skill ard dstermination the | other branch of tha family displays in working througi toe net which currounds a sleeping victim is display.d by the fiend in mosquito form that attacks cur bushes. The Red Spider dries upand discolours the leaves, the Green Fly stunts the flu:hes, but the mosquito goes for the sap of the bush—just es the comesticat'd mosquito gres for the life blocd of his victim, so does the g2id n mesquito go for the life blood or sap of ihe tea plant. The planter has declared un- ceasing war egiinst the mcsquifo. arly in tke morning end lete at nght the planter en- deayours to catch him, and inthe day assaults him by every means in his power. Science has ben brouzht to bear on him; all the oon- coclions that chemis'ry can think of have beea forced on him by means of hideous and fautastic- shaped syringe pamps. Inventors have bcen en- coureg d to rack their brains for means to des- troy him. But to no avail. He has been tempted by torches and treacle, he has been smoked and burat; but no planter can yet claim to have ulterly vauquished him. The mosquito diaplays a curious farcy in seleciing the portions of a garden he means to eettle on: sometimes low pruned tea, sometimes high, sometimes low land, cometimes at the edge cf the tea near the jungle, sometimes in the centre of the garden. Now he settles on an undrainei plot, end agsin he takesup bis abode in a well-drained piece. No planter has yet discovered with cer- tainty the reasons which guide his selection, but every planter knows that once selected nothing will induce him to leave it. The planter may ticket him, docket him, and make notes about him io his diary ; he may prune the piece down and burn it; he may hoe it or let it run to jungle ; he may drain it, manure it ovr leave it severely alone: but there the morquito remains and there he makes his first appearance each season. The mosquito maketh the face of the planter to grow long, it maketh his heart to grow ead, it killeth his tea bushes, it diminisheth his outturn, it maketh bis profits to disapp3ar, yea it causeth him to lose biilet, and now there are these three bights Red Spider, Green Fly, and Mosquitor, but the most awful of these is Mosquito.—Nilgiri Vews, ——-——__-2 = CompressrD Tra.—With reference to a paragraph about some compressed tea which, when used after being left open for a year, proved very good indeed, a correspondent who knows about tea says that it always improves by keeping, so long as it 18 compressed or shut up in an airtight box or enclosed in lead, Some doctors cay that tea should never be drunk till it is a year old at least ; and quite new tea, as every planter 1s aware, 19 medicinal in its properties.—J/, Mail, 468 PLANTING PROSPECTS IN EAST AFRICA: THE FUTURE EL DORADO FOR YOUNG CEYLON PLANTERS, There has been strong criticism lately on the continued influx of young Englishmen as ‘Tea Planting Assistants—in vulgar parlance “‘ creepers” —into Ceylon, in view of the fact that there is not likely to be any prosp2ot before them in the izland after they have qualified as plentere. This is very true, and more especially in respect of teaplanting, whatever may be said of other pro- ducts which are now, we are glad to think, receiving renewed and increasing attention. But are we not apt in extending such criticism to forget that Ceylon is the best School in the world for the future Tropical Planter to attend? And who dare say when regard is had to correr, ¢acao, palms, rubber, é&o., that the work of tio- pical planting is overdone, so that there is no seope for the young man with enterprise and evergy, who has learned how to manage native labour and to open a plantation on the moet approved principles? We venture to aver that in different parts of the world there is room for Jarge addition to the lists of planters, and we go further and urge that the drawbacks work in North to pioneering and planting Borneo, the Straits Settlements, New Guinea and East Africa are not greater than—if so great as—those presented {o planters in Ceylon forty or even thirty years ago. We would ask our ‘creepers’ then to go at their profersion with a will—to look beyond Ceylon, if need be for their future scene of work; but to cultivate habits of hard work and eyen privation, so far as compatible with health, in anticipation of taking up the labour and responsibilities of pioneers in new planting territories, One further piece of advice we would give to newcomers, namely, try to learn about coffee and cacao cultivation and curing, even more than about tea, whilein Ceylon. From this, it may be deduced that the men who should take on ‘‘ creepers” are, pre-eminently, our friends in Uva and Matale : Managers with ap- preciable areas of our old staple or of cacao under their charge. But now to turntothe future Eldorado of young planters—men, we mean of the right stamp who will not be afraid of hard, rough work and per- haps oft-repeated disappointment to begin witb,—_ we thinkit should be found in Imperial British Hast Africa, or Ibea it is called from the initial letters by which the territory was first desoribed—provided the British Government as it is urged, take a share in developing colonization and settlement by the construction of a road, if not railway. There is eyery encouragement to do- 80; for in- part of the territory to be developed, rubber-yielding trees are said to grow in abundance, while in another division coffee is said to be indigenous. Abys- sinig has always been spoken of as the habitat of coffee and the mountain ravges and country we speak of may be said to be a continuation of Abyssinian territory, The lower or coast region is described as the land for cotton, rubber, oil~seeds and sugar, and Persian and Indian immigration is to be premoted to take up these industries: The European coffee planters are expected to occupy the highlands: Vherisks attending the employment of capital in coffee planting in Kastern Ibea, even now. we are told, are very small. Forestland with rich soil is freely available; the climate ig suitable; and above all, suitable labourers are said THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JAN. I; 1894. | Moirs of the “forties” rot to be wanting, of varied temperament :—“ men like those of the Watro on the north bank of the Sabaki river and said to be capable field hands, while they and the Wekarali and Giri- &mas are peaceful and agricultural people.’ We need say nothing on the point that eoffee ig as a product now at a high premium, that there ig the greatest possible encouregement to cultivate it especially in Britich territory. German East Africa bas, however, been firet in tbe rece; or has followed elosely on the Blantyre plantations farther South. Ceylon is represented by Mr. Cowley in the one and by Mr. Brown in the other. But more promising than either of these territories we should judge ie Eastern Ibea for men with some capital, a proper training, pluck, and habits of hard work and gelf-denial. We feel sure that men of the type of the Tytlers, Nieols, Martins, Haddens, Rudds, in Oeylon woaold speedily carve a splendid tropical plantation Colony out of Eastern Ibea—bstween Mombasa and the country 4(0 miles inland. Here are a few extracts from official reports :— “Singwaia to Arbagowandi.—The road strikes inland through forest soil, very rich, heavy, black loam. In about half an honr the forest’ ceases, and we come upon an extensive area of open very flat country; the path greatly overgrown, now pas- ses through what was originally forest and is now a succession of extensive ‘shambas’ and the richest and most fertile country imaginable. Soil exceedingly rich and, where no cultivation exists, the country is overgrown with a high rich grass fully six to seven feet high. In the month of Septem- ber, 1891 Captain Dundas partly explored the lower lands of the Kenia mountain slopes, and be des. cribes the Wathaka country as “a beautiful, fertile, highland district, a land of numerous villages. fine pastures, and well-tended plantations.” The Mbé tribe, not far distant, “possess cattle, sheep and goats.” Food was cheap and abundant, the country being almost entirely given over to cultivation, for which it is better adapted than for cattle-grazing. To the south was the great mountain range of Mumoni (with the darkly-wooded river fiowing along its bas»,—the rolling fertile country of Mbé) which intersected the country with numerons beautifully clear streams, coursing down the val- leys between the slopes. The Kikuyn country is equally attractive. According to the same explorer, it is ‘‘a densely populated district. the villages lying on the slopes of the hills, which were a mass of luxuriant crops, beautiful sparkiing streams flowing southward.” it is evident from this there is in British terri- tory more than one highland region of special fertility only waiting to be developed into pros- perous coftee districts, All that is wanted to cause an influx of capitalists is a railway or even improved road communication. But 400 miles are too many for cart transport to cover. Only a railway can meet the necegsities of the case and once it is carried inland for an appreciable distance, we may expect Jand to be freely taken up by in- dividual capitalists and Syndicates—and to what country can these turn, save Oeylon, for the trained enterprising pioneer planters with whom will rest the development of a ccffee region which eventually may extend to an area that will make ita rival to Brazil itself? In South America, the coffee plant is an introjuction: in North-East Africa itis in its native home. That the future of coffee is greatly with Bast Africa is our firm belief. We have writien to a representative Ceylon planter near t2 the region we speak cf, for his account of the present condition of affairs and the prospects, and so soon as his answer arrives. we shell lay the same, along with a gocd deal more information from official reports, before our readers. trees, and Jan. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL, AGRICULTURIST. 469 ECHOES OF SCIENCE. Dramonps have been manufactured by tho French chemist, M. Gustave Roustesu, by simply heating coal gas under atmospheric pressure to a temperature between 2,000 and 3,000 degrees Oent. The gas was saturated with vapour of berzine and passed into a hollow block of quicklime, in which a voltaic are was kept up. Unfortunately, the gas leake’, but still, after two hours, he fcund both graphite and black diamonds or carbovado. Ac lytene has given the same products by the same treatment, and he intends to try ecndenred carburcts ceived from coal ter or petrolenm residuum. The diamonds are very small, TuRQUOIsE has been found inthe Iarilla mountains of Dova Anna county, New Mexico, as well as in the Burro mountains, Grant county, where the well-known prebistorio mines are situated, In the Iarilar, too, there are signsof cld workings among the cacti and palmijas of the arid soil. The matrix or mother rock is tracbyte as at Burros, and the gems are found in a shaft which has been sunk ina crevice of the rock, It appears that the turquoise has been formed fiom kaolin by alteration, 1t occurs in nodular maeses Nearly in inch thick, and is green as well as blue in colour. When first fonnd the tint is of magnificent ethereal biue, which dims on exposure. A peace of an indigo cvulour will fade to the tint of a thrush’s egg. ‘hat ncar the surface is ept to become white and friable. If atter drying, the stene adheres to the tongue it is of little value. The Mexicaus of the dstrict believe that the ‘Old Pueblos” and Aztecs worked these mines, avd it is certain that the Pueblos still prize the gem, which they call * Shoo- ar-mé,” even more than the Navajo Indians do. The Apacté Indians call it ‘Steh,” and care little forit, The Mex can nameis “ char-chu-d-tey,” which is like the Aztec ‘*Chal-chi-bni-tl’”’? of several authore. The fire in a house which wes recently traced toa burn ng-glass or lens exposed to sunlight in one of the rooms is paral:el by one occasioned in a New York warehoure by sparks coming from the friction of the hind wheels of a van against the corb-stone. Another curicus case of fire is also reported from America. A jet of gas from a small leak in the fittings was igni'ei by the indacead electricity of a thunderstorm, which created a tiny spark in some electric wires near the pas fittings. Obviously, had the electric wires not been run near the gas pipes there would not have been any danger of this fire. Sparks in underground wires have been knowa to explode the mixture of gas and air incayities near the gas-mains of our London streets. The grape barvest of France this year has not been equalled during the last bhuudred years, notwithstand- ing the attacks of three enemies, the oidium in April, mildew and the pbylloxera. ne (xtraordinary crop is due to the favourable climatic conditions of the summer. The flowering took place iu dry Weather, and the light rains of April tollowed by the drought of July aud August were just what the vines wanted, We may add that we have seen both white andred grapes ripen this year on the walls and roofs of houses in the open air near London. There has been a plague of wasps in France as well as in Euogland during the past summer and the occasion was seized by more than one vaturalist to Observe and experiment on the insecte. M. Milue-Edwarda found that their orditary food having failed at Pas-de-Calais the wasps fed on the sap of young elms; ond M, Marchal succeeded in t:avsforming a working wasp into one capable of producing eggs by giving it the proper nourishmeut.—Q/ole. oe THE QUEENSLAND STATE NURSERIES. | Extract from the annual report of the Overseers at Mackay and Cairns.] MACKAY, Mangce.—A very important matter will, as soon as the irrigation work iscomplete, be got on with—viz., the propagation of the Indian mangoes. ‘The stocks for iparching these upon are all contained in tins and hoxes so that they can be placed round the growing BI a A A trees ; these ting and boxes whick have to be watered every day to keep up the flow of sap necessary to the success of the inarch, to carry the amount reqaired, would have entailed more Jabor than could have been given, but the water can then be run close to where required. The imported plants have grown well, most of them being now good-sized trevs, aud will, I expect, fruit this sesson. Sagar-cane.—Oonsidering the want of rain, the five . varieties from Mauritius have grown well, and about 18 tons of plants have been sent out, the reports of which show that they Lave done remarkably well; the greatest demend being for the Rose Bamboo, Striped Bamtoo and Louzicr. There are a large amount of Louzier, Bronchen Royee and Bronchen Blanche left: —Sugar Journal. —__ >-——_--— BANANAS IN QUEENSLAND, For come years past the farmers who live in district On the seaboard in the North of the colony have been shipping this f.uit to the southern markets, and after Mmauy reverses for some time, established a fairly remunerative trade there. This led to further exten- sion of the area planted with consequently great in- crease in production, the quantity of bananas grown being onan average fuily three times greater than in 1889. This large increase in production, combined with the quantity imported from other countries into Sydney snd Melbourne, which was more than could be properly consumed iu those cities, has operated adversely towards the banana-planter in Queensland, so reducing the price of the fruit as to render it almost uuszleable. The difficulties in convection with the freighting a irnit so easily damaged, and requiring so mach space as the banane, have always been a difficulty in the way of export, and would operate still more adversely in a prolonged trausit. The recent Shipment of this truit to Vancouver has showa that uader present conditions the banaua is uot available for distant consumers. I am not aware that mach succers has attended the endeavors made to convert this fruit into a more exportable form, either by preserving, drying or griodiug it into flour. There were 3,059 acres planted uncer this crop in 1892, being 838 less than in the year previcus, but the average yield 4,667°43 dozen per acre in 1892, was 80 great in improvement on the result for 1891, that the lesser area in the year first mentioned returned 2,632,894 dozen more fruit to the grower than were obtairei from the larger average in 1891,—Sugar Journal, — VARLOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Brazin CorFEE SEED FoR East AFRICA.— Mr. Scoct Blackiaw, in a letter which will appear further on, reports that~a small box of coffee seed is being sent from Brozil to Mr. W. H. Cowley in German Hast Africa, as a trial. Correr.—Messrs, I. A. Rucker & Bencraft report on Noy. 16th as follows :— Some five weeks ago we remarked, after reviewing the position, that we found it impossible to treat values sucl vs were then current as other than normal, Since then mild coffees have advanced, say 6d to 1s, sud Brazil coffees several shiliings. It is roughly computed that about 75 per cent of the consuming ‘trade is now Cone in roasted blends of coffee, and of course as long as the retail prices remain unaltered in an advancing market, the tendency 1s to use more of the inferior, less ‘of the superior descriptions. At all events the fact remaing that for some time the values of the lower grades have been getting nesrer aud nearer to the range of prices ourreot for mild coffees. If, however, retail prices are presently ad- vanced, there may then bea better demand for mild coffees. For the last few days markets have roled quiet, with an essier tendency, today things are steady but in the long run probably the market 18 rathor strepgthened (han otherwise by such reacti vis. 446 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 1, 1894. “Weeos: Tarik Usk and AsBUSE”— | Now against this, how does the consumption in might well be the heading of the crilioal dieserta- tion to which our correspondent ‘ Holloway” Europe, America and Australasia stand, nox to speak of minor countries, GHereis the aggregate of our treats us today. There is nothing however, like | latest revision of estimates :— practical experience and we understand that the experience g2ined by the writer under notice, bas been so convincing that some five or six planters in the neighbourhcoi have adopted his prac‘ice, co that it would certainly appear to be an illus- tration of ‘‘no rule without an exception.” It will be observed however that the critic careful'y limits the cases in which he would adyise weeds to be cultivated and then dug down. Tue Trade oF Zanzipak.—From a report on the trade of Zanzibar, prepared by Mr. Rodd, the Britich Consul there, we learn that the increase in foreign trade there is due chiefly to ivory, Owing to the large quantities of grain shipped from Bombay and Calcutta, the principal share of the import tiade falls to British India, but among European countries Great Britain holds her own against Germany, which stands second on tho list. ihe exports show & falling off. Mr. Strickland, however, prove3 that this decrease is less real than it appears, inasmuch as the high figures attained in 1891 were due to an unusual export of accumulated ivory to Europe by the German East Africa Company pricr to the removal of their headquarters from Zinziber to Daressalam. There was also a decrease in the ‘export of cloves and hides.— British Trade Journal. GERANIUM O1L.—Regarding this oil, we read as follows in Schimmel & Uo’s Report:—*Towards the end of May such a catastrophe befell the Island of Réunion that it will probably sufferfor many years from the after-ellects. The Banque de Orédit Agri- cole et Commerciale failed, and two other banking houses were so much affected by this stoppage that they could only continue to trade upon a limited scale. The loss to the public is at least ten mii- lions of francs and the cultivation of many of the estates of the colony, depreciated by bad finance and management, is about to be abandoned alto- gether, as all spirit of enterprise has been effec- tually paralysed. From Algeria strong and geueral complaints reach us of the damage which has been caused to the geranium-plantatious by several months of drought. But this damage can only haye taken place in quite a smail part of the gera- nium fields, as artificial irrigation, which enables the grower to obtain three crops in a season instead of one, is now the general rule, The assertion that the oil obtained from naturally-watered plants is of finer quality than that of the others has also proved a fiction. The chief requisite is, that dis- tilling takes place while the leayes are fresh. No information is yet to hand concerning the result of the distillation in Spain. As regards quality the geranium oilirom that country continues to occupy the leading place. The so-called Indian geranium _ or palmarosa oil has maintained its elevated price- level and is scarcely likely to become cheaper again, as the consumption in india itself has increased considerably of late years.” Tra PropucTIon ANv CoNsumprion.—lt (may have taken many people by surprise in view of all that has been written about ‘‘ over-production”’ to learn that the North and South Sylhet Tea Companies’ Directors could speak of a tea consump- tion of 450 million lb. in non-producing countries against only 170 millions lb. exported from India and Oeylon, That estimate was framed early in the present year when it was quite correct. Now the exports must be put at nearer 210 than 200 ‘million for both countries, and looking ahead a little we suppose we must face the time when India will be exporting 150 million 1b. and Osylon 100 ee ~ Potal,,260 n err In million lb. United Kirgdom tes 210 Ruseis a asp 75 Rest of Europe ane 22 Australasia 45 aan a 28 United States aud Oanada val 106 Total.. 441 This is from the latest review in our “Handbook” and ifwe add some 4 million for North and South Africa and 40 to 50 million lb. for Asiatic countries outside of China, India, Ceylon and Java, it must be seen that the Sylhet figures are more than justified. The great matter now for Indian and Ceylon planters is to win over (first) North America ; (2odly) Russia and next the rest of Furope and all Australasia to their teas, and to g-t them to give up theuse of the Chins article. There is certainly vast room for expansion in the demand for te3s in the countries juct named. Cacao Corrzk ann Topacco 1x Norte Borneo, —We call attention to the encouragiog letier of Mr. Henry Walker in another column, If North Eorneo is ging io do so well in “ cacao,” there ought to be somewhat ofa “rush” of young men with some capital thither; for cacao is one of the most valuable producis to cultivate. But North Borneo is also doing well in coffee—both Arabian and Liberian—and the planter who prefers this Colony to Kast Africa has the assurance of easier transport, more available experience and companionship. The ‘cheap dollar, too, tells in North Borneo'’s favonr. Tue EXTeENsiIve AND INCREASING DEMAND FOR Inpia-Rupper renders it possible—rays Nature— that the eupply will eventually become exhausted, so attempts at artificial cultivation of ruvber trees are being made in various rubber producing countries. Mr. Hart remarks, in the Jane Bulletin of ihe Royal Botanic Gardene, Trinidad, that rubber has been procured in the Gardens from Castilloa elastica, and that trces of a mature size will produce it in paying quantities. It has also been proved that Heveas of several species will thrive yell in Tripidad. In this connection a paper by Dr. Ernst, on the cacutchoue of the Orinoco, published in the first number of the Revista Nacional de Agriculture, and included in the Zulletin, is of interest, Dr. Ernst says that the rubber of the Orinoco is extracted from the juice of the Hevea braziliensis, Mull, a tree belonging to the family Duphorbiacee, and not to that of the Hevea Guayanensis. Ene milky juice obtained from the trees, through incisions made in the bark, has the concistency of cream, and the rubber existing in itin minute globules constitutes from thirty to thirty-three per cent, of the weight, The rubber co'lectors of the Amazons employ the slow, primitive, snd contaminating process of evaporating the juics in the dense smoke of a wood fire, in order to separate the rubber from it. A far better method of cbtaining coagulation is to add a six per ccnt. solution of alum to the juice, and then submit the coaguiated rubber to preseure in order to extract the water it contains. Dr. Ernst thinks that every effort should be made to extend and conserve the forests, thickets, or groves of rubber trees. suggesting, among other things, that when the collectors work a grove they should be made to plant a certain number of trees. Only by such means, and by aiopting a chemical mode of coagulation, can the rubber production of the Amazon tercitory be increasedju quantity apd improved in quality, — ae Jan. 1, 1894.] THE, TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 47! a aa nEEa EEE nIEENEENIENSNERSIEEREEEEeeeemeee eed Royysspondgsnosg. — To the Ldstor. CEYLON RUBBER: A FINE. SAMPLK AND GOOD REPORT ON MATALE RUBBER. * London, E.O., Nov. 9. Dear .Siz,—We are in receipt of your favour of 18th ult. with sample of Ceylon rubber for which we thank you. The quality of this rubber is very good and: should any. quantity© arrive in good condition it would sell ‘here at about 2s 3d per lb. probably. As you know most of the rubber “from your market is of much inferior quality to this, in fact we may say this is the finest sample we have seen of Oeylon rubber. | If you could establish it in the market here, _ it would in our opinion come. into competition with Fine Para, say about 4d to 5d per lb. less money. In small quantities it would hardly realize its full value as large consumers want a regular. and fairly large supply of clean rubber and this should sell readily (as. fine Columbian does at 28 3d—2s 7d per lb.) when fine Para is 4d to 5d more,—We are dear sir, yours faith- fully, 8. FIGGIS & CO. {The above refers to the sample of rubber produced in the Matale district, and sent us by our _ correspondent ‘J. M,” about the middle of Oot.— Ep, T.A.] THE CULTIVATION OF CACAO WITH LIBERIAN COFFEE, North Borneo, Nov. 18. Dear Sip,—It would confer a great fayour on me if someone of your many correspondents would kindly inform me if cacao requires shade when planted with Liberian coffee.—Yours faith- » fully, HENRY, WALKER, | We believe cacao is found to. be all the better /of shade trees in Oeylon even when planted with Liberian coffee, though of course the shade need not be so continuous or dense. The ‘best illus- tration- we can tbink of is Udapolla-- estate, ‘Polgahawelsa, where cacao, ‘Liberian coffee ‘and ‘shade trees are intermingled. In one or two cases, cacao hes been planted with- coconuts—in the Kurunegala district—and we believe the experi- ment is considered a success—though there has scarcely been sufficient time to jUdge of crop results. We have just been hearing from Mr. Vanderpoorten of a flourishing cacao estate in the island of Fernando Po, West Coast of Afrios, without any shade,—Ep. 7.4.) CEYLON RUBBER. THE MATALE SAMPLE. Kandy, Deo. 2. Dzan §i1z,—I feel indebted to you for the excellent repori you have obtained from London and publisned in your issue of 29th November, and which shows that the quality of rubber obtained ' here from the Castilloa tulastica is first rate, and ranks not little below the value of Para. Indeed the prices quoted, say 28 3d to 2a 7d, when. Para might be 4d to 5d more, are extremely encouraging, 1 was first. led to address you on the subject on perusal of your very interesting reports upon coffee and rubber planting in Mexico in whioh it “tppeared that shade trees for coffee were being aiscarded in favor of Castilloa Elastica which had given good results with the two outerprises coffee aod rubber, going on together, 0 -in B This seemed to me. very important, for now-a- days shade is so largely used in some. of the lowoountry products that to find one whick shall be a source of profit in itself without injuring the .guperior product itis sheltering and protecting - would-be, invaluable. , Ceara rubber has no.merits “as acshade:tree; it is greedy, it, doea-not like being » tapped too young; it; has: nasty: ways cof: falling -to pieces before: a-gust-of wind, and in some strange fatality always falls on “its: tishest~ neighbour, and -then while’ almost’ too ~ soft’ for any ~use whatever,’ yet lingers unrotted ‘on the ground to the disgrace ‘of’ any tidy olearing. ‘tis “the attraction and ‘delight’ of wild - pigs, - who work -in disorderly fashion in quest/of its~ tubers, If; therefore, Oastiloa prove -good ‘shade ‘for coffee ‘in Mexico, “why: should ‘it ‘not! for similar purposes’ in Ceylon’ render us gid- also? “ What value, for instance, it might have given-to old coffee fields before abandonment? ° The lapse’of cultivated fields of strichen coffee into useless chena and rubbish has ‘always been a regretful remembrance tome. There were hundreds of acres all over the lowcountry. that . might . have been. filled. with products of some:kind, if in.those days we had had the knowledge, the seed. and -the: stimulus of encouragement. I think Esaw in:vyour paper that the authorities at Peradeniya had not ‘entertained a: high opinion of the ‘Castiloa rubber, ‘as'to' growth ‘or yield, The question of ‘value, however, is quite set “at -rest by your London valuation. We do not-seem to have statistics available-as to yield; .but I arm sorry that there should seem: to be discouragement as regards growth from so ~authoritative- a quarter, and I hope that despite this there willbe somebody with sufficient faith ‘to try the experiment, It does not do to yield to temporary disoourage- ment, for I-remember’some years ago, when prices were poor, Liberian coffee fell into disoredit and I was advised to root out mine, Yet I have got in some R20,000 in value of that product since then, though my small area has been orowdad out by other trees, and sucoumbing sometimes; to the various ailments and diseases coffee’ iz heir to, and suffering from its overcrowding also, it till forms a valuable portion of my property and-yields me a welcome addition to my annual returas that might have been wanting if the early discourage- ments had not been faced >and repulsed.—Yours faithfully, J. M ‘WEEDS ON’ PLANTATIONS AND HOW TO. DEAL -WITH. THEM. .Marakona, Des: 2, Dear S18,—The editor of the local ‘‘Independent,”’ in his issue of 20th November, ‘has given ua leader his experience’ as ‘to: allowing “ Weeds” to» grow’ on estates, ‘and’ winds’ up by advising not to! try the effect’'of weeds, Let*us now analyse his objections, taking each paragraph separately and my-reply to each following‘on tne -§ame ;— “It was the lot of ‘the writer, during many of the earlier years of his sojourn of nearly half a century in Ceylon, to wage a War @ l'outrance against the deadliest enemy of the coffee bush, weeds, ‘There was but one estate, when this warfare commenced, that had «been kept free of weeds for more than two, or at most three years, and there were not @& dozen that had even been’ kept clean during’ their first year. There were two principal reasons tor this state of affairs. One was deficiency and irregularity in the labour force. ‘he ‘other was the inexperience f the planters as to the practical means of extir- ating weeds. So far as we can recollect there wag 442 no one at that time who doubted the mischieyous effect of weeds on the coffee. ‘The weeds had no friends till long after clean weeding had been uni- versally practised, and then there were only one or ‘two who pleaded for their being tolerated or en- couraged. One persistent advocate of weeds was allowed to use the columns of a leading paper for some time, but he made few if amy converts, and at last the editor refused to publish his letters any longer. The subject was exhausted.’ ‘he editor does not mention here the greater enemy superintendents had to contend with, the black bug; and the then proprietors the financial orisis. If it was the weeds, then how is it the leaf disease and green bug killed our coffee outright though our estates were kept clean. The advocate for weeds later on was Mr, Halliley, who signed his name to his letters, so it is no secret. “An attempt was made, when planters were seek- ing advice about the cultivation of Tea, by experts from India, to let weeds grow on the Tea fields, as they said was the practice in Aseam. Happily, this part of their advice was not followed by the Pioneer Tea planters of Ceylon; and we have not heard of any more of the praises of weeds tor many years, until the Magazine of the School of Agriculture published, in its latest number, a plea on their be- half. The author who is quoted by the editor of the Magazine divides the whole obtrusive family of uninvited guests of the farm and field into two classes ; and while making friends with one of these classes, he extirpates the other as relentlessly as experienced Ceylon planters do the entire family.” I for one have proved that weeds at times and in some land, are of the greatest assistance to make earth into soil and soil into mould and latter strengthened my trees and gave me good crops (see my letters to Observer, 17th August, Bept. 17th, Oot. 19th, 1892; see also ‘Magazine of the School of Agriculture of January” 1893.) I main- tain in some lands weeds are necessary to make the upper earth into soil, to give vigour to young plants and enable them to get a firm hold in the sub-soil, “Our readers must not suppose that we deny, or ever denied the good that some weeds, under certain ciroumstances, are capable of doing in agriculture, We have not been actuated in our intolerance of weeds, either by ignorance or blind prejudice. Nor do we dispute that the plea and the practice of the author, who is quoted in the article under review, may both be sound under certain eonditions. If, for example his beneficent class of weeds are not 80 intermingled with his enemies that, in ordinary farm practioe, the latter may be extirpated without destroying the others; or better still, if the welcome guests come anaccompanied by the enemy,—and if the land is not so steep that in stirring the soil to remove the weeds a large portion cf the best of the surface mould is not sacrificed in the operation of weeding,—and 7f there isa winter season to give the farmer a fair chance,—and if the fields are left unencumbered after each orop, as is the case generally with the orops cultivated in temperate climates,— then, under these conditions, weeds are not the same thing at all, as when good, bad and indifferent kinds come all together,—and when the fields are on steep land, where, even with a good system of surface drainage, loss of soil cannot-be avoided if it be dis- turbed,—and when a forcing climate encourages the growth, especially of indigenous weeds, without inter- mission all the year round,—and when the plough and other mechanioai means of weeding are entirely unavailable and even light-hand tools are rather objectionable: under these conditions, we repeat weeds are an unmitigated evil.” I say weeds of most kinds are useful under certain conditions; same as fire or water. You must remember that when you have & rich loamy virgin soil you require no weeds. Then by all means keep your estate clean; but when you Lave to plant up old lands that were in coffeeonce or have been ghensed repeatedly and kurrakan grown on it, or THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (JAN. 1, 1894, your soil is very griddy, then weeds are of great help, but you must .earn what weeds to encourage, how large to let them grow, when and how to work them io the soil, &., bow far vo keep free of weeds around the plant—on steep inud they canbe made vovave sou from washing away. ‘** Circumstances alter cases. In Ceylon, experieuce has proved that it is Dust possible to Ootain the litle beuetit weeds are capable of atfording without incurring infinitely greater ioss and disauvantage. We cau never jorget the sickiy yellow wnge that @ cropeot @rowiug weeds imparted co the comee bushes, even on the finestestaies! When the coffee was ma.uring, and the beans were filucg Out the fuiloge of the bushes, under ihe doubies strain, turned pearly white, and there was Often @ considerable tall of leas, The sudden transition trom this gickiy, semi-moribund sate of the coffee bushes to the rich dark cvlour natural tu them when in heaslim aud viguur, that occurred alter werding, was conciusive evidence against the weeus. it put ali ergument as re- gards the injury they inftiicud beyouu dispute.” in Ceylon it is possibie to grow weeds for benefit of cvuffee, tea or cacao, 1 have done 60 with marked success in lana where 1 tound soul griddy, poor or steep. I have seen splendid coffee in heavy weeds from 1858 onwards; some did suffer from toe weeds, where the weeds were pro- perly used soon after crop when labour was avallaole, the coffee didnot suffer, in fact goon recovered trom eficcis Of crop and gave good crop afterwards. Uacao requires & great deal Of veyevabie matter and lime. “The writer bad tue good fortuue toengage the services Of the ijate Csaptuin Biackmore in 1848 to manage the Klkaaua estate, on which thee was one particular hid round three sides of which 4 cart- road rav. Here weeds were rampant, the laud was steep, weeus were very vigorous, aud the bushes, which were wide apart, suicred peverely. The plot consisted of but afew acres,and seemed to be the very piace for an experiment. ‘I'he side 1onud which the road did uot rua was bounged by forest, that com- pleted the separation of tuis pios from the surround- lug coifce fivids. Lhe new manager was iusiracted to cut suriace drains through the plot, 80 ab t0 stop, as effectually as possible, ali loss of suil from waeu. He was a man of experience, » strict disciplinarian, aud carried out bis iuetructions, 10 the Jetser. Lhe next step wasto exurpate the weeds, whica were of tue worat kind and thoroughly established iu the soll. Each portion ot the piot, as suum as it was cleared of vhe ola roots and oi everytning but the coffce bushes, was kept clean by monthly weedings. ‘Lue effect ot this treatment was magical, ‘lune pot which, pre- Yilously, bad always bewuan e,esor., ia four or five months’ time, put all the fiue cufttee toshame. Lue rich colour and iuxuriance of the fuliage lormed « sriking contrast with ail the fields adjoiuing anu con- clusively proved the injurious effects of weeds Bod also the practicability of exticparing them.” No wonder ovifee, tar apart, land steep, weeds allowed free growth, and giving crop aid suffer; had those weeds been kept iowse as only to cover ground # lew inches and some of the weeds cut down and used as manure the cofice would have kept in good heart. Now what will the editor say to the other picture: a land where no piants even no weeds would grow on was forkea and limed, then weeds carried to and planted on the land, Weeds then did grow; when six inches ligh they were dug under, again ailowed to grow, agalo dug under and limed, tnen planted with cacao (part ot a flourishing estate) - now cacao trees are giving good crops. : “‘Notwitastandiog the conspicuous success of the ex- periment abovementioned, 16 was Many yeare_before suriace draining aud munthly weeding were generaily Carried out. In ihe interval, the effect of & dead malch of mana grass was tried with such marked success on the Yacdessa estate, that a Jive mulch Wae tried op Hal Oyain Hanjaug disgrick, {he estate JAN. 1, 1894. | = was clean, and had been remarkable, when in its weedy state, for a kind of orotolaria of extremely rapid growth, and very easy to manipulate. A plot of land was seleoted for the experiment of growing this plant as a live muloh on the ground amongst the coffee. Seed was easily procured, and the land was sown with it. The field was soon covered with the crotolaria, whioh grew luxuriantly, and was taken up at maturity, just before it seeded and was spread on the ground as a mulch; but the experiment failed. The mulch was not nearly 30 effective there as on the stiff soil of Yakdessa, and was not good enough to compensate for the injury, slight as it appeared to be, that was done to the coffee while the mulch plant was growing. Other indigenous plants have been similarly tried, experimentally, but the result of along, patient, and exhaustive experience of weeds in Ceylon plantations ie so conclusive that notwithstanding the _ virtues set forth in the Magazine under review, our advice to anyone about to try the effect of weeds on his estate would be like Punch’s advice to people about to marry—Donvr.” I have used mana on Woodstock estate as & mulch and on other estates a8 8 manure, when cut fresh with good results, Some parts of estates I keep clean, some in weeds, turf, &c., as I find it necessary for the good of the plants. ; My advice to planters: study the wants of your plants, treat them well, preserve what soil you have, in good soil keep estate clean, grow weeds and turf where plants requires it; and marry—or you go to the wall,—Yours faithfully, HOLLOWAY, QUESTION: WHY SHOULD THE GOVERN- MENT PUT A BOUNTY ON CHINA TEA TO THE INJURY OF INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA PLANTERS, AND OF THE BRITISH CONSUMERS ? Sir,—I think it ishigh time that this question should be honestly put to the British public. Firstly, because it is a fact. Secondly, because it is unjust. Thirdly, because it cannot be to the interest of consumers, that they should be forced to drink China rubbish simply because it pays the grocer, through a slip of the Government to give it them. Firstly, as regards the fact, Sir David Barbour and the Governor-General of India have both pub- licly stated that the stability of the rupee at1s 4d. is assured, and the opinion of such bigh authorities is conclusive. It means, as far as the tea planter in Oeylon and Indiais concerned, that a permanent premium is to be placed on he import into England of China teas, for, if the upee in India and Cey- lon continues to represent 1s, 4d. when the same weight of silyer of the Ohina currency has become worth only is., the China grower will be able to Fut as much tea into London, of a given quaity or is as his Indian rival can, of the same quality, for 1s 4d. With regardto my second point, that thisis unjust, this goes, I think, without saying, but there are always people who can putup with any injustice practised on others, and by such | have been told that, after all, we, tea planters sre not the only class that has suffered by bounties, That sugar producers hav3 snffered exactly in the same way by the bounties put on beet sugar by France and Hermeny: In reply I say, that, if the two cases were parallel two wrongs don’t make one right. But there is this important difference. In the case of Sugar it was the foreign Government that gave the bounty, and Great Britain, the victim of free trade, sould do nothiog to protectita sugar planter.. But. in the case of tea, we find the British Government rushing to the opposite extreme anditself subsidising the foreignerto take the breadout of the mouth of British producers. I don’t know what ie, My third point, that this honnty on Ohina tea is ageinat the interest of the masses may be best served by an illustration, Whe grocer will now bny aamall + Street, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. If this is pot out-Heroding Herod | 478 quantity of Ceylon tea, which pays him least and mix with it a larger quantity of China tea which pays him most, and will call thie in large letters, Pure Ceylon Tea, On the back of his packet will be a microssopio label :— Shifter Shuffie and Fudge, Importers and Blenders of Indian, Oeylon and Uhina Tea. The trick of palming of other teas under my own estate’ name has been played freely on myself, so I ought to know. HARCOURT SKRINE. Osborne estate, Dikoya, Oeylon, Nov. 28th, 1893. II. Strj—In my preceeding letter 1 have endeavoured to represent to the public the injuatice being done to Indian tea growers as well as to consumers by the currency legislation of the Imperial Gov- ernment, and I use, the word Imperial advisedly, ba- cause the mischief has been effected by the Indian Government under instructions from England. Let us now consider three possible remedies, pre- mising that the object of each proposition is merely to place us, Indian tea planters, as we were as regards China and to ensure the consumers at home getting a good article. The first and most obvious remedy is simply that of putting a fresh 3d a lb, duty on China teas, during such time, at auy rate, as the Government continnes to maintain the rupee at o dishonest value. The Chinese Government could not justly complain be- cause there would be no injustice in the matter. The British consumer wovld not complain because it would bethe means of protecting him from a spurious article. A second remedy is the abolition of the duty on Indian and Ceylon teas alone. This would have the same result for the Indian planter, the Chinaman and the British consumer as the former propoaition and it should especially command itself to Mr. Glad- stone as & means of fulfilling one of his forgotten pledgesof a “ Free breakfast table.” A third solution of the difficultyis that the Indian Government should be ordered to stop tinkering with the rupee, and to allow it to revert toits real value. Although Sir David Barbour has said with perfeot truth that it is in the power of the Government to fix the rupee at ls 4d, it is perfeotly easy to show from his own mouth that the maintenance of it at this rate can only be effected by enormous loss to the Government itself to be followed ultimately by a financial orisis more appalling than that which, for the time being, he has staved off. Sir David Barbour himself stated with equal pub- licity in 1892 this axiom :—That any enhanced value placed on the rupee by closing the mints would be lost by ®& correspondipg influx into circulation of false coins. Already we se «letters in the Indian newspapers shewing that this is going on ona graud scale inthe Native States, and this is confirmed by the enormous purchasers of bar silver since the Go- yernment mints were closed, This is a nice nut for Lord Elgin and the Imperial Government to crack, and we may leave them to crack it, since it is only the businessof theee lettera to offer solutions. the difficulty which is affecting tea and British consumers of tea.—I am. &c., HAROOURT SKRINE, Osborne, Dikoys, Ceylon, Nov. 28th, 1893. NEW PRODUCTS: MAGUEY OR. ALOE AND HENEQUEN, S1r,—In a recently published book oalled ‘* Tro- pical America ’* I find the following concerning the ‘“‘maguey or ixtle, a kind of aloe or cactus whioh will grow freely on the most barren land. It says (Pp. 325) that the most remunerative agricultural * a si America. Edward Btanford, 26 Oockapa haring Cross, 1893, ] 474 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jans 1, 1894. export,’ (from.Mezico) ‘is the fibre of the maguey,, — itis one.of.the. most useful fibres known in textile industry,;, In, this imotley . throng, the ..maguey armed with its bristling sheaf of sword blades forms the rank and file!) All:the! way from Tehuantepec to the Rio Grande itis: seen; now massed in cultivated fields of hundreds ofcacres, and again straggling in neglected wildness: by the roadside or on’ the rocky crests ‘of inaccessible hills. 80 sluggiish. is its vital action that it growe and thrives where. other forme of vegetation perish from sheer inanition.—As a valuable fibre plant the maguey is the basis of an industry which is steadily in- creacing in importance,” Again on p. 336 :—“ The shipments.of ixtle (maguey) and other fibres have quadtupled in yolume;” and p. 327: ** The maguey grows without, cultivation in every hollow and on every hillside." Of another fibre called “‘ henequen,”’ it says. that. in, 1890 over 5,000,000.dollars. worth was,carried to the Amerioan ‘market.—‘‘ The henequen . farmers’; live at Metida in great, comfort, and,spend money freely” (p. 294) « If you have not already quoted-the above, it may interest or even eventually prove profitable to such ’ of your subsoribers as are possessed of patana land or abandoned coffee.— Yours truly, X. [A great deal of information about these and other fibres is given in past numbers of the Tropical Agriculturist.—Ep. T.A.] TEA, CULTIVATION: IN CEYLON—No. 1 WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO BECURE GOOD OROPS AND GOOD PRICES? Dar S1r,—Seeing that our shrewd old friend Mr. Rutherford is again in our midst with the purpose of making a regular. tour round our planting distriote, would, it, not, be -advisable to askjrhim ;to be good. enough .to .keep his eyes skinned; whenever he comes. across. an estate which: geta |‘‘ stand-out’’ prices for. its, teas, and before) taking his departure from our flayory isle tooblige us by giving his ideas: as to why these) favoured few’ get ‘such’ fine prices and such large returns’ per ‘pore. My’ idea is ‘that good jat, good soil and a good high, eleyation are all absolutely nesessary to obtain, this enviable position, With any two of the, aboye, you may.get a fairly decent average ; but you will never, be,;‘‘ galleried” in the -Lon- don lists..nor,;will,,your returns as, to quantity be anything) beyond; the general run. With olljthese bad, it is a very./blue look-out unless you :haveivsuch a stimulating climate that it (compensates for the lack of° soil. if nothing elae.—Yours truly, 25 YEARS A ‘PLANTER. Noo! Ty! Daar Sra,—You cannot make a “‘ silk: puree out, of a sowisear"' ig a truegaying. Neither can you manufacturerreally Gret;-class>\ tea fromcpoor. jats soil, and at a low elevation. I do not believe in a mixture of Indigenous, Hybrid. and Ching Ujati i The same i(prosess// for withering et .6tai Ldoes hotisuiti ‘them, and the copsagquenée is an out-turn, ‘‘uneven,” etc-, etd, en Ddlerba Reber a teeolies ana ih how smany énstqnacs you, Will note‘ anayen "’ eto., etc... mene, tioned. This proves how many, estates in Ceylon have a mixed jAt, henae the great, diffidalty in manu-. factdting @ uniform Afgh atandard tea. To.ensble tha: planter.to.turn out 9 high-classed Gea, uniform Jat is one of, the sasentials,. IE do not agree with your cotrespondent of! * 26; | Years,” that good jét is necessary st @ high eleva- tion; by good, jat I mean ‘ Indigenous.” I am inclined .to. think that at en elevation of. 4,000. at. 6,000, feet above ses. level, a China jit or Hybrid will give the beet quality tes, Analysie of soil is highly desirable.’ Lt will enable the planter to supply the necessary com te for propagating ‘‘flush” that’ can be w into well flavoured high class tee. A PLANTER SINOE © '59. No. ITf: Deak 81n,-—‘' 25, Years a Planter’’ says,‘ with any, two of the above” i, ¢. (good. j&t, ; good soil, and) a good high elevation) you may. get» decent average but you will never! be London lists nor will your returns be anything beyond ° the general run.”’ If by the above “25 Years a Planter” means that estates in the lowcountry’ do not make such good profits ver acre, es estates at high elevation, I believe he is quite’ wrong, and till he gives figures to prove his assertion, will continue to think he is wrong, It he will look at Meetserr.'G.’ White & Co.'s last’ month’s tale liet he will ” see,—putting the question of ‘elevation on one side altogether— Kalutara holds'4 most respectable’ position amongst the Ceylon averages, while taking ite heavy ‘yicld and cheap production into account I -question, if asa district, it is beaten in the. island in profit per acre. Mr. Rutherford's advice is always ‘valuable and I hope ‘he will give’ it tothe public before he goes, 4s a matter of fact, China ‘tea ie’ more tippy and flavory than high jat tea, but thé finest indi- genous, will mot slush at very. high) elevations. The great, adyantege:: of high. jat.-tea in the lowcountry is its immunity from: blight’ and insect pests, its large cropping» qualities and the deep thick liquor it gives. I am convinced that’ acre per acre on an average soil, “‘ Indigenous’’ gives double the profit of bybrid tes, in the lowcountry ; and three times that of lcw j&t, hybrid, and ‘Chinag.—Yours faithfully, KALUTARA. No, lV. Dean. Sin,—As regards yield and quality oftes at high elevations, I have had soil, elevation and a fair jat'to work upon. My best teas were characterized by both flavor and strength, and from individual fields I have obtained yields ‘of 400 1b, to 5001b.- per sore. My own theory regarding flavor is that it is very much dependent upon climatic influences, The best: teas are undoubtedly made when the flush is not of too vigorous a growth, and I think the sap undergoes a ripening or mellowing.. process: This, of couree, iis more theense at:bigh elevations: thaniiat lower! elevations: where:: the growth is always forced:: Jat: affects yield i more’ than’ quality? A °good! Hybrid is the beet‘for high elevations. ‘ALTITUDE- No. V. _ Central .Province,/ Nac Ista: Dan ‘Sra,—Flavour! in tem is.cchiefly » indmy: opinion & matteriof elevation combined with a) anore or Jessdry climate; but yield *and! strength are mostly; 1 should say,’a question of soil and jatt At the highest elevations I am“dowbtfal- if‘ j4t is' so ‘all-important sither in the matter of yield or strength; further experience if seems to..mé is watited Wis’ thid ‘poi?!’ 2 °F + A’ eetewe Se ye ‘galleried ‘ in the . JaN.-1, 1894.] Cultivation will help us largely so far as yield and strength are. concerned, but.I doubt if there is any artificial process;as yet available to help usin this matter of developing flavour., Plenty of power, with'a» good system and plenty of withering accommodation, will no doubt give the best: result from the leaf available, but before you have a chance of being * galleried’’ the’ ‘natural conditions must be in your favour unless: very fine plucking is adopted and the yield sacrificed. Isee no reason, however, why we should stand still and do nothing, and, it, seems. decidedly a pity that the P. A. have vetoed the proposals of Mr. Hughes. Definite and reliable experiment is chiefly what is wanted. No. VI. & GOOD WORD FOR GOOD FACTORIES AND THE ENGINEERS. Palmerston; Dec. 1st. Drak Stm,—With reference; to letter of ‘‘ 25 Years a ~Planter,” be misses) out’ one very responsible factér, which to my .miod is quite equal to any of the other: three reasons, viz. jat, soil and «levation | he brings forwsrJ, why some estates’ get ‘stend out? prices: from the others,; 1 mesn a thoroughly good; Factory with first-class machinery, ample wither- ing room, plenty of ventilation and cleanliness per- vading the whole builuing .and surroundings. Wi'h a good, Factory, I have seen splendid teas made, from, indifferent tea bushes as regards jateand soil; With the three first) advantages, viz. good jat, good ‘soil and high elevation, fine — teas causbe made; and generally are in good weather, but it-requires a first-clasa Factory to turn out good tea in’ all weathers, and in= quantity all the year round. A bold, well-marked leaf-flashing jat of Hybrid Assam seems to be thebest kind of tea bush upon the hills: (4,000 feet and \upwards.) It flushes better than Indigenous and more steadily, and gives as good & sample of made tes. We tea planters are ‘indebted to Mr. Jackson and other Engineers ,more than we admit for the good teas we turn ‘out.— Yours faithfully, W.O.B. No.- VII. A GOOD WORD FOR “‘CHINA”—AND STILL MORE FOR A GooD. HYBRID. Dear. Srm,—I agree with the correspondent of your Indian. contemporary, that well plucked China tes, caréfully mauufactared, should have a good appear- ance, be “full of tip” and, I would add; should possess as good a flavour as Assam though lacking the strength, As far as my experience goes there is no question that a3 gcol tea can be made trom low jat, | a4 from high—provided that no bad leaf is taken. The great advantage of high jat over low lies in the larger yield per acre, in cheaper plucking; by lesa f equent reoessity for pruning. Ohina tea here neyer runs over 15 months, whilst high jat flushes for 21’ months to two years, aud I have fields of indigenous Manipuri pruned two years and a half ago atill flushing vigorously. Fine quality and flavour depend, I should say, more on eleyation soil and climate then on jat. Good manfacture will keep and make the most of “ flavour,” when it is there, but can never put flavour into a tea where it does notnaturally exist. I do not consider that the large leat of ‘Indigenous,’ either Assam or Manipuri, makes good tea. Our aversge price here has sensibly fallen since some 90 sores of the latter have come into bearing. The tea made frum it is coarse and common. At ‘this elevation 8,500ft. to 4,300 feet I prefer a good Hybrid.—Yours faithfully, M. H.-T. No:- VIII. Nov. 30th, Dear Stpj—To, obtain, high, prices, and large, yield no,dolbt, good: soi!) jat and hizh. ‘lovation, are, alk necessary ; but I believe tine teas in smalier quantities THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 475 can also be mede from inferior jat, given the other two conditions. To obtain really high prices, in my Opiuion, requires not only very fine plucking but very careful plucking (and manufacture), no hard leaves and AS LITTL® STALK ABs PORSIBLE ; but this, of course, makes the yield per acre comparatively small, Nearly all the samp'es of teas I have tasted from very bigh elevations have plenty of flavour bat lack strength.—Yours truly, M. No. IX. Blair Athol, Dikoys, Dec. 1 Dear 8ir,—I hasten to ocmply with the request contained in your letter of 29th u't,:— 1. Tra CuLtrvaTion IN CrYLON.— With regard to your correspondent’s remark as to a large, yield, I quite concur with him in thinking that good jat and good soil are indispensable, and there is no doubt that,.good elevation. is necereary for very .flavoury and “stand ont” teas; and if Mr. Rutherford, after his tour of inspection, is able to give any hints how to secure both big yields and. high prices, he. will be conferring, a boon-on ‘his brother planters, and enable Ceylon to cut out all competitors in the tea markets of the world. 2. With regard to OniNnA v. Assam TrAs, I believe, that with the same efficiency in the factory, equally good teas mey be turned out, as regard ‘‘ make” and ‘Sappearance; ” but there willbe so compariron in atrength, the China -being weaker in |‘ cup,” © but more “tippy” in appearance. I -have not- had sufficient opportunity of comparing flavour; so cannot answer this point, I would not recommend anybody to plant China teasin Ceylon, though I would much prefer to have a field of pure China, rather than an indifferent Assam Hybrid. I quite think with your correspondent that s really good Assam Hybrid is superior for our-hill cultivation than pure Indigenous Assam.—Yours) faithfully, F, G. A. LANE. No,’ X. Deak Sizr,—In reply to yours ve Tea Oultivation in Ceylon, I do not know that my .opinions can be of much value to your readera as I do not get the fine prices or the large crops your correspondent refers to; but I have often thought that fine prises and large yields seldom go together. I have been led to this conclusion from the fact that many estates which at one time topped the list. for price, have of late years been satisfied with medium prices ; no doubt they found it psid them better to produce more to sell at fairly good figures than persist in their struggle for top rates. Your correspondent speaks of the favoured few getting these fine prices..as it ia not everyone who has the necessary requisites favourable to the produo- tion of high priced teas, yet there can be no doubt that more good teas could be produced if the buyers gave more for them. What is the good of com- peting fora top place when ild is only paid fora tea thus reported on ?—‘ Rather pretty small wiry black leaf with some fairly bright tips. Infused leaf fairly . bright and even. Full pure flavoury liquor.”’ It would be a waste of good leaf for growers of low-grown tea to attempt to compete for top prices as their climate js. against the production of these teas, but all in favor of producing good average quality with large yields per acre which is what they look for, and believed to pay best. A few of the conditions which ooour,to me as being necessary to secure good crops are 1st good. soil, virgin forest (if it oan be got). Elevation must depend on ohoice of | district. Average temperature aod well distributed raiD- fall, of say from 120 to 180 inches annually, and if io a windy district, a mild visit of the one mon- soon is quite enough to rid the bushes of spider, rust or other pesta that tea is more or less liable to euffer from. ‘ _ 2nd... The suitable land secured, comes the question of seed, and as there are many well-known proper. 476 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jaw. 1, 1894. ties in Ceylon famed for their good seed there need be no difficulty in getting the genuine article from many reliable sources if carly application is made for it: 3rd. To open forest!and for tea planting in ‘he N E.. monsoon, commence the felling early in the year, if at a high elevation to give plenty of time for the timber to dry ; otherwise a bad burn may he the result and costly and unsatisfactory clearing up may hinder your other works. 4th: The land felled and wellcleared, either by a good burn, or the removal of the timber for fuel ; the roading and draining should next have attention and be well done from the first. 5th. Lining and holing is next and of much impor- tance, First the distance apart the tea is to be planted, and more I think have erred in planting tco far apart than too near, 34 ft. » 34 or 3 ft. x 3 ft. is more likely to give ratisfactory returns than the former. As the bushes shelter each other better from the wind when closely planted and when a death occurs the vacancy is not so apparent and the necessity for supplying is not so great. aving decided the distance apart and lined your field accordingly cut good holes say 18” % 12" one on lower side of each peg don’t move the pegs. Gi Paling these holes with the best top soil requires careful supervision as coolies are apt to do the work slovenly, and only half fill them ; although, they may have the appearance of being heaped at the bottom they are empty and become re- servoirs for the rain water to rot the plants. 7th.—The next work and most important is the planting. This can be done with seed plants, orstumps. If the former two germinated seeds about three inches apart and shade them, if the plants (to be planted) are small also shade to protect them from sun and wind, plants, if both grow one to be pulled out when it becomes a good-sized plant, if stump they require noshade when planted early in the monsoon. 8th.—Now go on, keeping your planted land free from weeds in the most approved system, 7.c., by carefully weeding once a fortnight or three times in two months, carrying off in bags any weeds collected. 9th.—By two years or thereby your tea will probably be fit to centre or cnt dowa at nine or ten inches from the ground. In doing so cut only the strong centre stems, allowing all the others to grow. In another 6 or 8 months if the old and new wood has grown well, apply your knife again, by cutting right across at a foot from the ground or some may recommend cutting at 20 or 22 inches, the former (at a foot) is preferable, if the tea is likely to suffer any from wind. 10th—Keep your coolies from the bushes until the young shoots are well grown and you are able to leave three leaves above the fish leaf, having taken off the flush and all above the third leaf,—shoots under the~ plucked ones dont’t touch for several rounds. 11th—Keep a watchful eye on your bushes and as the flush gets into good plucking order gather it. The foregoing I consider a few of the conditions necessary to secure good crops, but as I have already taken up too much of your space, and your readers’ time at present, [may have something more to add after I get my November accounts off.—Yours truly, AN OLD PLANTER. No. XI. Deo. Ist. Dear §1z,—In reply to your questions my opinion is that China Tea if of good jat, 7.e. pure Ohina and not a low class “hybrid (which is often mistakenly called ‘“‘China”) will make magnificent tea and give a fair yield of say 350 lb. per aore, vide Laboo- kellie estate and Tomagong estate both of which h:zve considerable fields of China jat tea. : A really good hybrid I consider the best for hill cultivation 3,000 feet und ‘over. But for the lw. country there is nothing like indigenous Assam. L agree with “25 Years a Planter” asto good jat, good soil and good «l-v tion being requisite for large yields above 3,000 ft., but good prices can be got from poor jit tes, if fine plucking is resorted to, even if the soi] is comparatively poor as was proved in the onse of Luccombe estate in Lower Meskeliya which, if my memory serves me right, at one time topped the market when fire plucking was resorted to. In the lowcountry my experience is small, but as far as it goes ‘‘good soil’’ is not recessary for lerge yields but good jit is # sine gua won. Really fine quality, does not seem obtsinable in the lowcouptry, but the quantity mskes op for this, Green Teas, curiously enough, seem to be better in quality and liqeor when made from lowoountry teas end Messrs. Whittall & Co.’s experiments in thie direction will be watched with interest.—Yonre truly, 18 YEARS A PLANTER. No. XII. Dear Sir,—‘' 25 Yearsa Planter” aske you to get Mr. Rutherford to give hisidess es to why some esttes, get fine prices and large yields. The question ie « large order even for Mr. Rutherford, and “26 Years « Planter” goes on tosay thst bis idea is that ‘ good jat, good soil, and a good high elevation are all’ abso- Jotely necessary to obtain this enviable position, &c.dc. High elevation no doubt gives fine flavour, sud this commands a“ stand out" price, but I have yet to learn that high elevation also means “ large return per acre.” I fancy were it known what yield per acre some of tre “‘ stand out” places give “ 25 Years a Planter” woul! rub his eyes, slibough I do not mean to say that a very small yield and top prices are to be sneered st; fer from it. It must pay asl do not think the Ceylon Planter is one to sacrifice £.—s—d—for tbe honor and glory of showing highest averages in London list, or be as “‘ 25 Years a Plenter”’ eays ‘ galleried.’’ Stand-out prices however some- times come to those not blessed by being at a“‘high elevation” of jat andeoil are half the battle, be the elevation high or low, the other half is worse to fight, es it means constant care in the field and factory, and unless this constant care is given no “ stand-out” price will come, Surely ‘25 Y, Planter” 's last requires no answer, 6s ‘he would be a “blarned” fool who plented a bad jatin aw bad soil at a bad elevation whatever the last may mean. CHINA versus Assam TeA.—This heading in South of India Observer does not I think touch us in Ceylon, as the “situation” is so different. In the Tes Gardens of North of India frost and a oold season (a winter) haye to be contended with, and the hardier the plant is the better; but while allowing that a hybrid of Ohina and Indigenous Assam may be the plant ‘par excellence” as to flushing, etc., how ig it that the Assam planters will tell you that given a good Indigenous he has no fear of Helopeltis or Mosquito. Trees and shrubs in different countries and even localities grow very differently. I have seen China tea in theFoochow districts growing and flonrish- ing, bushes 90 yearsold such as you caunot see in any other place, but these bushes were not treated as China tes is in Oeylon; each bush was a giant in size. Here Ohina tea is cut down to six inches “as a pruning,’ this in a short time making a cover more like a grass field than a field of tea. Nature intended the plant to grow a bush or tree ; the Ceylon planter makes China tea a creeper, (creepers seem to be a paying ideain Oeylon), Nearly all pruning ia too severe in Ceylon, a trip to the tea districts of Ohina and Japan would show what size a tea bush can attain. Still as long as the best Indigenons resists Helopeltis, etc., better than Hybrid or China, then Indigenous is the tea and let us pray that John Ohina- man may never take to machinery fcr tea, or he wiil still be a thorn in our side; his conservatism is our safety. — W. M. No, XIII, (OE Dec. 2. Dzak Sirz,—I quite agree with you in thinking that Mr. Butheriord’s opinion on the ‘gnditions pecestary Jan. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 47} to seoure both yield andprices, would be very valu- able and should be obtained. Possibly too, he may disnover why certain estates with good soil, jat and elevation, the three requisites you quote, and presumably, able management, have deteriorated in the last few years and command a much lower price inthe market than formerly, whilst others in the same neighbourhood and apparently subject to the same conditious are prospering. __ Many questions willarise on this suoject; climate, the times aud extent of pruning, the methods ot plucking, treatment of young tea, manuring and of - course manufacture. It would be difficult, nay impossible, to lay down fixed laws for the culture of tea in different districts and at various elevations and probably in most cases the success of individual gardens is dueto the ability and discrimination of the Superintendent in seizing upon the special characteristics of climate, soil and jat. Very likely Mr. Rutherford, with his previous long experience and a fresh tour tnrough the planting dis- tricts may have muoh valuable advice to offer on these pointe.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, PLANIER. No, XIV, Kandapola; Dee. 2. Siz,—In compliance with your request that I should give you my opinion with regard to tea cultivation, as to what ere the conditions necessary to secure good crops and good prices; while good jat, good soil and ahigh elevation are invaluable, I think given a medium elevation (say 2,500 feet and over) that fine vices and fairly large returns can be secured by judicious cultivation end the ‘application of manure, I believe that manure not only inoreases the yield but also improves the quality of the leaf, Careful plucking (inclining to fine rather than coarse pluck- ing) and taking the young flush just when it is ready, combined with cloge attention to details in mannfac- ture (which must include a ‘‘ hard wither) will in my opinion result in the outturn of tea, the prices ob- tained for which will be well above the market average.— vours faithfully, F.C. G, No, XV, Dear Si1zn,—I have had Chins, Hybrid and Indige- nous Assam tea to deal with, and in my opinion jat has little to do with turning out good tea compared to elevation and soil, and given both these latter, then, to make really staud out tess, that would attract individual attention in Minoing Lane, yield must be more or less sacrificed for finer pluok- ings at oloser intervals, except during the months when the season causes the flush to be so delayed in coming forward as to effect the same result? MANAGERIN A LARGE WAY. No. XVI. Daar Stz,—‘ Twenty-five Years a Planter ” wishes Mr. Rutherford to tell us his ideas as to why a favoured few estates get such fine prices and such large returns per acre and proceeds to state that his idee is that ** good jat, good soil and a good high elevation are all absolutely necessary. ” The fine prices are, as a rule, uudeniable, but the large returns compared to lowcountry estates I doubt ; @levation and soi alone appear to be insufficient to produce “gallery” prices without good jat—look at the pijes obtained trom some of the highest estates in the island. My idea is that the continuous fine Prices from high estates are due, besides the adjuncts named by your correspondent, to the fact that the bushes will continue to flush for three years without pruning and the leafis produced from brown matured wood instead of being the outcome from comparatively nowly-pruned bushes, t 80 YHARS A PLANTER, No. XVII Henfold, Lindula, Dec. 2nd. My Dear Sir,—I have an average soil for the Agras a very good jat, a mean elevation of 4,500 ft. and an average yield of 550 lb. per acre. I prune every eighteen months. All my tea but sweepings goes into the London market, and 1 shall have an average this year, possibly, of 1s 2d.—the average to date of last sale wired 1slzd. I have an actual acreage .in tea of 508 acres; my total acreage is 572 acres. I got my best tea seed through Messrs. Mac Neil & Co. of Calcutta. It is Keline ‘magenta,’ one remove from Manipur indigenous, dark in the leaf which is very corrugated and with along tip; the flush is much more yellow than that of a lower jat; the yieldis very large, About one-fifth of my acreage is of this jat.—l am, yours faithfully, GHO. BECK. No, XVIII. Dzar 8:2,—Given a sweet, rich soil,—jat, so long as it be even of its kind, does not materially affect prices. At any elevation a high-class dark-leaved Hybrid once removed from Indigenous, yields heavily, whils best withstanding severe weather and insect pests I find the estates that regularly get the best prices for all-round breaks are at an elevation of 4,500 feet and upwards, and’ are yielding from 450 to 500 Ib tea per acre a3 aresult ofrich soiiand not of forcing climate, An all-important factor in the production of flavor and quality generally is unlimited and well ventila- ted withering accommodation. Were this more generally provided, Ceylon might ship treble the quantity of “finest” teas that it does at present, M, No, XIX.—CHINA VS, ASSAM TEA, DeaR S1s,—A good hybrid at ali elevations over 2,000 feet is decidedly desirable, both for yield and quality, so far as my experience goes. I have not had enough to do with the lowcountry, but even then I should say a first-class Hybrid, such as I have seea produced by Mr. Sandison, trom some; of his seed bearers near Katnapura, would be better than pure Indigenous, certainly as good. To procure good prices one must have good soil, good yat all over, elevation and fine plucking; and above all by oareful manufacture with ample space or natural withering. A dry climate is not absolutely a desideratum, witness Ormidale in Upper Maskeliya, with say a rainfall of about 120 inches. One great draw-back to Ceylon planting is the wnevenness of jat over almost every estate. This was animadverted strongly on by Mr, Berrywhite on his visit oa Oeylon. ° Jd. A, No. XX. Dear Six,—I am in receipt of your letter with enclosures. I quite agree with your correspondent “25 Years & Planter” that it would be most beneficial to Ceyion if such an undoubted authority as Mr. Rutherford would keep his ‘“‘eyes skinned” as he travels about and would let planters know betore he leaves the island it he oan assign any cause for certain gardens getting big yields and tall prices. Some of his own Company’s gardens always get fine prices for their teas—ls ld tols 2d average year in and year ont. Why? Can he let us know whether it is due to elevation and superior jat and soil solely or is it due to a superior way of manufacturing. One garden— Wallaha—makes its own tea and the tea of other gardeus too and Waverley also I believe, Can Mr. Rutherford tell us why they get suoh fine price tor their own teas and the gardens whose teas they make* He would confer a benefit on Ceylon generally if he could and woOULp, I believe years ago a Committee of Planters met and formulated a series of questions ;¢ maun- fagturing nd distribyted copies among shrewd 478 THE TROPICAL AGRIGULTURISI, [JAN.. 15. 1894. planters who gave their~ ideas as to rolling, firing, fermenting, &c. Now things have greatly changed sincé thenh—we have'néw machinery entirely, far more mapid «driers ‘aud: rollers that) work off leaf quicker than formerly.' I suggest thatthe Planters’ Astociation hold an: Inquiry: into Tea Manufacture and appoint ‘ a Committee who shall formulate a new series of “questions ‘to be submitted to planters: who get crack oprices. Some may object to give their modus operandi, but: many heviog Ceylon’s interest’ at heart, ought to be able to shed a flood of new light on the subject, the gainers I doubt: not. Their answers should be published and we ali woud be If crack price men will atep forward,’ some valuable hints will be the result and the legs! eleyer ‘plauters will very likely have ‘ the pleasure of*seeing their diminishing prices again rising ‘to’ stay there’ and poor China teas will be still further’ ousted. I certainly think fine j4t makes better and stronger tea than poor jit. It has more strength and finer bigger tips ; though whether it has better flavor may be doubted,’ seeing the fine prices some Darjeeling gardens get, where, I believe, they have a lot of inferior and China jat.—I am, yours truly, FINE TEA, No, XXI. Talawakele, Dec. 4th, 1893. Dear Siz,—You ask my opinion on the “ South of India Observer” correspotdent re Ohina versus Assam variety of tes bush and ‘the letter of “25 Years a Planter’ in your paper. There’oan, I think, be no question that equally good tea oam be’ made from the one as the other, but I can go no furtherin agreeing with the correspondent of the Indian paper. No doubt the Ohina variety could often give pointe so tar as appearance goes (if that is worth anything nowadays), but only when the yield of the former is less than half tbat of the other. If, say, 250 lb: to 300 lb. per acre (I suppose the aversge’China yield) is taken off both varieties, not only will Assam jat beat in coup, but ‘in appear- ance as well. It is when you take the normal yields’ of both, viz, in the ‘oase of China jat 350 Ib. and that of Assim 600 lb, to 800 lb. that the appearance may sometimes ‘be in favour of the former. But if the yielda are kept at about the ratio I name, so‘ far as quality goes, good jat has no advaitage over’ inferior. I do not think there is anything very mysterious for our ‘‘ shrewd” friends to unearth regarding the reason for two estates at the same elevation and neigh- “\bourhood differing so much in quality as they’ some- times’ do: Given gardens at ‘the sume elevation and as- pect with the bushes’ and the leaf receiving the same treatment, soilalone can bethe cause; neither jat nor anything else can be responsible. Were it not invidious in such a discussion to name estates, I could point to several instances of’the kind where too the ones producing the poorest teas have the advantage in elevation and yet the prices far below the others, A mere: glance at the soil in one of two instances in my mind atthe mo ment, is enough to account for it. Ko doubt the eyes cannot always be relied upon to say which is the most suitable for tea, for we see places with apparently as good soil as that on the neighbouring one producing inferior tea, Where the ‘treatment all through is the same and the pro- duction kept to the same weight per acre, everything points to soil alone being responsible. Nor: do I think that any series of chemical analyses would help us to supply what the soil might be deficient in, for the reason that on a 200-acre estate as many different soils San be found.—Yours faithfully, J.S, XXII. No. One a. Dec. 4. Dear Sin,— Zea Cultivation in Ceylon and China versus Assame Tew” —with regard to the former, the prinoipal conditions necessary to secure good : yields (pad good prines aren fair jat of teay good soil, well cultivated, and careful menipulation of the leaf. I have not the slightest doubt myself; but that mapur- ing with good tillage gives increased quantity and better quality. As to Obina versus Assam Tea I have had n» experience with the former.—Yours truly, A BELIEVER IN GOOD TILLAGE. No. XXIII. Wana Rajah, Dec. 4, Dear Six,—As for the discussion on the difterent qualities of China, Hybrid and Indigenons tea, I have not much experience in the former; but I consider it is a nice, agreeable and flavouring liquor, although not very strong and pungent. As for Hybrid and Indigenous the nearer you get to the latter the better in every way for quantity, quality and cheap plucking and I have never seen any reason to #Up- pose this did not apply to all elevations. With fine ; J4t and high elevation, no one would think of praning oftener than once in two years and many would not do it so often as that.—Yours truly, No. XXIV. Dear Siz,—I am of opinion that a good Hybrid, good soil and high elevation with careful plucking and manufacture will give good returns and fine prices. Idonot: think Indigenous Assam wil! do well at this elevation, 5,500 to 6,200 feet. I have fairl good at on this estate, some fields giving as iriuch as Ib. to 870lb. of made tea per acre—average for the year being 600 lb. per acre. I would recom- mend Indigenous at a lower elevation 3,000 to 4,000 feet.. China or any medium j&t seem to stand the frost better than high class j4t but we seldom have frost in this district, W. “No. XXYV. Dear Sm,—When I planted’ up ithe estate I pur- posely put in a yery mixed jat in onder to get . - what 1 thought would be a good natural blend : but it is impossible’ to get an even wither from leaves of so many different textures, all coming in together, and that materially imterferes with the result Thad in view.—Yours truly, AN OLD PLANTER. No: XXVI, Dean Siz,—With regard to China 2, Assam Tes, my opinion is that pure China is almost preterable, to “a fow'class “Hybrids.” he former wili give satie- factory results if pruned low) and plucked bard, but the low Hybrid is generatiy of an: obstivate nature and yields very mixed sort) of leaf ‘whatever treat- ment it receives. But for» Oeylon= nothing! comes up to a good Hybrid both forquantity end quality, We bave much to learn yes as: to why neighbour- ing estates ‘vary so muoh in prices. »Of\conree,. good leaf and;careful manutacture always tells toa certain extent, and my Own experience is that so long as I had young ficids coming on and plucking leat from high running shoots before the knite bau been regu- larly applied to them, ~my teas were occagionally “galleried,” and although I assill get stency prices it would appear that there is a semetling sbout the quality of tes made from young high bushes which is lost after regular pruning bas been carried out. With regard to the difference. in yieid, other cir- cumstances being the same, the estates. that have been successfully planted alwaya do best, and will be in full bearing about six years old; whereas the places that have a large percentage of supplies and seedy bushes will till be backward at tnat ‘age, will be- nine or ten years old before the ‘MaXimum yield is attained, and eyen then wiil prob- ably be‘dieappointing compared to the other. And of course a different system of. -praning or cultivation generally would also show very different resul uw. Lhave tried jine plucking, but find the medium course, pays best, and what | study more tuau the tous that are “ galleried” are my : PROFTTS PER AChE, Jan, 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 479 No, XXVII. Dear Sin,—I agree with the South of India Observer’s correspondent that tea of pure China jit if in good soi], highly cultivated, carefully pruned and plucked and the leaf carefully manufactured can be made to produce 6 tea equal in appearance to Assam Hybrid, but not equal instrevgth or flavour or likely to realise as high prices. I further agres with him that a good_ hy- brid is the most suitable and most profitable for hill cultivation at least in Ceylon, China or apy poor jat may give fair returns when young and if in good soil, but the roots spread Eo rapidly, and throw up so many shoots that yield and flavour must fall off and thecostof cultiva- tion increase especially with regard to pruning to keep the bushes in bearing and out of blossom and seed. Ido not think that Assam Indigenous is suitable for hill cultivation in Ceylon. It grows long shoots resulting in slow and poor flushes and @ poor tea, The valuable information on tea that Mr. Ruther- ford has supplied us with must make every one interested in this product, welcome him back to the country, not only for what he hes already done but for fresh advice he is likely to ke able to give us. He may see or think of changes in the style of cultivation, plucking and manufacture and any opinions of his would be of very great interest and value, especially on the point of how to get the most profitable return from estates, good, bad and indifferent. The question of whether high prices with a smaller yield or lower prices with a larger yield pays best, still seems rather uncertain. Could Mr, Rutherford be induced to add to our obligations to him by giving us any fresh opinions he may form from his visit before he leaves for the old country again. o. 8. 2 No, XXVIII, Dear Sir,—“25 Years a Planter” is right inhis ideas. Given an estate, with good jat, good soil, and high elevation, its teas are bound to fetch a good price with very ordinary manipulation. With constant care in the field and factory its teas will always give a stand-out price. By sacrificing quantity suchan estate might almost at any time be galleried in the London market. These are conditions, however, with which only a few estates hers and there have to deal. Ordinary jat, moderate soil, and medium elevation represent the bulk of Ceylon estates. Jat undoubtedly gives strength, importance. Good soil gives quantity ; but I don’t think it has anythiog to do with flavor, or so little that it may be dismissed from our calculations. To get strevgth and flavor combined which will Rive jie prices, we need an exposure aud elevation that prevents the tea flushing too quickly; the longer a shoot is in coming to maturity without getting hard, the better will be the quality of the tea made from it. This I think is the reason wky so many of the high estates get a uniformly better price than the low- country and medium elevation places, whose teas flush sv rapidly that they are (so to speak) inthe tea pot, while the leaf on the higher estates (it may be in equally large quantities, because there area greater number of buds and shoots on the bushes) is developing into that delicate pleasant flavour, which will always eommand a high figure. The best tea I have tasted was on a Kandapola estate ; its exquisite quality Il attributed entirely to the length of time the shoots had been in maturing on the bush. Medium elevation estates oan get large returns per afore and good prices, but can only be galleried at the expense of quantity, and that to an extent that will never 7 a OLD HAND. and is of much No. XXIX. Dear Sirn,—" 25 Years « Planter” says the three desiderata—good tea, good prices and good yield— are only obtainable under the three conditions of: good jat, good soil and elevation, and that the absence of any one of these conditions will certainly prevent their combined realization? It is an open question whether there do not exist many known exceptions to this rule. But, as a rule, the said three conditions are good and desirable things ; though in the nature of things they are not, and cannot be, possessed by nine-tenths of the Ceylon estates. We must strive to securethe good pricer and good yield, without at least one of them— elevation. 1. Soil should give quantity everywhere. 2. Elevation do quality. 3. Soil and elevatien do quantity and quality. This almost irrespective of jat, though good ja&t improves the yield if not the quality. The question then seems to merge into one of jat. Gunntity. 1 do not think “ only Ohina,” or mixed China and Assam will ever yield anywhere such large pluckings as on/y good Assam. Quality.—I think ‘‘ only China” fields will give as good quality as only good Assam yields. But mized China and Assam can scarcely give such good quality as only the one or the other, because of the fundamental difficulty of obtaining a goodand even wither from leaf of many textures, and good tea depends very much upon an EVEN wither. "30 YEARS A PLANTER,” No, XXX, Dec. 5. Drar Si1r,—I agree with ‘25 Years a Planter,” but would add good shelter as an essential to secure the best prices with best returns per acre. Poor soil with poor jit will never pay, no matter what the elevation. A good jat in poor soil will change its character and very indifferent results: ata high elevation. A medium classed hybrid flushes beat; at a low elevation the higher the jft the finer will be the returns. A. F.S No. XXXI. Dec. 5, DEAR Sir,—With regard to the letter from °° 25 Years a Planter” there is no doubt that high eleva- tion, good soil and good jat are the most importent factors in obtaining both large yields and good prices, But I think also that climate has much to do with it and is it not a fact that asa rule June, July, August and September are our best months for good teas, both in Dimbula and Udapussellawa, although in Dimbula it is wet and in Udapussellawa it is dry during those months? Is it possible that the south-west monsoon carries tea flavour? Why do teas from the same estate vary coneiderably during the twelve months? For good prices algo it is essential that a gwick good wither should be obtained, and I have rather 8 strong belief that the situatzon of a factory (and at all events of its withering rooms) is of more import- ance than is generally supposed. The wither I look upon as the chief point in the factory work though every stage is of importance. Myideas may be all wrong, but such as they areI give them.—Yours truly IGNORAMUS. No. XXXII. Dear Sir,—From what I see of tea at a medium elevation and in fairly good aoil, really good jat pws much better than Hybrid or China; but what stand in need of here is a good Factory to be able to always turn out good tesa, This is only a matter of mney, but these trifles are not always oasily overcome.—Your truly, MEDIUM ELEVATION, 480 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [ Jan. 1, 1894, NLT LC A Se teense are epee No. XXXIII, Upcountry, Dec. 7. DrEAR S1k8,—Mr, Shelton Agar could give you some valuable information ve “Tea cultivstion in Ceylon: good crops and good prices.” Agar’s Land,1I think, took the cake fcr sometime in price and I fancy without any great outlay on cither factory or mach- inery. NowI fancy both bave been improved, but where are the prices ?—Yours troly, AN OLD COFFEE STUMP, [The same question may be asked of a good many estates besides Agar’s Land; for instance Rookwood, Blackstone, Hoolankande and even Portawood, May we not understand hope thet the proprietors found Goarser plucking, more ¢rop and lower prices, pay better P—Ep, 7',A.1 No. XXXIV, Dec. 8. D#ar Si1rx,—With reference to the letter of “25 Years a Planter”, I should say speaking from experience, that given good jit, and good soil, good tea can be made at # low elevation say 400 ft, to 600 ft. Tea made at that elevation has not whstis known eg ‘hill flavour’’ go marked as tea grown ata high elevation; but if properly manufactured it hss a malty flavour which secures a good price; and what is wantirg in flavour is made up in strength and thickness of liquor. To find out and csrefuily carry out .the style of manufacture suitable to the es- tata haga great deal to do with making good tes. That meaps attention to the various details of ma- nufacture, withering, rolling, ete. From poor soil, good tea cannot be made iu any profitable quantity. The yield per acre is greatly affected by shelter and aspect. Flavour is parely a constituent of the soil, It can be preserved or lost in the manufacture, but cannot be produced. Without scientific knowledge such as suggested by Mr. John Hughes, I do not think we will beable to account for the different results from apparently similar soils on adjoining estates. This very question has been put to me by Mr. Rutherford since his arrival in the island.—Yours faithfully, A TEA PLANTEK SINCE 1879. No. XXXV. Elevation, 4,200 to 4,600 feet, Dec. 8. DeEAR Siz,—''25 Years a Planter” is right as to elevation, soil and good jat being required to give high price teas with large yields ; but should have included climate and cultivation aud not have ignored advant- ages in manufacture. Allthese must be favourable in order to get the highest prices with the largest yields. There are good profits and fair teas made under less favourable conditions; kut the above results are not obtainable without them. Given natural advantages, there is, as a matter of fact, considerable difference in rssults which can only be accounted for by extra care in cultivation or manu- facture—in detail. I have known whole fields on some estates, badly planted at first, utter failures, and after several years the trees were uprooted, and the same ground re- planted under proper treatment and up to the present moment they are one and all giving fine yielcs of leaf; and so with manufacture, much depends on the Factory accommodation and machinery, and how to use all to best advantage and make the most ot the leaf from the field. - I have found at thie elevatiin a good Assam Hybrid give best results, but I have never been able to get the tame results all the year round without ehanging the plucking. If highcst prices are to be maintained, it is absolutely necessary to pluck finer at certain seasons than at others and of course this means less quantity forthe time; and so it is entirely a question of which pays the best ; and the demand of the: home market easily eettles that. 4 a CACAO, COFFEE AND TOBACCO IN NORTH BORNEO. BY AW EX-CEYLON PLANTER. Sandakan, Noy. 29. My Dear “Onzenver,”—I think your 7\A. more interesting than ever with its Biographical Notts and handsome Portraits. Your notes on R. B. Tytler’s career are particularly so and I specially note his reliance, so well justified, on cacao, to which I am giving a good deal of attention. I think we have an ideal climate for cacao, hot and moist with no prolonged drought, as you will see by the adjoined table and notes :-— is c— ] a cw c+ 2 6 Beaes ‘Supra 2 5 Bees “ny =OAINNIART Sete. o Ss oEa8s ~ 2c ee ; . aa ye @ 2 — FI x8 BS Ss hm & Eeae° Oo ae = > ~~ | A "WE «+ & B we fu 8 “ ~ & og of see cs a eon z em 2 azeee ' £ & = x ° TS = = = nal a a of ec Sia & 2 gs ° 3 ung = & @ ES .¢% Oo q= ~ © © » oa A apsyseq; @o & fF eSast : Sales wat = Gi: SPEAORT, * B. sest Zale $o5ia zu aw oy & @ Pema = £ jo -dmo} avayy ap * fal 3 $257 = i See Be Sch Se 2 Ee : BP) cane eeeeg 2 eo £2253 aad oXup-79.M, S3é = _ @ E eS ts) Pree eects ‘ep oao mr © © trom P ae 2 8 Bi eras Sem aywuweHy + 2 FS £ Sose ¢ Z a ae oo a : MAR oe Be oe Na a S82 ~E> 2g S skep-oM SS & & Ss 3338. a soss” a . ~ 5 de 2 2 SSB gestes 2 ls ee : S = 2] TBS: 2 Samra gees ‘a . . — £oset& 5 2 2 sop Sons Bie | sSeETE ~~ = Sem Bre oOo oo” £°oF ae 2..-3s_2 i Sees 2 3 BSehskou. = rpHOoOz_# S epeEao2eeasS = CEQ eODeED & o8enacren* ‘ o“o508 a2 Koo © AAAS Ss Porwoses & ee2gcd-, & g-822788 S ON pt S 2 Pesil"s os 2 6s coe Oe ct sZo FS =~eo ~ oF Z -~>5 o = SF > -Og e285 c78-La2- os < Spe Reo SapsioS ct Lostosoreschongtasas ED EM eRTOgC SMe hela = [=| Ss a = % — =a ode = e = = o oa MMA & E8233 Toritipan is the name of the coffee estate I opened after my return in 1891 where there are now 105 acres in Liberian coffee and 32 being planted. As an experiment we put in an sere or two of Arabian coffee which has grown very fast and one year old plants have blossomed freely and the bloseoms are setting. This is probably due toour cold nights, and the low temperature ie probably due to our hill system of which you Ceylonites have little con- ception. We began about a mile and a ha'f from the sea and at sea level, but we are working up and I think the top elevation within our own land must be 2,000 feet ; we have a splendid water supply and eplendid soil. I wish some of your fellows would come ard ree the Liberian, the first plant- irg of which ure being topped at 5 feet 6 inches, and there is a little erop and I can show some very satisfactory cacao, the planting of which is receiving [rom me and the manager, Mr. Thos. Johnston, a great deal of care. Of course, we have Jan, I, 1894) ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 481 RS our troubles, but land and local transport are cheep and silver is in our favour. Hight dollars to the pound is now the exchange and with Liberian coffee at 37 to 40 dollars per picul, we have a fair prospect before us of doing well, I hope to plant 80 to 100 acreseach year and to get Arabian coffee on the higher land, But I would like to see some Ceylon men invest a little money here, and invest it in person. The Government is willing to sell land at very low prices to immediate planters (to which end some free grants have lately been made) and that is a good set off to the difticul- ties in planting in a newly-opened country. There ig plenty of sport to be had in the way of sambur and wild cattle and also rhino; elephants are barred, a8 we have not many and they may be useful some day. You wil] be glad to hear our tobacco estates are thriving and more fields are to be opened on all the estates next year, 1894. Wishing Oeylon a prosperous New Year.—I am yours sincerely, HENRY WALKER OTTERS IN CEYLON Hanwella, Dec. 12. Dzar $1n,—With reference to your note re “ Otters in Ceylon’? they are often seen in Ihekada Barawa forest swamp at Hanwella. This forest is one extensive swamp of about 1,500 acres, almost all being submerged even during very ordinary floods in the Kelaniganga. In dry weather when there ig no water over the place, these amphibious carnivorous animals flock into the stream which runs through the forest. These and ‘‘Kabaragoyas” very freely interfere with the increase of our fresh water fish which abounds in Barawa. Once I came across a dam and two cubs and managed to get hold of the latter. I had them with me for sometime and then presented them to a friend in Oolombo to be cent to Australia. I know that dogs and jackals hunt otters; at low water in lagoons and streams—hence their increase is somewhat checked, G.E.A, HIGH AVERAGE PRICES FOR TEA: MR. BECK IN CORRECTION. Henfold, Lindula, Deo, 15, Dear Siz,—It has been stated that I have said that I shall not be content until I have raised Henfold prices to an average of Is 6d. I have never said this; but I should have no objection to the average named with my present large yield per acre, and I should be still more glad if many others shared my good fortune. Ido not think, however, such an average can be obtained except by fine plucking, and what we are trying for is the happy medium between the highest obtainable price and the largest obtainable yield.—_Yours faith- fully, GEO. BECK. MOSQUITO BLIGHT IN TEA, Dec, 15. Dear §1p,—I write in the hope that the planting member will put a question in Council with regard to the Government forcing people whose gardens are attacked by mosquito blight to send an official notice to the nearest Kaohcheri and take reasonable means to exterminate the pest. The alarming imoreage of Zelopeliis during the last 18 months shows that udless active measures are taken to stamp it out as recommended by the Director of the Botanical Gardens, it will do for fea (or certain jata of tea) what leaf disease bas done for coffee, and not only this but it will spread to cacao gardens all over the island with ruinous consequences to our most promising product. The difference between Hemileia vastatrix on coffee and Helope/tis in tea and cacao is that while the former was beyond human control the latter by prompt and concerted action can be kept in perfeot check; if not eradicated, When we fiod in countries where locusts are common, laws foroing all the inhabitants to join in their general destruction,—when we find in Britain and other countries laws relating to cattle disesses by which the owners of herdsin which disease sppears and who fail to notify such outbreak to the authorities at once, are liable to criminal prozecution and the animals are slaughtered in every case and farms proclaimed publicly as infected and when we find (in Trini- dad I think) a coconut beetle law whereby the owner of any coconut tree attacked by beetles is bound to notify such attack and destroy the tree and larvae at once,—I do not think it is too much to ask Government to pass a law which shall prevent the further spread of helopeltis as it as has disastrously attacked thousands of acres of tea in Ceylon already. Iwas told of one estate of small area where it hag practically been eradicated lately and on which no fewer than 150,000 mosquitos were destroyed, and the estate a very fine one is flushing as well as ever. But what induces me more than anything to addresa you now is another phase in the question that has just come to my notice. 1 refer to gardens owned by high caste Bud- dhists who believe it is a sin to take life and who will not willingly permit its being done. Such gardens are scattered all over the low country and in Dolosbage and some of the other up- country districts, andif no steps are taken and taken promptly they will be simple breeding grounds for Helopeltis which will attack and destroy flush in all directions on estates in the vicinity of the gardeng, The matter was brought tomy notice by a super- intendent who started catching mosquitoes with his pluckers and paid them by the number they caught. The first day some of the high caste Sinhalese women refused to catch them on the ground that it would be taking life and one of them (whose husband owns a plot of tea) caid she would not destroy life even if she got R10 a head for the work, This was discouraging, but next day matters were worse, when the whole of the Sinhalese refused to catch the insects, leaving the Tamils alone todo the work. They had apparently been talked to after work and the sin they wera committing pointed out to them. I went over myself and tried all I could do to point out the stupidity of their action, es- pecially as some of them have plots of tea of their own, but nothing would induce them to listen to (what I thought was) reason, I eyen wept as far as to point out that on sundry occasionsI had seen them busily employed hunting for insect life in each other’s heads, but it was wasted breath as they said they always let them go which accounts for their numbers in Ceylon perhaps !—Yours faithfully, LD, OTTERS IN CEYLON; TRAPPED BY THE SCORE: STALKING AND SHOOTING CARP FOR OTTER! Nuwara Eliya, Dec, 16, DEAR S1R,—I notice in one of your recent issues you ask for some information about Otters in Qeylon, 482 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan 1, 1894, | Since Trout acclimatising has been tried her I have taken rather an interest in Otters and their’ habits, and I have trapped over 20 oftlem in the Jake and river. No doubt they play great havoc among fish, as one can see the remains of carp almost any day along the edges of the lake, and I have known them kill 40 or 50 carpin one night in the small breeding pond at the Kachcheri bungalow, and the slaughter seemed to have been for mere sport, as most of the fish were left: ina heap on the bank. However it was master otter’s last hunt, as he was trapped the next night, They have alco taken some of the trout from this pond; still somehow I don’t think that they kill many of the trout, for when the river has been very low, I have marked trout left left unharmed for weeks in pools from which they could scarcely escape, and in which otters must have been swimming about night after night, as I could sea their fresh tracks on the shore next morving. The chief food of the otter out here is evidently land orabs which are to be found everywhere. Otters I believe to be about the commonest wild animal in Geylon as I see numerous marks of them wherever I go, low-country as well as high, and they are great travellers as I often find their tracks a long distance from water but numerous as they undoubtedly are they are rarely seen owing to their nocturnal habits; I have only seen one myself at liberty and that was many years ago in a stream in the Knuckles. I have heard of “residents here, just at dusk or early morning seeing some, and no doubt they are occasionally seen, but I expect in some cases as the saying goes, “it ia not all gold that glitters,” for just after the & otters were seen in the lake the other morning # brave sportsman appeared with his gun and started to stalk them; he soon saw what he took to be the otters popping their noses above water for breath and after a careful aim he blazed away and killed three, but on landing his game they were found to be carp. ‘These fish go about in dense shoals, and on a fine sunny morning they love to bask close to the surface of the water. I think that otters live chiefly in close rocky jungle, as I notice most of their runs lead into the thick jungle, but they evidently move about a great deal, as after catching one or twol often won’t notice a track for months, when suddenly a lot will appear again, I have heard of a nest of young otters being found under the wooden boards of a cistern in an old pulping-house in Dimbula ; the nest was found when the buildizg was being pulled down; but I am surprised, considering their numbers, that more otters are not caught. I have never geen anative with one, and though I hunted a pack of beagles for many years, they never got on an otter and Ihave rarely heard of other sports- men who have come on them in hunting, but no doubt a properly trained otter pack would afford gyand sport in any of our hill districts. The otters that I have caught are generally about 40-inches long. Ihave seen the skins of a much larger variety in Kandy, and I am rather inclined to think that there is another and smaller kind than the one that frequents Nuwara Eliya, but of this Iam not sure,—Yours faithfully, CHAS. YOUNG. as CACAO CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. Dzar Sin,—I shall feel obliged if you or any of your correspondents will kindly inform me as to What ig the bighegt elevation at which cacao ig grows in ihe island, its variety and whether shade ig as essential to ite successful growih at the higher elevations as itis in the low country. Any other information on the subject will be much esteemed by—Yours faithfully, M. M. [The highest altitude fora single tree growing of which we have heard is on Keenakelle estate Badulla—4,000 feet above sea-level, ina (sheltered, nook however, and with exceptionally good soil ; but it tooka long time to come into bearing we believe. In Uva and Pundaloya, there is cacao regularly planted up to 3, feet, kut we do not know if shaded ?—Lp. 7.4,! JUNGLE EXTERMINATOR: Dear S1n,—I sce you had a paper on the “ Jungle Exterminator,” the prospectus of which 1 saw some time ago, and I think if you look into it you will see that a chemical that destroys the existing plant life is bound to have a very bad effect on the soil in which the particles of the plants get scattered, If it were clearing work for the site of a building, of course, it would be all right ; but where repro- duction of forest trees or cultivation was wanted, the very particles which would otherwise in them- selves help to fertilize the soil, would in this case be the means of checking vegetation completely. Of course I may be wrong in my view of it as I don’t know what the chemicals used are;* but as far as I can remember the mixture was guaranteed to kill even the roote when put into them,—Yours truly, OUR FORESTS. ———___~>—__—_-_—— THe Native States (says the Singapore Free Press) ought to take a leaf out of the Oeylon book. We have touched on the matter before and it will do no harm to mention it again. The Native States do not nearly advertise themselves enough in one sense. Through Singapore there streame a never- ending succession of globe-trotters, often people of large mesns. While in Singapore they do the garjens, the waterworks, and have a day at Johore; and the tale of our attractions is over. If they are as enterprising as the late Mr. Harrison of Chicago they might charter a steamer and go and look for the equator, or at least for some place where the equator may be conceived to be. But as to the Hinterland of the Malay Peninsula they knew nothing; Selangor, Perak, and Pahang are probably not even geographical expression to them. Yet it is to be confessed that there is much in the Native States to interest the traveller, and there is not & little that might attract the investor, Most of all, apart from mining which might or might not recommend itself as a region of enterprise, there is the possiblity of investment in planting. To a Yankee capitalist who might think of taking of coffee land in the Peninsula as merely one out of his huncred irons in the fire, it would be of interest to see coffee estates in bearing, to chat with the mana- gers, to hear of prospects. It would be nothing out of the way for him to acquire a tract of land and give an active young planter a billet on it as manager. That sort of thing would occur, and not seldom; if it were encouraged to occur, and it would be for the good of the State, especially a State where the Chinese practically monopolise the tin mining, and the: fostering of planting is left to the European. - * Of course some chemicals although poisonous in large quantities would become fertilizers in small quantities; but it would take time for the soil te comminute them, : Jan. I, 1894. ] THH LANKA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, : LIMITED. ENCOURAGING REPORT: UNANIMOUS MEETING. An ordinary general meeting of the shareholders in the aboye company was held on Wednesday at the offices, 12, Fenchurch Street, H.0. Mr. Geo, ALLEN presided. Mr. ©. M. Roxsrrrson (the secretary) read the notice convening the meeting, and also the minutes of the last meeting. The CHAIRMAN said : Gentlemen, I think those who have read the report carefully will be fairly satisfied with the progress we have made during the year. We seem to haye emerged from a time of great difficulty and trouble into something like prosperity, and it sppears to me that our misfortunes are now at an end. (Hear, hear.) We have had to change our front three times, and now, finally, we have the Estates planted with tea, which has this advantage: that it is of a MORE PERMANENT CHARACTER and is not affected in the same way as coffee. For instanoe, the eoffee crop depends almost entirely upon the weather, at @ particular season go that, should the season be unpropitious, the crop is destroyed, whereas with tea we have it growing the whole year round, and it is ab!e to be picked at all ecasons. Therefore, taking one thing with the other, we have every reason to believe thut tea is the more profitable. As far as I can make out there seems to be NO LIMIT TO THE AGE of the tea-plant; I understand that in China the tea plant continnes to yield well for upwards of fifty years. Another interesting fact is with reference to its root, which goes down toa considerable depth into the ground, and gets all the benefit of the moisture which ought to be there. I heard the other day— hut it is almost incredible—that the root is some- times known to extend as faras forty feet. On the other band, the coffee plant has » surface root. You will see in the report a short résume of our year’s operations, and I think I can safely say that with the exception of the Spring Valley and Ouveh Com- panies, we are the only Oompany that has SUCCESSFULLY TIDED OVER the coffee crisis. I think that is a tribute to our perseverance and patience. If you refer to the balance- sheet you will notice that durivg the whole of this period we have only increased our capital account by _ £6,900, and that has been in developing the Rillamulle andthe Yattawatte estates. These estates are likely to be two of the best on our books, and may turn out to be our very best possessions. All the other altera- tions that have been made have been charged to the suspense account, the creation of which was authorised in 1885, and since that time we have PUT TO THAT ACCOUNT £17,478, and have written off £6,946. At the end of 10 years the earliest items in the account will be knocked off, and so far reduced, andI suppose the ultimate result will be that this money will be used to liquidate the only debt we have, and that is thetwo sums lent by Sir R P. Harding and myself some years ago. In the ac- count there isan item for machinery, etc.; I do not know why that was put toany other account than the suspense account; but, at all events, we have written off about 60 percent of that amount, and now we propose to add the balance of £832 to the suspense account. As faras the Yattawatte eg- tate is concerned the reports we have of it are of an EXTREMELY SATISFACTORY CHARACTER. You will see from the accounts that during the year we have received £4,170 from coffee, £6,451 from cocoa, and £14,048 from tea, I should liketo read you an extract from the superintendent of my own estate. He is referring to the coffee crop, and says: “I went yesterday through ‘Thotolagalia, end was very pleased to see how well the coffee looked, and what a good crop, was on the trees.” We are keeping in cultivation all the coffee plants as far as psaible, but when they fall gut we plant tea in thelr “THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. lowest point : but we were mistaken. 433 place. Asfar as cocoa is concerned that promises to be THH MOST PROFITABLE H8TATE we have, The amount of cocoa produced for the year, as I have tk;efore stated, representa £6,451 which can be only called a tremendously large profit, and, though we cannot always expect such good results from this product, the further development of this estate ought to bring us in a very handsome return. As far oa our tea plantations are concerned I have pointed out the advantages they have over coffee and cinchona, and weare extending, as far as opportunity serves and the means allow, the oultiva- tion of tea. You will see from the report that our average pluckings of tea is about 300 lb. an acre, and we are expecting, before very long, to get 350 |b. an acre. If you caloulate that out, that will make a difference of a sixth in the income derived from tea, which, of course, will mean A DESIRABLE ADDITION to our dividend, Some people say, how is it you do not pay the enormous dividends that some of those new Companies pay? The answeris plain, When we bought our estates we thought coftee was at the These new Com- panies, however, have come in at the lowest point, with the result that they have madea great profit— and that is the short and long of it why we cannot pay such high dividends. Of course the great thing is, or will be, to extend the markets for tea. Some Ceylon peop!e started a small company to send tea over to America, to the Ohicago Exhibition, and it is to be hoped that they will by this means help to cure the Americans of their partiality for Japan tee, and teach them to patronise the Oeylon instead. I am glad to find in a circular issued by Wilson, Smithett & Co., that the exportsot Japan teas are falling off, and that the EXPORTS OF CEYLON TEAS are on the increase. The circular states that ‘ for the nine months the imports show an increase of 4,000,000 1b., whilst home consumption has only ex- panded to a very moderate extent; it is satisfactory, however, to note that, with a total decrease in the export, Ceylons mark a very satisfactory increase.” Thatis very gratifying, a3 it shows that Ceylon teag are being more appreciated. The next thing I should like to refer tois the question of the price of tea, This DEPEND3 UPON THE MAKE, and itis to that that we specially call the attention of our superintendents and firm on the other side, If you calculate you will find that an iueoresse of one penny a pound ino the price of teais equal to a one per cent dividend upon our stock. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that the tea should not only be well made, but that the demaud should increase to raise the price. I do nos know that there is anything else that I can add, I have been through all the salient points of the report ; but if any shareholder desires further information I shall be happy, as far as I am able, to giveit him, Our books,I may tell you, and our correspondence, and everything else are slways OPEN TO THE SHAREHOLDERS for their inspection, and I think I can take credit to myself and the other directors that we have done the utmost we could for the company. (Hear, hear.) I will now conclude by moving the adoption of the report and statement of accounts, A SHAREHOLDER :—Do the company contemplate increasing the cocoa plantations ? The CuarrMan:—Yes; you are informed of that in the report. It says, ‘*The directors desire to extend the cultivation of cocoa to the full extent of the suitable land; eighty-five acres have been planted during tke late finsn- cial year, and arrangements ore in progress for in- creasing the acrevge to 600 acres by the end of 1894.” To do this we have permission to raise some further preference stock. But I do not think it will be ne- cessary, because, as the suspense account beeomes available, I think we should develop our estate cut of that, Mr. Eowarn Partiy seconded the motion for the 484 adoption of the report, and the resolution was carried upavimously. The CHAIRMAN, in moving the resolution for the declaration of a dividend of 3 per cent. on the or- dinary shares, said it :was very gratifying to find that they could psy a dividend of 3 per cent. That was more than they had paid for alongtime. They must take into account, however, that the eales of cocoa had realised rather exorbitant pricee; but, taking the average, he did not see why they should not always do as well as this year—in fact, he hoped they would very soon be able to pay a great deal : MORE AWAY IN DIVIDENDS than this year, Ancther thing to take into account was the amount they had carried forward, and the sums they had written off, for if they had not written off these sums they would have been able to pay 4} per cent. The dividend was unanimously agreed to. The retiring directors (Mr. George Allen and Mr. Pettit) were unanimously re-elected, together with the auditor, Mr. John Smith. Mr, Cottinex proposed a vote of thanks to the chair- man and the directors, and thanked them for the attention they had paid to the affairs of the company. It was gratifyiug to feel that the company was emer- ging from that slough which bad blackened their interests for 50 Jong a time. : Mr. SmizH said he bad much pleasure in seconding the vote of thanks. ‘ i The resolution was put to the meeting, and unapi- mously accorded. The, CuarrmMan: Gentlemen, on bebalf of myself and the board of directors, we thank you for the re- cognition of our services, The directors are all very large shareholders, and, spart from doing our duties ag your directors, we have a very large share in the company ourselves, and it is a matter of very great con- sequence that we should make the company a success. he proceedings then terminated.—/nvestors’ G@uar- dian. . —_—_—_____—____—_- NOTES FROM HAPUTALE. Dec. 14. Dense fog and mist with rain charac’erises our weather at present and we would like to see the sun again, to cheer us during the festive season. To give you some idea of our late weather, I send you the rainfall on an estate at the west end ofthe dis- trict, which you may rely on as correct, for the friend who sent it to me is well-known as a very correct enumerator and good reliable planter :— Jan. 10°78 inches Avg. 0:22 inches Feb, 707 yy Sept. 029 ,, Maroh 1660 ,, Oct. 6:00. 255) ae April 10°57 ,, Nov. 4069 ,, ti! May 306 5, Dec. to date 10th 5°66 inches. June 8°83 y; —_—__—_ »___<_ ANTI-PEST FOR PADDY Kc. The Gazette of 15th Dec. contains an amusing Corres- pondence, published by direction of{" His Excellency the Governor,” respecting the virtues of a certain ‘ Anti-pest” brought out by Strawson’s, Limited, about which Messra, LeMesurier and Starey (the two gentlemen who did most to knock over the Paddy tax in Ceylon: where are their gold medals by the way?) are naturally of oue mind. Our sur- prise is that the Ceylon Government did not order a hundred dozen (thirteen to the dozen, remember) of the ‘‘ Auti-pest” right off on the spot. Certain we are that the money would,be as well spent as through some, at least, of the irrigation votes, and on the principle now established, to be consistent, the Government ought to see that the land-ownera and other gentle- men who haye been relicyed uf their one special tax (if not rent) are supplied out of the general revenue, with improved implements such as ploughs, winnow- ing and threshing machines, and freely with anti- pest, as well as with improved means of irrigating sheir fields, Possibly the publication of the Corres- ondence is a preliminary to the step in this pam Fight (?) dixection, A fresh trial might he ma d THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jaws 1, 1894. smong the Tissammeharama rice-growers whom Mr. Lushington reported to be rapidly “ amassing wealtb,”’ and the result could thep be wa'ched in the improved local rice which—as the Government Agent for the Western Province said in hie Administration Rerort, —Frel's alongside of imported rice in every village bazaar in hig province. This does not, of course, mean that more rice is grown in Ceylon than the cultivators can consume, and as for Protection and Bounties given (in irrigation) out of the rice-tax paid by the townspeoples, the thing is not possible —The Gazette correspondence is as follows :— In continuation of the Gazette notice of August 17th, 1893, His Excellency the Governor has been pleased to direct the publication, fcr general information, cf the following letters on the same subject.—By His eager po fe} commaud, E, NOEL, WALKER, Colonial Secretary.—Colonial Secretury’s Office, Colombo, December 12th, 1293, Copy referred to. The Assistant Goyerament Agent, Matnra, to the Gov- ernment Agent, Galle,—Matara Kachcheri, November «tb, No. 1,009/D 2. Sin,—In returning the anoexed letter from the Mausger of the Eastern Produce and Estates Com- pany, Limited, I have the honour to state that I be- lieve the Sprayers will be found very useful. 2. They appear to be of exactly the same pattern as the one [ obained at first, and are about half the price —I am, &c., C.J. R. LeMssURIER, Asst. Govt. Agent. The Eastern Produce and Estates Company, Limited, to the Government Agent, Galle. Colombo, November 16th, 1893, Siz,-1 have the honour to invite your attention to the paper sent herewith describing the “ Antipest ” brought out by Strawson’s Limited, for whom we have been appointed Agents in Ceylon. It is a Sprayer, im- proved in design, and cheapened in price, to be used either with powders or liquids for removing or prevent- ing blights, fly, insects, aud fuugus on growing plants economically, and without injury to the plant. Bébeving that it wouid be particularly servicesble for usein paddy fields, we introduced a machine (not improved, and costing nearly double the present price) to the notice of the Assistant Government Agent at Matara, where it attained such marked success that six more were ordered. The official report of the experiments there was pub- lished in the Government Gazette of 25th August last, page 1,871. Experiments are now being tried upyon paddy y the Assistant Government Agent at Kegalla. The price here is R35, each Antipast ; renewal parts are kept in stock at moderate prices. If you think proper to bring the mschine to the notice of the larger paddy growers snd influential men in your district, I believe it will be of great benefit to them.” We shall endeavour to sell the machine as cheaply as possible (receiving our commission from our principals), and for the first 12 machines which you order we will supply 13, at the cost of 12, [ believe we have a really valuable invention for treat- ment of insect pests that may become of great impor-~ tance to Ceylon, which is my apology for inviting vour attention to this matter.—lam,&c., JoHN H. S2aRey, ee DAVIDSON'S “ SIROCCO” TEA DRIER: Lonpon, Nov. 24, During the course of this week, I met at the Ceylcn Association Rooms, in company with Mr. Leake, Mr. McGuire, the agent in Ceylon fcr DAVIDSON'S ‘* 5JROCCO’’ TEA DRIER, He had, he told us, been anxious to tell us the most recent developments in the manufacture of tea. After visiting an immense number of factories on estates in Ceylon, in Assam, Syjhet and other planting districts in India and elsewhere, he had arrived at the opinion that there existed funda- mental errors in the present system of manufacture, attention as to which must greatly improve the character of the outturn produced. Although the factories in Ceylon were not perfect, they were very superior in many respects, Mr. McGuire observed, to those he had visited in India. They were better arranged, more neatly kept, and altogether gave evidence of more careful attention bestowed upon the several processes connected with tea preparation. The prime objection taken by our interviewer to present arrangements is that the exhaust air from the fans working tea driers of different patterns is evolved into the room in which those machines are placed, JAN. 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 483 This air is, of course, laden with moisture derived from the leaf over which it has been passed. In that condition it again re-enters the heating furnace to be once more passed over the tea. The humi- dity contained in this air is by the fire converted into steamy vapour, certain to prove deleterious to the tea t) be dried by it. In fact, as Mr. McGuire remarked, the machines are made to usa air charged with that very quality of ths outside atmosph ere whioh it is the special object of the pianter to avoid. Hygrometrical tests made by him had yielded as high a measure of damp in this air as 100 per cent. It was obviously desirable that the exhaust from the fan should not be permitted to re-enter the furnace. It should be led to the outside of the room in which the driers were placed, fresh air, in as dry a state as possible, alone being permitted to enter the furnace. Mr. McGuire said that this rule,—under his advice,—had already been adopted on one or two Ceylon estates, and with the most marked beneficial result in the quality of the tea manufactured, He cited one instance of such an estate, the product of which, when manufactured during the warm, dry season, always fetched at the home auctions 1s to 13 1d per Ib. But such teaasit produced during the more humid seasons always fell off co in quality that the average for it did not exceed 7d to 81. The result of the adoption of the new method had bcen to equalize the quality of the outturn throughout the year, and the higher average of price was now maintained for all shipments made from this particular estate, Although quite un- acquainted with the details of tea manufacture my- self, it seemed to ms that the argument upon which Mr. McGuire based his proposal in this respect must be asound and commonsense one. I exa- mined the brokers’ sale lists to test the correction of the statement made as to the averages now obtained by the teas of the estate zeferred to, and found therefrom no reason to doubt that the figures had been correcily quoted. The second point to which our attention was next drawn had reference to the present system pursued for withering tes. Mr. McGuire remarked :—*' Before eateriag upon this I should like to give you a homely example in illustration of ths matter. If a laundress hangs | warm, still day, it dries soft and pliable. If, on the contrary, she exposes it when a wind is blowing freely, it Gries it is true, but it dries hard and hareh. Now it is the latter result, I eontend, which is produced by passing a_ blast of air over tea leaf to assist withering. Not only does it harden the leaf, but it induces a certain amount of premature fermentation which is distinctly detrimental. It is the essence of my plan that the withering floors should be go arranged above that containing the driers that the air discharged by the fans of the latter shall ascend through pipes into the withering room:;, tbese being divided into saveral compartments to enable tca in ceparate stages to be kept distinct for ex- posure to tha warm, moist air ascending from the drier fans. The humidity of that air, while its heat assists the withering, will preserve the pliability of the leaf, a point of eseential impor- tance.” Mr. MoGuire then exhibited to us plang for a model factory in which hisnew system could be given the fullest effeat to. Some now machinery, he said, would be required to introduce the new method recommended, butit would not be | costly. One planter, he told us, had just left for Ceylon taking with him the machinery required for making the change on bis estate, and he Predicted that before long such a chsnge would be very generally adopted. He pointed out as an her washing out to dry on a ' essential feature of his proposal as regards the withering rooms, that both the inlet and outlet for the air should be on the floor level. This would engure that the colder air would sink and pass out, while the warmer incoming air would rise evenly throughout the room to take its place. Other details were referred to in our conversation, but these were of minor importance, and no space can be spared for their mention. Mr. McGuire told me that he was returning to Ceylon shortly after Christmas to take charge of the factory being erected for the proprietors of Davidson’s Sirocco Patents in Colombo, so you will very soon be able to obtain full information from himself on all points of his proposals. These, he believes, will effect a new departure in the manufacture of tea, and one he feels confident that will prove of great value to all tea planters. ——————— CINCHONA ALKALOIDS V. OPIUM. The question asked by Mr. Caine in the House of Commons on Monday night, relative to the sale of cinchona and cinchona alkaloids by the Indian Government, has probably some connection with the well-known views of the member for Bradford on the opium question. The advantages of quinine over opium as a malarial remedy have often been pointed out, and since the cinchona planters in India and the Hast have fallen upon lean years they have re- peatediy tried to deyise means for a successful pro- paganda in the interests of quinine among the Chinese and the natives of Indo-China. Whether these natives will appreciate the promptings of the commercial-philanthropic movement, and forsake the soothing opium in favour ‘of the, at best, tasteless quinine, is another matter, Mr. Caine paid a flying visit to British India a couple of years ago, and has since then zea- lously thrown the mantle of his protection over the toiling millions of India. But whatever Mr. Osine’s motives or the result of his action may be, it will be interesting to have a detailed account of the turnover of the Indian quinine-factories. Much has lately been done to cheapen and popularise the locally-made febrifuge, and of the latest efforts in this direction full particulars were given in this journal a few months ago. 1t is noteworthy perhaps, that Mr. Caine’s question follows clogely upon an article in the Times, giving particulars of the system of retailing quinine in India. Particulars of the manufac- ture of quinine in India, and its distribution, have repeatedly been given in this journal, but it is in- teresting to notice that, according to the Times, month by month the applications for quinine at the Indian post-offices (where the drag is retailed in farthing packets) have steadily increased, and that in September no fewer that 120,000 doses were served out through this channel in the single Lieut-Governorship of | Bengal.The quinine is made up in little airtight packets, each containing 5 grains, with the Royal arms as @ guarantee of its purity, and the price and quantity clearly printed in the vernacular language. The 120,000 packets thus sold in Lower Bengal during the month of September wera independent of the crowds of fever patients at the village and district dispeusaries. The quinine is mado over in bulk from the Government factory to the Gaol Department, and is subdivided by prison labour into farthing packets, 1,400 of which go to each pound avoirdupois. A certain number of the 5-grain packets is sent to every postmaster in the Lower Provinces of Bengal, and a small com- missioa ig allowed on tke sale —Chemist and Druggist. i, 5 A a Be THE CINCHONA TRADE. Sir,—It is some time since I have troubled you with observations on the position of cinchona. My present excase for doing so is that you yourself have adopted the cloak of Oassandra, and have done so at a time when it is most threadbare. I see that in your reports on the cinchona sales you have for some time spoken of them as ~ unim- portant,” ‘ most unimportant,” and ‘the least im. 486 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jaw. 1, 1894, portant held.’ Pardon me, sir, if I say that they are the most important ever held. ‘The small amounts catalogued show the unwillingness of holders to sell, the inability of producers to harvest, at present prices. They show that the lowest declivity of the wave has been reached, and that it will rise, whatever manufacturers say. I have pointed ont before that manufactures are pursuing a somewhat dangerous course in forcing down the unit below production and fair return level, instead of working, to a certain extent, hand in hand with the producer. I would now, without any antagonism to the manufacturer, emphasize this. If he looked sufficiently into the classification of the bark he has for some time purchased, he would understand my argument. He would see that he has forced the cottier to sell his goose, instead of the golden eggs it lays. They are hardly ‘ golden ” now, but that does not affect the argument. Let us start with the time when it paid the producer to shave, to strip, or to coppice in rotation, That was a time of legitimate har- vesting, and did not reduce the. world’s visible supply of bark. But the time came when such legitimate harvesting increased the supply beyond the apparent demand, and this was largely aided by the fact that Ceylon uprooted large areas of cinchona, either because it was dyivog out in an unsuitable soil and climate, or to make room for tea. By this the unit was forced down, and I do not deny the planters’ self-guilty responsibility in this first act of the tragedy. In this act [ myself have several times assumed the part of monitor. Then comes the second act. In this the manu- facturers forced down the unit beyond justifiable limits, while still making large profits on their sales of quinine. The result is that the producer has to abandon legitimate cropping, and has to increase his amount of bark put intothe market by thousands of pounds, obtained from wholesale cop- picing or uprooting. His profits per pound were reduced to a minimum; hence he had to increase his outpaot. Third act. The manufacturers join bands and eay the unit is to go lower yet, They are encouraged in this by tbe large and forced exports of bark from the producing countries. Naturally, they succeed in forcing down the unit, but they have forgotten to gather statistics as to the proportion of root-bark and of stripped chips they are purchasing—i.c., how many geese instead of golden eggs. For it stands to reason that root-bark means uprooted trees, that stripped chips mean bark from either uprooted or coppiced trees. Uprooted trees mean in actual dimi- nution of the world’s visible supply of bark; coppiced trees mean & diminution of such supply for from five to six years. To illustrate this statement let me quote the Amsterdam sales held on October 5. Out of 4,485 bales 1,072 were root-bark. That is to say, the whole of the bark sold was from uprootei trees, or their equivalent. 1 would go further than this and state, ‘“‘That as a larger amount of the bark was Ledgeriana, of which the roots are small, the amount of rootbark is in over-propor- tion to the rest of the bark by a large amount.” This seemingly strange fact I would account for by the further fact that the Ledgeriana, is a most tender tree, the bark of whichis apt to die back under any circumstanoes, but especially after shaving ; that hence a large amount of trees were unrooted which had not their bark, or next to none. You may go back through late Amsterdam sales, and with my state- meat for a guidance you will find the same moral in every ove of them. With regard to Indian and Ceylon barks, it is needless fer me to insist that during the last year or so, if not before, by far the larger amount of bark has been cropped by coppicing or uprooting. I would go so far as to say almost the whole, andif you go into the statistics of stem-chips and roof you willsee that I am right. (N.B. Off Succirubra roots about ¥b. of bark can he reslised per tree; off Hybrids end Condaminea about #ib.; off Ledger about, 1b). Let me torn now to another phase of thé qu stion that the aale price still pays the producer, However he gets his bark; whether by shaving, uprooting, or coppicing, the producer cannot put his bark into the market under 14d per lb., though I faney that ia uprooting or shaviog it costs him more. And the without up-keep of his estate, his managing-expendi- ture. or his interest on capital. The average percent- age at London auctions ie, say, 24 per ceut.—i.c. at a balfpenny onit the bark realises 13d. per Ib; hence the planter loses a farthing or more per Jb. on the mere cost of harvesting and putting in the market. The same planter’s average is 44 per cent. hence he ee- cures 23d average price, which would, apparently, show him to be @ gainer of $4 per lb. even at present prices, But, in his case, greater diffienlties of Jabour and the question of exchange on silver again reduce this apparent surplus to » deficit. Nor must it be forgot- ten that in both cases the average yield is taken. Half of the bark from India isa little over 1 per cent. belf the bark from Java a little over 2 per cent. and, therefore, 50 per cent. of all the bark shipped is inour- ring even greater losses than are estimated as above. The other half is, no doubt, making some profit, but will this make up for the world’s dwindling supply ? The fuss that has been made about the Java plan- ters agreeing to place only75 per cent of their esti- mate inthe market is incredible. They cannot belp themeelves, and if the present unit continues they cannot even put 50 per cent of their estimate in, The fourth act is very plain: there will be a slight improvement in prices, and the market will again be flooded with bark, thus enabling manufacturers to force down the price once more. Whether, io their own interests, they will be justified in doing eo remains to beseen. Thereis a fifth act to come, in which next tono tark will be obtainable from Oeylon or Indis, and when even Java will have largely reduced heroutput. It is then that Nemesis will wait on the manufacturers, The smaller amount of bark will peces- fitate competitionamong them, and will forceup the prices agaio. Will they then beable to force up quinine in the same ratio?! Whether lam right or wrong the future will prove. Whether the manufacturers should ascertain the actual facts of the case, as shown by me, it is for them to decide. For them, aleo, it is to decide whether to act on these facts. Nor should they forget that the gulf they are clearing for planters will, later on, yawn for themselvee. Slight concessions on their part and co-operation with the planters will help both sides. For myself, I am content to eit still and wait, as I am certain of the iesne. I am taking no bark off my trees, and I notice that m neighbors are reducing their ontput.—Yonrs faithfully, : J, V. RosENBERS. Devikulam, Br. India, Oct. 12th P. 8.—Might I suggest that, in common fairnese, you ehovld give, not only the large export from Java, but also the emall export from India and Ceylon, in our notes on the bark-market!—Chemist and Druggis. -_ JS TEA IN AUSTRALIA. Me.zourne, Dec. 2.—In Ceylons, over 600 pac. have changed hands at prices raDging up to Tod. = little businees has been done privately in Indian. Of Ceylon 205 chests and 126 half-chests, including some lower grades than have lately been on the market were offered; sales amounted to 205 chests and 101 half-chests at 53d to 63d; for pekoe souchong, which showed weakness, and 103d for broken orange pekoe SYDNEY, Dec. 1.—In tea rather more business has been done during the week, the impression being pretty general that prices haye now touched bottom. tocks at the moment are ample; but, as the Calcutta and Foochow markets aze now abont closing for the season, some improvement may be looked for shortly. A small catalogue of Ceylon was submitted at auction without reserve on Wednesday last, 29th ultimo and sold as follows:—24 chests flowery pekoe, 113d; 9 half- chests broken pekoe, 83d; 20 chests pekoe, 74d; 18 chests pekoe, 63d; 13 half-chests pekoe Souchong, In China 62d;8 half-chests pekoe Souchong, 64d. tops veleam commen congou in original weights ia olering at 5d per lb., and between this pri excellent value is obtainable, eae we < Jan. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 487 ns IMPROVING THE MANUFACTURE OF TEA, Finality is a term which Gan never, it would seem, be correctly applied to any particular process or to anything else. It may be said, however, that one special process, the one in which we in this Colony are especially concerned, that of the manufacture of tea, seemed in some of our recently-equippsd Tactories, to have been brought to as a higha pitch of perfection as was likely to be reached. But the statements made to our London Cerrespondent by Mr. McGuire, (sce page 484) a gentleman well-known here through his con- nection with Davidson’s Sirocscos, would seem to indicate that we have not yet attained to the desired point, Indeed, the mistake he has referred to, would seem to attack the very A B Cof our method, and we fancy there are few who will not recognise it as an error, or who would not wish to be able to correct it. It should be satis- factory to us all to receive the assurance given by that gentleman that, although there are con— ditions that need amendment in the Ceylon practice, our system is yet much in advance of that of our Indian fellow-tea planters. Now Mr. McGuire has professionally visited a large number of the estates in Assam, Sylhet and other districts of Northern India wherein tea planting is carried ov. It igs evident, therefore, that his know- ledge of the subject of tea curing has been obtained from a varied experience of tha methods pursued here and in India. Mr, McGuire has cited as evidence of the correctness of the alterations’ he recommends, that on 6 certain well-known Ceylon tea estate, the introduc- tion of his new method has had the effect of levelling up to the maximum prices ob- tained for the produce of thatestate the produc- tion of all the year round. It has been well- known hitherto that the quality—and consequent price—of tea sometimes varies according to the season in which it is made, In the special case quoted, tea. made during fine and warm weather always fetohed an average of from is to 1sld perlb. But tea made while dampness prevailed in the atmosphere sank to an average of about 7d only. The result to the improved method introduced by Mr. McGuire has been to equalize the price of tea leaf all the year round to the top level, Our London Correspondent tells us that he has verified the assertion by reference to the brokers’ list of tea sales. ‘There is no doubt that to achieve such a result as this it would be worth the while of tea estate proprietors, especially in wet districts, to incur some extra outlay upon the remodelling of their factories. This, we are assured, is not likely to be very large in most cases. At all events, if the fact be as above stated, it is not likely that the proprietors of large gardens would cayil at the neceseary outlay. Some time back, we disoussed in these columns, the desirability of taking steps to remove humidity from the air used in the several processes of manufacture, for all seemed to agree that this exercised a very material and injurious effect. As we understand the suggestions made, the main conclusion is that the air drawn through the driers by the fan should not be permitted, as at present,to escape into the room in which the drying process goes on. It is discharged from the fans laden with the humidity it has extracted from the leaf, and at present it is again drawn into the heating furnaces and re-discharged upon the leaf, bearing with it that humidity converted into steamy vapour certain to be injurious as likely to pro- mote quick fermentation. Mr. McGuire’s con- si ia that jresh air alone should enter the ty furnace, while the air once used should be dis- charged outside of the drying room. There seems to be commonsense in this suggestion. It can be of no use trying to obviate the effects of dampness in the outside atmosphere, if we deliberately draw air into the furnace largely charged with this quality by previous use. The next objection taken with regard to existing practice relates to withering. It ig sought to assist this process at certain periods by a blast of heated air. The effect of using this, we are told, is to harden the leaf. The illustration of clothes dvried in warm and still weather and of those dried ong windy day ig an apt and pertinent one. The suggestion now made is that the air discharged by the fan from the driers should be conveyed by pipes to the withering floor, where its warm, soft influence would, it igs said, be of special value in producing that gradual withering which it is most desirable to obtain: We leave practi- cal planters to discuss the two points chiefly raised in the above, only remarking that every advance or alteration of process calculated to im- prove the quality of our teas is to be welcomed from whatever quarter it comes, It seems to us, too, that a great deal still has to be learned about tea leaf and its manipulation in the factory, before tea planters can feel that they have fully mastered their profession. a THE PACKAGES USED BY CEYLON TEA PLANTERS not being strong enough to bear transhipment to the Continent. They complain that when sent there the boxes arrive broken and show considerable loss of tes, and this, it appears, cannot be recovered from the shipowners. They add:—‘“In the mutual interest of shippers and consignees we shall be glad if you will ventilate this grievance in the Ceylon press.” This is undoubtedly a matter which should receive the greatest possible amount of attention from your planters. Itis probably the case that a great deal of the tea purchased here and forwarded to the Continent has had to be rebulked in this country. We know that some persons regard the practice of rebulking here with favour. They hold that it enforces a levelness in the quality and measurement of the contents of the chests that cannot be obtained by any other methods. But my letters recently conveyed to you a complaint made to me by a leading firm of brokers as to the tendency among your planters to pack the chests too tightly, and its resulf in producing a large amount of broken and dust tea, This tendenoy the firm in queg- tion declared to be the main cause for the necessity for rebulking. They pointed out the loss arising from it, and furthermore stated that the chests so dealt with could never be efficiently closed again go as to bear re-export without injury to their contents. Anyone who has visited one of our tea warehouses and geen the patched-up condition of a large proportion of the tea chests, from Ceylon would readily endorse this complaint. An attempt to redress the cause for this would probably go far to- wards meeting the grievance stated by Messrs: Malcolm, Kearton & Co., but it seems to be likely that, apart from this particular feature, the chests themselves are inherently too weak to bear more than just the journey home to London. As so much of the tea destined for the continent is pur- chased here in the open market, your planters can- not discriminate so 23 to pack teas for the re-export eervice in specially strong cases. So it seems to be the only resource, if the evil stated is to be avoided in the future, that endeayour should be made to 488 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jam. 1, 1894. generally increase the strength of your tea boxes all round. How this may best be done it is impossible for me to suggest. There would be objections, we presume, to inorease the thickness of the boards used as this must add somewhat to the freight charges. Stillit must bemostimportant, at a time when every effort is being made to open to your teas the Continental and other foreign markets, that all cause for probable complaint should as far as possible be removed. No doubt, independently of the loss in quantity complained of, the quality of the contents of weak boxes must be deteriorated, and this may result in giving Ceylon teas a bad name among Oontinental users. Messrs. Malcolm, Kearton & Co. sre the purchasers and exporters here of the teas required by Mr. Rogivue for his Russian trade, and it is more than probable that that gentleman has been one of the foremost pufferers from the defects they complain of. It is to be hoped your planters will find some means to add strength to their boxes. First and foremost they should try in the direction formerly pointed out to obviate the necessity for rebulking here. That as I have written seems tobe the most pro- minent matter to take precaution against. Then, if the extra thickness of boards suggested should entail some inorease in the cost of freight, it may be the better economy in the end to incur it rather than to run the risk of your teas getting a bad name among Continental buyers. I feel convinced that sufficient attention is not given in Oeylon to this matter of packing tea. You attempt to cut the cost of this too fine, and my visit to tea brokers and others rarely pass without my having to listen to grumbling of some sort or another with respect to this special point. The evil is general and striking and no effort should be spared for its future avoidance.—London .Cor. ee THE ACME TEA CHEST, We learn that Mr. Andrew Poleon, who was recently in Ceylon, has now arranged with the Acme Tea Che:t Syndicate Ltd. to come to Colombo and establish a dep6t for the sale of their patent chests. Mr. Polson hopes to arrive in Colombo by the s.s. “‘ Austral’? on or about 7th January 1894, and before this date a large stock of the boxes will arrive. The following letter speaks for itself and is of so much interest to planters that we do not hesitate to give it a place :— Copy. : 16, Philpot Lane, London, 7th Oct. To the Acme Tea Ohest Syndicate, Limited, Glas- gow. Dear Sirs,—In reply to your enquiry regarding the last parcel of tea consigned to usin Acme pack- ages, we beg to inform you that the tea arrived in good condition, and on comparing this parcel with a similar shipment in wooden packages, the following results were shown. 3 Acms PACKAGES. WoopEn PACKAGES, ‘Freight per 100 lb. 265 da| Frog per 100 lb, 30s 3d Dock & Land- Dock & Land- . Ing charges do 43s 7d | ing do 51s 4d 81s 7d 70s 1d Loss in weight 4 per cent. | Loss in weight 1 per cent, —We are dear sirs, yours faithfully, (Signed) ANDERSON Bros, Nore,—Showing im favour of Acme 11} on freight and Janding dues and 4lb. of tea at 10d, in all ls 43d per 100 Ib. of tea. [What is said in our London Letter about de- fective tea chests, ought to be carefully weighed by planters.—Ep, T,A.] THE CEYLON LAND AND PRODUCE COMPANY, LIMITED. : Report of the Directors, to be submitted to meet- ing of Shareholders, llth day of December 1893. The amount at creditof Profit and Loss Account, after reducing the mortgage over North Matale estate by £1,500, is £11,191 9s 4d which, with the eum of £1,841 11le7d brought forward from last year, leaves £12,533 Oa 11d to be dealt with, On the 1st Joly last an Interim Dividend of 74 per cent on the Ordivary Shares, and 3 per cent on the Preference Shares was paid, and your Directors now proposs to pay, on the 23rd day of December, 18938, the balance of the fixed cumulative Divideud on the Preference Shares (3 per cent), makiug 6 percent for the year, 74 per cent on the Ordioary Shares, waking 15 per cent for the year, and in addition a bonus of 5 per cent on the Ordinary Shares,—all free of Income Tax. Itis also proposed to take from the Profit and Loes Account a sum of £4,000 for the fur- ther reduction of the North Matale mortgege. This willleavea balance of £2,646 Os 11d to be carried forward subject to the Directors’ remuneration for the year under review, to be fixed at the General Mecting and to the payment of Income Tar, &c. The result of the operations during the past season has been satisfactory, and is owing, in a great measure, to the large crop of cocoa, and to the high prices secured therefor. Tra.—The year 1893 opened fairly well, so far as prices were concerned, but after January the Market fell away until June, when the lowest point was reached, and rates began to rise gradually. These fluctuations, caused to some extent by the state of trade, were however chiefly due to the quality of arrivals, which in the spring and early summer was disappointing. When, however, more favourable weather for manufacture was experienced in the island, and better teas came forward, the weekly average again tended upwards, On the whole, this year’s crop is considered by the trade to be inferior te that of 1892, but no doubt prices have been adversely influenced by the larger supply of Indian tea, which although not of fine quality, was of useful character and very moderate in price. During the ten months from January to October, 725,100 pac ages were disposed of at public auction, the average price being 9d. per lb., against 705,640 packages during the tame period in 1892, with an average of 94d per Ib. CorFEE.—This article has sold at a bigh range of values throughout the year, and it is gratifying to your Directors to report that the output from the Company's estates has again realised yery satisfactory prices, 95s. percwt., the highest price paid during the year being obtained for Liberian from North Matale Estate. Cocoa.—Your Directors have again a satisfactor report of this article to put before you. The deman during the early part of the year was good, but sub- sequently subsided, partly in sympathy with that for other kinds, It is encoursging to have to report that the prices obiained for the Company’s produce sgain compare very favourably with the figures of other estater, and the highest price ever obtained for this growth was for a parcel of North Matale, which realised an average price of 130s 9d. per cwt. At the’ request of the Board and some of the Jaergest Shareholders, your Chairman visited Ceylon in the early months of the current year, He made himself thoroughly acquainted with the work being carried on at each Estate by frequent inspections, and on the whole found the operations thereon being conducted satisfactorily. He reports that the Oompany’s Cocos Estates were looking remarkebly well, and gave in- structions to plant up all ava lable and snitable land belonging to the Company with this product, to be interspersed with Coffee where thought desirable, Instructions were also giyen by him to fell the greater portion of the jungle on Fetteresso, and plant it up with the best kind of Tea. About 35 acres—mostly in grass whioh had nearly all died out—on Dickeria is also being planted with Tes. This area adjoins the fine fields of Tea on Nikakotus, and itis hoped that the Dickeria clearing will be equally euccessful, ~ Jan. 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 489 Special attention was also given to the two Estates —Ovwella and Strathisla—which had almost entirely gone ont of cultivation, the result being that about 40 acres of the former are in process of being planted, the principal product being Coconuts; whilst about 90 acres of the latter property will be planted with Cocoa and Ooffee. The Directors express a hope that the efforts made in this direction will meet with euccess. The Directors are pleased to note that your Ohair- man also reports that the Company’s Tea Estates look remarkably well. The following Statement shows the acreage of the Company’s Properties at date:— a a Cr) af sa 4 S mes HK BR ‘ a. -3 Ss ° Name of Estate. Sia Sy a ou e>—$>—>~x SS VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Tar Morawa Korte THA Co.—This Company is the latest addition to the list of our sterling Tea Oom- panies, and has been formed out of the Ensalwatte and Silvakande estates, including a fair extent of new land which is about to be opened in tea. The com- paoy is to a great extent a private one, large interest in it being held by Mr. J. Boustead, senior. We are glad to hear that all the newly-opened land is doing well, and that the tea is realising good prices. Messrs. Boustead Brothers ara the local agents. Sate or HanreHa Esratrn, Passera :—Deac, 17th! At theinstance of Mr. Mackay John Sobie, of the United Service Club, Hdinburgh, the above property was putupfor sale by public auction yesterday, at 12 o'clock noon, by tha Fiscal of the Uva Province, for the recovery ofthe sunof R45,000, with interest thereon of 8 percent. per annum from 1st Januusry, 1885. The estate was bought by Mr. W. Stewart Taylor for the plaintiff for R3,512, There were pre- sent at the sale Messra. G. K. Deaker and Charles Henry. The latter represented Mr. Davidson of Kalu- tara.—Badulla Cor. An InteREstinad Report on Corren OULTIVATION in the South American Republics and the West Indies has just been published in the United States. Venezuela, says the report, ranks next to Brazil as a coffee producer, containing large districts ‘‘ admirably suited for the growth of cofiee.”’ In Houador ‘ there are undoubtedly large bodies of land suitable for coffee culture,’’ but the berry is not as extensively cultivated there as in the countries last-named, coffee being third in value among Kouador’s exports. The Guianas and most of the larger West India islands produce coffae, Jamaica exporting it to the value of $1,381,114 in 1890-91, Puerto Rico to the value of 3,000,000 pesos, and Guadeloupa 181,000f. worth in 1888. The coffes of Jamaica; like that of Hayti, is of fair quality, a little stronger than Java and milder than Rio.—Colonies and India. Tae Buoantyre Puareav, E. AFrRicaA.—A., Werner writes to The Speaker:—We started about suurise, and asthe day went on, the clear air and unclear air becam3 brighter, and the sky more intensely blue. The Angoni moved at a short of slow jog-trot, which was far from unpleasant, and en- couraged one another somewhat after this fashion :— The Man in Front: ending in a yell). The Man Behind: Ho-ho-ho-ho-ho (dying off to a grunt). All, (not exactly in unison, but in a sort of dropping fire, so to speak): Tieni msanga! tieni msanga! (Let us go quickly!) Fired by which laudable resolution they run a little way. Then the man in front begins again (in a series of quick gasps) :— To-to-to-to-to ! The Man Behind (like the fiend who so worried Dante): Arri, arri. arri! Somebody Hlse (in the rear, with reminiscences of the war-path): Whu-yu!—(a sharp, shrill whistle, in two notes.) Htc., etc., etc. Then, when the road begins to ascend a little— a chorus of mutual .entreaties and exhortations: ““Mbolembole! (Softly!) Don't run!” ete., which I couldn't help thinking superfluous advice. The road (twenty-eight miles from Katunga’s to Blantyre) was made by the African Lakes Company, I believe in 1876. It is not very well adapted for wheeled traffic, but as the wheeled conveyances in the country could almost ba counted on one’s fingers, this is no great loss, and it is a very creditable piece of engineering. It rainsd as we wound up and up the slopes, ceasing for a little, and then once more settling into a steady, even downpour, till at Tu-tu-tu-tu-tu (crescendo, last the grey granite boulders on Sochi came in sight, and by-and-bye the white verandah of Mandala House—already a historic building—and then we cross2d a stream and ascended a hill, and turned into. the avenue of tall blue-gumg, at the end of which the white domes and red-brick walls of Blantyre church burst on one’s view. And goths ulendo ended up witha kindly Scottish welcome, a blazing wood-fire—and tea ! Corree.—How is it that the price of our old staple has not advanced beyond R16-50 a bushel ? This price was obtainable at this time last year ; but with the troubles and stoppage of trade in Brazil, we should have expeoted the rate to be nearer R20 psr bushel by this time, Convict CuLrivATors.—In discussing the subject of agricultural education some time ago, we suggested that it wag practical t2 utilise the jails as a sort of primary school for instruction in agriculture. Our remarks were followed by a letter from 4 correspondent who signed himself “ Not a Jail Superintendent,” and who said that in Assam it had been proved that prisoners can be utilised, and at any rate made to grow their own food.— Pioneer. Tue Ceryton LAND AND PRropuce Co.—We may certainly congratulate the shareholders in thig Oom- pany on having one of the best securities for continued prosperity that we Know of, namely, a large and flourishing acreage of cacao and Liberian coffee to back up their tea. We are glad to see that some coffee as well as cacao are being planted and that a start is also made.in coconuts. Verily this Company is going to justify its name ag an all-round Ceylon Produce Oompany. The ordinary dividend for the year seems to have been 15 per cent with 5 per cent bonus—or 20 por cent in all? Few Companies can equal this. Cryton Tra IN AmeRica.—In another co- Iumn will be found a letter by Mr. A. EB. Wright giving an extract from a letter from the Qom- missioner on this subject, and advising the formation of a Company in Londonj}fto carry on the work in America. For ourselves we are inclined to the opinion that with Lipton and other Ceylon merchants already in the field the work of establishing and oarrying on stores must he left to private enterprise. There might be no harm in the Tea Fund giving assistance in opening new centres, and the Oommittee ought to begin by advertising as largely as possible taking care to make contracts in the first place with thosa newspapers that may have suffered by the collapse of Mr. Elwood May's Company. TrA CULTIVATION IN CEYLON: THE COoNDI- TIONS FOR Goop Prices AND Goop Orops.—We hava received quite a number of suggestive letters from planters of experience on this subject, which we shall lay before our readers, day by day, as space will permit; and we cannot help thinking that a good many besides Mr. Rutherford and other London residents connected with tea, will be interested in the discussion and the information adduced. One fact given to usseparately by one of the writers is of so much importance in its bearing on ‘‘jdts’’ that we give it prominence at once, Our friend writes :— “The China jat tea at Loolecondeera always brought 2d to 3d per lb. less than the Assam hybrid of very moderate jas.” That ought to settle tho question ss regards China jit at the elevation of Laole Condera ; but it does better in proportion, we believe, at an altitude of 6,000 feet and over in the island, 494 THE ANONAS. The Anonas are deciduous, of compact habit of growth, from ten to twenty-five feet high, and ex- perience shows that the Cherimolia is the hardiest as well as the finest flavored variety grown. It is a native of Peru, whence it has been introduced into Mexico and many other warm countries. The flavor of the Cherimolia has been compared to a blending of pineapple, banana, strawberries and cream, and various other “good things;” yet others are not so enthusiastic in its praise. Another South American Species, Anona syuamosa (Sweet Sop, or Sugar Sop), has been successfully fruited in San Bernardino county, California; in its native habitat it com” mences to bear fruit in the second or third year of its growth. It is indigenous to Tropical America, and was carried to Asia soon after the discovery of America, and is now cultivated in nearly all tropical countries; this is one of the species which readily sprout from the roots when cut down by fuost. In some of the West Indies this fruit, in its season, forms almost the sole sustenance of the poorer class of inhabitants. While not equal to Anona Cherimolia, it is considered one of the finest of fruits; it is too soft for transportation when in its best condition for eating; the unripe fruit is sometimes cooked with ginger, to counteract its astringent qualities. ; Anona reticulata, “ Bullock’s Heart,” so called from the form of the fruit (this common name is, how- ever, misleading, as it would apply to several spe- cies), is indigenous to Brazil and has been in cultivation about 200 years. It is considered as next best to Axnona squamosa in quality and is the true “Custard Apple.’ Anona glabra, the “Wild Custard Apple” of South Florida, is said to be indigenous to Florida and the West Indies, has fragrant fruit of the size of a pippin apple and ripens in August. It isalso called Pond Apple, and by the Spanish-speaking people Mamon, Anona pyriformis and Anona glabra are said to haye fruited in San Bernardino county, California, but I have not been able to find any description of A. pyriformis. ; Anona muricata, ‘“‘Sour Sop,” is a native of the West Indies, where it ia a favorite. It is a large, green fruit containing a soft, white, juicy pulp, from which a cooling drink is made; it is one of the most beautiful of the genus but is not so hardy as the other species. I have received seeds of this species from the Botanic Gardens of Trinidad, West ndies, but they sprouted and grew in transit, and this, with other accidents whic their arrival, destroyed the whole consignment. Anona longifolia, the long-leaved Anona, is a native of Guiana, South America, the pulp of the fruit is flesh colored. Anona palustris, “Alligator Apple,” or “Cork Wood,” from South America, has smooth, leathery leaves, large heart-shaped, sweet scented fruit. In Brazil the wood of this tree is used as a substitute for cork. Anona paludosa is found in swamps in the West Indies. The Beriba, » species of Anona found in Brazil, is a quick growing tree, with large fruit, the flavor of which resembles that of the Cherimolia. Anona montana. Among other species of Anonas, for which I am indebted to the director of the Botanic Gardens of Jamaica, I received specimens of the foliage of Anona montana, which grows wild in the Island of Jamaica. There are several species mentioned in various publications, some of which are doubtless local va- rieties, or synonyms of well known species. Among them are, 4. africana, A. cenerea (West Indies), 4. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. befell them after [Jam. 1, 1894, mexicana, A. trilobata and A. senegalensis. The last mentioned has bluish-green leaves and small fruits with dark-red pulp, the flavor resembling the A. Cherimolia.—American Agriculturist. ee re PROSPECTS IN CALIFORNIA. In your impression of last week a correspondent desires some information as to the ap og of employ- ment in Denver. I cannot furnish this, but I enclose a letter from a friend—one of two young men who left Edinburg a few years ago in search of a home in California. Their experiences may be interesting to some of your readers, W. &. Orange County, California, U. 8. Now about Oalifornia asa field for a young man to invest £300 or £400 in a fruit ranche, I would advise no person to buy land for fruit-raising at present prices (from 100 dols. to 300 dols. unimpro- ved), a8 our orange growers have had a severe lesson this year. For the Goat orange growers have in past years been getting fancy prices, say from 3°50 dole to 4°50 dols. and even 6 dols. in many cases for a box of oranges containing 128. Now this year growers have had to come down from their “high nail” and be thankful to take what they could get. The reason for oranges being so low is that there has not been sufficient demand at the prices asked for the supply. Next year the supply will be double what it is this year, and will go on increasing for many years to come. The question that confronts we growers is, “How and where are we to market our crops in future?” People here who should know what they are talking about say there is no fear of over-production. I am not quite so sanguine as they are, and would therefore advise great caution in buying fruit land at present, at last until we know how we are going to market our crops in future. My partner and I have 20 acres, 10 of which are in oranges, walnuts, lemons, and prunes. The other 10 acres we utilise in growing potatoes, cabbage, and Indian corn. These 10 acres should really planted with some kind of fruit trees, but we will not plant out any more trees until we know how things are going. We, of course, are two bachelors, and do prersabang ourselves. We have a cow, a pig, about 120 pene, 2 te yg oe hg our own cooking, washing, milking, churning, baking, &c. The eggs and butter which a sell pays for our monthly grocery bill; this is the best way to make a small ranche pay for the first three or four years until the trees begin to bear a sufficient crop of fruit to pay expenses. You will see from what I have said that a young man coming ont here must make uP his mind to rough it, as there are no home-comforts to be had on a bachelor’s ranche here, and he will have to do things that he never would have dreamed of doing in the old country. £300 would buy ten acres of unimproved land at present prices, that is 150 dollars per acre. To improve that land by planting trees and putting up a small shanty and a barn for hay, implements, &c ; also, to buy two horses and a few hens, and furn- ishing the shanty, would take between £150 and £200 more—in all, say, £500. A young man could live and feed his horses, &c., for £40 a year, and with care in looking after his hens he could liye, I believe, for £30. The climate here is the most glorious a man could possibly wish. It is almost eternal summer. There is a rainy season, but we don’t see much of it. It is supposed to begin about November and last until March, during which time we get a heavy shower of rain now an ain until we have had about from 7 to 12 inches. Then we see no more rain until next winter. I have never seen the thermometer at freezing point yet, and in summer it seldom goes over 95 degs., which is nothing as compared with 75 degs. at home. The air here is quite dry. I have ®nce seen the thermometer at 120 degs., and next day at 112 degs., but that was very exceptional, being almost unknown in this part of California.—Scotsman, Jaw. 1, 1894.) oss Boyneaspondencea. oe To the L4aitor. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Bedford, Nov. 30. Dear Sir,—In referonce to my letter of the 9th inst. I have had a long letter from our Commis- sioner at Chicago telling me of the good work he has been doing there for Ceylon in reply to mine of the 18th Ocat,, and I quote a few passages which are of vital interest to Ceylon, and will interest your readers. He says :—‘‘ Government have telegraphed authorizing me to open a tea store at Chicago notwithstanding my position as Commissioner; the difficulty I had was removed, and I have intimated that I had placed R10,000 towards stooks and wages which, with the promised £1,000 from the Tea Fund, must do till I obtain further information as to the intentions of the Tea Company at Kandy which wired me that the Tea Fund having voted £1,000, Oompany do Ceylon work. This means I believe that they will meet my requisitions for supplying of tea, but as I must have the store fully stooked with some 20,000 1b. of tea (to do any good) before I leave this, I have of course had to send large indents to London which are now arriving day after day and I must meet the bills, “J have stated officially that I would with the aid of the £1,000 do what was needed until the Planters’ Association and the Tea Oompany had decided whatthey would do, and I have given them to the 30th June 1894 (to which period only I engage the staff of employees) and make the needful arrangements, The only responsibility beyond that time being the rent $4,800 per an. (or about £1,000 a year) of a store and basement, the latter for wholesale goods, in the principal street of the city, Isimply lend my money without interest till 36th June 1894. Had I waited until money came from Ceylon, the time would have gone and there would have been no store at all; as it is we ara two months late in starting it.” You will see from the foregoing that Mr. Grin- linton has done more than could have been expected from him in the interests of Ceylon, and I trust that the results that his Ohicago store will shew, by June 1894, will encourage the formation of a large Company in London, of say not less than £100,000 to properly work America, as in that country they respect concerns with « large capital —Yours faithfully, A, E. WRIGHT, HOW TO INTRODUCEH CEYLON TEAS INTO AMERICA, Sir,—I have read with interest the many letters in Ceylon papers upon the best methods of ex- tending the sale of our teas thoroughout America, Varied has been the correspondence, and many opinions have been expressed, most writers being inolined- to think that we should not submit our teas to the hands of Lipton or any dealers beyond our control. Upon that I hold quite dif- ferent views , the objection is all very well as far as it goes, but what adequate means have we for disposal of teas in any quantity except through the legitimate methods of trade? With all their mixing I fancy any of the large dealers could pass more of our teas mixed with others into Ameriea in a year than we are likely to sell in ten by our limited me'hods. Now what is the history of the past or what has been the natural mode whereby Ohina teag haye heen, and are being, gusted from Hurope. 6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 495 | To answer the Jast question I remember tha time when I first took some ‘‘ Loosandura”’ tea home with me to the parental abodes, how it was duly admired and approved, and then how, upon my return home after a month’s absence, I found ‘the dear old China,” stuff had assumed its old position, and upon my asking the regson I was told i was preferred to Ceylon teas ; how I then recommanded mixing it with the ‘“ beloved China,” and how this mixture was doubly ap- proved and used until in due time the taste was acquired for pure Ceylon. This was a domestic record cf what has transpired in thousands of households in Great Britain, Australasia, and possibly, hundreds in Russia in and out of this has grown the special taste and desire for our teas. Through the legitimate trader, bound to us by certain conditions and in a Catholia spirit, is the course I should advocate; for whenever we have departed from ihe lise of individual respon- sibility, z.e,, the man himself—I mean with his own money in contra-distinction to the American specu- lator and his kind—we hava spent our rupees with no adequate n-r abiding result, Take for instance the Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Company, for all the money expended what have we got? It wou'd be interesting to ascertain the actual quantity of Ceylon tea sold through the Agency of that Company, and then to calculate tha cost per lb., for I am convinced the result would not justify the outlay.* Then followed the local Ceylon Company, a concern without sufficient individual responsibility or control and without satisfactory results; that is, it has been nobody’s business, nobody in particular has done anything. It only materially benefits, os far as I can learn, those who obtain commissions on the operations translated, I do not wish to be hard upon anyone, but in the preceding two instances have we had the material for any world-wide pushing and extension of our tea gcales, or far any abiding good | Now I need hardly say that our sole object ig to make the great American people take our teas; by hook or by crook we must force them—all such business comes to this now-a-days—‘ on account of our importunity;’’ at least such is the cause of our success so far, there must be an individuality in it, and what has beer done upon a small scale can usually be also undertaken upon lines of larger magnitude. The Tea-Fund has done immense good, but it was proved that its assessments were only paid by 35 per cent of those who directly benefitted by its operations. About two years ago, I was, I believe, the first to suggest to the Planters’ Association Committee at Nuwara Eliya that the best plan would be to collect the necessary funds for the Chicago expenses by means of an export duty upon tea, which, I think, has proved fair and just to all, Let us adhere steadily to the export duty aad use the result as a means of pushing Ceylon teas. Say for instanca the future five years’ exports should aggregate 80,000,000 lb. yearly, one-eighth cont per Ib. export duty per annum will yield R100,00Q, or, say, £6,000 sterling. Let £1,000 of this be used for general purposes for the ‘ea Fund ag hitherto, and let £5,000 be devoted yearly entirely to the introduction of our teas into America; and that through the hands of those who thoroughly under- stand how to do it—not by means of companies of our own formation, but of individuals who have established themselyes and go indicated their * Nonsense, the fruit of the adyertising will be gathered far and wide —Ep, 7.4, 495 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. suitability—let them try their effect upon that immense and still increasing nation. Simply speaking, my plan would be for the Pianters’ Association otf Ceylon to offer 4 per cent ad valorem premium for all bona fide shipments of Ceylon tea to America from either London or Ceylon; or what would be about the seme thing and more simple, pay the shippers at the rate of £1 sterling per 1,000 lb. of tea on all manifests of tea so shipped, This would provide for in- troducipg 5,000,000 lb. into America yearly, and when that quantity was exceeded the shippers would be satisfied with a lower rate upon larger transactions, { only bring this forward in its crude form, and I do not think there would be any great difficulty in putting it into practice, Its groat feature is that the demand for our support can only he made when the tea js shipped and affoat, and at so small a premium as 4 per cent, if would not pay to re-ship it again from an American port elsewhere. The cautious and over-careful, as they always do, will see many difficulties, but all I can eay is that, even if we are ‘got at’’ by someone it will not be worse than we have already experienced with practically little or no result ; and I am convinced that some measure of this sort through the Jegiti- mate channels of trade will be better than large sums spent in schemes without very distinct and responsible heads, We have at great expense sent our best man to Chicago to publish the merits of our teas. We must not stop now, but goon, and all I desire to urge is that.we should throw up our failures and extend only upon some business principles. If4 per cent does nothing else it can be beneficially used for advertising by those into whose hands we place it; far better than we could do co ourselves, and, as fay as we are concerned no shipments no payments by us; The introduction of 5,000,000 1b. of Ceylon tea to begin with annually into America will be cheaply purchased by co small a saorifice, if we ean only arrange with men Jike Lipton to open the campaign; and what is 4 cent per lb. on 80,000 lb. of ea (the average yield of an ordinary estate) but Rt00, about £6:10 sterling annually. It is quitel true and natural that Lipton and his kind will seek their own interests ; yet if they put in 96 per cent. of the risks we can surely add the 4 per cent., and although not much of itself, it may be just what is wanted, and will always be 4 per cent more than unhelped dealing will produce, so will always be some in- ducement. There would have to be certain facile guarantees ; such, for instance, in London, as fPonded warehouse and dock warrants; also any quantity under 1,000 lb. could hardly be recog- nized, at least unless it was so evident that no little concurrent proof was needed—but these are matters of detail. In further explanation I cer- tainly do not mean Lipton to the exclusion of others, but anyone or any number who will under- fake to put our teas on the American market. From all I can learn America is not as other countries; it requires greater push and commotion to bring a new article into use there than else- where; and we must not forget that our teas are practically unknown among the masses Again, two other points must be gained, a general acceptance of our teas to some large extent, and the result must be a permanent and abiding hold upon the country. In conclusion, I make no pretentions that my scheme is fully worked out; merely that it is practicable and meets the position in what I con- sider to be a universally applicable spirit. If there pheuld be no shipments there would be no expense, [Jan. 1, 1894. and it is quite on the eystem of modern busi- ners which, {rom a political point of view, should be free-trade; and from a business point of view should be published and supported by every legiti- mate means.—I am, &., WM. FORBES LAURIE. BEST TEA SEED. Dec, 10. Duar S1n,—With reference to the discussion now being carried on re jat, yield and prices of tea, do apy of the purchasers in Ceylon of “ Mavipuri ” or “Singlo”” Indigenous Seed imagine they get the genuine article delivered in Colombo for from R60 to R100 for maund? If they do, they are very mueh mistaken. As to Assam Indigenous, (vide M. H. T.’a letter No. VI in your isene of the 5th inst.) there can be no such seed, a8 Tea is pot indigevous jn “ Assam "'—Yours faithfully, ASSAM. {Is this not a little bypercriticsl: the habitat of tea being between Assam and China ?— Ep, 7-A.] THE “JUNGLE EXTERMINATOR.” Dec. 15. Duar Srrn,—There was a Mr. Sherwell bere sometime ago, agent for the “ Jungle Exterminator,” but he left the Island shortly after bis orriva!, and Mesers Cargill & Oo. took up the agency, I think. I cflered Mr. Sherwell 20 acres coconuts to exper:ment on and to pay him the same rate as it coet to uproot the weeds and defray his personal expenses during the experiment, but he refused the offer which seemed to me a very good one and asted R50 a day ee payment during the work without any guarantee as to results and all the cost was to be borne by me (except the powder itself) so I naturally declined. If the “jungle exterminator” is enything like what we are told it is in efficiency there would be a large field for its sale in Ceylon snd it would be an im- meuse boon to the public.—Yours faithfully, L. D. A WORD FOR THE DESPISED CREEPER, Dec. 17, Dean Sm,—So much has been eaid of late, in no very complimentary terms about the much despised ‘‘Oreeper,’’ that it is time some of them said a little in their own behalf. I am inclined to imagine that the planter who refers to the “trading” in that commodity and the paying of ‘‘butcher’s bills’ thereby, would not only be comtent with that dishursement, but in addition would make the ‘‘creeper’’ pay the dresses of his ‘“ladye faire.’ All pity extends to the “ creeper ” who goes into his ‘‘parliar.”’ ‘Honi coit qui malypense!’’ I fear he must have adverticed for a ‘‘creever” offering ‘“ home comforts and a father’s care’? and been unsuccessful and go the hen that was to lay the golden eggs, became a thing maligned. I wonder if he ever heard of the ‘‘fox and the sour grapes” or of its unfortunate brother without a tail. If not, perhaps, Mr. Editor, you will kindly tell him these stories. According to him Ceylon is played out, forgetting the fact that ehe makes a good nursery of sup- ply for Africa in the future, for inttance. That she is not quite done up, however, the following faets will help to prove :— Ten months ago I came to Colombo and arranged to “creep” with a “gentleman.” After 6 weeks, I was Offered a crib as an 8S. D. and not only was al- lowed to take it, but after I was settled down to work I was the reeipient of a cheque for the balance of a quarter’s board of which I had not partaken. When I had been an §,D. for absat 4 months I was recommended by the gentleman who pays his ‘‘butcher’s pille’ Jan. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 497 - off * creepers ’’ for another place with a rie of salary and my P. D. not only allowed me to apply, but assisted me with a good testimonial. The result was that I was appointed to take over at B100 a month, with the understanding that if I showed capability I would get an addition of R50 at the end of six months, It] am not fit at the end of my time, the blame must rest with myself. It was a ‘creeper’ who was invited to fill the place which I vacated and as far as I know gives perfect satisfaction, Another friend of my own after a six months’ “ creep” began at R100 a month and iz now doing well. I wonder what the old planter has to say to these items ? Is it not possible that he runs down the ‘‘ creeper,’ because, forsooth, he reminds him a little of another ‘* eree- per that makes the tree it grows on finally die. I would not be surprised if these are his thoughts, and if so I would suggest that in the meantime he study how to die gracefully, z.e., that he con- trive how best to return to “the old country” after imparting to a younger _ generation, all the knowledge he possesses. With cuch planters as he, I would advise “ creepers on landing in Colombo to ‘‘ burn their shipr;’’—I am, dear sir, Yours truly, “QREEPER.” AN ENEMY OF CACAO. Drar Sir,—I enclose two specimens of a emall ‘beetle which, since two years, has killed a fair percentage of the cacao trees, not only in the Kurunegala district but, I am told, in other @acao growing parts of the island. It attacks in pre- ference. the best trees in the lower parts of valleys, and although Ihave cut down and Lurnt the victimes, the pest ison the increase, Just as with the coconut beetle, the damage is accomplished when the sign of it appears. Can any of my brother planters suggest a vemedy ?—Yours truly, CACAO PLANTER. {Would our correspondent send us two or three specimens in a matoh-box or phial : those received in paper were crushed out of all recognition,— Ep. 7,4.]) JAT AND MANUFACTURE. Ambagamuwa, Dec. 19. Dear Sir,—Now that this momentous question seems to be occupying the minds of all tea planters kindly permit me to ventilate my humble ideas re- garding the cause and effect of low priced tea, Jat in my opinion is decidedly not the ruinous factor by a long, long way. In support of this bold assertion I will lay before your readers my personal experi- ence and leave you and them to draw your own deductione. In the “eighties” I was manager of some estates in Dolosbage. One property in particular had an entire field of the rankest low jat tea (China) and of a no mean acreage for that time of the tea evterprise. I regularly plucked over this field simultaneously with the Hybrid fields bordering on Indigenous and as «a natural consequence my leaf was daily well mixed up. My genial friend on the adjoining estate who had the menufac- turing of this leaf along with his own, was always able to produce a tca which commanded tall prices and to the time I left in ’89 he still held higb rark in the sale of firm pricer, not to say that he is not holding his own at date. As another instance, take ‘Blackstone ” in Mr. Barber’s time. Is there an estate with a more mixed jit than Blackstone ? How stood Mr. Barber ? Some say, ‘‘Oh ! he wentim for extremely fine pluckirg.” This is only talk : he always plucked the bud and two leaves—perhaps not qnite medium, But what was the secret? His withering. I often saw his leaf spread ons to wither—the leaf was not so yery fime as you — would fency, but withering was resorted to, to a satin softness. Never did I see leaf spread out more evenly and such a wither I never clapped eyes on. Beit remembered he was only getting his yield off about } or a little more of the present acreage then in full bearing acd consequently his factory and withering space was then ample for his requirements, Take ‘‘ Blackwater.’ Look at the jamp it has recently made. How account you for this? Has Blackwater an even jat? A more mixed one scarcely existe, from the ‘‘Simon Pure’ cown to the lowest China, and yet theestate ranks now almost first for Amba- gamuwa. You have not ferto look for the reason of this sudden upward spring. The magnificent new roomy factory giving loads cf withering space, the Manager will tell you is the only secret. The above suffices to maintain my theory of “ not jit but menufactore.” To further stengthen my views, I will quote one of Ceylon’s best authorities, alas! now no more,—I allude to the late Mr. Wiiliam Csmeron. What was his advise to me ?—‘‘ Always oare’ fully eupervire your pluckers ; tea making must begin in the field; do not graze over your bushes; keep to an even pluckirg, say bud and 23 leaver; wither yourleafto a silken softness, which you can only acquire by having heaps of withering space; spread out your leaf one deep. evenly end sparsely; roll till you think you have the leaf cells were broken and then you need enter- tain no qualms of conscience as to the future of your tea when in the market.” Speaking of jat, he only said “What is good at one elevation may not pay in another, that is for each man to find out fcr him. self, at no doubt some cost” ! Will those advocates cf jt tell me of their personal experience, whether or not leaf from a low jat and leaf from thereal‘‘Simon Pure” budand 2 leaf or bud and 24 leaf plucking, withers simultaneously and if not, why net! The constitution of these leayes all willadmit will differ in no way in an 8 or 9 day system of pluck- ing. All that can te adduced is that there would ke a difference in size of leaf. Does it therefore ' necessarily affect the withering process if the leaf is carefully spread out and not jammed. I cannot for the life of me see how such a ocoincidence is possible with carefully laid out leaf. In 50 per cent of our factories we are far from hay'ng the required wither- ing space at Cur command; Tem not an exception. Under these circumstances leaf is spread ont indis- criminately, the chances being that the smaller leaf gets smothered over by his bigger and more formidable brother and has therefore not the ghost of a chance of withering sir, with the result that the leaf is only partially withered. Plenty of withering space therefore can alone rectify this primary evil. Re= member I am only writing on medium plucking. Again, sir, there are not a few amongst ns whoaere so situated that a given estimate must nolens volens be secured. To give this ridiculous mandate dua effect on scme estetes, anything but a medium pluck- ing cen be expected. On one property I actually saw whole twigs with 4 and 5 leaves attached brought into the factory. I certainly believe in a good jat and heye planted nothing but the finest hybrid and fome indigenous; yet 1 «ay and maintain that jat doea not and will not interfere with good results, if you are plucking carefully and witherirg well, soil or elevation a sine qua non. Tf you have not the former, make it with liberal cultivation.—Yours troly. LEAD IN THA-BOXES. Kandy, Deo. 27th. Srr,—I enclose copy of a letter received from the Secretary, Ceylon Association in London.—I am, Sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP. Secretary to the Planters’ Associaticn of Ceylon. 4, Mincing Lane, Londen, E.C., Deo. 8th. A. Puttip, Esq., Secretary, Ceylon Planters’ Asscciation, Drak §rR,—I haye the pleasure to enclose copy of 498 letter received from Messrs. Joreph Tetley & Co., the well-ki own wholesale Tea dealers. I bave heard from other sources similar complaints andit may be well that Messrs. J. Tetley’s letter should be published in Ceylon for the informetion of all concerned.—I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, i (Signed) Wm. Martin Leaxe, Seoretary. 81, Fenchurch Street, London, Dec 5th W. Martin Leaxe, Eeqg., Secretary to the Ceylon Association in London, 4, Mivcing Lane, EC, DEAR Sir,—We wish to ca'l your attention to the practice which obtains in Ceylon of putting loose pieces of lead (often of considerable size) in the packages of tea to equalize the taree, This leed gets mixed up with the tea and when the Grocer cpers the packages and finds it there, he immediately concludes that the tea has been abstracted and this putin to make up the weight, aud it is almost impossible to convince him that he has not been robbed. It would save considerable friction end often loss of money to the wholesale-dealer, if this could be avoided in future, and we trust that you will bring the matter before your Association with a view to having the practice stopped.—We are, dear sir, yours very truly, (Signed) Joseph Trrtey & Co, THA CULTIVATION IN CEYLON: GOOD CROPS AND GOOD PRICES—No, XXXVI. Dear Sir.—There is no gainsaying what your correspondent, ‘‘25 Years a Planter,’’ cays as to good jit, good soil and high elevation being necessary to wecure stand-out prices and large returns combined, and not even’ Mr: Rutherford can arrive at any other conclusion, At the same time I think the personal equation is one which must not be omittrd fromthe calculation, Given all the advantages named an estate may fail to obtain all the benefit of its posi- tion through the incapacity of the manager or his inability to grasp all the necessary factors which go to make the complete whole. In the first place the Tea is made in the field, that is to eay the quality of leaf is the firet, and most imporlant cansideration as upon this dpends the simplicity or complication of the subsequent manufacturing operations. Without good leaf you cannotobtain the most important con- dition necessary to first-rate manufacture, viz. a good even wither end that is where so many Factories fail; with good leaf eveuly withered ail the subsequent operation fall into their natural place ; -when the reverse obtains you have all the complica- tions of hard and unwithered leaf to deal with which gets broken and fincsits way into the grades to which it does not properly belong. Everyone who had the privilege of seeing the late James Taylor make tea, will remembir with what care he picked his leaf over and how he insisted upon regular pluck- ing at unvarying intervals. Ispeak of the days when Mr. Taylor was allowed to be the firet authority on. Tea in the island, and before he received his in- structions from the London Office of his later em- ployers. I think, therefore, that what I have called the personal equation is a material consideration. To -make stand-out teas you certainly require emple withering accommodation and good machinery and unwearying supervision ard for large yield combined a bigh class -&; and strong soil in a favorable climate. I do not myself o'ject to pure China Tea at high elevations ; it is extremely hardy ard yields fully as much leaf on the best jat and it has first- rate flavour, but_a Jow-class hybrid is ruination what- aver soilit is in and only pays in the most forcing _climates. -As the prices fall lower, and the margin for profit smaller, I believe the estates with low jat will gradually go out of cultivation.—Yours faithfully. We oD. b, No. XXXYVII. Dear S1z,—I do not think anything like a hard- and-fast. rule can be laid down for Tea growing or Tea making. What suits ose district may not suit THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 1, 2894. another generally speaking. Fisyour is not got from tea grown at & low elevation end if is better to go in for strength, bard rolling sed more ferment. Medium elevations 3,000 ft, to 4,500 ft. get as « rule both flavour and s‘rengtb, and the pleuter bas to choore which is best with the soil at bis disposal and the climate in which be works. At bigh elevations the matter is simple enough; with ordinary e¢are, both flavour end strength can be got, and these are got to perfection in districts like the Agras end Kandapola. Quality vs Quantity.—This depends entirely on the plucking. Fine plucking gives quality atthe expense in extreme cartes of 50% of quantity. Whilst the principal item of Estate Expenditure “ Plocking ” costs very nearly couble when fine is resorted to. The relative advantages of Fine os Coarse all depends oo the merket. When India is sending fine teas it beboves Ceylon to ley low, and send quantity as she did last year. Now Indians have fallen in quality, Ceylon is called upon for five tea. I am very pertial to jit. Idou’t think it can be too good, up to 5,000 ft. It gces without esying that you get more leaf, and » flush from high makes a far better tea thanthe same s‘ze leaf from Jow ja*, both in strength and fiavour. The few enemies (Helopeltis for one) are much worse, the lower thejait. SUPDT. No. XXXVIIL. Deak Sre,—Referring to the letters you have re- ceived from correspondents ebout the flavour and quality of Ceylon teas, no doubt you will have been struck with the fact that bardly one of the wr'ters hes arrived atany definite conclusions on the subject. One “ thinks” this, another is “of opinion” that, and there are those who “ believe’ and ‘assenme” that certa‘n conditions are necessary to brivg about given results; but it is bardly ereditable to us that our KNOWLEDGE of tea cultivation and the manufecture shonld not bave advanced a little further by this time! A series of carefully conducted experi- ments in the different tea di-tricts, directed with a view to ascertaining what ARE thecheracteristics ne- cessary to produce flavcury and good quality teas would bs very interesting aud inetructive, and the results, I am sure would be startling to those who assume that favory teas can only be made at ex- treme elevations. I have often felt that in a country like Ceylon, where people have exceptionel means of comparing and imparting to each other the results of observations and experiments, we should not be so much in the dark as we are on many matters re- lating to the great industry to which we are en- aged, 7 ft is not only on subjects connected with manu- facture, &c., that further acd more relieble data is required, but the vexed question of Fine versus Coarse and Mrdium. Plucking has vevyer yet been hand’ed in a manner calculated to carry conviction to the soul of a doubter. Manuring in its varied phases and aspects is another matter presentirg features of specisl interest to the producer and it may bs hoped that on this subject at all events we shall scon be benefiting by the accumulated experiences of many in eur midst,—Yoaurs faithfully “YOU KNOW WHO.” No. XXXIX, “DEAR Siz,—Tea cultivation in Ceylon and China z. Assam ‘Tea. I think good soil, not exhausted by long coffee or other cropping, will, combined with a high elevation, give a finely flavoured and a strong tesa, avd conse- quently a high-priced one, even though the jat is not very good; but to get at the same time a large yield an indigenous or a high class hybrid -jat is necessery. China tea or a low class Hybrid will not tun long withcut pruning, and will not, therefore, _ give large returns anywhere. The dark-leaved Manipuri indigenous or the hybrid once removed from it isa ‘hardy, good finshing jat at any elevation, while: the l'eht-leaved indigenous is more delicate-and is only -suitable for-certain’ localities, Jan. 1 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 499 When estates at a high elevation find it neccssary to manure to keep up their yield, it is thought by many that there will be a loss of flavour in their teas; but this I should think, would only be true to a certain extent as thereis ro doubt that climate alone has a good deal to do with the superior flavour of upcouutry teas.—Yours faithfully, J, No. XL. Elevation, 4,200 to 4,600 feet, Dec. 13. Dear Sir,—I mentioned in my reply to the first part of your inquiry that a good Ageam hybrid of Kelvin jat, had been found by me to give really good results both in price and yield, but it may be quite possible that-« near remove from Indigenous—jadging from Mr. Beck’s experience on Henfold and that of _ some others—gives even bigher quality and more strength. It is not claimed for this tea that I know of, thatit gives larger yields than a good Assam Hybrid and perhaps it may not give quite so large a yield per acre; but after all, experience with us is young yet and time alone will teach us which last the longest and is most successful. China jit well cultivated gives good flavour and fine tea, but is wanting in strength and as far as I have seen cannot compare io yield to the other teas, W. No. XLI. CHINA JAT AT A HIGH ELEVATION. Saumarez Estate, Udugama, Dec, 15, Dear Sir,—In reply to your enquiry of 4th inst. the bulkof my experience es a tea planter was gained at 5,000 fest elevation on estate where we bad some 130 acres of China jat tea. At the time of my Jeaving the estate last year we were getting some 300 lb per acre from tbis erea and I am eble to say asa fact that I was never able to produce such a fine class of tea from the Assam hybrid plant as fromthe Ohina. On several occasions I bad sold the QOhina tea, unmixed with Hybrid, in the London market and never fai'ed to obtain a higher value for it than for the Hybrid tea, kept separate though mannfactured at the same time and in every way subjected to the same treatment. The liquor obtained from the Ohina jat could not compare with that resulting from the Hybridin the matter of “strength” but for “flavor” it was unmistakably superior, and whenever I was atked to produce a nice sample of self-drinking tea I invariably manufactured it from the China variety. I cannotsay how lar this difference in favor of the smaller jat would obtain at lower elevatione, but I certainly am of opinion tbat for places at 5,000 fet and upwards, it would pay to have 30 per cent and the estate planted with it, for putting price on to the teas and giving them a delicacy of flayor not obtainable from the Hybrid plant. As to the question of one place giving tetter prices than another, I see nothing wonderful in it. With the varying soila and climates of Ceylon it would be wonderful indeed were it otherwise and when all is said and done and given a uniformly proper system of manufacture, such as consist; in a good even wither, say 100 lb green leaf down to 60 lb, and a slow firing carried on at low temperatures, there will always be the fortunate proportion who will maintain a leading _ position. Many places, however, at present which might do better suffer from defective manufacture, firing their teas too quickly at too high temperatures, with the result that their teas will not keep and the flavor is burnt ont of them.—I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, EX-SUPERINTENDENT. No. XLII, Dec. 17th. Deak Sir,—To obtain good crops from good tea where ‘the soil, climate and everything else are favour- sble, are only reasonable expectations fulfilled, but it is quite snother affair looking for and expecting similar results from poor wornout coffee lands without culti- vation. By cultivation I mean more than weeding, pruuing and placking—all very important in their way, but are we in many instances not too apt to fall into the idea that with our climate and soil the tea bush will do all right without going to the ex- pense Of manuring. How often do we hear tes will grow on any soil and ‘‘at any elevation,” and on the strength of this knowledge it is allowed to grow, and to get all out of we can, we worry the very life of the bush by hard plucking and pruning. Take an unmauured field that has beenbhard plucked from one leaf or even one and a half above the fish leaf, and pluck that steadily for a year or fifteen months and when you come to prune it you find the wood weak and wiry 6nd unsuitable to carry your wood for next year's crop. Result, cut lower still or you getless crop next year. Now low pruning is all very well, but to goon pruning lower and lower every year does not improve the size of your bush and it will end in haying to give the field a two years’ rest from pluck- ing. Had this field been manured, hard plucking would not hare had co disastrous an effect; the bushes would probably have gone on flushing from 18 months to two years and the wood to be pruned be avery different looking meterial. It may be asked why isn’t more -manuring done? For the reason probably tbat it is doubtful whethe it will pay. There can be no doubt of the good effects of cutting large holes between every four trees and burying prunings and of. cattle manure applied in, say a basket or two to each hole, bat then cattle manure cannot always be had andthe ‘application is expensive, but that burying and pru- nings and the right sort of artificial manure with them, is a success is beyond a doubt, a good investment for the proprietor and is a certa‘n means of making the tea on old land give good crops, has beeu proved. Manuring may be likened >to judicious advertising, the more you spend on it having gained a knowledge of what your soils require the better the results. The comparison between the unmanured: and the systematical)y manured fields of an estate is such that there is nothing more evident than a reference to the books that it pays to manure well, and that manure has rightly the oredit of making: tea give good crops. The subject ‘good prices” is too large an order for my entering upon. Our tess don’t get the prices they deserve and probably won’t, until America be- gins to indent more largely for the Elephant Brand, if by that is meant the finest of our teas. - Then let us hope our B. P.’s now 11d, will be fetching 1s 1d to 1s 2d. To make good tea one must bave first good lesf, ample withering accommodstion, good machinery, abundance of power, a scrupulously clean well kept factory, and coolies well drilled in their work, and one. who knows the work and can work the coolies in charge.—Yours truly, AN OLD PLANTER. aoe ee LIGHTNING AND TEA. Sir,—I have read with interest and regret Mr* Crabbe’s communication from Passara — regarding the death through lightning of his cattle. It is seldom one hears of animal life being destroyed in this manner; but I have lost quite recently several small patches of tea through this action. Generally an isolated cinchona tree appears to haye been struck, and the surrounding tea bushes for a few yards round have been killed. Can you or any of your readers inform me if tea acts more particularly as a conduetor to lightning than coffee and cinchona, and if the soil on the spot is detrimentally affected for replanting? For many years coffee and cinchona grew luxuriantly on the exact spots where lightning has destroyed the tea, and I am at a loss to know why hardy tea should be so afilicted—I am, Xc., ne —Local “Times,” DYA, 500 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. Ty 1894. MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA. It is much to be regretted that India possesses no experimental agriculturist of the stamp of Sir John Lawes of Rochampton, whose letters to the London Field vender our contemporary so popular among the more enlightened class of British farmers. True we have the usual reports from the Government farms, but they convey little of interest, and are altogether useless to the ryot, while the matters dealt with do not concern Europeans. What we really require, scattered throughout the Empire, are plantations devoted to the raising of exotics and such indige- nous roots, plants, etc., that would prove of sensible value to the community atlarge. ‘I'he work on the present Government farms should be confined merely to the raising of food grains and edible roots, that would prove of service in times of scarcity or actual famine, and, in conjuction therewith, a system of irri- gation that the native could afford to resort to in order to save his crop when the rainfall fails. What we would, in our present remarks, specially direct attention to is the importation of drugs and utilisation of our indigenous ones, so as to bring remedies for sickness within the reach of the poorest. What the introduction of cinchona . has done in the way of combating fever and other malarious maladies should be energetically followed up in other lines, for it is not going too far to assert that there is not one single drug, mineral or vegetable, in the British pharmacopoeia that either has not its prototype in this country, or could be grown successfully in one or other of the various climatic localities India furnishes; yet in many cases we send the raw material home re-importing it at such heavy cost that the prepared drug is sold at, frequently, 300 per cent higher than if it were manufactured in the country. It is gratifying there- fore to notice that this matter is being brought to the front, and we only wish we could say being taken in hand. Podophyllum jpeltatum, the various descriptions of dandelion, tarawvacum, and their allies grow so prolifically at an elevation of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet along the 26th and 28th parallels of la‘itude, that every household in India should possess their valuable extracts, and though natives, as a rule, suffer but little from hepatic diseases, the drugs above mentioned would prove an in- calculable boon in European barracks and private houses, while the a of extracting the drug from the plants is so simple and inexpensive that the cost would be too trifling for consideration. If any one will take the trouble to run his eye over a list of the remedies usually employed in Indian diseases he will not fail to notice how easily they are procurable and at what a small outlay. We affect, or at least the old school of medical practi- tioners affect to despise the drugs employed by the hakims in remote villages little reflecting that the initial knowledge of all medicines employed in Europe was obtained from the far Hast, and that they are employed down to this day, though clarified _ and, Heunaps rendered more attractive by the bestowal on them of euphonious names. Eyen many of the old women’s “simples” of a bygone age figure in the present list of remedies, faintly disguised by Latinised names. The Government of India has lavished large sums of money in the introduction of exotics, and though such a proceeding may be considered commendabie, a good deal of this expenditure might haye been saved had a thorough exploration of the hotanical resources of the country been undertaken by men who would have first considered whether taking the diversity of climate into consideration, the exotics they were about to import did not already exist within our borders. It ian been asserted that Cin- chona crispa grows wild in the eastern mountain ranges and, certainly, the plant brought in bears a strong resemblance to it; while we do not believe that the bark of the Mishmi teeta, or the shrub from which it is derived, have ever been thoroughly analysed. With the large areas now under cinchona it would, of course, be of no great commercial im- portance were the two febrifuges above alluded to turn out a variety of the Central American one, though identification might induce the authorities to pause ere committing themselves to ineur the cost of introducing some lauded plant. Had we known anything of the botany of Assam, for in- starce, or taken the trouble to sift out the thread- bare bazaar story of the Buddhist pilgrim the costly expedition of Mr. Fortune to China would not have been undertaken. The more jungly classes of our fellow-subjects may be said to possess a pharma- popes of their own, and one, apparently, quite as effectual as ours; doubtless, were these remedies examined, many would be found to be known to us, under different names, but at the same. time the probabilities are that a considerable amount would turn out novelties, none the less valuable though on that account. “Simples” some of these may be considered, but, as we have shewn, similar herbs and roots, erstwhile collected in England, have been deemed of sufficient importance to be incor- persion in the list of European medicines, It ma e objected to by some that we possess no suitable spot where a/l drugs could be manipulated and pre- pared for consumption, but if this objection be ad- missible (an assumption in which we by no means concur) those drugs requiring cnet Na climates could, withont any undue expense, readily have suitable sites found for the purpose; but we know of no drug derived from the vegetable kingdom that would ope] anything different than the climate of the metropolis in the cold weather. Our tea planters, unfortunately, are hardly just now in a position to take this matter in hand, and we must fall back upon settlers and, perhaps, the hill jails; but what is chiefly required is an interchange of views and relations of experiences, similar to the letters and communications that used to appear in the “Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Haig Bs some few years since. It may be argoed that this matter is solely one for the Government to take up, but we cannot see this as, though the cultivation of medicinal plants would bring down the price of drugs fally two-thirds, there would still, for many years to come, be a steady demand at remunerative prices; hence the cultivator would re- alise a goodincome. All Government need be asked to do would be, that it should deal with the local instead of the foreign producer, provided, of course, that the standard of quality were maintained. Government would, of course, merely take the raw material, working it up in its own Labieresarii and perhaps, it would be better if all drugs were treated under authoritative supervision, for it is not so very many years ago since an official of the Educational Department, in his own estimation a qualified chemist—was placed in charge of the quinine factory at Darjeeling, making such a muddle of matters that somehow or other a highly deleterious compound was turned out. The rearing of exotics or utilisation of indigenous herbs need by no meams be confined to purely medicinal plants, but might be extended to those which come under the denomination of medical comforts, for though a considerable quantity of farina is obtainable for European consumption, the fictitious price at which it is retailed places itfar beyond the means of even the middle classes cf the native commu- nity, and this surely should not be the case in a ‘country like Bengal, at any rate where arrowroot and tapioca may be considered weeds. The preparation of these two is so very simple that the establishment of centres for their manufacture might well engage the attention of those rich, well-intentioned philan- JAN. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 501 thropists, whose only idea of helping the less fortu- nate countrymen in times of distress is the digging or filling up of tanks. Our remirks would be incomplete without referring to some recent correspondence as to the feasibility of cultivating Salup misree. That it can be raised much the same as other tubers was demonstrated by General Mather at Mussoorie, whose stock was derived from the Nilgiris where it is known to the Badaghurs as ‘‘little man’s bread,” and though of undoubtedly the same genus is far inferior to that obtained from Kabul, being but half the size and, apparently, when grated and boiled with milk deficient in mucilage. Whether, even, the true Salup possesses all the qualities ascribed to it we are not here prepared to argue, but its popularity is so great in Persia that there must be some foundation for belief in its powers. The fresh tubers might be obtained either through the European employes of the Amir at Kabul or, perhaps, from Quetta, but if not the Consuls in Central Persia might be able to supply it, and probably the hills north of Dehra would be the most suitable localities in which to essay its propagation. The exact locality where that exported to Persia and the small quantity that finds its way into British India is not known, the itinerant traders who purchase their requirements at Khan- dahay and Kabul being unable to give any reliable information; but as its prototype grows in the Nil- giris there should be no difficulty in selecting a suitable site. We have devoted, it may seem, rather too much space to this latter vegetable, but if all is true that is said of it, is fully deserved prolonged notice. We should imagine some of our tea planters might endeayour to retrieve their posidion in at- tempting the raising of medicinal plants instead of throwing their properties on the market as the daily papers show us they are doing.—Asian Sporting Newspaper. een TALGASWELA TEA ESTATE CO., LD, The dividend on the preference shares at the tate of 7 per cent per annum for the year ending 3lst Dec. 1893 was paid in full to the shareholders on the 2odJan. Mr, T. C. Owen having left for England and resigned his seat at the board, the visiting of the Company’s estates has been taken over entirely by Mr: E. 8. Grigson. The meeting of share- holders will be held about the 10th of February when it is expected a substantial dividend will be declared for the past year. —E SESS FIBRE AND COFFEE CULTIVATION. There appears to be hardly any department of the vegetable world—using the term in its widest sense, to include both greater and lesser vegetable growths —that does not directly or indirectly bring grist to the mill of the British manufacturer of implements and machinery. It is exceedingly cncouraging to know that Mr. Ohamberlain is recently reported to have said, with reference to his well-known interest in the Bahamas, that he met Sir Ambrose Shea in Canada, and that he was so thoroughly con- vinced by the eloquent arguments of the Goyernor of the policy of expending money in the fibre producing industry, that he decided to embark a considerable amount of capital in its expansion. And he has had no reason to regret that he has taken that step. Ho states he felt that in doing so he would not only receive a fair return for his investment, but do something towards benefiting the peerte of the Bahamas. Mr. Chamberlain might ave added that he felt also that he was bene- fiting the implement and machinery trades of Eng- land, for undoubtedly foreign fibre culture assu- redly has this tatisfactory tendeucy. Increased de- mand for machinery which treats cocoauut fibre is at the present time resulting from what is taking place in New Guinea. The natives of British New Guinea have adopted the serious task of raising poogenats for export, Dgyring 1590, acting undey the direction of the Government officers, they planted 1,500 coconut trees, and last yeer the number planted on Fanko Island alone reached 12,000. About 2,000 ccconuts were aleo set on the mainjand. In al'- 15,000 coconuts have been rooted, and it is inteaded to extend the work, because, if successful, the culti- vation will be a great source of revenue in about ten years’ time. Makers of implements and machinery applicable to coffee growing willbe commercially ir- terested to learn that a Liverpool syndicate, at the head of whichare Mr. Alfred L. Jones and Mr. John Holt, of Liverpool, bas procured what will probably be one of the largest, if not actually the largest, coffee plantation in existence. The place is situated about 75 miles from the town of Lagos, on the West African Coast, and is abovt 50 square miles in extent, In oder to grasp the enormous size of the venture it ist neccasary to realise that it would cover a quarter of the distance from Liverpool to London, one mile in width: The Jand, which is under English protection, was acquired about two years ago, for the raising chietly of Afriean coffee, and already there are about 10,000 trees rooted. It is proposed to put at least 120,000 planta down within the next five yearr, and as the ground ia ea.d to be adapted for rubber growing it is likely that this product may also be cultivated. A town is being erected close by, cailed Jonestown, and a sacond one is to be named Holttown.—Jmplement Review . EP EI CHYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1893. 5 0 ONwD n= Ds oa oS 2 4 Ds sili, (Busses Sa lye Sean = Ol ges tal oS 8 ew S 5) ia Se ee ties 2S: =e : Sas mt 7] at OO HG . ° EY) « am——o- if(ay (840883 S85 BAN BS for) OmOwwn s | ik . >) Fl} ise) IO 3 Iw re NETS REAM thea PP iaas i618 B PA rs Los] ee a reamo ame EES Baas OR Sal i) [Se [Hse meee :;-Bes°ea:.| Bees + S L . te eee pay © Ona ater ‘| pele Lam! =) a ooNnom oO Q = SSRAN ro) aBeS . v IO sWNDHwD - sees WD + 6 eo 2 —rin m a Ry ell Sl ON ad ° ot ° oe 3 aa Rao S2an Dun oH 3 his ow ale )sssseess3 2323 8 Sere Alo AaoRSOARSOS * NAS :oss- a2ean SY oriy~) 20069 © BS oe DO eS ° was 1p shee Draw = u Cand AaQmnmonr aiid cals eset Bees 5 lisness ESSses 2233 — D5 —] 4 | Os: WD t WAM AR is) =| Beaman io) a a Q eee sae fel es ais £| Lom a Nn Saas >) ee = a] > |5 88 Ba 33 Baa wo 3 sis CQ ens Osivsceieerauis (seo Co) SGN sas © ODL Oa 3 5 2 2333 8 3 3 2 ry os Oo-ron : ON wt 2 i anu ANOS HHO TRSaRBRSRGSRSBIESS IE | aps : Sc) VPRiINAODOAMNOANOAMIDOBAD OO MD g 54 SREENSAD-DOOOAMOM SO Somes ajRe ig San ee egaaaNse| e282 iS ad 1c i=) Sri it= a arom Tie = o to oO a ee aj,34 |= Se m a RASS Cj am Ss SoD AN Ro) 3 60 oa D 5S /eXt la Ne) & CRAB a}/mi |e 3s MN ese kgsesuse sO gsys! ss. Ss etn A =} aise |} sterawspstisusts? rtitshsijs: ss Dt Oe et Se Ge) | mow eo ae i) 5 1Sea | eee OANA NHR OnSGoOwswoO 7» OF | SIR Basa AANADD —& Sete, Pa] 19 19 oO AND NUN Ns cA eneaige fe} °o ow ao . Nelar i=) > a oO 1 HD w > 2 = ai a mae 2 ry =) ty aan ~ oS Nis > i=) De wt onl oa amOOoo 2 Vel aks vt lel ete eat se ot COONS A Hate i Sah oun Be oes Si (s x a,.24 s Dire] SARMDDHN WA AARSeWN Oe i as OC 1G BION OT OM 10 Qonrs s2 |Beg an PIRSA A SENS = Onc as oO 1 = .00 CO span a aa ae “OA dO pbsisiesiiiaviiiiiii, sas B00 Panett 2 a e [nl n a a Spee is) sy sie sulele shisusse 2} ishigaiaa s 5.4 8 a 3 BBS BBE BUSS Ripe poe Rad &: a A] o Iga Fa iq > g B32 18,222 5 4Hh.59 > S$, Se] 22AAaaQ S Shee eae SalkSasts Ba Ae = ars =o. wsS= = RSS RZSeecggksass BPDSEDS aPoe Ss aeak =e bageons Zaansq—<0nAaA 13 en fee = Ty ° fo ssacsacsrssssss esta 502 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISY. [Jan. 1, 1894. MARKET: RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From 8. Figgis & Co.'s Fortnightly Price Owrrent, London, December 14th, 1893.) EAST INDIA Continued | East Coast Africa, Mala-) EAST INDIA. Bombay, Ceylon, Madras QUALITY. QUOTATIONS QUALITY, es ATIONS Coast and Zanzibar. bar and Madras Coast, : Bengal. —_— z; _—_ —_— — _—_—~ _—__ eo — — ALOES, Socotrine ... ..|Good aud fine dry liver,.,|£4 a £5 Ordinary to middling ... 534d a 5s 104 Zanzibar & Hepatic|Common and good .»|403 4 £5 108 Kurpah an «. Fairto good reddish yiolt)3s 6da 4s oe - BARK, CINCHONA Crown) Renewed .. {Lhd a 4d Ordinary and middling...'2s 4d a 3s 34 .|Chips and shavings ....|td_a 4d Madras (Dry Leaf).|Middling to good ~..(28 8d a 3s 6d Red.,,,Renewed ... ue ses Ld a dd Low to ordinary .. (ls 3d a 28 4d Chipsand shavings .j[lLia4i IVORY--Elephants’ Teeth Bees’ Wax, E, White...|Good to fine ... «£7 a £8 108 60 1b. & upwards _...|Soft sound £61 a £68 108 es Yellow...) ,, ermal sh Fs over 30 & under 60 lb. - ” £53 a £68 Mauritius & Madagascar,..|Fair to fine +f . |£5-03 a £6 03 50 a 100 lb, .|/Hard 4 a £33'a £49 108 CARDAMOMS— Scrivellocs .,. ...|Soft ” ” £26 10s a £39 Allepeoy ... ...|/Fairtofineclipped ...|/lsa 2s 6d i ae Nay SS A £138 £18 Mangalore, _—«».| Bold, bright, fairto fine.../1s 6d_a 3s Billiard Ball Pieces2}a3}in|/Sound soft a. ... £67 @ £75 108 Malabar... -.|Good to fine plump, cliped|23a 23 64 Bagatelle Points Sli, def.to fine sound soft £50 a £61 Ceylon, Malabar sort Fairto fine bold bleached Mysore sort 0 », medium ,, ” », small Small to bold brown Alleppee and|Fair to fine bold a » medium oe », Small Long wild Ceylon... tee one one wee Common to good .., 2s 31 a 3s ls 6d a Is 10d ls als 61 isa ls 64 23 34a 33 ls 6d a 23 is a ls 5d 6d a 23 2d 61 Cut Pointsfor Balls |Shaky to fine solid sd. sft)/é45.a £69 Mixed Points & Tips...|Defective, parthard .,,,€35 a £46 Cut Hollows Thin to thick tosd.sft |£27 a £49 10s Sea Horse Teeth— 4a 1} lb. Straight crked part close|ls dda 23 64 MYRABOLANES, Bombay|Bhimlies I, good & fine ‘ F pale/as 6d a 1isd d II, fair pickings!5s a Gs 0d CASTOR OIL, Ist: JubbieporeI, good & fine pale|7s 9d a 9 White see peo one 2od-)Pair and good pile da3t la 234 CHILLIES; Zanzibar _...| Fair to fine bright 333 a 353 »» IL, fair rejections)>s 4 68 6d Ord’y. and middling (203 @ 303_ Vingorlas. good and fine|Ss a 78 OINNAMON, Asts|Ord’y, to fine pale quill...|65d a 1s 5d Madras, Upper Godavery|Good to fine picked .,,|78 3d a 75 9d 2nds ” ” ” ” 6ials ” ” . Common to middling - is 0d a 6s 6d Brie}, we geo oda lod Coast oo 0 See age die ... (68 3d a 7d 4the ” ” ” op ere od a 92 } Pickings ...|Burnt and defective .../4% 6d a 5s Od ____ Chips) Fair to fine pant 24d a 7d '|MACE, Bombay ...|Dark to good bold pale...|!8 6d = 2s OLOVES, Zanzibar } Fair to fiae bright .,./241a 34 W’dcom, darkto fine bold|41 a 10d and Pemba. f|Gommon dull and mixed) ‘64 a 2f1 \|NUIMEGS, 8 (898 @ BLE {28 2d a 3s +» STEMS Common to good igda gd 190’s a 1258 ...| 8 61 & 26 COCULUS INDICUS ...|Fair sifted... .., Tga 7s 31 | NUX ) Cochin, Madra:| { Fair to fine bold fresh|38 @ 12s COFFEE w.- oo --|mMid. Plantation Ceylon|!05s a 1073 |VOMICA and Bonbay | Senal locdi cuepdmiiliie 65 a 8s E i ws se {Low Middling ,, ,, |398 @ 10is \|OlL, CINNAMON _|Bair to fine heavy _.,.|94 @ 28 COLUMBO ROOT... ..-|Good to fine bright ssuud||43 a 18s | CITRONELLE _..| Bright & good flavour.,.|f4 K : Ordinary& middling .. |L0s a 12s LEMONGRASS || 4 “ on, ann[ Ad @ Shh CROTON SEEDS, sifted...| Fair to fine fresh ./208 a 27864 ORCHELLA Ceyloaw. Mid. to fine, not woody|?2s & 23s OUTCH « . _ (Fair to fine dry +[208 a 323 perc pZanzibar ...|Picked clean flatleaf ...|L45 ¥ 238 DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan.\Ordinary to good drop .,.|30s a 60s Mozambique| 1, Wily ws. ..|e/3)@ as GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey) Pair to tine dark blue ...\02861a576d ||PEPPER— 4-8 Good white and green ,,,|/45s a 50s Malabar, Black sifted ...|Fair to bold heavy - GINGER, Oochin,zCut ...|Good to fine bold w/153 a 108 |} Alleppee & Tellicherry | » 00d ,, ..f (#d 62] » _+|Smalland medium «(503 a 753 || Tellicherry, White ...| ss ” + mom's a is Rough...|Fair to fine bold +./093 a 753 ||\PLUMBAGO, Lump _,,.\Fair to fine bright bold'i5s a 25s Pa .-|Smalland medium 50s a 603 | |Middling to gooit smallijisa 14s Bengal, Rough |Fair to good = nom,.,.|508 | Chips ...)3li’tly foul to fine brightigs a 125 GUM AMMONIACUM ...|Blocky to fineclean .,.|25s a 50s Dust ., (Ordinary to finebright...|29s 94a 55 ANIMI, washed ...|Picked fine pale in sorts,!£1103a £13 03|RED WOOD oe. .-|fair and fine boid ...|£3 a £3 i109 Part yellow & mixed do.| £9 10sa £1010s||SAFFLOWER, Bengal |Goodtofinepinkynominal g0s a _0. Bean & Peasizeditto ...)€5 a £8 10s Ordinary to fair (808 al. Amber and red bold ...|£8 03 a £9 15s \Inferior and pickings .../40s a 7% scraped...|“edium & boldsorts ... £6 03 a £9 SALTPETEE, Bengal .,,.Ordinary to good w+ 163 64005, 17s 10 EL, & te Good,to fine pale frosted SANDAL WOOD, Logs.,,|Fair to fine flavour ...|£35 a £55 ARABIC EI, "| sifted vo (408 @ 525 6d & »» Chips,./Inferior to fine + /£9 a £39 Sorts, dull red to fair ...)27s 6da 353 SAPAN WOOD .., (Lean to good bold _—y.. |£4 a £7 Ghatti Good to fine paleselected) 35s a 55s JEEDLAC , ... Ordinary to fine bright/40s a 99. atl Sorts middling to good,..|23s a 30s 3ENNA, Tinnevelly .,, Medium to bold green.../54 a 194 aLahe Good and fine pale ,,,|30s a 603 Small and medium green/2d a 4q Amrad'cha) Reddish to pale brown ,,.|25s a 49s Common dark and smalij;q _ 94 Dark to fine pale _..,|15s a 458 Bombay ...|Ordinary to good lid a 2d Disrag “| Fair to fine pinky block SHELLS, M.-o’-P. .,.| EGYPTIAN —bold clean...|79, ASSAFGSTID aod drop «1503 a 958 medium thin and stout|go, Ordinarystony to midlinz|993 a 45s Oystersand broken pieces|55; 4 653 KINO a .».|Fair to fine bright --/€15 a £18 large eae ...| BuMBAY—good tofinethic|77, 61 a gos MYRRH, picked air to fine pale «-le5a 87 medium part stout clean part good color|99s a 975 64 Aden sorts|Middling to good «(75s a 903 chicken part stout ” » 9» 4378 6d OLIBANUM, jrop...|Fair to fine white + {L0s a 60s oyster & broken pes ‘3 ” » 152s 6d a 72s6d > Reddish to middling ...}283 a 37364 Mussel mae _|bold sorts uw +1403 -a 573 6d pickings...|Middling togoodpale ...|[23 a 183 small and medium sorts|2g< 64 a 3736d siftings ...|Slightly foul to fine + |L23 a 163 Lingah Ceylon ...|fhinand good stout sorts}4, g 195 INDIARUBBER ... .../Red hard clean ball ...|is 11d a 23 34 || TAMARINDS a20 .. |Mid. tofineblacknotstony|35 g 9c East African Ports, Zanzi-| White softish ditto ...|19 7d a 23 Stony and inferior .../4s a gg bar and Mozambique Coast Unripe root oe ee | 10d a 1s 6d TORTOISESHELL ...(Sorts.good mottle, heavy/2is a 23s Liver wel ey, wef (4d Ble Lid Zanzibar and Bombay|Pickings thin to heavy.../5s a 15s Sausage, fair to fine .../[s 61a 23 TURVERIC,Bengal ..,|Leanish to fine plump '’ without sticks...|25 a2s 34 | finger ... + /L7s a 208 sam «se «| Good to fine «lls 7da 23 34 Madras ,,,|Fin. fairto fine boldbrgtig3s 4 263 4 Common foul & middling|9d a 1s 64 | > ..,J)Mixed middling... .../20s a 23s Rangoon ve (Fairto good clean _ ...jIs7d als 11d ” ..|Bulbs.. ove ees 123 168 Madagascar, Tamatave, } |Goodto fine pinky &white|2s ld a 23 64 Cochin ,,} finger ... oe om (M78 & 205 Majunga and Nossibe}|Fairtogood black ...j1s Sd a 1s 11d | VANILLOES, . . “sil L ood to fine pale ...|Is 81a 23 3d Bourbon, ists .,,(Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9in.103@ 185 ISINGLASS or \Tongue. { BFISH MAWS ark to fair {102 a 1s 61 Mauritius, | Qnds...|Foxy & reddish 5 to$ in. 7s a 14s Bladder Pipe|Clean thin to fine bold.,.|Is 6d a 332d Seychelles, }3rds.,,)Lean & dry to mid. un-| Purse... merle pare forties pale|9d a 1s 4d - ; der 6 i =e 4sa7s Karrachee Leaf ,..\Gaod to fine pale | Is Qi a 23 6g _ Madagascar, } 4ths...)4ow, foxy, interior on) INDIGO Bengal — |Middling to fins violetw|és a 616d he Beit pickings 108 6 G3 ANDREW NICOL, Esq. Tropical A gricullurist Portrait Gallery. No. VI. 4 «| MONTHLY. be Vol. XIII.] COLOMBO, FEBRUARY IST, 1894. No. 8. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” ANDREW “NICOL, M.b.C:, MERCHANT ; AND PIONEER IN COFFEE, COCONUT AND TEA PLANTING. [The following account is mainly from the pen of our esteemed correspondent “Old Colonist” who originally came to Ceylon to begin work as a Planter on one of Mr. Nicol’s estates, and who therefore Imew the subject of this memoir and his relative, Mr, Sangster Martin, very intimately. We have» personally, added a few dates and incidents, more especially in reference to Mr. Nicol’s mercantile career’ and also the ‘‘ Appendix.”—Ep. 7.A.] HISITORS to the beautifully H situated, though rather quaint and decaying little county-town of Banff, may see by the Lowshore, the antique churchyard, and on entering in, can read from a plain head-stone the following inscription :— “Sacred to the memory of James Nicol, Collector of Customs at Banff, who died 24th April 1849, aged 82. Also, of his spouse Margaret Stephenson, who died 23rd December 1864, aged 82 These were the parents of Andrew Nicol who was born in Banff in 1819. William Nicol, the successful ship-owner, merchant, banker of Bombay and Liverpool, M.P. for Dover, &c., was anelder brother by a previous marriage. Banff was a ‘ brawer” burgh in those olden days than it is now, and the Collector of Customs was a man of no mean importance, Many yet alive have a of James Nicol, whose kindly social qualities won a distinctive position even amongst the dignified denizens of the proud capital of Banffshire. pleasing recollection keen intelligence and him ' day. Young Andrew, too, is well remembered, as a clever but rather impetuous and ‘royt’ rogue of a red-haired loon. He was educated at the old Grammar School, the present handsome and well-equipped Academy not being yet in existence. Andrew was an apt scholar, could hold his own with the best budding intellect in Banff, and as he was destined for a mercantile life, the time soon arrived when it was deemed desirable that he should be sent to some busi- ness centre where he would have better opportu- nities of acquiring the necessary experience. To Hamburg he went, early in his teens, and from thence to Malta while yet a young man. After some years in Malta he proceeded to Bombay, where he entered the office of the already famous house of William Nicol & Co., of which his half-brother was head. Leaving Bombay in the early “ forties,” the subject of our brief memoic now made his début in Ceylon, soon turning his attention to Coffee, the favourite and most promising product of the We first hear of where he foregathered with a few congenial spirits to discuss planting matters and much else besides. him in distant Uva, T. L. R. Shand, for instance, could | give many racy reminiscences of this meeting i 564 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a ae if fres. 1, rB94: but to planters the most curiotis and interesting sequel was, that neither was much enamoured with Badulla, or had little inclination to tackle the difficulties of transport then apparently regarded as insurmountable. Be that as it may, it is passing strange to think of the Messrs. Shand with auch more practical knowledge, wandering away to invest in the wilds of Sabaragamuwa, while the rather happy-go-lucky subject. of our notice, drifted in an opposite direction, and within fiye-and-twenty miles of Kandy selected one of the yery finest blocks of coffeeland ever found in Ceylon. The district of RANGALA, as selected by Mr. Nicol, had indeed few if any equals in its day. At a suitable altitude, well sheltered, abun- _dantly watered and with a fine free subsoil, it soon reached the top of the list for heavy bearing. While other hill districts in the Central Province had to be content with from 34 to 5 cwt. per acre, and even Badulla could only average 7 cwt., Kangala produced year after year 8 cwt. per acre all round,—some states, such as Battegalla, more than doubling this quantity. This latter magnificent property _of about 300 acres in bearing gave, for a long time, about 4,000 ewt. annually—and some years, much more if it could have been gathered ! A short labour supply was at that time, the genera] experience. The block of land selected by Mr. Nicol in cluded what wasafterwards formed into Rangala (proper), Batttyalla, Ranwella, Galbodde and Illagolla, All the rest such as Lovegrove, Loonagalla, &c., were subsequent purchases- To T. Pride he sold Rangala ; Battegalla to _W. N. Duckworth; and Ranwella to Dr. Duncan ; reserving only Galbodde and Illagolla, by no means the best of the bargain for himself. It must be confessed that as a_ practical _ planter Mr. Andrew Nicol was a doubtful success. It has been said with some degree of truth that brains are rather an encumbrance to a planter than otherwise, being apt to lead him - away steady, plodding perseverance necessary in a good manager of estates. A. N.’s planting operations were rather of a spasmodic character ; . but being of a sanguine temperament and well supported with capital, he went boldly in, and _ often succeeded where better but more timid _ planters failed. The difficulty was to keep him on the estates. The life was then much lonelier than it is now, and was of course a great change to one ac- customed to the bustle of office work. Never- ‘theless Mr. Nicol was of a roving disposition, and : would, disappear for weeks, no one knew whither, ’ except the few coolies who accompanied him into the Bintenne country, into side-issues incompatible with the | It was on one of these exeursions that he penetrated through the Veddah country and reached Batticaloa to find coconut planting progressing under the fostering eare of O'Grady, Carey, Munro and Cumming, all plueky sports- men and most congenial spirits. Ever ready to invesé and throw in bis lot with such friends, Mr. Nicol lost no time in applying for a block of land. The land was soon surveyed and in due course purchased, so that next year when he returned to Batticaloa on a shooting trip, he found himself -proprietor of some 500 acres of finely-situated land by the sea-side including a pretty little bay; the surveyor having for convenience run the chain right across its neck,— s0 including the water in the acreage. At first Mr. N. was rather pleased with this arrange- ment ; but on second thoughts he saw such an excellent opportunity of giving the Government Agent a rap over the knuckles, that he could not resist the chance. Few men could write more caustically,—especially to officials,—and we can readily imagine with what delight he dropped down upon the Government witha formal complaint the gist of which was that he “ decidedly objected to have to purchase from them any portion of the Bay of Bengal !” There was no replying to such a letter save by sending a Surveyor at once to eut off the disputed water, or rather to deduct the extent from the acreage. But the day came when A.N repented him of his rashness ! In after years when the coco-palms began to yield their increase the little bay proved very convenient for the natives to stealthily approach the beach in their canoes and help themselves, Exasperated by this Mr. Nicol bethought himself of putting up a stron fence across the niouth of the bay, and tying his previous letter had been long ago forgotten wrote offering to pay for this privilege. But in this case the biter was bit ; the Government Agent replying that “ the Government of Ceylon decidedly objected to sell to him or to any one else any portion of the Bay of Bengal!” ’ By this time the subject of our memoir was in jis 3lst year; the palms were progressing satisfactorily at Batticaloa; the coffee clearings at Rangala making rapid strides, T. Pride—a model planter—was doing ad- mirable work on Rangala estate, while the courtly W. N. Duckworth on beautiful Battegalla was sadly puzzled what the deuce to do with it Dr. Duncan toiled away with tolerable success ie his rigged brae-face ; while that great gamester., R. Gerard was supposed to act as planting adviser and Visiting Agent for Galbodde and TJagolla. Gerard was by no means s pee planter, but a so-called lucky man : evefyshine he had hitherto touched bats tual ae Fes, t, 1894.] gold. When fis career, however, comes to be written, it will be found to contain a shocking bad example and dreadful sequel. His style of visiting may be inferred from the fact that some years after this, when asked if he would take a walk down and see Galbodde, he replied : ““No faith ye, my boy, I had charge of the estate for two years and never yet put a foot upon it.” In short, the management of Galbodde and Illagolla was up to this time not quite a success. Money was liberally spent, but the work was only done by fits and starts, without any method and with very little profit. Fortunately for himself and fortunately for Rangalla, Mr. Nicol at this time hit upon the idea of indenting on home for a thoroughly competent manager, and in 1851 Mr. James Sangster Martin appeared uponthe scene. Martin took in the situa- tion almost at a glance, and ina marvellously short time blossomed forth into one of the best and most careful estate managers Ceylon ever saw, though strange enough, up to the last he never could utter an intelligible sentence in Tamil ! Seeing his success, Mr. Nicol soon sent for another of the same ilk. The result was Mr. John Martin in 1854, and a very fit addition to the staff he proved to be, as his career, in Dimbula chiefly, ever since—for he is still with us—was amply shown. With such assistance, the Rangalla pioueer was now a made man, and could devote his leisure to business, pleasure or politics as the spirit might move him. It is curious by the way, to compare here the two rising young Scotchmen of that day :—both coming M. L. C.’s, both born in the same year, in neighbouring townships. But here the similarity ceases. The seer of Dumbara (RK.B.T.) with his self-acquired capital and education gradually developing into a John Bright amongst, planters ; while our friend of Rangala with his almost classical learning and unlimited credit, was rapidly ripening into the Roebuck of Ceylon, — A comparison might also be made with an- other Colonist already referred to, Mr. Charles Shand, who became merchant as well as planter like Mr. Nicol. For, in 1854, the subject of our notice became the head of a mercantile house -in Colombo, which had previously been in existence for agood many years as ‘‘ Messrs. Dowdall, Cargill & Co.” It now became ‘Messrs. Nicol, Cargill & Co,” Mr. Nicol’s partner and manager being Mr. 5S. T. Richmond (who still survives in Colombo as our oldest mercantile resident). Mr. Rich- mond arrived in Bombay in 1842, and came down to Colombo in April 1848, settling here with Messrs. Dowdall, Cargill & Co, in the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. “the 505 following year.—Another partner in the new firm was Mr. Alexander Campbell White, also an old Bombay merchant, and who has lived to be- come one of our most extensive proprietors of plantations. About this time (1854) Mr. Nicol took his first trip home, becoming tenant of Auchintoul House, Marnoch, Banffshire, where he was joined by his friends, W. N. Duckworth and R. Gerard. ‘Three lively blades” they were, as many in-the neighbourhood could testify. In 1858, however, the redoubtable Andrew Nicol was fairly captured by the then reigning belle of Banffshire, Miss Stronach, who, amidst all the troubles of life that were yet to be faced, proved a most devoted, charming and in every way suitable helpmeet for him. Two years later, viz., in 1858, we find Mr. Nicol once more en route for Ceylon, ac- companied by Mrs. Nicol and several relatives. He had now to return to work in earnest ; for, during his absence, the notorious Frank Hudson® had made sad inroads upon the capital of ‘hia firm (Nicol, Cargill & Co.), having received heavy advances without giving adequate security ; the consequence of which was that Mr. Nicol had reluctantly to take over several of what appeared abt the time to be rather undesirable properties in Dimbula and elsewhere, and to endeavour to work out the loas as best he could. Other estates more or less desirable, Ba!- lacadua, Cabroosa, &c., of which he had been part owner, now fell entirely into his hands. It was a brave and hard struggle, all the harder that the unlimited banking support yave way when most needed. Albeit, right pluckily did Mr. Nicol put his shoulder to the wheel, ever to be found rushing in red haste from Colo:nbo to Dimbula, and from Dimbula to Rangala or Matale, always off at a tangent, and always with a certain kind of erratic love for planting and gardening. Give Mr. Nicol a couple of good peaches in Colombo at tiffin, and next morning he would rush up to Lunugalla to plant the stones, returning in time to dictate few drasti > letters. No man ever enjoyed his own letters more; and no man who knew him, ever fett any worse for them. As arule he was a liberal employer, but subject to fits of economy; as when he wrote in red ink across the Ballacudua Estate subscription to a Kirk:—‘‘Save your soul at your own expense, Sir, ” and returnet the aje to the manager. It was about this time (in the year 186) tht he first dubbed himself ‘‘ The poor but industrcous *Sapposed to bea natural son of Sir Hudson Lowe an! the founder in Colomb> of ‘the short-lived firm of Hudson, Chandler & Co,—F. Hudson's after career has been an extraordinary one as Hotel Manager, Billiard Marker, &c., and it ig not finished yet we believe. 506 Planter,” a cognomen which stuck to Mr. Nicol through the remainder of his life. The descrip. tion occurred in this wise:—he had freely and generously given to Government a building at Teldeniya to be used as a Post Office; but after a time the Government Agent probably forgetting the cireumstance, and only re- membering him. as proprietor, wrote officially requesting him to have the premises white- washed without delay, This called forth a characteristic letter in which A. N. deplored the meanness of the Ceylon Government, who not content with sitting rent free had the effrontery to ask him, ‘A poor but industrious planter,” to whitewash their Post Office for them ! To see Andrew Nicol at his best, however was to meet him casually at an out-of-the-way rest-house. ‘To hear him tackle the appu, see him tuck up his shirt-sleeves, beat the steak, or teach the astonished cook how to fry sardines in paper. ‘Then after dinner to hear him ehaff Charles Shand about his ‘‘ enterprising spirits in Sabaragamuwa,” or Alexander Gibson as to his investments in the wilds of Haputale,— contrasting these with his own profitable places and capable men in Rangala, generally winding up the evening with a few yarns illustrating his prowess as a sportsman. Here is a sample taken down verbatim et literatim 33 years ago :— “We were bothered with a brute of an elephant at Batticuloa. Jock Cumming had been after him for days, but could not get near him. I was living in a small talipot hut, and at night my servant lay at my feet. One night I was awakened by the shrieks of my appu, and a strange, rattling, thumping noise in the roof, With my dim floating light I could just see the huge trunk of an_ elephant swinging backwards and forwards right above me; his head filled the doorway, and he had evidently made up his mind to havea lark withus at his leisure. I mounted to my elbow, slipped my hand below my camp-bed, where my rifle lay, always ready loaded; steadily and deliberately I took my aim, and fired. There was a terrific snort, a trumpet and something like an earthquake, I replaced my rifle, turned on my side and was asleep again in 5 minutes, but in the morning a large rogue elephant lay dead in front of our hut !” It was about this time—1861—that he became Planting M.L.C., and on the whole avery good and useful member he made. ‘The Council have no longer all their wits about them” said the senior Editor of the Observer, when Mr, Nico! retired, on account of another visit home in 1862. On this voyage, Mr. Nicol’s experience and fertility of resource as a pioneer and jungle resident came well to the front ; for the P, & O., THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1894: Steamer ‘‘ Colombo,” Capt. Farquhar, in which he left Galle in November of that year, ran ashore on the North end of Minicoy island, and although passengers and crew were all saved, they had rather a dreary time of it ashore, until they were able to communicate with the Coast of India and Colombo, Mr. Nicol excelled himself as hut-builder and caterer on this occasion, and ladies and ehildren felt much indebted to him.—In 1863, Mr. Nicol re- tired from mercantile business, his Firm being merged in that of Messrs Fowlie, Richmond & Co., and to this house there came to Ceylon, three members of the community, still in our midst.—Messrs.. W. Law, R L. M, Brown, and William Somerville, In 1864 Mr. Nicol once more returned to his native town, and took up his residence at St. Ann’s Hill—a villa in the suburbs. But Banff had greatly changed, bona-fide friends were fewer, the many who claimed acquintance were poorer, while he himself was not richer. He was pestered with begging letters, and particularly deplored the growing want of inde- pendence amongst the rising generation. The boys he said ‘could no longer play at marbles or kick a foot-ball without electing a Secretary to beg, while women forsook their sacred household duties, to meet where the maximum of talk and minimum of work, qualified aCom- inittee to beg.” Now Mr. Nicol was by no means an illiberal man; but like all gentlemen of experience preferred to dispense his own charities. The climax seemed to come in the formation of a ‘Bathing Club,” afew dirty boys having resolved upon an occasional dip, and elected a Committee, whose Secretary—James Watt—was instructed to write to the retired Ceylon Planter for asubscription. This tickled A. N.’s sense of the ludicrous, and called forth one of his inimitatle letters, in which ‘although depre- cating anything that would tend to destroy the fine spirit of independence amongst Scottish youth,” he continued, — “‘ there was something 50 commendable in the Banff young men volun- tarily undertaking to wash themselves, that he had much pleasure in sending a subscription of £2 2s, and would be glad to continue this annually, provided that the money was spent on soap. The Secretary quietly pocketed the sarcasm with the cheque, and took care never to omit year after year while they both lived to apply for the ‘‘ soap money.” But although Mr. Nicol had a natural horror of appearing on subscription lists, few men, perhaps, gave more liberally or unostentatiously, and to many who had the very reverse of any claim upon him, Frank Hudson, for instance, who had. done more to injure and ruin him Fes. 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 507 than any living man, appealed to him in hiv direst necessity, and was not sent empty away. For ten years, Mr. Nicol continued in Banffshire, chiefly oceupying himself with fishing and shoot- ing. Then, after 1874, Mr. and Mrs Nicol spent four or five years on the Continent of Europe for the education of their children, Then during a few years more Mr. and Mrs. Nicol, with their interesting and accomplished family of daughters, moved about from place to place; now at Elgin; now at Glassangh or Grantown ; now holiday-making in Jersey, or travelling in Germany. Mr. Nicol himself, however, made two trips to Ceylon during the ‘‘seventies.” Then about 1880, he with his family, settled down in London for residence. In 1885 he again found it necessary to return to Ceylon through the exigencies of that fell leveller, the coffee leaf-fungus, a crisis, however, which brought out many of the best qualities of Ceylon’s leading pioneers. Although no longer young, and no longer sup- ported by unlimited credit, with his own native shrewdness and latent energy alone Mr. Nicol met the disaster. Right manfully did he set to work and right honourably did he meet all his en- gagements. During the critical days of transition from coffee to cinchona and ecinchona to tea, Mr. Nicol lived closely on his Dimbula estates, working with a will and cheerfulness that put to shame many a younger man, so that at the end of four years, viz. in 1889, his estates were once more in a fairly flourishing condition. But by this time his own health was far from satis- factory, and when he returned home, as he did in the spring of this year (leaving Ceylon in February 1889),—his friends saw with concern that the end was drawing near. It was hoped that in the genial climate of Elgin, life might peradventure be prolonged yet a few yearse Butit was not to be; and on Sunday 23rd June, 1889, at the residence of a son-in-law, Andrew Nicol passed peacefully away at the age of threescore and ten. Altogether, it is said that Mr. Nicol had made the voyage between England and the East no less than twenty-three times, an evidence of his energy and activity. APPENDIX. It may be of interest here to shew what was said of Rangalla—the district above all others, identified with Mr. Nicol,—in our **Directory and Gazetteer” for 1859, the first published at the Observer Press. We also give a list of all the Collee and Coconut properties owned by Andrew Mr. Nieol or his firm, in that year in the Rangalla and Dimbula Districts, and in jhe Eastern Province :— RANGALLA. This fine District was separated from “the Knucklea’’ by the Committee of the Planters’ Association in 1856. They defined it as bounded North by the Cottaganga; East by the Kuouckles and Medamaha- neura ridge; South by the Bambragamma Oya; and West by the Hoolooganga. The Statistics referred to 8 Estates, the names of which were furnished to us as follows :—Cotaganga; Girinde Elle; Lovegrove; Gallebodde; Rangwella; Batta- galla; Rangalla No. 1; Rangalla No: 2. The acres in bearing were returned at 1,200; not bearing 500; total 1,700. The average cultivation on Estates was, therefore, 239 acres, and the crop being returned at 9,000 cwt.; the average yield per acre was so high as 8 cwts. The labour requirements of the District in crop time cannot be less than about 3,500 coolies. The Girinde ella Estate lies to the North of the Cottaganga River, and is therefore not strictly within the limits fixed by the Plantera’ Committee; but it belongs to the District and must be included. It will be observed that our list now embraces 12 Estates, the cultivation on which is as follows:—Acres in bearing or partially so 1,800; young 700; total 2,500; and more land is being opened this season. From this acreage the estimated crop of 1853-59 is set down at 13,500 cwts, or 74 owt. per acre. Cultivation was commenced in this District in 1843-45, and none of the land opened has been abandoned. The elevation is from 2,500 to 4,500; the general altitude being 3,000 feet. It would be difficult to say which aspect is best— altho’ the field which has borne, for a series of years, the largest crops happens to have an Eastern exposure. It cannot be denied, however, that the climate is, at times, too wet to be pleasant. The average temperature is from 60 to 68°. The District is not injuriously affected by wind, but Bug occa- sionally appears, ; 3 Oe Vapi icne Fa eB a Bad = ; s ag 2.2 a Fe dm & ae Og =a go an yo : $ro2 oa agoos Aue BUG a OF {52nd 4nQq DwA6'S =O cal em Gas an aOnd ma rs 50. aia A OS Ba 32 | S M |e s Soe ea Zou ae i ¢ az n, SOR a 6) A 4es aie oe Silk etl lac] 5 SHS SAh) citicec? Ob eae CaS Q & 3 ix ale o = ~ = 3 OS) es D So aus SoD Fc Se one Ss ay S3,38 A |Sesa? 2¢ sae Sasa |emoos ss A So4 SSOE a 22 mA to | O = ji ¢ te sen2ws & 2 oa > Micgaes o Sa aon Sa Boss HORRY ZP Bam OBO 508 Borysspondengs. a To the L£ditor. A COMPLAINT ABOUT CEYLON TEA PACKAGES. Dear Sir,—For the information of planters and ‘in the interest of the trade, we send you for pub- lication the enclosed correspondence. Please omit all names.—Yours faithfully, p. Barucate, Pim & Co, F. F. STREET. Colombo, January 5th, 1894. an ae Sirs,—We purchased in sale 30th ef August last a, parcel of pekoe from the above estate. ‘I'he con- stituent to whom we shipped this tea complains that it ‘‘waa badly tainted with the smell of the wood-— a strong smelling pine most unsuitable for tea.” We have no record in our books as to whether these were local or imported packages; but from the de- scription given them by our correspondent, we think they must have been Japanese Cedar. If this is the case we think planters’ attention should be drawn to the matter through the medium of the press, that their use may be discontinued in future. We have always contended that Japanese cedar ackages ought not to be used for tea, but that Japanese JMomi packages are the best in use.—We are, dear sirs, yours faithfully, t pp. Barucare, Pim & Co., (Signed) F. F. STREET. Colombo, December 18th, 1893. Messrs. Bathgate, Pim & Co. , Dear Sirs,—We much regret the complaint to which you refer in your letter of the 18th instant. The tea in question was not made at — , but we passed your remarks on to the superintendent of the -eatate, and he informs us that the packages were not mede of Japan Cedar but of Pine wood obtained from English packing cases.—We are, dear sir, yours ithfully, EC oloit 0, December 29th, 1893. GERMAN EAST AFRICA: INFORMATION WANTED. §1r,—Will you or any of your numerous readers please furnish, through the medium of your invaluable journal, ‘the following information for the benefit of the Young Ceylon Creeper ? A certain metropolitan firm, I sce is advertis- ing for Ceylonese, understanding planting, and wishing to go abroad, to proceed to German East Africa to join the planting line thither; on a term of engagement for three years. The salary held out by them is 5, 6 and 7 sovereigas* for the first, second and third year respestively. Do you think this is a sufficient inducement for “ Young Ceylon” to proceed to distant A‘rica and will this suffice to keep them agoing | com-+ fortably there and enable them to bring a “‘ renny” on their return?—Yours truly, “JREEPER.” A HINT TO DIRECTORS OF TEA AND PRODUCE COMPANIES. _ S1r,—Now that the Directors of the various Tea and Produce Companies in the island will! 00a be issuing their Reports for the past year, there ee * Per mensem ? equal to R80 to R112. It depends en- ‘vele ce the cost ae in German East Africa :—for many yearsat the beginning of the Planting Enter- pride. in Geylon, tbe allowance to youcg European Piantivg Acsictynts wes £8 38 4d (under Rv2) per mensem-—and rot afew saved money, in those very chasp days for food. and servants.—Ep. 7.4. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fee. 1, 1894. is & suggestion that I should like to make, and which I am sure will recommend itself to all shareholders and to others locking out for iavest- ments, and that is, that each report should contain a detailed account of the acreage of the Company i.€. 80 many acres of tea (or other produce) planted such and such a year, and so many seres of forest, &s., &. The only Company that gives this information in detail in its report at present, so far as I am aware, is the Yataderia Tea Company, and I should like to recommend to other Directors, the embodyment of this useful information in their reports, SHAREHOLDER. CHINA ¥V. CEYLON TEA. Kandy, Jan, 11. S1zn,—The ever-increasing area cultivated with tea seems certain in the near future to produce a lower range of prices than now prevaile. In view of this and of a probable struggle of the eurvival of the fittest it ceems strange that so much apathy is displayed by planters and exporters on the great experiment now being tried in India to make the rupee artificially dearer, and so to force and unnaturally high exchange that tells directly against the exporter of tea from India and Ceylon and offers a premium to his competitor in China. Bir John Lubbock and other strong mo- nometalists are now eaid to be urgent for the imposition of an import duty on silver entering India; should their counsels prevail China will be the only great market left for the metal, Certainly there is no danger: of the Chinese imposing a duty; they want ali they can get, and are not at all particular wheth-r it is coined or in bars. It looks as if at no distant date the Mongolian will get for a shilling as much silver a8 is contained in a rupee, and if simul- taneously with this the Government of India euc- ceeds in establishing the artificial value of sixteen pence for the same coin (which is what they pro- fess to be aiming at). Itneeds but a small arithme- tical calculation to show that the teaexporier from India and Ceylon will be handicapped to the extent of 33} per cent as against the merchant exporting from China. Surely this cannot be fully understood by those interested in the great tea industry or they would speedily make their yoices heard in condemnation of this great financial experiment which has already inereased the debt of India by many millions sterling and is rapidly leading the Goyera- ment into unknown financial depths. I am not at all interested in tea, but beg to subscribe myself A STUDENT OF THE GREAT SILVER QUESTION. CARNIVOROUS PLANTS. Dgar Srr,—I should like to Know if your readers have found in Ceylon those pretty litile plants the Sundewe, or Droserss. I do not find men- tion cf them in Trimen’s Fiora of (eylon, in the firat vol. where I ehould think they ought to apzear if at all. Two species, the rotundifolia and longi- folia sre found on” the Pulney Hills, “8. India, at'an elevation of 5,000 to 7.000 f-et. A few days - since I found the filiform’s at the cea level. Loudon puts its native country es New Jersey. I haya cen it near there, but had no idea it wou'd grow here. The little plants with their purple flowers almwst coverel the ground for some distinee With their dewy fly trap3. Numeroas flies had teen caught: Some of them of ordihary size. The Fes. t, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 509 leaves about two inches in length are mere stalks covered with reddish hairs. In some cases the fly was rolled up in the tip. In others where it siuck near the middle of the Jeat the stalk or leaf was bent into a semicircle around it to bring more of the glutinous hairs to bear on the prey and dissolved it. One leaf I noticed had two of these curyes in ita length around two little flies. These plants could hardly have been introduced, for they were six miles from any mission house, and if they were at all abundant in the peninsula I think I would have seen them before—Yours truly ‘“ OBSERVER.” [Dr. Trimen is good enough to give us the follow- ing note on- the above :—‘‘ We find three kinds of Sundew in Ceylon, Drosera Burmanni, D. in- dica and D. péltata., The firstis generally distri- buted in wet places throughout the island, the eecond rather rare and confined to the low-country andthe last is found ony in the hill-country and is common about Nuwara Eliya. All three also inhabit Peninsular India, and the first two are no doubt the D. rotundifolia and D. longifolia of your correspondent (being very like those Hnglish species at first right), As to D. filiformis, it is only know ag a N. American plant, and Ishould be glad tocee specimens of the ispesies considered to ke the same found by your correspondent, if he will kindly send a few. In the sequence of natural orders followed in my Flora the Droseracec come in the second part, coon to be publishei.— Henry Tarmen, Peradeniye, Jan. 9th.—Ep. 7.4.) THE TEA CHESTS OF THE FUTURE. Dzan Srr,—A fine to-do about Acme boxes. Thera are strong doubts as to their ultimate sua- sess. I should say the rumour of the disease in the Momi trees was vot, pure and simple. My Jap friend’s agent was here three months ago and he says the supply is practioslly inexhaustible. There are two quarters where the interest in the near future may be to run down and run out Momi boxes if possible in view of the Udugama Com- pany and the Acme boxes, but they won’t succeed | There is nothing to touch Momi a‘ present. MOMI FOR EVER. [To which we reply that the ‘‘rot, pure and simple ” was contained as we stated in advices sent from Japan toa mercantile house, whose interests are by no means adverse to the trade in Japan tea chests,—Ep. 7.4 ] j STOWING TEA AND BOXES' SUPPLY. Dear Sin,—In7ve the remarks the other day re Tea boxes, &o., ‘ the idea of screw-jacks in stowing tea boxes is apsurD. With cotton bales and similar elastic goods you can understand it. Besides they would not have time to work them here. I kave myself stowed cotton and know all about it. Aman came to me to know what truth about Momi running short? By and by I’Jl send you the Jap reply. {ft is all rot that rumour.— Yours, &, TEA BOX, THE TEA QUESTION :—XLIV. Dear Srr,—The essential conditions for the ‘‘production of good tea"—which ought, but does not alwaya, mean also good priccs—have been pretty well threshed out in the forty-three letters from practical men published by you. Such a ' collection of yiews does good if it only sets men thinking and comparing; but I don't think - anything very novel has been elucidated, or anything which a practical man with an estate altsady planted upand factory already built and fitted, can seiza upon to enable him to do better than he always has done, As, for the majority of estates, euch questions as “elevation, jat and soil” are fixed and eettled quantities, it seems to me almost superfiuous to discuss them in public*, But ‘How to produce the best made tea under these fixed conditions ?’ is for each planter a problem for bis own solution. My own opinion is that good tea of the various sorts can be made anywhere and everywhere, with care. in plucking, withering and firing, and sorting, But as regards. ‘‘stand out” teas of exceptional values, how can they he cf any interest to any but a few? What is the practical use of discussing this question by planters at large? The Ceylon planters already turn out good teas in immense quantities for which they do not receive approximate fair value from the trade. It is not so much that the several estates which used to get high prices produce worse tea than they did, as the fact that we others have caught them up with a general rush, neither doing themselves nor oureelves any good. Our great enemies are the buyers and the trade who, by competing and cooperating with each other to pay as little as possible, nearly destroy the tea-producing industry: ‘the real question for discussion is ‘* How to get value for good tea?’» The tea we make is good enough. . A TEA MAKER. GRIEVANCES OF CACAO PLANTERS. Wattegama, Jan, 20. Dzar S1r,—Is Government not going to pro.ect us cacio planters? Here is some «Xperience as reported to me:—A boy caught redhanded with pods in his possession gets off ecot-free, because no other offenca wag proved against him. A boy caught with pods in his possession was let off because he was too young for punishment (8 to 10 years old). A boutiquekeeper was found in possession of some 10 pods of green cocoz in his house. He accounted for them that a relation had sent them to bim at his request for planting the seed in his garden— voluntary statement ; now all the pods were green and unfit to plant as the man know well when. he made that statement. Some pods had been robbed from a native close by his boutique, yet the later would not go to Court as he would not spend the same amount of money as the other man could, The peace officer took the man to the Magistrate and there being no complainant (who lost crop) the man was let off, A boutique man was found in possession of half- cured cocoa. He first said be got it from his brother's garden. Then, when that garden was visited and no eigns on the trees of pods having been plucked, he said he bought it froma native. On going to the native’s garden it was found he had only Caraccas whereas at least half of the cocoa taken was Forastero. He further said he bought the whole for 4d from that man whereas that man said he only sold him and got paid for 2d. No theft could ba proved by ,planters, so no case wes allowed to be taken. We want a law toenable ug to get hold of the receiver; either he must prove where he got the produce from in a proper set of books or stand the consequence for having produce in his posseseion for which he cannot account for; Several cases for cocoa theft haye been proved in our Court and proper punishments given to those convicted, which certainly ought to deter others from thieving. * Our correspondent forgets that ‘there are still young planters and “seeking” capitalists in the land {—Hp, 7.4, “ i tes 510 On looking over the list of cazes for trial in the Supreme Oourt, ‘I find burglary with theft and murder are on the increace. The question is why is this? Are our ordinances defective or are they not properly administered ? It is now said the Supreme Court is against Magis- trate granting search warrants unless the applicant can swear that he is positive the stolen pro- perty isin the man’s house which he wishes to search. This is no doubt right when application is made to £earch the house of a man of good repute; but when it 18 made to search a man’s house, who was before convicted, or is @ well-known suspected thief, receiver or gambler though never convicted before; then asearch warrant should be granted at once ; aod as private as possible for there is always a lot of hangers-on im our QOourts who on hearing ofa search warrant being applied for at once; s°nd the man word (knowing criminals pay well for such information) and the man oan protect himself for the search warrant. We have the born thief who cannot allow a chance to rob escape him. It is these thieves we must watch and when caught give them a severe punishment ; yet some of these men can be made good citizens if. properly managed. Lok at our Australian Convict Colony and even in Ceylon we have some, after ser- ving out their sentences have become good citizens. Untortunatly there is many false cases brought to our Courts and very great responsibility rest with our Magistrates to sift the evidence. Often the ‘false evidenca is given fearless!y by hirsd witnesses ‘who have been well treined what to spy. On the other hand there is some truthful witnesses who hesitate in giving their evidence which Magistrates often think or say to make up false evidence, whereas in point of fact they are most anxious to speak the truth and hesitate as they do not wish to tell an untruth, I have been in Courts and heard come cases tried in which the side that biought forward the false evidence gained the day fur the very reason above quoted. 1 knew the whole facts from both sides, but could say nothing as I was not a witness. Yet I could not b'ame the Magistrate as I should have givea a similar decision on the evidence. I being behind the scene with proof that the eyi- dence ‘on the side tbat gained the case was as false as it could be, was unable to give the help to the innocent party as the Magistrate told me when I got up to speak—as I was not on the witness list to sit down. ‘his refers to a case Gecided some years ago at Panwila. If conviction is obtainei by false evidence, that brings haired and @& man wrongly convicted very often when he returns from jail becomes desperade and looks to have revenge on his false accusers and so eyen- tually becomes a criminal himself, whereas there are others who suffer in preference to take revenge and return again to jail; in these cases the Salva- tion Army has done a geat deal of good in yecovering crimioals from their bad ways. HOLLOWAY, —___—____—___ TEA-BOXES. BEA Paper in the Planter’s Gazette contains a report of an interview with Mr. F. Boultbee, of the firm of Mesers. A. Yates & Co., of Luddenden via Manch- ester, upon the subject cf tea-boxes. Mes-r3. Yates are said to be ‘‘practically famous the world over” as saw-mill Engineers sud wood-working machinists: and Mr. Boultbee ia referred to as having had very wide experience ae a caw-mill Hogioeer in the Far Bast, He bas given special attention to the subject THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1894. of producing good tea-hoxes at low prices. Seeing that the main cause of the present expense ig to be found in the distance the “‘sbooks” have to be carried, the remedy that naturally suggested itself was to produce themon the spot. Experiments have been tried and the outcome of them is that Mesers. Yates have patented an inyention for machinery and plant for tea-box making, which they are now supplying at 8 figure that is within the reach of all planters, and the adoption of which should lead to a very consider- able saving in their annual outlay, while at the same time rendering them independent of any onteide supply. Many tea gardens have ample power for driving the box-making plant during the months when the power is not required for manufacturing ten. And even where this is not the osee a central box- making factory might be established. Hitherto the great expense has been in the cost of bringing the log to the factory to be ‘‘ broken down” and pre- pared for sawing up, and when sawn up, shipping to the various gardens. In the ordinary way the “ break- ing down” would have to be done by a Rack Bench, Timber Frame, or Band-Shaw, which sre pot only most expensive in themselves, but require heavy and expensive foundaticns on whieh to work with grest power to drive them. Messrs. Yates & Co. claim that the machinery which they have patented as the result of Mr, Boultbee’s researches, entirely obviates all these obstacles. They maintain that all that is required is that the tree in the jungle sheuld be cross cut into short suitable lengths which can be easily split up by simple and effective machine into any size that may be required for cutting the “ shooke.” This machine can be worked either by hand or power, requiriog ‘ only ona horse nominsl ” to drive it. When not requircd foreplitting logs for “ sbhooks ” it can, by a timple aud ivexpensive attachment, be converted to the purpose of splitting up firewood for heating the boilers or even utilised in preparing the tea. Some of our planting readers may be interested in reading the following description ot the plan :— The Patent Log Splitter and Breaking Down Machine is capable of dealing with logs up to 3ft. in diameter and 3ft. 6in. in length, aud ie reckoned to prepare sufficient stuff for 350 tea chests per day or if not employed on this, to split up from 3,000 to 5,000 billets of firewood, according to size ia the same time. The stuff having been “ broken down ’’ Into convenient sizes, is then handed over to the “shook cutting bench,” which is known ia this country | Hogland] as Yates and Boultbee’s Patent Self-Feeding Salety Saw Bench. This unique machine ig per- fectly automatic in its action, atsolutely safe, and will acourately saw up a sufficient number of “shooke” or strips for 250 to 300 bores (according to size) per diem of eight hours. This bench isalso arranged for cross-cutting ends and for jobbing purposes generally. In addition to the sbove machines it 1s recommended that an improved Box Maker’s Planing and Thick- ‘nessing Machine, fitted with tongueing and grooving attachment for jointing the “ shooks,” and checking Machine for sidesand ends be added, which complete little plant would turn out first class tea chests accurately made, giving equal tares, and saving “bulking,” which is a most important consideration, Messrs. Yates supply a complete plant as described above for £300.—M. Times. COFFEE MACHINERY. French makers of decorticators, pulpers, and winnowers specially suited for treating coffee, should send their price-lists and models of machines, It would also be well if some coffee-producing countries could be mentioned where any maker has placed his machinery. All price-lists, prospectuses, and catalogues in Spanish should state the exact amount .of work done by each machine. The “hacendados,” or landed proprietors of the Yungas, would prove very profitable clients for such epppratis qarable of aad Mae a by men, orses, mules, or oxen,—French Chargé & Offaires Lia Pe : arms 8 3 eas y : ‘ . 3 2 Fes. 1, rae CEYLON MANUAL ‘OF CHEMI- CAL ANALYSES. —_ = A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.S. (Continued from page 452. ) Coconut Poonac. Coconut poonac is the residue of the kernel of the fruit of the coconut palm, (cocos nucifera) after the greater part. of the oil has been expressed from it. As amanure it ismuch inferior to castor cake. The following two analyses exhibit its composition :— Analyses of Coconut Poonae. per cent. | per cent. Moisture 13:00 1120 Organic matter 8079 79°70 Soluble ash... as 5:09 6:47 Sand G00 aes 1:12 2°63 100-00 100°00 Nitrogen as S00 3 3°33 Equal to ammonia 3°64 404 Crushed Tallow Oil Cake. This substance is made from the seeds of one of the Tallow trees. An analysis to test its yalue as & manure yielded the following results. Analysis of Crushed Tallow Oil Cake. * per cent, Moisture oi LO: “Organic matter ace we 86°30 Ash eee eee aoe 3°70 100-00 * Containing nitrogen «. Geppagcal Valuable ash ge co AA Sand sob 80 1-19 The sample was in a fine state of mechanical division, 92°6 per cent. passing through a sieve of 10 meshes to the lineal inch and 82°4 through a sieve of 28 meshes to the lineal inch. Judzing from the chemical analysis it is not equal to coconut poonac as a manure. PHOSPHORIC ACID MANURES The following are the manures which are pur- chased for their phosphatic ingredients only :— Rone ash, animal charcoal, mineral phosphates, such as phosphorite and coprolite, superphosphates from mineral phosphates, superphosphates from bone ash, animal chareoal, precipitated phos- phates aud basic slag. a- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sit Bone Ash. The two following analyses quoted ,from ‘‘Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Analyti- cal” shew. respectively the composition of pure bone ash from the mixed carcase bones of an entire ox, and also the composition of a commercial sample of bone ash :— Analyses of Bone Ash. Pure. |Commercial. Water and carbon we. | 1°86 6°70 * Phosphoric acid 39°55 33°68 Lime 52°46 43°37 Magnesia 1:02 1:14 Oxide of iron ‘17 58 Carbonic acid, alkalies ) and substances not 4°43 4°84 determined Siliceous matter oof Sl 9°69 4 a aed oc 100:00 100°00 * Equal to arene i phosphate 86°34 73°52 From 70 to.75 per cent. tricalcic phosphate represents the commercial standard of purity, for this article. Animal Charcoal. The following according to Krocker is the average composition of animal charcoal :— per cents Moisture : vs -2°350 Carbon and volatile matters 12°388 Lime SS ve 387416 * Phosphoric acid see «. .29°690 Carbonic acid cH vv. 2'400 Sand > i vey 131300 Other matters de soo «=. 1 °456 100-000 64°105 The composition of waste animal charcoal varies between wide limits, depending on the use to which it has been put. * Equal to tricaleic phosphate... It is only when its power of decolorising liquids for which it is chiefly used in the arts has become spent, that it is sold to the manure manufacturer, to be converted into superphosphate. The following, according to R. Weber, represent the limits between which the ingredients of animal charcoal vary. Composition of Spent Animal Charcoal. (WEBER.) Phosphates from 50 to 82 per cent. Caleium earbonate + 5 to 10 . Free lime aA 1 to 6 . Sand i 2 to 28 ae Water and Hedi bot” 9 to 26 es Mineral Phosphates. These are mostly used for the manufacture of superphosphate ; but when finely ground may be applied to the soil digect. The fellowing from 512 ag Chemistry : Theoretical, Practical and Analyti- | tal” represents the percentage composition of some Of tem shan Lositon'® init v Analyses of Mineral Phosphates. Po ener Spanish Phosphorite. 23") Es | ae ‘Ss | 23] .S waiters Sa\l/cs = = | 5s ALD 2 =) = = 2 = =) e Sa | &< 5 = as) 7 'é) 7) hy & Lye —— a ae Water ; ) ;, Set 5 f Loss om ignition } 90 aoe Bia Toe Phosphoric acid| 35-69 | 33°27 | 33°38 | 28°67 | 26-62 Lime: «+|-46°39 | 45°56 | 47°16 | 40°60 | 43°30 Magnesia ‘74 | +=. | trace} 1°48) -95 Potash Jf] ) 36 [oe ni a D8 Soda p= — aed — “64 Ferric oxide 1:29; — 2°59 ‘63 2-18 Alumina sda | — 89 30 | 2-05 Carbonic acid...) none; — | 410) 4°67) 6-82 Sulphuricacid... 29; — ‘OT “90 -9] Chlorine «| 162) — “7 = — Fluorine cf — — BAe . Siliteous matter} 11-62 | 10°38 | 3°71 20°92) 8-49 Ph os phoric ae FeO On 77-90 | 72:62 | 72°87 | 62°59 | 58°11 cic phospate Carbonate «of calcium. none| — 9°31 | 10°62 | 15:50 Lime ‘for 100 ‘phos. acid 130 | 137 | 141 | 142 | 163 According to Mr. Pringle (Tropica) Agricultur- ist. 1891) both bone ash and mineral phosphates, which: are to be applied directly to the soil as manures, should bein a state of division, such that. 90 per cent. passes through a sieve of 80 meshes to the linear inch. The same agricultural chemist says : ‘‘ Of mineral phosphates high class ‘¢ Spanish called Estramadurite, has from 75 to 82 ‘‘per: cent. phosphates; inferior qualities are *‘ often in the market with only 50 per cent. orsoin them, Canadian and Norwegian apatites -‘©and Aiuba phosphate are generally very rich, ‘having sometimes as much as 90 per cent. ‘+ tricalecic phosphate. There are a great number * of others; but these are the most suitable, and ‘I prefer Aruba, as it is as soft and as easily “‘ decomposed as bone ash, and is generally ‘© cheaper.” ‘ ' Deposits of guano are met with which have parted with nearly all their nitrogen, and are valued on the basis of their phosphoric acid. Some of these guanos contain phosphoric acid equivalent to upwards of 70 per cent. tricalcic anesphalte: These, as well as bone ash and mineral phosphates, are used in the manufacture of superphosphates. From phosphatic guanos, by tieatment with sulphuric acid, are prepared the ‘superphosphates that are richest in soluble phosphates. As these guanos are free from excess of lime, and contain almost no iron and alumina, practically the whole of the phosphate can be rendered soluble, and they yield a superphos- phate, containing from 40 to 45 per cent. of ,Soluble phosphate, z.¢., tricalcic phosphate rendered soluble. Bone ash contains a little lime not ‘combined with phosphoric acid, which is con- verted into gypsum, thus adding to the non- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1894, q : f Ot yao phosphatic ingredients ; hence bone ash super- phosphates are not quite so. rich’ in soluble phosphates as those made from high class phos- phatie guanos, still the superphosphates made from bone ash are of excellent quality, and may be reckoned to yield from 35 to 40 -per cent. of soluble phosphates. Mineral phosphates yield superphosphates rich in soluble phosphates, in proportion to the richness of the mineral phos- phate, to the fineness of the grinding of the mineral and to its freedom from iron, aluminum, and calcium carbonate. A range of from 20 to over 40 per cent. of soluble phosphate may be looked for in this class of superphosphate. From Carolina river phoneme 30 per cent. and from Cambridge coprolite 25 per cent. soluble phosphates are said to be fair yields. The following is Kroeker’s analyses of a superphosphate made from Baker guano :— Analysis of Superphosphate. per cent, Moisture own is Sd ? Chemically combined water oe p27 OO Combustible matter y af * Soluble phosphoric acid os a + Insoluble do vie 1-05 Sulphurie acid ae we» 24°65 Lime os ‘a +. 23°20 Magnesia... =a oh SRO Alkalies 3 = we “49 Insoluble matter a cae Poll 100-00 * Equal to tricaleic phosphate rendered soluble... << ee 46°52 t Equal to tricaleic phosphate .... 2°29 The following are the analyses of two samples of superphosphate imported to Ceylon :— Analyses of Superphosphates imported to Ceylon. per cent, Moisture hy: yd # Chemically combined water and ... } 21°78 Combustible matter ie * Soluble phosphoric acid... 15°66 t Insoluble phosphoric acid "1°50 Sulphuric acid eee 29°06 Lime “ee oe «. 23°35 Magnesia, alkaline salts and 9-35 oxide of iron ... = om Insoluble matter ah so.) 630 100°00 * Equal to tricalcie phosphate vren- dered soluble ty oe «34-2 t Equal to tricalcic phosphate oe BQT The following is a bette: sample of ‘superplios- phate, the results being also reported ina different form from the above :— ~ per cent. Moisture and other volatile matter... 24-10 * Monocalcie phosphate (biphosphate) 26-84 Insoluble phosphate of lime oe = 124 Calcium sulphate (hydrated) 46°39 Alkaline salts . 1:08 Insoluble matter Sa one “35 100-00 * Equal to tricalcie phosphate , ove, 42:02 The following analyses by Tatlock represent superphosphates in the most concentrated form which has come under the anthor’s notice, They were manufactured in the year 1892 ;— Fer. 1, 1894.] Analyses of highly-concentrated Superphosphates No. 1. per cent Phosphoric acid soluble in water 32°81 Equal to tribasie phosphate of lime 71°62 or Phosphoric acid soluble in citrate of ammonia «4° ano 37°10 Equal to tribasic phosphate of lime 80-98 ; No. 2. per cent. Biphosphate of lime 56:10 Equal to soluble phosphates 87°83 Insoluble phosphates 12:17 If the price per unit of phosphoric acid in the above does not greatly exceed that in ordinary superphosphates, it is evident there would be a very material saving in freight, by the importation of such highly concentrated superphosphates as compared with those of ordinary quality. Precipitated Phosphates. Another highly-concentrated form of phosphate of lime is sold as a manure under the name of precipitated phosphate. It is manufactured by passing ammonia gas into superphosphate of lime, the result being a mixture chiefly of tribasic phosphate of lime and sulphate of ammonia. The sulphate of ammonia is removed by washing, and the dried residue contains from 70 to 80 per.cent. of tribasic phosphate of lime. Another method of manufacture is by the addition of lime to a solution of superphosphate, which throws down tribasic phosphate of lime along with bi-phosphate. The tribasie phos- phate of lime obtained in this manner is much more soluble in water (and therefore much more readily assimilated by plants) than is tribasie phos- phate of lime as it exists in mineral phosphates. This form of phosphate appears to be better anited for soils deficient in lime (like those of Ceylon) than acid manures, and asa further recom- mendation it does not injure the bags in which it is packed like'superphosphate. Its employment on Ceylon estates would altogether depend onits effec- tiveness and cost when compared with bone dust. Basie Slag. Another form of phosphate is deserving of notice which goes by the name of Thomas. Basic Slag, the reputation of which has gone on steadily rising. It is a slag produced in the manufacture of steel from pig iron by the Thomas and Gilchrist process. The slag consists chiefly of phosphate of lime, with excess of lime, the percentage of phosphate of lime varies from 30 to 42 per cent, but it can be purchased under the guarantee of containing phosphoric acid equal to 37 per cent. tribasie phosphate. It is sometimes sold in such a fine state of division, that 75 per cent of the powdered substance passes through a sieve of 168 meshes* to the square inch, in this fine state Thomas phosphate of 40 per cent, tribasie phos- phate is said to be four times more soluble and effeetive than steamed bone meal (Griffiths). The unit of phosphoric acid in this substance is also, as yet, cheaper than in nearly all other phosphatic materials in England, but in Ceylon it~ could only compete with:bone dustin the event of its being found to be more effective as. the cost per unip of phosphate of lime would be R180 as against RO-70. It might be expected to give especially good results on land deficient in lime as it contains some free lime. The fact that it is compartively soluble and therefore readily assi- milated by plants is due to the phosphoric acid * It is most effective when ground much finer than this. It may with advantage be reduced to an impalp- able powder, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 513 existing not as tribasic phosphate, the most insoluble form whick phosphoric acid assumes, bu combined with four molecules*. of lime instead of three as in tribasiec phosphate which renders_ it basic and more unstable. It is worthy of remark that this manure contains oxide of manganese, which is not usually regarded as a necessary contituent of manures; but it is nevertheless a substance which is always present in tea leaves, while it is not an abundant constituent of the soil. Dr. Griffiths in his work on manures, mentions that samples of good quality analysed by Dr. Voelcker and “Mr. Bernard Dyer, show percentages of 19°12 and 19°94 respectively of phosphoric acid, which are equivalent to 41°74 and 43°33 per cent. tribasic phosphate:of lime. The following is.a full analysis of basic slag of a more ordinary quality by Mr. Tatlock :— Analysis of Basic: Slag. : per cent. Lime 0 va 47°65 Magnesia ee 4°74 Oxide of Tron 12°56 Oxide of Manganese -. 2°69 Alumina wee’ | 4°58 Silica a ariG 12°02 * Phosphoric Acid 7 15:09 Sulphurie Acid eee a °27 Sulphur as Sulphide _.., Be 15 Carbonaceous Matter... ap *25 saa ~ 100-00 * Tribasic phosphate of lime >. 32°94 POTASH MANURES.. © The greater part of these manures. that are valued on the basis of their potash only, come from the German mines, prominent amongst which are those of Stassfurth. The following analyses by F. Fursky (Bied. Centr. 1882) exhibit ‘the composition of the Stassfurth manure salts. ro , oy Vaid co CO Ff - oR ae ekeets 0) AN wae al - aS 5 Ws oa Hoe ae le ® os Om Gem UW or) || 2a ee 5, oa lo) we | Ay i : % ro e 8 2eeis Seay TS 1D | sESER = ae N oe Bonne b iS} —-A 7 a o> Si ray = Si + Ss! S nord pe & 1 -S > rm = 2283 9 gq 2 8 Oe 4 q a 8 jen ael te fe is S OAR ~ B Saas. wo ow e| #8344 a 3 ZF 2 & B| 2a85. 4 qi a a © a BLS 2 ate wm a S S BOSS - = ‘ Tk ee 10 ite} te} ite) + =| S8a8s So 8 a AO & > ESOSe4 a eo 4A NA < CoB BAe a AN Clewiae S iS) NS = 7 ’ ; ; 3 S 2 L o o ad i © 3S o = aoa on cemceeS =| a=) f=] eo st ptm = eyo weap Oe eho = = = ro) Sj S > € = 6 = ae oy Eh) eee mde a dat eee i=} nn nm AX gj = o = eo n 5 en Be Qte Bro Blots — a — au S a=] 8 i ee c nib Boley Qo isyuh signal h * The name tetracalcium phosphate has been given to this combination to distinguish it from ordinary tricalcium phosphate, M $14 THE TROPICAL ~The following are older analyees: by. Professor E, Wolff shewi ing the average percentage com- position’ of German ‘salta, and the amount of potash guaranteed : _ Pere bay ; aepspban srt | bw 9 reo" 1 ; Bal |BRaR AAS Abd. | maya es og Pa « O85 | dis woo ‘9 Lae eee BPE ag p07 22 oF 02 89 08 et a a's “t a. ia 28../882 «82 o = ha | 1 . 5S, paid ie Pe [Aa as ie S Es AD en | SE | een pq ~ the 2 4 | S eo a i | ZRSE 2 ae om rd fe S te : SPS Vath BE) .28,) aa Ba bo Sl RG bill Ap Uetbocde bogh Begh Ba aa Ag SS) 23 i fond - on) iy / oes) gS) Seeger = ef) 3s TUT Si as SARRESS 3 A os iS ee) oe ee a ‘ . 8 => XN three times concentrated . four times concentrated five times concentrated Crude potassiwii*magnesium sulphate coricentrated Leopoldshall (Anhalt) Kainit: Potash manure »s Do Do Do Do he followii shews, the eomposition ofa . sample o of kainit, {katt imported to- Ceylon, submitted to me fpranaysie,.; Fr 6 the take of eoaeiar Te, / i Voelcker’s analysis of kainit ;— | per cent, Moisture Bs nl 64 Water of combination ..| 22°81 Potassium sulphate 2s.) 2251 Calcium sulphate ieee Magnesium sulphate | 14-23, Magnesium chloride .| 1316 Sodiam chloride »} 9 29°01 Insoluble siliceous matter.. “36 Alumina si oa 30 aaa 100-00 100-00 “Another of the Stassfurth salts ealled carnal- lite has the following composition, quoted from Richardson and Watt's Chemical Teelinology. Analysis of Carnallite. per cent. Chloride of potassium ... ihe. gi Chloride of sodium a coe eee Chloride of calcium... pace!) | BBQ Chloride of magnesium ... w- ©630°98 Sulphate of lime ae siaes Oxide of iron i. jo noild AAs 4 in H Eel ay AN OI | o i = - | BRSS RE Shes) 73 +OonN Oo + ot oo & | ich 6 |s Zz a | ———_ , igs 5 | Pe AACN w o = 3) e | S882 2 S582 | 2 ol =) —=—=o | oe ; Si 2) 83eR SE Fase eu 3 : ~ao oa HS Eos S|) “HAS 1 Sr = | eae ~ Petey a 1 eo oO > @ a L = “ _SS28 5 2/58ns 225 2 | WISN mw ma PSeomoy cs EY s | alc & | S = en Q | Aras 1 = Misae A eas & aE ~ | irae oe m+ Pa So] ERaB 01S elem SCT TET Tel Spacey Wty ae ae | : oe 2:3 ‘= © * = | Be 2 ono & 7" = es = | zn = ; s 2/5858 & Ss 25— | peti ea >86 » tse eog ‘3 ES eB eowuhigic © p= 6 eR oe ert ege 22 422° ZEEE ees Zo. 284 a5 | Ege go. °S was | 28 2-5 By o & ono B22 "Sos" BSR aes SE, fO2 'Saa Bazgegses £22 |e SMa Saez 6 Stet | one AOuRAOS Ome |.s $3 x*+ x + ne The following is the analysis of a sample of bone meal prepared in Colombo :— Analysis of Bone Meal, per cent. Moisture oi oe 77 * Organic matter ... 29°50 + Phosphorie acid ... 22°63 ' Lime as =e 29°40 Magnesia alkalies, carbonic acid &e. 6°27 Insoluble matter ... se 4°50 100-00 * Containing nitrogen 3°50 Equal to ammonia se 4°25 + Equal to tricalcie phosphate 49°54 The mechanical condition of this sample of bone meal was such that 96 per cent passed through a sieve having 17 meshes to the lineal inch, and fully 70 per cent passed through a sieve haying 30 meshes to the lineal inch. © No sample of the finest form of crushed - bones, viz., bone-flour has as yet been submitted According to the Jate- Pringle, bone flonr should be in ‘sacha’ to me for analysis. Mr. ; state of division that 90 per cent should pass. through a sieve having 80 meshes to the lineal inches. sont ol Fes. 1, 1894] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 517 The following shew the composition of two amples of refuse bone dust :— Analyses of Refuse Bone Dust. iper cent. |per cent. Moisture : nae | 5°42 10-98 * Organie matter Bot ee 9°84 + Phosphoric acid | 8-48 14°89 Lime et see | 14°32 | 20°32 Oxide of iron and alumina | 2°52 ) Magnesia alkalies, carbonic 12:27 acid;~-&e. ... Sha | LS, { Sand pe + | 95°79] 31°70 * Containing nitrogen equal | 10000 | 100°00 to ammonia mere 86 1-01 + Equal to tricaleie phos- | phate ea 20°63 | 32°51 Besides raw bones and steamed bones, another bone manure called degelatinized bones is used asmanure. This consists of bones from which the greater part of the gelatine has been ex- tracted by boiling. The residue, after drying, is friable and can be easily reduced to a fine state of division, and is sold as degelatinised bone meal. Th3 following three analyses of this material are given by Mr. W. Ivison Macadam :— Analyses of ie eligi aaa Bone Meal. (W. MACADAM.) | | per cent per cent | per cent | | } “| | 9-12) 12/24 Moisture oh ae 6°52 * Organie matter 15°08 11:27 16°28 Alkaline salts fF U2 TESU06)| 2-73 Phosphates .. | 64°24 | 63°82 | 65°36 Carbonate of lime . | 10°65 6:87) 462 Silica is pe bea 87 7°86 | 100-00 100-00 |100:00 * Containing nitrogen equal | to ammonia vee led 2671) | | In this material the phosphates are considerably ~ higher, and the nitrogen considerably lower, than in other forms of bone dust. So long as the supply of bones keeps pace with the demand as it has done hitherto, bones are likely to remain the chief and most economical source of phosphates for Ceylon agriculturists. (To be continued.) 1-82 | 1-92 ARBORICULTURE., There are some things that the past generation of Anglo-Indians understood better than the _pre- sent, and one of these was arboriculture. It is not necessary to adduce many arguments in proof of this assertion. Those who may entertain any doubts on the subject have only to take a glance around to conyince themselves that what I state is correct. Let any one take a long drive or ride along the now neglected grand trunk road, and say whether any finer specimens of trees are to be found along our moh roads than are to be met with along the grand trunk road. The early pioneers of Western civilisation in this land of sun and beat thoroughly understood the value of trees to man and beast. In this they were simply following in the footsteps of the Mognl conquerors, who in their turn were following the Eastern proverb, which ‘Says; “Planta tree, dig a well, and go te heaven. LT t It is not, however, so much the planting of trees hat I take objection to in these days, as the selection of them for arboricultural purposes. In the old days our forefathers very wisely chose such trees as the Mongo, the “Bargad” (Ficus Indica), a few other varieties of the great fig family, such as the ‘‘Peepul,”’ the ‘‘Gooler’”’ and others; the “ Khirnee” (Mimusops Kaki) ; the Maulseri”’ (Jfimu- sops Elengt); the ** Mowha.” (Lassia latifolia); the well known Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica), and such like. It will be seen that every one of these affords magnificent shade; and, with the exception of the ‘““Mowha,’ are evergreen. In addition to their shade-yielding quality, every one of them has an economic yalue, and yields a fruit. The natives eat the fruit of the Peepul, Bargad and Gooler, while birds of all kinds are fond of it. Most of these trees are aliye with birds of sorts on a hot summers day. The fruit of the Khirnee is not at all bad, and is held in great favour by the natives ; while that of the Manlseri is also much valued by them. Moreover, this tree yields a powerfully- scented flower, which is in great demand by the natives for poojah and for making into garlands. I need not enlarge on the Mango and Tamarind, nor about the Mowha, as the fruit of these is well known. In addition to these, I would add the Jack Fruit tree (Artocarpus integrifolius), which is not at all used for arboricultural purposes. It is easily own, germinates freely, and affords a fine shade, eing evergreen, and bearsa fruit which commands a good price. The “Sheeshum’” (Dalbergia Sisso), is a good timber tree, but is not evergreen, nor does it give a good shade; but it is now very largely used for avenues. Turning now to the trees mostly used for arbori- cultural purposes, Inote the following :—The “ Sirris”’ (Albizzia Lebbeck.) ‘This is a most unsatisfactory tree. It is not evergreen, and yields a poor shade, Moreover, the wood isspongy, and a strong breeze will knock off large branches, while a storm will uproot scores of them, Always after a storm our public roads are strewn with Sirris branches torn off, and pnumberless trees uprooted. Yet there seems to be a penchant for planting this tree along our roads, to tbe exclusion of most others. Its only advan: tage is its quick growth, and the deliciously-scented flowers it yields in March and April. Next is the uillingtonia Hortensis, known to natives under the name of “Per Chameli’’ which freely translated means ‘Giant Jessamine.” This also is not snited for avenues. Itis tall, of pyramidal growth; yields scarcely any shade, and has brittle wood. A strong wind even will uproot the oldest tree, as its roots do not descend beyond a few feet below the surfare of the ground. Why it is planted along our roads I have failed to find. Like the Sirris it is of quick growth, and bears highly-scented flowers in November. It has a very spongy bark. which would, perhaps, be useful for corks; hence its old name of Biynonia Suberosu.. Then we have the Neem tree (Melia Azr- dirachtu.) This is a very useful tree, but it is not evergreen, and is not suitable for avenues, yet it is largely used for such. At the present time these trees are shedding their leaves, and- look very un- sightly. The Teak (Tectona grandis), is also much used for ayenues in some parts. In Upper India they are deciduous, and present an unsightly ap- pearance when shedding their leaves. As a timber- yielding tree it has no equal in the world, but as an avenue treeit is useless. The “‘ Papri” (Pongamia Glabra), is another tree I frequently see planted along roads. It is also deciduous, and altogether ugly and quite unsuited for arboricultural purposes. The ‘“ Lassora,”’ (Salvadora myxa), I class in the same category with the last named. The Sheeshum I haye already referred to, and I do not recommend it for avenues, except in places where nothing else will grow. The different species of acacia are quite unsuited for arboriculture also. They answer very well for clumping and forest purposes. I would, therfore, make the following suggestions for the improvement of arboriculture :—Nurseries should. be established at certain centres, wherg (be 518 Species of trees I have recommended above should ‘be raised. All of thei can be easily propagated by seed. When ‘they are ‘one’ year old they will be fit for transplanting: It would, however, not do to cut down existing trees of undesirable species at once; but the seedlings of the desirable varieties should be planted in the spaces between the exis- ting trees, and well looked after. They should be protected from the ravages of cattle and goats, as at present, until they are big enough to need no further protection; and when they have attained sufficient height to afford shade the old and useless trees should be cut down to make room for the rew ories. Those speci¢s which bear good fruit, suchi as ‘ Mangoes. Tamarinds, Jack-fruits, Khirnees, Maulseris, &c,, should, when about to bear fruit, be farmed out to contractors, and the sale proceeds utilised for the ‘maintenance of nurseries, and other require- ments of the arboricultural department. An addi- tional advantage of this system would be that the trees would be well looked after by the contractors for the sake of the fruits, and aboricultural opera- tions would be self-supporting to a large extent: at present Government lays out money without any return whatever. It will, however, be useless to expect anything like satisfactory results if arboricultural operations are to be carried on under existing rules, when the responsibility for success or failure rests with an ill-paid native, who has not the least notion as to what is really necessary. The work should be en- trusted to a European or Eurasian possessing some ‘echnical knowledge about trees in general, who should receive ‘a decent salary, and be made respon- sible for everything within certain areas. This would not only ensure good value for money laid ont, but would open up an avenue of employment for the sons of Anglo-Indians who do not look for very high wages. " : “The importance of treesin the economy of nature is well understood by most people. Tracts of count'y which never before received rain, and were practicably desert wastes, are now smiling with the verdure of trees, and receive a fair rainfall. One such place is Mooltan in the Punjab; Aden is another. I could name several such places which have benefited vastly by the systematic planting of suitable trees. Vegetation gives rise to evaporation of moisture’ which in its turn attracts the moisture always suspended in the atmosphere, and thus produces rain. ‘Therefore, arboricultural operations carried out systematically have an important bearing on the economy of nature. J. —Proneer. eee FACTS ABOUT BANANA MEAL. A Comine Inpustry. A Mr. Hartog, who went io the beginning of last year . to Surinam (West Indies), is in possession of a niethod ‘of preparing fine dry meal from bananas and plantations, “The chemical analysis of both sorts of meal have proved that the chemical com- position of different banana and plantain kinds is almost identical. The principal stuff the. meal con- tains consists of 80 to 85 degs. of starch. This com- position induced him to seek the adoption of the meal for purposes where other stuffs containiog starch are employed, and he chose, in the first place, the fabrification of alcohol and glucose (grape sugar). As he did not dispose of very large quantities, he was forced to apply to laboratorium experiments that were made at the’ Government Institute of Alcohols in ‘Switzerland, fixed at Berne. The gentlemen there made alcohol of the meal, and wrote as follows:— ; s ~#T) respite de ce qui précede, quiil vaut tout 4 fajt la pejne diytiliser ces sirjnes poar la fabrica- tion d’alcool, Ija qualite de l'alcool de farine de banayjes peut aussi etre envisagee' comme bonne.” Inthe conversation about the object with those gentlemen, cat gaye their opinion that the value of the peal avou at least be that of maize, thestayeh | te na ee a eC ee ee ee ee ee THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Fx 1, 18pg. — eee quantity of the meal being greater, the same - nion was given by some manufacturers of aleohol in Switzerland and im Holland, As proof of hew many stuffs can be employed for alcohol manufactur- ing, it may be said that one not very large manu- factory in Holand employs in average 25,000 tons of maize a year. The same gentlemen, in Berne, made experiments with glucose making, and said: —‘Il et eyident que la farine de bananas traitee de cettu maniere pourrait etre encore utilisee pour la fabrication de glucose.” ‘The value of the meal for glncose would be more than one and a half times that of maize, for maize is not employed for that fabricatior, but only dearer sorts of stuffs, as potato and sago meal. A certitude for the employment of the meal for glucose manufactur- ing can only be given by employing at Jeast a ton of the stuff, but there is very great probability it will also do for that purpose. In tie following caleu- lations he estimates the value of the meal on the basis of maize, that is, at this time being delivered by ship in Europe at £5 to £5 10s. For mannfactur- ing 1,000 tons per year of mea! there wou'd be needed an installation that would cost, delivered and fixed in the estate, £2,000 to £9,590. For a second 1,000 tons a similar installation would be needed, for it would be difficult to make larger in- sta lations For this reason it would also be profit- able to make the manufactory on the estate itself, for using the bananas and plantains. The fabri- cation of 1,000 tons will be taken as a basis. Cost of reaping the fruit, preparing it and making the meal, del vered on ship if there is water in the neighbourhood, can be put at 18s. to 20s per ton; for freight to Europe, 18s. to 25s. per ton. Thus the average cost for the meal delivered in Euro would be £2 per ton. He said the value would at least that of maize, or £5 to £5°10s., so that there would rest per ton of meal £3 to £3 10s. So that for 1,000 tons an installation of £2000 to £2,500 is wanted, and a quantity of bananas or plantations of about the double or the triple of the meal in average 2,500 tons, whilst the revenue would be £3,000 to £3,500. In the above given cyphers all exaggerations are avoided. So it is vadiuide that the quantity of 1,000 tons. can be surpasstd, and the cost of manufacturing can be reduced, whilst the price of the meal would iverease if it will do for glucose manufacturing. L. E. Asser, C.E. (We haye examined specimens and samples—both of the banana spirit and banana flour—and are satisfied that there is a great future before this industry.—Ep1tor. |—Aorticultural. Dimes. -_—_oOOoO SS ‘“WHaT To DO WITH ovR GiRLs?”—A sugges. tion which we originally put forward in a letter to he Pall Mall Gazette in 1884—thst brother and sister, where there were large families, shuuld be prepared to begin a colonial life together, —has been taken up by the Lady Lecturer Miss Shaw in her paper on the “ Australian Outlook’ before the Royal Volonial Institute. We qu te as follows an editorial note in the- Daily Chronicle :— Miss Shaw’s practical suggestion towards the solution of the problem, “ What shall we do with our Girls?” that every boy who is sent ont to Australia to try his fortune chonld take a sister with Lim, is opportunely supplemeuted by a bitter cry for ‘‘more girls” trom Canads. The Canadian Gazette is responsible for the statement that the parting pa:betic message of a yourg Irishman to (ne of last year’s delegates was, * For heaven’s sake ecnd us some girls!” The lament, it seems arises from the absence of good “‘Jady helps.” This is the barder to. understand, because servant-girle in the north-west receiye £60 a yest, with board and lo'giug. That they get married is only the natural result of these circumstances; so that, whether 4 Woman wishes to lead a lite of single blessedness or become the better half of a farmer, North-West Canada would com to he an admirable place for her, Fes, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 519 eo CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA AND AUSTRALASIA. We call attention to avery interesting and sug- gestive letter from Mr. Wm. Watson—formerly so well-known in Ceylon in connection with the Oriental Bank Corporation and now occupying an important position in the banking world of New Zealand. Mr. Watson has taken a great deal of interest in the introduction of Ceylon tea into that Oolony and in the letter before us he gives us the results of his experience, rightly judging that it affords valuable lessons with reference to the important question now before Ceylon planters as to what is best to be done in America. Our corre- spondent shows that now the only part of New Zealand where “pure Ceylon tea” does not eeem to be sold is in the province of Auckland. This it ig satisfactory to remember, is just the part that is about to be exploited by Mr, A. Thom who is on his way to settle there and to whom the Tea Fund Committee have extended special aid. We trust Mr. Thom will very speedily supply the want pointed out by Mr. Watson. As to present consumption, it is made clear to us by Mr, Watson that considerably more than one-half the tea consumed in New Zealand is from India and Ceylon and he thinks that if the same course is follewed in America, there ought very coon to be a demand for 45 million lb. of Oeylon and the same quantity of Indian tea in the United States and Oanada. The latter dependency is already, we know, a fairly good customer for British-grown teas and there can be no doubt that followimg on the Ceylon Court at the Chicago Exhibition, the efforts made in New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Philadelphia, &c,, ought to lead to a large increase in the consumption of our teas. Mr. Lipton is vommitted to their wholeeale dis- tribution and a number of British merchants are sending in teas through their sgents apart from what the Oommigsioner’s Ohioago store may do. Meantime, we attach much importance to the eff-ct on California and the Pacific Coast States of the Ceylon Tea Court of Messrs. Foster and Cockburn at the San Francisco Exhibition and we expect to see this followed by the establishment of regular stores after the fashion described by Mr. Watson in New Zealand. Since writing the above, we have received an interesting letter from a well-known Ceylon planter dated ‘San Francisco, 16th Nov.” We leave “D. K.” to tell his own story of his experiences n the States, but it is very satisfactory to see that he speaks so highly of the venture of Messrs. Foster and Cockburn in Oalifornia, as well as of the Ceylon Courts in the Chicago Exhibition. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Dunedin, New Zealand, Nov. 27, 1893. Dear Srz,—I was mush interested in reading in the Overland Ceylon Observer of 26th October your London correspondent’s accounts in hig letters of 29th September and 5th Ootober of his interviews with Mesars. H. K. Rutherford, J. L. Shand, W.M. Leake, J. Whittall, and J. Roberts. Perhaps, as one who had the experience of po- pularizing Oeylon tea in this Colony, I may be allowed to say that I agrea with the views ex- pressed by Mr. Rutherford and Mr. Leake as seein the others, but I should be in favour of 6 establishing stores in the principal Northern Cities for the sale of ‘‘ Pure Ceylon Tea” rather than attempting to work at first through established traders, That all tea traders in America would ultimately sell pure Ceylon tea I believe as firmly as I do. that they would oppose it at first, and to shew my reasons for this belief I will recount, as briefly as possible, my experiences here, 1 assume, of couree, that the observations of the Americans who tasted the Ceylon teas at the Chicago Exhibition were correct, viz:—that the Ceylon tea was much superior to what could be procured in ordinary stores in America. When I came here in 1886 there wasno pure Ceylon tea exhibited for sale in Otago, and very little, if any, sold by the pound in New Zealand. I got a few hundred pounds of it sent by 6 Colombo firm to a wholesale grocery firm in Dunedin, which took a year to work off, the whole- sale firm reporting thatit was unsuitable to the trade. I next tried the family grocer; he first tried the sample I gave him by chewing it, and finally decided it was too dear to make a profit out of, for, said he, ‘‘ we get nothing on sugar, soap, candles, &c. and have to take it out of tes.’ By these and other experiences it was soon made plain that it was not to the interests of the trade to substitute strong Ceylon tea at 10dtols C.F.I. for weak China tea which they purchased at 6d and sold at 233d, 2s 6d, and 2891 according to the customer. Persuasion was of no use; force had to be applied and it was. In 1889 the Kiosk of the Planters’ Association at the Dunedin Exhibition was, as sa show, very successful. But we were not permitted to sell tea by the packet there, and had nothing else been done than what was done in the Kiosk. The prospects of introducing Ceylon tea into popular consumption would not have been encouraging—so 6 small local Company was formed, and a ehop was opened in our principal street, where we cold wholesale and retail pure Ceylon tea. For a short time the opposition of tea dealers was very stronog. Their advertise- ments (of which I sent you copies at the time) depicted Ceylon tea as injurious, and sickly to the taste, and even pictorial cartoons were resorted to in the hope of bluffing us out of the market. But when they found we had come to stay, they swiftly changed their tactics, and our shop did not sell the quantity some shareholders expected, because every shopkeeper took to selling pure. Ceylon tea. What the Kiosk at the Exhibition began the shop carried to perfection in Otago. In Canter- bury and Wellington private stores were opened for the sale of pure C-ylon and Indian teas only, and like results followed. My business takes me over all New Zealand and the only place I get China tea to driak now is in the Auckland province, where, 60 far as I know, there is no shop for the sale of Oeylon and Indian teas only, although every respectable shop sells some of these teas. It may be eaid that the circumstances in America are different from those ia New Zealand. No doubt to soms extent they are, but 1s there not in the vast population of the States, especially in the cooler climat2s, millions who would drink good tea? It is by the working farmer and the artisan that the bulk of the stimulating and refreshing Oeylon and Indian teas sre consumed in Australasia, and these are the customers whom we should very soon reach in the Statee, Then what about Canada with its population equalling that of all Australasia? And what of the increas- _ ing subriety of the English-speaking people whereby consumption of tea per head is sure to inoreage 2 540 - THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fre. 1, 1894. eee The imports of tea into New Zealand during the year 1892 were as follows ;— From lb. United Kingdom Ai 7.837 Victora... ooo ee 1,750,527 New South Wales «- 273,606 Tasmania eae oo 20 ijlane ate ‘ie 658 Hongkong... a0 2,7807 Bengal... sis »» 576,621 Bombay sin on 2,400 Ceylon sap A 597,065 Singapore sos ove 222 West Ooast America ... 13 Ohioa oe PY 466,934 South Sea Islands as 6 Total.. 3,703,716 valued at £139,876 or 9:06 pence per Ib, in Bond. The total amount of tea entered for Home consumption in New Zealand in 1892 was 4,088,349 lb. The populaton of the Colony includ- ing Maoris on 31st December 1892 was 692,426, thus the average consumption was 5°90 lb. per head of the whole population. Now the average price of the tea imported being 9°06 pence we may safely assume that at least two-thirds of the imports from the United Kingdom, Victoria, and New South Wales were Ceylon and Indian teas, which would make the total of these teas as follows :— From— Ib. Ceylon oes 597.065 Bengal and Bombay 579,021 United Kingdom Fa 3224 Victoria .. 1,167,018 New South Wales ies 182,404 Total... 2,530,732 or 3°65 lb. per head of the population. Surely it may be estimated that one-third of the population of the United States and Canada might be induced, as were the people of New Zealand to consume per head an equal quantity, viz,:—3-65 jb. of Ceylon and Indian ‘l'ea. Taking these popula- tions at 75 millions would give a consumption in the future of over 90 millions lb., probably half of which would be Oeylon tea. Andwho is bold enough to say that the lowcountry of Oeylon will not contri bute in the future another 45 millionslb. per annum to swell your present export ? At all events having spent £30,000 at the Chicago Exhibition im my opinion Ceylon would do well now to supplement that outlay in the manner I haye indicated,—Yours very truly, W. WATSON. ——————_—_@——__—__. NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. Oorrer-Trea.—This new product under analysis compares With ordinary Ceylon t-a as follows :— Ooffee-Tea. Oeylon-Tea. Per cent. Per cent. Theine eke 230 1°56 3:96 Tanvin eas Boe PLD 13:08 Mineral matters—Soluble ... 3-75 3:17 Mineral matters—Insoluble 1:75 1°45 Moi-ture aes a8 8:05 7°05 Total matters extracted by boiling aa «- 40°50 39°10 Thongh 1t might possibly serve some purpose in the hands of adulterators, coffee-tea is not of much account when taken as @ proposed rival to tea or coffee. It has no flavour worth mentioning, nor a sufficiency of the important principles of tea. “ PRopIGIoUs. STRIDES ” OF CEYLON Tea.—In the last issue of the Grocer there is an article in which praise of Ccylon tea trom the trade point of view, is ‘tempered with a few mild hints about deterioration. le a tains ite hold upon public consumers no one can deny, aod, from the natore of the statistics now to hand, there is uo indication that the limite of importation and consumption have yet been resched. The lancings of Ceylon tea in the United Kingdom during the month of November, as showa by the Boardof Trade returns just issued, were 6,300,330 lb. agaiwet 4,538,374 ib. io 1892, and 8,607,831 lb, in 1891; and for the elev n mouthe the totsl was alse heuyy com- prising 68,160,971 Jb in comparison with 61,391,307 lb, last yesr, and 57,807,971 Ib. in 1891 for the seme period. This is strong evidence of the productiveness of the island of Ceylon in growing sub an immense weight of tea for sbipment to this country, and forms a striking contrast to the 50,000,000 lb. which were imported in 1890-91, the modest 27,900,000 Jb. sent forward io 1888-9, the scauty supply of 15,614,000 ib. in the ye .x previous to that, and the pretty amount of 1,533,000 lb. shipped hither duriog the season 1882-83, Before that time Ceylon tea was comparatively unknown a6 ao article of commerce, end its introductiou here in 1876 marked quite a new era io the history of the trade. Every year eince then the consumption has advauced with prodigions atrides, from mere nothing to an almost fabulous quantity, and the duty-psid entries for home we, ag officially stat d, for the past eleven months em- bract d 59,630,270 ib. ageinst 59,139,997 ib. in 1892, aud 47,208,025 lb. in the corre-ponding period of the former year. It is likewise worth wuile to mention that not only in the United Kiogdom, but on the continent aod elsewhere, the habit of drivkivng Ceylon tea is being rapidly extended, aud partly throngh the agency of the Chicago Worki’s Fair, this year, when Britisb-grown tea was exbibited to all comere, the demand for the great speciality is likely to goon increasing 6s one season succeeds another, aud con- signments augment in proportion.” ‘ Tuere Has Been Dererioration.—It is a charac- teristic of Ceylon tea that it gains in popularity the more widely it is kaown, and this partly aceouutes for tbe relatively firm prices which it real.ses at vearly all times ot the year. Thst description and Indien share « kicd of monopoly in supplying the demand for tea geveraily, and although conuoisseurs in China growths maintain thst their favourite teas are the test and cheapest, whether regard ve had to quality or value, the broad fact remains that the Ceylon lexf stlls the most readily and fetches the longest prices. This was particularily tte casey with Ceylon tea exriier in the year, when all ordinary grades were rather scarce, and really desirable sorte evjoyed a preference above all others. Since then, however, there has been a distinct dete:ioration in the quality of the imports from Ceyloz, and, concarreatly with this inierio- rity of the teas themselves, a gradual declixe in quotations bas been observable. Stiil, in spite of these disadventages and drawbacks (which may be only temporary), aud notwitbstandng that the current rates are a peany to threepence per pound below those in December last, Ceylon teais at present dearer than apy other scrt, especially for the com- moner qualities. Enruusiasts THINK IT UNRIVALLED.—Statements such as these furuish addi:ional proof of the high, if not somewhat exaggerated esteem, continues our con- temporary, in which tea coming from Oeylou is held by the trade at large, no Jess than by au ever- widening sectivp of the consuming public, who like a class of tea which is acompromise be:ween the ex- cessive astripgeocy of the rough Aesam descriptions and the thinness aod ivsipidity of certain blends of Ciina tias. A fresh stimulus to the home consumption of ithe article has no doubt ben impi:ted by the reduced prices which have been esteblished of late, aud further heavy clear- ances may uow be expected, At the same time, the production in the island seems to go on unbindered fer the area under cultivation now covers abont 200,000 acres and gives employment to fally 1,000 Buropeen planters and 250,000 Indisn and Sinha- lese labourers. By seme enthusiasts Ceylon tea is The writer esys :-— That this description of tea _re- | considered unrivalled for its twofad virtues of strength FB. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. bat and flavour,aod its supply being spread pretty equally over the whole year, the market is not so apt to change from oneextreme to anotber or suddenly rise and fall as that for China and India teas which have more well-defined intervals fora glut of supplies or periods of comparative scarcity than are experienced for Ceylon when arrivals of the latter are evenly distributed throughout the season. Bonpep Goons.—According to the monthly parti- culars supplied by the B_ Bill of Evtry relating to the quantities of bonded gools remaining in the Customs and Excise warehouses of the Unite! King- dom, the stock of tea at the end of November was 100,080,968 lb., agninst 92,967,191 lb. a year ago and 100,685,1551b. in 1891, that of cocoa, 12,347,411 lb against 10,248,220 lb and 11,625,889 Ib. coffee 200,443 owt. oga nst 122,613 cwt. and 104,247 ewt. respectively, the bonded stock of currants being 433,978 owt. against 519,780 cwt, and 522,042 cwt. and of raisins 125,765 cwt. as compared with 224,707 ewt. and 169 695 cwt. TEA AND CorrEE PRosPects rN UGaAnpa.—In bis paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute on Tuesday night, Oapteain W. H. Williams: said, referring to the cultivation of coffee and tea:—‘‘Ooffee now grows almost wild in Uganda, and on the islands it is generally eaten by the natives ss a sort of sweet- mest, if one may so call an article which is merely plunged in warm water and dried. Properly roasted “and ground it makes most excellint coffee, and there is little doubt that the climateand altitude of Uganda are stitable for the growth of coffee of a superior description. Ter also, though here Iam speculating should grow, es the rainfall is gocd,” THE ( OFFEE Crop OF GUATEMALA.—According to a telegram from Washirg:on the coffee crop of Guate- mala will not be so abundant as was anticipated. There has been »n extraordinary rainfail in GQuate- maa eince the early part of Jast April,andin some districts the coffee berry shows signs cf shrivelling as the result of exc-ssive moisture and insufficient sunshive. It is estimated, however, that the crop will reach 55,000.00) lb., a slight excess over Jast year’s production. The want of sufficient labour has interfered materially with the development of the coffee industry in Guatemala. A trial of Japanese labourers is about to be made, The Gilbert I,landers, imported last year, have not proved a success.—H, and C, Mail, Dec. 15. Co-ophRATION IN THE Tea Inpusrry.—We under- stand that a meeting of the general committee of the Indian Tea Districts Association, held this week, the question of closer co-operation between the Association in Calcutta aud that in London was again the subject of discussion. A prominent member of the general committee of the Associa- tion in London was requested, on the occasion of his forthcoming visit to India to broach the subject with the leaders of the industry in Calcutta, with a view to arriving at a scheme which might tend to considerably strepgthen the position of the industry. A proposal, it may be mentioned, was made some time ago to the Calcutta Association for linking the two association together, and providing resources for the expenses of both out of one single fund, levied pro rata on all the tea properties, an amplifi- cation merely of the system already in vogue for the raising of funds in India for the purposes of the association having its beadquarters there. The proposal is one which appears well worthy of full cousideration, and we welcome any such attempt to ive greater strength to the efforts of those who wock or the common benefit of tea planters and tea proprietors. ne Decay or THE CHINA Tra Trapvr.—A Lanca- shire correspondent, apropos of the decay of the Chinese tea trade, asks:—Doesthe immense diminu- tion inthe China tea trade to Great Britain curtail our cloth exports to that market? It may not be enerally known how great that diminution is. hat China has lost the Hast Indies and Ceylon have mere than gained. It would hardly appear that Oeylon requires a rotective bonus of 3d per lb. Tea imports into Great ritain :— East Indies and Ceylon. Ohina. lb. £ lb. AS Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. T8810). 465 3°12 1645 8:13 1882 .. 53°99 3°57 154-1 7°63 1883 .. 61° 3°88 166 2 7°64 1884 ., 661 3°93 144°4 6°40 1885 .. 68°6 4°05 139°8 6°47 AS86) > sen OL; 4°66 145-1 6.42 US87/2 oreh: 7.90°8 501 119°7 467 1888 .. 113° 5°68 105°4 4°34 S89 oF sie Ladee 6°17 88'8 3°62 1890 .. 1463 6°98 73°6 2°82 nish teas ele 81 619 2°41 1892) 345 178: 7°85 56°9 2 06 In 1881 the total imports of tea into Great Britain 8mounted to 210 milions, of pounds, and in 1892 they amounted to 2387 millions, being an increase of about 13 per cent. In 1881 China exported 189 per cent more than last year. In 1892 India and China exported, say, 286 per cent more than in 1881. In value the Hast Indian tea exports} have increased by 4 millions sterling; those of China have diminished by more than six millions. China, therefore, has now six millions sterling less to pay for her imports, and to keep the balance of trade in her favour. Now, singularly, it happens that the declared yearly value of cloth and yarn exported to China from Great Britain during tbe years 18>7-1892 averaged £5,920,000, a trifle under the six millions which China has lost. The Chinese Gov- ernment might think it a just guid pro quo to shut out English cloth. Having lost such a huge slice of her tea trade, how can China find the means to pay year after year for an equivalent in imports? ay she not have been compelled to reduce her imports to some extent, to do without them, or to fall back upon home production? Last Weex’s TgA SALes.—There has again been a large quantity of Indian Tea brought forward at public auction, aggregating upwards of 48,000 packages. On Monday, says the Produce Markets Review, about 22,000 were catalozued, and a reasonable time elapsed prior to the sales for dealing satisfactorily with this quantity, but not so with a similar weight offered on Wednesday. Consequently, many of the Teas received but litt’e attention, as it was practi: cally impossible to taste and value upwards of 500 breaks inthe limited time at disposal. The principal feature, however, is the comparative ateadin ss of the market, and, although prices were certainly irregular on Wednesday, and in some cases lower, the depreciation was in no case important, which to a great extent supports the opinion that values are more likely to harden than otherwise later on. The unprecedentedly low prices for some grades are producing an effect on the consumption. With a continuance of the heavy deliveries of the past. Tue INDIAN CURRENCY,—A great portion of the silver imported into India before and after the closing of the Mints came from Austria-Hungary in the form of Maria Theresa thalers. Of these, according to the official returns, five thousand one hundred and ten kilogrammes went to India, via Trieste, in August, eleven thou:and seven hundred and fifty kilogrammes io September, andeven greatcr quantities in October and the first balf of November. The Vienna corre spondent of the Standard says that the trade must hav been very profitable, for, chiefly on account of the Trieste mercbante, the Mints of Austriaand Hungary turned out, durirg the first three-quarters of the current year, three million Maria There satbalers, the same aS iu 1892, as aguiost only one hundred and sirty- six thousand two hundred during the whole of 1891. Last August alone abont six thousand kilogrammes went to Turkey avd one thousand kilogrammes to Egypt, nearly allthe restgoing toIndis, The Minis- ters of Finance of Anatria and Hungary have refused to allow more thalers to be coined during the present financial year, on the ground that the Miotse caunot be further used for coins ig which Austria has no injereah , 622 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1894. Consequently, three million thalers are likely to renre- fent the maximum anoual output.—H. and C, Mail, Dee, 22. a LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE PRODUCE, TRAVANCORE TEA. r (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report. of the Colonis! Markets for the Week ending D-cember 6th, 1893.) There has been a better selection of these in gale, and prices paid today were generally higher for estates showing good quality, amongst which are Bel- ford, Great Valley, Bonaccord and Vembenard. k o 5 a Zz B z ist it Te uicoaind Bbc) add a . °o : 2 = BO oe ae ee 4 Qu Ay nN < i —_ -—_——- DARJEELING DISTRICT NOTES. (From a Correspondent.) — The destroying hailstorm a'so made itself very un- Pleasant on one or two cccasione. Seeyok garden Wag deprived of most of ite frat flush by 9 sereie FEB. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 525 storm, which ocourred early in the season; 6nd another garden lower down the hill was the recip- pient of equa!ly bad luck.—Zndian Planters’ (razette, Dec. 23, A BIG AUSTRALIAN TEA FIRM : THE PLAIN STORY OF HOW A GREAT BUSINESS GREW. It is not so many years ago since the founder of the firmof James Inglis & Co., arrived in Sydney, after a long and honorable career in India as a planter. He was then quite an unknown man here, shatteredin health, and possessed of little more than a good education, a hopeful heart, and a fair amount of energy and pluck. For over a year he managed and edited what was then one of the only two morning daily newspapers in New South Wales—namely, The Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners’ Advocate. The other was The Sydney Morning Herald. During the famous Exhibition in the Garden Palace, Mr. Inglis was the chief exhibitor in the Indian Court. His brotber. the Hon. A.B. Inglis, President of the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce, and a Member of the Viceroy’s Council, had been one of the leading spirits in forming what was then known as the “ Calcutta Tea Syndicate,’ and our Mr. Inglis was appointed their agent here. At that time Packed bess and Blended Teas were for all practical purposes u: known, and Indian and Ceylon teas had only been heard of as a sort of museum curiosity. Mr. Inglis, with the aid of one or two friends, blended and made up small packages of Indian teas, which were displayed for sale at his stall in “‘ The Garden Palace,” and this may be said to have beeu the beginning ofarevolution in the tex trade of Australia, which, in its far-reaching results, is one of the most interesting chaptera in the history of commerce ever recorded. In 1880, Mr. Inglis was chosen by the Indian Govern- ment to represent it a3 Executive Commissioner at the great Melbourne Exhibition of 1880-81, and _ here Mr. Inglis again came to the front as a good ad- ministrstor and a practical common sepse man of busivess. Knowing the excellence of the Indian prodoct, and seeing bow the tea trade was suffering from many abuses, Mr. Inglis started a tea-room, in which t'e pure strong flayovry teasof A+sim, Darjeeling and other Indian districts were dispensed to visitors free of charge; and as the beverags was handed round by Indian servants pictureequely attired, and ita merits were judicious y advertised, the Indian Tea Rooms presently came to ba /ooked upon as oue of the chief attractions of the great Exhibition. In this way, and by lecturing, Press writing, and an energetic. enthusiastic advocacy on all occasions, Mr. Inglis speedily came to be looked on as a veritable apostle of the gospel of pure tea, and after a generous and substantial recognition of his services by the Indian Government, he began in a quiet humble way to build up abusiness of his own as a tea merchant. The first start was in a small office in Bridge Street with six half-chests of Darjeeling pekoe. That was only twelve years ago. The firm now employs, in all, no less than nine constant travellers. The office staff numbers eleven. The packing department alone, with the blending floors, give employment to over 40. The firm rent and occupy four large commodious warehouses in Dean’s Place, off George Street. They have their own stables in Phillip Street, ard have founded a braneh house in Darragh’s Buildings, Queen Street, Brisbane, They are well represented by special Agentsin New Zealand, Messrs. Hall 2nd Son, Auckland ; in Tasmania, H. K. Fysh and Co., Hobart; West Australia, Sandover and Co., Albany, and their brands are known inevery colony of Aus- tralia, although at present no business is done in Victoria. Indeed, the rise and progress of the like a romance, but is a_ standing firm reads challenge to the mendacious and cynical detractions of of hostile critics who are prone to say that there ig no enterprise in Australia, and that the commercial life of Sydney is paralysed and played out, Mr. Inglis, with instinctive intuition, discerned the splendid future that lay before this magnificent colony. He could not fail as a travelled, observant man to see the magnificent possibilities of Sydney as the future mistress of the commerce of the Southern Pacific, and he did’ wisely in choosing Sydney as the theatre of his life’s supreme struggle. For some time the outlook was anything but inspiriting ; but Mr. Inglis comes of a race that is not easily daunted. He was fortunate in securing the services of a good judge of tea as a buyer and salesman, and after a short time he admitted that gentleman to a partnership, which continued for five years. After that time a harmonious severance took place. Mr. Inglis took a fresh warehouse in his present premises in WVean’s Place, and was again fortonate in securing the services, as Partner of one of tre best tea men that Australia has ever sceu—Mr. John Parker. Mr. Parker had graduated in a good school, and under his able management the business still continued to exyand. A happy ivspiration led Mr. Inglis to hiton the name, “ Billy Tea,” as the designation for their 1 ading brand of blended teas and this hag now become a household word, syno nymous with purity, fragrance aud every pleasan- gastronomic aesociation, throughout the length ard breadth of Australasia. The output of “Billy Tea” alone now reaches the enora.ous total of 600,000 lb. per anoum. With other b!ends, and with the large bulk trade aud sales of teas imported direct from the countries where they are grown, the firm are now doing one- six:eenth of the total tea trade of Australia, Mr. Parker enjoys the rare qualification of having been a personal buyer on the Foochow market. He ie, therefore, intimately acquainted with every device of the astute Mungolian on his own ground; and his life-long practical knowledge of the trade, both ia the old country and in Australis, makes bis experienc3 as a bleuder, buyer and caterer for the taste of the public simply umque, aud second to none. The firm have now their own expert (trained under Mr, Parker ia their own sale rooms) attend- ing the Annual Sales in Calcutta, so that they are ia receipt of just exactly what suits the requirements of their trade purchased by their own buyer, and sent down direct, without the intervention of any agent or middie man. In Ceylon they have standing contracts for the whole of the cuoicest growths of three of the most famous gardens in tlie Isiand of Spices. These aresent down here, subject tothe firm’s approvel, and, if not up to their hgh standard for their weli-known Ceylon blends in guany packets, they have the option of send- ing them in to public auction at the growers’ risk, The travellers of the firm are among the most re- liable, experienced, and respecied of the genial Fre- ternity of the Road, aud some of them have been con- necied with Mr. Inglis since the eariy struggling days. Surely the build: rs of such a business may be pardoned for a little honest pride in the plain unadorned recital of such a growth as this. They started with a be- lief in the supremacy of Sydney as a Commerisl Centre; in the marvelous resources and progress of Aus- tralia as a whole. They believed in the gene rous recognition of quality and honest dealing, whichis a characteristic feature of the Australian people. The Australian hates a sham. The story of the Billy Tea Enterprise proves that he kuowg and ap- preciates a geunine good article when it is submitted to bis approval. Ibe firm, too, unlike many of ita compeers, have been loyal to the storekeepiug con- nection eli through their cereer. They are wholsale merchants only. The best store- ke-pers throughout all the Oolonies (except Victoria, which has not yet been touched) keep the goods of this firm, and trust to their well-established reputatin for giving the best valine aud the purest quality that can be got for money. 526 They claim to have made myriads of friends by being straightforward, frank, honest, and a'tentive to the requirementa of the trade. The rputation of their blends is highest in the market. Of cours*, such a success cou!d not wholly escape from the sneer of e-vy, and the crooked devices of jealousy, As Mr. Inglie has said, ‘our methods of advertising, our labels, get up, aud, our very phraeco- logy have been slavishly copied or bla3bingly pirated; bat we still prosper. Billy Tea still keeps the lead. The eale of all our recognised blends etill keeps in- creasing. Our aim is simply to maintain our proup position as the leading tea merchavta of Australia by merit alone; and, if our friends and patrons will only continue their confidence in us, we think we can point to our past career as aguerijon of good faith for the futare, and may look forward with coufidence to s renewed period of aetive growth and prosperity, in which we hope every interest in these great Colonies may equally participate, and so bring about speedily a glorious fulfilment of the prayer and prophecy combined, which is included in the national aspirs- tion, ADvyancy AustTRALIA.’—“The Famous Billy Tea Budget.” ma ee ee A SOUTH OF INDIA PLANTING RETROSPECT 1893. - The past year will be a memorable one to Southern Indian Planters both tea and coffee—as having shewn greater activity than many of its pre- decessors, a greater inclination for discussion of their interests in the public Press, and last but not Jeast, the ‘‘ fait accompli’ of a Planters’ Conference ‘at Bangalore. Ootfee crops.—1892 was far from satisfactory and 1893 seems to have been a year that on the whole is satisfactory; lower e!eyation gardens promised well, but blights of kinds did their duty, and the early rains during blossom dis- appointed many a hope. Prices have continued remunerative and a casual fluctuation of a shilling has hardly affected returns. Taking the district generally we believe that planters would admita ood general average year. We have visited the Sistrict, and as tho’ in tea, nature has bestowed her favors unequally, there is little to complain about. Parchment asarule is heavy, which is a grand ‘consideration. Harly rains destroyed blossom, and late rains caused a certain amount of * rot’’—but with a steady market, and a fairly steady exchanged gardens generally will vary from large profits to aying their way. Coffee generally has suffered om Slights, and black bug seems onthe increase, but the damage it does to crops seem to be a disputed point amongst practical planters. ‘‘ Heme- leia vestatrix.”’ or the familiar leaf disease is favorably reported on, and should this dread disease gradually pass off, a more hopeful future is in the dim vista. Scientists say it is carried on an at- “mospheric wave—and we believe all fungoid “diseases are of more or less of this character. “Borer which has played such havoc is local—and requires more local investigation. Individual action -is hopeless with @ caterpillar and moth pest such as thie. When as we hear gardens have faced the loss “of 10 per cent of their plauts by uprooting and ‘burning, it is time Government stepped in, and Mr. “Lawson should apply, by the direction of Govern- ment, hig keen acumen like Dr. Trimen in Oeylon, to fight the disease and prevent the decay of avaluable and thriving isdustry. The fallin the price of Cincbona bark, ha3 naturally closed this iucustry With the exception of Government -Gardens. The value of the unit having reached such a figure as to scarcely pay thecost of barking, pack- “ing and shipping of any except bark extraordinarily rich in alkaloids. - ; -. Mo tea planters the year has not been entirely satisfag ory. Prices have receded from the opening ‘of the market, and though the statistical position is setropg, and China exports continue to decrease, prices vexcop), for teas -with poiot,and character have been unsatisfactory. Tea at the present time is becoming THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. New Zealand Yast valued at 517,678/. Most of this goes to Ameritas. 4 (Fee. 1, 1894. fuch an important factor in Sonthern Indian that %° secure theattention of Mineing Lane, plenters canvot be too particular in what they place on the merket’ It has been proved to demonstration that with en average outturo such es Hill gardens gepersily produce, 6d to 7d can hardly pay. Wynead with its forcing climate and higher outturn can afford t> trke liberties, but Hill planteraon looking over the past Feason’s averages must realize thet if the local market failed them ard they were dependent on London—the teas at present produced would be dis- tinctly unremucerative. The slow progress of the Nilgiri Railway has been 4 source of regret to all interested in the expansion of the planting industry on these hills—and we hope to see more activity during the ensuing year. The railway as at prerent projected will only be of use toa smal] portion of the plactiog commusity, and we hope before long to hear of «n announcement of its ex‘ension to Ooty, and on to Gaodelar, thence con- vecting us with the main arterial system of railways in India via Mysore—avd then should the West Uoast Railway become an accomplished fact, the posi:ion of planters of Southern India with regard to trans would be eecond to none in any other part of India. Altogether notwithstanding blights and an sbvormal season the past year must be looked upon as ratir- factory, aed with capital, energy, end intelligent interest in cultivation, a reuewal of former year« of tosperity may be anticipated down South —Nilgiri News, Dec. 23. ety oe COFFEE PROSPECTS IN BRAZIL, JAVA AND GUATEMALA. (From James Cook & Co.'s Monthly Deepatch, December 22nd.) On the Ist December there was a further re- duction of 12,000 tons in th» stocks in Europe and of 4,000 tons in the United States com with the previous month. The arrivals, owing to the smallness of the present Brazil crops, mark now some important falling off. being for the first eleven months, in Europe and the States together, 646,160 tons, against 679,660 in 1892. Deliveries in the States for the same period shew a decrease of over 20,000 tons. Throughout this month business generally has been extremely dull, and very poor deliveries for the current month must be expected. The Revolu- tion in Brazil not only continues, but has as- sumed serious proportions, and it has now become dangerous to make shipments, if not almost im- possible. The quality of the coffee now comi into Rio and Santos consists to a great extent o Café das Aguas. Advices from various authorities state that the present Brazil crops haye been over- estimated, and the general figures of the new crops are reduced to about 7 to 74 millions of bags. The Commissarios give 3 millions as the next probable yield of Rio. The latest accounts from Java still give hopes of a crop of about 1,250,000 piculs, of which a large proportion for private account, and it is thought that the first arrivals may be received in Holland as early as April. From last advices to hand regarding the Guate- mala crop, it is stated that it will not be so abun- dant as was anticipated. There was an extraordi- nary rainfall in some districts since the early part of April, and the bean, in consequence, shews signs of shrivelling as the result of excessive mois- ture and insufficient sunshine. It is estimated, how- ever, that the crop will reach about 420,00 bags, which will shew a slight excess over last year's production, and it is stated that the want of suffi- cient labour has interfered materially with the deve- lopment of the coffee industry in Guatemala. es Kavrt Surpments.—The Kauri Gum export from year amounted to 8,705 tons —Chemist and Druggist. ’ : ‘ J a FeB, 1, 1894: | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 527 THA PROSPECTS: HAS HIGHWATER MARK BEEN ATTAINED IN CEYLON ? £HORT SHIPMENTS IN J4NUARY. BALANGODA TO BE A GREAT TEA DISTRICT. There is a feeling abroad in some quarters, that, whatever may be the care for exc-ptional pre- perties, taking the tea industry as a whole, the top of the tide of prosperity bas been attained in Ceylon. Whether this be the case or not, it cannot be ecaid that the present year opens very favcur- ably for our staple product. A recent Special Tele- gram tousrccords a fall of a balf-penny in the weekly average, and we have just mad: one of the heaviest monthly returos of shipments, namely about eight million lb. in December, whi'e the Colombo sale his also seen one of the largest offerings on record. Al this may not be. considered very encouraging for th planter, and there are those amongst us—buainess men— who prophesy an even lower range of prices, for common teas especially, during the current year. No doubt this reckoning is to some ext>nt based on the expectation that China export: to the United Kingdom are to inorease as well as on an increaced production in India and Oeylon. But all this, it may be ssid, 1s lookiog tco far ahead, Short views ave safer from a business poini of view, and it is well to remember that the fact of the range of prices being lower now than pre— yailed at the opening of 1893, is regarded as placing Ceylon teas ov a sounder basis; while as regardy quantity, the immediate prospect is by no means of heavy shipments. Indecd, as against eight million Ib. in December, the total shipments for January are not expected to exceed six million lb. Our ob ervation upcountry goes to shew that the colder and drier weather has given a dccided check to flushing, and unless there is improvement, despatches to Colombo may be £0 short as to affect even’ the above estimate for shipments during January. On the other hand, we can see little abatement in the inclinstion to plant up reserves and extend cultivation; and while the total additional acre- age in most districts with no new land available, may not bo very great, yet the aggregate for the island will be congiderable—quite enough we should say to justify us in asking British investors who may be intending to place capital in opening up new tea gardens in India, to pause, and ack themeelyes, I3 it sufe to count on America end Russia coming to the rescue of Britich-growo teas. as the Directors of the North and South S,lhet Tea Companiss anticipate? What there Companies are gcing to do in Ceylon alone will mean no inconsiderable addition to our crops after a few years, There 1s not much room for them to develope in Dimbula; but in New Galwzy, the fine Glenshee block of forest is bcuad to be turncd to account; while in Belangoda we learn of very active operations being .underiaken to extend the planted area. Balangoda is inded fast rising into importance and promisss a few years hence to become quite aleading tea district. There is ag fiae tea for growth to be seen witbin its tounds—notably on Mr. Bastard’s property of Keenagaha Ella, on Agar’s Land and Chetnole— as inalmost any districh in the island; and Mr. E. M. Leaf is at present opening con-idcrable clearings on the Jand he has leased from native owners, some of which is described as very suitable for tea, in lay, quality of soil, &e, The purchases of Messre. Iiniay. Muir & Co for the Sylhet Companies in this district, have not yet been publicly reported; but it seema they have 67 obtained large blocks of land in the Hopewell and some otber properties, aggregating perhaps 1,500 acres, and are ready toopen up to the full capacity of the available labour eupply and other conveniences. Work has already commenced, eni there is at least no lack of capital or enter- prize {o get all pushed on. The benefit to the district cf the incoming of influential capitalists as proprietors is uncoubted, It will put Balan- goda on avew footing of importance and already road impyovements are in hand, or under con- sideration. Indeed, for the first time in the history of one of the oldest tea plantations in the district a horse was seen upon it the other day, to the astonishment of some of the native residents who had never seen such an animal before! The ad- vent of the horse and rider was rendered possible through the opening of a bridle-road on behalf of the Sylhet Companies’ new properties. Turther improvements are sure to follow; and in ali future estimates of the | maxi- mum ¢€xport to which © tea production in Ceylon is to attain, due allowance must be made for the once despised — cottee, but now popular and rapidly expanding tea, district of Balangoda. This expansion, however, has not to ba allowed for in the current year’s tei crop estimates nor in those’ of 1895; and public interest upsountry for the time, ig chicfly concestrated on the District refurns now being compiled by the various Assos ciations for the Orops of 1894. Itie evident that the Planters’ Assoziation Committee in making up the total will do well to arrange fora revision about the middle of the year after the pattern set them by tha Indisn Tea Districts Accociation in Calcutta: The considerable discrepancy between © the Ceylon official estimate and the actual result, in the present year, shows the necessity for this revision, and it is quite evident that for a crop dependent so greatly all the year through, on the weather, it is useless to adhere to estimates framed in the ; first two or thres months without subjecting the game to revisicn, six montas later on. ———_—--———_ COFFEE PLANTING AND PROGRESS IN EAST AFRICA: A Raiuway Prosrcrep 1x tHe Sarre Drztnicr. We are gl-d to learn from our Blantyre Cor- respondent by a recent mai! that coffee plantirg prospects coutinue so gocd. He writes :— “Au excel'ent crop has been yathered this year, it did my heirs good to seethe young estates about Blantyre in June last quite red. with ch:rry—far OL heavy a crop for three years’ old coffee. Tig lower Shire (our river) is near’y dry sgai i to be had acne estee.t yi ene ae ate He includes the following notice which ig of special intereet as showing the repid development likely to take place in this part of Aftica.. The czse of the Blantyre planters would ssem to be parallel after a fashion to that of their brethren in the Kelani Valley—uncerinin water communica- tion necessitating a railway. The notice is ag follows :— A MEETING OF LANDED PROPRIETORS, MERCHANTS AND OTHERS Willbe held in H. M. Vice Consulate. Blantyre, on Friday Everviog the 13th inst. at 8 o’clock, to obtaia an expression of opinion with a view to supportiog a proposed scheme of railway conimunication between the Lower ard Upper Shire (Lake Nyassa). As the atsolute necessity cf railway communication is daily becoming more apparent, the whole future of the country depending upon cheap and speedy com- Tounication with the outside world it is hoped all #28 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fee. 1, 1894. interested in the development of the ocuntry will find it conve ient to attend. A. Sharpe, E*g., H. M. Vice Consul, has kindly granted the use of his large room for the occasion. JOHN BuouANAN, Michirn, Oct. 16th, 1893. The mail also brings us from his relative in Kast Africa a copy of a photograph of the late ‘ Mr, Alexander Brown,’ so long identified with the Oeylon Planters’ Association, and a true Planting Pioneer of the early days. It is sent to be included in the Portrait Gallery of the Tropical Agriculturist. Inthis connection, we haveto ackoowledge the receipt from Mr. Wm. Smith of Belgravia of @ copy of Buchanan’s ‘‘ Shire Highlande,” and he is good enough to write as follows :— ‘Among your many services for the public good contemplated articles on Africa as 4 field for planters cannot fail to be valoable. Hast Africa has Jong had a grest charm for me. I am sending you to“ay Bushanan’s, Shire Highlands incase you have not got it as it cootains a deal of information on the country, and coffee &e. I gave— a rading of thé’ same Book, which decided his going to Africa. That much roughing (and possibly a sacrifice of some lives); may be required, to develope this next great. British coffee growing country, is quite likely ; but. as eure as all the other elements of success are there, the men are: to be found and Ceylon should supply a large contingent. I wish I could turn the disl back 30 years and I would gladly lend o band.” We shall be glad to refer once again to this book for all that bears on the planting enterprise in coo- nection with the Jatest published and personal infor- mation that may be available to us. It is something for young men of the right stamp to have the encourage- ment of veteran coffee plantera like the patriarchs of Dimbula, in looking to East Africa as a field for their enterprise. —_——_—__- -— -——- OF CACAO. (Communicated by a Cacao Planter.) The great increare which the railway shows of cacao! carried in 18$3 as compared with 1892 is apt to mislead. It is very much brought about by the fact that the 1892 crop was Jate and the 1893 early, s0 tkat both went to swell the total. The 1893 crop is about winding up now, sud it has not been a bad one on the whole. Tae drought however did, I think, affect the size of the pods, and we would all have done better but for the dry season. What we mourn now are the low prices. Even the Mcorman is choked off, and rubbish which last ye r he was prepared to risk the loss of his soul for, today he won’s look at, and if he doss offer for it; there is a sad absence of the speculative spirit, which he has all along manifested when dealing with this product. The truth is he wants it for nothing, We are all lookirg to the new year to put some vitality into prices. The report from home by last mail is that cocoa valued at 105s to 1063 was withheld as,—so quéer was the market,—it wai doubtful if even 98 could be gotforit. Samples had been sent to the United States and South America without resulting in « single order. The demand for the States is dead for the present, and no orders are expected from that quarter till the tariff question is settled: one way or another. We may look for a revival soon; anyhow those who ship are I think better placed than those: who'sell locally. a DAYS OF OLD: A LEAF FROM THE FAR EAST. Through the good offices of Mr. Wm. Watson of Dunedin, wé have received the following in- teresting oriticiam on an editorial note on ‘‘ George Bird,” which appeared in the Observer of 9th September last. The writer, Mr, J. C. White of Darling Downs, Queensland, it will be observed, gore back wellnigh sixty years in his recollections of Ceylon. It isa pity that no portrrit of the first of Ceylon Coffee planters (Mr. Geo. Bird) is available for our Tropical Agriculturist Portrait Gallery. Mr. White's paper is as follows :— Grorce Brrp—Corrzze Planter ar Gampona, © xLON, I was for @ considerable period on Golepel Bird's plsntation with his brother George, and I 1 ft the service after George Bird was married. Ther+ were ooly two coffee plantations in Ceylon et that tim — Bird’s st Gampola and one belonving toGeneral B-r es, the Governor, at Peradeniya. We bad elephants at work, but each animal was driven by a man sitt on his neck armed with a goad called « Pingoe, believe. I eever heard of an elephant med» to work by word of mouth. This gord is like 9 boat-book with sbarp steel points—the straight one to urge them on and the others to restrain or pull them up. George Bird was s fine specimen of bumean'ty, staudiog about 6 ft. 2 in,, very powerfaol, but the story of his counteracting the force of an elephant and pulling him back with the handles of the plough is evidently a fictitious yaro got up by the Kan¢yens, to show the invincible power of the Eug'ieh Invaders who captured the Kingdom of Kandy after the British had been conquerors of the Dutch Possessions on the Coast of Ceylon. The plantation was cleared and stomped, then ploughed, snd planted with young trees erown in boxes from the berry. Along the rows of co ffes trees, bananas were grown as a shade, but found rot to arswer. The trees near the banenas bore » selow tinge of leaf gracually assuming a greener tinge as they stood away from the banana which impoverished the soil. The cost of an elephant in thore days was 100 Rix-dollars=£7 10s.—The capture of Kady was a very tame affair. J. C. Waite, Darling Downs, Queensland, 8th November 1893. ————EE DR. TRIMEN’S “ FLORA OF CEYLON.” From the “Journal of Botany” for December, we append a general and appreciative notice of Dr. Trimen’s “ Flora.’"’ The Editor seems to have failed to get any Indian specialist to criticize the book, which is ro doubt what Dr. Trimen would best like.—We learn that Dr. Trimen is now at work on Part 3 of the “Flora.” We quote ag follows :— NOTICES OF BOOKS, Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon: containing des- criptions of all the species of flowering plants indigenous to the Island, and notes on their history, distribution, and uses. By Henry Trimen, mz. (Lond.), F.n-s., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. With an Atlas of Plates, illustrating some of the more interesting species. Part I Ranunculaces —Anacardiacee : with plates i—xxyv. Published under the authority of the Government of Ceylon. London: Dulau & Co. [Svo, pp. xvi, 327: plates, 4to, i—xxy. ] It is to be regretted that a notice of this important work has not been undertaken by some one who, from his acquaintance with the flora to which it relates, would be able to discuss it frem a botanical standpoint. Butasour attempts to secure such a. reviewer have been unsuccessful, and as the book presents noteworthy features apart from its technical value, it seems desirable to call attention to these, leaving for some future occasion and abler critic a more detailed notice. Dr. Trimen’s name, since he left this country for Ceylon in 1879, has ceased to be familiar to British © botanists. It may well be that later generations are unaware how completely the Flora of Middlesex, published in 1869, revolutionized the method on which local floras were constructed. It is not too much to say that that. book has infinenced every subsequent local flora worthy of the name ;and it. has always been understood that its execution wag - mainly due to Dr. Trimen, although another name Fes. 1, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 529 also appears on the title-page. The same note of originality is struck by the Handbook now under notice, Glancing through the various Colonial Floras which have been published or executed in this country, it is manifest that they have for the most part been undertaken by botanists whose knowledge of the plants described was derived mainly, and in most cases entirely, from herbarium specimens The author of the Flora Australiensis was never in Australia and, although working in close proximity to the Royal Gardens at Kew, very seldom examined living lants for his descriptions; the monographers of the incomplete Flora of l'ropical - Africa were never in that country; Mr. Baker’s knowledge of the Flora of Mauritius is entirely derivedfrom the herbarium; and so we might continue. The result in all these cases is the production of handbooks extremely useful for herbarium work, but by no means so suitable for use in the field. Moreover, the condensation necessary renders it impossible to give notes oo local uses and mames, even when information as to these is forthcoming. Dr. Trimen’s aim isnot so much the convenience of the herbarium botanist as ‘‘to enable observers in Ceylon to ascertain the name of any plant they inay find growing wild.” He would do for Ceylon what the Hookers and Babington haye done for England, the good effect of which, in these days of minute investigation into structural details, is somewhat apt to be overlooked, He hasgiven analytic keys, and Fis descriptions are, he says, ‘‘as little technical ag I can make them, consistent with accuracy.’ These descriptions have ‘‘been made, whenever possible, from fresh living specimens” ; such apparently trivial, but useful, particulars as the time af flowering and colour of flowers are given with brief notes ‘‘on the history and nomenclature [both scientific and yernacular] of the species, on any special peculiarity in ics structure, and on its properties, products, and uses.” Some of these things are of sma!l moment to us at home, but every one who has worked in the field . knows their practical value. ii It is in this way that the method of the Flora of Ceylon is distinct from all its predecessors, and r, Trimen is to be congratulated on the success with which he has carried out his pln. While, however, complimenting him on his work, we are inclined to think that the practical convenience of those who will use the book inthe field might have been further consulted by a diminution of its balk. The work is announced as forming two volumes of two parts each, with a hundred quarto plates. These latter can cf course be left at home, but somewhat less substantial paper, and a certain economy in printing which might have been adopted without in any way interfering withthe appearance of the book, would have rendered it much easier for use in the field, Qn the present scale, two parts will make a somewhat unwieldy volume, while four separate instalments are inconvenient to carry about. erhaps a thin-paper issue may be contemplated for this purpose; if not, we beg to tender the suggestion, ‘the haudsome colayre plates “are a small selec- from the extensive series illustrating the Ceylon flora which is preserved in the Library of the Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya. This was com- menced more than fifty years ago, and has been steadily contiuued under successive Directors, It now uumbers several thousand drawing, and has been wholly the work of three members of one Sinhalese family, employed successively as draftamen onthe Garden staffi—Haramainis de Alwis, and George and William de Alwis, his sons,” We understand that the second part of the Flora is well advanced towards completion, and we trust that the blight which so frequently falls upon works of this kind will in no way impede ita progress, —_—___~------- PLANTING NOTES FROM HAPUTALE, A Planter writes :—‘ Holloway’s’’ letter on page 471 amused me greatly. There can be little doubt that green and succulent plants applied as PPR. an 4G ; s TFB o tion onl @ fertilizer are of the greatest cervice to lands that require humus and are wanting in vegetable constituents. This is the reason that friend Holloway found in olden days: that the old coffee trees responded to masses of goat-weed grown under the treea—no contrac: weeding then—the weeds were pulled up before seeding and carefully buried in clzse to the feeding roots of the trees. Some estates that I know well in tho “‘ sixties’ greatly increased their crops where the goat-weed was thus utilized. Green crops are grown on the Oontinent, I am in. formed, and used as maoures. I think a kind of lupin is used, but you will be able to give your readers {uli information on this very interesting subject. [The Zropical Agriculturist has given much information oa the subject,—Ep. T7,4.] Most of the estates I have had to cultivate in Qeylon are very deficient in lime and most of them wanting humus. There has been a great deal of fever prevalent in some parts of this dis'rict these last 3 or 4 months, and [ would advise that in future when new clearings ate to be opened out in low-lying districts, where malaria must be expected, that befcre fullicg tha jungle, a temporary hospital be put up, so that fever coolies might be quickly and sy:tematically attended to, and medicines and suitable cunjies given them. Many coolies’ liycs might be saved if a hospital, a temporary one, were ueed on new lowlying estates. A bizh caste middle aged nurse and a male attendant would guftice. The hospital could be made of jungle sticks and thatched, and have a division in the centre, one half for the men and the other half for women and the children and the Doctor would know at once when he visited where to find his patients, ee TEA DRINKING BY NATIVES IN INDIA=s [AND WHY NOT SIMILAR ARRANGE. MENTS IN CEYLON?] With refereuce to your note regarding tea drinking amongst natives in your issua of the 16%h inst., the cup that cheers, but not inebriates ig becoming ani- versa'ly popular, more especially amongst Mahome- dass. The trace at our doors should on no accouit be despised. For native consumption 1 1b. or even 34 Ib. packets, are out of the question, as the proportion of the population who either could or would afford to pay for such @&1 amount is infinitesimal. To attract con- sumers we would siuggert the opening of agencies in Ooty, Madras, Bangalore, and S cunderabad for the sale of 2 oz. packets, cay at an aine or 14 annas each. The tea should not be Red leat or Congou, which the native is quite ‘cute’ enough to detect as ivferior, but a good “ Pekoe Souchong ” put through a breaker, which would be attractive, and at the same time have a flavory liquor. We are convinced that if a few gar- dens combiued and gave th's suggestiva a trial, a big trade would eventually result, lt hae succeeded elee- where and why not here ? We would also suggest that placters should make up 1 oz. and 2 oz. packets to be kept at the factory to be sold to Bad+gas and other coolies, at the lowest remuuerative rate—being able to obtain their paoni- kin of tea at next door t> cost price, now that tea drinking is a habit, would. goa lorg way to etop the petty theft of tea from the factory,and with tactand a little supervision, might become an important factor in factory accounts.—P,—South of India Observer,Dee.3Q, ——————E HAPUTALE REVISITED, (By an Old Uva Pioneer.) In the year 1860 ayoung planter dismounted at the “Haputale Pass’ from his pony (a screw of sullen and uncertain temper), and for sometime stood en- tranced with the scene that stretched itself hefgre ——_ - — ys soe airyeets caret ® 53° his eyes so suddenly and anexpectedly, over sixty miles of lowcountry to the sea-bordered horizon, and the salt-pans of Hambantota. Whis scene became familiar enough to him in after years, for he was now at theend of his journey, and was about to take up his abode not many yards from the spot where he then st od, though the only buildings anywhere visible were the Government resthouse, a short distance back along the road, and the store and bungalow of the Superinteudent of the estate far down below. No one who has contemplated this view from the Haputale Pass can eyer forget it, ‘particularly if the conditions of the season, and the time-of-day prove favorable, affording a clear atmos- phere and right illumination of the scene. Lut, compared to the busy and untidy foreground of today, it was infinitely more impressi:e when seen through the framework of Nature’s own providing of grass, and tree, and fern, as may still be enjoyed by the . travelleron the “railway line” today, from the Idul- gashena Pass. When seen for the first time, under these fayourable conditions, the effect upon the mind and imagination is most powerful and iasting, both “upon man and beast and bird, as witness the follow- ing instance. A pair of geese, reared at some distance, “ one day wandered to the verge of the Haputale “Pass,” on such a bright and clear day as just indicated, ‘and seeing apparently the whole world far below them, they spread their wings and soared away and were never again seen by their owner! Down the ‘Pass’? the forest had been cleared only for a few hundred yards, and then the road (a riding one only) _ entered and ran for miles through a magnificent jungle —nearly all the huge t'ees, whose branches met ovyer- head {the high-road of troops of Wanderoo monkeys} having their tall trunks covercd with a sturdy creeper, destined if time allowed to kill its support, and ‘ to grow proud and strong in its place, serving the noble forest tree as some ‘‘ Colombo Agents,” in those days, served their unfortunate clients the planters, and so the creeper got to be named after them ‘‘the Colombo Agent.” That veteran planter, ‘Archibald MacPhail, J.P.,” still hale and stalwart, whose hospitality we have just enjoyed, was already thev—and for some years had been—opening estates ‘down the Pass,” and he still lingers on the scene, a model and an example to the present generation of younger planters and a proof that a temperate life-and constancy to work and duty, are conducive to strength, health and a vigorous middle age. He has seen king coffee reigning in all his glory, (both making and marring his own, and the fortunes of “many otber men) succumbing to the attacks of his many enemies, retiring to end his days in what was always his stronghold and fortress ‘ Old Ha- putale.” On Roehampton, and on some parts of the Haputale and Kahagalla estates—(but espeeially on Roehampton)—may still be seen fields of coffee . a3 healthy-looking, as vigorous, and in as ** good heart” as any ever seen in the best days-of-old, . hiding all the ground with a noble screen of leafy branches from root to top. U » this month of December 1893, from tbirty to fifty - years old; and with a good show of green berries for spring crops—a crop scarcely known on the Kandy side. But, doubtless, the fine old clusters and bunches, at every eye, are things of the past— single or double berries only being seen in their place, which makes all the difference between 10 cwt. an acre and 2 and 3 cwt. an acre. In pro- portion as coffee is slow to retire, so is tea slow, in this part of old Haputale, to advyance—not in - growing when once planted, but in the reluctance of the old planters to change their allegiance ‘from the one to the other. And so it comes about that this the chief aspect of the scene near the ‘‘ Pass,’ from a planter’s point of view, is not ‘much changed to the scrutiny of the young planter’s eyes, who, we have seen, first looked upon it 33 years ago, and as Mr. MacPhail has known it allalong. Dime dd not admit of a visit to such laces as ‘“ Kelburne,’”’ “ Pitaratmalie,” and the waded and one estates beyond, to Lgangawella on Cwrenmeaem nos oo ae ; THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. So we saw them in - (Fes. 1, 1894. onthe one hand, and to Kalupabani on the other, where, doubtless, a different story Men “be told. But nature no longer reigns undist ‘at the Pass iteelf. fSlere, how changed tie seene!’ No et could have convinced the planters of those 01d that a line of Railway, equal to an zy in the world, would come to that spot, and “that if would be surveyed and cleared, and levelled’ for’ the erection of a busy railway stat‘on, engineers’ works and stores and a native population large enough to entitle it to be called a “* town"! But so itis! And the planters, visitors and holiday-makers' do not now depend for exis'ence gon supplies ¢arried on coojies’ heads from Nowara Eliya, when rotten -beef and mouldy bread was always their | fare ‘in -rainy weather. To obviate this the writer built ‘the first enna ever erected on this now bosy epot.’ A speculative Moorman volunteered, ih ¢onsidération of certain *‘advances,” to buy and kil! a bollock every week, and in order to make this sure, our own kitchen became the first’ butcher's shop. So,’ too, stubborn and shuck ponies are no longasaas planters’ sole m-ans of travelling up to Nuwara Eliya, often having to run the list of many a paddy-field well- stocked with. only half-tamed. charging buffaloes, —which often put our lives in danger, but for the prowess of a well-trained dog set to their heels, after whom they would wheel avd go in hot pureuit to our own salvation many atime! “But & ceeds of this kind” are not yet quite died out, for such a one met us and bore us triumphantly to our des- tination on the first day. This destination was the “Happy Valley Industri«] and Reformatory Schools,’’ or rather to their founder and governor, the Rey. 8. Langdon, whose humanity and love for these human waifs and strays are only equalled by his business capacity and tact of management. has secured for his schools a tract of land midway between Hapu- tale and Bandarawella, and the Railway Ex n not only runs through it, but a Railway station (to be called *“‘Talawa’’) is in course of formation quite close to his house and schools; and I fancy now “fall the King’s horses and all the King’s men” could not move him from his coign of vantage. But whether the “peace of the Valley” will be fled when he has for his neighbours a good many companies of soldiera, if not whole regiments from Ind a, re- mains to be seen. What sort of scene these wide- rolling, far-extending patana plains will present 63 years hence is as dificult to foretell as it has to foresee the present changes 33 years ago. We shculd adda good deal—if space and time permitted—to the sbove reminiscences end happy references to the Heputale of the present day. The railway journey has already been tfovlly described in our columns—with the worderful first view of Uva which, on a clear day, opens to the traveller when he emerges from the tunnel— diviting the South-west from the North-east monsoon. All round the Oheeya Valley and Horse Shoe Gorge, the railway ride is both unique and most enjoyable under the same condition of fine weather ; but the panorama to watch for, is utdoubtedly that obtainsble for a few seconds only on approaching Idalgasbeoa, when the loweountry becomes yisible ell the way to the hills of Kataragam and the salt-pans of Hambantoia. The delight over this journey in bright sunlight end clear weather between May and Septemter will be enbanced by the fact that rolling cloud masses if not heavy rainstorms are then the distinguishing features on the Western or Dimbula side of the range. When the Resthouse or Hotel is finished at Haputale Pass, it will certainly be freely patrunised by visitors as will no doubt that at Bandarawela six miles farther on. Butthe Pass must always hold its own with sight-seers for 2 grand panorama of the lowc2untry it effords. wheg aa * Who would persist in standing stock-still especially urged te fiy| Lone mae — Fes. 1 4894.] A telegram to the Observer showed what we thought of the progress of the farther Extension : the heavy slips on the road and railway near the Pass must causes & good deal of truub:e; but otherwise a great deal of the section is ready for ballasting— if pot ballasted. Platelaying, however, cannot commence it seems until the Kurunegala line is disposed of, as the same workmen are to be utilised, The Talawa (Happy Valley) Svation will be a very prettily situated one. Our companion has writ ten too hurriedly to do jusine to all we saw of the most useful and commendable work’ pro- moted in the Orphanage and Reformatory—the former under the immediate direction of Mr, Tomlinson, and the Jatter under Mr, and Mrs. Cotton whose agriculture], planting, ond airy Operations are deserving of wll praise. About 120 Reformatory lads arethus kept hard at work in most useiul occupations (carpentry, shoemaking and tailoring besides) and their contented, bright asp weil as sturdy appearance speaks vclumes for the goodness of the climate and the influence of regular work and meals. As by far the greater number of these lads are fromthe Western Pro— vince, as well as of the 50 Orphans, Mr. Langdon’s “ Happy Valley Mission” has indeed a special claim on Colombo as weil as Uva residents, and we should be very glad to te made the medium of donations to clear away devt and support the work. Not the leact int resting feaiure was the dairy—which may be extended to meet the re- quirements of 200 military men when they come into their tented Oamp in the neighbourhuod—and the promising tea-clearing; and the liitie, homely but comioriable chapel— mivway between Orphanage and reformatory—with its miva winuow paties and thutuhed root. A visit to ‘‘Happy Valley” wall be one of the interesting sights for railway travellers when the Talawa station is open and bh fee (if not donation) might well be made conditional, as a means ot aiding the work.— Our companion well describes what we saw on Kahsgalia under the auspices of one of the most sterling colonists—and pivneers—of the old school, Mr. Macphaii whose kind heart and other sterling qualities wre so fully appreciated by a wide vircie of planting as well as other friends. Would tha. Dame Fortune in his case, had dealt in s0me proportion to merit. How many tales of byegone days of the ‘* Fifties and Sixties’? had we to listen to or share in! Of Daviason, Maciar- lane (who fell a victim to smallpox), Thomas Wood, Yankee Bayley, Pineo, clever Henry Don, Byere, LExdaile Hope Baillie and sll the rest. We wished, we had time to go and see Goaa- motava where we found Kieller in 1865 putting in his first cofice clearing, and which is stili in such fine heart, and dowa the Pass, to see the change in many old properties—but better iuck next time. It was rather exciting to have the exact spot on Haputale pointed out where the murdered tappal- man in 1861 was picked up, and the search carried On for the murderer, result g in the arrest of one of the leaders in the search,—ihe estate carpenter and of his subsequent conviction and hanging! —_—_—_—_—____ DO PLANTS DREAM? “Chapters in Modern Botany.’ By Professor Patrick Geddes. University Extension Manuals. (Londen; John Murray):— In spite of Professor Geddes’ disinterested advice to the student (.m p 145) not to read text books, we have reed throngh this one with the greatest delight. Even hud Mr. Geddes pretaced his bovk with the rewark to which we had just referred instead of cisercetly planung it weil towards the end, curiosity ploue would have led ug to Jook through anything THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 531 written by him. The presént work is a most charm- Ingiy wiitten acccunt of some of the mire striking phevomena of piavt-life ; iv is indeed splendid ‘ot its kind, bu—it 18 baruly totany, We come ‘across next to nothing of * pareuthyma,” “ solercn¢hyma ” and all the other ‘ cuchyuuo”; ‘ archegonia” and “ an- therida ” are let severely alone; there is no digeussion aa to the morphology of ‘ laviciferous’ vessels,” &c. Tu faci, it 1s 4 lit le too much upou the “ University Extens on” mcdei which tends to present the student with the plums before he hag tairly earved them by resoluteiy digesting the crust. We do ‘not of course apply this cri-icisus to the volume, but to the system Which it represents. Professor Geddes trankly carries out the sysiem which we deplore in ita present form as tending to puff out the student before he bas been woll seasoned with a guo. dose of the ciements, The bo & pluuges st once into au extiemely interest iog but outlying department of botany, the vature and habi:s of usec.iverous plants. Lu this country there ure at least three types of insectiyurous plants. There is the sundew, itsleaves glistening with innumerable dropieta in which aulacky flies are limed; the twutter- wort with unowuous buit: ry leaves; and the uiricularia provided with jittie bladders, into which inquisitive insec s—ais0 minute fish, which Mr. Geddes dues not mentiun—poke their voses, and are caught straighiway aud:a-cp. Io the tropios wre strauger 1orme stil, with huge “ piichers”’ serving alike purpose. It has been sh.wn tuat from these leaves and pitchers is exruced a juice strictly c.mparavle to the gastric juice ot our stomachs, and tuat the plants sre 10 every sense of the word carnivorous. ‘hus one of the tarriers between animas and plan's was broken down com- Ppleely by the researches of Darwin, who first 8yste- maticely inyesti,ated the matter. These insectivor- cus plants show curious thuuzh necessary reséwbl- ances in related matters to tue animals who-é nature they have adopteu; they both can and do eufter from indigestion; vhey are apt to starve (though tuis has veen deuicd) if auimal food be peretotently withitld trom them. The plants rete:red to cayoh thur prey in a pessive tasuiou; Venue’ fly trap is AD iueecuverous plant which shows moie souivivy ; the leaf 18 exteuded like au open Land. When an Msect touches it the two biades at once close upon each other, and there the fly remains until Jeath and dissolution are accomplished, Tne pianta too, can hardiy be hoaxed; we can tetcu out a spider agaiu and again fiom his lair by gently tickling the wed with a twig, but a urop of rain or a pulf of wud dues not uvitue the diuuwza; the impact must be from some suvstance whion is digestivle, and therefore useful to the plant; the miuutest uroplet Oo. ammonia will cause a contruction of the leaf os surely as the largest wasp thac oan be avcummo- dat d within the closed trep. Tne viones is tven an epicure, though not a tevrotaler: it wii take milk and wine but nob sugar or tea. So surprising are these tacta that it 1» remarkable to hear ot peup.a Who aie Lot coutent with them, but must eu- deavour to improve upon them by she addition of monstruus nd potitiesa legeuds. A traveller has selated bow a dog was captured by the Intelacng wuetwork of a shrub; the fivres Writued round it severed tue wuscular bands, and sucked at and “packered up”. the skin. Vhen \be intrepid traveiier attempted the release of Lis dug the plaut turned is aitention to bim, aod “the twigs curled like living sinuous firgers ” round Isuguu! Far more reasunobie, as weil as’ more Po.tical—in that it expresses a profound trusu—is the legend of the Dryad sud the tree, The puenomena otiif aud the ‘ physical basis’ of ite—protopleem —are identical in the animal and in tue piant. This indeed 18 one of the importaut generalisatious tuat Mr. Geddes keeps contivually before the reader. _[n- sectiyorous plants wot only digest aud avsord their food uke Curiations, but they sleep afterwards ; and noms Ve,xetables even appeur to drean, for & Seneilive plaut was ooce seen to twich its ieaves without aby Stimulus having beow first appled. — St Another bo.ankat byway sluug which Mr, Geddes 89 pleasantly escorta us, leags tg the cUuriONE mtr THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIBT. Si (Fes. I, 1894, a 532 re'ationship between enimals ani plants exhibited by ithe ‘‘boil’s joorn thorn” and sots. This shrub hhas.hollow thorns, io the interior of which ants of a pariiculer kind take up their lodging. The excavate and devour some of tue eoft tissues of the plant; andanp return for the hospitality. thus ganerously givep, the insects proteot their host from the inroads , of Abe Jeat-outter ants ; the latter it unchecked would divest’ the thorn of its leaves, and so cause its death, The book, indeed, sbounds in joteresting matter, ottea solid in character, but always weil told; the only fault we baye to find with it is its shortness; it would be yery easy to put up with a longer work from the same pen.—Daily Chronicle, TROUT FOR MYSORE AND COIMBATORE, _ The speckled beauties which give one such delight- ful sport with a light fly rod on a pleasant cummer’s day et home are now to be introduced to the olear cold streams of the Biligiri Rangan Hills, A batch of 15,000 trout ova for Mr, Randolph Morris are on their way to Madras.in the‘ Golconda,” and should arrive by the middle of January. A portion of the consigument is intended for presentation to H. H, the Muharajah of Mysore. The young fry, when six months old, are to.be put into the stream which yung down the gorge to the Chamarajnagar Kheddah. The rest of the trout (if sufficient batch out) will be diyided between the rocky little river which runs for over a mile through the Attikan Estate, and -ppother mountain stream that ruos though the Kollegal talug to the Cavery.—_M/, Mail, _—————<—>————- VICTORIAN PRODUCTS FOR THE EAST. ~ Mr, D. Wilson, the Victorian Goyernment dairy . expert, is to make tour through the Hast with a view to finding new markets there for Victorian products, such as wines, canned fruits, butter, cheese and tinned meats, &e. The Melbourne Argus prints a copy of the letter of instructions issued to Mr. Wilson iby the Minister of Agriculture in Melbourne as follows :—“1. You will’ visit first Ceylon a country of 3,000,000 inhabitants, the European portion of which entirely live upon supplies imported from Europe, the greater portion of which we can supply. 2. From Uolombo you will proceed to Bonibay, strike inland srom there, visiting the principal dis- tributmg’ centres of inland India, visit Calcutta, thende to Bonibay by rail. I wish you to thoroughly test India, especially the military centres, because “T: have’ good reason to believe that in tinned meats, fruits, wines and especially tinned butter, there is a ‘jarge trade to be done. 3. You will then visit Ran- foou, the capital of British Burma, which has a population of 7,000,000, (Rangoon has a population of 180,000, and is the port of supply for millions living inland). 4. You will then proceed to the Straits Settlements, of which Singapore is the capital. This country is largely peopled by Huropeans and ‘belongs to the British: it has a large population of néarly a million and with Batavia, capital of Java, supplies nearly all the archipelago with imports supplied by English and United States merchants. 6. Batavia, the port of Jaya, will be your next port ef call. Java is one of the oldest-established Huropean settlements in Eastern Asia. It has a population ‘of 23,00U,0U0.. The import dues are very moderate, and the Queensland Royal Mail line from Australia to London calls there on the outward and home- ward voyages. There is steamer communication ‘amongst néarly all theislandsfrom Java. 6. From ' Java you may tind it necessary to go to British North Borneo and some of the islands, returning to Singapore, thence to Hongkong, The bu kof Ohina trade with other countries passes through Hongkong, which je free port. ‘Vo give an idea of the extent of trade carried on through this port, there were 17,000 vessels ‘etitered and cleared in 1890, the imports mostly comi: g {rom the United States, which country, having a climate opposite to ours, will scarcely affect our trade, As js of course well known, Hongkong is a British port. er vil then go to Negacaki, Kone and Yokohama, and will probably call at Macso, Canton, and Shanghai. It is most important you sbould call at Yokobama, Kobe, Nagasaki, the chief porte of Japan, as their imports from the United States awount to over 4,000,0007. per year, and the import daty is extreme)y moderate, From Mr. Marke, the Japanese Cousul, I l‘arn (end whom you should interview before leavu g) that Japau is most enxivus to cultivate @ trece with the British Coloviee, and is well worth & especial visit. The present shipping tervice would gexwe ue for atime.” No douvt Mr. Wilsou’s miseion will be -pro- ductive of much practical good to the Colopy.— Colonies and India, os ne a2 QUININE RIGGING. Whenever a little speculative movement occurs in quinine, paragraphs *‘ writing up” the drug mys- teriously appear in journals that in ordieafy times take no interest whatever in the chemical market. Hitherto the anonymous correspondents who precipi- tase these mestages bave shown « perticwl r iiking for the Financial News avd bave geverally whiepered their confidences into the furry depths of that noble jou:nal’s aural organ. Last week, Lowever, the Friend of Man who is so svxions to put his fellow-mortal»’ Savings into a good thivg, gut hold of the City Editor of the Daily’ News, with tue result that a queer little paragraph appeared in Monda ’s issue of that journal, under the headiug of “Au [i fiuenza Ma: ket.” “ Since inflaenza has become an ivstimmtuon with us, and now regularly pays au aunue) visit, speculation in quinine,” says this Solomon, “ hes become both sound aad profiteble. Anyoue baying it doring the sutnan mv nthe of the year is ueuelly able to .uru over bis pur- chases at s profit of fully 20 per cent. during the winter. One of these little spurie is just now io full Bwiog, each vay witnessing & fractional rise, aud from 844., at which sellirs were offering a few mopths ®K0, quinine has advauced to 103d. per oz. The gen- eral position of this articie, however, ie wach sounder than informer yearr, the uumber ot secund-band parcels having beenso much rduced that pow the Uueme-s may be said to be slmust wholly in the banus of tie fabricants (sic!) A turther sbakivg out ocourred last week, when the London ugeut for the large Ger- masa factories, atter osiensibie offering, became « buyer, Another pomt is whe steady herdewiog in the value of cinchona bark; from which quinive is manutactured.”’ Alter this the paragraph proceeds with the familiar tale of the “grabbing up” of the Ceylon cinchons- Plantations aud the rest. It ie truly moving to think that. in spite of low profits aud bad trades, there should be so mavy nameless phil nthropiets in Mincing Laue always ready to tender disinterested advice abunt the investment of savings. ‘Uhe person who “inflaenced’”’ this paragraph is commovly thougi:t to be the agent for one of the German qu nine-makers, but it is only fair to say that that gentleman denies the suit impeach. nent. But, whoever he be, he is no auubt, investing all bis own spare cash in the drug. It may be well, perbeps, tv remind the good people who take the Doily News investment-ups that hitherto onteiders speoulating in quinine have generally, as the Ameri- Cabs cay, coms out at the littie end of the h rao. There is a lady as well-known ‘* the quivive market as igs the distressed wiuuw with the siver Spoons or the German gentleman with ihe waluut sideboard to readers of the Telegraph advertisements, This lady once bought quinine ut 10>6dan ounce, because che read in her daily paper that it was chesp at the price. Periodic-lly the tries to “reaise,” aud writes a circumsiantial letier to some wholerale drog-firm Or auother asking what they can get her for her luvestment, The reply is, say, a shilling, or ten- pence, whereupon the indignant female Swoops down upon the diug-firm and, waving a Stores catalogue into the face of the prinopal, dewands to know wuat he meas by offering her tenpence when the S ores catalogue gives the price at 356d? {tis paragraphs such a8 that in the Daily News that are responsible for She existence of this type of inyestor,—Chemist and A Drugqist, Feet. 1, 1894.) THE CENTRAL PRICE OF QUININE. The natural price is, at it were, the central price to which the sprices of all commodities are con- tinually gravitating. Different accidents may some- times keep them suspeaded a good deal above it, and sometimes force them dowao even somewhat below it. But whatever mey be the obstacles which hinder them from settling in this centre of repose and con- tinuance, they are constantly tending towards it.— Apam Smira.— Wealth of Nations,” Book-I., ch. 7, In the excellent letter from Baron von Rosenberg, the Indian cinchona planter, which we published a few weeks ago, many weighty reasons: were given why cinchona bark ought to rise considerably in price within the near future. And tlie reporss which have since been receivei from Java, now the key of the bark-positiop, go a long way to confirm the belief that during the coming year thére may be a considerable decline in the cnchona exports from that island, Other factors which will make for higher prices of the cbief cinchoua product are the admittedly large decrease in the London bart-stocks, which have fallen from 49.502 bales of all kinds on Dec. lst, 1892, to 39,654 bales on the lst of this month, and the supposed, but uniscertainable raduction in the supply of second-hand quinine existing in this metropolis and other centres of the trade. We have often been reproached with, manifesting in this journal. an uodue partiality for what are called “bear” arguments, and with laying too much weight upon in“ications of approaching falls in price, Supposing—what we do not altogether deny—that such at-ndenoy has really found expression io these columus, the cavillers might be answered with the words that if they wish for facta in jastification of these alleged views, they only need to look arouod them «nd compare the prices of the Ieading druvs now anc, say, ten years ago. So far as quinine is concerned, our often-expressed dis- belief in any prolonged iinprovement in the ma-ket so long as the notoriously existing causes of over-supply were not removed has certainly been justified by events, but we fully recognise that in the course of the' yesr which isnow closing the conditions favouring lower prices have undergone considerable modifications. We will go further, and express our belief that if the information upon which we must base our views can be derended up »n (and unless systematic speculation shoal! depress prices unduly) the era of quinine at 9d per oz. and 1+ss may be regarded as closed, and we shall probably shortly srrive at a time when Is or thereabouts will be the normal axis round which, with a short radius, prices will revolve. We base these views upon indications revealed by a general and careful survey of the cicchona and quinine markets, and not, we hasten to add, upon the specu- lative movement which in the course of the last’ fort- nigbt, has caused quinire to advance from 94d to abou: 1034 per oz. These suddeu eruptious of b otchy speculation threaten to become chronic atout Christ- mas-time, snd they really deserve no encouragemeit from dealers who are a) xious to see a steady constant im provement in the market, such as the present state of bark production and quinine coneumption apprars to warrant. The circumstance that some firm or ano- ther ostentationsly buys one or twohundred thousand ou:ces of quinine, not because it is actually required by consumers, but simply because it is thought advisable to givea filip to the market, cannot improve the com- mercial po ition of the drug in the long ron, inas- much as it simply trarsfers to speculator, B. what Wes previously held by speculator A, The mere speculator, it is well to remember, is equally the enemy of the manufacturer and of the consumer. Like the ‘menial servant” upon whom Adam Smith is 80 severe, his services to the community, such as they are, perish in the very instant of their performance, and seldom leave any trace or value behind them. Looking simply at what happened during the closing months of the last four years, we shall find that on each Oveaaron the quinine-murket beyan to show a sudden reviyl shortly before the Christmas holidays, and that the excitement generally lasted until the New THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 533 Year’s business had fairly éommenced, only to evaneres: like the «ft-quoted baseless fabric of a vision, sbout the middle of the first month. Thus:— In Dec, 1889, quinine rose rapidly from 1331: to 14d per oz, and to 164d per oz., ia Jan;, 1890, after which it began to decline. In Dec., 1890, quinine colored firmly at 12d. Early in Jan., 1891, it rse to 122d per oz., after which it began ‘o decline. In Deo. 1891, quinine ross from 834 to 9d, and io Jan., 1892, to 91d, after which it began to decline In Dec., 1892, quinine rose from 93d, to 921 per oz., and in Jan., 1893, to 9 9-16th d peroz., after which it began to decline. On none: of these occasions, it is well to observe, was there any backbone in the article. Combina- tion-rumours, influenza, sometimes the mere ides that the drug was cheap, were the guiding motives of the speculators, and in each case the movemens. ended in leaving consumers generally more distrustful of the drug thau ever. It is only fair to state, however, that a not inconsiderable proportion of the sales: which have been made this month are said to have been made to wholesale draggists and other Jond-fide cons Bumers.—Chemist and Druggist. pe ee A RETROSPECT AT QUINENE. Tu, the preceding article we have pointed out that quinine and, for the matter of that, cinchona-bark, are in an economic position which justifies » rise in thc ir prices apart from all merely speculative market- rizgiug.'’ We are, in fact, firmly of opinion that. at the present time there exists a strong undercurrent in the quinine market making for higher prices, and that, as’ soon as the frothy surface-wash of speculation has subsided, that undercurrent will begin to male; itself distinctly felt. We have alredy roughly euumerated some of the causes that lead as to expect a gradual improvement in the drug and we may perhaps add another, which may pos- sibly count for a good deal. It is. the tacit, if not actually written, understanding to refrain from cutting which has for some time existed among the German quinine manufacturers. Since it has been concluded the market has beed singularly devoid. of excitement, and it is quesiouable whether the understanding” would bear the strain of any sudden manifestation of rash speculation, such as may Very conceivably awseit us next year. But if the quinine- makers abstain from playing at cross purposes they can do very much to increase the stability of the market and in the present disorganised sondivor of tue cinchena growing industry they can make their weapon cut bo:h ways by keeping quinine prices up snd the bark-unit down. Appearan¢es' certaialy favour the expectation that 1894 may be the most interesting- year in the quinine-market since 1884. The great majority of wholesale druggists, brokers, and shippers will certainly be only too glad to turn their becks for ever upon cheap quinice, There ‘is scarcely & man among then who hae not hed cause. to regret having touched the drug in the way of business for the la.t ten years. It is to be hoped that those who after waiting with a patience worthy of a better cause, have ere now ridded themselves of their stock at a sacrifice will have learued wisdom by experience, while those who have clung to their costly boldinga throughout the evil time may now love them tke more for the dangere they have passed,and rejoice in the possib’e advent of a time when they shall be able to sell them with a better prospect of a fair return, We are ofaid that these speculators: will hardly be able to find cause for loving us that we did pity them, for bad they taken this journal’s advice to heart earlier they, would not now be holders of eXpensive stock at ell. The bark-growers too, or such of them as have weathered the storm, and who have tasted thas bit» terest of all sorrows of remembering earlier happy times during later years of misery, wil again feel hope rise high withio them when within the oear future they hear, as possibly they may, of steadilye 534 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Fen.-t, 1894.° a nin ttt A AE LL AL LEO ALL AACA EEA and ‘contemplate ‘the increariug store of ising units rising of their Ledger- wealth accumulating in the dermis ianas and cfficinalis. How far removed does not pps all the drug-world wondered whetber quinipe could possibly fall as low as 5a per oz.! And yet it is on ten short years ago since that drended cataclysm befell the drug-trade. On January 24, 1884, after the break- down of the short-lived mctoriovs “com! ination” 10,000 ‘oz. of Zimmer’s ae were sold ‘ without reserve” by public sale in Mincing Lane at 5s tobs 3d per oz.,a decline of 2s per oz. from the quotation of December. 1883. Atwelvemonth later, at the exd of 1883, second-hand German bulk qu nine, which had then already become the bogey of the market, might be bonght: at 3s 8d per oz. snd since then, with scarcely a rally the quivine-prices have sunk lower and lower. Until 1883 and 1884, those comet-yeara of the quinine-tr.de, an occasional drop OF Fis of a shilling per oz. or 80 was regarded with comwpara- tive equanimity. It is true that it was on recerd that once—in 1864, we believe—quinine had sold st as lows figore as 4«per oz. but it was hardly expeoted that so low a. price would ever return. ‘Whenin 1886 h-lf-crown quinine hecame & horrible real- ity, and still more so, when afterwards, in the same year, 1s 10d per oz. was momentarily qacted, the trads generally began to think that rock-bottom had been touched, and it isa curious and instructive pastime to re-read some of the circulers issued at that pericd by firms who demonstrated with the utmost viyour, and. staked their reputation upon the correctness of their opinion, that the process of deprecation could no further go. Nevertheless, in November, 1887, 1s 3d per 07. was accepted in the wholesale market, a: din the drug-auctions of May 16*h 1889, “ shilling quinine” became an bistoric#l fact. Nay, the descent into Averdus continaed until this spring, when a parcel offered at ‘auction in London only reslised 821 per oz. Thosé who “ astisted” at that esle may p»rhaps carry about vith them for the rest of their lives, or at any rate until the advent of artificial quinine, the proud’ remembrance that they witne:sed the lowest quotations on record in the history of tl earticle.—Zbid. —— ee BARK AND DRUG (VANILLA) REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Dec. 21. “—Last week we announcod that an advance wee tnmntnent. Since then it has been actually declared. All the’ makers ‘(excepting one or two whose quota‘ichs are not competiuve) now ask i43 6d per 02. for hydro- chlorate (in tins) in (100-oz. lots, 148 9d_ fur 25-100-0Z lots, and. 15s for less than 25 oz. Delivery may be taken within three months at these prices. The quantities of “crude 2ocaice ” exported from Peru during 1822 were ag follows :—Honden, 2,172 1b.5 Hamburg 32 1b. . New York /22' Vb. ’ The total weght of +,825 lb was valued at £23,400 hee _Tiaat;week the market closed firmly. with some. little business in secon -hand foreign bulk quinine at l0gd per oz. sn! on Friday about % ,0-0 oz. changed hands at from 10gd-to 10}d per 1Z. Harly ia the wee @ further stage in the adva:ce was reached by a srle, on Monday, of some 25,0:0 .z. a! 10¢d per OZ, Since then market,has become quiet sgain, and no further business has .been reported. Today the p sition is :—Seillers at 103d, buyers 10gd per 02. Nothing doiny. The German ma!ers have pr gressively ‘raised their quotations tu Lid per —_—__—_- THE FIRE AT NEW PERADENIYA FACTORY : DAMAGE B30,000. Perapeniya, Jan. 10, - The damage to the New Peradeniya factory was Burveyed today by Messrs. Lamont, Gibbon, Edwards and Anderson. The losa will exceed R30,000 including the tea destroyed, The machinery will mostly repair. The rollers and dryers are litile worse and the engine and water wheel are untouched. Expscted to resume work next week, and in two months the factory should be straight. The fire must have occurred through a spark getting in at the top floor. Things were dry, anda high wind blowing tae whole went in forty minutes. The logs is fully covered threugh the Economic Office and will be settled shortly. —__>_-—__——_- CEYLON TEA IN NEW SOUTH WALES. A tea dealer writiag under dite 23rd December, reports that ‘Sydney market is glutted with ordinary Ceylon teas. I have over 6,000 lb. of — and other teas in store waiting a better market. Just now my customers can buy fair Broken Pekoes (!owcountry) cheaper in Sydney then [ can buy the same in Colombo! Some in Ceylon must te losing heavily by the present state of our tea market. For high olass teas there is a fairly good market still,” —_ —_--—>-_--———_ TROUT OVA FOR NUWARA ELIYA, The B.I. ss. ‘‘Golconda” has duly brought the consignment of trout ova for Nuwara Eliya and Mr. Tringham took delivery this morning and is off with the same by afteraoon train. But there are some doubts .as to success, becaute Burgess has sent this consignment in a olosed case, while Andrews always left the top open so that ice could be dropp'd into it. Two other consignments for Madras were on board made up after the old fashion. It ig only when Burgers’s casa is opened that the result can be kaown. We hcpe all may turn out well. Fee BALANGODA DISTRICT. A correspondent .wri;es,;—'' I believe. the Sylbet Tea. Company has, only as, yet. acquired the one block: (Hopewell), 540 acres or so, from the trustees have oitan. heard of. dogs of Mrs, Geo. Armitsge; but they ere understood to be regotiating some more of the big blocks— of which there are a good many in the district —of forest-land with the native and European proprietors. We wish them all success; for so influential and go-ahead a proprietary is likely to put a new face altogether on the hitherto * des- pited Balangoda ' dietrict.’’ SS ee FROM THK CENTRAL PROVINCE: PLANTING AND GTHERWISE. (Notes by Wanderer.) Creyton Tz4.—The circulars of the Mincing Lane Br kers, which came to hand by last mail, clearly show that the trade is willing to take our tea freely so long as they get it cheap, Fortunately the low rates of exchange made it possible for us to do so, but I fear the circulars, published in the first week of January, will not be pleasant reading, for both Reuter and Messrs. Forbes & Walker's late telegrams report an easy market. No wonder with a total export o! over 84,000,000 lb. in 1993! The cold hard dry weather is now stopping flushing, and by the end of January our home friends will see that there is no cause for alarm that we are to overdo our produc- tion in 1894. Russia seems to be now really alive to the virtues of Oeylon tea, thanks to Rogiyue, It will be a neck and neck race for a Knighthood between our American and our Rassian Com- missioners. The tea stock (Ceylon) in end of De. cember is lower than it was on November 30th. GovernMeNt Reserves.—Ceylon plasters depre- cate these being sold to the Indian Companies that have recently commenced business here. By all means let them buy opened land, or reserves, if there are any, in private hand. They ought not to be en- couraged by the Government to earn dividends at the expense of old Colonists, who turned unproductive coffee and tea estates into paying tea gardens, that haye en- abled the Government to abolish the paddy tax, and to carry out expensive Irrrigation Works, and exten- sions of railway, that will in a short time bring in handsome revenue to the Colony. |There is no truth whatever in the statement that Indian Com- panies or their representatives have applied to Government for “ concessions,” or large liek of Crown land; we baye this on best authority. What the Companies in question are doing is bringing capital in for the benefit of the planters, who sell to them, and of the Colony —Ep. 7.4.] Ramuway To THE Kevanr Varrey is I am glad to see, being energetically pressed on the at ention of Government. A deputation will soon wait on the Governor who will doubtless give the matter the consideration it deserves. Very little has been dove for the lowcountry planter, and it is time he got a share in the benefit of railway travelling. There have been more accidents to travellers on the Awisawella and Ratnapura coaches than on the whole of the railways of the island in the lact three years. Breaxrast Rain WEATHER GAvGEs.—It is reported that a lazy S. D. on being taken to task by his more active P. D., for not following his tea plackers NEWS | sbarp to the field, gave the excuse that he had been endeavouring to find out for himself the truth of the extract from Chamber's Journal you published in the Tropical Agriculturist. After watching care- fully the bubbles in his cup of coffee for an hour, he came to the conclusion that it would soon raic, and he thuught that a little delay might save him the trouble of visiting the pluckers whom the ex- pected rain would drive to the lines. Has any P, D. stopped the 7. A. lately ? Mr. Hotnoway has made the discovery that plants have a language of their own, and they speak through their *‘ bark.’ Probably it is in. Dog. Latin. This discoyery, of Mr. lloway’s appears. to be the missi link between. the ‘“Animal’’ and the ‘ Vegetable.”’ world. We aying a, hard. harsh Fee. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 539 ea ee bark, but it appears the plant has a sappy bark. The bad looks of a dog may be the sudden death of him, but the ‘“ Iook” plant will, according to Mr. Holloway, on page 386 of the December number of the Tropical Agriculturist, actually do good to his fellow plant, cacao. CURIOSITIES ABOUT ORANGES. “orange” is from the Latin aurum, meanivg gold or of golden colour. The froit was originally asmall bitter be-ry about the size of a common early Richmond cherry, and very seedy. It has been cultivated in Hindustan from a very remote period and wostaken from that country to Arabia and Persia in the e:ghth or ninth centuries. It is said to havo received little or noatiention from cultivators of fruits in either of the countries last mentiore'l above prior to the beginning of the tenth century, there being a tradition that it was a “ eureei”’ fruit sent by Mohammed to destroy the unfaithful. This reminds us that our common tomato was formerly supposed to be poisonous, it being now less than fifty years since it was only grown asa garden curiosity. But to the orange: In the tenth and eleventh cen- turies the horticulturists of Oman and Syria began the cultivation of the tree in earnest, the fruit going under the name of “ bigarade.” By the end of the twelfth centuries of the Levant, the returning soldiers of thecross (crusaders) bringing it with them on their return from Jerusalem. It was well known, but not extensively cultivated in either Italy, Spain or France before the middle of the sixteen'h century, 400 ye«rs after its introduction into the first named country, the hinderance being a survival and an addition to the old anti-Mvhammedan tradition, viz.: That the use of the fruit would cance the psrtaker to enroll himaclf with the legions of Is!am whether he desired to or no. The Spaniards finally attempted and succeeded in cultivating in their West Indian colonies, and from there it found its way into Florida, Central America, Mexico and California, always improving in size and flavor untilit became what is today, one of the most perfect of fruits.—Florida Journal. Li eee ee TEA AND SCANDAL. William Salmon was evidently @ queer fish, for he did not think much of Tea. In his Hamily Dictionary (1,710) he. rays under the heading TH:E, TEA:—‘‘ It grows in China, Japan, and other Hast Indian coun- tries. It bas 8 pretty fragrant smell and is of two sorts viz:—Tbe Gr-en and the Bohea, both of them growing on a Thorney shrub io those countries. They cool, refresh and are vehemently diuretic, whereby it is said to be good agairst dropsies, gout, and stone because it clears tke reins of all the mucilaginous ani tartarous matter which breeds it. Oar English T.g, which is only slos leaves gathered in May whilet they are young, answer all the eads of the Indian Tea, having the same colour, taste and sme!l: nor can the wisest man distinguish between the form of the leaves, when both are scalded, ao as to know the Bast Indian Tea from our English, the shape magni- tude, edjing and colour of each leaf being exactly the same. And therefore IT commend our English sloe leaves in the place of the Indian Tea, since the wisest of mortals cannot distinguish them when scalded. nor yet discern any difference in the liquors, either in colour, taste, or smell. But if any 16 to be preferred it is the English, because it is a perfect enre for the colic, which the other is not, but is said rather to cause it in many constitutions or habits of boty.” But we must not allow tea to have all the speaking. Poor old OorreE must have its spoke in the wheel too; so I interviewed a curious little book at the Museom lest week, intitaled ‘‘The nature of the drink Kanhi, or coffee, and the Berry of which it is made. Described by an Arabian Physician, Dr. Pocock, translater, Oxford. Prinved by Henry Hale in the years of our Lord 1659.” It is in English aud Arabic. I send you the English only:—‘ Bun iso The name ae plant in Yainan, which is planted in Adar, and groweth up and is ,athered in Ab. It is about a cubit high, on a stalk about the thickness of one’a thomb. It flowers white, leaving a berry like a small nut, but that sometimes it is bread like a bean, and when it is peel d parteth in two. ‘The best of it is that which is weighty and yellow: the worst that which is b'ack. It_is hot in the fir t degree, dry in the second. It is usually report: d to be cold and dry, but it is not so for it is bitter, and whatever is bitter is hot, It may be that the scorce is hot and the Bun itself either of equal temperature, or cold in the first degree. That which makes fcr its coldness is its sipicknees. In Summe it is by experience found to conduce to the drying of rbeums and flegmatick coughes and distillations and the opening of obstructions. It is now known by the name ef Kohwah, When it is dryed and thoroughly boyled it allays the ebullition of the blood, is good against the smallpox and measles and bloody pimples: yet causeth \ertiginous heachesch and maketh lean much occasioneth waking and the emrods and asewgeth lust, end sometimes breedeth melancholic. He that would drnk it for livelinees sake snd to dismiss sloathfulnesse and the other properties that we have mentioned let him use much sweetmeats with it and oil of pistacioes and butter. Some drink it with mik, but it is an error, and such as may beirg in danger of the leprosie.” A.M. Ferreuson. a INDIAN PATENTS. ; Calcutta, the 14th December 1893. _ Applications in respect of the undermentioned inventions have been filed during the week endin 9th Decem! er 1893, under the provisions of Act V of 1888, in the Office of the Secretary appointed under he Inventions aud Designs Act, 1888:— No. 343 of 1893.—Edward Robinson, of 4, Castelnau Gardens, Barnea, S.W., in the County of Surrey England, Merchant, for apparatus for drying tea, ae and nee substances. ri ; o. 346 of 1893.— William Jackson, of Thorn Mannsfield, Aberdeen, Scotland, Engr., for nae ments in tubular heating stoves, more especially intended for heating air for use in drying tea or gene produce. o. 347 of 1893.—William Jackson, of Thorn Mannstield, Aberdeen, Scotland, Engr., for pons ments in apparatus for subjecting materials to the procson of hot Spee for analogous operations, more especially in'ended for use in dryin cotfze, and other produce. Tins Hatha one No. 352 of 1893.—Henry Thompson, of Trinity St Gaiusborough, Lincolnshire, England, Engr, but at present residing in Calcutta, India, for @ new or improved process for rolling tea, and improvements in tea rolling and curling machines applicable thereto. No. 293 of 1+93.— Walter Charles Church, of No. 6 Trinity Square Brixton, in. the County of Surrey, clipes Hingis sor improvements in or connected with steam and other motive flui gines. i 25th Nov. 1893.) Gi pneines:, ase No. 294 of 1893. —Walter Charles Church, of No. 6 Trinity Square, Brixton, in the County of Surrey, Knglavd,Kngr., for improvements in compound ateam. engines, (Filed 25th Noy, 1893.)—IJndian Engineer. ———S Eee a e GUATEMALA COFFEE. _ The coffee crop 0: Guatemal:, accordiog to i = tion received by the Buren of te ieonae Republics, will not be so abundant as was antis:pated There bas been an extraordinary rainfall in Guatemala since the early part of last April, and in some dis- triots, tae coffee berry shows eigos of shriveliing as the result of excessive moisture and insntticient sun- shine. It is estimated, however, that the crop will reach 55,000,000 pounds, a slight excess over last year’s production. The want of sufficient labour hag interfered materially with the develo; ment of the coffee iidustry in,Guatemala. A trial of Japanese laborers is about to be made. The Gilbert Isianiers eR ih last yc ar have not proved a succesa.—A Merican rocer, 540 Se STAPLE EXPORTS FROM CEYLON FOR TEN YEARS 1884-93 AND DISTRIBUTION FOR TWO YEARS. Through the courtesy of the Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce in sending wus copies of. the annual tables compiled in his office, we are enabled to offer some remarks on the resulta, Of course it will be remembered that in the Chamber’s return, only Exports for the two ports of Colombo and Galle are teken into sccount ; but asa matter of fact from these alone are our principal products sent across the seas, At the same time there will alwaye be a difference between the Customs’ and the Chamber’s returns for the calendar years, for this reason. The Customs eoters in its Export return every ship- ment as it passes on board vessels in the harbour and on 31st Docember may have in its total a good deal of produce that has not left our harbour; while the Chamber of Commerce makes no entry in its Export return until the vescel has cleared and left our shores. We published the total of our chief Exports for 1893 according to the Customs’ figures on the 9th inst. and it will be interesting here to compare the same with the Exports as given by the Chamber of Commerce, thus :— Staple Exports from Ceylon during 1893. Chamber of Commerce. Customs. Difference. THA Ib.e 84,406,064 81,319,035 3,087,029 Correr cwt. 55,190 55,417 227 Cocoa cwt. 30,658 29,741 917 CINCHONA Barklb. 3,571,325 3,440,715 130,610 It will thus be seen that in each case the Customs’ returns are below those compiled by the Chamber, pave in respect of coffee. The previous year’s com- arisons were altogether the other way; and no doubt the Customs credited to 1892 shipments which the Chamber brings into 1893, The difference is but trifling in respect of coffee and cinchona, nor in cncoa is it very appreciable. But a difference of 3,087,029 lb. in respect of tea is more serious. We have now to note especially that while between the extremes of the decade, tea has risen from 2,403,095 to 84,406 064 1b, we would have a pretty equal rate of great annual progress save for the small increase in 1892 over 1891 of less than three millions lb. But if the return of 68,274,420 lb. for 1891 be treated as quite ex- ceptional—as, in fact, ten million lb. above what it: ought’to bave been,—then we get a fairly regular outturn rising since 1888 by 10 to 12 million Ib. annually until between 1891 and 1893 we have a rise of 16 million lb. or 8 millions per annum. We must, of course, await the estimate of the Planters’ Association before referring to the probable outturn for 1894; but we believe the general current of opinion points to a figure approximating to 89 or 90 million 1b. (with not more we trust then 76 or 77 miltion lb. to go to the United Kingdom) as the anticipated official estimate for the present year. ‘Tne United Kingdom has taken nearly 11, out of the 13 million lb. of increased shipments of our tea last year; Australasia (not ‘* Australia” as the Chamber’s table has it, for the latter term does not properly include hew Zealand) is our next best customer taking very nearly allthe balance (about 2 million lb.) of the increase; and Iodia —whose tea Ceylon shuts out by an import duty— stands third in order of our customers. Then comes a great interval before we get to Germany; ‘Chins ’” (what coes this mean ?—O-ylon tea sent to tlend)?; Africa (which beats America! ); America snd Mauritius, The rest of our cus- tomers taking much below 100,000 lb. are insigni- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Fee. 3, 1894. ficant. But we may class all our tea customers together more fully as follows :— 1892. 1893, mes ee 1 Unitep Kincpom ...64,815,075 75,500,077 10,685,002 AvUeTRALASIA + 5,166,154 6,968,956 1,802,802 [NDIA ... «> «= 528,037 964,104 436,067 ONTINENTOF EUROPE 255,458 387,111 131,653 CHINA” 103,988 188,099 84,111 CFRICA «. 64,728 114,857 50,129 AMERICA... «+ 110,079 112,440 2 361 MALRITIUS 89,617 110.079 20,462 MALTA .. 18,326 38,435 20,109 , SINGAPORE me 11,381 21,906 10,525 Total ...71,153,657 84,406,064 18,252,407 | the | Dr. Gibbes concludes, We trust that this is the last snnual return in which “America,” even for direct shipments, will mséke so poor a show. The large increase in the export of ‘‘ cocoa’’; immense tumble-down in cinchona bark; and the slight increases in respect of both coffee and cardamoms are notable features of the returns for 1893. Oinnsmon, too. shows up well; but not 80 coconut oil in which there is # very marked deorease as also in copra and poonac, compen- sated to some extent perhaps by the immense development of the local manufacture of “ desic- cated coconut,” the shipments of which last year totalled nearly 64 million lb. and the increase in the number of coconuts shipped. Our only mineral of commercial importance, plumbago, compares but poorly with 1892, and the main products geveraily do not show any special im- provent eave ‘Palmyra Fibre’ which has shot up in a wonderful way to 35,004 owt. We res rve a more detailed consideration of our leading exporis for an early issue. i TEA, WOMAN’S RIGHTS, AND LOSS OF TEETH. Whst is the connes'ion between these three oddly assorted subjects? Dr. J. Murray Gibbes, of Aus— tralia, affirms that tea excites the nerves, and that as women drink more tea than men, cone quently their nerves get more excited. Nerve excitement causes a feverish rush for openings and professions for women; these entail mental labor. Increaee of mental development in women can on'y take place at the expense of their physique, ‘ Therefore," ‘‘in two generations or 50 both men and women will be toothless! !"” Not where they stick to cofiee or beer. We know maidens cf three score and ten, inveterate tea drinkers, whose teeth are sound and whose nerves are of iron. The abuse of tea, however, as of other stimulants, carries with it a train of disorders.— American Grocer. Se EESEEERERninmarne ccolimermmeemmemenmmmemenn’ TEA PLANTING AND WiLD TRIBES IN NORTH INDIA. Ceylon planters may have their worries and troubles, but their lot is a happy one compared with that of their brethren in North India bordering as wild tribes, where the authoritics are obliged to issue warning notices like the following :— Dear Sim,—As I received information that it is likely that Bhutiahs from the portion of Bhutan bordering on British territory may visit tea gardens on the frontier during the cold season with the object of stealing guns and ammunition, it would be «s well to take precaution for the safe custudy of any guns or rifles you may possess and to direct your registered chowkidars to keep a watch over any Bhutiah who may come to the Gardens and report their movements to the Police. The correspondent who has. sent us the above mentions that his neighbour’s bungalow was looted and his guns and ammunition and his assistant’s gun stolen. Fes. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 541 EXPERIMENTS IN THA-GROWING. Experiments in the cultivation of tea are being made at Ohakva, a few miles distant from Batoum, the climatic conditions of which place are specially suited for growing tea trees. Several thousand trees, says the British Consul, have recently been planted by a wealthy Moscow tea merchant, who, the Consul understands, is about to engage the services of experienced Chinese tea planters to look after his plantations. There is an unlimited area of pasture land during the summer months on the highlands of the Trans- Caucasus, and the lowlands afford abundant pasturage during the winter months. Cattle-rearing is, there- fore, much resorted to by the population, but the acarcity of fodder last winter, owing to cold and snow, cattle plague, foot and mouth disease, pleuro- pneumonia, and other disorders which have been prevalent during th» year, caused the mortality among livestock throughout the country to be enormous.— Commerce. See LIBERIAN COFFEE IN JAVA. The Jndische Mercuur states that :—‘‘ In many pa'ts of Java, where the plantations of coffee Arabica seems to become less profitable, there will ba a better future by planting Liberian coffee, because this species does not want such a rich soil and climate, and does not suffer so much from the blight. Till at present, the Govern- ment has not done so much in planting Liberian for their own account ; but seeing the good results private planters were getting with Liberian coffee, it proposes now to give a great extension to that culture. Up to the present time only 2,800 acres are planted by the Government, and the Javanese ure extending for their own account also greatly that species.” a ee eed THA PROSPECTS. With the Ceylon tess’ average in Mincing Lane again touching its lowest point at 8d and the prubability of a large increase of stocks when the “ Gheshire’’’s and other large cargoes get home, the prospect is certainly not acheerfulone. But on the other hand we may reoall the fact that of Indian teas there have been unusually large offerings of late, and that there is no appearance ot specially heavy stocks, Again shipments from Ceylon are likely to be light not only for January, but probably also for February. There are those who anticipate that 6 million lb. may cover the total shipments to the United Kingdom not only this month but also in February. This would merely mean the same quantity for the two months as in the same period of 1893, as may be seen from the following return of monthly shipments for three seasons according to the Oham- ber’s figures :— SHIPPED TO THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1891, 1892, 1893, lb. lb. lb. January... .» 5,162,518 4,920,806 6,766,144 February.. ... 4,503,200 4,980,654 6,143,530 March .., «» 5,984.937 6,584,128 5,900,523 April... ... 6,239,883 6,065,984 6,779,085 May... «» 6,414 344 6,996,055 8,421,822 June... »» 5,388,347 7,010,726 7,287,070 MOL yey veces ... 6,608,721 6,271,218 6,422,696 August .,. we 4,396 31L 4,128,969 4,979,900 September «» 4,027,303 3,800,113 4,516,787 O:tober... ww. 4,547,608 4,028,060 5,502,672 Nosember. ww» 4,420,764 5 226,234 5,701,316 December. w» 6,105,947 4,804,246 8,078 532 —s Total s 68,788.838 64,817,193 75,500,077 | | | 5 22 : » 29 Oct. 6 F 5 » 13 » 20 x 9, 20 : Noy. 3 i lO E a Li aaa P ” 31 4 j Decne. 7. ” 14 2 Total... 757,000 [Private Sales account for the difference. | | We may add the coursa of Minocing Lane Sales ard Prices for 1893, according to our Special Telegrams from Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Oo. :— w al Ao oS § 2% ge 2% Date. £3 Sun sa8 Son Shae AG sue SSied; Bic: oar wi Sshea O4 ay er} S Jan. 6 9000 9000 10¢ 10Z » 13 21000 20000 10¢ 103 » 19 20000 19000 104 10% 10 » 26 13000 12000 104 104 Feb. 3 13000 12000 = 10# ~~ luk , 10 13000 1200) 93 104 » 17 15000 13000 10 9g 10 » 24 13000 11u00 sO Mar. 3 11000 10000 94 » 10 21000 18000 Ey ; 17 24000 20000 94 94 21000 11640 21000 18000 18000 20000 17000 15000 9000 23000 21000 26000 190010 16000 9000 70000 23000 22000 13000 19000 26000 26000 700 7000 «88 19000 17000 ees) 19000 26000 14000 12000 11000 20000 15300 17000 12000 13000 11000 11600 17000 oO ~ Oe WIR Be Ff Di aid [o6) oul G0 wal py 02) 00, 92, 00 G0 co 80 kOe | BCI eats DMorgnm MOnDMmMnmDnDDMO PHY EKO fo) bol Qo st ao ry 14000 10000 23.00 20000 17000 837,640 i=) ee) Cee, ae ee ee ees an Oe we J? VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES, THE Uprer AMAZONIAN Basin.—We learn that following in the footsteps of Messrs. Sinolair and Ross, an Aberdonian Mr, Kobb is now in charge of a “Colony” of settlers in the interior of Peru on the headwaters of the Amazon’s tributaries, We suppose coffee and oacao will be chiefly cultivated, DEsICcCATED Coconvrs.—A correspondens writes :— Work in almost ail the desiccated cocoout mills in Colombo, are at a stand still since the middle of last mouth, and the poor labourera—no fewer than two to three hundred in each mill—are throwa oat of employment just now. It is said that there is hardly Buy demand for desiccated coconut during this season of the year io the English market, and hence this sudden stoppage of work. It is to be hoped, however, that ere lung work will be resumed ia these mille for the beneds of all gqucerued, : 542 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1894. Tga CULTIVATION—is now being tried by the farmers of the Lydenberg district in the Transvaal | —no doubt prompted thereto by the success which has attended certain tea gardens in Natal. Tae RAtNapurRA Puantine Districtr.—Wehear very encouraging accouots of the progress of tea estates in this neighbourhood: the growth and ap- pemeyee of young clearings are described as very good. Cuemicat INDUSTRY IN JAMAIcA.—The West Indies Chemical Works (Limited) is the title of a new enterprise about to be established at Spanish Town, Jamaica—says Chemist and Druggist—the object being the extraction of dye from logwood, cashaw, and other vegetable substancer, Messrs. Davipion’s Sirccco Worxs.—Several weeks ago our London correspondent reported an interview he had had with Mr. Macguire of Messrs. Davidson & Co. regarding a new system of tea drying to be introduced aud now we see that the steps which he indicated are being taken to enlarge the premises of the firm in Colombo for the exhibition of the new machinery. This exten- sion of business occurs very opportunely in view of the state of the loesl labour market as it will no doubt provide employment for a number at all events of those who had been employed at the Government Factory, HE “‘‘AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE” OF NEW SoUTH Wales. published by the Department of Agriculture, Vol. IV. Part 10 from October, 1893, has reached us. It has for contents :— Useful Australian Plants by J. H. Maiden, Ironbarks; Botanical Not-s J. H. Maiien Acrotriche serrulata ; Lomatia silaifolia (The Pars'ey Fern) : Owenia acidula (Coiaur); Peaniug, A. H. Benson; Plant Dixeas 8 aud their remedi+s, N. A Cobb, Diseases of the Sugar- cane. Practical Vegetahle Growing Directions for the Month of November; Orchard (perations for Nov. General Notes. Experimental Tobacco-growing; A Market for Prunes, Combs’ Sugar tables; Fruit Store at Palmdale, Ourimbah; The intredactien of the Honey Bee ; Marketing Oranges; Pigsand Fowls as Insect and Weed Destroyers ; Protection of Plants aga‘nst the Larve.—Agricultral Shows, 1893. Mr. Maiden sbews that there are five kinds of iron-bark in New South Wales, We shall quote largely from his paper into the Tropical Agri- cuuri st, Tue SToprpaGE oF Brazitian TrapE.—The London Times correspondent writes strongly about the evils wrougbt by the present state of affairs in Brazil.- His figures for exports are of special interest. We quote as follcws :— _ A complete reorganization of administrative and financial methods is an absolute necessity if Brazil is to be saved from bankruptcy. He adds :—That Brazil has very great resources capable of rapid development under good Government nobody dis- putes, but such development and progress need en- couragement ofa kind non-existent in the country under the present régime. As a rough estimate of the value of produce exported by the entire country the following figures may be taken as ap- proximately correct :— : Coffee, say, 6,500,000 bags of 60 kilos (130 lb.) each ae £29,090 000 Rubber, sugar, and tobacco .. 6,000,000 Cotton on es 500.000 Hides and skins .. 2. 350,000 Other products .. as 1 200,000 £36,050,000 Ooffee and xubber have been the two mainstays up till now, but cereals and many other products for which Brazil is dependent on the outside world could be grown in the southern States, not only for home consumption, but also for export, apart Finz YieLp er Txa.—A crop of 700ib. an acre all over is expected from some of the tea fields in Upper Haputale this year! It will be difficult to teat this for any considerable acreage elsewhere in the ieland, Cuina Tea.—The writer on this subject in reference to the cheapness of silver, should know that the question is one which has been exercising the local planting and mercantile public a great deal and that there is a Commission at this moment eitting upon it, cr upon what is very much the same thing, our Currency problem. At the same time he shou!d also know that London tea experts and dealers do not think thet the British public could go back to the use of Obina tea to any serious extent even if it were still further cheapened; but this opinion is by no means in- fallible and it remains to be seen what this season may shew to us. TasLolp TEA—We bave circulated the packet of tea tabloids round the Fort, so that merchants and others interested can fee for themselves what they are like. Mr. Jobn Roger, the patentee, is full of faith in his invention, and hopes to be m Ceylon shortly for the purpose of obtaining sume information with regard to the system of manufacture now carried out, as some ten is found very difficult to compress into tabloids. For our own part the tabloids seem to have lost much of the flavour that the tea must have originally contained, but it is possible that this may be overcome by some change in the process. At all events it would be a great thing if this drawback could be overcome, as the cheapness of the tabloids would recommend them to thonsands. Tue Packinc or Ecos.—It is well known, says & continental contemporary, that eggs by being packed in chopped straw, hay, or sawdust acquire an after-taste. This inconvenience may be overcome by a new and original method of packing, which has recently been patented by F. Seyferth, of Hamburg. In asccordance with this new method the eggs are put into watertight veesele which can be closed on all sides, the lid is put on, and then through an opening the interstices between the eges are filled with water or a solution of salt. Through this method, the effect of which seems incredible at first, the breakage of eggs is rendered absolutely impossible, provided the vessels used for packing are absolutely full of the liquid; while the egys cannot acquire the slightest after-taste. Moreover, the frequent drying-up of the contents of the eggs is rendered impossible.—Commerce. CoFFEE AND Cocoa In JAMAICcA.—The Jamaica Post urges greater attention to the preparation of these products. In its issue of December 2nd we read:—'' The cocoa crop is now in full swing, and from all accounts is a satisfactory one. In some districts an unusually good yield is reported. Un— fortunately our strictures on cocoa apply equally to coffee. Bad curing or rather no curing at all, is the rule, As we recently pointed ont, there ig more care now devoted to this crop than hitherto, amorg the large growers. The fermenting is better und-rsteod and also more extensively practiced, and a number of drying machines are now in use. We have not heard cf Ceylon prices being reached yet, but no doubt with increased experience, better results are in store. A great deal of the land now lying waste might be profit- ably planted in cocoa. Requiring as it does, so little expenditure in its preparation for market, it is very suitable for the man of small means. Careful planting, provision of shade, pruning and manuring at the right time are all if needs. In the curing of the bean, there ie as we haye already stated, much room for jmproyement,” ~ Fes. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL “AGRICULTURIST. 543 rn nnn nnn tttdetdtdtn nat ann nan EAST AFRICA FOR PLANTERS: UGANDA —FROM THE .OAsT UPWARDS. Just as we are realing up about Hast Africa aad itg resources aud capabiiues as a great plantation country, there comes to us the report of a lecture bafore the Royal Volonial Institue by Capt, Wil- liams, the companion of Uapt Lugard in Uganda. There are go.ae pections of this paper of s» much practisal interest that we must at ones lay tham bafore our readers. Alter discussing very favourably the prospects of a railway from the Voast to Like Victoria, we have a d:ssciption of the couatry from the maritime dis.cict up to platesux of an elevation of 8.000 fet or superior to our Nuwara Eliya and Horton Piains :— Leaving out the coast belt, which is extremely fer- tile, andtrom which the expurta of coco ut pr dics, indiaruober, graiu, &c., mast become yearly more im- portaot as the couniry set.les duwn, aud labour and capital become more plentitul, we hive at intervals aon: the lina littie “cases” in the dessrt which now have nd market for their crops beyond the pass ng caravan, but wh se pe»ple only require encourage- ment aad prvtection to very larze:y incr ase their output. Aad, agaio, it mait be remembere! that you must not consider ths numb:r of people now s-ttled in acertain spot. Conditious of life in Central Afcica are so batd thas you have oaly to est:blish yourself in a suitable place, and plenty of peopl> witn their familizs are only too glad to come and live under your protection. Such places are Teita and Kibwezi. Further oo, with a short distauce of th. pomt beyo.d waich the rail shold not yo for the present, you have the best portion of the W kamba tribe, who are industrious avd fri-ndly. They are now being used as port-rs between tbeir couatry and st ti ng nearer thecoas', woile when I came down my- self | met another nuwbor of th m going to or return- jug fr »m_ the cuast, taking down cattle, goats, sheep, ivor. and giue ani bri ying up cloths, -eads, and wire. I was much struck with the very remackable change and improvemen: in these people. Taey hive ever been f.1. ndly, with a few local -xception<; but nowthey seem quice to consider themselves as coast pe ple, and ¢.ivk uothing of acouple of huudred m les’ march to the seas. Kixoyu.—Still further on you come to the Kikuyu couatcy—a perfect Garden of Hien. Imagine a rolliug plaia with abuadant water and sach soil as ig ouly found on the site of a virgin forest, the whole surrounded by most beautiful forests which descend to plsins teemiug with game of all kin s, Being at an elevation of 6,000 teet, the climate is most seliguttal, while Haglish ve getatl+s grow in the most luzuraas manner and of mo-t excellent flavour. Kixoyvu For PLanTeR3s.—You can, as far as I could pee, yrow suytiuing a. any time; pvas, for instance, are fictv eat im oix weeks after taey ure planted. The natives used tobe very troubl:s»me; but { thiik thorket is concerned. We are most fully convinced of this, and we think no time should be lost by the Pla: tere or Tra Fund Committee in inviting such co-:peration from the Oalenutta Association. We regret very much that our evening contemporary ehould have been led into writing as be did a few evenings ego ; but we hope he will, oa reflection, see the wisdom of a charge of attitude. It is a great pity that the part we italicize in the following otherwise seneible passage should have been written :— That the limit of expansion in the consumption of tea at home has now nearly been reached can no longer be concealed, and it behoyes ali who bave the interest of the enterprise at heart to bring this point forcibly home to those who con- template extending the area under tea. It is well they shoul. heve the fact brought home to them that the market bids fair to be overstocked with tea in the near future; and we are glad that Messrs Gow, Wilson and Stanton have not hesi- tated to set this point clearly forth. New markets are sadly wanted, and it cannot be said that Ceylon planters have not done their best to open them up. The only pity is that our efforts are so poorly supported by India; but we have tong ceased to look for hearty co-operation in that direction. What- ever is done must be done by ourselves onaided and we hope that the ‘ea Fund Commitiee will take a large and comprehensive survey of their duties during the coming seas. n. We are at a lo3s to know to what our contem-. Fep, 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 544 porary refers. Is he not aware that the foundation of the present splendid tradein Indian and Ceylon teas in Australasia was laid at the Melbourne Exhibition in 1881 when the Indian and Ceylon Commissioners worked together like brothers in mutual co-op ration and in along and stern fight against China teis which were analyzed and ex- posed in the public press again and again. Sir Kdward Buck and the Aon. James Inglis now of Sydney—who represented India and its tea respectively—will testify how cordially they were - eupported by the late Mr. A. M. Ferguson (as Ceylon Commissioner) in this matter, while they as readily backed his efforts on behalf of Ceylon. We have yet to learn that the Indian planters have since refused to join in a joint propoeal, or that the courss pursued at Chicago was Owing to any coolness on their part. In any case, whatever cause of dispute or rivalry there may have been in the past should surely, hence- forward, be buried. The occasion now presented is one eminently demanding union and co-opcration between the representatives of British-grown teas. They will have quite enough to do in facing and ousting the common enemy, namely the interior, deletericus China and Japsn teas. What is wanted is the formation of an Advertising Fund for Tea in Amerios, to which both countries or rather the planters in each, should contribute, and in proportion to the estimates of production framed in Calcutta aud Kandy. This fund should, first, be devoted to the paying of a standing advertisement of an attractive as well ay instructive character in the leading newspapers in America. Moreover, it should cover the cost of sending a well selected and guided corps of Indian ag well as Osylon native servants to traverse the country from one end to the other; and thirdly to provide a series of lectures throughout the United States and Canada such as attracted so mush attention at the Exhibition. We may explain what is meant by sending native servants. We all know the great attraction the Sinhalese and Tamil servants proved at the Exhibition Tea Oourts, and how much their services were in request. ‘The same is true to a gieat extent of Mr. Blechynden’s native staff at the Indian Oourt. Mr. Buchanan took the trouble to inquire of the managing partner in one of the largest wholesale Tea Houses in Chicago in what way he and other tea producers in India and Ceylon could best help the dealers in bringing their teas into use. ‘‘ Lend us your native servants,’’ was the reply, ‘‘not for our warehouse use, but to send on ‘a round of cervice to our customers—a week’s ‘‘ service in each town will do—when well-advertised ‘© as ready to supply and serve tea at certain retail ‘© stores, such places will be crammed all the week © through and a certain taste and demand for your ‘© teas will very likely be established as the result.”’ This, if backed up by steady advertising, was in the opinion of practical men in Chicago and New York, the hest way to go to work, and with this assur- ance that the results could not fail to be seen, almost at once, in special oiders for British- grown teas. We have only now to point out to the planting community and especially to the Chairman and Committee of the Planters’ Association and Tea Fund, the importance of losing no time in taking action towards securing the co-operation of the Indian’ Tea Association in Calcutta, in the formation of a special Advertising Fund for America, We venture to be urgent, because not only are we sure that the Oommissioner when he renders his report very shortly, wiil agree that the field in the United States is ready to be ocoupied ; but, because the present time sffords a most favourable oppor. unity for securing the co-operation of our Indian brethren in the way we speak of. So good an op- portunity, indeed, may not recur. We refer to the presence in North India for the next six weeks or so of Sir John Muir and Mr. Buchanan, and to their exceptional position as both interested in Indian and Ceylon teas. We feel quite sure that both these gentlemen are ready to promote co-operation between Indian and Ceylon planters in a campaign to win America, for British-grown teas and from their influence in Assam and other districts, there can be no doubt of success attending such efforts in India. Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co., of Oalcutta—as the figures we recently published of tea shipments indicated—influence a very large proportion of the tea property in Northern India, Indeed, we aannet be far wrong in putting their interest and influence as approximating to one-fifth of the entire tea production of India. Not only so, but combination in Assam and other Northern tea districts is further rendered comparatively easy, as more than half the industry is represented by three Oaloutta Firms and nearly the whole is in the hands of, comparatively, a few large Companies. Under these circumstances, it ia evid nt that if the Ceylon Panters’ Association seek the co-operation of the Indian Tsa Associ- ation, while Sir Joho Muir and Mr. Buchanan are on the spot, a ready and hearty response is likely to be forthcoming. The best method of securing the American tea trade, not at this or that point, but as a whole, all over the continent, is undoubtedly the question of the moment for all tea planters. Abigsand united effort is specially — required. The way is now made plain for such an effurt : surely the opportunity will not be neglected or ignored? Let it be remembered that half efforts never accomplish anything. No one can say that in fighting Japan and China teas in America, the interests of Ceylon and Indian planters are not identical; or that with a common, powerful and entrenched enemy to face, attack and drive out, it will be well to continue to sherish petty jealousies (if such do exist), to magnify minor even if diverse interests, and to refuse to work shoulder to shoulder with one great and all. important object in view? If, however, our advice is not taken,—if nothing is done to promote united action in 8 determined persistent cam- paign—all we can say is that Ceylon as well as India planters will deserve to see their teas remain at the present low level, or even to drop to a lower level, of average price. But we are persuaded better things of the great tea re- presentatives of both countries; for we think they must see with us that the occasion now presented is preeminently one so far as their industry is concernei, which may be illustrated in the words of the immortal bard :— “There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune, Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries.” > A NEW MEXICAN COFFEE DISTRICT. Land in the districts of Culcatlan and Teotilan del Camino, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, suitabla to the cultivation of coffee snd other export articles, has been greatly developed. Is is predicted that the extensive zone comprising these districts will ehortly attain great agricultural prosperity, ae the persons at the lead of the prinopal undertek nge are thought to be energetic and capable.— American Grecer, THE VISIT OF MR. P. B. BUCHANAN TO CEYLON—ANL BRITISH GHOWN TEAS IN AMEKICA, Ms. P. R. Buchanan Kft Colombo for Cal- cutta by the es. ‘* Pekin" on Jan, 18th, last, Mr. Buchanan has seen a good deal of Ceylon during his present visit, und he takes an . interest—ae might be expected from his antecedents —jo a great deal beyond the tea and planting enterprise with which bis firm and partners are s0 closely identified. Mr. Buch nan 18 well-known in metropolitan circles for bis philanthropy, as well as for his extensive tea connection through Lis Leadenhall Street Firm. He is second only to Sir John Muir in the great enterprise just siart d for extending the interests of the North and South Sylhet ‘ea Companies in Ceylon as well as Indiu, and he is now proceeding to join Sir John in Calcutta, preparatory to a joint visit of some four weeks’ duration to Assam and the Dooars, Ke- turning thence, both gentlemen will revisit C-ylon on the way home, Mr. Buchanan probably oming first, as he leaves Mre, and Miss Buchanan at Nuwara Whya fcr the present. It is nos generully known how great an in- terest Mr. Buchanan has taken for some time back in deve oping a demand for British-grown teas in America. With this object in view, he haa paid rio less than three vicits to the United States and Canada during the past eighteen months, Mr. buchanan soon found out that there was no hope of developing any considerable trade in Indian or Ceylon tea save by working through the lerge wholesale firms. Anything like the establishment of iival retail stores in the principal towns, he would regard as & means rather of ‘retarding than of promoting the obj-ct in view. Such stores may attract a local payiag trade for the purwcular proprietors, but the whule of the demand they will create will be as a drop in’the bucket of the wholesale and steadily iu- creasing trade which it shoula b- the object of British planters to establish, Indeed, anything like an “official” Plaaters’ Store—a Store veaiing the authority of the planters in Seyon or india —he would regard as the worst enemy of the true interests of the planters at large, which Mr. Bucha- nan considers to be, the gradual wianing over of the large tea dictributing houses which have gota more ‘complete hold in the United States, than perhaps in any other country, of the retsil trade. Mr. Buchanan accordingly set bimseli irom the first to show that he and his pariners—and he very large present and prospecuve tea interesis they represent—did not wish at ali to meddie with retailers, or to do otherwise than supply the distributing houses and the trade whoiesuie. It must be conftssed, huwever, that on his first visit early in 1892, Mr. Buchanan experienced but ecant encouragement: The big tea firms in New York and chicego poohpoohed the idea of Indian or Ceylon tea coming in to disiurb their established trade in Japan’s and China’s—chiefly the former. They did not care for auy such in- trusion or rival; ror did they fear that the comparatively limited number of tea drinkers among the people of America would d sire to make acbange. The business offers which Mr. Buchanan could make to them were not sufficiently attractive, and he came at last to see that if he wished Britich‘growa teas to gain a footing in the county, he ‘must éstablish his own Agencies and Depo s fot thé’ supply whoiersle of the trade. With this object “fn yiew, he looked out for Agents of ex- periénce ia the American tva trade, und having found’ suitable’ men with a full knowledge of the the and Canada, market in States THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Fee. 1, 1894, end the necessary go-beadness to push « néw enterprise, he establisb\d three Agencies in New York, Chicago and Toronto. His went to work among the eetabliched tea firms, bat they alco found it uphill work, and when Mr. Buchanan returned on his second yisit in the winter of 1892, although some impression bed been made and the big houses were more willing to receive and test samples of Indian and Cey.on teas, yet the immediate prospects were by no means brilliant. When, however, Mr. Buchanan paid & third visit in Angust last year, be found a masked change for the better in the situa‘ion. A demand bad tet in, and some of the very lar,ext and !ovgest established cistributing houses bad begun to placard their warehouse walls with ‘stocks of I.dian and Ceylon teas on band’ or words to that «ffect; and in the priee-currents and pamphlets set out to retailere, some of then more eficctive adver isements referred to the new (and previously despieed) teas. Indeed, Mr. Bucha- nan found leading men ino the tea trade reavy, last year, both in New York and Chicago, to diseuss the possibility of ousting Japan tea altogether ; for, they admitted—some of them—that the 90 million lb. of teas at present sent to North Ameriog from Japan end Obina included a very large proportion of adulterated stuff and trash. They mentioned indeed that the deterioration in Japan tess was increasing, and that just as the United States had turned from China to Japan tea not many years back, it would not require a very long campaign, if properly directed, to create another revolution and win the greater part of the 90 millionlb. eonsumed, for India and Oeylon teas with a steady develop- ing consumption. Thic, we may be sure, was welcome news to the representative of large British tea interests. Mr. Buchanam bas uo doubt, that the Exhibiton and its display of both Ceylon and Indian teas distribpied by patives »n the cup to all visisitors, had e good deal to do with the chenge of feeling. He gives the highert credit to the Ceylon Qommussioner whom Mr. Buchsnan emphatically thinks was the right man in the right place to puch Ceylon teas in the Exhibition. The represen’ative of the Indun teas also did well. But tbe Exbisition is ali over; and the practical question now is, how best can the C-ylon aud Indian planters follow op the preli- minary work and win the United Staws and Canada for British-growo teas, ousting out some 90 million 1b of adutterated and inferior Japan and China teas, Ou this subject, we shall treat to- morrow. OO EAST AFRICA FOR PLANTERS. A communicstion io the Royal Geographical Society siaies that Mr. (rawshey, a Goverument oficial in British Cen ral Africa, has recently visited the Angoni country near Lake Nyasa, He found the Nyika Pletesu, which was traversed on the way, 8 megnificent country, inhabited by & scattered population of Anyiks, living in bute built on wuarrow terraces on the mountain-side or in caves, and cultivating peas as an slmost exclusive crop, In this district there are some fine Mountains, exceeding 8,000 feet in height, the priseipgt town of the Anyika on the slope of antorongondo, being nearly 6,000 feet above the sea.— Nature, D.c. 28, OUR TEA EXPORT TRADE, ; 84,387,656 LB. SHIPPED IN 1898, The Chamber uf Commerce is not yet in a position to issue their annual tabie showing the total Exports from Colombo and Galle for 1883, Fes. 1 1894.| in contrast with the previous nine years. we suppose the figures summing up the Export table in the weekly Price Current this tims may be taken to represent the results for the past year. There is nothing so starting as our con- temporary made out the other day through a mi:take of his in addition of only 10 million additional pounds of teal The actual total ex- port is given at 84,387,656 lb.—an advance of no less than 13 million lb. on the return for 1892! The estimate of the Planters’ Associatioa was far below tha result; and it looks rather as if heaceforward with tea we may have something like alteraate crops, an experience which, if established, would lead us to expect in 1894, but a limited incréase on last year’s figures. Thus for 1890 we got close on 47 million 1b.; for 1891 over 68} tiillion lo.; for 1892 only a fraction over 71 million lb. Judging by analogy, we might expect the export for 1894 to be under 90 million tb, Lhe figures for the pass ten years may be given as follows :— Tra, tb. Total Exports from 1st Jan. to Dec. 31st 1893...84,387,656 Do do do 1892..71,153,657 Do do do 1891. .68,274,420 Do do do 1890...46,901,554 Do do do 1889. .34,U48,: 85 Do do do 1888. .24;381,296 Do do do 1887...13,800,545 Do do do 1886., 0,111,137 Do do do 1885.. 4,411,578 Do do do 1884... 2,403,095 Do do do = 1883., 1,641,810 =~ TREE PLANTING. To the Editor Indian Engineer. Sir,—In hard soil mixsd with friable rock it is found that che growth of the tamarind tree is retarded -whew pits ot the ordinary dimeusiou of 3! by 3” by 3! are used. I wih to produce a sort of inverted crater by the expiosion of guupowder—how is this teasible? A star suapedtreach rouud thecvarge hole woul: give po nis of least resistance—and intermediate pillars would bélett. The roots woul: re-dily tiud thei way through the galienes of loosened soil, avd watr chatties or earthenware vessels buried round the trench would tend to draw out tue rovts. I ehoud be glad to receive any biuts or be intormed ot apy practical bovk on the subject, RoaD AVENUE. SS COCONUT AND CINNAMON CULTIVATION DURING 1893: ALSU CACAV, PHPPER, RUBBER, &., IN THa NEGUMBO DISTRICL, (By @ Practical Planter.) A few notes on the weather and the progress of cinnamon and coconut cultivation in Kadirane in particular, as well as oth. xr industries in the Negombo district generally, during 1893 :— WearHer —During the first half of the year the weather was fayourabie, the raivfail having been aboye the ayerage and well distributed over the period, From July to October it was very dry: the atter month was exceptionally so,with only 3°52 inches of rain as ayainst an average for 8 years of 13°66 inches. November was wetter than usual. but in December the weather was normal. At the monsoon burst in April severe thunderstorms were exjerienced which did consiuerable damage to coconut trees. On one plantavion alone as many as 31 of the palms Were lost that mouth from the effects of lightning, Apsil was Gleg woterorthy for a heavy fall of rain on THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘ ' POTATOES. Mr. E. 8: Beaven writes to the English J/ail of November the 15th :— ‘A square field of very uniform soil was p'aated with 31 different varieties of potatoee. With the ex- ception of a strip of 24 perches extending through the field and taking in a portion of the ranks of each variety, the whole was sprayed twice with ‘bouillie Bordelaise.” The composition of the mixture was 20]b sulphate of copper and 10)b quicklime in 100 gallons of water. The area sprayed was one ecre, and the following table gives the results (calculated for each variety in tons per acre)—viz. (1) total crop raised, and (2) rate of gain or loss per acre on the sprayed area compared with the area not sprayed.” We omit the table but out of the 3] varietice experimented with, we may mention that the best six were, in order of merit, Imperator, Serius, Fidler’s Colossal, Reading Giant, Webbs’ Stourbrige Glory and Blane Reisen which gave yields of from 19 to 22 tons 16 cwtperacre. The earlier Vajieties gaye smaller crops, about 14 tons cub were ripe some 24 months before the others: The average of the whole was 15 tons 8 owt, the average gain due to the application of the bowillic wasl ton 14,cwt, ‘For the most part, the earlier and the main crop varieties of potatoes did not suffer appreciably from disease, and on some of the less hardy sorts the effect of spraying this year was to cause a very perceptible check to the growth of the foliage, more than counters balancing any small gain which would other heve been made. In the case of the latest varieties, however, the effects of the spraying are most marked. Many of these remained green and continued their growth fcr an additional month where they sprayed: The gains, where they have been made, are almost entirely dae to prolonged growth rather than to a reduction in the proportion of diseased tubers, which throughout the plots did not amount to 4 per cent, of the crop,atd on the undressed sec'ions were less than 2 per cent. It will be noticed that the orops are very heavy. The land was in good eondition and received 2 uni- form dressing of 10 cwt to the acre of the complete chemica) manure recommended to the committee last year by Der. Munro, containing equal parts of sul- phate of ammonia, superpbosphate, ard kainit (an impure form of potash.—Kd.) We must vall the attention'of our readers to the fact that sprayed app‘ications of Bouillie Bordelaiseis only effectual fur the Ei glish variety of potatoe disease, the Indian ring—diecase must be treated in a different apd more expensive manner, In this latter case the soil itself must be saturated with the bowillie, as the ring-dicvease attacks the plant wnder-ground, and not by means of the lesyes. We have found ourselves that the rinz-dicease attacks both English and country varieties. We shall be glad to give any further in- formation on this matter if required.—South India Observer. SS TEA—INDIA: AND CEYLON IN. 1893. ReEvIEW oF Crops FROM THE DIFFERENT INDIAN Districts. The advent of the new year enables us to form a retrospect of tea for 1893, and in. doing so the only possible conclusion to arrive at is that it conypares unfavourably with its predecessor as to quality, and some of the tea districts have also to face a serious deficiency in quantity. This is notably the case with Darjeeling, where, without fear of contradiction it can safély be stated that 1893 has been one of the worst seasons experienced in the hills. The weather was abnormally cold, and after a record of rain in July, mosquito blight set in with a severity utterly unknown hitherto, affecting both quality and quantity, and to quote a planter of great experience ‘‘ there was hardly a really busy week throughout the season.’ There have been some fine invoices sold in this market, chiefly from the higher elevations, but the deficiency in outturn all round has been so serious that prices have not compensated. It is pleasing, however, to see daily advertisements of ad-interim dividends, proving that eyen witha bad season the average of Darjeeling teas, with a modicum of outturn, distinctly proves in their case that quality pays, whereas quantity spells failure. The Darjeeling Terai on the contrary has dcoue better as far as regards quantity, blight having been less and oaly made its appearance laterin the season Pricss, however, have showu no improvement, and the average for the seacon is again terribly low and only in a f:w cases can rhareholders hepe for eny return. On tho other hand we fear that many con- cervs heve been worked at a loss, and further large areas wil he abandoned jin 1894; when it is con- sidered that every acre of old plant in the Terai represents R400 to K500, the aggregate abandoned duriog the last three years will represent many lakhs of rupees. ; The _Dooars, owing to extcnsions, will show so increase, but the old gardeus have votresponded to the estimete formed as to their capability, snd the 556- — THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fee. 1, 1894. tea has’ been poor throughout the seasov. ‘Lhere will not be the fonrish of trumpets that dwarfed all other districts at the end of 1892. Scarcity of labour and the struggle for it is a very sericus factor in the Dooars, and « disagreeable incident connected with it duriog the past year surely should prove to all connected with the industry that it should be a case of “Live and jet live.” The outturn in this district has grown to euch dimensions and the average yield is 80 extraord- inary, that it is a matter for serious reflection, as new extensions come into bearing whet is to become of sll that class of tea that is mavufac- tured. Quality inthe Dooars scems to be cut of the question, the amount of leaf at times to be dealt with seems to be beyond the power of even the most energetic manager to cope with ; that and the want of labour can be the only excuse for the teas that have been cffered during 1893, That it is vot the fault of the plunt must be admitted, or we should not hear of sales of tea seed from the Doovrs, which is now becoming a remunerative part of tome of the better known gardens. Whetber the amount of withering accommodation is inadequate, which strikes us ss most probable, or whether it is the machinery, must be left to those most interested to cetcrmine, but the fact remains the same, Dooars tea taken as a crop by itself has been most disappointing during 1893. Cachar and Sylhet grouped together have had an average yield, whether due to new extensions or heavier plucking is not easy to determine. In some cases in Sylhet old gardevs have done badly; the weather has been indifferent and unseasonsbly cold during the busy months from June to September, and the quality poor as compared with 1892. The appearance cf the tea, as usual with Cachar, shows great care in menipulation, but there has been no bcdy—light in the cup is the cliarac- teristic of this, district. Great hopes were entertained that with the new Bbeel gardens and their fine plents, there would be adictinct improvement in the quality, but it cannot honestly be said that so far these hopes have keen realised. We hear in some instances of a serious falling-off in the yield of some of the older Bheel gardens, attributed to the heavy drainage that was requisite and the conrequent loss of svil after auy heavy downpour. In grouping these districts together it is only fair to add that with respect to some of the new gardens in South Sylhet the average yield equals the best part of the Dooars, and both this District and Cachar are fortunate as to their Jabour, as even with imported labour, owing to a far healthier climate, there never is the terrible ceath roll that hampers Assam; there is an amount of in- digenous labour that renders many parts of the dis= tricts quite independent of foreign labour; the final reault 1s that 1893 has not equalled its predecestor. The fall in the market, coupled with an inferior crop, must tell heavily on the results. Assam has the same tale to tell; ithe teas have. been indifferent, not altributable to want of eare but unreasonably cold weather in the best months of the year. The estimates have been in most cases exceeded, and as far as quantity is concerned 1893 must be considered a gocd year, but the fall in value has been considerable, and two apnae a jb., equal to R10 8 maund, may be without exaggeration placed as the loss compared with 1892. ‘Chis spread over the heavy yield from Aasam, as will easily be seen, is 6 terrible total, and shareholders cannot expect much in the way of result. There has been in Assam, 88 elsewhere, exceptions to the rule, but taken as & whole Assam Las not done well. Those gardens that have maintained their quality have done fairly well and have incoutestably proved that Arsam can produce a quality of tea that defies comp¢tition from other distric\s, and if it were not for the terrible labour difficulty, snd consequent struggle for it, that handicaps Assam 60 seriously, there can be but one conclusion that #8 a tea pro- ducing district Assam has no rival, and we wonld preach and impress On all conc.roed quality versus guantity, feeling convinced that a yield of six maunds per scre in Acsam will give better resdlts than ten maunds from any other districts, of course, provided, and as stated above, that quality is wade the firet consideration. As compared with 1892, when the prices paid for the good quality of that year un- fortunately induced the beavier plucking in 1893, the latter year cannot show, even witb its larger out- turn, anything like the results of its predecessor, We cannot conclude this epitome on the past tea sea- son without drawing attention to the steady increase from Ceylon and that ofa class of tea that directly comes into contract with the lower grides from India, and slso et a time of year when India, os regards production, is Cormant. Before the advent of Ceylon ss a big tea-producer the menths of Apri!, May and June in London enabled that market to dispore of the balance of the Indian crop, but with an export from Ceylon in December 1893 of eight millions as compared with five millions in 1892, it is very evident there will be no period of rest, aud that new tess from Indie will no lorger commend, as in the past, fancy prices ; that of itself should be another and stronger inducement to seek quality sand not quantity. As stated in the exrjier part of this article Darjeeling, which seldom exceeds three to four mapuds per acre, can, owing to its better value, show returns that compere more than favourably with other districts that yield double and treble the quantity. Quality, therefore, not quantity, is our motto and advice for 1894.—Capital. —_——_—_—_ KOLA NOT. We are indebted to Mr. W. T,. Robeon—whom we welcome back after mach wandering in ont of the way lends, to settle for some time on his Matale properticee—for a rample of ** Pure - pre- pared Kola’’ by our old friend Mr. T. Christy. When we saw him last in London, Mr. Christy was full of the bright prospects before this food-product. It is deemed an excellent enb- etitute for chocolate, but, it is evidently, difficult to get intc use; for we notice that in the very latect market report it is still classed as a ‘‘drug” and the information given indicates an over-supply and weak demand. There is nct much ehance of a large supply from Ceylon; for we know of no planter who has co many Kola trees (Cola acuminata) as Mr. Robson himseli—some 400—of which, however, only a few are in full bearing. The plant is described by Mr. Aymer ag developing into much the came appearence BS & Wangosteen and to be handsome and attractive. Fortunately, to counterbalance the slack demand in Englend, there is a market for the fruit, even in its green state in Calcutta, for what purpcse is not very clear, though one suggee- tion is that it is used by topere, and possibly by Opium-eaters who want to conquer the habit? In any case, as an undoubtedly valuable food-product, Kola deserves more attenticn than it has received and we hope Mr. Robson will yet reap substantial benefit from his trees and from such extension of the cultivation as he may undertake. io BARK AND DRUG REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Jan. 4. ARECA-NUTS.—The market is much over-stocked with this drug, for which the use is ccmparatively limited ; several parcels were shown at auction today, and bought in at ircm 15s to 20s per cwt. according to quality ; the highest bid obteined for rather ordinary urecas was 5s 6d per cwt. BawusamM OF PERU.— Very scarce and high in price. Seven shillings 4 pound is the lowest figure for good quality. One. or two parcels are landing, but were too late for today’s suctions. ; CiINcHONA.—Seyeral recent arrivals of South American Huancco bark, which has not been imported for many . mcnths, were placed on sale today ; they numbered alte- gether 96 serons, the whole of which :eld with good com- petion at somewhat irregular and generally very high Fes. 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 557 prices, fair bright grey quill at 1)d to 1s1d, small an More or less damaged at from 10d down to 6d, ver small and common down to 2d per lb. Of genuine Lox bark 13 packages were offered and sold at 1s 10d pe lb. for fair bright guil', and is 3d to 1s 4d for smal ditto. Of a new parcel of 2L bales flat Bolivian Calisaya imported via Hamburgh 5 sold, fine pale orange quality at lg 8d per lb. A bale of bright Cartagena offered with- out reserve, realised only 33d per lb. CocoA.—Priees remain very low, but a fair proportion of the leayes offered today found buyers. Twelve cases from Colombo fuund purchasers at td per lb. for medium to boll green, partly dark mixed leaves of gcod flavour, and from 3d down to ld per lb. for dull brown to com- mon damaged ditto. Of a parcel of 25 bales South Ame- rican leaves, five sold at 10d per lb for fair but broken Truxilio, damages bringing 64d perlb. Fine broken green ditto realised 1s 2d, and strong brown Huanoco leaves 1s 4d to 1s 6d per lb. CocaInE.—The market is firm, at 14s 64 per oz. hydro- chlorate. The outside maker who recently undereold his colleagues now quotes 4d per cz. more than they do. Koua.—In slow demand at somewhat easier rates, rather dull West- Indian see brought 74d per lb. QUININE has been quiet this week. Since a sale of 5,000 oz second-hand German bulk at 103d last Friday, no business haz been reporced at all until: at today’s auc- tions, when 5,000 oz. of B. & S. quinine in 1(0 oz tins sold at 1(?d per oz., showing the market to be very firm. It is reported that there are sellers of Whiffen’s quinine in second-hand at 11d, The maker’s quotations are unaltered. TONQUIN-BEANS.—In plentiful supply, but there is very little demand. Fair blac« to good bright frosted Para were bought in at from 2s 3d to 2s per lb, and ordi- Tary, very fc xey at ls 4d per lb. VANILLA.—A very large supply, numbering over 500 packages, sold with good competition at au acvance of 6d to 1s on short and Isto 2s on long beans: fine bold 15s 6d to 17s 6d; good 6% to 8 inhes, 1Us 6a to 148; fair to good, 4 ta 64 inches, 6s 9d to 103; ordinary fiXey and brown from 4s 6d down to 2s per lb. ———@-—____ LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE PRODUCE. TRAVANCORE TEA. (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited. Report of the Colonial Markets for the week ending January 38rd, 1894.) Owing to the crush of tea coming in from India and Ceylon, and the low pricescurrent for medium, these have not sold as readily as they deserved, although prices compare well against other sales. The. quality shows slight falling off on previous ee the chief feature being the lightness in the iquor. “a a Ay stl LE ee Mee Ay ee ONE = Bat Oo I — a ° : iS) ¥ AL 4 ° BY “4 5 H 3 ‘ a D oO te) ‘ iad > jaa} mB Ay nm Cc : ° a3 ='$ or | =) $s ‘iS & «68 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fee. 1, 1894, — —-+-- MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From 8S. Figgis & Co.'s Fortnightly Price Current, London, 11th, January 1894.) EAST INDIA. EASE CUI \Geatianed | k bay, Ceylon, Madras ie ; sst Coast Africa, an ag sh Bid Zatsibors PU AST S QUOTATIONS ||" ar and Madras Coast, GU ALIFE, UVOTATIONS. i Bengsl. OE3, Socotrine Good aud tine dry liver.,.\£4 a £5 TI Ord Par @iilen 5s 4d $s 101 ALOE3, & see ae eee rdinary to middling ... 8 Zanzibar & Hepatic|Common and good _ ,./40s a £5 10s Kurpah.. ~— «| Fairto ja reddish violt 6da 4s BABK,CINCHONA Crown|Renewed ... .. ...\Ihd a 4d Ordinary and middling...|28 4d a 3s 34 Chips and shaving we lld a 4d Madras (Dry Leaf).|Middling to good ...(38 8d a 3s Ol Red...)Renewed .. ... «L$ a 4d Low to ordinary M8 3d aw 2s ad : : Chipsand shavings «(liad [VORY--Elephants’ Teeth- Bees’ Wax, E. White...|Good to fine ... «|£7 a £8108 60 lb. & upwards _...|Soft sound £61 a £68 10s I Yellow ...| ,, ae ee ++ |£6 & £7 over 30 & under 60 lb. cn i £53 a £63 Mauritius & Madagascar...)Fair to fine ae + /£5 15s a £6 153 50 a 100 lb. --|Hard ,, os £33 a £19 108 CARDAMOMS— Serivelloes ... «-/Soft_ =, 4 £25 10s a £39 Allepee vas «| Fair to fine clipped ..jls a 28 6d bs jee «| Hard m “ £isa Lis Mangalore ... «| Bold, bright, fairto fiue.../1s 6d a 3s Billiard Ball Pieces2}a 3}i0|/Souod soft ... ...|£67 = £75 10s Malabar tp --|Goodto fine plump,cliped|2s a 23 6 Bayatelle Points .+:/Sli, def.to fine sound soft|£50 » £61 Ceylon, Malabar sort} Fairto fiaebold bleached)2s 31 a 3s Cut Pointsfor Bille |Shaky to fine solid sd. sft/£48 £69 » o» medium ,, |1s 6d a Is 10d Mixed Points & Tips...|Defective, parthard .,,/£38 a £16 » 95 Small is a 1s 6d Cut Hollows .-|Thiu to thick tosd, sft |£27 a £49 10s Small tobold brown ...\ls a 1s 6¢ Be. Horse Teeth— Alleppee and/Pair to fine bold af | 4a lf lb. Straight crked part close|ls 44.4 2s 64 Mysore sort) ,, ,, medium ,,, || MYRABULANES, Bombay|Bhimlies I, good & fine , An +» Small (18 & Is 5d pales alls Long wild Ceylon...|\Common to good ...|/4d u 23 2d » 4, tair pickiogs/4s & 4s 9d CASTOR OIL, lste}White 1... ../24d a3l | JubbleporeI, good & fiue _ nd:/Bair and good pale .,.|21 a 2jd ale /7s 31 8 Bs 34 CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...| fair to fine bright [398 a 3D »» IL, fair rejections|#* 64 & 6s 6d Ord’y. and middling ...|25; a Us | \Vingorlas. good and fiue/9s 64 a 6a 94 CINNAMON, _ ist#]Ord’y. to fine pale quill...)é$d a 1s 5d || Madras, Upper Godavery|Good to fiue picked .,.|7¢ & 78 Gi 2nd= ” ” ” ” (61 a 1s PT) ” ...|\Common to middling wn (#39 60 & 5s od rds ” ” ” ” - 5$d a 104 | Coast soe cont WBLB 1 aus soe eee 53 Od a 68° 3d 3 aS mee Ape teem Lyi Fe Pickings ...|Burnt and defective .,,|38 64 8 4s 6d : Chips) Fair to fine plant w[2hd a Td ||MACE, Bombay .,.|Dark to good bold pale..,|!# 64 @ 2s CLOVES, Zanzibar } Fair to fine bright .. |#;ia 21 W’dcom. durktotine bold|#4 & 10d and Pemba. J /Common dull aad mixed|/¢d 2,1 NUTMEGS, oo One a Bie ee [28 & 38 » STEMS Common to good __....|#da Gul 90's8 125's ... «(18 ad 2s COCULUS INDICUS ...Fuir sifted... .., Tan 7s 31 NUX Cochin, Madras|{ Fair to fine bold fresh|®5 4 12+ COFFEE ww. «.. «/mid. Plantation Ceylon|i02s a 10ts VOMICA and Boobay | Small ordinary and fair|®* & 5* 5 we ee 6 os | Low Middling ,, ,, |Jis & 1018 {L, CINNAMON ...|Fair to fine heavy wa & 28 COLUMBO ROOT... «..|Good to fine bright souud|i43 4 18s CITRONELLE _ ...|Bright & good flavour... f¢ & ft : Ordinary& middling .. |Lus a 12s LEMONGRASS || ,, a » (Me 2 CROTON SEEDS, sifted...| Pair to fine fresh (208 27364 lloncuetta | Ceylon .+.|Mid. to fine, not woody |##4 ® 258 CUTCH bee see «-|Bair to fine dry «-/203 a 323 WEED Zanzibar ...;Picked clean flat leaf ..,.L48 4 23¢ DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan./Ordinary to good drop _..|3)4 a 60. Mozambique] », wily wm ...(2!* & 958 GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey |Fuir to fine dark blue ...|52s 61457 6d ||PEPPER— ; Good white and green ...|458 a 503 Malabar, Black sifted ...) Pair to bold heavy ... | |2 GINGER, Cochin, Cut ...|Good to fine bold [753 a L008 Alleppee & Tellicherry | ,, good ,, ...f| #4 8 2i¢ »» ++-|Smalland medium + /655 a 753 Tellicherry, White ...| ss o + BOM ‘10d @ Is Rougk...|Fair to fine bold + /473 a 653 PLUMBAGO, Lump _...|Fair to fine bright boldi15s a 254 -|Smalland medium —.,..|353 a 47s Middling to good small)iis a 14s Fair to good nom....\594 Chips «.|Sli’tly foul to fine brightigy a 1294 Blocky to finecleuan .,./253 a 50s Dust + |Ordinsry to fine bright...!2s 91 a §3 Picked fine pale in sorts }2£11 03a £13 0s|| RED WOOD «+ _e|Fair and fine bold .../€3 a £3 10g Part yellow & mixed d».|29 lusa £1010-||SAFFLOWER, Bengal |Goodtofinepinkynominal/s03 a 10)g Bean & Peasizeditto ...)€5 a £3 10s Ordinary to fair ++ /603 & 70s Amber and red bold ...|£8 03 a £9 153 Inferior and pickings .../40s a 50s Bengal, Rough @UM AMMONIACUM ... ANIMI, washed ... scraped Medium & boldsorts ...|£6 03 a £9 SALTPETRE, Bengal ...\Ordinary to good -|163 64 & L7s ABABIC E.I, & Tern Good to fine pale frosted SANDAL WOOD, ce Fair to fine flavour .../£35 a £55 ; oe a sifted a .. |40s a 523 6d - “a Chips..'Inferior to fine /£9 a £30 Sorts, dull red to fair ...\27s 61a 35s 3APAN WOOD ... ..,|Leanto good bold _.,.|£4 a £7 Ghatti Good to tine paleselecteu| 5s a 55s 3EEDLAC es «./Ordinary to fine bright)/40s a 905 “"l3orts middling to good.../233 a 3us JENNA, Tinnevelly .,.\ Medium to bold green.../54 a 104 Amrad cha.|4904 2nd fine pale .,./50s a 693 ‘Small and medium green|2d a 4d ‘|Reddish to pale brown ,,.|258 a 453 Common dark and smalijid a 24 Madras Dark to fine pale «(L583 a 458 Bombay ..|Ordinary to good «jid a 24 ASSAFRTIDA ~ |Fairto finepinky block SHELLS, M.-o’-P. _...|EayPridx—bold clean ..|703 _anddrop.., «-/503 a 1153 medium thiu and stout|gog ‘ \Ordinarystony to midlin_|253 a 453 Oystersand broken pieces|55, 4 g55 KINO «. _ «e|Fair to tine bright £15 a £18 large = --.|BompayY—good tofiaetnicl77; G14 g0s MYRRH, picked Fair to fine pale «-lé5 a £7 medium part stout clean part good color|g93 a 976 64 Aden sorts|Middling to good «1753 @ 903 chicken part stout or) ” » 373 6d OLIBANUM, jirop...|/Fairto fine white —_...| 403 a 603 oyster & broken pes = as »» 159s 6d a 7936d »» Reddish to middling .../235 a 37g 6d Mussel... -.|bold sorts _ 1403 a 573 6d pickings...|Middling togoodpale ...|[2s a 183 small and medium sorts|22. 61 a 37661 siftings ..: Shghily toul to-fine »-}l23 a 16 Lingah Ceylon .../fhinand good stout sorts}4, g 193 INDIARUBBER ... «../Red hard clean ball ...|23 a 23 44 CTAMARINDS 0 +».|Mid. tofineblacknotstony|3, g gs East African Ports, Zanzi-|White softish ditto .../1s 7d a 2s Stony and inferior ...j42 a gg bar and Mozambique Coast|(Juripe root aes «-.|L0d a ls 6d TORTOISESHELL -.- Sorts.good mo:tle, heavy|2is a 23s Liver ae Ree «(ls 4d als lld Zanzibar and Bombay;Pickings thin to heavy...|5; a 15s Sausage, fair to fine ...)Is6iaQs TUR MERIC,Bengal ..Leanish to fine plump ‘. without sticks...|23 a 2s 3d f finger ... --|L78 a 208 Assam, ono .»-| Good to fine ...({Ls Jd a 23 31 Madras ..,|Fia. fair to fine bold brgtio3; a 263 Common foul & middling|9d a 1561 ” «.-\Mixed middling ... ++-/203 @ 238 Rangoon on ...|Fair to good clean ..jls7d als 11d > +|Bulbs ... se +/123 a 168 Madagascar, pene) Goodto fine pinky & white|2s 1d a 23 61 Cochin ...|¥inger ... oe = aw [173 @ 208 Majunga and Nossibe 4 |Fair to good black ...jJl3 84a 1s1ld ||VANILLOES, : j ISINGLASS or \ ponone {a tofine pale | Jis6la 2: ld Bourbon, Ists .../Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9in.'10aa 18s BFISH MAWS gue. |) dark to fair ..{l01 a 1s 41 Mauritius, 2nds...|Foxy & reddish 5 to8 in. 7s a Lés Bladder Pipe|Clean thin to fine bold.,.||s 6d a 34 Seychelles, 3rds...|Lean & dry to mid, un-; Purse ...|Dark mixed to fine paje|3d a 1s 5d der 6 in. «43878 Karracheo Leaf ...|G.0d to fiae pale ls 91 a 2s 6d Madagascar, } 4ths.,.|Low, foxy, inferior and} INDIGO —_— Bengal Middling to tine violet...[63 a 6464 Saad? woken THE MAGAZINE OF THE SCHOOL OR AGRICULTURE, COLOMBO, Added as a Supplement monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the contents of the Magazine of the School of Agriculture for February:— Vol. VJ FEBRUARY, 1894. [No. 8 A FOREST SCHOOL. HE idea ot starting a School of ' Forestry in connection with the School of Agriculture has as yet merely been mentioned, and some little time must no doubt elapse before it takes a practical form, There is no question that the suggestion is an excellent and the fact (mentioned on last prize- at the School of Agriculture) that the one, day Conservator of Forests is in favour of it, augers well for the project, for with Mr, Broun’s experience as a professor at the Im- perial Forest School, Dehra Doon, and as the present head of the Forest Department in Ceylon, his co-operation in formulating a scheme for the study of forestry will be invaluable. The pro- posed new departure of specially training all young men who will in future be employed in the Forest Department, in whatever capacity, should, moreover, meet with the highest ap- proval of advocates of technical education. We often hear and read of the neglected raw products of our native forests which might be turned to useful account. With the employment of intel- ligently trained forest guards, surveyors and overseers, a preliminary step will have been taken towards a better study of the natural resources of this country. The proposal to afliliate the Forest School to the School of Agriculture is also a happy thought, since the two institutions will manifestly have many common subjects for study, and be mutually helpful to each other, while the cost of carrying out the new project will no doubt be lessened by the proposed affiliation, OCCASIONAL NOTES. Professor Hendrick, lecturing lately on the subject of “Farmyard Manure and Sea-weed,’ adyised farmers to take care of the soluble portions of both kinds of manures, How many hundreds of pounds have been lost by farmers through the escape of the soluble portions of the manure heap? This is a ques tion not easily answered, and scientific lecturers on farming can render no greater seryjice to the agricultural community than by insisting on the fact, and suggesting methods for preyenting the waste. 100 1b. of cows’ dung containg 4 1b, of ammonia and 3 Jb. of phosphates, while an equal quantity of the urine of the cow contains thrice these amounts of both constituents, Potash, on the other hand, is about equally divided between the dung and the urine. The quantities of these constituents appear small when compared with what of them can be obtained in much less bulk of artificial manures But farmyard manure performs other functions, and the urine being so much richer in these principal constituents, it is of the utmost importance that it be absorbed by materials which give the best possible results as general manures, Therefore it is of value to know that, as an absorbent, peat-moss litter stands first; then comes straw, and last of all sawduat. The last is the best absorbent, but in fertilising properties of its own it is very deficient. The most serious loss to the farmer, however, does not arise from the use of defective absorbents, but from the leake ing away of a valuable liquid manure, which is thrown off in fermentation. Ali this should be saved in tanks rendered imperviousgby clay-linin and all manure beds should be similarly dealt With, Soluble, when freely interpreted, means being easily washed away with water, and seeing that sea-weed was taken out of the water, this at first sight appears a somewhat foolish observation, But sea-weed when in the water was alive, and deriving sustenance from its natural element; when placed on the land it died, and its cells being broken, what became soluble could not be re- placed, The lesson obviously is to apply sea- weed to the laud directly, and let the soi] tg 570 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” (Feb. 1, 1894. be fertilised secure all the benefit possible from the escape of the fertilising agencies. Bulk for bulk, sea-weed and farmyard manure contain about equal amounts of water, carbonaceous matter, and fertilising properties. he propor- tions of ammonia in both are about equal; but in sea-weed there is more potah and less phos- phates. Consequently, it is a highly useful ingredient in promoting the growth of clover, and when supplemented with phosphates it is one of the best land manures for turnips or other crops. on which is cast up the wreckage of the waves, are thus well off, and do well to husband all their resources, The older and commonly accepted belief is that cellulose is a definite chemical substance which constitutes the cell wall or framework of the plant’s tissue; that in young plants this material is softer and more soluble than in older plants; that, in short, as the plant matures the cellulose gradually becomes converted into—or, to put it more correctly, the cell wall becomes encrusted with—a substance called lignin or lignose.. This lignin abounds in “woody” veget- able matter, and is the substance to which its woody character is owing. This is the commonly- accepted belief; but recent researches in this interesting but extremely difficult department of agricultural chemistry tend to show thatthe real nature of cellular tissue is by no means so simple, and that cellulose, instead of being one substance, is made up of a number of different substances, and that, further, its nature differs with its source. ius we have the celluloses, got from different sources, distinguished from one another accord- ing as they are associated with bodies such as lignin, pectin, pentosan, and fat. Thus the cellulose of flax is known as_ pecto-cellulose, because it is associated with pectin bodies, Similarly straw cellulose is known as pentoso- cellulose, ligno-cellulose (jute), and adipo-cellu- lose (the cuticle of potato or apple). These different kinds of cellulose differ considerably in the percentage of carbon they contain, and are also distinguished by other chemical properties which we need not enumerate here. The impor- tant practical point to be noticed here is that cellular tissue is a substance which differs in different kinds of plants, and that even in the same plant it differs in different parts and at different stages of its growth. Imperfect, there- thefore, as our knowledge of the nature of cellular tissue—revealed by recent research—is, it serves - to increase our mistrust in the present method of estimating ‘soluble carbo-hydrates.” GROUND NUTS. The cultivation of ground nuts and the ex- traction of ground-nut oil, have been more than once recommended by us as a suitable industry for the natives of Ceylon, and it would now appear (from the following notice in the Indian Agricultwrist), that the prospect for those adopt- ing it, should be a bright one, It, maybe remarked. that the exportation of Farmers who have a strip of beach | ground-nut oi] from Pondicherry to Rangoon, Singapore, Mauritius, and Calcutta is assuming a very important aspect. According to the report of the Pondicherry Chamber of Commerce for the first nine months of the present year, just published, it appears that a total of 15,177 barrels of this oil has been exported up to 3lst October last as compared with 11,845 barrels in a similar period last year; and that during three months ending 3lst October 2,257 barrels have been exported to Mauritius as against 500 barrels exported during a similar period of last year. This shows a very rapid growth of this trade, especially with Mauritius, and by the end of the year it will show still more favourably as there are one or two sailing vessels, that are expected, that are already char- tered to take full cargoes of ground-nut oil to Mauritius. The despatch of this oil to Calcutta in any large quantity has only been of recent occurrence, but if seems to be increasing, as 550 barrels are being shipped in the 8.8. Palitana for Calcutta. It is a remarkable thing that this industry is entirely inthe hands of the natives. The north end of Pondicherry is covered with small oil mills, and they are at work all day long. The village of Valavanour in British territory, about 6 miles from Villapuram on the Pondi- cherhy branch line, also supplies a large quantity of the oil for exportation. There are uo less than 300 mills that work in this village, There is no doubt that it is difficult to compete with the native method, as the plant of an oil mill of native construction will probably not. cost more than R20, and the labour is carried out by bullocks, which alternately till the ground 01 which the nut is cultivated, haul the pro- duce to the mills, turn the mills themselves, and, when the oil is made and put in barrels, drag the barrels to the station, and finally are fed entirely on the leaves and stalks of the arachis and the oil-cake that remains after expression of the oil. It is here that European methods might find an outlet, as the rude oil machines of the native only expresses from 25 to 30 per cent of oil from the nuts that contain over 50 per cent, and recently efforts were directed towards attempting to heat and re-crush the oil-cake ; however, itis evident that the second and third crushings which take place under steam or hy- draulic power are more expensive than the first, and further both together do not give more than 20 per cent additioual oil, and that of inferior quality. It has, therefore, been proposed, and put in practice, at Marseilles, where most of the ground-nuts are treated, to extract the second oil chemically, by the aid of sulphate of carbon. This is found to extract nearly all tie remaining oil at a very much lower cost than re-crushing, and the oil thus produced is not inferior to the second and third oils ex- tracted by the old process. There is, therefore, but little doubt that a steam mill that com- bines the two processes, viz., extraction of the first oil by pressure, and of the second and third by chemical process would be much more ~ economical and likely to succeed. As it is a success in Marseilles, there is no reason why it should not be so in India also, We read that the cultivation of the plant is about to be introduced into pig ate - Ee Feb. 1, 1894.3 Supplement to the * Propical Agricullurist.” INDIAN JOTTINGS. Ail Jand here is ploughed with the native plough, an implement not much superior to the Sinhalese one. It prepares a nice seed bed and one cannot see the reason why the plough is not more generally used in Ceylon in dry land cul- tivation. After the first ploughing the culti- yator uses a leveller to pulverize and level the soil. This leveller is made similar to the Ceylon one bus with one exception, in that it has a concave sharp metal surface where it touches the ground, whereas the Sinhalese implement is simply a plank of wood. 1 am inclined to think thatthis plough and leveller are not capable of being improved to any great extent, far less of being replaced by any Huropean ones, for the soil is often so shallow that a deep furrow would be most undesirable, andit is no wonder that such eminent agriculturists as Dr. Voelcker and Pro- fessor Wallace have agreed that the native im- plements cannot be replaced on most Indian soils. With the exception of one or two plants, such as the Ramle and Crotalaria, which are sown yery thick, most of the crops are grown in systematic lines. It was not an uncommon sight to see even twenty to thirty acres of land planted with Indian corn, cholum or dhall in regular lines equidistant from one another; and even in the case of such small grain as the varieties of millet (Setaria, Panicum, Pas- palum, &c.), the seed are sown in shallow furrows made about a foot apart. This system of growing plants has many advantages over the careless system of throwing seed broadcast. T must not omit to mention the manner in which the seed is sown in lines. Stretching a rope and making furrows with the mamoty would consume so much time as to make regular planting a tedious and almost an impossible task. All the furrows are made with a plough, and just at the time the furrow is being made the seed is dropped in by another contrivance attached to the plough. ‘This latter is nothing but a long funnel ending at the share. The wide mouth of this funnel lies alongside the handle of the plough and the tube runs as far as the ground. The ploughman guides the plough in quite a straight line, making a furrow of the required depth, and a woman, or a boy, with the bag of seed attached to her or his neck, keeps holding the funnel with one hand and dropping in the seeds,—at the same time covering the furrow slightly with soil. The system of growing several crops in the same land in different lines has many advan- _ tages. It is said that the Japanese and the Chinese always follow this method. But in China and Japan the cultivator pays a deal of attention to manuring, whereas in India, manur- ing is a much neglected item in agriculture. The fertility of the lands are kept wp to a great extent by this system of growing a variety of crops. For instance, in a plot of land we meet with four crops, a line of cotton, one of corn, another of dhall, and the last of a fibre plant, day hemp. The four plants being distinct types, Q not exhaust the same elements of plant food, 371. while the leguminous crop serves as the nitrogen supplier to the rest. The average rainfall of the districts I was just speaking of was said to be only 35 inches, but at the time I saw the place, the soil’ all through had a fine moist appearance. The na- tural rainfall being so small, the cultivators are accustomed to adapt themselves to the surround- ing conditions, and they have become adepts in the art of irrigation, without which instead of smiling fertile fields we will very prob- ably see a tract of waste land. Bombay, 28th Oct. 1893. W. A. DS. Se eee el need ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. SuB-KINGDoM V. MoxtuscA.—The Mollusca derive their name from the fact that they are usually soft-bodies (Lat. mollis) though they generally possess a hard outer covering or “ shell,” and hence the term “ shell-fish” applied to the members of this sub-kingdom. The following are the characteristics: animal soft bodied, usually with a hard covering or shell; not exhibiting any distinct segmentation ; nervous system consisting of a single ganglion or of scattered pairs of ganglia ; a distinct heart and breathing organ may or may not be present. The sub-kingdom mollusea may be conveniently divided into two divisions: molluscoida and mollusca proper. Under molluscoida come (1) the Polyzoa, ani- mals forming compound growths or colonies both in the sea and in fresh waters. They possess no heart, and the mouth of each member of the colony is circled by ciliated tentacles. The sea-mats and sea-mosses belong to this class. (2) The Tunicata, animals either simple or compound, enclosed in a leathery or gristly case, and pos- sessing an imperfect heart. The leathery inte- gument referred to is remarkable for the fact that it contains what appears tobe nearly if not quite identical with “ cellulose,” the starchy body which forms the woody parts of plants. The Tunicata are commonly known as “sea squirts” owing to the power they possess of ejecting a stream of water when touched or otherwise irritated. The Tunicata are all mazine animals. (3) Brachiopoda, animals simple, en- closed in a_ bivalve shell, haying the mouth furnished with two long fringed processes or “arms.” To this class belongs the so-called “lamp shells” so commonly found on the sea- shore. All the Brachiopoda are natives of the sea. The Mollusca proper may be also placed in four classes: (1) Lamellibranchiata, animals having no distinct head or teeth, with the body enclosed in a bivalve shell, and one or two leaf-like gills on each side of the body. To this class belong the oyster, muscle and cockle, (2) Gas- teropoda, animals possessing a distinct head and toothed tongue, a uniyalved or multivalyed (never bivalyed) shell, and moving about either hy creeping on the flattened undersurface of the body (“foot”) or (when swimming) by finlike modifications of the same. ‘fo this class belong the whelk, periwinkle and snail, (3) Pteropoda 7 572 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist,’ (Feb. 1, 1804 minute oceanic animals swimming by means of two leaf-like appendages on each side of the head. They are found in all seas and some- times occur in such numbers as to discolour the water for miles. They constitute the chief article of food of the whale and are them- selves ecarniverous. and highest class of the mollusca, animals with eight or more processes or “arms” placed round the mouth, which is funished with jaws and a toothed. tongue; they also possess two or four plume-like gills, a muscular tube or funnel placed (4) Chephelapoda, the last | in front of, the body, through which is expell- | ed the water used in respiration, and either an external shell or an internal skeleton. ‘To this class belong, the cuttle fish and their allies, the ammonites, the paper and pearly nauti- lus. The pearly nautilus is well known by its beautiful shell, which is coiled into a spiral, . and is composed of many chambers walled off from one another by curved shelly partitions, | perforated centrally by apertures, which trans- | The | mit a membranous tube or “ siphuncle.” separate chambers of the shell are filled with gas, and appear to act as a kind of float, reduc- ing the specific gravity of the shell to near | that of the surrounding water. The animal in- shell. ee a ee ANTHRAX, Re anthrax and anthracoid diseases in Ceylon: there is cause for suspicion that they prevail in many places, but remain undetected, and are often communicated to man also, The follow- ing cutting which 1 preserved from the Ceylon Independent some months ago, is very suggestive of anthrax. However, the affection may how- ever quite possibly be something else alto- gether :-— “A NEw DiseAsE ?—A correspondent writes t9 a contemporary :—“ For some considerable time ast a disense named by the native ‘ Beebula Ledda” has been travelling through the villages of Pittagalla, Omattee, etc., in the Bentota Korale, and has now made its appearance at Elpitiya. The disease begins with fever, and then one small watery bubble (Beebulla) becomes visible and the patient dies. It is said the * disease is highly contagious, and the native vederalas have no treatment.” In this connection. there was a long corre- spondence in the vernacular papers and one cor- respondent had mentioned the fact, that the disease was first prevailing among cattle and subsequently. effected men. - Anthrax is caused by the presence of a Bacillus which multiplies rapidly in the animal body and destroys the vitality of the blood, and the Bactllus Anthracts is one of the most easily detected under the microscope. So it would be well if a Veterinary Surgeon, or for the matter of that a medical man were to examine the alood of Kandamale cattle or Brbulaleda man pnd determine whether any anthrax Baccili are present, and if so the connection between ap- peir as active supporters of any steps taken against Messrs. Denosham’s iatecests. By very extensive advertising of Mazawatte tea, which everyons believes to bs a Ceylon tea, they have well served Osylon by making it a household word. Then they have at the same time worked up an enormous trad3, and are among the largest pur- chasers cf Csylon teas in this market. [t would scarcely serve us, we think, to now break down this gigantic busines3. No, IL have never my elf tasted Mazawatte tea and probably never sdall. It may be that it would not suit my palate. But you see, if the Oeylon Associa'isn were to actively offend Messrs. Densham, they might change their present tactics by abandoning Ceylon teas, and wa might drive them altogether into the arms of Assam, Siam, Japan, and other tea-growing countries and districts. I tell you the condition of the home tea trade is such that we cannot be too careful. We are forced now to sell all our teas uader our ownnames. Lipton, you know, is a grower a3 well as a buyer, and he is alsoa soller at the auctions, as well as a retailerall the world over. He senis to the auctions all such of his Oeylon teas as he does not care, for some reason or other, to retain himself. I don’t say any- thing against the qualities of such teas, but what I do know is that the dealers won’t buy any tea that they suspect to be Lipton’s, because he is his own retailer. If we don’t give our name with the lots they immediately think they may be some of lipton’s, and then unanimously refuse to make a bid. For this and the foregoing rea- gong given you, I am strongly disinolined to any attsmpt to disturb the present channels through which Osylon teas reach the public. The THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I ll i ee, ee “Marcu 1, 1894. fact aeems to be that the Messr?, Dansham are much persoaally liked, and we suspect that that fact has had as much weight in inducing the action by the Committee as any consideration for the ex- isting sources of distribution to ths public” The question of SMALL BresKki OF TEA is again engaging attention by both the brokers and the dealers. Yo will recollect that this matter was mooted some time back, and it was then hoped that your planters would find it to be possible to avoid the sending home of euch parcels. This hope has not, however, been realised. The brokere complain that they are as numerous as ever. The definition cf what constitutes a small break is ten whole or twenty half{-chests. It is the practice of the brokers when lots com- ing under that definition appear in the lists, to omit putting them up to auction in their regular turo, aad to postpone doing so until the whole of the larger breaks have been disposed of. The result to this practice hac been that when they are offered there remain but few bidders in the room, and the consequences follows that biddings become slack and that such teas are sold below their real value, The brokers suggested to the Ceylon Asso- ciation in London that to obviate this it would be as well only to include such breaks in the lists of Thursday, a day when these last are not so full as on Tuesdays. But the Tea Committee of that body object to this proposal, as it must still con- tinue tha dffisulties following on a limited attendance. They prefer, and have suggested, that they should still find a place in the Tuesday lists, and that they should be sold at the same time as the larger breaks but in a separate room. The two proposals mentioned are to be—or may by this tims have been—submitted to the Tea Dealers’ Association. Aa the last mentioned boly repre- sents the purchasing element, its decision upon the to propositions must be valuable and will probably decide the future course of practice. We expect to learn as to this very shortly. It bas been Mentioned to me by an expert that these small breaks are usually of the finer sorts of tea, this necessarily arriv.ng from each estate in smaller quantity than. the less valuable varieties. It must therefore be of much importance to secure the best competition for them, and this it ssems certain is not to be got at the Thursday’s sales. Although the alteration in procedure mow proposed may do somewhat to improve the prices now obtained for these small breaks, it yet be- hoves your pianters in their own interests to avoid shipping them as far as possible. The brokers have added to their proposition mentioned above the further one that the limitaticn of classification shall be extended; but instead of the number of chests and half-chests now determining the term, this shali be for the future 12 and 24 respectively. If this be done, the proportion of tea to be offered in a separate room will be increased so as to attract a larger attendance of bidders. This is a moatter that will no doubt be decided when the main question has been considered, but it is perhaps open to doubt whether the accept:nce of the pro- posal would have the result adticipated. The real panacee. would be to ebolish the emall braks as much as possible, not to add to them. So long, however, as your planters find it to be imperative to make such smail shipments, difficulty must always b> experienced in disposing them of, and youc growers must make up their minds to receive rela- tively unsatisfactory prices for them whatever be the efforts to» mest the cass mae by the brokera and { Others oa this side. Marca 1, 1894.] CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI- CAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITIL THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.S. (Continued from page 517.) Fish Manure. Waste fish, dried and ground, when prepared with care, supplies a manure thet is very rich in nitrogen, and contains also a_ considerable proportion of phosphates. It is a substance, how- ever, of exceedingly variable composition, and none of the samples prepared in India which have come under my notice approaches in richness the higher qualities of fish manure known in commerce as Polar fish guano and American . fish manure. The following analyses of these two high-class fish manures are quoted from an article by Mr. W. Ivison Macadam, F.L.8.C., in the Indian Agriculturist :— a | BRD HaHa Ez i; a Oi SIO it Pap S fs LIS V Soi iene eS) S| Bot 1d) Gt S = = | 1 r | Aa tNodtaA| Oo = (ah oe Ge SOE cal (a om ACD) sH C2 SH = i=) B OTA |= | = ro re 3 = 43 } S RD thowses | Oo a) ee So Sale os 1S SE S So BRAA® S & D Lhen) Nn So | _ ~ [onl S| 8. | eee | Si OD tocrwmd | O = > Okey PGi C on iS oo iw , 2 DAM = for 1D AN S elle = is} ~ . §| | Ss e oH GOO Od D Llen} = Be, SS ee E oe S$ pS ONOM S a y ou 199 N | al — =o Lo) $ aS) —-—— ee S , ; — | ° —_ aa A een 5 = 2s | jes: opt <== ~ mk 7 ies p=eUe Ss ne 1 Oo Rod» oe ORR ORY 45 Fuses & as 6 SSS 3 | Qe C25 Sse i r at On Prose as ae = } oPeet Soaon r oS Lae} Ss NR ~~ Oo i= * 4 ™ + Equalized Peruvian Guano. This term refers to Guanos which originally contained less ammonia than those of the Peru- vian type, made up to the standard of good Peruvian but which have had the ammonia guano, by the addition of sulphate of ammonia. It should contain not less than 8 per cent of ammonia. The following is an analysis by Tatlock :— Analysis of Equalized Peruvian Guano. (TATLOCK.) per cent * Phosphoric acid wee 14°20 Lime and Alkaline Salts .- 15°49 Organic matter a 50°51 Sand un, Sho eH Water eee cao a EOS 100°00 * Equal to Tribasic Phosphate of Lime 31:00 Nitrogen 7°29 Equal to Ammonia SB 8°85 Since writing the above I have analysed a sample of whole fish manure containing nitrogen 6:72 per cent equal to ammonia 8:16 per cent phosphates ll 16 per cent and sand only 2:3 per cent, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MaRCH 1, 1894, nm gS LZ Dr <> : oe 528 24 SAzn/2 & = 3 eased - oa So ae |2 2 we Be Sh on meine. | see Sa S=s'is FF oT 3| 25 Bt Ore . ; : sage soo | soe) ee 52 Se mann Ser * —r see SH 22215 & 2 8 a DD = = Y > a Ee baal eee | . ot As ANA = ~ sey 23 F2E/|E F = = fo : ; ; 5 | oe wa seria & 2 & = Se ——— S 5H 2M casio = g\,28 88 2273/3 5 8 ¢ ~ 1500 ro res - ~ " © ON Bo al eal S = ‘ a = So +a m+ | & Ba = |seS $2 abe |S 8B - « Ss |S 2 Rms |S 3 re - S| os 8° RBIs a ; Ri = Ae : 2.223 :Se =| | ig fff tar geeee es +] | = at = to =m .- | ¢ & € ca = oe - = 7 =z | ev ma es REGS? be = 2 $B es GB 6 Zx= = 2 @5 0° gs eran.) B.“5 » HS PEE LEE: |. pages Eqn ®eeme BEE a am © | oe SB. a8 a4, 25 < SEES Ecoa Sssgtot= -2 ESeseses = SS 6828 3 Rex S ees BOR gm ao oe) eos = i s6246 64 SS =e = * + * - | Meat Guano. I have already referred to the form of Meat Guano or Meat Meal valued only for its nitrogen- ous contents. Another form of this Substance is sold, which includes a variable proportion of bones, under the name of mixedsecrap. It ought to con- tain from 7 to 8 per cent of ammonia and from 30 to Both the phosphates are often much 40 per cent of phosphates. and the ammonia, however, lower than this. In the following example the phosphates are particularly deficient :— Analysis of Meat Guano, (TATLOCK.) per cent. * Phosphoric acid : ~. 6-04 Lime and Alkaline Salts oe 11°64 Organic matter : "ye 58°85 Sand oF re = 1671] Water A a: ae 7°36 100-00 * Equal to Tricaleic Phosphate of Lime 13°20 Nitrogen no 5°04 Equal to Ammonia ae 6712 American animal Guano, from tinned meat establishments, according to Griffiths, contains from 3 to 5 per cent of Ammonia and from 35 to 45 per cent of Phosphates. Nitrogenous Superphosphates. This class of manures is prepared by heating either nitrogenous phosphatic materials such as Marcu 1, 1894.) | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 585 bones or Peruvian guano and sulphuric acid, Analyses of Nitrate of Potash. or by heating mineral phosphates in the same ; Po eee way, oc nae some Pasa material, a | ee eee ee Le pee i su pee - C0) eae to ue cob eal woisture 9:34! 6:10! 3°91 | 2°72! 3-60 he ease of superphosp nate made from bones, | Organic matter STG tec e =k two kinds are distinguished. When about one- | Caleinm Sul- | | third or less of the bone phosphate has been | _ phate Secimles I eceae, ol aes Nel as aa oF 1 . NTs ts | “47 7 “6 . rendered soluble by treatment with sulphuric acid, Calcium Nitrate)... | Glee 12 at I Tans iG A a ae Sa ” | Magnesium | the resulting manure is termed vitriolated bones, Sulphate 1-04] ... -46| = 26 when more than a third of the bone phosphate is | Todium sulphate] .. | .. He cs “36 rendered soluble, the resulting manure is called Do chloride | 29-12 38°00 | 6°47 | 5-72) 2°23 dissolved bones. The following are examples of Sune aut | +33 | vitriolated and dissolved bones :— Potascmmrchigut i | ride | ...| 52°64 | 6°31 | 8°38 | 7 VATLIOIATO OM MEDISSOIS Potassium — ni- | aa a trate | 322 47°83 | 79-08 | 91-40 | 93-25 (MACADAM.) | (MACADAM. Insoluble mat- | Ce) | ESCADA) th osttee 169; -96; ... | -o4| 09 SeaulePhosphat 6-871 ear | 11-74 | 14-90 100-00 100-00 /100-00!100-00 | 100-00 (Equal to Bone Phos: eh pie lad Nitrogen ..| *45 | 6°70 |-11-03 | 12°65 | 12°91 pesphaterendered | Potash ...| 84°74 | 27-05 | 42-14 | 42 58 | 53°45 soluble) .. |(10°72)|(12-96)| (18°32) | (23-28) ds : 5 TAG Insoluble phosphate ...| 27:72 | 25:34} 9:86 | 1614 PHOSPHORIC ACID AND POTASH Hydrated sulphate of LAN Lime... .. | 26-28 | 26-28 | 36-24 | 32-16 eee Alkaline Salts 2°64) 2:17| 418) 2.56 There are no very concentrated manures of Silica ..| 3°43] 5:13) 3-62) 3:12 this class met with in commerce; but certain * Organic matter and | plant ashes, turf ashes and coal ashes may be Ammonia «.. | 20°82 | 19°65 | 20-52 | 17-64 taken as examples. Moisture ... | 12°24 | 13°12 | 15-84 | 13:4 wet a) ns fu : a GENERAL OR CONCENTRATED COM- 100-00} 100-00} 100-00 100-00 POST MANURES. * Ammonia 2°46| 2°46\ 2:16) 2°83 The following is the composition of a sample of dissolved bones imported to Ceylon :— per ¢ent. Soluble Phosphate sie ves 12°53 Equal to Bone Phosphate rendered solu- ble (19°62) The compost manures previously noticed had their valuable constituents mixed with so much comparatively worthless material that they scarce- ly come uncer the class of commercial mannres at all, but may be profitably prepared on the estate, or near to the place where they are to be applied. We have, however, examples of com- mercial manures, which supply all the essential ingredients of plant food in a concentrated form, such for example is the superphosphate manure called Sombreorum, formerly well known in Ceylon, an analysis of which will be found at page 499, vol. 1892-93. The following mixture of white castor cake, bone meal and nitre affords another example of this class of manure :— Analysis Castor Cake. Insoluble Phosphate 60C 17-06 Hydrated Calcium Sulphate 31°68 Alkaline Salts, Magnesia, &c. 2°90 -* Organic matter, Ammonia, &e. 19°89 Moisture ° 10°10 Siliceous matter 5°84 100-00 * Containing Nitrogen equal to Ammonia 2°78 NITROGENOUS AND POTASSIC MANURES. The best example of this kind of manure is the substance met with in commerce under the names nitrate of potash, nitre, or saltpetre. What is met with in commerce, varies in com- position, toa very great extent, according as it is erude or refined nitre. It is a substance, therefore, which should be purchased under some guarantee as to the percentage of real nitre present. I have had samples submitted to me for analysis under the name of nitre which con. tained from 3-22 to 93:25 per cent of real nitrate, The following are examples :— of a mixture of White Bone Meal, and Nitre. per cent. Moisture 7-52 Organic matter 46:96 * Phosphorie acid 9-04 Lime 11°54 Salts of Potassium dP .._ 18°52 Carbonic acid, Magnesia Alkaline Salts, &e. ... eye 3°68 Insoluble Siliceous matter 2°74 100°00 Nitrogen 6°88 Equal to Ammonia... §:35 * Equal to Tricalcie Phosphate 19°73 We have additional examples of concentrated compost, or complete manures in the fertilizers known as Odam's special fertilizers for coffee, tea, and tobacco. The following are examples of these, the analyses being “by ~wellsknown chemists :— w le @ Are. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a on | S251 ke wre Sronn!onanm aa0 13s SE SHASE |Sasoa- Sei | pos AA San | oc cor ke > Bt Nim SA = Fae. || Bu cs ; | 3 ® S N 5 < =3 = => | & a © Bt ON Baagae | Sm oe ime bs mS 3 | GN GN G0 steal 11) I GONE aS Be) o's te (66> BIO MA | cowHin cs 5 Be Ne DIO I! S Ry Sn a | S eat BS Au Sale elas wo & ae mrs | Be <= Fle Bs e2 Nooo |onmran Saly | Oyo wh gees rake Se.eene? Be el Gal ope eas AID HIOHKHA | OM tH 3 o hie Ae an ae Ss S o. & es my ° S (S : & Sea oO : ue 8 ‘ S| RESE t EOD ~~ NE YD S) a SE owW co) =| * age a7 @ 2 Fetes ® & Ss > :BSR orm : ES :% Ss : we'S : : MP g gee ees % = Sagas Aa s 5 7 Ape De ° | 2 Bs 8. Om os Sta kotorgs Saas 6.2 30 8 'e.8 eo ROSE ‘Sa 5 a nem o x eES= “= = =o 20 id oe Ble Se Ons = AES SOU'g MAR SR a tae of oS om BOS bon oS Zia FL Vo 2 Bone S,2snecaeo YA epee cos Ess = a 2 OB'On. Bere aire SeSc 2eRedogo ass Bers rs S& sof aga es S555 aS Ss. Saad omor INDIRECT MANURES. [MARCH 1, 1894. Both of these are richer in calcium carbonate than the coral sold in. Colombo, which has the following composition :— Analysis of Ground Coral. (HUGHES.) per cent. Moisture Bi Organic matter 1-94 Carbonate of Lime 92-40 Carbonate of Magnesia ... trace Oxide of Iron and Alumina ‘7a Quartz and insoluble Silicates 201 Sulphate of Lime va "6S Alkalies, Chlorine, &e. ... 1-70 100°00 The following shews the composition of Ceylon magnesian lime stone or dolomite :— Analyses of Dolomite. per | per cent. | cent. Calcium Carbonate : ...| 50°16 | 74°52 Magnesium Carbonate ... » | 26°00 | 19°33 Oxide of iron and Alumina oon | 2 3°66 "Bd Alkalies and traces of Phosphoric acid se Bs + 18 “20 Insoluble Siliceous matter 19°88 | 5°35 Moisture 12 25 100-00 | LO O00 Cora] and limestone are generally burned in a kiln to render the lime caustic before it is applied to the land. This burning, especially as pertcrmed on estates, frequently leaves a con- siderable proportion of the alkaline earths in the mild form of carbonate. The following shews the composition of a sample of estate made lime submitted to the author for analysis :— per cent. } a: t | Moisture ... 6°56 Besides manures which directly supply the | [ime i: 37°67 — Galanmean three chief elements of | plant food,—nitrogen, | bohate «67-09 potash and phosphoric acid,—other fertilizers are , \facnesia . 21-22 = Magnesium used on account of their properties of liberating | od carbonate 16°68 the plant food in the soil, or of destroying excess | ald 23 of vegetable matter, correcting acidity of the 12°77 soil, fixing ammonia and getting rid of various Os Tees pests. Such substances are lime in various forms Alamina,..o% .signau@7o other than phosphate, common salt and sul- Atices a -90 phate of iron. It is also claimed for the last Ete acid 24-38 that it acts as a direct mannre in increasing the |- Jpzoluble matter 7-74 production of chlorophyll. Le in Ceylon, mountain pee eit of very 100-00 ure quality ; dolomite also is found. ‘ ’ 3 The folowie shews the composition of the *Eqnal to lime —30 a ee earbon-_ : purer forms of Ceylon crystalline limestone :— | Lime 19-76-50 Fs an ee, ae 25) a | ge . Analyses of Ceylon Limestone. | Orto Magnesia 7-9 a Rea nd 35°29 : re | co «hata ai 0 siqbonatetso 99).116°77 per | per. t —S cent, | cent. 52°06 Pale niadCenboasts on : hie | eet In this sample of caustie lime and magnesi ; ey |e f gnesia ne ea a = ayhonste pe ine a a which has evidently been prepared by calcining pate ee L, ie af 15) dolomite, not more than ahout 54 of the original eee as e of Lime. 20 | - -23 | 113 parts of carbonates has been changed to; the : je Aa “AT ! caustic state. : Organic mapiennond Malstnra hb: slo 1-00 |\ “For the purpose of destroying plants characteris- Salea, ee ester ane a tolcronay) * | tie: of peaty land, lime from the purifiervof" gas eto 100-00 |100-00 | works is sometimes applied toland. This’substance aes BT EE epee ri is said to destroy the coarser grasses, and to bring Marc# 1, 1894.5 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 587 the soil into a state more favorable to the growth Calcium Carhenuate —,, == to ‘16 of a sweeter and more nutritious herbage. It is Ferric Chloride os = to 05 usually exposed to the air for a considerable Insoluble matter i nut to 3°35 time before itis applied with a view to change Water 5 an ey 63 the sulphuret of calcium intogypsum. This sub- stance is sometimes applied to land in England, in the proportion of 2 tons per acre, both on account of its chemical qualities, and of its effect upon the mechanical condition of the land, rendering stiff heavy soils more porous. I give below Professor Voelcker’s analysis of gas lime, and, for comparison with it, Mr. Hughes’ analy- sis of a sample of gas lime from the Colombo Gas Works. Composition of Gas Lime dried at 212° F. (VOELCKER.) per cent. Water of combination and a little or- ganic matter... Oxide of Iron and a Bos ay rs Alumina with traces of Phosphorie acid 20 2°49 Sulphate of Lime (gypsum)... 4°64 Sulphite of Lime eee 15°19 Carborate of Lime 49-40 Caustic Lime _... 18°23 Magnesia and Alkalies 2°53 Insoluble Siliceous matter ... 28 100°00 In fresh gas lime the porportion of water varies usually from 30 to 40 per cent. : Analysis of Gas Lime from Colombo Gas Works. (HUGHES.) Moisture 16°96 * Organic matters 2°S2 Carbonate of Lime 61-70 Caustic Lime 7 01 Sulphide of Lime be 1-71 Sulphide and Cyanide of Iron 2 40 Magnesia, Alkalies, &c.... 440 Insoluble Siliceous matters 2°90 100-00 * Containing Nitrogen 30 Equal: to Ammonia "36 Common Salt. Some writers to the Ceylon press state that common salt’ has been applied with advantage to coconut land situated in inland districts. The composition of common salt from sea water in Europe is found to vary between the following limits :— per cent. per cent. Sodium chloride from 89 to 96°5 Magnesium Chloride _,, “OUMN FOr “158 Magnesium Sulphate ,, ‘quiet VEI2Z0 Caleinm Sulphate > ,, 33° to) | 2°35 Water 3 — to 6°30 Insoluble matter a ‘07. to 3°60 The following in like manner exhibits the composition of European Rock Salts :— Composition of Rock Salt. _ per cent. per cent. Sodium Chloride from 9677 to 100 Caleium Chloride An -- to “OS Magnesium Chloride _,, ie tO sh7 Potassium Chloride ,, _ to brace Calcium Sulphate >} — to 165 Magnesium palpate 5 — fo / 5253 Magnesium Carbonate ,, — to 15 Sulphate of Tron. Tt was formerly considered that most soils contained sufficient inon for the use of plants, and that iron in any form except peroxide exer- cised rather a hurtful effect on plant life. As the result of many experiments, however, Dr. Griffiths, author of. (‘A Treatise on Manures) already quoted appears to prove the efficacy. of applying iron in a soluble form even to ‘and already containing a considerable proportion of iron in an insoluble form. Dr. Griffiths says, that his original proposition, ‘‘that a fairly large proportion of soluble iron in a svil is favorable to the growth of plants developing a large amount of chlorophyll has been confirmed by all his subseyuent investigations. Hestrongly recommends sulphate of iron both asa manure and as an antiseptic substance for application to other manures. Amongst the many plants that are benetitted by it he mentions several tnat are cultivated in Ceylon, viz., Tobacco, Indiarubber, Palm trees and Rose trees Thus from experiments on tobacco grown in England he has formed the opinion that the best manure for the tobacco plant is a mixture of 4 parts sulphate of potash, 1 part iron sulphate, 1 part ammonium sulphate. He quotes also Sibson’s analysis of a favorite horticultural manure called Zotikos, which in addition to a fair pro- portion of al] the other manurial constituents contains also 2‘40 per cent of iron sulphate. The following is the :-— Analysis of Zotikos, (SYBSON.) Iron sulphate (Fe, So,) oe 2°40 Organic matter and Ammonia Salts 34:28 (Containing Nitrogen 4:4 = 5°34 of Ammonia) Sulphate of Lime ae 16-04 Monocalcium Phosphate i te 48 (Equal to Bone Phosphate made soluble 11-67) Insoluble Phosphates a ESS Nitrate of Potash and Alkaline Salts... 15-20 (Containing Potash 4-62) (Containing Nitrogen 1-5 = 1-8 of Ammonia) Insoluble matter 2°13 Moisture 14:34 10000 This manure is much used by florists in England. In nearly all his experiments with iron sul- phate Dr. Grifhth’s applied it in the proportion of 4 an ewt. per acre, and he states that the limit of one ewt. per acre should not be exceeded, as sulphate of iron in excess is poisonous to plants. To destroy fungal spores in farmyard manure, he waters the same with a solution of sulphate of iron containing $ lb. to a gallon of water, and to prevent the escape of ammonia from farmyard manure, as well as to destroy in- jurious germs, he recommends it to be watered with a solution containing 1 Ib. of the salt to a gallon of water. Conimeércial sulphate of iron contains, besides ferrous snlphate, a small pro portion of alum, ferric sulphate, and other Ingredients. 588 Valuation of Manures. Wherever the manures of commerce are used to a considerable extent, the price is based on the chemical composition as determined by analysis. The manure is either sold at so much per ton with a guaranteed analysis, or it may be sold at so much per unit of one or more of the three import- ant constituents + nitrogen (or ammonia), phosiHorio acid (or phosphate of lime) and potash, found by analysis to be actually present. By the unit of any ingredient is meant the one- hundredth part of a ton of that ingredient. The unit has a commercial value affixed to it based on the price of the ingredient in manures at port. The price of a unit is therefore not a fixed quaytity; but fluctuates according to the law of supply and demand. It has to be adjusted from time to time as the market varies when commercial transactions are conducted on the basis of analysis. Jt will, however, be of consider- able use if I give here a list of values of units of manurial ingredients, even although, by the time it is in the hands of the public, its accuracy will be only approximate. The following is the rnle for finding the com- mercial value of a manure at port from its analysis. Multiply the pereentage of the valuable ingredient in the analysis by the price of the units, the product or where there is more than one valuable ingredient, the sum of the products will give the commiercial value of the manure :— Table showing the commercial value in Colombo of one-hundredth part of a ton of the important constituents of manure :— Bie. * Ammonia in sulphate of ammonia con- taining 24 per cent of ammonia . £2 1D Ammonia—equivalent in nitrate of potash containing nitrogen equal to 14 per cent of ammonia... apres |e: 85) Ammonia—equivalent in nitrate of sod containing nitrogen equal to 19 per cent of ammonia .., = Sve he) Ammonia—equivalent in steamed bones 9 00 Ammonia—equivalent in dried blood, -oil cakes and fish manure ... diy OD Ammonia— equivalent in bone dust 6 75 Phosphate of lime soluble as in 40 to 50 per cent superphosphate me Ho BW Phosphate of lime insoluble as in fish manure and steamed bones Seal OE 0 Phosphate of lime insoluble as in bone dust an 201 Hag, Oso Phosphate of lime reckoned as tribasic in basic slag ae a AM Sy nigp Phosphate of lime insoluble in finely- ground mineral phosphates Ber poy piled Fs) Phosphates in oil cakes ne is eLesO, > Potash in nitrate of potash ... ome? B50 * Potash in nitrate of potash imported rom Europe Potash in sulphate of potash 27 % Do imkainit 12% ; Do in muriate of potash 50% Do in oil cakes ... Soluble ash in oil cakes * Liable to considerable fluctuation, 89 Ow 3 OS EF ww bo ~J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (MARCH 1, 1894. A few examples of the method of usi i for the valuation of manures will male tee eee clear: thus, suppose we have a good sample of uitre containing 12-45 per cent of nitrogen whieh is equivalent to 15°11 per cent of ammonia and 41-92 per cent of potash. Ammonia 1511 % R1215 =Risg 59 Potash 4192 + 2°50 104 80 Value per ton in Colombo R288 39 4 Take an example of steamed bones containing 2'52 per cent of nitrogen equivalent to 306 per cent of ammonia and 50°5 per cent of phosphate of lime. Ammonia 3°06 » R9 = 5 Phosphate of sidan lime 50°50 =~» =R00-90 — 45 45 Value per ton in Colombo R72 99 _Take an example of good bone dust containine nitrogen equal to 4°5 per cent of ammonia and 50 per cent of phosphate of lime. Ammonia 4:5 ~ R675 =R30 38 Phosphate of lime 50 *% ROW =. 5 25 Value per ton in Colombo Ey 67 88 Take an example of good castor cake contain- Ing 7 per cent nitrogen equal to 8-5 per cent of ammonia and 7 per cent of soluble ash. Ammonia 85 “~. R7 =R59 50 Soluble ash 7 “~ ROW = 5 2B Value per ton in Colombo .. 64 75 Lastly, take an example of inferior castor cake containing nitrogen equal to ammonia 4°69 per cent and soluble ash 6°48 per cent. Ammonia 469 « R7 =K32 83 Soluble ash 648 « ,,075 = 4 86 Value per ton in Colombo ... R37 “69 It will be abundantly evident from the last two examples, that, from a commercial point of view, when a manure is purchased on the basis of its analysis, for application at no great distance from the place of purchase, it does not greatly matter whether it is rich or comparatively poor in fertilising ingredients; but the economy of pur- chasing a manure rich in fertilising ingredients is apparent when the manure has to be carried a considerable distance. Thus, in the two examples of castor cake just referred to, one ton of the better quality has a manurial value equal to 1-72 tons of the inferior quality. Let us suppose each manure has to be carried a hundred miles at 123 cents per mile per ton, the cost on the estate of equal quantities of the valuable constituents of the manures may be calculated thus: Cost of 1 ton castor cake good quality at port .. ee wis =R64 75 carriage on same for 100 miles at 124 cents =12 50 Cost on the estate sed Cost of 1°72 tons inferior castor cake at port fs ages =R64 75 Carriage on samefor 100 miles at 123 cts. =21 50 Cost on the Estate R86 25 By purchasing one ton of the manure 6f cod quality the planter would thus save R9 in carriage compared to what he would have to pay for the same manurial ingredients in the inferior manure. Marcn 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 589 TEA LEAVES AND INSECT ENEMIES. Countries 20 TEA s We ae 1892 Tea leaves on a Nuwara Eliya garden attacked renee meroM ae A : ye by a ‘‘poochie’ pronounced by a planter to | Belgiam 3,509 605 be helopeltis, although the flush was not | Prance 27,992 15.374 affected, were thus noticed by Dr. Trimen | Germany 225 636 123,077 afew weeks ago:—‘t The tea-leaves you sent | Holland P 10,818 970 me a few days since are damaged by some | Italy Firs 9,097 4,279 sucking insect probably a bug. The marks look | Russia 53,272 400 like those caused by helopeltis, but I do not | Spain 37,513 13,830 think that insect extends to so high an elevation Shea 2 oe0 im as Nuwara Eliya‘nor does it often attack old leaves, | 5 pee BBL tod Bese much preferring (unfortunately) the young ‘ flush,” eae 6.968.956 5 166°154 In another letter Dr. Trimen remarked :— Arica 112.440 110.079 “ J think I see pretty well all the so-called ‘diseases’ | ‘y frigg 114.857 64,728 of the crops here and sbould be sorry to do any- | Gning 188 099 103.988 thing to further encourage the planters in sending Singapore ; 21.906 11381 every insect or fungus they may cvance to find on | woauyitins ae 110.079 89.617 their plants to know if it be ‘serious.’ The | yyoita 38.435 18.326 practice already amounts to an absurdity. Hvery- 2 2 body knows that plants are the natural food of inseota Total lb. 84,406,064 — 71,153,657 aud the home of innumerable fungi, and must be aware that only in a few obvious cases, as when extremely abundant, any damage is done worth mentioning. “Thave n> time to do more than roughly examine the betel leaves. The malady is a well-known one, and I will see if anything has been published about it in India or elsewhere. But to attempt to work at it myself is out of the question, at all events for the present; as I am quite overwhelmed with a multitude of subjects, besides the steady grind of the ‘ Flora’ which occupies all leisure time,” This shows the need of an Entomologist to attend to insect pests which are really troublesome, —_—______< PLANTING AND EXPORT TRADE INFORMATION. (From Annual Reportof the Planters’ Association of Ceylon.) Tra.—The season has been a favourable one» and the Tea Orop exceeded your estimate, while quality has been quite maintained. The Home average price for the year was 9d against 93d last - year, the decrease is, however, attributable not to overproduction or the falling-off in favour of your staple, but to the general dullness of trade, owing to strikes and other causes. By comparing the Uhamber of Uommerce returus a8 appeudeu, you will find csuse for congratulation in the steasuy increase of consumption iu all markets, notwith- standing the very satisfactory increase isst_ year, Especially satisfactory is the large iucresse in France —nearly double,—in Germiny, in Houilaud, 10 Russias where Exports direct are 53,272 lb. a8 against 400 lb, last year; in addition to which it is anderstood that exporcs from London have largely increased in Spain, in India 964,104 lb, asagainst 548,037 1b. Jast year, in Australia, iu Africa, in Cuina. Toe Home consump- tion 1s also highly satisfactory. Takirg tke propor- tion of the various growths of teas, Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stauton’s tabie gives the following figures oF comparisou between 1889 and 1893:— India. Ceylon China, per cent. per cent. per cent. 1889 .., se we 52 15 33 1890... we ww» O92 18 30 1891 ,, see ao @) 25 26 1892... cee va «OD 30 17 1893 ,.., nea ve Ol 31 16* Your local Tea Oompsny show as satisfactory earnings as formerly aud the various properties changiwg bands during the yesr have done so at full prices, There has not been any appreciable increase to the soreage planted with ‘l’ea during the year, although you may expect a fair increase during 1394, The Chamber of Commerce returns alluded to above are as follows :— * Other countries for 1893—2 per cent, Oocoa. In the paragraph devoted to this product in the Report for 1892, it was conjectured that the Spring crop, then about to be picked, would make up for any deficiency in the crop of that year, as com- pared to that of 1891. This anticipation was more than realized; the majority of the crop of 1893 was Spring crop and the amount shipped for the year 29,775 cwt. is eome 10,000 cwt. in exces of that shipped in any previous year. Prices which ruled high in Spring dropped h-avilyin Autumn, and bave not yet recovered. This is due, partly to tbe unusuaily large crop, partly to a long hot Summer in Europe, but chiefly to tha cessation of the American demand, Why this market has been inactive is difficult to say, but probably the reason is not unconnected with the financial crisis in that country. If American purchases are resumed, prices will at once riee con- siderably, In the meaniime i! is satisfactory to note under the above mentioned adverse circumstances, Ceylon cocoa was not quoted lower than 923, COFFEE. Owing to a favourable season, the coffee atill re- maining under cultivation is looking well and there are prospects of a better crop during the coming year. CARDAMOMS. During the year no great exteusion has taken place in the acreage under tois product; snd a correspond- ing acreage, having ceased to yield remunerative crops in the natural course, has been planted up with tea and other products. ‘The volume of exports is still fairly maintained as compared with last year and the prices throughout the year have been satis- tastory and fairly steady. TOTAL HXPORTS. By the courtesy of the Hon. the Principal Col- lector of the Customs, your Committee has again pleasure in inviting your attention to the statements appended to this Report showing the total Exports from Ueylon during the year ended 3lst Dec. 1893, and of the distributionof the Tea Crop,to the United Kingdom and to other markets. For the purposes of comparison similar statements for the years 1891 and 1892 are also annexed, OFFICIAL ESTIMATE OF THE TEA CROP FoR 1894. Toe returos from the variogs districts having been re- ceived, your Committee has now to announce that the total Estimate of the l'ea Urop for 1894 is 88,006,000 lb. STATEMENT SHOWING THE TOTAL EXPORTS OF THB FOLLOWING PRODUCTS FROM lsT JANUARY TO 3lst DECEMBER, 1891. Articles. Quantity. Arecanuts owt. 97,879-0-10 Coffee, Liberian a 892-2-11 1 Native » 6,456-1-5 ” Plantation 5) 92,324-3-11 Ciochona ib. © 5,589-550 Cocoa ewt. 20,015-2-12 Cardamoms lb, 408,866 Ooconuts Nos. 7,030,198 (Contynued.) 590 Ootton Wool Pepper Tea Tobacco Quantity. 1,805-0-5 53 16-1-10 pkgs. 6 lb. 67,020,776 cwt. 566-1-18 owt. EXxporta oF 'f£A FROM THE Porr or CoLomBo TO THE UNITED KiNGpom United Kingdom Britisn CoLonirzs, AND OTHER MARKETS. Aden— lb. 3,360 Gibraltar Ib. 24,215 Australia 3,085,962 Hongkong 128,627 British India 673,241 Malte 16,920 Cupe of Good Hope. 33,251 Manritius 49,572 Oypras 2,800 Straits Settlements 12,069 FoREIGN OoUNTRIES. Arabia 3,669 Jeddah 167 Austria 5,366 Maldive Islands 78 Belgiam 20 Manilla 250% Buenos Ayers 3,125 Mombassa 725 Bushire 3,784 Portuguese Possessiors in Obiva 80,455 India Dutch Porsessior s Russia 11,240 io India 40 Samoa 400 Egypt 48,861 Seychelles 56 France 5,482 Spain 600 Frenoeh India 40 Sweden 2,580 Germany 100,658 Turkey 5,769 Greece 44. Ucited States of ltaly 12,568 Americs 164,219 Jamaica apria Zanzibar 9,348 62 —— Japa Total...lb, 67,020,776 Ib. 62,693,676$ (Signed) G.S, W1LLIAms, Principal Oollector. Customs, Colombo, Jan. 8th, 1892. SvareMENT ehowing the total Export from the Island of Ceylon of the following products from ist January to 3lst D cember 1892 :— Articles. Quantity. Arecanuts owt. 100,714-2-06 pkgs. 140 Coffee Liberian _,, 1,080-3-16 » Native 5 8,243-2-13 - » Plantation ,, 39,013-3-19 Cinchona Ib. 6,846,741 Cocon owt, 19,176-3-02 Cardsamoms Ib. 418,5234 Ooconuts Nos. 11,195,955 pkgs, 496 Cotton owt. 1,656-3-04 +) 16 Pepper 7 112-2-03 Tea lb. 72,282,5243 Tobacco owt, 52,643-0-06 R. Rerp, Principal Collector. Customs, Colombo, 26th Jan, 1893. Export oF Tra from the Island of Ceylon to the United Kingdom and to the other markets, Countries. Quantity. United Kingdom Ib. 65,824,8223 British CoLonies. Aden an Ay a0 5,640 Australia 55 cae 5,042, 6483 British India ... Bas --- 810,788 Capo of Good Hope on ee Bem Cyprus oe aah are 5,400 Gibraltar “ar : ras ee» = 41,355 Hongkong ea bee «. 79,329 Malta © oe see e. 21,745 Mauritius * a ay .. 84,202 Straits Se!tlements a .. 12,568 ForrieN Countaigs. : Arabia on a5 oo 2,870 Austria, “9 300 xe 3,444 Belgium — “50 vat 50 459 Bushire’ ad oe 65 420 Brazil - aye a5 60 10 China ore Sean w» 21,480 Dutch Possessions in India ‘ 20 Egypt — tea wey «. 88,006 France thao Delans ace 8,694 Germany ve oo we 109,752 Greece 0. On) ee 904 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Maxct 1, 1844. Holland a4 “4 -» Ib. 783 Italy a =f a 9,503 Japan te a8 e 1,520 Maldive Islands - not Know of another room, where so many people from all parts of our common country, Huropo, India, and other countries, were en- tertained. One of the last affairs that I attended as a guest, was the Colonial reception and ball at the New York state building, one of the best ad- apted buildings on the ground for the purpose: pure in style of arohitecture and containing a magnificens ball room. On this occasion, a suite of three rooms on the main floor were put at our disposal and ten of our native servants brewed and served tea to good satisfaction. I felt as proud as a Oeylon man of them, they looked so nice and olean; in fact the reputation of our native staff stood second to none at the exhibition: always .well behaved and polite. I sincerely trust that’ the Ohicago venture will prove a very great success; that the stora will be blessed with good business and become self-supporting, But I do regret very much that nothing has been done as to New York, the most important city in the states. Hid I the means, I would not worry iny- self much about if, but would sail in on my own were account, to do that which is being left undone. A tea Kiosk, in a proper location, properly started, I am snre would be a success almost from the word go; ina short time become self-sup- porting and later, from the profits, would be the means of starting similar. establishments in other cities ; bag the, thing is to start right and in the right place. My plans for conducting such a tea kiosk would nos conflict with the retail grocer, as my purpose would be to make ‘it self-supporting and, at the same time, have the favour and help of the dealer, in the sales of the Oeylon Tea so that the establishment would be a mutual bonefit, approved by the dealer and the planters made happy with increased sales. In closing, I wish to express my gratitude t Hon. J, J. Grinlioton, for bis kind. Be eraete, the Great Oolnmbian Exposition; I also wish to express my sincere thanks to W. Pole Fletcher, Esq., and Oaptain A. Hansard and tho staff generally for the kindness shown me, Our relations havebeen most pleasant and I shall ever cherish my association with Ceylon at the World's Fair. 592 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: {Marcu 1, 1894. TEA IN AMERICA, (Madras Times.) Our Ceylon contemporaries are ‘ booming” away about Ceylon tea; framing plans for tie conquest of North America by Qaeen Tos, and so on, But one of them kind'y includes Indian tea planters as allies, and writes on “The need of hearty co-operation between Indian ond Oeylon planters?’’ Will not some one suggest a P.antivug Dinner, to come off once a year? An “Old Planter” writes that the recent fall in the price of tea, both in Ceylon avd at home, ou, ht to 9ad to fresh exertions on the part of everycue interested in the welfare of Oeylon to make known the merits of Ceylon tea. ‘! Not an opportunity should be lost of spreading the name of Oeylon anid its famous tea in every paper throughout the world.” Already there are remarks that Oeylon is the chief exponent of the great art of advertisement, and yet ber planters are not happy! The Ceylon Observer tas the unselfishness to announce that what is wanted is the forma- tion of an Advertising Fund for Tea in Amerion to which the planters in both India and Ceylon sbould coatribute, and in proportion to the estimates of production framed in Calcutta and Kandy. ‘‘ This fund should, first, be devoted to the paying of a standing ady rtieement of an attractive as well aa inétructivé character, in the leading newspapers in Amprica.” This sudden anxicty for an olliance with India may be regarded as suggestive. [The “sudd-o anxiety” it may interest our con’emporary to know, wes prompted by the suggestion of proprietors who have large interes‘a in both India and Oeylon.— Ep. T. A.] Ceylon people are atill diecussing the question of duty or no duty as regards foreign tea, and op‘nions are still pretty evenly divided. The onerection objecte to the ‘possibility of any tea leaving the island which is not pure native produce, and upholds the impost ; while the other cees in a free port visiors of Colombo becomivg the port of Southern India, and talks glibly of **blends.” One thing meationed during the dis- cussion is interesting. Trava:core tes is acknowledged to be as good as lowcountry Oeylon. Travancore will now take heart! THE VICTORIAN COMMISSIONERS IN CEYLON. Some weeks ago we mentioned that the Victorian Government had appointed a Oommission to visit various countries in the East for the purpose of accertaining what prospects there are of opening up & trade in the produce of Victoria with these places. Originally it was intended that the Com- mission should consist of Mr, David Wilson, agricultural expert, and Mr. Sydcsey Rowe of the Customs Department, but it was found afterwards that it would be inadvieable for Mr. Wolson to leave at present, and accordingly Mr. J. Kelly also of the Customs Department was appointed to accompany Mr.Rowe. These gentlemen arrived in Colomto. last evening by the mail steamer “ Arcadia” and are at present staying at the Grand Oriental Hotel where one of our representatives hada short conversation with them this morning. We had previously learned that the reason which induced the Victorian Government to depart from the origina] intention to send Mr, Wilson on the mission was that the Premier was inundated with letters from those engaged in the butter trade chiefly pointing out that the export season was only half over and that it was absolutely necessary that the services of the expert should be retained to supervise the export, All the butter which leaves the colony is inspeoted and branded with the Government stamp, the London buyers accept- ing the butter so branded as cf first quality, and the people are therefore anxious that there should be no laxity in carryitg out this syetem of branding so that the reputation of their pro- duce chould be maintained. It was slso pointed out, we were informed, that there wrre still a number of factories to be inepected by Mr, Wileon unjJer the bonus system which has now ceased however. The Premier accordingly ca'led a meeting of the Cabinet at which it was decided to adhere to the idea of sending the Commistion and 0 keep faith with those who hed already forwarded semp!es, and after corsulation with Dr. Walleston the secretary of the Customs they appointed Mr. Kelly to go along witb Mr. Rowe who had been pre- viously chosen to accompany Mr. Wilson, on this important mission. Without going into the details of the matter, Mr. Rowe said tbat it was coneidered very essential that Mr. Wileon on account of bis expert knowledge in the manag- ment and shipment of butter and cheese should be on the spot during the export season and hence the change tbat had been made in the personnel of the Commicsion. Mr. Rowe stated that bis colleague and he bad credentials from the Earl of Hopetoun which they intend to take the earliest possible opportunity of presenting to H-s Excellency the Governor. It iz also their intention to wait upon His Excellency the Major-Geners] with the view of ascer. taining whether there 1s any progpect of the military authoritice favouring a contract for the supply of frozen meat for the army. It is pstt of their instructions that they should investigate the practicablity of establishing freezing chambers for frozen meat in Colombo, this port forming a central depét for India and the East. In some parts of India it is said asirong desire has been cxpressed to have a supply of such meat, and it is thought that not merely the army but the Anglo-Indisn community generally would become good customere. The Commie- sicners have also brought letters of introduction to some of the leading merchants here and these they will present with the least poesible delay; snd as soon as they can get the samples of pro- duce cleared and secure central premises in which to display them they will issue invitations to all interested to come and inspect them. They have about 122 packages of samples and these include preserved meat, ales, jame, preserves, biscuits, hams, flour, sauces, brandy, soap, comprested fodder, butter, condeneed milk, vegetable and vative seeds, Euoslyptus oil and extract, leather, quinine wine, tallow and red gum syrup. Arrangements bave been made with Mildura for dried fruits of this season’s crop to be sent on later. It is also thought that something might be done in potatces. ‘ With regard to the rest,’’ said Mr. Rowe, ‘“‘this extract frem the Age will explain.” The ex‘ract is as follows :— “The embassy is not strictly confined tothe lines of produce above mentioned. The officers will make all possib'e inquiries with regard tocther products sent to these places by other countries, these being aleo produced in this colony, and the results will be reported to the Government with the general record of the trip. The officers will receive written applion- tions intimating an intention to open up trade, and will transmit the same to Government, through whom vendor and purchaser may be placed in communica- tion. The officers selected are regarded as eminently well adapted forthe purposes of the tour, und it is expected that they will make the bestof their oppor« tunities,” MARCH f, 1894. | We also quote another extract as follows :— “Mr. Rowe has gone to consilerable trouble t2 ascertain ths freight charged by the differ- ent steamsbip companies trading wi:h the various ports in the tour, so that wen he is on the spot hs will ba able to formulate a com- parative statement from which he mty ascertain accurately the position of Australia wih vegard to other countries likely to bs competitors. There is, of course the possibility that the prospect of developing trade may excourage shipping Companies to make rates which would be grexsly to the advantage of the Oolony.” Tho first thing claiming the attention of the Commissioners was the clearing of their samples and they wers satting out at once for the purpose of sesing Oapt. Bayley ot the P. & O. Com- pany and the Principal Collector of Customs with regard to this, next endeavouring to seaure some cool place in which to store them. . The samples have all been specially selected for the Eastern trade. The appointing of the Commission, Mr. Rowe explained, might be regarded a1 a following up of the policy of the Governamsnt in promodiing the development of the natura! resources of the country by m-ans {fof village settlements under which scheme grants are made of about 20 acros of land repaymnt beiag made ia easy instal ments. In pursuance of this policy promises were also given for the manufacture of butter and aheesa. The bonuses for the former has now ceased, but notwithstandiog that fact ths export in eleven mooths of last year excsedcd that of tha previous twelvemonths by 24 million lb. Doring the last few years there has been a considerable falling off both of tha imports and exports of the colony, but particularly of the former, owing to tha de- pression, but it was hoped that the efforts now being made would result in trade being greatly stimulated. Asked if efforis were being made in other directions than the Hast Mr. Rowe said that the Hon. Mr. Reid who had recent'y pas-ed through Colombo, had tak2u samples of produce with him to exhibit in Canada which he would visit after he had transacted his business in Loadoa which was connected with the condition of affairs in the Agent-General’s Office. After completing their investigations in Ceyloa the Commissioaers will visit Matras, Bombay, Calcutta, Rangoon, Singipore and go on to Japan from whence they will returo, their tour ex: tending probably over six months. ——$—‘—_—_<${oa_—_ PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION, Cassia auriculata (Sion. Ranaward) is coming to be recognized as a most importaut tan-produciay treo, The Indian Agriculturist quotes as follows from & Madras contemporary which recommenda its cultivation as a remunuative investment :—‘ Under favourable circumstances it attains a fair growth in five years, when it is fit to be out for its bark. It thrives very well on poor soil lying on high ground. It needs no irrigatioaand no care. It fears neither borer nor leaf disease.’ Even cattle and goats are said not to touch it. Again we are told .that ‘Cassia auricuwata of five years’ growth will yield fairly stout bark of the best quality. ‘The plants that are cut sprout again aad vgain indefinitely, I'rom five to ten pouaods of bark may be taken from ove shrub; and at least five huadred shrubs can be grown on an acre, The yield per acre may in consequence be estimated at five tu ten candies worth, in Madras from R100 to 200. The cos! of g.theriug the bark igs about R5 por candy; and the cost of cultivation being all but xi/, the reader may calculate shat a large margin there is for a venture in planting Cassia auriculatau. If the cuiti THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a ee 593 vation of the shrub is taken up by enterprising plan- ters, who would provide auitable drying sheds with hot air ventilators, in case of rain, and a press to pack the bark tight when it is thoroughly dry, they could turn out bark of far better quality than any now available, Tne bark so compressed would keep much longer without losing its colour, and it would then be fit for shipment to Europe where the d*mand for it would be practically unlimited. Those who pos- sess land may thus not unprofitably plant the Ranawara as shade or shelter trees and in boundary fences, and allow it to occupy the “bad-pieces’”’ on estates. Tanning i3.said to be better done in Madras than auywhere in India. Now the materials, &c., available in Ceylon are tho same as in Madras, and it is also well known that ths few tanners in Colombo are making a very good thing out of their business. Their only complaint is tbat there are not sufficient hides available and it is with much difficulty that even these are obtained. I should imagine there would be a good opening for, say, fours technical student who knows how to prepare tanning materials for export, and the extraction of animal glue from skios. 1 donot kaow whether you noticed a quotation in the Review of Reviews from a paper on the suet monopoly in India, in whioh the writer says that the queation is a more serious one than either ganja aud opium, inasmuch a3 a great deal of the motte lity smong human beings from cholera and of cattle from rinderpst and other diseasss are du to the fact that eust is nob within easy reach of the pore population. There are no two opinions as regards tbe efficacy of such in keeping both man and beast in a healthy ondition, and one would almost wish that another commission might be appointed to en- quire into the su2t monoply question, pee BE ge tae ot TEA AND SCANDAL. I begin my communication to you with an extract (which you may have already seen) from Hebe ’s Indian Jouraal vol. II. p. 237. 1828:—¢ Tue Téa PLANT grows wild all through Kemaon, but can- not be made use of from an emetic quality which it possesses. This might, perhaps, be removed by cul- tivation, but the experiment has never been tried. For the cultivation of tea I should apprehend both the soil, hills, surface, and climate of Kemaon, in all which it resembles the Provinces of China, extremely favourable.” At p. 23 of The Moral Reformer published at Boston, Mass. in 1835,I find a paragraph on “ Lisngry Tea” :—* During the revolutionary war the inhabi- tanta of New England sometimes substituted what they denominated Liberty Tea for that of Ohina. It was made, according to Felt in his History of Ips- wich, of the leaves of the plant called four-leayed loose-strife, and prepared in the following manner. The plant was first pulled up, like flax: the stalka were then stripped of their leaves and boiled, and the leaves put into an iron kettle and basted with the liquor of the stalks. After this process the leaves were removed into platters and placed inan oven to dry. A pound of this tea would go as far, so it is said, a3 a pound of Souchong. It sold quickly in barter at 61 sterling a pound, which in those early days was 2 considerable sum. Perhaps oue ancestors were soquainied with the fact that the leaves of the whortle-berry when abont half-grown, if dried slowly in the shade, make a beverage almost as pleasant, and quite as wholesoms, as the best tea from China,” The Moral Reformer was not an advoeste for tea as will be shown in further extracts tobe sent you here= after. } From substitutes for tea we pasa easily to a DULTER- ATIONS, and while huntingup bookson the latter I came across the annexed amusing desoriptionin Jo eph T. Pope’s Lecture on ‘ Health: its friends aud foes. I. Domestic Dangers.” p. 24 :—‘ Some of the eccen- (vioities of modern trade sre delicately disclosed by a German scientist in the following little fable. There were once four flies and they were bungry. Lhe first settled upon wa sausage of singularly sp- 594 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. EE [Marcu 1, 1894. petising appearance and made a hesrty meal; but be | speedily died of intestins! inflammation, for the | saugsge was adulterated with aniline. The second \ fly breakfasted upon flour, and forthwith succumbed to the inordirate quantity of alum with which the flour had been adulterated. The third fly was slaking his thirst with the contents of the milk-jug, when violeut cramps soon convulsed hie frame and he gave up+the ghost, a viotimtochelk and impure water. The 4th fly, muttering to himself: ‘Tbe sooner it is over the sooner to sleep; alighted on # poisoned sheet of paper exhibiting on ite surfece the figure of a death’s head ond the ominous words ‘ fly-poison.” Applying the tip of its probosciato the paper the fourth fiy drank to its heart’s content, guowing more vigorous and cheerful at every mouthful. He did not die: he throve and waxcd fat. The fly-poison was adulte- rated.” his is pot a joke, though you may think eo, As lf was searching the catalogues cf the British Museum Reading Room lately fora book on Tea under the name of ‘Toledo, Arouch de,’ I found not what I wanted, but instead the following AwFoL NAME: —Toledo Salm Salm Hurtado de Mendoza y Orozco Pimental Silva Gomez de Sandoval O-orio Lona Aragon la Cerda: Enriquez Haro y Guzman, Pedro Alcantara de, Duke del Infentado; and the book he wrote was ‘* Manifest del Duque del Infantadoen Hnero de 1821 [giving his reasons for dec'ining to serve his country in the present state of allairs, &c.) Madrid.’’ Ishould think so! A, MF, SE TEA BOXES: | During recent yearsconsilerable attention has been paid to the mechanical making of tea-boxes, or, more | properly speaking, tea-chests. The gigantic number of these chests sent over from the growing and exporting countries is Jittle imagined by thosewho are not con- pected with the great wholesale tea centree. The average consumption of tea in Great Britain and Ire- lend alone is about 30,000,000 pounds (over one-half pound perannum per head of the entire population). Every tea-obest holds about 100lb. The yearly tea consumption, therefore, entails the use of upwards of 300,000 chests ; although the absolute number of boxes made is far greater, some of them holding 50 lb, and less, The consumption of Obina teas have of late years fallen offin this,country to a minimum, the great ma- jority of tea sent to this market being from Assam and Ceylon, where chests of strong make only are used. The figures we have given only represent our own country’s importation of tea chests and in addition there must be added that the Vast im- portation of other tea drinking countries. The millions of boxes required may thus easily be esti- mated. A vast number of hands are required in the making of these boxes; the cutting of the hardwood “shoots,” the dovetailing, etc. Saw mill engineers of Hastern experience have of Jate heen paying marked attention to the making of these chests by machinery. In our last issue we gave an illustration of a ‘‘ corner locking ” machine (dovetailing) for tea chest purposes, made by a well-known Lonuvon firm, who regularly export machinery for various trades, Messre. A Yates & Co. of Luddenden, Manchester, have since drawn our attention to a plant which they have just erected in Ceylon for the rapid conversion of baulk timber into shooks, ‘They state that by this machinery, per hour, a sufficienitnumber of “sides” can be turned cut for 250—300 boxes, aud that, for cost, it compares most favourably with other plauts;—Zimler Market. { INDIAN TEA SALES. / (From William Moran & Co.'s Market Report.) Caucurta, Jan. 24th, 1894. 1A.—On Thursday 18th instant, 8,478 chests were offere } and 7,529 gold. London telegrams alvising a steadier market, our ‘prices hardened somewhat shswing scme re- covery trom the previous sales’ ‘rates. Tomorrow. about 10,00u chests will be offrred, including _fome fine invoicesfrom Assam, The Committee of the Indian, Tea Arsociation have favouxed us with the following interesting particulers re garding the tea crop of 1493 :— Original estimate of crop of 1893:—125,548,246 Ib. Revised estimate of crop of 1898:—126,779,773 Ib. ActpaL OurruRN oF Cror 1893. Ib, Aseam see pes 52,104,1 Cachar Be maa ert Bylhet 1 19,864,395 Darjeeling .. 6,941,419 Terai ood 3,483,24) Docars mis 15,281,639 Chittagong ... oi ons 57,653 Chota-Nagpore een ase 266,374 - Dehra Dun, Kumaon and Kangra 4.000,000 Private aod Native Gardens 4,000,009 125,321,474 The total shipments to all places from Ist April to 3let December 1893 are 108,805,410 Ib. The exporls to the Colonies ani other ports together with locai consump- tion are estimated at 113 millions, which will leave 414 million lb. for export to the United Kingdom, Tora Quantity or TEA PassED THROUGH OAL- CUTTA FROM let ApRIt 1893 vo 23ep January 1894, 1893. 1692, Great Britain - 108,560,084 101,466,460 Australia & New Zealand 5,226,303 8,098,651 America on 295,185 93,000 Bombay &/PerieanGulf,. 2 642,516 812,272 Sundry Ports 604,912 $27,243 117,229,007 105, 995,62 -_--—_ —>—_---— NOTES ON PRODUCE AND FINANCE. Tre Iypian Tea Marker Lasr Year.—In a review of the tea market last year from the dealers’ point of view, the Grocer says of Indian Tea: “ Taking the year through, this branch of the trade thas not been a profitable one for the dealers; in fact, the spring and summer months ended with heavy loss s, owing to the bulk of supplies consisting of medium grades— they looked cheap against the high rates ruling for common tea, but buyers could find no market for them, consequently they had to resell at heavy dis- counts. It will be remembered that the 1892-93 crop was a very fine one, and consequently the supply of common tea was very short, Prices Dm sg high in January, and continued so until the end of the season, with one or two reactions on account of the strong buying powers of several large blenders and poet people; in fact, the retailers of low- priced packets, &c., could have made nothing ont of their turnover for the first half of the year. The cpp of tig turned out exactly aswe put it in our Jast annual xeports, viz., 108,000,000 agai 111,000,000 in 1891-92, while this season is expected to weigh out115 or 116 million Ib., including Travan- core Teas, which are not included in the Calcutta figures. The present crop isa fair and useful one for trade purposes, being strong, but does not, of course, bear comparison with that in 1892. We have already had five million Ib., more of the new cropthan in the year before to same dete,so that we only ought to have two million lb, extra to deal with to the end of the season. Such a state of things ought to induce confidence, considering that itis likely that present very low rates will materially increass the con- sumption. Deliveries for the first five months of theyear felloff 4 million lb., but now we are picking up lost ground, and the total deliveries for the past year are about 1093 million Ib., or, say, 13 millions less than in 1892, which ie very good, considering that 1892 showed a gain of 10 million lb. : over 1891, Supplies of common and medinm teas neve been heavy this season. Nevertheless the run on low-priced teas has been so strong that prices have kept fairly steady. Medium teas, however, have suffered, and inthe autumn good pekoes ruling about 10d dropped to 8d, and finer teas were quoted in many cases 4d and 6d per lb. easier, the value offering in pekoes between 64d to Is 2d being wonderful. ‘Spotty,’ &c., and finest teas, however, realise full rates, and are eagerly competed for, Broken p>koes Marcu 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ._ ___eée...,, |; nee 595 with style and fair plain Jiquor have ruled at a low range of prices throughout the yoar, viz, 7d and 10d per |b., ond we cloze the year.at 1d fo 21 per |b. lower average on pako3 souchongs acd p-koes between 6d and 8d than1892, The exports from Calcutta to Australia aud Bombay are much heavier this asason, and if prices keep !ow there, direct exports are likely to increase and so curtail supplies to this market. Everything points to a healthy market in tha new year. Dealers do not hold heavy stocks, and prices are in a low level.’’ Tae Ceyton Tea Marker Last Year.—Referring to Ceylon Tea in 1893, the Grocer says: ‘This favourite class.of tea with the public seems %o have almost reached a point-at which consumption cannot get beyond for the present. Eyery year delivery has showo enormous imoreases, but 1893 ie likely to be about the sims as 1892, viz., 66} million |b. The imports forthe first five months were only 1 million Ib. in exoess of 1892, but since then tha increase amounts to jt m lion 1b., or say 69 millions for the year, 80 that we shall comnence the new year with -over 2 millions more stock. Of cour-e, the high prices of common tea for the first five months of the yer brought down consumption by 1¥ millions I1b., but the great drawback to Ceylon Tea now is the continued poorue3s of the crops. Hvyen as they are, it is almost impossible to displace them in favour as far as the large blenders and psoket people are concerned, and they are used up as fast as they come in, Since June lst we have im- ported 45 million lb. more than in the same period last year, while the deliveries have been 1 million Jb. more than the imports, by which China suffered very heavily this November.” THe OoNsuMPTION OF FooD AND Spigits.—Within ths last forty years there has been an enormous in- crease in the consumpti n of articles of food and drink in Great Britain, and it has been estimated that ths 35,000,000 of British people annnally consume upwards of 300,000,000 quarterao loaves, 93,000,000 cwt. of potatoe :,17,000 000 cwt of vegetables, 30,000,000 cws. of meat, 700,000,000 1b. of fish, 5,000,000 owt. of butter, 1,000,000,000 Ib. of sugar, 170,000,000 1b. of tea, 2,000,090,000 gals. of bear, 37,000,000 gals. of spirits, and 14,900,000 gals. of wine, the total cost to the consum2rs being avout £500,009,000, or if we take the net or national expenditure, about £349,000,000.— H. and C. Mail, San. 12. es TROSPESTS OF TEA PLANTING IN CEYLON; THE MANAGING DIRECTOR OF THE OEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS CO., LD, MR. H. KE, RUTHERFORD'S visIT TO CE:LON. There are certainly few more sagacious or abler men counected with the Ceylon Plant- ing {nterprise—and withal none more modest and retiring—than our recent visitor Mr H. K. Rutherford, Managing Director of the premier Tea Company of the island.” It is always as pleasant as it is profitable to have a chat with Mr. Rutherford and this last occasion when he kindly Jooked in upon us, on the eve. of his departure, was no exception to the rule. We have already referred to the general impression of satis- faction left on Mr. Rutherford’s mind by his inspection of tea plantations during his recent visit. The 7,200 acres of tea owned by his Company comprise estates from au altitude of a few hundred feet, in the Kelani Valley up, to a considerable area in our very highest district, Nuwara Iliya. Mr. Rutherford’s experience is therefore as widely representative as it is valuable. Broadly speaking, he would divide the tea planting regim of Ceylon into three great divisious—lowcouutry, medium-elevation, and high districts—with very distinct character- istics as to average quality and quantity of crop. Mr. Rutherford has taken a special interest in the recent discussion in our columns— begun very much, owing to his presence in the island—and he has promised to send us back his opinion on the little pamphlet coutaining all the letters, copies of which we were able to give him. Mr. Rutherford is not a believer in very fine plucking leading to exceptionally high prices) as an example to be followed; nor does he believe that any estate in the higher districts can—with ordinary plucking and treatment—keep for very long, much ahead of its ueighbours, although for a few years until pruning begins to tell, exceptional re- sults may be noted. Still, as shown in the Company's own experience there are certain plantations and factories which afford some puzzling questions as to why their averages should beso much better than those of others under, apparently, the same conditions. Mr. Rutherford thinks a good or bad climate for “preparation” occasionally explains discre- pancies, and certain very high (and wet) places are, obviously, at a disadvantage on this account. In judging of the Ceylon Tea Plantation Co. with its 7,200 acres of tea yielding (last year) an average of 418 Ib. per acre and securing an average of about 83d per lb., it must.be remembered that little or no old—or at any rate, worn-out—coffee land is included in this extent; but on the other hand, it thas to be recorded that very little manuring has taken place, save on Mariawatte which has benefited by cattle manure and the scavenging of Gampola. Otherwise, Mr. Rutherford is cbary of apply- Ing manure to Ceylon tea as yet -and es- pecially of an artificial character. He thinks there is risk of introducing some disease, or doing some mischief to the tea, through experiments in the latter direction. At any rate he has seen no sign as yet on his unmanured fields of the need of strengthen- ing the trees. On the contrary, nothing has surprised him more than the distinct im- provement which has taken place in certain fields which, five years ago, he considered doubtfully poor and weak. The additional age, cropping and ti'lage have vastly im- proved the tea bushes, no doubt owing to the roots spreading and going deeper; and alto- gether Mr. Rutherford leaves us with a greater belief in the permanency of tea than he held after his previous visit. Part of Mr, Rutherford’s mission to Ceylon was to visit the plantations of the Oriental Bank Estates Company, He considers they Own some very fine properties, and that if a responsible system of local estate manage- ment is set up without interference from | home, improved results should speedily follow. Mr. Rutherford—like Mr. Wm. Mackenzie, the Hon. W. W. Mitchell and some other local proprietors—is by no means keen about Rail- way Extension to the Kelani Valley: He will not at all oppose it, of course, and the tea of tue Company’s plantationa will all ba sent by the line t» Colombo; but he does not expect to effect the slightest economy thereby; while he has a wholesome dread 596 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i (Marcu 1, 1894. eee eeeeF that one effect of Railway Extension might be to encourage the selling of more Crown Land for tea cultivation, leading to that “ Overproduction ’’ in which lies, in his estimation, the great risk of the future to the Ceylon Tea-planting Industry. Mr. Rutherford takes a great interest in the opening of new countries to our teas, and he expressed approval of our proposition for an Advertising Campaign in America as the best means now of promoting the introduction of British-grown teas. He is very strong too that the present Customs cess on tea should be maintained for this and other cognate purposes; but he shares the view of a great many more that the day for a voluntary cess for the Tea Fund is over, since so many proprietors do not, and cannot be made to, contribute at all. He would only have us continue the Customs’ cess in the future. If the Indian Tea As- sociation proposed .to work with Ceylon in advertising Pure Teas in America, we gathered, that Mr. Rutherford would favour- ably consider such joint action and enterprise. As Deputy-Chairman of the Ceylon Association in London, of course Mr. Rutherford fills a very important representative post in the interests of the Colony and we were glad to hear him express a lively interest in the future of the port, trade and local business of Colombo, and no less in the prospect of au Indo-Ceylon Railway. We trust, therefore, that Mr. Rutherford’s connection with the Colony will long continue and that he may be able to pay more frequent visits in the future to inspect, observe and advise and to cheer us all with his own hopeful, but at the same time well-considered deductions and anticipations. — INDIAN THA SALES. (From Watson Sibthorp, & Co.’s Tea Report.) CaucurrTa, Jan. 24th, 1894. There was alittle more life in the sales held on the 18th instant. Undesidable kinds were in full supply and sold slowly at about previous rates; the few good liquoring teas offered were badly wanted and sold at full prices. 7,420 packages changed hands. : We are indebted to the Committee of the Tea Association for the actual outturn of the Indian tea crop of 1893, the total is 125,321,474 lb. as com- pared with the revised estimate published on the 31st August of 126.779 773 lb. The exports to the Colonies and other poits together with local con- sumption are estimated by the Committee at 11} millions which will leave 114 million Ib, for export to the United King-om as compared with 1172 millions, which it was thought would be available - when the xevi-ed estimates were published. The average price of the 7,420 packages sold is As. 6-0 or about 73d per lb. as compared with 10,618 packages sold on the i9th January 1893 at As, 8-10 ox nearly 104 per lb. and 7,867 packages sold on the 22nd January 1892 at As. 6-7 oz about 83d per lb. The Exports from 1st May to 22nd January from here to Great Britain are 108,222,726 lb. as com- pared with 101,702,288 |b. at the corresponding period last season and 101,316,925 1b. in 1891. Norr.—Last sale’s average was As. 6-0 or nearly td pe Ib. Telegrams.—Reuter telegraphs from London on the 16th instant.—* Type 6 3-16,"d on the 17th— ‘Tea stronger. Fine rather dearer,” on the 18th. — Offered 37,000, sold 33,000 packages. Prices un- changed,” and on the 19th.—* The exports to the U. K. from all China ports from commencement of season to date show a decrease of 2,300,000 Ib.” Exchange.— Document Bills 6 month's sight, 1s 34d. Freight.—Steamer £1-17-6 per ton of 50c. ft. ———— >. a - THE DUTCH MARKET. AmsrerDAM, Jan. 6.—The cinchona bark auctions to be held here on January 25th will consist of 5,743 bales arfd 385 cases (about 505 tons), divided as follows:—From Government plantations, 214 bales and 15 cases (about 24 tons); from private plantations, 5,529 bales and 370 cases (about 481 tons). This quantity contains: Of druggists’ bark—Suecirulrg quills, 271 cases; broken quills and chips, 90 bales 110 cases ; root, 18 bales. Officinalis quills, 1 case; broken quills and chips, 3 cases, Of manufacturing bark Ledgeriana broken quills and chips, 4,479 bales ; root 736 bales. Hybrids broken quills and chips, 843 bales root, 47 bales. Officinalis Grob quills and chips 30 bales.—Chemist and Druggist. —~—@>- THE “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST” AND RUBBER, Our enterprising contemporary, the Tropical Agri- culturist (bailing from Golem, Ceylon) a Salimeal which I read _ monthly with grest interest, presents its readers with a capital portrait of Robert Boyd Tytler, Esq., one of the pioneers of planting enter - prise in Ceylon, From the same jourval 1 learn that r. Tcimen, tle erudite and accomplished curator of the Ceylon Botanic Gardens, is publishing a work in parts ov the Flora of Ceylon. It appears that 265 acres of land in Ceylon sre planted with rubber trees only, but a large amount of rubber is also culti- vated ip between the rows of other crops. This method has been foundyery effectual eleewhere. In the Isthmus of Tekuantepee, in Oentral America coffee aud rubber are produced on the eame land with great advautage.—India Rubber Journal. Se cee CEYLON TFA FOR 1893. (From Stenning, Inskipp & Co.'s Tea Market Review for 1894.) ‘Tue Course or tHe Marker.—The year opened with an active demand for whole leaf teas, but broken pekoes went lower. arly in February all grades gave way, but by the middie of the month a‘little better demand sprang up for teas up to 83d. The quality was not attractive in March, and the demand was for teas for price, and for the few useful invoices. During April common grades hardened, and fine sold well; medium continued cheap, especially those with thin liquors. Quality in May was disappointing, and values for all but really fine fell until the middle of June, when a better enquiry, took placeat rather firmer prices. Common descriptions were largely offered in July, and were in good request at higher prices; medium teas also improved, and finest sold dearer. In August the quality was better, and the demand strengthened until late in the month. when, with large supplies and a decline in Indian kinds, values gave way for all but fine fiavoury teas. The smaller auctions and improved quali y in September caused more enquiry at higher prices. In October common and medium teas shewed weakness, but finest sold well. November auctions met a better demand, at a slight advance for all makes. This position was maintained until the middle of Decem- ber, when prices became irregular for all teas over 63d, and sales closed for the year with a decline which was heayiest on broken pekoe, Marcu 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 597 Quaurry.—Planters haye evidently been most care- Rete Joe eae Beer works .. ve Te era iti 3 i mi s ar ie ¢ fui in the manufacture of their teas, wh ch except Aceitichor 4he}Rrankfouteon-the Main andsiutts yess during periods of adverse weather, have invariably gart works ae Bs 3 : 3,076 been as good as the individual gardens could be Sundry druggists ..... : 3 21,475 expected to produce. It is satisfactory that the é —— demand has been maiutained both for Home Con- Total quantity sold a 228,057 sumption and for export, and that the deliveries Bought in or withdrawn .. 73,919 shew a slight increase: the average price, however, Total quantity of bark offered 301,976 was barely up to that of 1892. ManuracturrE —We wouid direct attention to the remarks on this head onthe first page of the Indian portion of this circular. AVERAGE PRICE : per lb. 1893 ... 846,762 packages, average 94a 1892 we 789,231 do do 92d 1891 «2 199,562 do do 92d 1890 .. 539,611 do do 107d 1889 .. 431,043 do do lid 1888 wee 303,284 do do 114d 1887 ., 182,955 do do 1s 04d a eres TRAVANCORE TEA. (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report of the Colonial Markets for the Week ending January 10th, 1894.) Prices shew little or no improvement for all classes of leaf tea, and light liquoring pekoes, especially, were difficult of sale. or broken pekoes demand was brisk, and these sold readily at full rates. | 5 Qo 3 : 5) emer cenes oe oS Edw /S : ° ; ° of a s ° a=] “4 3 Em) 3 : =) ) ) ° fa} =] > m4 4 wD oe id Glenmary ... 73d we bad 43d «(94 chs. 73d Glenbrittle 10d 6d, .. 5d, 53d 36 §-chs.7 bid bid Poonmudi 9d 6d 54d .., 63d, 110 chs. 63d 5d Braemore 83d ee : coe sid 61 4-chs. 62d Bonaccord 9d 63d .. 5d 54d 125 do 63d CMR .. 64d,un,.. 43d 4. 48 chs, 64d Secnikali 73d 53d .. 5d 53, 354-chs. 61d 5 Rockwood 63d 54d ... 43d 5d 129 chs. 64d Mount 97d 6d,55d ... 5d 6id 53 do 63d Granby as Gdieeoanyos Gg .. 204-chs. 6d Total 711 packages, averaging 6d per lb., against same rate last week. — > -- DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Jan. 11th. CINCHONA.—The first auctions of the year were held on Tuesday, Wocn 4 moderate quantity of bark was offered by six brokers, Their catalogues aggregated of— Pack ages Packages Ceyl-n cinchona 329 of which 329 were sold East Indian cinchona 506 do 397 do West African are 283 do 283 do Cuprea bark aa 377 do _ do 1785 Lug do Succirubra barks were in poor supply, and of Ledger's also very few parcels of any significance were offered. The buls of the Ceylon anid Inaian barks consisted of original and renewed Officinalis, containing from 4 to about 6$ per cent of quinine. These were very wellcom- peted fur, aud occasionally a lot wouli be run up to quite cOuble the starting price. The sales were undoubtedly very tirm throughout, and in some cases higher prices were paid, the unit being generally quite up to that of last Amsterdam sale. It may be put at barely §1 per lb as a general quotation. The folowing were the quantities of bark purchased by the chief competitors :— Kilos. Messrs. Howards & Sons 1n 09,051 Agents for tho Auerbach works oa 47,210 Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 32,208 Agents for the American and Italian works,, 27,4du It should be understood that, owing to the wide range of alkaloidal value, the quantities cf bark purchased by the buyers give no indication of the weight of sulphate of quinine secured by them. The following prices were paid for sound bark :— CYLON CINCHONA,—Original, red varieties, dust 13d: ordinary weak shavings 1gd; dull woody:to fair bright quilly stem and branch chips }}dto zd perlb. Grey varieties :— Ordinary dull to fair bright quilly branchand stem chips 2a to 3éd; low weak stem chips jd per lb.; good strong root 42a per lb. Yellow varievies:—Good bright quilly chips 03d to 5$d; root 4$d per tb.; hybrid chips 1d per lb. Renewed, red stem chips 14d; hybrid shavings 2id to 3d per Ib- East INDIAN CINCHONA.—Original—Common red chips ld; grey varieties, ordinary dull dusty to good bright quilly stem and branch chips, 1gd to 33d per |b. ; yellow stem and branch chips, fair to good bright quilly 24d to 43d per lb.; common branch chips 4d per lb. HKenewed—Grey va- rieties :; ordinary to good quiliy branch and stem chips 34ito 44d; fine brigho rich ditto 4jd to égd per Ib. partly Dene quill 544 to 63d per 1lb,; fair yellow chips sd per lb, AFRICAN CINCHONA.—A parcel of 283 bales imported vi Lisbon, sold at 34d tu 34d per 1b, for good, partly irregular quill of Succirubra character; and at 24d to zgd per lb. tor chips of the same kind. The bars was much better packed than usual, only a few packages being couniry- damaged. CUPREA-BARK.—Three hundred and seventy-seven bales of old stock were shown, but all bought in. Bids ran from 4d to 14d per 1lb., while the owners askei from 1jd to 24d per lb. according to quality. Having held the bark so long, they probably tnink that they may as well keep iv for another while, until there is a better prospect of a rise. The increasing alkaloidal richness of the Java cin- chona is shown by the following figures, :showing the quantities of bark, of various quinine percentages, offered at the Amsterdam auctions auiing the last three years ;— 1893 1892 1891 Per cent Kilos, Kilos. Kilos. 1to2 167,724 148,456 366,302 2to3 764,057 646,095 7u8,601 3 to4 1,180,913 1,051,436 977,099 4to5 1,151,774 1,008,610 731,203 5 to6 822,346 589,492 455,80 6 to7 485,795 24,967 202,185 7to8s 226,901 163,251 103,127 8 to 70,833 55,565 26,041 9 to 10 2U,780 18,015 6,000 Above 10 10,534 43,585 4,820 The proportion of root to stem and branch bark offered at the Amsterdam sales in 1893 shows a_ considerable decrease upon the previous year—a fact which contra- dicts the assertion frequently made, that large quantities of trees are still being uprooted in the island. Here are. the figures :— Stem and Per Cent. Sales in Root-bark Branch Bark Of Root-bark Kiules. Kilos. Kilcs. 1893......+2 757,670 4,151,667 about 154 1892. 3,167,065 7U7,936 about 173 ESO o recites + 2,833,608 174,705 about 2s The sales of quinine (in the bars), bots at auction and privately, in Amsterdam are estimated as follows :— 1893 1892 1891 Kilos....,.149,663 131.620 139,395 The first-hand stock of cinchona-bark in Amsterdam on January Ist was :— 1893 1892 1891 Packages.. 14,184 11,268 5,279 The average quinine-content of the bark offered at auction has been :— 1893 1891 1890 Per oent.... 4°60 4°50 4°08 4°00 4°12 The quantity of quinine in the bark offered for Sale On luesday was avout 11,000 ib. It is announces by cable from Java that the shipments of cinchona dur- 1839 1888 ing December have been smali—namely, Only 420,00U huif- kilos as compared with avout 1,000,.00 in December 1882, The entire shipments from Jauuary lo Veceniber, however, exceeded those of 1lsy2 by about one million ha)f-kilos. Another shipment of 18 bales Loxavark is on the way from Bucader. The stocks of bark in London, of January lst were 67,887 bales, composed as follows :—East Todian, Ceylon and Java 15,442; Soft Columbian, New Gransdian, 598 -_ Pitayo, and Cuprea 14,354; Cartagena 920; Ssuth American red bark 63; ditto Crowo and grey bark 1,106; Calisaya flat and in quills 5,7v2 bates. COCAINE is gradually creeping up,. The manufacturers have again raigel their prices by la td per oz this week, 10/-oz. lots being now quoted at Lis, 23-1U0-oz. lots at 163 3d, and smalier quantities at lbs 6d per oz. The ris» ig attributed to the advance of the price of crude material, ge ee “MAZAWATTIB TEA,” It will be within the recollection{of most of our readers that when the Mesers. Densham commiénéed their extensive system of advertising tea under the above designation, objections were raised on account of its similarity to the neme of one of our most famous tea estates “* Maria- watte.’? Messrs, Densham declared the similarity to be purely accidental. They asserted that “Maza” was, an Indian word méaning “luscious” and that *‘wattio’’ was simply generic for any place of tea’ growth, Nevertheless, ia spite of this disclaimer, the Ceylon Assosiation in London for some time contemplated proceedings agaiast Messrs, Densham! with the object of compelling them to refrain from the use of the word. It was felt to be entirely misleading, The employment of the Sinhalese word ‘‘ wattie”’ is confined entirely to this island, and the fact is probably well- known to the majority of tea purchasers throughout Great Britain. 1t is therefore possibly the case that nearly all who purchase Mazawattie tea, do co under the impression that they are served with the produce of a Ceylon estate bearing that name. Now Messrs, Densham do not profess to limit their sales to the teasof Ceylon. They sell under the title they have assumed, Indian, China, and any other tea that is offeriag upon the London market, a8 also blends of all those kinds, It is certain that the cheaper packets sold by them contain very little of the Ceylon tea to which they give prominence in their many advertise- ments, They have themselves, we are told, ad- mitted this to be a fact; only asserting that their higher-priced packages are mainly composed of our teas, and that too in an almost unblended condition. However, at the time that proceedings were threatened against them by the Ceylon Association in London, Messrs. Densham pleaded in reply that they were doing an immense deal of work in advertising and pushing Ceylon teas. The’ Planters’ Association deprecated the continuance of the system of prosecution for fear of “‘ harassing ”’ the trade, and this induced the London Association to allow the useof the term ‘ Mazavwattie ’’ to continue unchal- langed.. Nevertheless, most people connected with Ceylon felt'that the term was misleading,.and we caunot help thinking that the enormous gale achieved for this Mazawattic tea, has been partly due to the supposed designation,. But we now learnfrom our London correspon- dent’s last:letter that the sword of Damooles is hanging over the heads of the Messrs. Denshant. Emboldened by long impunity, and regardless of the very apposile.proverb that ‘‘ those who live io glass houses should not throw stones,” they contested at law the by a firm selling a medicated wine to use the first syrlable, ‘‘ Maza,” of their adopted title. Their eontention was defeated, and, as i* appears to us, en very reasonable grounds. The de- fendants to that case, naturally felt ag- grieved at the sanoyance and expense that had been forced upon them by the Messrs, Densham: They in their tura are therefore avail- ing themselves of a privilege allowed them by be law. ruling Trade Marks, to move for a re- motyal from the liat of auch of this name “ Maza: THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. claim {Marcu 1, 1864. wattie”’ ss misleading, not properly desoriptive and as being basel upon an intention to deresiy- the public. We need not go into ths details of tha evidence it ii contemplated to adduse in supe port of this motion. That was stated pretty fully in our London Letter. Nor shall we attempt to projudge the probable result to the motion to be made, At the same time, it must be said that there appears to be some chance of ite resul'ing successfully, and holding the view we dy as to the conditions and intentions which induced. the adoption of the title, we shall not pretend to feel anything like digzatisfaction if the title ‘‘Mazawattic’’ has to be discontinued for the future 1 COLOMBO TEA SALES. We are very pleased to see the following circular letter which has just been issucd by our leading Firm of Tea Brokere, The discussion started in our columns recently has thus berne fruit which we trust will afford permanent satisfaction. That can only be done, however, by allthe Brokers following the lead of Mesers. Forbe; & Walker and declining to enter teas in their catalogacs for the following Wednesday's siles, that do not arrive in Colombo by Saturday evening. Such a rule would correspond exactly with the Calcutta one which is that no teas arriving after Sunday evening should bs placed for ths succecding Thursday's eale.—The suggestion of a change of sale-day to Friday arose simply out of the difficulty of attending to samples sent out late with @ mail-day (as in this week) intervening. On sound- iog leading buyers and broker’ one dey im the week before last, wa found, however, that the Majority were quite against a change of day and that it was very undesirable on acesunt of ship- ments to Australia taking place at the end of the week. We quite agreed, for this and other reasons, and in our issue of the 3lst ult., we announced that what was required was a rule about not cataloguing teas or issuing samples afiera certain day. This'is what we find in the circular letter of Messra. Forbes & Walker, of wkich we most fully approve and which we commend to the careful attention of all planters sending tea to the Colombo market :— 7Té TEA FOR PUBLIC SALE IN COLOMBO. Colombo, 1st Feb., 1894. Deak Str,--In order that samples of teas offered for sale should rectiye fair and proper attention from buyers, it is’ very necessary that samples should reach them in good time before tné day of sale, and pot later than Monday afteraoon for the following Wednesday’s auction. To essure this, teas for Wednesday’s eale should be in Colombo not later than the previous Saturday; and we shonld-be. greatly obliged if you would assist us in the matter by arranging that any teas you have for sale from time to time may be delivered in Colombo by that. day, and weare confident that by your carry- ing out this suggestion weshall be mutually benefited. SmaLnL BREAKS.—We take this opportunity of re- minding you that non-sampling breaks of tea (7. ¢,, lots of less than 12 chestsor 18 half-chests) seldom receive the same careful attention from buyers that sampling, breaks do, and consequently do not realize their full value. If, therefore, you are able to hold back small lots uncila sampling break canbe de- spatched, it would be to the’ sellers’ advantage as’ regards price, and to that of buyers and brokers by reducing the number of lots to taste and value. We are, dear sir, yours faithfully, ; re Forsss & WALKER, Marcu 1, 1894.] COCOA STEALING AND THE PLANTERS OF THE NORTHERN DISTRICTS. The planters of the Northern districts are determined to leave the Governm2nt without excuse for not granting them relief as theLicense and Registration Scheme appsnded will show. It was passed at the General Meeting of the District Association on 8rd February last. It is notalawyer's document ‘we need scarcely say, and is perhaps in a somewhat crude state; but it embodies the views of practical men, and is believed by them to be worthy of the consider. ation of Government. They do not think the scheme would be hard on anyone. There may be some objection raised to including “Colombo” in the first paragraph, but that will be for the planters to consider at the annual meeting in Kandy on the 17th February, and we hope all members interested in cocoa will at- tend that meeting and show by their presence there, that the subject is deemed by them to be an important one. REGISTRATION SCHEME FOR THE PBE- VENTION OF OCCOA STEALING. 1. That all traders in cocoa be compelled to take out a yearly license from Government. 2. That such licensed traders have their abode and place of business registered at the nearest Kachcheri, 3. That they be compelled to keep a record of all the cacao they buy and sell, giving name and nationality of seller, name of his garden and village and number of cocoa pods or quantity in lb. of cocoa purchased from each vendor. 4. That the Government Agent, his Assistant or some authorized person inspect these records as occasion may require and make notes therefrom. 5. That licensed traders in cacao found with false records aud knowing the same to be false should have their license withdrawn and be liable to be prosecuted for receiving stolen produce. That owners of gardens in which cacao is grown be compelled to register the same at the nearest Kachcheri, either in person or through the Arachchi of the district, giving name of the owner, name of the garden, and village, and when the extent of the garden is under 5 acres of cacao, the number of trees in bearing should be registered, where the extent is over 5 acres the acreage in bearing should be stated. 7. That district lists of licensed traders and regis- tered cacao growers, be annually published in the Government Gazelte, and that a copy of the list be supplied to each license! trader and copies be pro- curable for payment at the respective Kachcheries, acd that a copy of the list be put and kept at the Police stations open to inspection by everybody. 8. For the purpose of defraying the cost of this Registration scheme, a fee of (LU) ten cent per acre should be aunuglly charged fcr Registering all cacao gardens over 6 acres whether the property of Europeau or Native and that such registration be compulsory, 9. That any one who is not a licensed trader or registered grower, found with cacao in his possession and who cannot satisfactorily account for same should be held guilty of theft of the said produce. 10. That oacao growers who are not licensed traders May purchase cacao pods from other registered cacao growers for the purpose of extending their cultivation, but each transaction should bs accompanied by letter from vendor stating number of pods sold and name and address of purchaser and_said letter to be pro- duced for inspection if asked. ll. That it is the opinion of this Association that if the scheme be properly carried out it will afford & certain amount of check on the miraculous production of trees belonging to dishonest growers, and practically close the market for stolen produce.—JAMES WESTLAND Ohairman, Northero Districts Planters’ Association. 76 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 599 INSECT PESTS AND ENTOMOLOGIST. We cordially approve of the suggestion of our | morning contemporary that the offer of the post -in pence for the 1889-92 are of * Hatomologist ” to the Government should, in the ficstins’ance, be made to Mr. EK, E. Green. No better appointment could be made we feel sure and it might be possible for Mr. Green to do a great deal of work, under a system of fees (2), wilhout giving up his present duties sltogether. On the other hand Dr. Trimen recommends that the Entomologist be attached to the Colombo Museum rather than to Peradeniya. As to the Beard of Referencs our idea was to bring some special authority to bear on planters who neglected their duty, in reference to the destruction of Helopeltis for instance. Mr. Talbot cffereda warning of this kind last year. We would certainly further press that ihe aid of tha Analytical Chemist in Tespect of Tea Culture and Preparation be no longer delayed. Mr. Cochran and his assistant Mr. Burnett, we feel sure, are ready to do good and most useful work for our planters, if s) commissioned. a a COMPARATIVE CBYLON TEA PRICES : AVERAGES. (From a Tea Planter.) ** 1889, 1890. 1891, 1892, 1893. London 11 103 10 9h 9d Colombo (in cents) 46 433 41 41 43 Colombo (in pence)* § 8} 7t 63 6 Exchange 1/5 1/62 1/54 1/32 1/34 In fayor of London lid 1d i iid 2d Freight 308 to 30sto 30sto idsto 15s to $53 40s 45s 35s 303 This little table will probably prove to be an eye- opener, and afford a lesson to those planters who, by keeping the local market supplied, do more harm that good. Look at the support and encourage- ment the local buyers give to the Colombo market, and yet have the assurance, every now and then, to ask for more, and of our better kinds too. While the London ‘ average” ig 8d, the local ‘‘average’’ ought to be at least 6d, or (reduced to cents at Is 3d exchange) 40 cents, not 34! What is the mystery? Can the planters endure this mueh longer ? ONE or THeEn.”’ We must explain that the Oolombo equivalents worked from the average rate of exchange for the year in our Directory—a rather rough and read method. For 1893, the average for the salea for the fort. nightly market reports, at the exchange of the day was added together, and go the result obtained. We cannot, however, attribute 2c much importance toa comparison between London and Qolombo as our correspondent does ; because it is well-known that, taking the sales as a whole the teas offered at Colombo are decidedly inferior to those presented in the London market, It iy a es * The figures for 1889-92 are worked ont the annual average Directory. by exchange rates given im our 606 impossible for thie, among other reasons, to offer & comparison between the results of the Sales as & whole. The only way in which reliable com- parisons can be made is by taking the experience of an individual proprietor selling of same tea in Colombo and lLondon, and it would really require him to divide his crop into two parts sending one-half from time to time to Colombo, and the other to London, and to continue this for a year, before a final and indubitable com- parison could be offered. Has any te2 estate owner in Ceylon done this?—There are no doubt two sides to the experience in this asin many other matters: for instance one upcountry man says. “I know sellers who could tell stories of the sacrifices of their valuable teas”'; while on the other hand a big Colombo buyer is prepared to give us dozens of instances during the past year where teas bought in Colombo have sold at a heavy loss in London, and from his acquaintance with both markets he is certain that tho planter who will fairly divide his crop, as we propoee, will, at the end of the year, find that he has done better by local than by home sales, if he allows for interest on money, &c. Our morning contemporary has put forth the fol- lowing statement which may be given here for purpo3es of comparison :— 3 eg & ag 3 8 © $ GIP 0b es 35 Year oa eg Me Bi. ge fie ae Oe Seite ental eh 2s [4 oO Wry = ao een by ee SE oe Eh oe Adm Es then eg 1890... 46,901,554 — lL £2,149,654 _ 1891... 68,274,420 45:5 10 2844,767 x 32:3 1892,. 71,153,657 42 9% 2,816,498 —l: 1893... 84,406,064 186 9 3,165,227 x 12-4 The figures in the first three lines of the second column are taken from the annual reports of the Planters’ Association. Thore in column 4 are from meee sources and the rest are computed from these ata. The result of the unfortunate decline in the value of our staple ie, that whereas in 1891 there was an increase in the prediction of 45°5 per cent, the crop of that year realised only 32:3 percent more than that of 1890. In other words, there was a reduction, (exclusive of exchange) of 13-2 per cent in the planters’ profits. In 1892 there wasan increase in the produc- tion of 4°2 per cent, but a decrease in the amount realised of one per cent. The planters produced 4-2 per cent more tea and got 1 per centless forit! In 1893 the crop exported was larger by 186 per cent than in 1892, but the proceeds were only 12°4 per cent increased showing a reduction of prcfit (exclusive of exchange) of 62 per cent. In any reckoning of profit such as ths above, the cost of production has to be taken into account,. and we suspect on the majority of tea estates in Ceylon, this has fallen considerably even be- tween 1890 and 1893. Since the above was put in type there has come to hand by the mail, the following interesting statement of the position of Ceylon tea for five years, worked out by Messrs. Shand, Haldane & Co. This is done in a monthly form and it gives a clearer idea of the position than if made out as a weekly return. ‘It is curious,”’— says our tea authority, remarking on this table,— ‘show one price of tea seems to fluctuate with cxchange: can the mysterious person who invents fashions, also control the prices of tea an d silver !” THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. w09 a4) 1. ae } > = Cn HK Ot HK Oe on[eA ‘AY recourse eye soe coec = co | ocean ae oo oS MN me ‘sodny Jo | eniammn 3 @ aR 2 = ODBA "AY | OT A cel ne tee ae 1 . LAAAANKH GeO menn | oo s a z CH et tte | ng Hn & = Y . ete tig Ne ep ON et QD w oid ag | Paar ean a waeee |e § St et Ht et oe oO = | > ) =Saneees ; i218 = PIS eegeirrigeas |o i . So Oe = >| oo SBT JOON | SER fehl we th oO 8 Dn oo "$099 UI rorooestnmoonn = 18 an[vA “AY DB wesSseoeeke = a J 2]. = ~ moc 4 z | 3 #838 ess 12)" = eedny Jol Qe meen tibiee wo}: a oneA, AY) MSS 1 2 hte 4 ve a f wT emo Canc | oe 8 A @ oR | « ~ ot eee SO “| “MOM | Saoaaeasnnnnonmen | az Q eoLlg “Ay a) eal 4 s | 7, St Seoensons = be , ROPZSPSASSCSO = = eS) plos SRRSZASSRSER |S = i . Scnaiow SNooic: | os | - | “84d JO “ON SESRESSLSSSS |= | ’ i i is 7, ra] 3 : Z — syu99 ul of OD Ho ee salt ! OD DDK HK Ht Cae 2 y onjeA “AV S8SESECSBE Be | E 5 | ee an / = is 39 38/2) S) oadny jo| 737 oh ot |? | RD onyeA “AV ess) ce Leg fd Ll SO AD AD AD AE AD AD ye aD AD ee a | Phd ld et nl ee = _ ot Pa alte netted = z “"IUOYT IOy SISO MSIF SCSaan 2 | 3 | e0lg ay ’ sl * | a | 53a¢s2gse2e [5 ) S ‘PIOS CERES ECZISRS |S . * = CO oO ° = = oid 39708] SESSSPeSSE Ses =) * rASS oot 8309) Ul Soseasaeesoes lS} = on[vA ‘AY 1-4 oe an Don ae aaeaee 1S | at eoeduy jot = bee || Sy peels Woof Mmoemsnoomoeree |i | io < pa “ay uOyy 10} nin Loa Ne Sah the rte ie cs oe - mooooococnaAeeH |3 e0lg “AV iol eee ay le a is | peeseaseeecesis | 5 “plog pe ec ec 3 OQrrk-aoone sr z ssyq JOON whet = adc ik as ca] TE: SE oy . SON Diss ma ee ul 752 S292 eee eas | . D[eA “AV = 25 - is | Sesse8 — S51 °| = ‘sodny jo Sam So P ree —< o| ODTRA TAY Pott SHS as = a 4 QnA Addn I ec ~ ol aoe nN . o = . oO quo Joy | ~SSls pe ey oie p= ee “OOM "AV | a res 71% = a 5 Aroton =< As Sorasasese Ze “pjos MACMIAPR ISA Sasso | 1S : NOnowmencos =mic ls ‘ssyq Joon SSRBASSSSRRSS Fal | I iy os | Se aoe eae zg 1 Smeseseeaasza Month. Tse Boccartan Orto-or-Rose Inpustry.—Mr. Ilia Stokow, Deputy for Kazanlik in the Bulgarian Sobranje, has brought in a Bill providing for strict Government control over the manufaciure of otto of rose.—Chemist and Drugist. MArcu i, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: 601 Nee ee eee eee etn ntttdnnanS ann THE FROZEN MEAT TRADE: AUSTRALIA AND CEYLON. The following is an extract from an Australian journal for which we are indebted to a local correspondent. We are much pleased to find Major-General Justice taking so practioul an interest in the important matter of getting a supply of meat from Australia. Every merchant and tea planter in the island ought to feel a special concern in the starting and promotion of such a trade; for assuredly our tea exports to the Southern Qolonies would increase by leaps and bounds if we were able to take an appreciable quantity of frozen meat and other produce from Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide. {Meantime we give the South Australian extract as follows ;— The Government have received the following des- patch from the Major-General oommandiog the troops in Ceylon :—‘‘ Head-quarters, Ceylon, Oolombo, October 16th 1893.—Sir,—As I am most desirous to supply the troops under my command with refrigera- ted instead of the very inferior class of meat afforded by this colony, I have the honour to request you that you will give me assistance to this end by furnish- ing me with the names of such firms in the trade as might be willing to undertake the supply. {The quantities required would be 1,300 lb. daily for Colombo and Kandy. Certain initial expenses would be necessary, such as the ereotion of a refrigerat- ing store and the appointment of a local agent to superintend the receipt and issue of the meat, and it would be necessary also that any firm tendering should deposit the value of one month’s supply at the time of tendering to remain at interest in the Bank named by the War Department as security for the due fulfilment of the contract if accepted, If I can obtain any advantageous tender I would recom- mend that it should be accepted by the War Depart- ment for three years. The only local offer received is at too high a price, viz, at 53d. perlb., the local price of country beef being only 24d per lb. The commencement of the supply of refrigerated meat to the troops might prove the thin end of the wedge as regards the supply of the entire European popul- ation of Colombo, as the local meat, though cheap is very bad, and a considerable trade might result to the successful tenderer.” The Ohief Secretary’s Department will be glad to agsist any South Australian exporters who desire to take advantage of the opportunity offered, and will obtain such further information as may be desired or assist by the transmission of any tender for the supply. ——__.——____—_— CEYLON PLANTING NEWS. (Notes from Wanderer.) Feb. 3. Cocoa.—Prices for this product are by no means encouraging. Messre. Wilson, Smithett & Co. in their Circular of J2th January pronounce the sales of West Indian cocoa to be satisfactory, considering the quantity offered. I wonder if the West indian planters had the same opinion as that eminent. Firm of Brokers. The output of Guayaquil cocoa has, I fear, a great deal to do with the want of orders for Ceylon cocoa from America :— ; Guayaquil has exported 401,450 quintals in 1893 against 334,870 " 1892 210,000 ” 1891 The cocoa import into England in 1893 is 14,702 tons Do 1892 13,727 ,, One thousand tons or 20,000 cwt. cocoa increase means two-thirds of the Ceylon export in 1893. The consumption in Hngland, alas! in 1893 is only 40 tons over that of 1892. Under this heading, I may note the discussion of Cocoa SreauinG in the Legislative Council, Sir H. Noel Walker wants relief for the village headmen who pave lost theix gommicgions for recovery of paddy tax, at the expense of the cacao planter. If he likes to call it by another name, I will call it ‘ Black- mail.” I remember a Government Agent of Kandy, the late Sir J. F. Dickson, having nearly an apoplectic fit, when he heard that a well-known planter in Nilambe had stopped coffee stealing on his estate by paying blackmail to the village headme». Sir John raved and rightly so when; he thought of the terrible censure such blackmailing practically conveyed on the Government's not safeguarding the tax-payers’ pro- perty. Sir EH. Noel Walker has no qualms of this sort. However, Sir EH. Noel Walker and all Govern. ment servants had better beware lest their weakness in the protection of agriculturists, Huropean and native, lead to their dismissal and being replaced by officials who have a higher sense of their responsibi- lities than recommending ‘ blackmailing.” Fancy the English or Scotch farmers haying to provide from £20 to £30 a year to private watchers to protect their farmyards ! eee eel CONCERNING COFFEE, Mooha coffee is a term in commerce which is a survival of a condition of things that no longer exists, The port of Moka has dwindled to a mere village, and the tine quality of coffee from Yemen and the opposite cua_t uf Abyssinia never sees it. The greater facilities and bettor organisation and security of Aden bave absorbed the traffic. The Porte has, seem- ingly, just awakened to this fact, and hag requested —which means, in this case, commanded—the Yemen merchants to send their merchandise through Moka instead of Aden. The chief products of the Sana’s district are coffee and cereals. Consigameuts have already arrived at Moka, including twentynine loads of coftee. ‘The tradere of Southern Arabia have no love for Turkish rale and its ways, and if they find that they are subject to loss, delay, and extortion by shipping their goods through Moka, they will not hesitate to returu to the British port, so that uolesa they are fairly treated, the heroic measure devised at Stamboul is likely to prove futile—/cho, Jan, 16, os RUBBER IN CEYLON, Mr. Ferguson in his recent important work on ‘ Oeylon in 1893,” gives some interesting facts as to the rubber industry in the island :— ‘* Where every prospect pleases, And only man is vile,” The Cauoutchous, or India rubber trees of commerce, from South America and Wastern Africa, are of recent introduction, but their cultivation and growth in the planting districts of Ceylon have so far not given very satisfactory results. The growth of some of the trees has been excellent, indeed wonderful, equaling in certain cases forty- eight feet in height, aud forty-five inches in oir- cumference in five years, and when more is known about the mode of harvesting the rubber, the industry may prove profitable. There is a great demand for rubber in arts and manufactures in the United States as in Europa and encouragement therefore to give attention to the product; but Dr. Trinen [Trimen—Ep. 1.A.] does not think wellof rubber or guttapercha for private oultivatiun in Ceylon, Tne Government nave been plunting rubber throvgh their Forest Department.—Laper A/akers’ Circular. See ee TEA MANURING IN ASSAM. We manure with cst le manure and bbheal soil which iS nothing but vegetable moald ant is dug out of the bhecl andthe garden next puts ou a little poonsc, but I have seen n» miainuring to speak of, a3 the soil is so rich it hardly, except on very o.d gardens, requires i? You see labour is not what it is 1a Ma‘ray end eack 602 cooly up here costs about R60, 80 and 99 per head this for three years—so that men work a piece of tes - to the death and then abandon it, wheress with labour to apply manure every year to bad parts, it mizht be mate to hold on, though perhaps, hardly at any great proft, Here however, I fiad some information in a Jetter and answer which appeared in some tea paper, the pith of which I will now give. Given good soil snd site it is benficial, useless or harmful to apply manure. (a) When planting out. (6) After first year of planting. (c) Any time before plucking commences, (¢d) Any time before the deterioration of the bushes commences, 2 If you have once commenced mannring #t any of the above periods is it necesa-y to keep up the treat- went or may you drop it at any of the stages. 3 What is the best time of the year to manure, 4 How close to the bushes without being injurious. 5 How far away without being useless. 6 How deep. 7 Is there any benefit in putting it very deep. eply Seriatum (a) «» Useless (b) A do (c) tee do (d) Beneficial, nay more necossary—some may differ, but remember he says given good so'l andsi'e. ae may drop it bat you'll drop the benefit as we'l, 8 From the lst of January to the 31st December, as you have the manure and labour available, 4 Asclose as the majority of the epongle!s. This will take the best part of two days witha largish bush—A coloured man might do it inless time by himself but not Thakoor Dass Kaniya, Kejat or any of the other coolies. 5 This is answered in the 4th. ‘6 Just so that when the earth is filled over it, all will be as level as things were before. 7 I should say not, because the rajn will tike it down in time and to feed both upper and lower circles or rootless distinctly is not, at present part of our plan though it might bea good plan. To conclude, the flower of my experience is that to thake the tea bush flush and flourish most effectually to nourish it there is nothing that can come up to a good basketful of farmyard manure i.c. cow dung, ashes and decayed straw. 10 or 12 eeore for an ordinary bush this is used on every garden more or leas, not the whole but parts. A cheap manure is 60 1b. sulphate of amonia 40 lb- nitrate of soda, 250 lb. bone dust 250 Ib, plaster and4 bushel salt, Lime is a good strengthening manure—as you know. —South of India Observer. == TEA-SEED OIL. Referring to our note on the offering of Ceylon tea-seed at the recent drug-auctions, a writer in the Indische Mercuur points out that Camellia oleifera ; Abel, a plant closely allied to the tea-shrub yielding the leaves of commerce, is largely cultivated in China for thesake of the pale bland oil prepared from its seeds. These seeds contain a considerable proportion (10 to 44 per cent.) of oil of saponine, a toxic ele- ment, and their oil, unless refined, is, therefore, un- suited for eating. The pressed cakes; containing the bulk of the saponine, are used as a hair-wash, a fish- poison and an insecticide. The seeds of the Japanese camellia (C. japonica) yield an oil which excels as a lubricant. Of tea oil proper (7.c., oil from the seeds of Camellia theifera. Griff.) two varieties are recognised—viz., the Chinese and the Assam cil. Chinese tea-seed oil .is of the consistency of o'ive oil, pale yellow and ioodorous. The oil has a sp. ger. cf 0917 to 0927 at 51° O,, is insolub!e in nicohol, and congeals at - 5° C. (?). It is edible, very suitable for soap-manufaéture, and forms a useful Iubricant. Oil of Assam tea-seed grown in Java bas been investigated recently by Mr. L. van Itallie, city ‘pharmacist, of Rotterdam. The oil is present in the hy:ked seeds to the extent of about 20 per cent, and THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 3, 1894, can be extracted by petroleum end ether. It has an scrid taste, a pale yellow colour, very thin con- sistency, 8 sp. gr. of 0'920 at 15°, and congeals as - 12°. Its iodine number (Hib!) is 88, and’its raponi- fication number 194, It contains 91°5 per cent of fatty acids soluble in wWeter. The chief constitu- ents of the oil were palmitivic acid (about 19 per cent), liquefiable fatty acids (oleic and liovleic acids, about 72 per cent.), glycerine (about 8 per cent.) with traces of volatile fatty acids, lecithin, end phytosterin, It is not at all unlikely that there may bea future for tea-seed oi] in the European markets, but in that case it will be necessery to supply a better class of see] than that which was shows at the auctions. It is doubtfol whether it would not be the better plan to send over the oil pressed in Ceylon or India. It appears that some of the merchants to whom samples of the tea-seed bave been sent are of opinion that the oil obtained from it would find a ready sale in quantity, in London, at 20/. to 22/. per ton as a sale quotation. Planters are advised to crush 5 or 10 tons of eecd and send the oil over to London, on trisl, in package not exceeding 10 ewt. each. “Let them,” remarks one aiviser, “ pat » brandon the packages but ayoid indicating that it is tea-seed oil ” (sic !) —Chemist and Druggist. a CINCHONA PIONEERS. DR. SPRUCE (MAKKHAM, CROSS & LEDGER.) On another page of this issue we record the death of a modest but aceomplished scientist, whose name will ever remain linked with those of the other pioneers of the greatest achievement of this century in the domain of practical economic culture of medicinal plants. Dr. Spruce, with his fellow- workers, Markham, Ledger and Cross, belonged to that band of men of various nationalities, embracing, as representatives of Britain, Dr. Royle and John Eliot Howard, of Holland, Mr. Teysmann and Dr. de Vry; of France, Dr. Weddell; and of Germany, Dr. Franz Junghuhn and Mr. Hasskarl, whose efforts laid the foundation of the cinchona industry of India, Ceylon, and Java, which has been a boon to the health of millionsand asource of prosperity to hundreds. The fact that the Succirubra seeds, of which Dr. Spruce was the successful collector have produced the trees which, from a practi- cal manufacturing point of view, have since been proved the least valuable of the principal varieties of cinchona does not in the least detract from the merit of bis services, At the time when the South American cinchonas were introjuced into the Hast our knowlecge of the commercial value and the botanical divisions of the p!ants was «xtremely limited, and it wa3 the purest chance that causrd the tark of collecting the red variety to fall to Dr, Spruce. It is now, after a quarter of a century of experience, ao admitt:d fact that the climate of Ceylon is not /r-ally 80 sell suited for cinchona propagation as that of Java, or eveu of certain parts of India, and there ara probebly few candid planters in the British domi- nions who will not acknowledge that asac'ase, their colleagues in Java have conducted the industry upon more ecientific Jinss and with a clearer preception of i's future development. Dr. Spruce has lived to know that the majority of the red bark trees raised from -the seeds which he collected with so much toil in the moisture-reeking forests of Ecusdor an Andes have met with the iuevitable fate of weaker species—extermination. Still, if he had any prectical acquaintance with the cinchona trade, he must also have known that for nearly 25 years these trees lined their owners’ pockets with gold, while he, without whose eervic2s their culture would pro- bably have bees much less easily accomplished, was vegetatiog in a Yorkshire village upon a paltry hun- dred a year as his share of the spoil. The familiar Jine about obtaining ‘‘great pensions and great praise,” which was true evoughof the general to whom it was addressed, would certainly be quite misapplied to the cinchona-pioneers, at any rate to those who happened to work for the British Government: Yet these men, whose work was of an essentially civilising end peace: Marctt 4, 1894. | 603 ful nature, carried their lives in their hands quite as much as others of their class, say the ‘‘ pioneers’ whose adventurous march into Mashonaland was re- warded with farmsand gold-claime. But the cinchona- collectors only brought wealth to others, not to them- selves. Many of themretarned in shattered health ; all had braved danger, fatigue and hunger, uncom- plainingly. Iv our otituary notice of Dr. Spruce we refer to the mannerin which his services were rc quited. Mr. Oress, who collected seeds of red as well as of yellow bark, and who afterwards procured seeds from the barks of Colombia and valuable india-rubber- yielding plants, received two sums of 3002 each for his entire services. Mr. John Weir, who served in the expeditions in a more subordinate position, has had nothing at all, and lives, also crippled for life, on the interest of a sum of 6007 subscribed by members of the Horticultural Society. Mr, Charles Ledger, to whom we owe tlie introduction into the Hast of the most valuable of all cinchonas, has seen his name immor- talised in that species, but of money he ceceived pone whatever. He died some years ago, pcor and old, at Tucuman, in Argentina. These facts are not new to those few persons who are acquainted with the history of the drug in & wider sense than that of mere growing and selling in the market. They are all set forth in Mr. Clements Markham’s ‘‘Ciochona.” But they will probably come as a surprise to most of those whose interest in the drug has been purely commercial, and into whose pockets the millions profit of the enterprise have gone. Of the “‘pioneera”’ who laid the foundation of the cinchona iadustry in Java, Dr. Hasskarl, who alone was concerned in the actual procuration of the plant in South America, still lives, we believe, in a smal German town. Mr, Teysmann, under whose care the first plauts were grown in Java, and Dr. Jungbuhn who afterwards superintended the cultivation, have died lony since. The evergreen Dr. de Vry, who was also promiuently associated with the earliest Java cin- chona industry as a chemiet, still lives, a hale octo- gensrian, at the Hague, and reads his Chemist and Druggist regularly, Whether Holland has treated the men who did the earliest rough work for her more liberally than Britain treated her servants we do not know. Now that so many of those who played prominent parts in the cinchona industry 35 years ago are dead, it would bs of little practioal use to go turther into the question of the injustice that has been done them. As for Dr. Spruce, his demands were always modest, aud he probably thought himself not tvo ill-used whev, afier much dunning by influential friende, the Government at last raised his pound-a- Week pension to the “living waze” of two pounds. Atithe of such sums as many commercial men made out of the enterprise of himself and his colleagues would probably have overwhelmed him. The French pilot in Browning’s poem, who saved his country’s fleet from destruction by the Britishers and then, when asked by the King to name his own reward, applied for one day’s leave, and was granted all he asked and nothing more, isthe type of men of Dr. Spruce’s calibre, They, like Cromweli’s ‘ russet-coated Captains,” are the sturdy workers upon whom ever the brunt of battle falls, while those who stop quietly in their cou.t- inghouses or on their estates rake in the shekels. Fortunately for this country she has never wanted men ot the type of Richard Spruce. Had he never become conuected with the cinchona enterprise he might have continued botanising on the American rivers, and returned to rank with Wallace ani Bates 888 naturalist. As it is he has lived forgotten for twenty years, and a little paragraph in the daily papers is all that has reminded the world of his death. Spruce.—Dr. Richard Spruce, a botanist and ex- plorer who rendered eminent services to his country as & scientist, and as one of the chief members of the South American expedition which resulted in the succzesful establishment of the Ciuchona industry in the eastern hemisphere, died on Thursday last, Dec. 43, at Ooneyethorpe, near Malton, Yorkshire, aged 76 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. years. Richard Spruce was born at Ganthorpe, in Yorkshire, andfrom his youth devoted himself with a passionate ardour to the science of botany. In 1837, when 20 years ofage, he made his first attempt at literary scientific work in a ‘ List of the Flora of the Malton District,’ and in the course of the next nine years he published a number of botanical papers dealing with the Muscology of Great Britain, the Killarney district of Ireland, and _ the Pyrenees. His work attracted the attention of Alexander von Humboldt, who at that time had only recently returned from South America, of Sir John Hooker, and of the late Warl of Oarlisle. Their appre- ciation of Dr. Spruce’s services assisted him in ob- taining on appointment from the authorities of Kew Gardens as a botanical collector and investigator in tropical South America. On June 7th, 1849, Dr. Spruce left Liverpool for Para in Brazil, which was to be the starting-point of his expedition, as it had been that of Alfred Russell Wallace and H. W. Bates ouly a year earlier. fa September 1849, Dr. Spruce, still following in the wake of the firstnamed of his fellow-scientists, began to work his way up the river Amazon, and some of its principal tributaries, Thig journey carried him right into the heart of Northern Brazil and to the confines of British Guiana, and was productive of most valuable botanical and geo- grophical results. The years 1850 and 1851 were spent in botanical exploration on the Rio Negro, another tributary of the Amazon, and in November 1851 Dr. Spruce, in a boat measuriog about nine tons, fit'ed up by him expressly for that expedition, started for the head waters of the Rio Negro river, leading to that unknown vo-man’s-land tetween Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil, where, three centuries earlier, the Spanish conquistadores of Peru placed the mythical cinnamon coun'ry, in the yain searoh of which eo many brave Castillians Jost their lives. From 1852to the end of 1854 Dr. Spruce explored these regions, never visited by white men before, or forgotten since the days of the Pizarros. From the Brazilian rivers he penetrated into Venezuela, where he explored the Orinoco and some ofits principal tributaries, re-emerging into comparative civilisation in Brazil in 1854. His next voyage was by one of the newly-sterted Amazc- pian steamers through Brazil into Peru, and thence by fvot through the fores‘s into Ecuador, As an instauce of the enormous richness of the flora which Dr. Spruce had set himself to investigate, it may be mentioned that on one of the Peruvian rivers he collected no fewer than 250 species of ferna within an area measuricg only fifty miles in diameter. On his Ecuadorian journey Dr. Spruce was forced to abardon ajl his collections and baggage in the forest to escape death by starvation or by drowning, the rivers having swollen suddenly by torrential raine. January, 1858, found the scientist at Ambato, in Ecuador, «nd it wasin that place that he first became aseociated with Mr. Clements Marsham’s cincohona enterprise. Mr. Markham, baving assigned to himself the task of procuriig seeds and specimens of the calisaya treesof Bolivia, representing the ‘ yellow” bark variety, had obtsined the services of Mr. Pritchett for similar work with regard to the ‘“ grey” barks of Huanoco, ard was iooking round for another coadju'or to perform the function of collecting the “red’’ or succirnbra barks of Ecuador, which bis attention was ca!lcd to the extraordinary ooia- cidence that the very man whom one would pick out of a nation for such a mitsion—Dr. Spruce—already bappened to be oo the spot at Ambato. The Indian Government agreed to the doctor’s employment, and Dr. Spruce, always modest in his requirements, cha- racteristically wrote:—‘* My present occupation yields me about 20/. a month, aud as the ons proposed to me is of unsertain duration, I think 30/. a month isas low as I could rate my services, besides the expenses incurred in collecting and transmitting the plants to Guayaquil.” Singularly enongb, the Indian-Government cid not attempt to beat down the bargain, and Dr. Spruce was engaged. j It is almost needless to say that the Republic of Ecuador at that period wasin its normal condition of reyolutiouary convulsionr, and the fact did not tend 604 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1894. to facilitate Dr. Spruce’s work. With indomitable energy, and in spite of continued rheumatic and neryous attacks caused by the fogs and damp of the forests, the trackless condition of the country, and the biting cold of the mountain region, Dr. Spruce brought his expedition to a successful issue, and by the end of 1860 he returned to the port of Guayaquil with a supply of over 100,000 well dried and ripeved seeds of various kinds of the Chinchona sucerirubra species. Packed in 637 Wardian cases these seeds left South America on January 2nd 1861, to become the progenitors of the million of red-cinchona trees in India, Oeylon and Java, of which the tark has placed thousands and thousands of pounds in the pockets of planters, middlemen, quinine-manu- factures, and pharmacists. Dr. Spruce’s total receipts for these services were 8571. in salary. He returned tu Englaad in 18641, and had the satisfaction of hearing bis scientific work publicly acknowledged by the President of the Linr man Society, Mr. Bentham, in a speech in which it was stated that ‘ Dr, Spruce’s researches into the vegeta- tion of the interior of South America bave been the most important since the days of Humboldt; not merely for the number of species which he has collected (amounting to upwards of 7,000), but also for the number of new gencric forms with which he has enriched science; for his investigation into the economic uses of the plants of the countries be visited ; for several doukt- ful questions of origin as to interesting genera and species which his diecoveries have cleared up; and for the number andscientific yslue of his observations made on the spot aud attached to the sprcimens pre- served ; ell which specimens have been trausmitted to this country, and complete sets deposited in the National Herbarium at Kew.’ Among the natural products which Dr. Spruce has mads known to science and commerce are numerous trees whose timber and otber products have since proved to be of the greatest value. Among them is one entirely new species of trees producing the finest kind of indisrubber, which Dr, Spruce foundon the Rio Negro. His MSS. con- tained, besides notes on all the p!ants collected, voca- bularies of 21 na‘ive languages of the Amazon Valley, meteorological observations, barometric levellings, d&c., of all the regions visited, and other tacts of the utmost importance t) science. When Dr. Spruce’s mission was at an end, the Government al:o considered its obligation to the in- valided explorer clcsed, and in spite of Mr. Clements Markham’s efforts on behalf ot his colleague, the suggestion to reward Dr. Spruce’s service with a ama'l penrion was rejected without cosrideration. In 1865, however, mainly through the influence of the Carlisle femily, Lord Palmerston granted him 60/. a year for life, and in 1877 the Indian Government added another 50/. a year, but with characteristic parsimony refused to dats that recognition from the time of Dr, Spruce’s return from South America, though earnestly entreated to do so by Mr. Markham. From the time of his return until his deatb, Dr. Spruce lived in retirement in the neighbourhood of his native village, respected by all wko knew him, no less for bis scientific eminence than for his modest and keenly disposition. He was buried on New Year’s Eve at Terrington churchyard, in the grave where his father and mother are also laid at rest.—Ohemist and Druggist, Jan. 6. ————————— MESSRS. HAWES & CO. ON CEYLON TEAS. A London Merchant sends us cuttings from the Morning Post with recent market reports of the redoubtable Mr. Hawes or his Firm on Oeylon Teas. There is no abatement of the tone of hostility towards our product which marked the long correspondence we had with Mr. Hawes- when in London, in the Financial News, It is, however, desirable that planters should know what js paid of their product in hostile quarters, and there is always “ 6 grain of truth ” mixed with exaggera‘ions in such cases, that it may be profitable to ponderover. We give the reports as they have reached us, as follows :— Trs.—Meesrs. Hawer & Co. report:—* Tbe uafor- {unate deciine in the quajity of the Ceylous now, and in those which have been arriving the past six we~ke, is furtber markei sgain in today’s offerings, and the trace fully realise the fact of this inferiority by knock- ing quotations down on tess from some gardens that s2ld lset Tuesday another 4d to2d per ib and m some iostances even more. This applies only to the thin and undesirable invoices. Wherever the teas bave represented quality very good prices have b eu realiced. Common pekces and pekoe souckongs ruled from 5d to 5id per lb., the lowest quotations we have bad for thie class of tea formany months, Five teas however were very scarce, and fiuest only represented by one estate, viz., tbe Ormidale, and although this invo:c? was up in quality to the last, they fetehed the splendid prices of Is 33d for pekoe and ls 7j3d per ib for broken pekoe. All fine and fiuest grades of tes are growing daily more aud more scarce and dearer, and there seems little chance of any quantity arriving at present, Ceylon planters boast thot they cen produce it if they like, vut it is strauge, with such strong inquiries and extreme prices obtanable fcr it when itdo.s come, they do not send more. The say, ‘quantity pays better than quality,’ but present quotations of 5d to 6d per Ib for their common and good common lenf teas, and 7d tod, per lb for common broken pekoes, caunot be very re- monerative. Chips tea bas been nearly wiped out of sppreciation and consumption by this courre, aud as we have predicted for the lxst threes years, so we do again, that unless Ceylen restricts her output and improves the quelity of it, the preference hitherto given to her teas will soon cease, and she will Jeave the field entirely to Ler competitor, Ilodis whose teas, though generally not so flayoury, are stronger, better cured, aud therefore be ter to hold, and more prcfitable to the general dealer. Tutal offered toJay, 17,781 packages, the bulk of which were sold. 331 packagcs of Javas of very common quality passed at low quotations.” Trua.—Messrs. Hawes & Co. report:—* The week opens with a heavy auction of Indian tea, viz., 20,646 packages. The bulk consisted of common to medium grades, which passed decidedly with more spirit than was apparent last week in the biddings, and all fine medium to fine sorts marked very strong to advancing prices. he market privately is quiet. ‘tomorrow about 18,000 packages Ceylon will be offered; unfortunately the average quality of the teas shows no imporyement.” London Proauce Clearing House quotations for good common Ohina congou:—January February, 5 3-l16d.; March to December, 5 4-16d. per lb. Fair whole-leaf Indian —January-February, 6 3-16d.; March, 64-16d.; April- May, 65-l6d.: June to December, 6 6-16d per lb. No contracts haye b en registered. Messrs, Hawes and Co., report:—‘‘ Today's Ceylon offering comprised 17,264 packages. The general quality was again very disappointing, but the low quotations of last week produced increased inquiries, and all around today’s sale pased with a rather better tone. All teas with any approach to thick good quality fetched full prices, but these sorts continue extremely scarce—almost always where quolity is found the liquors are too thin to be useful to the trade. The 773 chests Java teas of common to usefull qualities sold steadily, a fine invoice from Perbawatte making the average of 95d per lb. Of China greens 2,485 packages were sold: undesirable Ping Sueys sold flatly but good quality was well paid up for.” London Produce Clearing House quota- tions for gool common China congou;—January to December delivery, 53-i6d per lb. Fair wholeleaf Indian—January, 1 2-16d ; February, 6 3 16d ; March, 6 4-16d,; April, 6 4-16d; May to December delivery; 6 6-16d per, 1b, Contracts registered 1,000 chests Tndian, eh MarcH 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 605 THE REUNION VANILLA CROP. The exports of vanilla from Réunion, according to official figures which have only jast been published, were 70 tons (value 67,760/.) in 1891, snd 96 tors (value 115,2007.) in 1892, Réanion is the largest vapilla-producing country. The fruit is exported mainly by the Messageries Maritimes stexmers to Marseilles and Havre at a freight of nearly 10/. ton. It is mostly bound for the French Market: Paris, Bordeaux, and Nantes; but a considerable quantity goes to Hamburg for German, Austrian, Danish, and Norwegian use. The London mainly from the Seychelles and Mauritius, and receives very little vanilla from Réunion, even wa France, The vanilla pod loses about three-quarters of its weight in preparation, It is either pluvgel in boiling water or heated in ovens. It is then placed in the sun, carefully covered over to prevent undue heating, after which it is dried under cover and elcsely watched for the slightest traca of moisture. The whole treatment takcs about three months.—Chemist and Druggist. _—_—— Sh THE GIBBS AND WINSLAND TEA DRYER. A number of gentlemen interested in Ceylon tea planting, including Messrs, R. B. Hector, Norman Grieve, J. L. Shand, W. Herbert Anderson, C. Ander- son, Powell Jones, Xc. paid a visit to Gillwell Park, Chingford, on the 3rd inst. (Jan.) to inspect the Gibbs and Winslandtea dryerand to see it at-work. ‘I'he fuel question was one of the chief points of interest in connection with this visit, as in view of the threatened «scarcity of wood in the tea districts of Ceylon, the inventors of the Gibbs Dryer wiehed to prove to those present that the smokeless furnace, by utilisiny all the heat that either wood coal or coke contains, wonld be of especial value at the present time. In the trial referred to the action of the furnace was shown chiefly with wood as fuel. A quantity of coarse, wet ten was dried on the Gibbs and Wiusland cylinder by meats of the wood fire. The quality of the hot air used was then carefully tested and the improved condition of the tea thus dried acknowledged. For the information of those who are not acquainted with the Gibbs and Winsland Dryer the following parti- culars will be of interest :— The Gibbs and Winsland Cylinder for the first few feet of its length is provided with lipped shelves, so that when the lumps of wet tea from the rollers arefed iv, these shelves lift them up and Jet them fall lightly through the streams of hot air issuing from the end of the xirduct. This action effectually separates the Jumps, and at once arrests fermentation. The temperature and volume of air in thisend of the machioe is perfectly under control and easily regulated. When the tea has thus been freed from its first moisture and thoroughly separated, it passes into the partitions with which the remaining length of the dryer is provided, and in these it slides slowly round, aud is geutly turned over at each revolution of the cylinder, thus constantly exposing fresh surfaces of the tea to the drying action. These partitions represent, in fact, a ceries of trays with lateral shelves in their centres, which assist in the uniform distribution and separation of the leaf. The air duct consists of a series of circular tubes, each tube being slightly tapered, so that annular spaces are lett at the joints, through which the heated air issues, and assists in carrying the tea gently forward towards the discharge end. Before reaching that end, however, it passes over three graduated wire screens, so that three different grades of the finer leaf are delivered from the machine, thereby avoiding over-drying, whilst the coarser tea is retained for final delivery at the end of the cylinder, The inclination of the cyiiuder is easily adjustable, and as the rate of progress of the tea through the dryer depends upon the inclivation givent) the machine, it will be obvious that the exact degres of dryness required is readily obtainable, A further moans of market is supplied) control over the firing can he obtained by varying the speed of rotation of the cylinder, and for thig purpose when desired taper cone pulleys are supplied with the machine at a small addi’ional cost. I¢ will be obvious that the gentle movement of the rotating trays avoids any brenking or “preying” of the tea, and that by this movement every leaf gots its feir and equal share of the hot sie as well ag of the transmitted heat. The process, beng entirely automatic, involves noekil'ed labour. One man or boy is required to feed in ihe tea, and it is delivered into chests or trays at the screens, and at the dis- charge end. The rot airis supplied through a power- ful compourd fan from the now well-known smoke- Jess furnace, which has been for many yeara in wide end successful use, with an acknowledged economy of from £50 to £70 per annum on each dryer. This furnace has neither bars nor doors ; the fuel is simply fed in at the top of a brick box, and all the products of combustion mre drawn down through the red-hotfuel, and being mingled with fresh air in proper proportion, are freed from all injurious taint, in proof of which it may te men- tioned that the teas dried by this system have realised top prices in the London market for the past three seasons. Onestates where there is a frequent need of lime for building, repsirs, or composts, it is ex- pensive to purchase, and in wet seasons, soon becomes worthless, whereas limestone can be kept in store for any length of time without deterioration, end can be converted ag required into excellent lime if utilised asa filter or foundation in the fuel chamber of the furnace and this, besides the economy, assists in promoting perfect combustion.—H. and C. Mail, ns INDIAN TRA. A POLICY FOR PRODUCERS. To the Editor of the Home and Oolontal Mail. Sir,—A good opportunity has come for those who believe that itis good policy to regulate supplies to put theory into practice, Some 75,000,000 of the crop have been sold, leavin about 40,000,000 to sell, or at the rate of 2,250,000 per week for the 15 working weeks available, ifit is plan- ned toclose sales by end of May. This would allow for 27,000 or 28,000 chests per week instead of the 50,000 chests hurried forward this week ona market standing at nearly the lowest point on record. All the arguments that held good when the scheme was broached have extra weight now, and at this time of the ycar it is pogsib'e to regulate the sales with reasonable chance of benetit, for it is no secret that the ‘free sellers”? who will not hold arte coming tothe end of their crops; while it ig clear to any one conversant with the ioner working of the trade that a few weeks of sales moderate in size would put the market in a much better position. The trade held 30,000,000 of stock, ss against 20,000,000 in merchants’ hands. It is to their interest to see & rising instead of a falling market, and they would be the first to help lift prices a little, if they saw importers showing a little more confidence and stability. Some of those who backed Mr. Peek’s scheme are acting up to their belief, but they need the more general co-operation of the large holders. The chance of s 10 per cent or 15 per cent advance from the ruinous price now current is surely worth going for.—Yours, «&e., Jan. 16th, 1894. q Sima. —H,. and C. Mail. Se ae MAURITIUS, Port Louis, Jan. 11 THe WEATHER AND THE Crop.—We have partially been watered during the last few days, bat showers we have had ere not sufficient for the young planta- tions. The crop can be consideced to be now com- pleted on all the estates which are, however, still engaged in turbination works, 606 VanituA.—The market is dull. We have to quote the sale of a few lots good quality at R18 to R1g per kilo. As we mentioned in our last, the total outturn of the crop will not exceed 5,000 kilos. We. quote nominally ; ; Ist quality R20 to R21 per kilos 2nd ” 18 ” 19 ” Good to Middling 14 nn kd 3 Vanillons 8 to , 9 Corrrz: 224 bags from Bombay, 47 from Colombo and 22 from Seychelles.—Commercia! Gazette, Jan. 11. —_———__.——_—_—_ INDIAN TEA NOTES AND NEWS. Our Morianie correspondent writes on 20:h January 1894:—Pruning now fisished in most gardens aud deep hoeing and building the order of the day. Our Dehra Dun correspondent writes on 22a0d Jan- uary 1894:—The last threo days we have had 2°58 inches of rain, which has done good to both tea and the Rabi crops. We may now hope for a good spring crop, and as soon as it clears we intend increasing our hoeing ‘‘ vireks’’ : Our Dam Dim correspondent writes on 23rd Jan- uary 1894 :—Pruning is now in fall swing and most gardens will have this work finished about the middle of February. On old estates extensions are not co general this year though several new gardens are being opened out, nearly all to the east of the dis- trict; the weather still remains very dry, coldish snd hazy.—IJndian. Planters’ Gazette. A THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA MARKET. Amsterdam, Jan. 11. All the analyses for the oinchona-bark sales to be held here on January 25th have been completed. The manufacturing bark contains 22 tons sulphate of quinine, or 4°61 per cent on the average. About 3 tons contain 1-2 per cent, 58 tons 2-3 per cent, 114 tons 3-4 per cent, 144 tons 4-5 per cent, 77 tons 5-6 per cent, 43 tons 6-7 per cent, 22 tuns 7-8 per cent, 9 tons 8-9 per cent, 1 ton 9-10 per cent, and 2 tons 11-12 per cent sulphate of quinine.—Chemist and Druggist. ee NATAL TEA SEASON. Mr. G. W. Drummond, of Kearsney, sends the fol- lowing report :—Asregards the tea industry in thie district, December came in like a lion but went out like a lamb, and the lamb-likeness still continues, owing to the very changeableness of the weather this season. The young rising flushes have been repsatedly checked by sudden cold winds, accompanied sometimes by heavy rain from the south-east. By the end of January, half the tea season may be considered over, and if it turns outto bea poor month estimates will not be reached, and the 600,000 Ib. (or 70,000 lb. if weather favourable) for Natal will become a vauishing quant ty. In five or six weeks’ time, however, I shallbe better able to inform you what tleoutlook for the whole season is likely tobe. Weare ahead up to date, but notbing to boast of, except a distinct improvement in qualsty of tea.— Natal Mercury, Jan. 15. —— ——__@—__ LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE PRODUCE. TRAVANCORE TEA. (From Party & Pasteur, Limited. Report of the Colonial Markets for the week ending Jan. W, 1894.) Bon Ami was the best Tea offered this week, the broken pekoe being remarkably thick in liquor. Brighton broken pek-e, also, was coloury and thick, but did not possess the strength of the former. For the rest prices remain unchanged, except that occasionally a slight improvemeut was noticeable for the better styles of pekoe, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. I Se ee [Marcu 1, 1894. Bon Ami As lad, 64d 53d 43d 100 che. 94d 84d- Aroakal jld, 8jd 64d .. 444,165 do ied 93d 43d Brighton 11$d 53d .. «. 6d 27 §-chs. 7}d Kuduwa Kar- num 954, Gh se .. 64,53d178 chs. 74 63 Venbenard 83d, 63d, .. .. 5d 528 do Wd 7id bid Stagbrook 74d 7d. 53d 53d .» 61 do 6d Fairfield. 93d 6jd Sid .. 444 50 do 64d Parvithi 9d 64° 5id .. 90 $-chs. 64d Penshurst 7}d éjd 130 ches. 6 Nagamally 83d 6d 54d rh 93 do 63d 4 CaradyGoody 64d ... 0 ne do 63d unas Muschiston and Invereauld, pekoe 6d. Sourn WynAav Tea,—Perrindotty, bro, mixed 6d. Total 1,121 packages, averaging 74 per lb. 53d, 35 4 INDIAN TEA SALES. (From Watson, Sibthorp & Co.'s Tea Report.) Caucurra, Jan. 31st, 1894. There was a good general demand in the sales held on the 25th instant: allowing for the difference in the rate of exchange there was no material change in values except that good liquoring teas of all grades, specially pekocs, were again in strong request and realised rather higher prices. 10,665 pack- ages changed hands, The average price of the 10,665 packages sold j As. 6-0 or about 7d per lb. as compared with 11,502 packages sold on the 2nd February 1893 at As. 8-6 or nearly 9}d per lb. and 14,328 packages sold on the 2nd February 1892 at As. 6-0 or about 8d per Ib. The Exports from Ist May to 29th January from here to Great Britain are 109,732,406 lb. as com- pared with 102,618,410 lb. at the corresponding period last season and 103,243,186 lb. in 1891. Nore.—Last sale’s average was As, 6-0 or about 77d per lb. Exchange.—Document Bills 6 months’ sight, 1s 2d. Freight.—Steamer £1-17-6 per ton of 50c. ft. (From William Moran & Co.'s Market Report.) Caucurta, Jav. 31st, 1894, On the 25th instant 11,323 chests were offered and 10,906 chests sold. There was rather more spirit in the biddings and prices showed some slight im- provement. There will be no sale this week. a) ssl oe Sane LIBERIAN COFFEE 1N SELANGOR. Some of the Liberian coffee gardens look in very fairly good condition but there is room for the exer- cise of the personal influence of the District Officer, in counselling the native placters to keep their gardens free of werds, to prune their trees not to plant too closely and not to expect crops of sugar- cane, plantaine, tapioca, Indian corn and sirih from one and the same bit of Jand. As to the topping of coffee, there is the authority of Mr. T. H. Hill to the effect that it is better nt to top, Throughout the District of Ulu Selangor a considerable quantity of laud is being taken up by foreign Malays for coffee and garden priduce and tor padi planting and it will rep v ths District Officer and Assistant Distr ct Officers to encourage and adviee them so far as they can. These foreigners suy that they prefer to come inland to taking up padi land in the Coast Districts for the reason that they find a ready local maket in a mining district whioh is not to be fund in the Coast Distriats where there is no mining population.—Oficial Report. Marcy 1, 1894.) —_— THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 6047 TEA AND ITS ENEMIES: SHOULD WE HAVE AN ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOARD OF REFERENCE IN CEYLON ? Travelling afew weeks ago with two residents having a keen interest in the prosperity of the Colony (albeit neither planters nor estate pro- prietors), the question was started of how best to deal with the acknowledged enemies of the tea plant and more especially the one that is most prevalent and troublesome, known under the different name3 of tea-bug, mosquito blight or helopeltis antonii. Both our interlocutors had thought a good deal on the subject and one of them shadowed forth a scheme which, after thinking it over and coxsulting several leaders of the plant- ing community, we deem it well to lay before Our readers and especially those interested in plantation property and the permanence of the Tea Industry of the Oolony. In doing so at present we are choosing a time when we believe there is not much trouble with any enemy. Plantations are reported to be com: paratively free of helopeltis; but that is no reason why steps should not be taken for ensuring the systematic destruction of the insect when it ap- pears again and perhaps in great numbers, There is, let us premise, not the least reason for anxiety as to this particular pest. It has nothing in common with the fungus which wrought destruction in our coffee, and moreover it has been known on tea in India for the past thirty to forty years probably. There is no plant living which has not its enemy, and we are quite aware that Ceylon planters sre apt (after the trouble they have passed through with coffse) to be rather too sensitive about little ‘‘ poochies’’ or other intruders on their tea, cacao, rubber, timber or fruit trees, The Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Pera- deniya, tells us that, very naturally, he is getting a little tired of having reference mado to him as to what caterpillar this is, or what moth or fly the other may be. Why, caterpillars and insects of all degrees must have some food to live on! And it is too bad to pursue, phial or matoh-box in hand, individual caterpillars or moths, to latel them enemies and to despatch them forthwith to either Editor or Director! If the caterpillar so dealt with were able to advance a motto to the Janter, it would be ‘Live and Let Live.” But while this hint may be necessary in the case of a few who are too keenly alive to the presence of insect enemies on their products, there are, on the other hand, some planters with a tendency to neglect an undoubted pest, Helopeltis for instance, when it gives evidence of its pre- gence in such numbers as to demand immediate attention, and when an early start on the part of the oolies under master’s instructions, would probably save a worse outburst lateron, on the manager’s own and perhaps his neighbour’s tea. There is no use denying the fact that in certain districts at certain perieds of the year, this helopeltis moe- quito can be exceedingly troublesome; but it is just as certain that if taken in hend at once and systematically, it can be very readily caught and destroyed, There is a belief atroad thatits attacks are confined as a rule to lowcountry districts. But. this is a mistake. The case indeed, that started one of our fellow-travellers in his ooneideration of the subject, occurred in reference to a high district. He had ben residing (with a planter who was busy catching and destroying the insect, and yet he had encountered other planters belonging to the eame district who utterly denied that on 4d helopeltis had been seen within its bounds! Now with such a fact and its denial coming under his own notice, our friend argued that much might be going elsewhere unreported, if not denied and that there was at leasta danger of some men neglecting their plain duty to the detriment of their neighbours and of the industry at large. He saw, in fect, astete of things, which called for a remedy, and he pointed out to us the direction in which he thought that remedy might be applied. Before wa go further, we may, however, afford some additional evidence of lowcountry dis- tricts such as the Kelani Valley not being the only sufferers from the atlacks of morquito or he'opeltis. Here for instance is an answer to our inquiry from an experienced manager of a plant- ation at a medium elevation :— ‘‘Helcopeltis did a great deal of damage here last year from July to Ootober, when it disappeared ; it pee again to ae the bushes in one field in the beginning of this month there is very little of it. ar ha cals rg “‘Most of the Sinhalese ooolies refuse to catch the insects, but 1am glad to say the Tamils have no such scruples, and soon get very expert at catching them, I think Mr. Clark of the Pera- deniya Gardens was mistaken about the plant (deg’s tail) on which the helopeltis is said to breed; for I have examined hundreds of the plents and have never seen a sign of the ingect on them. There is a good deal more information wanted about it than is available. It is difficult to realise ae packed oF een! a few of theinseots osn do o a flush, until oze goes with the pl a field infested by them,” Uae It is clear then that while helopeltis may b> most troublesome on lowcountry gardens, it is found to ke present at 2,000, 3,000, 4,000 and even close to 5,000 feet if not on our very highest gardene We are aware that it has been seen on some of the last-named; but we have never heard of any special attack. And here we may stop to say that, as ona contemporary urges, there is good reason for saying that Ceylon planters are in danger of losing their prestige for being in the forefront of intelligence ag practical werkers in reference to our latest staple, tee. There has been asqueamishness abroad about the very name of science and scientist in connection with the tea industry. Writings in our own and in other columns during the past year, and especially letters of so competent an authority as Mr. John Hughes and other contribu- tors to the Tropical Agriculturist, about the need of bringing science to the aid of the tea planter haye been ignored and neglected. No one has even taken up Mr. Hughes’ suggestion that, at least £50. might be voted by the Planters’ Asgo- ciation for chemical analyses, We do not mean to say that scientific cultivation has been neglected We are aware of planters who are quietly doing very good and most profitable work in the appli- ca‘ion of manures, and who are keenly alive to everything directly bearing on their work, go far as their individual influence may extend. But little or nothing has been done by the represen- tative body within this era of tesa, in reference to tha chemical analysis of tea soils, or towards invoking the aid of the Analytical Ohemist in respect of the several operations for tea prepara- tion in tho factory, Here Indian planters have ; gone ahead, and we expect shortly, to lay printed results before our readers that will show how much has to be learned in regard to the processes that ore now dealt with, moreor legs baphazard by native tea-makers, This is, however, by the 608 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1894. aa tale ar i _ way, and only to show that there is some need for Oeylcn planters pulling themselves together, pnd not ignoring each fresh suggestion for a united cfiort towards improvement. Yow, in respect of Ingect Enemies on Tea or other plantation products, the suggestions made to us have taken this form :—(1) that a Board of Re- ference should be officially ectablished consisting of the Director of the Botanic Gardens, the Chair- man of the Planters’ Association and a skilled Entomologist to be appointed from home (Dr. Trimen has given so much good advice in his day in reference to insect pests, that many forget, rs he himseJf complains to us, that he is not ar Entomologist); (2) that legislation should be pro- vided directing, under penalty, Superintendents of estates when any insect or other trouble is seen attacking his product or products to any extent, to reportthe same (confidentially of course) to the Board (this would ensure attention in the early stages of any atiack); (3) that the Entomologist should then visit the estate and advise what ought to be done and see that precautions and steps for the destruction of insects, &o. were at once commenced. The great advantage such a systematic arrangement in coping with helopeltis would be found in the security for prompt and simultaneous destructioo, At present, one planter may be doing his best to get rid of the insects, but, through his neighbour's do-nothing- ness his tea will be favoured with fresh visitations ; for again, at present, there may be denial of the existence of anything to be killed in a district although certain owners more watchful than the generality are busy at the work of extermination. Of course, the Entomologist when not specially engaged, could make the round of the planting districts and investigate as to several puzzling facts connected with incect visitors, noted by planters ; why come fields or plantations escape altogether, while adjacent ones are troubled; why some have only short, and others prolonged, attacks; and, aided by Dr. Trime1, he cou'd no doubt carry on useful investigations in other desirable directions in re- ference tothe life history of helopeltiz, red-spider aod any other similar pest. Ona indirect advantage to the Ceylon Tea Industry from the establishment of such a Board as he suggested, our friend pointed out, would be the increased degree of security which absentee pro- prietors and mortgagees would feel in reference to tea property in Ceylon. It would, in this respect, be like an Insurance Board. Absentees would feel that a new and most important check on the neglect of property had been devised, officially sanctioned and legislated for. This would give them special confidence in their Ceylon estate securities and make tea and other planting inyest- ments out here all the more popular. We do not know how far this may be; but we have done our duty in laying these several suggestions before our planting community at this time. There is no denying the great service which an Entomologist atiached to the staff at Peradeniya cou'd render to the Colony. It is not alone on tea and cacco, that insect pests appear. Only the other day we had specimens of betel leaves eaten by anold and somewhat persistent enemy, and coconut beetles of different species, would of themselves afford an important subject of investigation to an expert of the right stamp. We do not want an un- practical recluse of the type satirized by Wendell Holmes—the man who refused to be called a Scientist or even an Hatomologist, nor would he be thought to have mastered the Coleoptera— all he could pretend to be by way of title was a Scarabeist | What is required is a shrewd observant and generally interested man of science, with the needful training in Entomology, but with the wide and practical views to which Dr. Trimen himself has so long accustomed our Planting Community, a THE SUPPLY OF QUININE. The quinine market was very lively last week, due mainly to the fect that visible stocks at the warehouses and docks of London were very low. Instead of about 7,000,000 oz., the whole rtock, excepting those in private warehouses, were be- lieved to be less than half this tote). There hae been a sharp rise, and the situstion ie intensified by rumours of a dec'ine in the cultivation of cinchona in Ceylon, and a falling-off in the export from Java. It is ssid that £25,000 or £30,000 would buy the entire visible stock in London.—H. and ©. Mail, Feb. 9. THE PRICE OF STANDARD SILVER. The following important table, giving the average yearly price paid per ounce for silver bullion pur- chased in the market for coinage purposes, was inadvertantly omitted from our almanack. Mr. Buchan, manager of the Nations] Bank, has kindly supplied us with the monthly averages for last year, and it is interesting to notice the almost continuous sinking gradation in the fluctuation of prices since 1883, and this year has experienced eo far an additional decline to 294. per ounce. The price of silver is doomed, apparently to continue to decline and if in the same ratio ss it bes done within the last ten years, it is only a matter of calculation—not 4 very cheering one |—when we shall be able to purchase our silver or rupeesalmost at the price of oldiron !! pd 1883... .503 - 1887... .448 1884... .50k J88k.._ 42 15-16ths 1885... .48 9-16ths 1886... .46 9-16ths 1889....12 13-16ths 1890... .48 11-16tbhs wo; AVERAGES 1893, d January....e... 28°31 July..... + one .88°'9 February °...... 38°36 August..... o..38°6" Maron. esses oes RB11 September ....34°14 April... cesses 33-01 DEEN, W525 23°73 May... cccfeccces 38°09 November -82°22 TUNE, .eeeceesees 8711 December 32°04 Average.. 35°60 ————-_— ——e TEA IN AMERICA, A planting correspondent writes:—‘I don’t think Ceylon will gain by joining India in adver- tising in America; it would only be giving India the benefit of the Ceylon energy without any compensating advantages. Ceylon has worked successfully hitherto in pushing her teas indepen- dently, and I think the same policy should be continued in getting a footing in America and Russia.” In fighting against 90 million Ib. of Japan and China ‘ trash,” it would be well that the producers of pure teas should present a united front and not seem to be rivals against each other. At present, many American dealers uce Indian tea to oppose Ceylon, and vice versa and do harm to both. Whatever tel's in favour of Ceylon (or India) should tell also in favour of all British-grown teax. In Melbourne, it was by the Indian and Cayl_n tea representitives filling the press with scientific analyses and showing the great superiority Marcu 7, 1894.1 of Indian and Ceylon teas to China, that the first hold on the Colonial market was got. Many Oeylon planters seem to forget that it is much the same whether Indian or Oeylon tea is sold in America so long as China and Japan aro ousted: for, every ton of Indian tea sent to America is so much withdrawn from competition with Ceylon in London | co MR. H. K. RUTHERFORD COMPLETES HIS INSPECTION AND LEAVES FOR ENGLAND. MARIAWATTE TEA PLANTATION AVERAGING OVER 1,100 LB, FOR TEN YEARS ON THE ORIGINAL 104-acRE FIELD. Mr. Rutherford has not been idle since he landed in Colombo on 18th November last; and it is very satisfactory to learn that his inspection of tea plantations both of his own Oompany, (the Ceylon Tea Plantations Co.) and of other Companies with which he is connected, has been thoroughly satisfactory and that he carries back with him to London, on the whole, most favourable impres- sions of the present condition of our Tea In- dustry, so far as it has come under his notice, The GC. T. P. Co.’s 7,200 acres we may mention averaged about 418 1b, per acre last year, while the net average price per lb. will be above 8d —Mr, Rutherford leaves (Feb. Ist) for London by the ss, ‘*Arcadia.” Respecting Mariawatte—the most famous per- haps of the premier Ceylon Tea Company’s Gardens, we have been fayoured by the Manager in answer to our inquiry with the following interesting particulars ;— ‘‘ Mariawatte crop for 1893 was 374,949 lb, tea= 808 lb. per acre all over, The old 104 acres gave 1,110 Ib. per acre, so you see itis not falling off, The whole estate, with the exception of about 30 acres, was proned during the year. The rainfall for the year was 86°22 inches, which is 12°86 inches Jess than the previous year’s. The outturn of tea from the Factory was 734,760 lb,” It is of special interest with the close of the decade of full bearing to give the crop year by year for the original 104-acres field planted in 1879 ;-- Average crop per acre: 1884 .. 1,050 lb. 1890 .. 1,347 Ib. 1885 .. 1,133 ,, 1891, 81,114", 1886 .. 1,018 ,, EAP ese BIBL es ray eee Bi ie 1893 .. 1,110 ,, PGNSinoe ei 1,018, 55 Dasa te 1889 .. 1,094 ,, Total ..11,113 ,, Average .. 1,111 ,, ——$_——_—_____. BADULLA PLANTING PRODUCTS. Tra.—This product may now be eaid to be our chief staple, and your Committee are glad to report that during 1893 considerable progress has been made in its construction and extension. The crops during the ear have been good, the yield per acre has been arge, and estimatesin most cases have been exceeded, Prices geuerally have been above average. Estimates of the probable out-put of tea from the districts during 1894 have been framed by your Committee. Your Committee are further pleased to note the introduc- tion of fresh capital to the district, and they feel that the Badolla and Madaisima districts under tea culti- vation haye a great future before them. Correr.—The cultivation generally of thie product is on thedecline, cropsas a rule bave been poor but in a few instances moderately good crops have been ngonred, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 609 Cocoa.—The ecason for cocoa has been a fairly good one, but your Committce rezret to notice the fall in price of this product. ; ———_.______ THE EXHIBITION OF VICTORIAN PRODUCTS. Messrs. Rowe and Kelly, the Vistorian Com- missioners, went up to Kandy for the pur- pose, we understand, of having an interview with His Excellency the Governor, to whom they bzar a letter of introduction from the Harl of Hore- toun, ard also with His Excellency the Major- General, with regard to their mission to enquire and report upon the prospects of a trade being established with Oeylon in the producta of the colony they represent. In a previous article we enumerated the samples of prcduce they have brought with them and which they intend to exbibit in tha Wharf & Warehouse Company's store beneath the offices of the P. & O. Company; and in our advertising columns the list ig repeated with brief notes on the various items, The wines have been specially selected for use in Hastern countries and comprise clarets, sherry, Fort, burgundy, riesling, hock, chablis, frontignac, muscat, shiraz, chasselas, etc.,, and the brandy bas been distilled from wine chosen for its excellent quality and flavour, In the brewing of the ales which are to be exhibited the best malt and hops have been used and they are said to be very well suited for hot climates. Of preserved meatg ‘there is a very large assortment including sheep tongues and trotters, beef, roast meat, scorned beef, luncheon b such as cabbage leaves, potato peelings, turnip top to be chopped up and boiled and mixed witha little coconut poonac will be foand to suit-them and keep them in good condition.” Who can tell us about the ‘“‘crystalizing of fruit" in Ceylon? There is no reason why an industry should not be established.—Ep 7,4.] LOW PRICES AND INCREASED SUPPLY. Upcountry, Jan. 29, Dear Sir,—If you have not seen the fcllowing extract from the ‘“‘Scramble for Gold’ in the Nine- teenth Century for Jan., it may be of interest to me, it appears, to represent our positioa, exactly, with regard to tea: — “The tendency of lower prices in many if not in most cases is to increase supply rather than to diminish it, because of the efforts producers made to cheapen production by going into it on a larger scale,” AN OLD COFFEE STUMP. BLENDING TEA IN BUND. Deak Stz,—In the Ceylon Observer of December %th I read with interert an article on the above subject, and very much hop: the Plauters’ Association will not be led away wih what svunds a very tempting. offer on the part of Mr. Lipton’s agent— that Mr. L'pton has decided to push Ceylon tea in Australia. Knowing the blends Mr. Lipton sells in England and Ireland I hope the day will never come when Mr. Lipton c»n print on these packets— Packed in Ceylen.” THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MaRcn 1, 1894: In the event of not being allowed to blend in bond, Mr. Lipton threatens to send out from London to Australia some of his Blends, some of which are ssid to coptain a certain portion of China. (Yes—! am very certaineome cf them do contain a certain por- tion.) By the time Mr. Lipton pays freight from Ohivna to London and back to Australie. Iam afraid he won’t find himself in a good position to compete with firm on the spot who import direct from China end Ceylon and put up Ceylon tea with a certain portion of China in packets, and strange to say some of the firms in Australia sell this mixture se a Ceylon Blend ; others even go so far as to sell it ag pure Ceylon tea. It is a great mistake to think London firms are the only firms who know bow to take the public in. R. V. WEBSTER. [Mr. Webster can scarcely be eaid to be a dis- interested party, and he is ignorant of the fact that the choice of a depét for Mr. Lipton’s blending business for Australia and the East, lies between Colombo and Calcutta.—Ep. T.4.] THE TEA ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON—ITS DIFFICULTIES AND DANGERS—AND SCLENTIFIC EXPERTS. Peradeniya, Feb. 1. Dear Sin,—Your leader of yesterday on the eub- ject of Tea and its Enemies is a most cherring eign of -the shrewd eye eome at least of the many engaged ‘‘in Tea” have to possibilities of improve- ment. It is because I believé the planters are men of enterprise that I write to heartily endorse your euggestion of bringing expert opinion to bear on the many difficulties and dangere which beset “ #Pea.” In England this principle bas been steadily ig- norej, except by brewers and perhaps a few others, with the result that Continental nations, especially Germany, can now vie or more than vie with England in many manufactures. The ignorant may imagine that the ‘, trade mark” *‘madein Germany” is only indicative of highly coloured prints or loosely-jointed tin British coldiers ; but to all workers and students in Chemical or Physi- cal Laboratories—in short to all whose task it is to conduct exact and careful experiments—the error of that belief is only too well known. England has pro- duced many brilliant chemists: Priestley, Davy, Faraday; yet it cannot make their tools, neither epparatus por pure chemicals. It has reared Bota- tanists and Zoologists of first rank: Darwin, Owen, Huxley, yet it must send to Germany for their microscopes. Instance might be piled on instance ; but enough has beeneaid to show that in those operations requiting particular skill Germany is gradually forging ahead. The reasons are doubtiess many, and first in the opinion of one who has lived among the Germans and likes them, is the national character of steady application to the matter in hand; but by no means leastamong the many reasons is the attention to details, both in their own and as those who have worked in their research laboratories sometimes find,~ their neighbour's method and subjectof work. As a result of this in the Fatherland every modero manufactory has for its analyist a very well-trained and often brilliant scientist—in England little boys of 12 or 14 are often employed in large factories because “ they only have to add one liquid to another till 2 colours— those of the resulting liquid and of a standard solution—are identical," No wonder aniline dyes are now all but entirely made in Germany! Engiand is to be pitied rather than blamed— she became involved in the rn.issance of science 80 years ego andto her own surprise—ani often incredulity—produced scientists of wor:d-wide and world-long reputation; buther rank and file had Marcti t, 1894. | not even the merit of being well drilled, The‘* Saienee fever” was upon the Jand and younger sons, the human debrie of the professions, - declared themselves scientists and too often obtained responsible posts. The ‘confidence trick’ cannot be played often on the same person, least on that of an English Company. Thsir corporate argument was ‘ this manis a failure. So is science applied to arts.’ ‘* Let us stick toour fetish empiricism,” They did s0; but Germany’s fetish in the meantime was, ‘ technical schools.”” So that now Goldsmith might re-con- struct, could he live again, his famous lines to “treade’s unfeeling train give up the land and Yeposses the swain.”’ The moral is obvious and one hopes more likely of adoption in QOeylon than at home, Scienae sharpens your trade tools—it is like Touchstone, the whet-stone of the wits. Use this whet-stone or shall wesay use it more, That this letter is written by one who has only been in tho Oolony a few months will not cause its rejection, that the mentor is what is usually called a man of science, will not discount the advice given, the writer having experienced Ceylon hospitality i. emboldened to believe.—Yours, &c. K.W.T THE TEA ENTERPRISE AND SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS, Dear Sixn,—There’s a good deal of good sense in much that “FF. W, K.” urges in his letter to you; but his remarks are too general to do much good in such an absolutely non-scientific community as we find in Oeylon. He must say out more olearly and definitely what be would have us do? You, Mr, Editor, make some effort to do this in your separate paragraph, for there you enumerate Chemical, Entomological, and Botanical experts as necessary advisers for planters, presumably as residents in our midst; and to give you your due, Sir, you have done all you can towards helping the planters in these matters, as witness the valuable contributions of Mr. M. Cochran in the Tropical Agriculturist, and your persistent ad- vocacy of employing the services of him and Mr, Hughes, Now, being mentally troubled with a scientific twist myself, I am not likely to argue against the wisdom of bringing science to bear upon all our trades and occupations. Ithink this is done far more extensively in England than “ F, W.K.” would make out,or is perhaps aware of; still it is quite possible that Germany is forging ahead in advance of our manufacturers in euch matters; but it would be interesting to hear what leading and experienced English manufacturers themselves haye to say inthe matter, and quits necessary to do so bafore being alarmed by such _ irrespon- sible wailings as those uttered by “EF. W. K.” We may let that pass, however. Let fngland - look after herself. Germany is a poor country, and only by doing her best oan she pay her way, and it will take her all her time and all she koows to keep pace with France and America, Of course, we feel her competition most in our Colonies, and it is perfectly sickening to see so many articles marked ‘‘made in Germany.” It will take a good many years to convince Eng- lishmen that this is not the ‘Hall-mark” of rudbish, compared to what his own country pro- duces ; but let our manutaoturers and our striking, domineering workmen look to it, and let us know why this is thus. Look, too, at the vile mud from the Seine and the Po forced upon us in the name of “ butter,” rota partiole of which eversaw the cow, while Ireland vaste her energies in genselesg and worse than THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 628 useless patriotism, and New Zaaland and Australia look calmly on—either of which countries could keep us supplied, at less cost, with the wholesome product of the cow. I wonder if this tinned clarified mud is also imported into Australia itself? I remembar years ago, before such preparatio a were known being always able to buy the most delicious Irish sait butter in kegs: where is it now ? Importers greedy of gain have forced this vile substitute upon us. But to the point: suppose every District Associa- tion had possessed its own Chemist, Entomologist and Botinist in 1867, would that have stayed the ravages otf Hemileia Vastatrixz, or delayed the fate of coffee for one singleday? Well, Sir, leaving this question for you to answer also, let us imagine these three experts already ap- pointed, established and at work in our midst, what would they fiad to do? Take the Chemist :—ig not Mr. Cochran at hand to analyse any soil or manure, avy planter might desire to have? Of course he would have to piy a good fee, but would the official chemist work for us all for nothing ? His life would be pretty burthensome in that case, and who would decide whose turn should come first? Or setting Mr. Cochran aside, is England now so far off and the ‘‘ Sample Post’’ so expensive, that any planter who likes, or the Planters’ Association compulsorily on their behalf, cannot get their analyses done far cheaper and better at home? But, perhaps, the official Ohemist would go about the country preaching and teaching. What?—Now, take tha Entomologist. Does not Dr. Trimen in his communication to the Observer of 2nd Feb. (sea page 589) to which I have already referred, give the best answer to like qze3tions concerning this expert ? ‘‘Kiverybody kvows that plants are the natural food of insects,’ he says, ‘‘and the home of innumerable fungi, and must ba aware that only in a few obvious oases, as when extremely abun- dant, any damage is done worth mentioning.” And he aleo remarks :—‘' Sending every inseot or fungus they may chance to find already amounts to an absurdity.’’ What would the poor official Entomologiet’s lifebe worth if he were compelled (and if not compelled I see no use for him) to examine and report upon every mortal insect sent to him? Else how would he work ? Then as regards the Botanist, what would hia hands find to do that Dr, Trimen does not do, o is not ready to do for us? z Well, all this reads very much like cold water and discouragement; but I mean that only in de- precation of too hasty action, Let our political ‘* Planters’ Association” turn their attention for once to Scientific Agriculture. Perhaps some of ug outsidere, who now hold aloof would then join them. Let this Association of planters as such—not as tucking politicians striving to qualify themselves for the Legislative Council)—assisted by tha advice of the scientists already named: (Trimen, Cochran, Green, Armitage, &o.,) first formulate a scheme, definitely setting forth what it is we want, and what we expect each of the experts named to do ; for if these experts be appointed—however they may be paid, before this essential first step is taken and is well consideredand defined, only a ridiculous fiasco would result. As you know, Sir, Science is almost my religion, and it is to keep it from being made absurd that I thus ceek to restrain action that is aimless and cbaotio, until formulated and made clear. It is those men who know least about Science (amongst whom in_ these three departments I am one of the most ignorant) who expect most and demand thst ‘ experts'\ should be infallible, TENTACLE, 626 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1894. AN ENEMY OF THE GREVILLEA OR SILKY OAK OF AUSTRALIA, Drawn Sir,—By this post I sm cending a tin box contsiaing caterpillars with nests and eggs which I have found feeding on (Grevillea) silky oak leaves growing on an old nursery. I suppose they are somewhat akin to our old acquaintance the cinchona caterpillar, at least they work in the fame fashion, Perhaps when Mr. Cinchona Poo- chie retired from want of «mployment, these tcok over the working rights and goodwill of the business. I should bs giad to hear if they are common as they seem to ke pretty destructive. Thanking you in anticipation.—Yours faithfully, ; M (Mr, A. P. Green thinks the caterpillar is ‘of @ common moth, tut hoe is waiting for develop- ment in order to identify it properly.—¥p. 7.4.1 NORTH BORNEO NEWS. Kandy, Feb. 3. Dean Srz,—The British North Borneo Herald for January is interesting reading, 4nd the follow- ‘jog extracts will show your readers that Tropical Agriculture is looking up io ‘‘ New Ceylon” :— TOBACCO: A COMPARISON. It may be interesting to our readers to note the ‘amhexed comparative statement of the first seven -years of the tobacco industry in Sumatra, and ritish North Borneo. A perusal will show that so far Borneo has no cause for self depreciation at her elder rival’s expense. Comparative statement of imports of fine leaf tobacco into Holland from Sumatra and Borneo for 7 years. The totals are :— Sumatra crop :—1864 to 1870: crop 9,770 bales equal 1,764,000 guilders. Borneo crop 1886 to01893: 35,796 bales equal 4,514,500 guilders. The prospects for 1894 on all the estates are better than they have ever yet been, and are so not only as to quality but in some instances as to quantity also. CorreE.—A great advance has been made during the year just past in the cultivation of Liberian coffee. Mr. W. B. Pryer, the energetic Manager of ths various estates of the Borneo Development Corporation, has now about 280 acres in an advanced state showing great promise of big crops by the end of the year. it is barely two years since the jucgle was felled for this planting, and the condition of the trees bear eloquent testimony to the grand capabilities of ‘the soil of North Borneo for this product, In Ma- rudu Bay the Tertipan es‘ate; under the management of Mr. T. Johnstone, late of the Segalind river, -Sandaken Bay, goes hand in hand with the successful results achieved on the Byte Estate. Mr. W. E. _Roberts of the Trading and Planting Company has also a nice compact and flourishing area laid out in Liberian coffee on the Segalind river. A South American Chinaman came onto the Byte the other day. He would not believe that the Slasbing plants up to 7 feet high with their large glossy dark green leaves were coffee at alJ, and woula not be convinced until be had picked a cherry and seen the beans in it! ‘*‘ Why” ‘the said’ ‘coffee with us never grows half this size and has little yellowish _ eaves” and he took up ten acres of forest and ordered 5,000 seedlings on the spot. —Yours truly, W. D. GIBBON, Agent. TEA PLANTATION NEAR COLOMEO: AN ENTERPRISING DUBASH. Colombo, Feb. 19. Dian Sir,—We have the pleasure to inform you that some 7 months ago, our partner Mr, C. OC. Mathew, opened a tea estate in the village called Mampey—a place lying at a distance of 10 miles from Colombo and 5 miles from Moratuwa. We send you herewith a sample of 5 tea leaves plucked from the young plants about 5 months old and request very kindly to give your opinion of it in your valuable paper and oblige.—We are, dear sir, yours faithfully, For C. MATHEW & Co. Tuomas Pavu, P.S.—The name of the estate is “St. Mathew’s estate.”’ [Nothing could be heslthier or more promiring for size than the tea leaves before us, and if they are taken from a_ clearing only five (?) months old, their growth is simply astoniching.— Ep. £. A.) INSECT PESTS AND OUR ENTOMO. LOGIST, Feb, 22. Dear, Sir,—Now that the planters in Ceylon are asking for an entomologist the following extract from a memoir of the late Mr. J. Wood-Mason, who was Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the Medical College of Bengal, Fellow of the University. College of Caloutta, President of the Microscopical Society of Calcutta, Vice President of the Asiatic Society of Benga), Superintendent of the Indian Museum, etc., taken from the last report (1893) of the Trustees just received will be read with some interest. 1 send it to you in case you care to publish it, if it has not alreedy been published, it will I am sure, prove of service to planters if you reprint the late Mr. Mason’s report in the Tropical Agriculturist. The report contains some references to Ceylon. The tea bug in Assam, according to Mr. Mason, ‘is eo closely allied to a Ceylonese insect which was de:cribed and figured a quarter of a century ago by the French entomologist Sigroret, under the name of Helopeltis Antonii, az to have been considered by no less an authority than Professor Westwood to be only a variety of it.” ‘The tea-bug”, says Mr. Mason, ‘‘ belongs to the Indian-Malayan fauna, and _—_--- COLOMBO MERCHANTS ON TILE TEA BOUNTY-ADVERTISING SCHEME FOR AMERICA, A leading Oolombo merchant thus expresses him: self in answer to our inquiry ;— “T can’t say Tam altogether ia favor of the bounty scheme, I think it is wrong in principle to seek Government sid to enforce such a thing, and there are so many cross questions; for instance, who would pay the ‘cess’ on teas sold locally, the estata or the local buyer? Inu buying, one can’t advance less than 1 cent at a time so that it sem3to me that the buycrs would pay. Now the buying is toa large extent for Australia and the effect will be to handicap the Australian trade in order to foster tho American trade. Same with the trade opening up with India and Persian Gulf, This however might be got over by the export duty being levied only on exports to United Kingdom. How would home Compavies and proprietors like this? “But supposing all such cross issues could be over- come, would the ‘bounty’ act as an inducement to the Americaa people to give up green teas and taka to black? I think the proposed bounty is one farthiog per pound, What ie that on the cost of a pounu uf tea to the consumer? Nothing; aud it will be very litt!e inducement to the retailer and importer who together form the ‘trade.’—I don’t so far oppose the scheme, but at the same time 1 can’t see where any real benefit from it is to come in.” The managing partner of anotner leading firm, one largely interested in the American tea trade, also writes that he has not made up his mind finally on the bounty scheme. Still another leading merchant says :— “T hardly know what to think about Mr. Laurie pay- ing the subsidy in London, Ox course there could not be a better map, but Iam rather inclined to limit it to shipments made from QOolomb» and certified by the cousul here as for Awerica. This, however, iq @ matter I have n0 fixed opinion alout as yet,’ 632 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIsY. {Marcu 1, 9894. From enother buriness man we had a strong and spontsn’ous exvression of opinion in favour of spending the £5,000 in direct advertising, rather than in a bounty distribution.—Still another merchant who favours the bounty system has expressed the Opinion that its distribution should be confined to shippers of tea from Co'ombo, the American Consuls c rtificate being sufficient ; but that would leave out all tea for the Canadian Dominion, &o, In this way, the “cess’' might make up for all that peseed under Mr. Morey’s notice, perhaps 50 cent per’ |b. in place of the 1% cent, Mr. Laurie ostimated !—It will be judged from the above that the Mercantile community are by no means clear _as to the test course to follow. The eubjeot is likely to be discussed at the Annual Meeting of the Chamber of Commerce on the 2nd proximo. i EXPORTS OF CEYLON TEA TO AMERICA &c. A Colombo merchant deprecates our criticism of the Distribution Returns of Exports pub- Jished by the Chamber of Commerce, as . follows :— * ‘JT don’t see why you should be down on the - returns from the Customs and Chamber of Commerce. They are made up from the Oustoms entries and steamer manifests, which are the only available sources Of information. We know well enough that a large proportion of the tea, which goes to the U. K. never goes near the London market, but if you tell a planter that, he smiles sweetly, and has no idea of believing you in the least. I suppose every ‘firm in the Fort ships some tea to America.” We expressly guarded ourselves by writing -in conclusion that “ neither the Chamber nor Customs can know the real destina- tion of large quantities of tea shipped.” Névertheless, we must hold that some degree of censure is attributable, unless we are to believe that no member of the Committee of the Chamber in passing the Annual Distribu. ‘tion Return for publication could take upon himself to add a notein the case of “ China”’ for instance, tothe effect that ‘‘ most if not all the tea so entered went really to America ”; and opposite ‘‘ America,’ that the figures given by no means represented all the tea ‘sent from Ceylon to the North American ‘Continent. This might be breaking through precedent; but it weuld have saved not only planters, but even several members of the Colombo mercantile community from a great misconception as to last year’s tea exports from Colombo to America. Indeed, as our correspondent knows, he himself was the first to enlighten a prominent Dimbula planter who came to ustull of the discovery, as he felt sure not a single planter in the country had any idea of the true state of the case. By all means let us have an explanatory note t» the Distribution table in future, to prevent grave misconceptions: a very few words will do. : A merchant whose opinion we asked as to whether all tea which escaped record for ‘‘America’’ in Colombo, was likely to be included in the British Customs returns of re-exports westward, replies :— “ Your question is a most difficult ove tosnswer. Where we have through Bills of Lading transbip- ment Liverpool or London, I should say the tees did not reappear as exports from Great Britain; but where the Bill of Lading is only to the United Kingdom I should eay that the teas did appear as exports fromthe United Kingdom although not eu- tered for duty.” Jt will be remembered that the figures given by Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton for Ceylon tea exported from the United Kingdom to America are :— To United States in 1893, equal to .. 707,567 Ib. To Canada do, co. .- 731,760 Ib. Now from Colombo, Mr. Morey reports as passed for the United States in 1893, equalto .. 250,945 lb. While for the Canadian Dominion including British Columbia, Nova Scotia, &c., besides Newfoundland, Bermuda, «c., the total cannot have been less than rf .. 20,000 Ib. Total 1,590,272 Ib. This would give us 1,890,270 lb. as the approxi- mate total of Ceylon tea for America last year in place of 1,549,767 Ib. May we speedily see these figures increased manifold. ee YATADERIA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. The sixth annual ordinary general meeting of this Company was held at the offices of the Company, 13 Queen Street, Fort, on February 2lst, pur- suant to notice. Mr. H. VY. Masefield was in the chair, and the following shareholders were present :— Messrs. D. Fairweather, J. H. Starey (Managing Director), B. G. L. Bremner (Secretary), J. RB. Fairweather, A. Orchard, C. M. Gwatkin, J. A. Martin, and by proxy A. H. Divgwall, and W,. W. Church. Toe Secretary read the notice convening the mceting. Vhe minutes of the annual general meeting held on February 28th, 1893, and of the extraordinary general meeting held on August 4th, 1893, were read and confirmed. The report of the Directors having been taken as read, Mr. Masefield moved that the report of the Directors and the accounts for the year 1893 be re- ceived and adopted. The ManacinG Director, in seconding the adoption of the report, commented upon the accounts and the general progress of the company. It was satisfactory that while the market for Ceylon teas had fallen more than a penny in the year, the difference between the cost and the selling price of the company’s teas had fallen on!y abont one cent; and though the revised crop estimate had not been obtained it was encouraging to know that the crop from the 527 acres under leaf in 1892 had in 1893 ex- ceed the previous year’s returns by 15,000 Jb. tea. The leaf area in 1893 was 5% acres more than in 1892, December had been a disappoint- ing month for crop in consequence of the early close of the N,-E. monsoon. Between cost of the teas and sale price there appeared a balance of gain of 12°72 cents per Jb. ‘the actual profit for the year, after liberal provisions for depreciation, was over 32 per cent., and after divicing 30 per cent there remained, with some 6 per cent brought forward, more than 8} per cent to carry forward. The reserve fund which had been approved of at the previous meeting after some discussion had been found most necessary, and it would be seen on reference to the balance-sheet that it was not only fully employed in the business of the company, but that in view of the purchase of land and. the exteusions In prospect, the duectors bad deeded to place the further sum of R5,000 to the fund, and the speaker regretted that it had not teen determined upop in Marc# i, 1894:] time to be mentioned iu the report. It would appear in the current year’s accounts and while he was aware the shareholders present concurred in this policy, the Company would have the opportunity of confirming this decision at the next meeting. The balance oarried forward thus curtailed’ would exceed Rid.000. The reasen for declaring a dividend of 25 percent and a bonus of 5 per cent instead of a dividend of 30 per cent was that the directors hoped to see dividends cf 25 per cent maintained, bnt uot more, and if there should be more available it was deemed better to regard it ag extraneous to the dividend, otherwise there might be disappointment when ion an un- avorable year the returus fell short. The bonus therefore should be regarded as exceptional. He was glad to be able to say that the labor force was ample, aud that coast advances had _ been reduced to R8 per head, which was a moderate capitation for the district. There had _ been virulent fever throughout Kegalle last season, ani though it was likely tocost the company rather more the directors and superintendent were arranging for a resident dispenser (for whom a house was being built) a neighbouring estate sharing in the expense. ‘he average of leat pluoked per cooly had improved on the year by nearly 4 lb. leaf. The factory outtarn was $ lb. per cooly less than in 1892. Besides the additions to the machinery reported there had been iron troughing and gilt boxes supplied for water course, and a dam is under construction to collect water at night, which is now wasted, though badly wanted. Further 15 per cent had been written off the New Orievtal Bank Corporation debt, in the expectancy of receiving ullimately R6 per R10. Tbe capital account per acre had increased by R7 per acre to R286, due to more machirery. Ample provision is made for depreciation on the sum of R12,849, and this provision is K2,500 less than in 1892. The estate had been supplied throughout with basket plants, and no more of this would beattempted inthe old tea, Inregard to 1894, the estimated crop is 765 1b per acreoff the increased area of 700 acres 70 to 80 acres new clearings are contemplated, of which 30 acres cleared. 51 acres bad been purchased, and the purchase of 50 acres more was arranged ; so that the total acreage would be about 1,050 acres. The rates for rice snd transport this year have been reduced. I'he estimated outlay on capital amouot for the year is nearly RI5,000, which justifies the reserve fund. The number of shareholders is 41, and the last price paid for the shares is R287°50, which may be regarded as equivalent to R778 per acre oculti- vated. The Directors had considered the advi- sability of planting cocoa, and it had now been decided to acquire, if possible, a small reserva- tion for experimental planting, and it was hoped that nearly 25 acres might be set out, which would be sufficient to test the question, and hereafter it might be determined to invest the reserve fund in such cultivation. Mr. J. A. Marvin proposed that a dividend of R12‘50 per share for the half-year ended December 3st, 1893; (making with the interim dividend of R12°50 per share paid on August 1893) 25 per cent for the year 1893, and a bonus of Rd per share, or 5 per cent for the year 1893, be declared and made payable on February 23rJ, 1894. Mr. A OncHARD seconded, and it was carried. Mr. J A Marvin proposed that Mr, John Helps Starey, who retired by rotation. be re-elected. Mr. J R FarRwEatueEr seconded, und it was carried, Mr. C M Gwarxin proposed that Mr. Jobn Guthrie be re-elected auditor at a fee of R100 per aunom. Mr, J A Marrin seconded, and it was carried, Mr, A. OrncHARD proposed a vote of thanks to the Bosrd aod officers, and especially to the superin- tude of estates, Mr. J. R. FarrwEaTHER, Seconded by Mr. J. A. Magrin and carried. The usual vote of thanks to the Chairman was then tendered. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 633 PASSARA PLANTING PRODUCTS. Teais becoming more and more the staple of the district. Thecultivation steadily increases and _pro- mises to give'good and regularreturns, The yield per acre is excellert, quite equal to that from anyother up- country district, while prices have been quite satis- factory. There is a larze acreage available for tea still untouched, and if the market remains fairly firm and silver steady. tea cultivation in the district will rapidly develcpe. Statistics were collected of the esti- mated yield for 1894 and the total yield was 1,700,000'b. from 7,400 acres of all ages. Oorrer on the contrary is fast disappearing, though 3,366 acres are still shown as under that product, Your Committee can hold out no reasonable hopes of any revival: green bug has firm hold ofthe few remaining fields and even high cultivation is found powerless to combat this pest successfully. Crxcyona is almost a thing of the past; no healthy fields remain and the few estates that have any left growing in tea or coffee are rapidly removing it to make rooms for a more paying product. Cacao however, is rapidly coming to the front about 1,000 acres being under that cultivation, Monaragala especially having proved itself admir- ably suited tothat product. The fields are regular and well grown, and compate favorably both in appearance and yield with any in the country. Crops for the past year have been most satisfactory and have realized very full rates. Considerable clearings have just been completed and there are prospects of very large extensions during 1894, Your Committee are of opinion that there is a very great future before the lower parts of this district, both in this product and also in Liberian coffee: Gee eee EXHIBITION OF VICTORIAN PRODUCTS, The ‘exhibition of these products took place at the premises of the Wharf & Warehouse Company at Leyden Bastion on the 16th Feb. The products were neatly arranged upon four lengthy tables, one being devoted to wines from a number of leading vine- yards in the colony, another brandy, ales, and seasoned timber. On the other two tables pre- served meats, jams, sweet biscuits, forage, corn cake, soaps, &c, were attractively arranged. All the various products were shown in their original packages. and were without exception neatly de- signed and labelled, while for handiness, for transport purposes quite equal to what is used with European or American similar feods. Besides being exhibited under their original coverings, opportunity was afforded to visitors to practically test or sample the goods, For this purpose Mr. Raden of the G.O.H., arranged to serve a luncheon on a table placed at the head of theothere, and a large number of the official, mercantile and the general community availed themselves of the opportunity thus afforded. The Exhibition was opened by His Excellency Sir Arthur Havelock, Governor of the Colony, who was accompanied by Mr. Ogilvy, P. S. Besides His Excellency the following gentlemen were present :-— Hon. O. P. “Layard, Attorney-General; Hon. R. Reid, Principal Collector of Customs ; Hon. R. K. MacBride, Director of Publis Works‘ Hoa, J. J. Grinlinton, Chicago Oommissioner; Hon. W. W. Mitchell, Mercantile Representative; Hon. L. H. Kelly, Planting Representative: Messrs. W. T. Pearce, General Manager, 0. G.R.; W. L, Crawford, Principal Assistant Oolonial Secretary : Lieut.-Col. Surgeon Maturin, and Mrs. Maturin ; Messrs. Pole Fletcher, Assistant Chioago Oommis- sioner ; Geo. Wall, Editor, ‘‘ Independent”; F. Booth, Manager, Wharf and Warehouse Oompany ; S. Bowley, P, & O. Company; V. A. Julius; Majors Forbes and Rigg; Mr, and Mrs, 0, E. Symons; H. VanOuylenberg ; Mr, O. Drieberg, Principal, School 634 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MARCH 1, 1894. of Agricu'ture, and Mrs. Drieberg; T. Smith, &o, His Extellency was received by Messrs. Rowe and Kelly, the Victorian commissioners, who con- ducted him round the exhibition, and gave par- tidulars of the exhibite. On completing his inspection His Execcliensy was conducted to the table where luntheon was served, and Mr. Rowe on behalf of himself and Mr. Kelly as representing the Government of Victoria thanked His Excellency for his kind patronage and presence oa that occasion, and stated that they expected soon to have a large intercourse of business between Victoria and the British Colonies of the East. He desired that His Excellency and others present, would test their produce at the lunch set before them. His Excellency in reply thanked the Oommis- Bioners very much for their kind welcome, and hopad that both the colonies would be much benefitted by an interchange of their pro- ducts. Oeylon waa one of the most oharming countries in the world, and was stated by some to be the site of the Garden of Eden. Good beef or mutton, had not likely been a necessity in the Gardeu of Eden, but it was one of the deficiencies of that beautiful island, and if Victoria could help them in this way His Excellency and othera would be greatly obliged. He expected the present exhibition to be the inauguration of an extensive trade between the two colonies. His Ixcllency on leaving, again expressed him- self to the Commissioners as much gratified with the display of Victorian products, and that the hams, wines, fruits and butter were excellent. He wished every success to the Colony of Victoria in trading with the island of Ceylon. The following were the list of exhibits :— WineE3.—Olaret ; Hermitage; Carbinet ; Ohas- selas; Sherry; Port; Red (1890); White (1891); Hermitage and Riesling 8 year’s old; Cla ret;; Bur- gundy ; Uhallis ; Hock ; Ohablis ; Claret (1); Claret (2); Shiraz, dry; Shiraz fruity; Riesling; Claret (1890) ; Burgandy (1890); Chablis (1891); Riesling (1890); Port; Chablis; Claret; Burgundy ; Riesling; Froutignac; (White); Hermitage (Red); Muscat; Burgundy; Hock; Claret Med. body; Olaret Light; Champagne, Dry Special; Port; Olsret (Reserve); Claret (Black Labe!); Vrontignac ; Sherry; Chablie, Branpy. Aurs.—Ale—Bitter; and Lager. Quinine WHINE. PREsERVED Meat.—Beef—specially for ship’s rations; Sheep’s Tongues; Sheep’s Trotters; Beef, Fresh ; Beef, Roast ; Baet Corned; Beef Luncheon; Chicken; Ox Cheek and Vegetables; Mutton; Matton Roast ; Mutton Corned ; Rabbits—boiled; Hams ; Mince Meat; Rabbits, assorted. CONDENSED MiLK.—Pure cow’s addition of sugar. : chimake? Bourrer.—In tins and glass jars; Butter in tins; Butter in glass javs ; Butter in tins, sterilised ; Butter. CueeEse.—In tits. Jamus.—Greengage, Golden drop, Plum, Diamond plam, Orlcan plum, Damson, Purple gage, Yellow gage, Raspberry, Black currant, Apricot, Gooseberry, Marmalade, Quiuce jelly, Maguum Bonaum plum, Marmalede. _PreserveD Fruits.—Plums, Greengages, Golden props, Apricots, Peaches, Quinces, Pineapples, To- matoe3, Tomatoe’. Sauces.—Tomato. ’ Biscurrs. — Combination, _ Combination, Gem, Marie, Jub:iee, Milk, Cabin, Trader’s Oabiv, Pilot, Plantation, Plam pudding. ‘F1our.—Patent roller, Superfine Stone, Roller, CoxvprEessED Foraeus.—Marks, V.P. 27 and 41 Chaff, Bran, Oorn cake, composed of 20 lb., crushed oats and 8l1b. crushed maize; Forage for horses, cattle and sheep, composed of 16 lb. chaff, 8 Ib. oats, 2 lb. maize, and 2 lb. bran, milk withont the TaLttow.—Muttor, Mixed. Evcatyprus.—Extract of. FRANKOLINE,—For healing wounds. Seeps.—Vezetahle and Native. LearueR.—Sole, in sides. Soaps.—Toilet. Paeserviras,—A preserver of milk, ter, &e. Rep Gum Syrup.—Syrupus Eucalypti, Rostrati, Bosisto’s). A tafe and eff€cient remedy for chronic dycentery diavrbowa, &. Also recommended as 6 gargle for scre throat. One ofthe principal exhibits is by the Fresh Food and Frozen Storage Oompany which is said to have the largest butter factory in the world. In their factory 15 tons of butter are made in a day, and a 1,000 tons of this butter are sent to the london market every year. The uniform quality of the butter has won for it great reputation in England and up to 10s per cwt. is given over the price offered for other butters in the market. Another large exhibit is by Mr. G, F. Morris of the Fairfield Vineyard, Their vineyard has about 700 acres alone of vines in full bearing. The wine made by this firm has already established a reputation in Europe, Forty gold medals have been awarded to this firm for wines. Another vineyard sending wines is the *‘Excelsior,”’ which calle itself the champion of the Goulburn Valley. It has secured no less than 106 prizes at exhibitione, Goulburn Valley, Charter- house, Tooronga, Coblenz and Castleburg, Mount Prior, Irvine's Great, All Saints, Bendigo Vineyards and others send wines which is a large and varied exhibition of itself. The wines were said to be full bolied or fruity and very palatable. Another large exhibit is by the Flemington Meat Preserving Company, who sends tinned sheep's tongues, trotters, beef, roast beef, corned beef, luncheon beef, chicken, ox cheek and vegetables, mutton, roast mutton, and corned mutton. Other smaller exhibits by other companies or firms were also select. Madura raisins and dried apricots, numerous preserved fruils and vegetables, hams, cheese, &o, and an exhibit of a large assortment of soaps for household and toilet purposes, did not exhaust the variety of products offered to export from Victoria. All showed thata great future lies before this Colony. cream, but- VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. ‘“HELOPELTIS” is, certainly, says a tea inspector, ore of the most puzzling of pests that planters have to deal with, for, as you say, certain gardens are never touched by theinsect, while others all round may te regularly infested. The loss in the Kelani Valley alone in one season from this cause would surprise a good many people if sum- med tp,—We have heard that the loss oa one group of estates was considered equal to 30,000 lb. of made tea, one season. That would pay for an Entomologist for some time, Very amusing are some of the contrivances adopted to catch the “wee scoon’rels’” (as the Jamaica Scot termed the mosquito): we heard of one planter who hung out brilliantly lighted lanterns in hig tea field, smearing the sides of the g'ass with tha juice of the jak fruit, expecting a great haul or the helopeltis attracted to the light. But, alas the haul was of every imaginable incect under the moon, sy, save the helopeltis! That particular “creetur” cares nothing for light—he is a lover of darkness as might be expected from his bad reputation and destructive work, "5 Marcu 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 635 SN SS SE a LE A Ceyton Pranter IN Senancor,—Mr. T. Gibson has come here to take over the management of Messrs. Huttenbach’s coffee estates. A ccnsider- able extension of the area now under cultivation will be made. The firm intends to purchase and cure coffee at Klang. The machinery for the purpose has just asrived, and Mr. Gibson will also manage that part of the business.—Straits Budget. RusgerR iN Inpia.—The only successful plantation of any size in India, says Consul-General Morrell of Calcutta, is in the Durrany district of the Province of Assam. Its area is now 1,538 acres and the trees are growing luxuriantly. Since it is not thought to be wise to tap the trees before they are twenty-five years old, no estimate can as yet be made as to what the product will be. As it is said that an amount varying from 40 to 80 pounds of rubber has been taken from a forest tree yearly withcut injury, there is an opportunity for everyone to make his own cal- culation as to the outcome of the government experiments, RupeprR TREES AS SHADE FoR Cacao,—Our friends of the Indiarubber Journal and others in- terssted in extending the oultivation of rubber- yielding trees will not be pleased at the latest news from our planting districts where ceara rubber trees have been growing along with cacao and have been utilised as shade for the latter. Both in the Dumbara and Matale districts, we learn, it has been decided that the ceara does harm rather than good to the cacao, and the command has gone forth to cut down the former. This is es- pecially the case in Dumbara. However, there are satisfactory reports as to the progress of Para and Castilloa rubbers in our Sabaragamuwa and Wes- tern Provinces, and we hope the cultivation of these will yet prove remunerative. TEA TaBLoIDsS.—We cannot in honesty say that the oup of tea infused from samples of the tabloids (manufactured by Messrs. Burroughs, Welcome & Co. at the instance of Mr. John Rogers formerly of the Kelani Valley) can be said to compensate for the cup made from tha article as turned out by the estate factory. The delicate aroma and refreshing taste were absent at any rate in anything like the same degree as that to which we are accustomed. Never- theless, we were assuredly drinking tea and tea that would be considered by no means bad in the olden days when all Ceylon tea-drinkers had to depend on the 5-catty tea boxes imported from Hongkong and sold for Rl0 each—or 2 rupees (4s) per lb,! There can be no doubt too of the convenience of these tabloids for many purposes—for travellers for instance—and the great chemists who have taken their prepara- tion in hand, are quite capable of making them of all degrees of strength, including a quality guaranteed to contain as litt’e of tannin as the mildest (weakest) of China teas. This would ~ suit the old women (male and female) who may have been frightened by certain medical dicta absut the danger of drinking strong tea, or tea at all in fact. Even thelate Sir Andrew Olarke, in a moment of weakness was guilty of some such heresy, or at any rate of exalting Ohina at the expense of Ceylon and Indian tea. We showed him when in London how wrong he wus, at least in not distinguishing between delicate and strong Ceylon teas and ws able indeed to remind him of his first cup of Ceylon tea which was drunk at the house of Major Forbes (of the Scottish Ceylon Tea Co) which he, Sir Andrew at the time, declared to be the most wholesome refeshing cup of tea he had ever drunk. Tue Comine Coconut Orop is expected to be short Owing tothe unusually dry weather for some time past. Woe hear that Mr. J. D. Vanderstraa- ten’s enterprise in leasing and then improving the cultivation of and manuring Coconut gardens, is having a great influence on the natives in the Negombo district who are following his example very reely, in utilising asheg and poonec for their palms, THe Ovrnook For Correr.—The American Grocer takes a sanguine view (see Tropical Agri- culturist) of the crop prospects, anticipating 134 maillion bags for 1894-95 against actual requirements for the world of only 11 million bags! We do not believe in such estimates, True, coffee culture has been greatly extended in Mexico and Central America ; but when we find “ New Zealand” and Transvaal ” dragged in as prospective cofiee pro- ducers, we are not inclined to think much of the anticipations put before us. THE Jamaica Puum.—The Jamaica plum or tree tomato (Cyphomandea betacea) is said to be an excellent fruit, having a beneficial influence on the liver, it can be eaten as a dessert fruit cut into two, or it may be cooked like an ordinary tomato. It is exceedingly well adapted for export, as the skin 13 tough, and will keep perfectly for a month after Picking. The cultivation of this fruit may be taken up in the higher elevations, as it is likely to grow well at from 2,000 to 5,000 feet. The plaut 18 an erect shrub. Seedlings will bear fruit in from one or two years; cuttings in leas than a year. It 1s reported that the seed has been distributed by the Jamaica Botania Gardens to the hills of India.— Madras Mail. THE GRowrH aND GIFTS oF THE BANANA (a TroprcaL Lity.)—“ Banana cultivationin Jamaica” is instructively sketched by Mr, Allen Eric in the Cana- dian Magazine for November. The banana is des- cribed as ‘‘ perhaps the most popular and most widely consumed fruit grown on the face of the earth.” The extent of the banana trade is suggested by the fact that in 1892 the United Stateg imported 13,000,000 bunches. The banana, it appears, belovgs to the lily family, and is a developed, tropical lily, from which after ages of development and growth, the seeds have been eliminated and the fruit greatly expanded. The banana plant being seedless, is propagated by suckers equiring about eleven months for the tree to get its growth and the fruit to mature. It is very prolifio— that is, the yellow variety—forty plants can be grown in a thousand square feet, which will bear 5,000 pounda of fruit annually and it is possible to ¥row as much ag 175,000 pounds of bananas anpually on a single acre of ground. The banana plant has a sft stalk, is from 10 to 18 feeti height. Each plant bears only one bunch of fruit which hangs with the “hands ” curving up- ward, The description of the starting of a new plau- tation may be thus condensed :—The dense tropical growths of bush, treos and creepers are first out dowa and when these have sufficiently dried, fire is set in several places on the windward side. A few hours of crackling flame, and the field is covered with a pall of gray ashes, and with black treetranke. The ground is ploughed. The banana sprouts or suckers, are then sat in the rich black soil. The suckers look like clumsy clubs from one foot to four feet long and from two to five inches in diameter. In eight or nine months after the planting, the plants will have their plumes, 18 feet high, sheltering bunches of full fruit which is ready to cut in two or three months thereafter. Each three or four months anew set is allowed to come on to take the plsce of the older ones as they mature their fruit and are cut down. By this plan three or four crops of 190 te 225 bunches each, or 570 to 900 bunches per acre perannum can be obtained; and by planting ficlds o1 © succeeding muntha, the fruit is resdy for export the yeararound. A plantation requires to be re-plauted with new shoots about once in every five years in order to maintain the bighest qua‘ity of the fruit. 636 TEA CURING MACHINERY. We would call the attention of those of our readers who are engaged in the manufacture of tea to the extract from the London Lngineer, which we give in another column in reference to this subject. It is curious to notice the views which sometimes find expression in the home papers regarding Indian matters. The process of tea manufacture, and the machinery in use in modern factories, has been so often and so fully described that we are somewhat surprised to see our contemporary describing, as if it were something new, the idea of utilizing the hot air from the driers, in the withering lofts, As is well known this has been tried for a very long time, and experience has shewn that when properly applied itgives. good results under certain circum- stances, on cold days for instance. So far as we ave aware, however, farfrom having the withering lofts closed against the admission of any but the hot air, it has beenfound that the latter can only be admitted — very sparingly as an auxiliary to the coldair. Again, it’ is not qnite correct to say that in ordinary cireum- stances in firing the tes, the tame air is used over and over again. As a rule the drier farnaces are low d wn, near, or be’ow, the floor level, so that the air issu ng from the machine at a temperature of say, 200° would not be likely to findits way back again, pro- vided it could find any outlet at a higher level, as it generally can. ‘T'o supply the furnace and the heat- ing stove—tbe drying air does not of course pass through the furnace at all in modern machines—a current of cold sir find its way in through an open window, or perhaps more usually through the door which is generally found opposite the machine for convenience of getting in fuel, etc. We hope before very long to be able to begin a series of articles fully illustrating tea machioery, from the time of its firet uitroduction, and we shall be glad to receive from avy of‘ our readers items which may have an _ historical interest regarding the subject. We cannot qnite agree with our contemporary in thinkiug tkat anything like perfection has been arrived at. Now patents are continually being taken out, and we look forward to seeiny many More important improvement introduced. —Indian Engineer. TEA CURING MACHINERY. (from London Engineer.) To our issue of May 6th, 1892, we made reference to the important character of the machinery that the competition of India and certain British Oolonies with the long-established tea trade of China had bronght into use. We then wrote under the impression that thé machinery was of so highly effective a character that little or nothing could be added to it to improve the quality of the finished tea turned eut by it. But it has become known to us that in that impression we were mistaken. It is true, perhaps, that as regards the machines themselves improvement was scarcely possible, but even this approach to finality did not _ overcome a tendency to inequality of production, which was especially noticeable at varying seasons of the year, humidity in the external atmosphere being résponsible for a variation in this that often reduced the price obtained for the tea made by more than 50 per cent. While, therefore, it appeared to be almost impossible to devise improvementsin the machines themselves, it at length became manifest that some al- ternation of procedure was necessary if a level of quality,’ was to ba maintained. It struck an intelligent observer that the drying’apparatus was being worked on a'wrovg ab initio principle. The air discharged from the fan ‘drawing it through the furnace and over the tea was saffered to escapé into the room containing the drying machines. This air was necessarily charged with the moisture extracted from the leaf during its treatment. And yet the same air is, under existing methods, suffered to re-enter the fnroace and again pass over the tea trays. Hygrometrical tests made have shown that this air is cherged up to 100 per cent with THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | represented at the auctions in considerable [Maren 1, 1894. humidity. On entering the furnace this becomes developed into w steamy vapour most injurious to the dryiog tes, Manifestly, therefore, the remedy must be to prevent air a> charged’ from re-entry into the drying chamber. One estate which has made the change bas, we are in. formed, found asx the result that its teas main- tain an almost level quality througbout the year A forther improvement, it is ssid, will result from permitting the air so discharged from the fans to play upon the tea leat during the preliminary process of witbering. At present this process is asaisted dering damp weather by passing over it @ stron blast of dry hesxted air’ The result of this is ad satisfactory, as it projtuccs os hardness and dryness not desirable in thie first stage of treatment end i besides induces # premature fermentstion high] detrimental. The system now proposed is to lead the warm humid air discharged from the fans in the dry- 1ug-room to the withering chambers, these being made as sir-tigbt as possible, and having their only vente on the floor level, so as tu insure the escape of the colder air only. While, therefore, the machinery used will remain as at present, the metho] of working- it and the adaptation of its issuing products will alone be changed; and this, it is ‘confidently ex- pected, with most profitable results. —_—_~>__—_——_-_ BARK AND DRUG REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Feb. 8, CINoHONA.—Tuesday’s bark-auction, followin 80 ¢ upon the recent excitement it the Gubdigeediient tens looked forward to with some expectancy and in the pe ee ard hene a showing firm quotations. The quantity good bark offered was small, th - Chae ree @ seven| Catalogues in Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona pe 390 of whi Rast Indian cinchona 389 do " a3 rime ce West African as 228 do 210 do Bolivian cinchona 53 489 do 434 do Cuprea bark “ 520 do 16 0= do 1916 1162 do Although the supply of East Indian bark Comparatively small, the assortment was esol ag ret “os usual; it included several piles of excellent Leiger and Officinalis, original. as well as renewed. At first com- Pelltion was a little slow, but in the course of the auctions, and espeeially when high-class barks were reached, it became very lively. Good lots sold at some increase upon the last auction-rates, the unit for such kinds occa- siona!ly reaching 1d per lb., while upon an average it may be quoted at 3d to jd per lb. Some parcels were bought in because they were too highly limited. It may be Set a ate! us nEcntes For the Philadelphia factory 0 have late ought very little, a pchasers y boug y Were today the largest e following are the approximate i , bought by the principal re — Aan AOE ee Kilos. Agents for the American and Italian works. . Messrs. Howards & Sons abe as A oD Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 21,325 Agents for the Brunswick factory 16,601 Agents for the Paris factory 15,506 Agents for the Auerbachfactory .. “ 4120 Agents for the Frankfort-on-the-Main and Stutt- , part works ..... « os : 3,000 Sundry druggists ...... 29/934 Total quantity of bark-sold.. 194,¢ Bought in or withdrawn .. ae 11S 638 Total quantity of bark offered 310,594 WEsTt AFRICAN CINCHONA.—This variety of bark wa 223 bales of it being shown, of which 210 pola tems competition at 2{ to 3d per 1b. for fair medium-sized silvery quill, and 23d to 23d per lb. for small and bold ships (and broken quill mixed. Nearly the whole of the parcel whichwwas recently imported via Lisbon) was in sound ' condition. SourH AMERICAN CINcHONA.—The sales ip - packages cultivated Bolivian Calisaya bark, cot onli re (all ballots of 4 cwt, weight) sold with good compctitiog Marck 4, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 637 at steady prices—viz 33d to 43d per 1b. for dull irregular to fair quill. The wholeof these parcels was sea-Camaged. For a lot of 55 larger bales of better quality, partly scund, a bid of 44 per lb. was refused. CUPREA BARK.—Five hundred and twenty bales of old cup7ea bark (1852 and 1883 import) were again offered. Various bids, ranging from{{d to 144 per 1b were refused for them, bnt at Jast 16 bales of common damaged bark found a buyer at 3d to jd per lb. There has been a very considerable diminution in the stock of bark in Amsterdam during the};month of Jany,, the supplies in first hand having teen reduced from atout 12,000 to about 8,000 bales. On the cther band, the exports from Java during tbe month of January were heavy, nearly 974,000 half-kilos, against abougs 980,000 half-kilos in January 1893. The total weight cf quinine in the bark at Tuesjay’s auctions was about 4,700 kilos. COCAINE.—The most interesting article of the week in the chemical trade has been cvJcaine, which has under- gone another sudden and important modification in price. ‘’he manufacture of this imp rtant drug, so far as our market is concerne}, is in the hands of two British and five German manufacturers. One of the latter quotes a price which j laces him outside active competition; an- other of them has recently started busin: ss, and has given much annoyavce to his collegues by underselling them, and thereby occasionally disturbing the market. The three remaining German jmakers and the two Britishers have a hini of unders anding, by virtue Of which they quote the same rates, and make simultaneous alterations. For some weeks the price has gradually been advancing, and on January 1!Uth the figure of 16s for bulk was reached. The new manufacturer on Monday last, apparently quite unex- pectediy, 5 nt out a circular quoting 3d below this price, but he does not stem to have effected any sales, and is is questionable whether his price has ever been an ef- fective «ne; at any rate, it was withdrawn almost im- meciately after it had been published, but not until a good many second-hand holders, more or less scared by the apparent drop, had parted with greater or smaller quantities at from 165s !2d to lis 6d per oz. This re- mained the state cf the market until yesterday, when suddenly the combined manufacturers announced an ad- vance of ?s per oz, all round, brivging up their quotations for 100 07. luts to 19s between 24 and 100 oz. to 193 3d, and smuller quantities 195 61 per oz, The outsider; if we may so call him,did uot put im an appearance on Change yo aey: where there were many apxious inquries for im, but today he announced that be had withdrawn his quotation and expects a new one t-morrow. The cause of the advance is generally attributed to the smaliness of the supply of crude cocaine, but it is questionable whether some arrangementha: not been srrived at where- by the outside firm has been admitted into tho combi- nation. During the Jast two years the alterations in the quotations haye beenas follows :— 1892 :— Jan, March April May Aug. Nov, Per oz...23s6d 22s 21s 193 6d lés6d 198 1393 :— Jan, May July Sept. Sept.18 Oct, © Per oZ.., 198 188 1és6d 17s 9d 1lbs6d . 158 Noy. Dec. Peroz.,.143 lds6éd 1994:— Jan. Feb. Per oz... 16s 198 QUININE.—The excitement caused by the publication last week of the quinine stocks in the London warehousts abated considerably on Fritay last. On that day 15,000 oz. second-hand German bulk quivine soli for spot deli- very at from 1174 downto 1134 per oz. From then until the middle of this week the market remained completely atagnant, and prices were tending slightly weaker, but on Wednesday buyers came forward ooce more, and 20,00) 02 second-hand sold on the sjot at 11$d per oz. There are now no seliers beiow 11}d per ¢z,. The following are the manu‘acturers’ quotations: Howard & Sons, bulk Is 21 to Js 3d; vials 1s 38d to 1s 4d per oz; Pellitier, vials 1s 5d to Is 63d per oz. B & S, Auerbach, Zimmer, Jobst, and Brunswick, bulk Isld per oz, Fabbrica Lombarda, bulk 1s 1d; vials 1s 3d per oz. —_—_—__>—_____. VARIETIES OF Evcanyprus For O1n-—The distillation of the oil--says the Journal of the American Medical Asrociation—was first initiated by Baron von Mueller. E. amygdalina yields more oil than any of the other yarietios and is therefore almost solely employed for the purposes of distilla- tion, It is also one of the best for subduing malarious effluvia in fever regions, although it docs ot grow abroad quite so well or quickly as H, lobulus. The respective hygienic value of the Arious trees may to gome extent be judged by the percentage of oil in their leaves, as stated below :— Per cent of Oil. EE. Amygdalina le 3.313 E Oleosa ale 1.250 Ei. Leucoxylon eye 1 060 E. Goniocalyx . oe 0.914 E, Globulus 0.719 The lesser quantity of oil in KE. globulus is oom. pensated for by the vigor of its rapid growth and early copiousness of its foliage. It readily adapts itself to other climates and hence abroad nearly all of the varieties of the oil are known as globulus. During the Jast twenty years the blue gum has come into high repute as a sanitary tree. A high authority States that the sewage systems of large towns in warm climes would be simplified if each house bad the evergreen gum tree in the baok- yard. The disinfecting and deodorizing virtues of the tree are unquestionable, Flesh of any kind is ‘as well preseryed by eucalyptus as by creosote while beef sprinkled with eucalyptus will dry hard without putrefaction. It is fatal to bacteria and other micro-organisms. lt may be injected into the veins and arteries of cadavers for purposes of pre- servation. It is also a good admixture in dressing gangrene, = D CHYLON EXPORTS AND LCISTRIBUTION, 1894 ° x © So wr ooo eileen liste kaa asae a/Se |SiNiSi Fld: Siaswsbes oases io Slew xa () 5 mS = a (0m 43 2356 3 6a S26 3 j 3,I1e SSS 19 1-Q 33: ;2NG 72 : oF |on soe sss si H ak |S mS Fins 84 TOAWAA A 2328 x THOoOnmw SG Ee we ' S8sh Blak KO@ATS 10; 230 3: SESS | secs 7) AEE RON Sia iissS bb ri a bs 2 a oS SSS ae = so SE 2 ¢ oom Jal Ber theatres © saa hee aaa a3n5 a!'as Saas: 2 Sas omens el rerie OS Clie) a. si si\'s oan siege oa : ease s a xn oS = = 3 3 So Rg aa Al gt | Site. oS Si-s val ose ma Saas 5!2s3 Me Can cG8 Ua ehroirer syisis rimesis) cp sess Sree a= Om mn oe a See | ROAD Neen oo eat a : ee ee ae ot ee n Boal Z | eS i wo Hag 4 3 : : é 35 Seyi, NU SHICD . Calor a so 5 s oe ES td : or) s 6 SacS a 2 San0S =>) > o> Toll 4 R oS 8 rey » Saee 2 BE oS =OQand 3 ts OR tt = S [— 3 re) — wow 3 Sa | 8 Sons r. 2 = neocon Sia = S8as i) Sans a = ried ¢| 32° (8 SAND 5 x FOO OI’SO 3 ine mR aon 3 5 Re Onon~ 3 | 36 co Goes Tike I = Ss oOanw ees a8e3 = oT 2 LD O NOC Ae ier SRS g332 | me hee Ser a, © (ticle ma Hi G Oleic we = 3) 2218 2553 A Sreann -AQaan Sowowow Paes et Bi oits a R18 E 4 y 5 bo =“ iS) P= = Z =| AC Be (le 52888 3 ee SSSA = oh a : ° i=) a a 638 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS, (From S. Figgis & Co.’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, EAST INDIA, Bombay, Ceylon, Madras Coast and Zanzibar. ALOES, Socotrine ... Zanzibar & Hepatic BARK, CINCHONA Crown Red .,. Bees’ Wax, E White... Yellow ... Mauritius & Madagascar... CARD AMOMS— Allepee ed aes Mangalore ... ss Malabar Ceylon, Malabar sort \Chips and shavings QUALITY. Good aud tine dry liver.,., Common and goow Renewed ... Chips and shavings Renewed Good to fine Fair to fine one Fair to fine clipped oes Bold, bright, fairto fiue... .|Good to fine plump, cliped Fair to fire bold bleached medium »» Small Small to bold brown ” ” ” QUOTATIONS \£4 a £5 40s a £5 10s wld a 4d .|ld a 4d -ljd a 4d Lia 41 £7 a £8108 -|£6 a £7 ..|£6 lis a £6 15s 1s a 2s 6d jls 6d a 3s 2sa 2s 6d 25 31a 3s ls 6d a 1s 10d ls a ls 6d Isa 1s 6d EAST INDIA Continued | Alleppee and|Fair to fine bold .|28 3da 38 64 Mysore sort} ,, ,, medium 1s 6d a 2s 29 », Small {is a ls 5d Long wild Ceylon...,\Common to good ..,|6d a 28 2d CASTOR OIL, 1sts| White 53 (3d a Bed __ nds)Fair and good pale (2B a Qed CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...|Fair to fine bright ...|808 & 308 Ord’y. and middling ,,,/253 a 3s CINNAMON, Ists)Ord’y. to fine pale quill... /65d ais dd 2nds ” ” ” ” ee 61 a 1s Spiel ie, ere sc Pike, GREECE: 34d a 104 4ths ” ” ” ” ad a 9a Chips) Fair to fine plant ./29d a 7d CLOVES, Zanzibar } Fair to fine bright 2d a ai and Pemba. f |Common dull aon mixed) ‘44 a 27d STEMS Common to good eda fd cocuLuS INDICUS. ...|Fair sifted .. a 78a 7s 31 COFFEE .. «. «|mid. Plantation Ceylon !0je a 1034 a oe an «|Low Middling ,, \¥8s a 1023 COLOMBO ROOT... __ ..-|Good to fine bright sound|!43 a 18s : Ordinary & middling Us a 123 CROTON SEEDS, sifted...|Fair to tine fresh (298 a 27s 6d CUTCH -.|Fair to fine dry ..|203 a 32s DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan. Ordinary to good drop .,,/3U8 a 60s GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey|Fuir to fine dark blue ...|22s 61 a 57 6d : Good white and green ,,,|498 a 40s GINGER, Cochin, Cut .../Good to fine bold [248 a Tus »» «»|Smalland medium (493 a 60s Rough.../Fair to fine bold ... 03 a 553 ” --|Small and medium _.[2%s a 338 Bengal, Rough |Fair to gcod nom,,,.|208 @UM AMMONIACUM. .,.|Blocky to fine clean ,./298 a 50s ANIMI, washed .. scraped... ARABIC E.I, & Aden .,, Ghatti ... .|Picked fine pale in sorts, Part yellow & mixed do. Bean & Pea size ditto ... Amber and red bold Medium & boldsorts . Good to fine pale frosted sifted - Sorts, dull red to fair ee Good to fine pale selected £1103 a £13 O= £9 lusa £1010 £5 a £8 10s ...| 28 Os a £9 15s ..| £6 0s a £9 .|40s a 62s 6d 273 6da 35s $53 a 55s Sorts SAUCES to good... he a ae Good and fine pale ,,,|/90S & OUs Amrad cha./Reddish to aeons 258 a 45s Madras Dark to fine Bale = los a 45s "Fair to fine pinky bloc ASSAF GITIDA and drop Si «(00s & 11ds Ordinarystony to midlin: 203 a 45s KINO .».|Fair to fine bright . £15 a £18 MYRRH, picked Fair to fine pale /€5a £7 Aden sorts|Middling to good ../%58 & 903 OLIBANUM, jirop..,|Fair to fine white .. {398 a 5d8 on Reddish to middling .,,./255 a 32s 6d pickings...|Middling to goodpale ..,/12s a 183 siftings ...|Slightly foul to fine ... [L283 a 163 INDIARUBBER ... -..|Red hard clean ball .../23 a 23 44 East African Ports, Zanzi-|White softish ditto ...|19 7d a 2s bar and Mozambique Coast) Unripe root se ... {L0d a 1s 6d Assam, Rangoo: ...|Eair to good clean Liver bao Sausage, fair to fine W eee without sticks... ..| Good to fine Common foul & middling Mada reo Tamatave Majunge and Nossibe | MINGLASS or BFISH MAWS }stongue. | Bladder Pipe hee thin to fine bold. Goodto fine pinky Soviits foe to good black fieood to fine pale rk to fair ts 4d als lld ls 6d a Q3 2s a 2s 3d Is 7d a 2s 34 9d a 1s 6d ..(187d als 11d 2slda 2364 .,ls 7d a 1s 93d ‘lis 6d a 23 ld “|101 a 1s 44 “lis 6d a 33 Purse .,./Dark mixed to fine pajc|)l a 1s ad Karra che ie PyRIGO Bengal Good to fine pale Is 91 a 23 6d [Marcu 1, 1894. 8th, February 1894.) East Coast Africa, Mala- , bar and Madras Coast, GUAIIEE, QUOTATIONS. Bengal. Ordinary to middling ...|58 & 688 Kurpah dan ...{Fairto good reddish violt|s 6d a 4s Ordinary and middling.../2s 34 @ 38 24 Madras (Dry Leaf) |Middling to good [28 2d a 3s 6d Low to ordinary »»- 10d a 2s [VORY--Elephants’ Teeth- 60 Ib b.& upwards .../Soft sound £59 a £65 10s over 30 & under 60 Ib 5 ” £63 a £61 los 60 a 100 lb. ..|Hard ,, - £43 8 £50 Scrivelloes ,.|Soft e o £25 10s a £36 Lis ss a - Hard ” ” £168 £18 Billiard Ball Pieces 2}a 8}in|Sound soft... £10 @ £77 1Cs Bagatelle Points __ .,.|Sli, def.to fine sound soft| £54 a £63 Cut Points for Balls |Shaky to fine solid sd. sft Hod a mt Mixed Points & Tipe Defective, part hard _ ..,|£35a £49 10 Cut Hollows ..|Lhin to thick to sd. sft |£26 a £50 Sea Horse Teeth— $a Jf Ib. Straight erked part aloes Is 4d a 4s 6d MY RABULANES, Bombay Bhimlies I, good ben = Ss 6da 1036d >» i, fair pickings/|4s a ds 9d JubbieporeI, good & pales a bd } ,», Il, fair rejections ** & | Vingorlas. good and fine 9 6d ate 6d Madras, Upper Godavery rood to fine picke ola a Bs -» (common to middling .. 53 6a mea Const SS Fair... Ne Bd yal Pickings ‘|Burnt and defective ... ls 6d a rt ||MACE, Bombay ...|Dark to good bold pale.../(4 io |W’dcom, pdarkto line bold, » 30 10d NUTMEGS, . 65's a Bl’s ee 190’ a 125'8 a fs a lis NUX } Cochin, Madras) { Fair te fine bold fresh! a VOMICA and Bo nbay Small noha ae 5 2s 1IL, CINNAMON "|Eair to fine heavy “gd a CITRONELLE Bright & at flavour.. lad oe eo “aia? id, "to fi ot vinta y 288 eylon=,,, a4 ne, not wi oEED Paveibar a "Picked clean flat leaf ate “ od Mozambique! » Wwiry oe PEPPER— Malabar, Black sifted ... Fair to ee heavy ... “}? fd « 234 Alleppee & Tellicherry |» os Tellicherry, White a ” os nom Hoa ais PLUMBAGO, Lump Fair to fine bright bold, 15s a 253 “| Middling to goo: small lls a 14 Chips .. Sli'tly foul to fine bright|9s a 12s Dust .,,(Ordinary to fine bright...|28 G91 a §3 RED WOOD ,, Fair and fine boid £3 a £3 iog SAFFLOWER, Bengal ** Goodtofinepinkynominal| 505 &@ 10)g JDabnney to fair +503 a 7g . Inferior and pickings .,./408 a 50s SALTPETKE, Bengal Ordinary to good {163 64 a 178 SANDAL WOOD, Log: “(Bair to fiue Havour ,,.;£35 a £55 a wos Inferior to fine (| bY a £30 SAPAN WOOD .. .\Lean to good bold «(th & £7 JEEDLAC sa anf ORUNBET to fine brighi)#0s a 90s SENNA, Tinnevelly .|Medium to bold green...jad a 104 "| Small and medium green|2 2d a 4d Common dark and smal jld a 24 Bombay ../Ordinary to good ...jld a 2d SHELLS, M.-o’-P, ..|EGYPTIAN—bold clean...|/08 a 7§g ¢ medium thin and stout}3u8 a 905 chi. ken, tain andstoui}/53 a gos large ee .|Bompay—good tofinetux| i738 6la B25 6g medium part stout clean part good colo: } $08 a 903 chicken part stout’ 5 » » 73 6da 87s 6a oyster & broken mes ae » {95 @ 755. Mussel... bold sorts > ree a 49s small and medium sorts 238 @ 35s Linzah Boren’ ...|Lhin and good stout sorts/& a 123 CAMARINDS 20 Mid. tofineblacknotstony|/33 a 9s “\stony and inferior is a 65 TORTOISESHELL .|/Sorts.good mottle, heavy|203 6d a 23s TURMERIC, Bengal een to fine plump Middling to fine violet ../93 $d a G3 24 Zanzibar and Bombay Pickings thin to heavy... 28 a 15s finger 178 a@ 20g Madras .,,|Fin. fair to fine bold bret}: a zh 253 5s “|Mixed middling ... = 23s = “|Bulbs ... “4 “193 A 16s Cochin Minger . E75 @ 203 RS, Rea? 1sts ...|Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9 in. l03a 1gg Mauritins, Qnds.,..|Xoxy & reid sh 5 to8in, 7S @ 14s Seychelles, 8rds..,(|Lean & dry to mid, un-| | : der oa ow. 45475 | Madagascar, ) 4ths.,.|Low, foxy, inferior and, | vr; picbsings su B58 Ge oP ERE? NPA GAZINAEG OF THE SVHOOL OF AGRICULTQRE, GDijegD Ps oh Added as a Supplement. monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the contents of the Magazine of the School of Agriculture for March :— Vol. Vij MARCH, 1894. [No. 9. SYSTEMS OF CULTIVATION. O MAINTAIN the fertility of land is the ultimate object of every practical agriculturist. Ina sense every measure that the intelligent cultivator adopts in his agricultural practice is calculated not to exhaust his soil, but, to maintain the fertility of the land. For instance: the ordinary process of “ working the soil” by whatever means, aims at making the soil fertile, in the real sense of the term, namely, capable of ‘ bearing fruit’—of producing crops. There may, however, be said to be a number of so-called “systems of cultivation,” adopted to varying conditions and circumstances, and intended to maintain the fertility of the land under cultivation. Not long ago Jethro Tull, the father of modern husbandry, believed in the possibility of growing the same crop on the same land year after year without manure, provided deep and thorough cultivation was practised. On virgin soil it may be possible to continue to grow the same crop year after year, or to cultivate a perennial plant without the addition of manure to the soil, but no intelligent cultivator expects land treated ac- cording to this system, to yield a remunerative return for any length of time. Tull, however, did great service to the cause of agriculture. He was the inventor of the drill, and the result of his three great principles, drilling, reduction of seed and absence ot weeds helped to. bring about a complete reformation in the agriculture of his time: and by his attempt to cultivate without manure, he at any rate showed the agri- of the soil render a much) smaller application of fertilizers necessary. It was of Tuli that Dr Johnson remarked: “ His deeds, his triumphs were of the peaceful kind, with which the world in general is little enamoured ; but their results were momentous to his native land.” His drill is said to have saved to the world in seeds alone the food of millions, Our correspondent W. A. D. S. in his last instal- ment of notes which appeared in the January number of the Magazine, describes the method adopted by the Indian cultivation, and shows that the principles of Tull, viz., drilling, saving of seed, and absence of weeds have been recognised by the ryot. The question of weeds has been a vexed one amongst us, that is in connection with the cultivation of perennials. In the case of annual or biennial herbs and shrubs, however, there is no doubt but that every means which secures freedom from weeds, to the growing crop should be ayailed of, Another system where the use of manure is thecretically tabooed is that known as Smith’s Lois Weedon system. This would seem to be a modification ot Jethro Tull’s idea. According to it three rows of seed are sown at suitable distance apart, and a breadth of land equal to that occupied by the seed is left unsown between each set of rows. The fallow of this year is in crop next year, and the crop of this year in fallow the next, and so on. With deep and thorough frequent tillage this has been proved to be a successful system. In his book on India, Professor Wallace men- tions that Mr. Ozanne, of the Bombay Agricultural Department, had a series, of most useful experi- ments going on at the time of his (the professor's visit) and says :—“ 1 was particularly struck with his Lows Weedon plots growing wheat year after year on the same area, though not exactly inthe identical part of the soil. The crop was sown in groups of three rows, twelve inches apart, with intervening spaces of fallow land. ‘he land which is under crop the first year is fallow next year, and vice versa. The advantages are that the crop has the benefit of the whole air culturist that thorough working and pulyerization | Space, while the land has a rest eyery alternate I ‘believe it is possible that this system year, have a gréat future in India, may 640 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” (March 1, 1894. re gg a OCCASIONAL NOTES. The Government dairy has just passed through troublous times, which came upon it with special severity after its unbroken period of prosperity since its establishment. The epizooty commonly knowh as murrain appeared among the stock early in January and carried away a number of’ the stock belonging to the dairy. There is reason to hope that the plague has now been stayed, and it is a source of satisfaction that the majority of good milkers have escaped its ravages. Anew class of students, consisting of 16 boys, were admitted into the School of Agriculture on January 15th, when the school re-opened after the Christmas holidays. A new school, which is intended to be a centre of agricultural work, has been opened at Dip- pitigula in the Sabaragamuwa Province, and Mr. Alwis who completed his course at the School ot Agriculture last year has been appointed the teacher. Thisis the fourth appointment of an Agricultural Instructor in the Province, and shows the solicitude of the Government Agent for the welfare of the inhabitants of his domi- nions in which so much remains to be done in an agricultural way.: It will'no doubt’ delight the hearts of the members of the anti-opium league to learn that a quantity of the seeds of Papaver Somniferum sent to us trom Iudia for trial, totally failed to: germinate, —--——_ -- +_>------ WORKING UP THE SOIL. The subject of ploughing is treated of in the following practical manner by Mr. G. H. Turner in the’ Sowthern Cultivator. In answer to the question why do we plough? he replies :— 1. To bury-a surface growtli of sod under the soil, where, .by its decay, it will add its elements of fertility to the general stock of plant food already inthe soil. 2. To kill weeds, thereby obtaining a clean surface, so that crops may enjoy undisputed and sole possession of the soil, ‘3. To thoroughly pulverise the soil, so as to make a perfect seed’ bed for the young and ‘growimg plant. 4: To break the crust after each tain, so! thatthe land’ shall imbibe its full share of heat, air, and moisture. In preparing the land for''the reception of the seed it is highly important that the husbandman should know just: exactly how to plough, but after the ground |} ig all prepared and the crops are planted it ‘becomes. doubly necessary to know not-only how to plough and when to plough, but also. why it is necessary to plough at all, and what, we expect to accomplish by it. In whatever ‘manner the ground may have been prepared for “the crop, whether by ploughing deep or shallow, ' ‘surface cultivation, oft repeated, should be the) “order of the day for any and all crops that “have tobe cultivated by ploughing and ‘hoeing. “'Phis “ suface cultivation” ‘not only kills all grass and weeds, but, breaking the crusts after each rain, opeus up the soil to the air, allow- ing it to enter, to be absorbed by the soil, and to pass out from the soil freely. This loose surface soil is, in short, the lungs that enable both the soil and the roots of plants te breathe. This ‘‘ breathing process” is not only of prime necessity to the healthfulness of the growing plant, but it is also essential to that important process termed ‘‘nitrification,” by which organic nitrogen in the soil is changed into \mitrates, the torm in which nitrogen is appropriated by plants almost exclusively. Nitrification requires a pretty high temperature, but in soils that contain a liberal supply of humus, and are stirred frequently with the plough cultivator or harrow, will go on rapidly in warm weather. Large quantities of land are so close in texture, so tenacious and air-excluding as to be almost barren (this is the case with a great many of our pastures), yet these same sewmi-barren soils contain, in their natural state, inexhaustible quantities of plant food, often proving to be the strongest soils we have. This state of semi- barrenness is sometimes due to too;much water, but still oftener to a lack of aeration of the soil, or, to make the matter as plain as possi- ble, a lack of lungs to breathe with. This “breathing process” can be brought about by drainage where the lands are too wet; by deep ploughing on all soils that willp saat deep ploughing, and thorough ploughing on any and all. soils, Thorough cultivation, i sub- soil ploughing, harrowing, rolling, ete., unlocks the stores of plant food the mL contains. Where the ground is lumpy and ch it is in too coarse a form to be utilize the roots of plants; no matter how rich in plant food these coarse particles may be, they must be thoroughly pulverised by trequent and thorough cultivation before they can be made available as plant food. The more frequent the cultiva- tion and the more complete the pulverisation of the soil the greater the quantity of plant food that is made available, and the more rapid and luxuriant will be the growth of'the plants One fact should always be borne in mind—namely, that plants, do not eat; they drink; consequently no matter how voracious a feéder a plant may be it cannot eat clod, nor appropriate it to its uses in any manner. A elod is-dead property ; worthless, unprofitable, good for nothing. Most men are, inclined to complain when forced to -pay tax on a horse that is dead and buried, or a horse that has been consumed by the flames. A clod is equally dead. Wecome now to what we consider to be the ‘most important reason of why we plough— namely, conservation of soil moisture. Lo. con- ‘serve the moisture that is deposited in the earth by rains and melting snows, and even by dews, necessitates deep preparation of the soil previous to planting, so- that the rains may be readily ‘absorbed. When absorbed it must not be allowed to escape by evaporation; but-if the full benefit of the winter and spring: rains are to be realised the moisture must be carried quickly down beyond the immediate reach of the evaporating influences of the sun. Stored deep in the earth, a perpetual ‘reservoir, it is ready to be brought to: the sur- face for the use of the growing plants when needed by the “capillary action” of the-earth, March 1, 1894.] Stpplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 641 SSS aS SST SSS TSE SIT STS TESST >see In ordér to make this matter plain to the average reader we would say that after every rain the soil is settled down, the particles of earth are packed nearer together, and the spaces between them are smal]. A number of these small spaces joined together make little tubes, called “capillary tubes,” and in these water will rise from below. If the soil has not been disturbed after a rain these tubes come to the surface, and so does the water in them. The water coming to the surface eva- ‘porates and escapes, consequently is lost as far as that individual crop is concerned. When the soil has been ploughed the spaces or tubes are made larger, and water will not rise in large tubes. Hence it comes up as far as the small tubes are undisturbed and stops there, and the loose soil above prevents its rapid evaporation. In this way and by these means the natural pores of the earth are closed; the loose dirt serves as a “mulch,” and the soil moisture is conserved in time of | drought and retained in the soil (exactly where it is needed) from one rain to the next. ‘This mulch not ouly prevents the escape of soil moisture, but it also tends to check the intense heat of the sun in its downward progress to the roots of plants. Both of these are very important matters during spelis of long continued hot, dry weather. a eee ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. The five sub-kingdoms which have now been considered, viz., Protozoa, Celenterata, Echino- dermata, Annulosa and Molusca, are commonly grouped together under the name of :nvertebrata or invertebrate animals. There now only remains the sixth and last as well as the highest sub- kingdom, that of the vertebrata or vertebrate animals. Sus-xinepom VI. VERTEBRA?TA.—The name of this sub-kingdom is derived from the general, though rot universal, presence of the bony stem known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone. In its most complete form the vertebral column consists of a number of separate bony segments or vertebrae, arranged so as to form a bony axis upon which the part of the nervous system called the spinal cord is supported. In some cases the vertebral column is ‘purtially bony or permanently cartilagenous, or again is-replaced by a notochord “a peculiar ‘gristly or igelatinous rodlike struc- ture, consisting of cells enclosed in a fibrous sheath.” Charactenisties. —Body composed of a num- ber of definite segments placed one behind the other in a longitudinal series. The main masses of the nervous system are placed upon the dorsal aspect of the body and one cut off from the general body cavity. The limbs, when present, are turned away from’that part of the body on which the main masses of the nervous system are placed, and are never more than four in number. In'most cases a backbone or vertebral column is present in fully-grown animals. Class 1. Pisces, comprise the fishes which form the lowest class of vertebrata. Respiration in them is carried on by means of gills placed on either side of the neck of the fish. Woter is ad- mitted by the mouth by means of a series of 4 account, fissures in the throat, and ‘after passing over fhe gills, it makes its escape by a single ‘opening on the side of tle neck called ‘the gill-slit, \which is covered over by a kind of folding door called the gill-cover. The heart usually consists ‘of one auricle and one 'ventri¢le. The'blood is ‘cold, and the limbswhen present ‘are in’ the form of fits.” As members of this class we “may ‘mention ‘the shark, herring and eel. Under ‘it are included all salt-water, fresh-water, and mud fish. Class II, Amphibia. Among the ‘amphibians (animals living both in land and in water) respi- ration is carried on at first exclusively’by:means of gills, afterwards by lungs, alone or associated with gills. The skull has two condyles; the limbs never occur as fins, and the heart ofithe adult consists of two auricles‘and one ventricle. The common amphibians ‘are 'the frogs, ‘toads and newts. Inthe true frog the upper ‘jaw ‘always carries teeth, and thereis a tongue, like that of the _toad,'fixed to the front of the ‘mouth and free behind, which it can:protrude at-will. The typical frog has enormously-developed hind legs, the toes of which are united by membrane or are webbed ; they swim very powerfully and can take extensive leaps. The tree frog is adapted for climbing trees, which it does by the help of suckers developed on the ends of all the toes. The fishes and amphibians are classed together as Ichthyopsida. —————.@—____—. INDIAN JOTTINGS. An interesting correspondence was recently published in ‘the Bombay ‘pupers ‘in the torm of a report to the Bombay Municipality from its Health Officer, Dr. Weir, regard- ing the connection between epizootics ‘and epidemics. Rinderpest and foot and mouth disease broke out in Bombay early this year. The Health Officer points out that these-animal plagues are generally followed by human ‘plagues, inasmuch as the air is infected with diseased germs. This, it appears, is not the first time Dr. Weir drew attention to the subject, - for it is said that yearsago even when Veteri- nary experts were doubtful regarding the true nature of rinderpest, he fought single-handed and took steps to prevent the spread of animal plagues solely with a view to prevyent- ing the outbreaks of human maladies. Besides, from that time, that is since 1874, he has carefully studied the subject: and collected all available evidence on if and hence now speaks authori- tatively. This\ throws a new light on the question of animal diseases. They are bad in themselves in catising material loss to the people, depriving ‘them of their supply of meat and milk and the labour of the animals in the cultivation of the-soil andthe carting away of the produce. The ‘agricultural dabourer is the firstoto suffer from these ‘causes, and oftentimes it -happens that the ‘wealthier classes, who are capable of devising measures forthe prevention :or swppres- sion of these diseases are seldom affected, and hence rarely take a lively interest in the subject, particularly as they are unaware of the. suffer- ine and loss the poorer classes undergo on-this But when it is now. known, that 642 Supplement to the animal plagues are followed by human diseases, it becomes a general question, and as everyone values his own health, he will no doubt take an interest in preventing a fruitful cause of disease. In my last notes I had occasion to say some- thing about the system of native agriculture in the remote districts of India. One thing which strikes a traveller most when passing through an agricultural district is the absence of any formidable weeds even in neglected lands. his no doubt is not a very promising sign, for whatever weeds may be accused of, they at least tend to show that the land is capable of support- ing some growth upon it; besides, a weed is a natural renovator of neglected land. The weeds here. are comparatively small, and nothing like our lantana. It cannot be said that lantana has never been introduced to these districts, and hence it had no opportunity of showing its power of propagation, for many a stray plant here and there is met with. Perhaps this shows that we have better soils in Ceylon. The worry and trouble which the ryot in India has to undergo in raising a crop are more than an outsider could think of. For instunce, in addition to an indifferent soil and the scanty rainfall, he has to wage a perpetual war against beast and birds at the time his crop ripens. Various devises are adopted to drive away the birds which flock in thousands to pick the grain from the ripening ears. There are scarecrows set up which take the form of men and beasts, rattles of various descriptions worked by strings, and lastly, the posting of men and boys in convenient places, among the crops to act as living scarecrows, and, when birds alight on the plants to give vent to such unearthy sound as would frighten even bolder robbers. The powers of the buffalo in many parts of Ceylon are, so to speak, “ wasted,” for the only work he is expected to do is ploughing or puddling and threshing. One cannot quite understand why he is not made use of more. He is a strong animal capable of carrying much weight. It may be thought that as the buffalo is so fond of water that it would not be possible to drive him about on a road in a cart or with a load on his back. But this love of water in the buffalo could very easily be ‘‘ cured.” No one ever thinks of condemning the ox or the horse as incapable of doing work in an open country, because they originally lived in woods and plains away from man. In many parts of India the buffalo is not excused on account of his love for water, and he has to take his share of work. In Bombay are kept hundreds’ of ‘milch buffaloes, which do not get any marshy place to wallow in, but are housed.as cows are. There are again hundreds of working’ buffaloes which are used in mixing mortar for building purposes. These’ animals'work in’ the hot sun without any apparent inconvenience, and drag the beam of the mortar mill round.and round. In the hill- country it is a common sight to see buffaloes drawing heavy carts here and there about the streets,’ and they do it with greater ease than the ox, It is not unusual to see a buffalo and an’ ox forming the pair in a cart and “ Tropical Agriculturist.” a EE ee [Mareb 1, 1894. working together quite. contentedly and dis- proving the truth of a common Sinhalese proverb, The great use to which the buffalo is put is as a water carrier, In many old towns the streets are all watered with water carried on the back of buffaloes im leathern bags. The dushtee, or the water carrier, in addition has to supply the house with water, aud he does this with the aid of the enduring buffalo, I may mention, what would seem curious to the owners of buffaloes in Ceylon, that the working animals are shod as bullocks “are. The donkey is another animal which much in evidence in some of the Indian villages. its use is limited to only one class of people. The other castes believe that the animal is not meant for them. . These poor animals, though they do much work, seem (an- fortunately) to receive very little food and less kind treatment in return. They are generally small creatures, with dirty coats and slit moses and are made to carry heavy loads. In fact, the load sometimes put on their backs is heavier than what. a man conld carry. However heavy the load, the donkey seems to carry it about patiently, The greatest use to which the donkey is put is to drag the scavenger’s cart. Every old Indian town hus a special gang of-scavengers of its own. These men are born scavengers, their fathers before them were, and their sons after them will be the same; in fact, the scavengers form a distinct caste of their own, and an important class they are, for the public cannot do without them and their companions the donkeys. The city of Bombay, with one of the richest Mtini- cipalities, the best-organized Health Departments, and with a supply ofthe latest sanitary appliances, felt its dependence on its horde of scavenging men, women and children dung the late Mohammedan riots, when owing to ftleir not attending to their work for a few days, the insanitary condition of the city made its guardians fear that the results of a plague may be more disastrous than those of the riots. W. AUDES. is BoMBAY. -s- PRESERVATIVES FOR CREAM AND MILK. This subject has been treated of in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural. Society, England; and it would be interesting to many, in a climate such as ours, in which milk and cream and butter are liable to turn bad in a very short time, to note the means which have been adopt- ed to keep these products of the dairy in a state of preservation. One method of gaining this end (which however would seem to be an imperfect one) is sterilizing, which is effected by. raising the temperature to 150° or 160°F. and then reducing it below. 40°F., thus killing the lactic acid organism. This is said to be suitable for factories or large producers, but on the whole it is by no means a convenient mothod. é oft" ne Lhe other means, and that commonly in vogue, is the use of preservatives; and as regards this means the question arries, to what extent is _ March 1, 1894.] Swpplement to the the use of preservatives. desirable or permis- sible? Many different preservatives are in use, but most of them have a common foundation —boracic acid or a mixture of borax (biborate of soda) and boracic acid. “ Tropical Agriculturist.” Although one may , very rightly object to anything of the nature of a drug in food, it has not been shewn that boracic acid when used in such proportion as is necessary to keep cream and milk sweet for a reasonable time has any harmful effect. Salicylic acid was formerly in much use, but if cannot be too widely known that its use is distinctly dangerous, that it has been condemned by medical authorities, and its sale not allowed under the English Food and Drugs Act, and that it shonld on no account be used in con- nection with food. Boracic acid, or a mix‘ure of borax and boracie acid is therefore the safer sub- stance to use; but great caution must be exercised especially in dealing with milk, on account of the greater quantity that is consumed. It may, indeed, be well supposed that. in the case of infants, whose diet is so largely composed of milk, the consumption by them of milk to which preservatives have been added may be harm- ful. ‘he amount of preservatives necessary for keeping cream or milk fora short time is very small. The following recipe is that of a mix- ture which will keep cream quite sweet for 4 or 5 days in England, even in hot weather, it is said:—l oz. boracic acid, or + oz. borax and # oz. boracic acid dissolved in a quart of hot water. This will suffice for 20 gallons of mill or a table spoon of the solution to a quart (1 to 3,200 parts). Much stronger solu- tions are in constant use, as large a quantity as 1 oz. boracic acid being sometimes put to 2 gallons. But when strong solutions are used, some other substance must be added; for water will hold but a small quantity of borax or boracic acid in solution, and only a limited quantity can be put in without weakening the cream or milk, besides which the acid would | Hence glycerine and gela- | give a bitter taste. tine are sometimes used as_ preservative mix- ' tures, Both will hold. a large quantity of borax and boracic acid in solution, and take away, to a certain extent, the bitter taste, though gelatine does so more effectually than glycerine 23 0z. of gelatine steeped in 2 or 3 oz. of water, and dissolved in a solution of 1 oz. of mixed borax and boracic acid in a pint of hot water will, when cool, form a jelly which will keep any length ot time. A tea spoon of the jelly will, it is said, preserve a pint of cream from 7 to 9 days in England. If these mixtures are used they shonld be added very sparingly, as a large quantity would artificially thicken the cream, Sterilization and the use of preservatives, it must be remembered, only destroy or arrest the lactic acid fermeuts, and do not affect the numerous other bacteria which go on multi- plying with theage of milk. It is, therefore, reasonable to suppose that milk and cream may | not be wholesome even though they may not have turned sour, And to keep milk or, cream for any length of time would. appear undesir- able. We should bear in mind that milk and creain are eventually perishable articles, and are intended for immediate consumption, though | 643 by the careful and limited’ use of. preservatives they may be kept for « short time without any deleterious effects. NOTES FROM THE NORTH. (Continued from page 59 of No. 8.) 10.. The tillage,done by the Jaffna cultivator is more thorough in its nature than that prac- tised by cultivators in. other parts of Ceylon. lle ploughs and reploughs the land over and oyer again, so that the ridges whieh are inyari- ably left after the first ploughing with the ordinary native plough may be entirely broken up, and he does not restrict. his ploughing to the paddy land, but he ploughs the garden land, and infact he is said to plough all land that can by any possibility be ploughed—a practice unknown in the Sinhalese districts. In the case of tobacco lands, instead of the first plough- ing, the soil is in most cases turned over with the mamotty, and in the last ploughing the soil gets so loose and pulverized that the plough works without any pressure on the handle. 11. The Jaffnese make up for the poyerty of the soil by careful manuring, making use of eyery available scrap of manure. But the mis- take they make in common with the Sinhalese goiyas is,to leaye the heaps of cattle manure in the open, exposed to sun and rain—a mis- take that can be very easily rectified. The sheep is the animal largely used for penning on garden lands for manure so as to utilize both the droppings and the urine. The Jaffnese generally prefer goat mutton, and they have some prejudice aginst eating the mutton of the sheep connecting certain skin diseases and impurities of the blood with it; and the wool found on them is next to nothing. But they are highly appreciated for the manure they yield, and rich gardeners own them by hundreds. 12. The practice of applying green leaves to the soil is a very good one, and cannot be | too highly recommended for the Jaffna soil which is naturally poor in humus. During the month of January we find gardeners eagerly baying up leaves that grow on the hedges, trees and under- growth of the compounds and taking them hy cartloads to their tobacco lands. There are many kinds of leaves which are very much sought after by gardeners for this purpose, and there is no doubt that experience forms a safe guide to them as to which to select and which to reject. But there is one species of plant very commonly used as green manure which is desery- ing of special mention. I mean the common shrub called Tephrosia Tinctoria by botanistp, and known as kavilai in Tamil and pila in Sinhalese. This plant stores up valuable nitro- genous matter which it probably takes from the air. Being a leguminous crop it is also | rich in lime, so that it must be a very suitable manure for tobacco. 13. The algee or sea weeds washed adrift to the shore are yery commonly used in Jaffna as a | manure forgarden lands and paddy-fields, provided | they are not brackish, Sea weed. is peculiarly rich in the alkalies potush and soda, and is used as Supplement to the a top dressing or is' buried composted ‘with cattle manure. Being fairly quick in decomposition it before long yields its manurial properties to the crops. 14. Bone dust is used all over the south and west of the island by the Sinhalese goiyas for manuring their paddy lands. But the Jaffna cultivators being mostly Sivites seem to have some antipathy or prejudice against the applica- tion of bone dust {5 paddy. But one who knows how plant food is, so to speak, purified before it is taken in by the rootlets of plants should not have any objection to the use of bones on the score of unclcanliness. Even the most offensive manure is transformed ivto useful vegetable matter after it is taken up by plants. Every animal that we rear represents a certain amount of bone-torming material taken from the soil; for all the phosphate of lime that goes to build up the bony framework of animals can be ultimately traced back to the soil. If therefore this substance is not returned to it in some form or ‘other, it will gradually become poor in bone- forming materials until at last the supply is entirely exhausted. Hence arises the importance of bone dust'as a manure. But, of course, in the case of Jaffna lands, os cattle manure is very freely used, small quantities of bone dust applied with the former so as to supplement it will be quite sufficient. K. T. HOOLE. (To be continued.) | GENERAL ITEMS. A most interesting paper ‘is published in the Allgemeine Forst uad Jagd, Zeitung of November, 1892, by Dr, Seiroko Honda of Tokio on his en- quiries regarding the influence of the height above the sea-level on the growth of forest trees, and their reducing factor. The enquiries and valuation surveys have been very searching and extended over ‘areas of eléva- tion ranging from 900 to 1,050 metres, from 1,050 to 1,200 metres, from 1,200 to 1,350, and from 1,350 to 1,500 metres. The result of the experiments are shortly sum- marized showing that with increase of absolute elevation of the locality, the foNowing changes | take place in the growth :— A—THE INDIVIDUAL TREE. 1. The increase in height lessens,regularly and distinctly. 2. The basal increase also decreases, but less | so than the growth-height. 5. Increase in volume lessens gradually. | 4. The stage of immaturity in all these direc- | tions is prolonged. 5. ‘The form of the bole becomes less and -less cylindrical and approaches more and more the neiloid. : 6,. The proportion of the increase of the several parts of the tree decreases from the bottom towards the top of the stem. 7. The’reducing factor becomes smaller. 8, ‘The crown formation gets lower in propor-_ tion to the bole. 9, The proportion of small branch wood i increases, “Tropical Agriculturist.” {March 1, 1894 | ‘been qiiite ‘so’ favourable ‘as in 1892. B.—OrF tHr Forest. 10. The actual number of stems per area in- creases, whilst however— 11. The number of stouter and dominant trees decreases, - 12. The mean height of the forest decreases, 13. The total basal area decreases, not very apparently, but belongs to a great extent to trees of inferior growth. 14. The outturn in timber, scantling and first- class wood decreases distinctly. 15. The outturn in small branch wood increases to some extent, 16. Trees of the same age are more inclined to form groups. ? Says the Indian Agriculturist :—Years ago it was thought that none but a skilful person could grow grapes. Now the person who has not intel- ligence enough to grow grapes for his femily should be pitied. Grape-growing is the simplest of all things. And think what the yield may be of one grape vine ; consider that it will bear grapes as long as you live, though it be a (hundred years, Bear in mind this, thatthe old wood that has borne grapes once never bears grapes again; but that the wood that is formed each season is the bearing wood for the next season; also note that if-all-the néw wood tis left‘on, the vine will bear hundred times moreclusters than it should: thusvall the clusters: will be small.and imperfect. But if \nine+tenths of the new wood is cut away, leaving only 'two or three buds of the new wood on each stalk, the yield will be increased ten-fold— and the size of the clusters be much larger. The United States is rapidly taking the lead in grape culure. a The following is the first forecast of the Madras paddy crop of 1693-94 :—The'latest reports, giving the area figures up to the end of November for Government villages, show that there have been 128;800 acres more sown with 'this crop than is usual. This ‘represents ‘an increase of 2°6'per cent on the normalarea. The increaseis Common to'all districts, exeept Madura and Tinnevelly, where the area sown is slightly below the normal. Compared with last ‘year, the area sown'is ‘about 3 per cent ‘less, the decréase 6ecurring in 'the Deecan and Car- natic districts, where the sowings in 1892 were ‘exceptionally large and‘early. The reported esti- ‘mated average outturn works out to between 11 ‘and 12 annas for the whole ‘presideney—16 annas ‘being taken to representa full‘average crop. In ‘parts of the four northern districts, ‘the crops have ‘been injured to some extent by ‘the exceptionally heavy rainfall of November, or doubtless the pro- ‘bable outturn in these districts would have been greater. In the Deccan and Carnatic districts, the usual rainfall ‘of the north-east monsoon ‘was rather late, and, especially in the latter group of ‘dis- tricts, the yoting crops suffered a good deal in consequence during October. Similar reasons have retarded ‘cultivation, and to some extent lowered the ‘probable outturn in the extreme south. On the West Coast the season has not On the whole, however, the crops are good, and the probable avefage outturn may be ¢stinvated at ‘yather’above the ‘rate specified im the table dbove; ‘which is obteined from the tehsildar’s Teports.. March 1, 1894.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” RUBBER FROM Corton SEED.—Attificial India- rubber from cotton seed oil is one of the latest industrial products. It is claimed to possess commercial adaptations of peculiar practical value. The manufacture involves a process not yet given out to the public by the discoverer, who states that while experimenting with cotton seed oil to produce a varnish for paintings he ob- tained a substance entirely foreign in its make up and properties to what was sought—not a varnish, but rubber. So simple is the process, as alleged, that it is not within the protection of a patent, the only safeguard being, therefore, in the secrecy of the process, by the use of which, it is asserted, only 15 per cent is re- quired of the genuine rubber to produce an article which can in no way be distinguished from the ordinary crude indiarubber, it is said, even by experts in the handling of the latter article. Arrangements have been made for its extensive manufacture and its application to the various purposes so long peculiar to the natural material. The tree producing Chaulmugra oil, which has been found to some extent efficacious, in the treatment of leprosy, is Gynocardia odorata a moderately-sized glabrous evergreen, readily kuown by the hard round fruits which grow 645 on the stem and branches, and resemble a Brazil nut without the hard shell. The fruit is so unctuous that, the oil can be expressed by the hand. The seed yields under hydraulic pressure from 25 to 30 percent of oi]. Chaul- mugra& seeds generally sell in Calcutta at R5 to R7 per maund (82 lbs.), the oil at R60 to R70 per maund wholesale, and its retail price is R24 to R3 per pound. “ Preservitas, a Victorian product lately ex- hibited with other Victorian produce in Ceylon is thus referred to by the Queenslander :—A new use has been found for preservitas, a compound of boracic acid which is employed very largely in Victoria for preserving butter in good con- dition. Ham and bacon are protected from the ravages of the maggot fly by dipping them in a solution of “ preservitas” in water. In solu- tion, at the rate of one or two handfuls to each gallon of water, it cannot possibly be hurt- ful to meat or hams that may be immersed in it. The flies seem to frequent the bacon after being dipped the same as before, bus the im- portant point is that none of their eggs ever hatch. Itis thought that the same good results would be obtained by immersing cheese for a moment in this solution. ig ie r " as ¢ dod, one af | “its 5 a a ods OA Ja, fio. GE rhe ti, Dea, wlorelosy ont oe yet ti 5 " SO 04 Bari CIP iy y pie a . 4 4 i a} Te ‘ te - oe nine us AL ra “doe? p Ane ae , ‘ts . bo bs ay ae i sean ne 4 4 wal ah soubor patiss: b, Seasmaivd= eee iG oak esta nokyy) i souborg dstingai¥ 9ilso. daiwobestdiit | rae yer won, L—~shaslennend old yd oF betaeter ce ei hier 0% Dynogmoo.# ativisesry tol bawok een e2y | 97 af ren ye lie Yleyiul yor beyolqae ei-doisiwesbide siowied Yo | bs Sanber oF seddart ving =H109), boog ai 83300 yairisestg aot. siretsit ni hetelngniteiis od. a tee og at ass sii mort beigsterqg. sre nooad Dats iste ‘arciyih | itau.gh: 91 sel At mold gaqaib «yd gh) Joggait edi to Regaven | aoe oe to "paiibesd _pige al oyeiew ty" easbrisesmy * “Ye aoititier » beth 107 Gham! seed 03, alnibasd) awd 10 and 16 ear ‘ont te hoi? | OP to sth: ed. yldiesoqeonanay tb tatww 10, nothay done arr rallioay gm pe fk hesiessni ad yam tadi email 10 ikem od Vy) | ings hae WHR sogad-ait Inapperd of mages aot GT 4 | A pith 6Ht, tad sated an este ort heqqilk gated 1 atele dig, pate 1079, oyge test Yo enon ten) ei mony tates | i ves on sHiiaes hoop omas of4-dads’ figved? at Mote} ee gern ots Len, feet & 2504 iy ae yhinem@int Yh fewtgidel veh Blwow | ui hag. f 3 a Ag mottelos ents nt ioomo« ohare jon an reat T° ows b rateee hace ited 1 rhe ee eenestoes Ei we 1 Abra Sik pRpae dieethe Yemeni re f 2 lt et A ale weer hype tee ot ticle tedigdal “ wim f i 4 : 4 2 +? - . Ares ‘ i rr wi : F t + Ths + 2s Pre f egiur Hap whee Bie Sarah CARS 4 re ~ * _ Ae: ‘ ao D4 lati, : pig ke we Pre Py ICES ATS easter iat et erge ot tea er Senge - ee Cy ae ie at oe Bley treag 7 ee ee ae = eng? Me awe. JOHN GAVIN, Esq. Tropical Agvriculturist Portrait Gallery. No. VIII. BACK NOS. WANTED. The Publishers of the Tropical Agriculturist want copies of the January, February and March issues of 1893. Subscribers who will kindly send any of these Nos. will be credited with the full value and postage. A. M. & J. FERGUSON, Baillie St., Colombo, Ceylon. ve Py «| MONTHLY. be Vol. XIII.] COLOMBO, APRIL No. 10. 2ND, 1894. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” JOHN GAVIN, PLANTER AND MERCHANT, INTRODUCTORY. OR one who did his full share of work as a Pioneer Planter in ‘‘ the forties,” and who rose to be the head of the most important Planting Agency House in Gavin left Ceylon, John singularly few references.to himself in our local annals. He was reserved and retiring in disposi- tion; averse to taking any part in public life, although keenly alive to all that concerned the development of the Planting Enterprise in road and railway construction. During his later years in Kandy, when, as the leading man of business and perhaps the wealthiest citizen, he might have been expected to share largely in the responsibilities of the Planters’ Association and Legislative Council, his deat- ness operated against his moving out of his own immediate sphere of business. He gave his influ- ence, however, to the resuscitation of the Planters’ Association in 1862, and even occupied the chair for a few months in that year before his retirement from the Colony. But it was as a practical planter and a strictly honorable merchant and estate agent that Mr, + Gavin was best known and will be longest remembered in Ceylon. Ie rose to be the head of the leading Agency House of Messrs. Keir, Dundas & Co., Kandy, who, at the time he handed the business over to Messrs. G. D. B. Harrison and W. M. Leake, were known to have on their books over a hundred of the most prosperous plantations in the island, for which as agents and business managers— generally for absentee proprietors —they received in fees and commissions at the rate of £100 each plantation per annum, making an income from this source alone of £10,000 a year. In few men has so much confidence been shown by his brother colonists as in the subject of our notice, and the sobriquet of ‘‘ Honest John,” by which he was most widely known, shews that to him might be applied the description which John Ruskin placed on the grave of his father, — “‘an entirely honest merchant.” We must now proceed, however, to give an account in consecu- tive form of the life and career of Mr. Gayin, although the writer having only met him once, soon after his own arrival in the Colony in 1861, finds himself rather in the position of one who has to make ‘“ bricks without straw.” To one or two and Mr, Gavin he is indebted for the memoranda which have enabled him to present the following brief and imperfect memoir. relatives friends of 648 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894. a a cme AN HARD-HEADED ABERDONIAN. In speaking of the early Planting Pioneers of Ceylon, one is inevitably yveminded of the “granite city” and the district of which it forms the capital. ‘‘Tak’ awa’ Aberdeen and twal miles roun’ an’ faur (where) are ye?” is specially applicable to the beginnings of the Planting Industry in Ceylon. John Gayin was pre-eminently a large as well as a hard-headed ‘ Aberdonian.’ His portrait, it will be noted, does not belie the description. He was born in Sep- tember, 1819, at Strichen, Aberdeenshire, where his father, Dr. Gavin,—after retiring from the Navy— acquired a very large practice to which his son—a brother of John—succeeded. The sisters of our Mr. Gavin again married well-known men, one of these, Dr. Anderson of the Gymnasium, Aberdeen, whose sons as Anderson, Anderson & Co. became the founders of the Orient Steam Navigation Company ; and another sister was married to Dr. Anderson of Morpeth, the father of John and Geo. Anderson of Philpot Lane, both of whom like their uncle, be- came closely connected with Ceylon. Mr. Gavin was educated in the Parish School of Strichen—at a time when the parochial system of Scotland afforded the most admirable groundwork for a youth’s education of any school-system in the world. He afterwards passed toa Grammar School or College in Aberdeen. Intended for mercantile life, we next find him as a mere stripling, (17 or 18 years at most) in a merchant's oftice in ’ Manchester ; but this did not suit his health; for after no long interval he had to return home and the old Doctor set him to farming on a farm tenanted by himself. John Gayin continued here for several years—perhaps five—until the farm was given up on-his father’s death ; and then John went into the Agency Oflice of the Union Bank in Peterhead as an Assistant Accountant. Passing from thence to the same Bank’s office in Aberdeen, he, very soon after, followed in the track of a good many of his countymen to the Far East of Ceylon. He was nowin his 24th year, and it must be confessed had had an admirable training as farmer, banker and businessman toe qualify him for his future career of coffee planter and merchant. IN CEYLON AS PLANTER. Mr. Gavin landed in Ceylon on the 4th July, 1843, and very soon got employment under what was then the leading planting house, Messrs. Acland, Boyd & Co. By them, one account says, he was sent to Galoya estate above Peradeniya, where he was im charge in September of that year. Another report, how- ever, is that Mr. Gavin was~ first sent as assistant to Windsor Forest and Kelvin éstates, Doldsbage district, and ‘thence lie’ was renioved to Modloya” éstate; “Upper Hewaheta, which he ely opened and continued to manage for some years. After this, he had another move to Kondesalle in the Dumbara Valley. Here he was manager when the dark days of 1847-8 overtook Ceylon— wild speculation being followed by depression and stagnation intensified by the low price to which coffee had fallen after the abolition of the differential duty which protected British- grown from the competition of Java and Brazil coffee. So low did the price fall, that in 1849 it was only 3s. per bushél in Kandy, and the natives did not take the trouble to pick their crops! Two crops of Badulla coffee were sold at the estates’ stores for 3s. a bushel; and a dealer elsewhere has related to us that he bought a bushel of rice and a ewt. of native One-tenth of the plantations originally opened were at this time abandoned ; while others were sacrificed for “‘a mere song.” An estate that sold in 1843 for £15,000 was in 1847 knocked down at auction for £440 only! Hindugalla plantation, Badulla, which had cost £10,000 realized at sale but £500 ; and these are specimens of many more similar transactions. coffee for the same price 9s. ! MERCHANT : Messrs. Acland, and in 1848 Mr. *‘ HONEST JOHN,” Boyd & Co. suceumbed, Gavin joined another of the firm’s employees, Mr. Pitts, in establishing the Kandy Agency firm of Messrs. Pitts & Gavin. It ‘was a time when it required no ordinary courage, perseverance and hard work to make a profitable business, and Mr. Gavin had undoubtedly all these elements ; but after a few years, the death of his partner broke up the firm, and (in 1856) Mr. Gavin saw his way to do better by placing his services as managing partner at the disposal of his countrymen, Messrs. Keir and Dundas, who had established the firm still known by their name in the Central capital, and which was destined to rise to’ its highest pitch of prosperity under Mr. Gavin’s guidance, It was before this time that Mr. Gavin’s plain, straightforward speech and just dealings had earned for him the title of Honest John arnong the planters. EARLY EXPERIENCES AS PIONEER. Before, however, approaching the prosperous days of the ‘‘fifties,” we may refer back to some of Mr. Gavin’s early experiences as 4 Planter, to shew how well he deserved the good fortune which afterwards overtook him, mainly, however, as the result of ‘his own’ ‘industry, shrewdness and integrity. The proverbial £8-6-8d: per month did not even come to John Gavin at the outset of his career ‘as planter’: he Started rather on a salary of £5-10s- or 55 rupees a month, and he has been heatd to describe ApriL 2, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 649 his bedstead in his earliest bungalow or shanty as a plank laid on two boxes and his only seat another box. A young Scot not afraid to ‘“‘ rough” it after this fashion, of course, managed ‘“‘to live on his pry” of £70 per annum, and in the following year he was drawing £120. His employers had discovered the value of his services, and indeed if John Gavin did not feel bound in honour to the firm that had first taken him up, he could have commanded in the outside market £200 to £250 very early after learning his work and showing of what stuff he was made. Many young men of that time felt no seruple about throwing up engagements on the plea of being underpaid ; but John Gavin was not one of them ; and in his ease as in that of others we know, who regarded their word as their bond, eyen though they were sometimes called “ softies ” by their companions,—there was no loss but great gain eventually from holding to their posts on limited pay and building up for them- selves, the most valuable thing in the world, namely, character. Of his interest in his work as planter we have evidence in an extract from a letter placed at our disposal, which Mr. Gavin wrote to his brother-in-law, Mr. Thomson, so far back as November, 1844, some fourteen months after his arrival in the island. He writes :-— “The grand item of expenditure on a coffee eatate is weeding. This the beginners did not think of Yery material importance, and when they found out the mistake committed, why the ground was thoroughly filled with seed, and from the rapid manner in which vegetation goes on, it is next to an impossibility now to have them ex- tirpated. Now had this been attended to from the commencement, a very great annual saving would have been effected on this one item- And further, is it not natural to suppose that by judicious management in this respect the trees would have yielded a better crop, and a better sample. The present generation of planters enjoy the advantages of the well-bought ex- perience of those who have gone before them, and I have no hesitation in saying that under ‘ordinary circumstances an estate may be formed and brought into bearing for little more than one- half what many of the old ones have cost. “The cultivation of sugar is at present oc- cupying a considerable share of popular attention, but many seem doubtful whether it will sueceed so well as anticipated. It is not cultivated to any extent in the interior, I am well acquainted with one estate which is certainly very pro- mising * * * * I hear that the half of it was sold the other day for £23,000—one hundred tons is the estimated produce for this season, Ward, and a great believer in, VISIT HOME AND RETURN. Mr. Gavin paid his first visit to the mother- country after eight years in Ceylon, in 185J]— | the year of the first Great Exhibition in Hyde | Park. After his veturn he had some six years of assiduous work in Kandy, building up and extending his influence as a businessman and latterly greatly strengthening the position of his firm, ‘‘Ieir, Dundas & Co.” One who knew him in those days, reports to us_ that “the small talk of the great Kandy Agency House was in the department of Mr. Dundas, while the practical business was attended to by Gavin.. He was a very shrewd man of business—a ‘capital judge of men, and as. a hard worker himself, he fully appreciated the habit among his subordinates and superintendents.” Mr. Gavin was a great admirer of Sir Henry and advocate of, the Colombo and Kandy Railway. He had seen so much of the difficulties attending the transport of crop in his early planting days, that he went beyond his fellow-colonists and quite as far as the Governor himself in his determination to support a locomotive line at any cost. We find that in a letter to his brother-in-law, Mr. Thomson, under date so far back as March, 1847, he writes of the difficulty of transit of produce to Colombo, and speaks of a line of rail, but was not then veiy sanguine of it ever being made. Here is an extract :—‘‘Much of last year’s crop has still to finds its way to Colombo owing to a deficiency in the means of transit, and to remedy this evil a Conveyance Company is being energetically organised for the purpose of establishing a regular and safe mode of conveying produce to the shipping port until the line of rail is carried out, which will not be, I fear, for some years to come, and I doubt if it will ever be completed, at all events for the sum estimated. Many unfore- seen difficulties will, I am confident, encounter the Engineer on approaching the mountainous region, and sundry gorges and ravines will meet him which he little dreams of. These obstacles may, however, be got over, but it is impossible that any engineer from home can _ estimate Asiatic labour at its proper value.” “THE LAST ROSE OF SUMMER.” It was perhaps not to be wondered at, therefore, that when the majority of the public in Colombo and Kandy got alarmed at the unconditional way in which Sir Henry Ward pledged the Colonial revenue and credit to the Railway Company formed to construct the Colombo and Kandy line, Mr. Gavin stood out as one of the two or three Colonists who alone supported the Governor in this crisis. At a public meeting in Kandy called to discuss the situation, Mr, 650 Gavin was ina minority of one in standing up for Sir Henry Ward and the Railway, under those conditions, and it was then he got dubbed “the last Rose of Summer” of the planting community. Our senior who, along with his colleague, Dr. Elliott, led the opposition to the Governor ad earried the day at the time, often told us in the ‘‘ sixties ” and “‘ seventies,” that he believed Sir Henry Ward and Mr. Gayin were after all right, and that the Railway would liave paid the Colony even at double its eventual cost, had it only come into existence ten or even seven years earlier than it did, and so saved the frightful expenditure of cooly and bullock power, and the absolute depreciation and loss of erop ex- perienced during the interval. MARRIAGE. At the end of 1858, Mr. Gavin paid a long visit home remaining nearly two years only returning at the end of 1860, During this time he got married, his bride being Miss MacAndrew of the Knoll, Elgin. From the columns of the Colombo Observer of June 1860, we take the following notice :— MARRIAGE OF MR. GAVIN OF CEYLON. We copy the following paragraph from the Banffshire Journal :— ABERCHIRDER.—Since te arrival of John Gavin, Esq., at Auchintoul House, he has, by his numerous acts of generosity, endeared himself t) all classes of the community, and Thursday last being the day fixed for bis marriage with the beantiful and ac- complished Miss M ‘Andrew, of the Knoll, Elgin, the inhabitants of Aberchirder, to testify their respect fur Mr. Gavin, re-olved to get up a demonstration in honour of the occasion. From an early hour on Thursday, numerous flags were di:played in the most cuusp'cuous parts of the village, and a large bonfire was kindled in the Square, mat rials for which, were largely contributed by those who had experienced the benefit of Mr. Gavin’s bounty on this, es well as many other occasions. The health of the happy brise and bridegroom were al:o pledged in copious libations of porter and ale, which were distributed amons the lieges. Tae old women, especially, bes:owed their best blessings on Mr. Gavin, wh» so seasonably relieved their wants during the late revere season. ‘I'he day’s preceedings were wound up by a pall at Auchintoul, where a large number of the youth and be ‘uty of the place ass»mb ed. Refreshments were abundantly suppliei, and the healths of the h:ppy coupls we-e p-oposed and drunk with Highland honsurzs. The dancing was kept up with great spirit till an early hour next morning. A FAMOUS LAWSUIT. Mr. and Mrs. Gavin did not remain more than two years in Ceylon after they came outat the end of 1860. In December 1862, Mr, Gavin retired, disposing of the good-will of his firm to Messrs. Harrison. and Leake, and Mr.and Mrs. Gavin finally left the island in January, 1863, taking up their residence at West Park, Elgin, and continu- ing there from 1863 to 1866. Mr. Gavin had, hew- eyer,-one visit to pay to the island in the interval (in the winter of 1864-5) in connection with his fing Dodangalla coffee property in the Medamaha- TYE ag oa THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894. nuwara district: This had become the subject of a lawsuit, on all fours it was supposed with the great Rajawella case which the Lindsay family had won over the Oriental Bank, The Dodangalla case was in the names of “ Lindsay vs, Clerihew”; but the defendant was really Mr. Gavin, for he had purchased the place as forest-land from Mr. Clerihew and had turned it into a coffee plantation. He was told at the time there might be trouble, and after the Rajawella result, no one had the slightest faith in his defence of the case leading to anything but additional costs. Nevertheless, Mr. Gavin fought the battle right to the bitter end and eventully illustrated ‘‘the glorious uncertainties of the Jaw” by winning against the plaintiff Lindsay in the Privy Conncil, thereby adding to his reputation for native shrewdness and doggedness. Dodangalla estate is still held by Mr. Gavin’s family, though no longer cultivated. IN CONCLUSION. We have two testimonies to add from old residents who knew Mr. Gavin. Mr. Edward J. Young of Rangalla who served under Messrs. Keir, Dundas & Co., inthe time of Mr. Gavin, writes :—‘‘ John Gavin was a very fine specimen of our countrymen, sturdy, shrewd, truthful and strictly honest: at the same time he was a very retiring man and hardly ever intruded in public matters, and was indeed little known in Ceylon except to a few personal friends.” Mr. W. D. Gibbon—himself a countyman of Mr. Gayin, writes :—‘‘ After he had joined the great Kandy Agency House, I knew Mr. Gavin well. My first recollection of him was when I recovered consciousness from delirium caused by rheumatic fever—soon after I came to the island in 1855,—and found him seated by my bedside. I exclaimed :—‘ Oh Dr. Gavin, how did you come here’ He was so like his medical brother! He often came to see me in my illness and talked Buchan and its folk, of whom we never tired speaking. His houses at Katu- kelle and Harramby were ever open tome, He was a shrewd man, a good judge of men and appreciated hard work.” There isnot much more toadd. In 1866 Mr. and Mrs. Gavin removed from West Park to Wester Elchies, on Speyside, Morayshire, and here the subject of our notice died on the 12th February, 1876, at the comparatively early age of 56} years. Mrs. Gayin still survives, having removed from Elchies to Earlscross, Elie, Fifeshire, in January 1878. Theit family consisted of three sons and five daughters, one of the former being Mr. H. J. Gavin now on Mahousa Estate, Madulkele, while another, Mr. Norman Gavin, is the head of an Engineering firm in Johannesburg, South Africa. One of the daughters again was a distinguished student at Girton, and is now Principal BEES, P, us School at Shrewsbury, oe ee Ti APRIL 2, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 65% THE EARLY EUROPHAN COCONUT IN- DUsTRY INTHE BATTICALOA DISTRICT. (By an Old Resident.) In connection with the early history of coconut planting in Ceylon is associated a name that is imperishably bound up with the history of the struggles of the Anglo-Saxon race in establishing British supremacy in the Hast—Davyid Ouchterlony —an adventurous young soldier, who found a con- genial sphere for the display of individual bravery in the Indian border warfare of the tens and the twenties of this century. At one time, against the short-statured but brave and hardy mouutaineers, the Ghonteas of the Himalayas, at another time in Central India storming the hitherto impregnable clay for trees of the Maharaja of Bhurtpore, had he lived in modern times he would haye won the Victoria Cross a dozen times over. A beautiful monument, eighty feet high, on the Calcutta maidaa in memory of Sir David Uuchteriony, the thousands of acres in the Ouchterlony valley in South India, the one thousand five hundred.acres of the Easter Seatown coconut land in Batticaloa, and other tan- gible acquisitions, perpetuate the daring deeds of the once obscure young soldier. EUROPEAN PIONEERS, Captain Holderness was sent out to open the land in the forties. He was a big swell, had many at- tendants about him, and kept an ever-open town house in a way betitting his gallant master, but, as is usual with such young mep, he succumbed to disease early in life. ‘his unforeseen event brought to the fore wis assistant, Mr. John Carey. Quiet, unassuming, frugal almost to a fault, he seized “ the tide in the affairs of men” and thanked Providence for it from his usual corner seat in the Wesleyau Meeting House. Retrenchment and a wondertully economic management formed the order of the day, and his grate.ui master gladly aliowed the bloom- ing sinne durat ail the legitimate fruit of his ex- ertions in appreciation of the changed situation. Inyergue, 20u acres, belonged to Mr. §. Kei, and Kirankulam, 2u0 acres, belonged to Messrs. Mac- Killigan and Maxwell, while Springtield, 2Uu0 acres, belonged to Messrs. J. Thomson and otuers. ‘hey were absent proprietors, and thei estates were managed by Messrs. Drummond and Shand. SOBER ISLAND. There was also another little bit of property opened by a doctor (probably Dr. Jallond) and jecularly known asthe ‘‘ Gallipot.” But it has come into an honorable use. The doctor’s ‘‘ Gallipot”’ was the only health resort and seaside bungalow for Europeans and respectable natiyes for a long time, besides Dr. Sortain (reserved), Kochchi Kativvu and Bone’s Island, opeu to all, and so called after a Collector and Judge of seventy years ago who owned it, but which subsequentiy became par excellence the “Sober Island” ot the Burgher community, and 18 now subjected to all the vicissitudes of a yvary- ing tidal erosion as at Crow’s Island at the mouth of the Kelani river, BURGHER AND NATIVE PLANTERS. One by one many of the original owners of estates in Batticalon, not realizing any profitable returns from the tenta year, as they fondiy ex- pected, while they had to meet heavy bills on uccount of their superintendence, gladly parted with their properties, oiten tor much less than what they would haye become worth had they allowed & growth ot another decade to their trees. Among those that scrambled tor prizes was a Burgher gentleman of Kusso-Polish origin, who threw up a good Government berth and turned coconut planter. 4sut for any one to play the part of a peria durai on a young estate, unless backed by ancestral wealth or «ther sources of income, is rather risky, and in eight yéars he was ruined for life, lost eyerything, pas he and hig wife died within fow months ot wie ach alle eal Oh ae SE each other. Another Burgher gentleman was more fortunate. He was at first content to become a kangani under an European, then overseer, and then a conductor; the surplus of his salary he- invested in the adjoining jungle, and eventually be came a successful! ‘‘creeper.” He left very few blood relatives here; the nearer ones were supposed to be in ‘Potguiter Land,” South Africa. He had seyeral idiosyneracies, one of them being a hatred of European medicines, and he died a martyr to his opinion. Another successful speculator in land was Dr. M. Coyington.—Local “ 'Limes.” _—_————$——_——_ CEYLON AND INDIAN T&A IN AMERICA, Mr. P. &. Buchanan writing from Nuwara Hliya on the 15th uit., favours us with the following ex- planation of his views and of the workiag of the ‘‘Scheme”’ suggested by Sir Jobn Muir and him- self :— “It is quite trye I should prefer to cee the com- mission go direct to the distributor, but it would be almost impess:ble to check claims, If however our represeutative clearly pointed out to the dealers that this aliowanca was made, I am satisfied it would find its way to them uitimately. I do not kuow Why the payment should not be made to the iwporter into America as eas:ly as to the exporter and I should certainly prefer this, but it seems to me Mr. Grin- linton’s opinion on such a point ought to be decizive. “1f our representative is to carry samples,endless ques- tiouS 0: whose samples, what sample, would arise. All large houses in Canada aud most large dealers in the States get samples of Oeylons aud Indians themselves aud our tea representative could always puta dealer io the way of getting them if necessary. We should avoid his being mi-taken for 6 regular ‘ drummer’ and we should certainly see that we do vot place him in a position in which his actions might be misinterpreted, such ag pushing sny particular tea &o, He must be, like Czsar’s wife ‘irreproachable.” We see the forca of the objection taken to the distribution of samples. Granted also that the commission be paid to exporters, we see that Mr, Grinlinton gives as one reason, the simplicity and acouracy ensured through the Consul’s certi- ficates for shipments. Are then shipments to the Canadian Dominion (including British Colombia) to be excluded from the bounty? Surely not, for there is a splendid field for the extension of “the demand for British grown teas in Oanada, and ita towns were specially mentioned in the Scnema as coming under the direct cognizance of the Agent in his travels, Then, again, if Mr. Griolinton would consent to accept the post of Agent, on the terms specified, as a contemporary hopes, he would surely much prefer to represent all British- grown teas—India as well as Ceylon—than to have another Ageat—like Mr. Blechynden probably —following his heels, or preceding him to the different towns? It is very amusing to see how petty feeling develops! At the time we started the proposal that Ceylon and Indian iea-planters should co-operate, we were told that as Ceyloa should certaialy not approach India, it would be time enough to discuss the matter when a proposal was made on behalf of the Indian planters. Now tbat the proposal has ccme aad been formulated, the very fact that it was unsclicited, is used intome quar- ters, to tell against it! We sincerely hops, however, that the majority interesied in Ceylon tea will rise to a broad and business-like view of the case now presented to them, Inanu shell, i¢ is—Are there to be two separate, and possibly, rival Agents to represent Brit sh. grown teas iu America, or only one? D,yision anu Opposition; or Union against the common foe, represented by CUbicg and Japan teas? ’ rare 652 THE TONACOMBE ESTATES COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. Application has been made by Messrs, de Saram for the registretion of this Company which is being formed for the pnrpose of purchasing the Tonacombe, Dewature sand Lifton estates in the district of Badu'la for £18,000 sterling. The nomival capital of the Company is to be R600,000 divided into 1,200 shares at R500 each. The subscribers to the memo and articles of association are Messrs. Edward Christian, F, J, de Saram, W, H. Figg, J. Buchan, F. W. Bois, and ©. A. Leechman. We find from our Directory that the acreage of Dewature is 366,—163 being cultivated (141 in tea and 22 in coffee); of Lifton 415,—178 b-ing cultivated (68 in tea ana 110 coffee); andof Tonacombe 770,—320 being cultivated (215 in tes, 42 in coffee, and 63 in cardamoms), The total acreage of the tbree estate is 1,551, the srea under cultivation being 661 acres. as AMERICA FOR BRITISH-GROWN TEAS: Tue CAMPAIGN AGAINST OHINA’S AND JAPAN’S ; SHovuLp THe Hon J. J. GRINLINTON NOY REPRESENT INDIAN AND VeyLoN TAs with £12,500 per anNuM AT HIS COMMAND—BATHER THAN CEYLON ALOE WITH ONLY £5,000; wHILE A RIVAL AGENT FoR INDIA WoULD HAVE THE DIsPosAL OF £7,500 ? In commencing the discussion well-nigh two months ago, which we hoped would lead to a joint effort to capture America, for Indian and Ceylon teas, we were quite aware that the proposal would not be & popuar one with the majority of Ceylon planters. The men of the present day have forgotten how their representative at the Melbourne Exhibition fought shoulder to, shoulder with the Indian Commissioner and Tea Agent ia exposing the inferiority: f Chinateas. Ot late years, a local feeling of rivalry with Iudia has sprung up, and in respect of America especially, this has been fostered by the more prominent part taken at the Exhibition by Czylon, although p contemporary in taking credit for all the expenditure at Chicago, forgets that it in- cludes the whole of our products and repre- sentation, as opposed to the Indian outlay which was for tea alone. We can, however, get no good reason from the planting districts why Ceylon should not, henceforward, work with India in America in promoting the introduction of British-grown teas in supersession of inferior China’s and Japan’s. The average Ceylon planter who. wishes ‘‘ the right little, tight little isiand ” to work on its own account, will have nothing to do with his brothe:-planter in India, and can give us no betler reason than the Dean of Christ Churca got from his witty pupil over 20) years ago:— I do not like thee, Dr. Fell— The reason why I-cannot tell But this I know, and know full well, Ido not like thee, Dr. Fell. In saying no reasons are given, weerr. Two have lately appeared in print, but they are both based we think on an entire misapprehension, One is that Ceylon having spent so much at Chicago and elsewhere to get lier teas introduced, Indian planters—who have done fo much less—want now to profit by our work by holding on io our tail or skirts. Now there are two misapprchensions here: (1) that Inaian tea’ proprietors have not spent 43 much as Ceylon in making a market for their teas in North America, Weare assured that they have spent fully ss much if not more— thouga not in the Chicago Bxhibition—andé the proof is (2) found ip the actual exports of Indian THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. fAPRiL 2, 1894: as compared with Oeylon tea for last year to America. We cannot offer a fair comparison between the exports from Caleutta direct with those from Colombo, because the former would require to b3 checked by the Con-ular return. In the case of C:ylon, the Chimber of Commerce only showed Exports to America for 1893 equal to 112,240 ib. We have been eble wilh the help of Mr. Morey and mereantile exporters to raise this to 351,000 ib, The Caleutta fizurcs show 295,155 which if corrected in the sume way would probably grow in proportion. At any rate, the exports of Indian and Ceylon tes to Amercs in 1893 from ths United Kinglom compare as follows :— To N. America. Ceylon tea in 1893 1,437,327 Ib. Indian ,, * 1,499,763 ,, It is evident therefore that India is not behind in the start towards capturing the American market, and it is equally clear from the procerdings we recently gave of the Indian Tea Association in London—which, by the way, none of our local contemporaries has published,—as well as from what has occurred in Caloutta, that Indian tea planters are determined, whether their Ocylon brethren join them or not, to teke furiber sotive steps towards cap'uring America, But itissaggested by Mr. D. Kerr ot the Scottish-Cey'on Tea Company —who gives come excellent advice bas:d on hie personal visit to Awerica which we shall take over—as an objection to arsociation with India, that it is “ too loose-jointed.”” This must refer to the difficulty of the collection or of the management of the fund allotied to America, But whea it is known that certain Calcutta firms who command by far the greater portion of the Indian crops are prepared to guarantee the £7,000—or whatever sum be fixed for India—and to hasd the ssme over to 8 joint representative Committee, this difficulty should vanieh. Then let it be remembered, India is prepared at once to begin with her £7,000. Cylon eo fer as we can understand, will not have any ce:s available before 195. One objection offered is that if Ceylon raises £5 000 for her 90 million }b. tea, India giving £7,000 is not in progor- tion. Well, it represents 126 miilion ib, at the same rate; but we feel sure it will readily be made £7,500 to represent 135 million if that will satisfy Ceylon. The wsy is now clear. we thiek, to see exactly where the two couniries or rather the two industries stand. Indies, as we understand ‘it, is quite prepared to start a campaiga cn her own account conducted by an ageat and steffi with £7,500 behind them. This could be put in opera- tion we suppose by July next. Then according to the objectors, Mr. Grivlinton would be asked to- follow suit early next year for Ceylon, with a back- ing of £5,000in all. How much better, unier these circumstances, we say, to take up Mr. Grinliaton’s services on behalf ci both countries and industries —for British- grcwao teas in fact—and so give him a backiog of £12,500? In this connection we direct attention to the really admirable letter of Mr. Westland, Chair. mau of the Northern Diztcicts Assogiatiun, cailed forth by an isquity from ourcont mporary. We think Mr. Westl-n! hes solved the problem better ,than any one as yet. Sink the bounty, he says, and get Mr. Grinlinton to represent the Br.tish- grown teas of both countri:s and put at the dis-_ posal cf himself and the joint Committce the whole, £12,500 to eperd (after providing salaries aud: ‘allowances) as they think wise, Once on the spot Aprit 2, 1894.| — and in consultation with all the large wholesale bouses on behalf of Indian as well eas Ceylon toas, Mr. Grinlinton would speedily Jearn what would suit the case best, whether to spend a few thousands in advertising, or to commend back to his joint Committee the starting of a bounty commission. The great matter now is to vots for the selection of Mr. Grinlinton as sole responsible Representative for the teas of Ceylon and India to open a Campaign throughout the length and breadth of North America with a view to ousting China and Japan teas. With a joint fund equal to £12,500 per annum to begin with, and yearly inoreasing, this could not fail to become a very important mission and one which would draw the attention of the whole Tea Industry to the work of our Commiesioner. We feel sure that Mr. Grinlinton will rise to the occasion and ii he is given a free hand, we may expect & speedy impression to bs made on the American markets; and then the great fact to be rememberel, is that every ton whether of Indian or Ceylon tea diverted across the Atlantic is so much less pressure on Mincing Lane—an all-important consideration for both India and Ceylon, ————_ —-—_ —e-—__-- DEATH OF AN OLD COLONIST. Mr. JoHN Brown Dits on His Way To Carro, It is with much regret that we receive tha above sad intelligence. Mr. Brown, who had been out on one of his usual winter trips to Ceylon, began to feel poorly in February and his depatture was hastened by medical advice, while for the Same reason his son, Mr. Alfred Brown, accom- panied him in the ss.‘‘Oceanien” on the 4th ult. from Colombo, intending to go as far as Aden, Mr, Brown, senr., had not then, however, improved in health, as was anticipated, and fortunately it was decided bis son should go on to Egypt, so that he was with his father to the end. ‘fhe sad news reached Mr. Wardrop by telegraph from Alexan- dria, intimating Mr. Brown’s death yesterday while en route to Cairo. For several years back, Mr. Brown has been known to have a weak heart, accompanied by a tendency to bronchial affection, and it is for this reason he, of late years, avoided the English winter and early spring. But the end bad to come and the sad part is that the invalid’s strength did not keep up until he reached his family who were awaiting him on the Continent. So has passed away a Colonist whose engineering skill, activity and enterprise hed a good deal to do with the development of Ceylon from the ‘fifties’ onwards. Few individuals, indeed, have left their mark so clearly on the progress of the colony. Mr. John Brown came out originally as the Engineer in charge cf the Waterworks for Mr. Tytler’s Rajawella, which included what were then one of the largest turbines and most powerful pumps anywhere in the world. When this work was comploted—at a cost we believe of £20,000— Mr. Brown, like 80 many practical engineers be- fore and after his time, turned his attention to planting, and he became parteproprietor with Megsrs. Norman Stewart and Macintyre of a fine block of land near the famous Spring Valley estate in Uva, whioh they developed into the Glen Alpine estate. How aiter his pariners had rotired home, Mr. Brown—at a time whea Veylon Limited Companies wera few suid far hetween— arranged for the establishment of the Uva Coffee Co,, Ld., with Glen Alpine as the nucleus, and ths Spring Valley and afterwards Hunaegiriya THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 653 Companies ig matter of local history and no logs his founding of the Colombo Commercial Company, now representing—under the able management of his son-in-law Mr. Wardrop,—so important a seation of local mercantile, agency, engincering and building business. Mr. Brown’s Cottes Companies stood out loug after most invest- ments in our old staple; but at last the timecame when they also had to go in for ‘‘tea”’ and the activity and interest which the old veteran mani- fested in the transformation would have done credit to a much younger man. Of Mr. Brown's inventive genius in respeot of coffee pulper, wire eheotsand other estate-labour-saving contrivances, as also in respect of tea-rolling (the roller being the cause of litigation still in force), and tea-drying, —his desiccator being a great success—we need say nothing beyond the mention, One who well deserves to baenrolled among the Pioneers of this Planting Colony—both as Engineer, Planter and Merchant—has passed away, and our special sym- pathy isdue to members of his family, both here and in England. Mr, Brown was twice married : his second wife, who survives, being a daughter of the late Mr. James Abernethy, head of the well- known Aberdeen Engineering Firm. —————— >__—_ COFFEE IN JAVA. Amsterdam, Feb. 21.—From a reliable source it ig reported that the newly-appointed inspector, Dr. Burck, who has made an investigation about the compulsory coffee cultivation in Java, does not con- sider the condition so gloomy as was generally presumed. Jn Central Java the prospects are not encouraging, and in many districts there the Govern- ment will have to give up the cultivation, like bas been done already in the districts of Bantam and Japara. However, in Hastern Java, and especially in Probolingo and Bezoekie, there is an abundance of magnificent grounds suitable for the cultivation of c ffee, and aleo ia the Presnger districts the soiligs certain'y vot exhausted. Dr, Burck eeems to be @ strong promoter of the syatem of granting an extra payment fcr the construction and maintenance of of coffee lands, besides the prica paid for produce delivered,—Z. and C. Express. —_—___ +_—-—_____—_——_ INDIAN PATENTS. Oalcutts, Feb. 22. The inventor of the under-metioned - invention having respectively failed to pay within the time limited in that behalf the prescribed fee, it is hereby notified that the exclusive privilege of making, sell- ing, and using the said invention in British India and of authorising others so to do had ceased :— Tea-Sirtina—No. 60 of 1889—H Sabow’s invention for a cylindrical vibration tea sifting machine, (Spe- ¢cification filed 14th November 1839.) The fees prescribed in Schedole 4 of Act V of 1888 have been paid for the continuance of exclusive pre- vilege in respect of the undermentioned invention for the periods shown against exch :-— DryinG APPARATUS.—No. 90 of 1888.—Samuel C eland Davidson, Merchant of Sirocco Works, Belfast, Irelanc, for improvemeuts ia apparatugy for employing heated air in drying or baking vegetabe or other substances. (From 6th March 1894 to 5th March 1895.) Tea Driers.—No. 80 of 1883.--}lenry Thompson, Engineer of Trinity St., Gainsborough, Lincoln, England for improvements in the method of, and apparatas for, drying toaleaf. (From 17th April 1894 to 16th Apo 1895.) LEA RoxuErRs.—No. 142 of 1888.—Henry Thompson, Engincer of Trinity St., Gainsborough, Lin-olo, Hoyland, for improvements in machinery or apparaius for rolling or curling tea leaf. (From 17th April 1SP4 to 16fh April 1895.)—JZndian Engineer. 654 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894! ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS ADMINISTRA. TION REPORT FOR 1893. Dr. Trimen is usually first in the field with his Administration Report which is always one of the most generally interesting. This year forms no exception to the rule, and through the courtesy of the Government Printer, we are enabled to issue all the more important portions of the Keport as a Supplement, and to be bound up with our Tropical Agriculturist. This being the case, there id lesa necessity for us to rua over the contents; but a very few remarks may be permitted. The erection of the new large Conservatory in the Peradeniya Gardens is noteworthy, as we'l as the improvement of the Herbaceous Ground, In refer- ence to the removal of old trees, one would have liked to learn the dimensions of the Gre- villea Robusta originally planted in 1856, and so 17 years old on removal. This must have been one of the oldest ‘silky oaks" in the country and a comparison with some of the Dimbuala giants might be instructive. That 2,046 travel- lers from other countries should have visited the Peradeniya Gardens last year, is certainly worthy of record. Twenty years ago, the number per annum could soarcely exceed the odd 46! Several improvements to the Hakgala Gardens are also noted, and Mr. Nook supplies a great deal of interesting as well as useful details. His cure for a “black grub” will be noted by horticultur- ists; the damage done by the small moose-deer is annoying; the ‘‘rose garden’’ must now indeed be a sight when in flower, with an addition of 96. varieties last year from Worcester. Henerat- goa Gardens havo certainly fulfilled their main function when we learn that no less than 75,000 seeds of Hevea rubber have been sold to plantera last year; besides 10,000 plants Liverian Coffee, 2,700 pods of Cacao, &o. Anuradhapura Gardens are doing fairly well and Badulla Gardens have become quite an ornament to the town. Coming now to the part most generally looked for, the “ Notes on Economic Plants,” Dr. Trimen has not much of novelty -to relate this year ; but he emphasises his fear about the over-production of tea—the only danger he foresees to the industry —and would haye the acquisition of new land for planting made as difficult as possible! He must remember, however, that in many cases land is wanted by existing holders as reservesfor firewood Ag regards considerable blocks, it 1s evident the Government are acting in accordance with Dr. Trimen’s advice. Very useful information is re- peated in reference to Helopeltis—‘t mosquito blight”? being a most unfortunate name, for it is not ,a mosquito at all—and all tea planters especially in the lowcountry will carefully note what is said. Dr. Trimeo is as eager as ever for the extension of Liberian Coffee and Cacao, aod he has also a good deal to say for the cultivation of certain kinds of rubber. He recommends the Brazilian Hevea when the culti- vators can wait 12 years for profitable returna ; the Castilloa does not give promising reezults so far; but the Ceara might do in fields where the trees could be cut down every 10 to 12 years, each trea giving 141b, dry rubber or 1,500 lb. at 1,000 trees(?) to the acre. If such a harvest were worth £150 or even £100 every acre, it might certainly ba profi‘able to plant and wait a decade, seeing that so little cultivation is required in the interval. Of other minor products, Dr. Tiimen has a good déal to tell us, the most inter- esting refer nce being p.rhaps to Nu‘megg, of which, if is certwinly strange an appreciable guantity does not appear in our exports. We | suEpect the produce of the many trees scattered up aod down the country is all used up locally, finding a market in the towo bazaars? Bir John Wilson had a number of fine teas ou his Nilambe plantation; and Mr. Chas. Shand planted those which have delighted so many trave'lers ia the Ratnapura restbouce grounds ; while Dr. Trimen tells us, be bas supplied 118,000 seeds during the past 10 years to inteudiog cultivators. We ought, therefore, soon to see, a s‘eadily increas- ing record of exports. Mr, Nock’s success in potato culture at Hakgala is noteworthy and ought to encourage fresh efforts in Uva generally, with railway trausport available to s0 good a market as Colombo. Mr. T. Obristy’s new fodder plant is to have a fair trial. Finally, we are pleased to learn of the progress made with the second and third parts of the “ Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon,” which when completed, will give this island (as Dr, Trimen believes) ‘an account of its native vegetation more detailed and complete than that of any other Colony.” ————————— —— ————— CINCHONA BARK PROSPECTS. In their latest market report Messrs. Wodehouse & Co. Miucing Lane, give some interesting statistics respocting Bark exports from Java and India and the imports of bark and quinine into the United States. We quote as follows :— Exports FRomM JAvA. Jan./June, July/Dec, Tota’; Eng. lb. Eng. ib. Eng. lb. 1893...... 4,455,900 3,732,000 8,187,900 1892...... 2,896,600 4,294,700 7,191,300 TROD cise ete 3,030,600 5,668,900 8,699,500 1BY0.... 0s 2,757,300 4,533,900 7,291,200 The shipments from Java during January were 974,000 Amsterdam lb. against 980,000 lb. last year, but we understand that about one-fourth of this is comivg forward by sailing vecsels. Export From British 1Npia lst JANUARY To 30TH NOVEMBER. 1893....2,709.673 ib. 1891....2,627,440 lb. 18y2....2,254,786 ,, 1690. ...1.931,837 ,, Imports oF Bark AND QUININE INTO UNITED Staves ist JANUARY 10 3lst DecrMBeR. 1893. 1892. 1891. lb; Ib. Ib. Cinchona Bark.. 2,188,128 3,144,284 2,861,000 oz, oz. oz. Quinine ........ 2,777,567 3,486,922 2,527,000 It will bs observed that the total from Java last year in 8,187,900 1b. really affords a larger supply of quiniae than the maximum export (15,364,912 lb. in 1885-6) from Casylon; for the latter barely averaged 2 per cent of quivine, while the Java bark Jast year gave the high average, according to Mr. Bohringer, of 4% per cent. The compari- son then would be—reducing both exports to one per cnt—as 38,892,52 lb. for Java against 30,729,824 for Ceylon,—apart from the greater ease in working off 4% as compared to 2 per cent bark and only haif the cost in freight. Java has, therefore, in every way beaten the cinchona bark record, and the future of the bark market, so far as we can sse, lies altogsther under the control of its planters. We are surprised to see that the consumption of quinine and bark has by no means made pro- gress in the United States during the past three years. In India, thanks to the enterprise and liberality of the Government in distributing a million and a half of packets through the post office for the benefit of people in fever-stricken districts, the consumption is increasing steadily. There ig an enormous field for the sale and use of quinine in Southern China, Northern. Burma, Siam and Tonquin which has yet to he exploited. APRIL 2, 1894.] CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI- CAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.S. (Continued from page 588. ) CHAPTER. X. WATER. CLASSIFICATION OF WATERS—STANDARDS OF PUR- ITY FOR POTABLE WATER—CEYLON SPRING WATERS—HOT MINERAL SPRING WATERS FROM STRAITS SETTLEMENTS—RAIN WATER—WATERS FROM STREAMS—COLOMBO TOWN WATER FIL- TERED AND UNFILTERED—AVERAGE COMPOSI- TION OF COLOMBO WATER SUPPLY—WATER FROM VARIOUS DEPTHS OF LABUGAMA RESER- VOIR—KANDY PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY—COM- PARISON OF COLOMBO, KANDY AND ENGLISH WATER SUPPLIES—COLOMBO DRAINAGE WATER —STANDARD ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE. The Royal Commission on water supply of 1869 classed unpolluted natural waters in respect of their freedom from the most objectionable impur- ity in potable water, viz., organic matter, in the following order :— Ist. Spring water. 2nd. Deep well water. 3rd. Rain water. 4th. Upland surface water. In respect of wholesomeness, palatability, and general fitness for drinking, the following, accord-- ing to Dr. Frankland; was the classification of waters in order of excellence that was adopted :— ; 1, Spring waiter. Wholesome. { 2. Deep well water. 3. Upland surface water. _ (4 Stored rain water. Suspicious. 45. Surface water from cultivated L land. ; (6. River water to which sewage Dangerous. + _ gains success. U7. Shallow well water. When analysing waters with a view to pro- — nounce upon their fitness for drinking or cooking purposes, itis necessary to have some standard of purity, by which to interpret the analytical results obtained. Many such standards kave been proposed from time to time, and, though none of them will apply in every case, so.as to dispense with the necessity on the part of the analyst for the exercise of his own judgment after taking local circumstances ito account, the value ofa good general standard of purity is un-. questionable. Of the different standards proposed, none will be found more useful for the guidance of the analyst or of samitary authorities, than the four-fold classification given in the seventh edition of Parkes’ Practical Hygiene, the more important features of which I here reproduce, 83 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 655 1. Pure and Wholesome-Water. Character or Constituents, Physical characters Colourless or bluish tint, trans- parent, sparkling and well aerated, no sediment. visi- ble to the naked eye, no_ smell, taste palatable. Chemical Constituents. Grains per gallon. 1 Chlorine in chlorides under| 1:0000a 2 Solids in solution ve 5°0000b 8 volatile 5 1:00006 N.B.—The solids on inciner- ation should scarcely blacken 3 Ammonia, free or saline under ae |. 0°0014 Ammonia, gelbuminold under} 0:0035 4 Nitric Acid No, . in nitrates ad, } 0 0226 Nitrous acid No, + i) in nitrites }ni ; 5 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter in 15 mins. by per- manganateandacid @80 © F. (27° C.) under © 0:0100c Do in 4 hours at 80°F. (27°C.) under 0°0350¢ 6 Hardness, total ,, 6°-0° ” fixed 39 2°:°0 7 Phosphoricacidin phosphates| traces Sulphuric acid in sulphates) traces 8 Heavy metals ... coef TUL 9 Hydrogen sulphide, Alka- line sulphide nil Microscopic characters -Mineral mat- ter ; vegetable forms with en- dochrome ; large animal forms ; no organic debris. REMARKS.—Turbidity, due to very fine, mineral matter, is sometimes associated with pure waters: thus, minutely divided, calcium sulphate will not subside in distilled water. a This may be exceeded if from a purely mineral source. 6 The solids may be exceeded in chalk waters where they are mostly calcium carbonate. ce The oxygen absorbed may be exceeded in peat or upland surface waters. A watersuch as the above may generally be used with confidence, in the absence of any history of possible pollution, or of any recent and appreciable change in the amount of the organic constituents. 656 2. Usable Waiter. Character or Constituents. Colourless or slightly greenish tint; transparent, sparkling and well aerated, no sus- pended matter, or else easily separ- ated by coarse filtration or sub- sidence; no smell, taste palatable. Physical characters Chemical Constituents. 3rains per gallon. 1 Chlorine in chlorides under; 300000 2 Solids in solution total ,, | 30.00006 Rs volatile “5 3°00006 3 Ammonia, free or saline ,, 0:0035¢ albuminoid rp 0:0070d 4 Nitric acid No, os 0°3500¢ in nitrates... Nitrous acid No, in mtrites nil 5 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter in 15 min. by _per- man, ae cy" acid af 80° F, (27 under; o, Do in4 hours at 80 dee 0:0210/ (27°C under| ,.4,- 6 Hardness, total ee ee, se axed 4°0 7 Phosphoric acid in phosptates conaps Sulphuric acid in sulplates 32-0000 8 Heavy metals, iron fate High 9 Hydrogen sulphide, alkaline sulphides oh “| nil ‘Microscopie characters ‘Sarin ees REMARKS.—In some usable waters such as peat: waters, the colour may be yellow or even brownish. In some also the taste may be flat, or only moderately palatable. a This may be much larger in waters near the “sea, deep well waters or waters from saline strata. 6 The solids may blacken but ne nitrous fumes should be given off. c This may be greater in deep well waters. d This may be larger in upland surface waters, peat waters, &e., when the source is chietly vegetable. 2 e The amount of nitrates varies greatly so that an average is of doubtful value. f The oxygen absorbed may be greater (about double) in upland surface waters, peat waters, &c. .g In some waters the amount may be larger. A. water such as the above will in most cases be usable, but it will be improved by filtration through a good medium. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | ee [APRIL 2, 1894. 3. Suspicious Water. Character or Constituents. Physical characters | Yellow or strong green colour, tur- suspended matter consider- jable; no smell, but any marked taste. Chemical Constitueuts. Grains per gallon. 1 Chlorine in chlorides 3 toda 2 Solids in solution total 30 to 50 x volatile 3 to 5 3 Ammonia, free or saline 00035 to 00070 ms albuminoid 00070 to 0°0087 4 Nitric acid No, in nitrates) 0°35 to 0-70 Nitrous acid No, in nitrites 00350 5 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter in 15 min. by per- pp Nd and acid @ 80° F. (27°C.). 0°0350 to 0-0700 Do in 4 hours at 80° F. (27°C) ...| 0°1500 to 0°2807 6 Hardness, total above} 12°°00 * fixed 4°00 7 Phosphoric acid in phosphates; heavy traces Sulphuric acid in sulphates...) 200006 8 Heavy metals—iron traces 9 hae sulphide, alkaline phides.... Pee a Microscopic characters Vegetable and animal forms more or less pale and colourless ; orga- nie debris ; fibres of clothing, or other evidence of house refuse, ~ REMARKS.—When the impurity is mostly vegetable, the colour may be very marked in usable water. a In some cases the chlorine may be greater. _ 6 This may sometimes be larger. A water such as the above ought to excite sus. picion ; its use ought to be suspended until en- quiries about it can be made ; it it must be used, it ought to be boiled and filtered, APRIL 2, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 657 4. Impure Water. Character or Constituents. Colour yellow or brown, turbid, and not easily purified by coarse filtration ; large amount of sus- pended matter ; jany marked smell jor taste. Physical characters Chemical Constitueuts. Grains per gallon, 1 Chlorine in chlorides above 500000 2 Solids in solution, total _,, 50°00006 a volatile = 5°00006 3 Ammonia, free or saline ,, 0.0070 . albuminoid __,, 0:0087 4 Nitric acid No, in nitrates 0°7000 Nitrous acid No, in ni- trites sf We 0:0350 5 Orygen absorbed by organic matter in 15 mins. by per manganate and acid at 80° F. (27°C.) above 0:0700¢ Do in 4 hours at 80°F. 27°C.) above 0:2800 6 Hardness, total 7s 20 ° 00 ” fixed »” 6 © “00 7 Phosphoric acid in phosphates|very heavy traces Sulphuric acid in sulphates above 3. 8 Heavy metals... (any except 9 Hydrogen sulphide, alkaline sulphides bac wee iron present Bacteria of any kind ; fungi; nu- merous vegetable and animal forms of low types; epithelia or other animal structures; evidences of sew- age ; ova of para- sites, &e. Microscopie characters ae REMARKS.—Dark-coloured — waters may be usable, when the impurity is vegetable. a Chlorides per se are not hurtful unless they are magnesian or in some quantity. _ 6 Some waters which are organically pure contain a great excess of solids. c In absence of free ammonia, or much chlorine, this may be due to vegetable matters. N.B.—The inferences to be drawn from bio- logical examination (cultivation of minnte or- ganisms in nutrient media) are still too uncertain to enable any definite rules to be laid down. Generally speaking the fewer organisms the better, ped wees when they liquefy the gelatine or other medium in which they are grown. A water suchas the above ought to be abso- lutely condemned ; should stress of cireumstances compel its use, ib ought to be well boiled and filtered, or, better still, distilled. Ceylon Spring Waters. As an example of the freedom from. organic matter of Ceylon spring water of the best quality, I might instance a spring water which flows into the scouring culvert of the Labugama reservior. This water when tested was found to be as nearly as possible quite free from organic matter; the number obtained expressing albuminoid ammonia, being only -0001 grains per gallon. Springs fed by river waters may show a very much higher proportion of albuminoid matter. The following are examples of Ceylon spring waters of a much lower degree of purity than the spring at Labugama. No. 1 represents water from overflowing spring near spill of the Maha Eliya at Ambala. No. 2 represents the same after being filtered through sand only. No. 3 represents water from Ambala main springs. No. 4 represents filtered water from Ambala main springs. o is : n5B|/Hm coccoegaa B521S8=2 SS8SS853S & “SQhlSS BERBERS 5 Noox, > 5 | Rises =" i af 6S SsoSe55 wis |28 22285. 8 "as iSS S5S239+8 oe aSaoant z 5 | ara s a | a5 les eSeeormsenon | 2 lage lS SSSaees8 | = - — > r} S$ BSElSS SSSSZaRs | 3 CS CoQ 15 ] a3 we 5) + ior} nN = = “= z lees f= i=) n ~ 8 ro & = ° = x n ° a, Sees s R sie j ° ° : ° 2s ee =| Cpe 2 | os —™ @ ° = D eS = EES fe i RQ Bas = Ss _ | Sas oy Rosa FE | Cees * @ ESoROooSs wm 2 base 26 pea CED Seehak Es 4- i - i aed a Bc ESk one Se SE a2 ae seole Ote@i tos tps DOL 'S ee S SSM peas Ora Sn OK ae neOZAKo Neither of these two waters, either in the filtered or unfiltered state, is of first-class quality. The filtering medium has added to instead of subtracting from the solid ingredients. [APRIL 2, 1894. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 658 —— ————_— Mojowreqo peaoydeoxe 1 I We JO 019A [JOA BT 0 u AK [[9a\ OG UO 0; 1y4 JO sul [pUNOIINs OY SB 1OFVAA [[Om OGUTIO,OGH Jo Pwordd ; 144 a8 pepruser oq o 4 JOU BT 199 8A [19 ! 19D "§ ON : 2 > ; Ee v e DD. Er _ : Ty ‘pecruLejep JON 2 3 B10. cor. oose ad 0004.9 4 ee oe = et 0 6PPO- ag 0098-8 0098: 1e Fi 7) oe pet bf quouvuLie | ase 3 i 5 ; 9800: Sled. » ose Bprey Avesodwa,y, ay > Be Es © Bla 83L0- 0 Na “ ssoupiey Ee a 288 2 LTO. au Y [VIO aad) @ gr i238 «mio ngyrod 94 Axeu U3] i “.. 33 2 Br ne Ss 2 199%: ve ‘ 49 98 ‘sano F S34 3 Pen é : Ff quesoid quesqe SES. Oz8E oR ~ pouesord » ur Per i 2 Pale 3 4 0006. man guogys quae G00F. -od aan wed MIRISSU4 gy FeLe Ors " @| wont 0083: | G5Ed. 0980-6 guoege 0000: G1 0008-1 | 969%: od mony Bod aagp WOR EO 2S ba g eee s| O19. OOOT-I 0062: L ues ple oL4y |<. ee Bor) a O00F- 0000: £% OGFL-61 guesqe WIN Sa FS og he Be 9]; OSSes 0NBO-Z G00s. 0008-6 BORSS tC 0669-04 DG00-5 2663-1 prov sno }° Bg ee es 38 5| 6&00- sna 0099-3 y Oa 0088-6 0002-6 , autorun |= 4 geet 4 =, £00- 0008-€ 0998-ST OOSL-€ 10 LLOTYL) ie “as oo| 4100- 0900. 2-68 000F- ST O08: F qqeur [BLO UL 1) A ei Bw v-e ee 9000- P800- 0099-98 O0SL: word Lu pexbit s/f oes oh a tS 9000. 6F00 8000- 1400: 000L-FL 0009-6 IGIUDT UO B[1ABIOA SPI[OS $2.8 @ Be Be og 5 ae a Wy te : #Z00- F£00- 9F00 1200: =e te PELs [RIO pt Si ier go z S| -vfyoysepy | - 0681 Sen sw 0800: 0700- redcitiue te proummngty | + is TARO Bt “ b 0019%H oqneroNy ‘g -ON ’ M DY 9UI[es pus oodyy 3 3.5 =p Ea Pir I =! soy Aydddns} “PND “f 6 ON T T| 23.37.03 Seno oO ime 1098 pos d . puvy I ON aR mt bie =o i= Sone age "oqqauo joc) Sgggasee 4g uojny wad sume a — a, pa 0S 3 3 ws te 8 aug) Us passoudira 8193044 772 epg hsew & £ & 8 8 § 2 Sree 2B . MM Uophiag fo sashyouy fe 845.0 FO. a Bes 83 3 SeE8 28 one 28 F Rose mge 3 a ao: 2 2 e- E = a 0 4 GS ~ - (eS 3s “ag 9 ae ee 2 = 5 fa & 3 g2 s S 8 0% B55 3-3-8 2 n= 3 se £ 3 s § 3 a8 ° isa} NOVdI[Is | sNoOsoITIS Ae ey "s tS E ® 8 i eo Eo a 7 = 2 6 3 =. os [e190 fereer Ae SNOSOI|IS = § : re 2 3 s 2 3 e§24 5 8 a | g = 5 ¢8. 60-€ Pan pul aroun? (OMeotteadce ae ete 2 8 = cea a a+ 83 ee 3 Ss a 0¢g- jou roe ordoasor01 yy B 2ss ge Saxe ae 2842 @ 5 _ $8L-8l | 600-41 POMCRRCEE hE Mee a a m 8 3 oe sau 3 Se & 2 =e Aa 2 ¥ ee & SS a See S| 466:ST £99-91 5 BOS &kq ‘SBOUpIU = 2 a eee 5 eS 3 SSC eA = SR T00- | a a bo ae SpI[Os poalosstp [230 Softee s eee gee é. oe" % = 3 Tc To9- nto. a, OS poafosstp [240 s Pe o fs = er Sate: =? e2s3 58 | dese os tent 900. |e 30d Hho prouramg py Fs 2 exe aig ¢ 2 3 5 a Sto acing fas oS “nopjes sad] works 2c ~~ | motu ind Sti jszpue 3 ~ © S ns hb Ho q 2 ny g 1S 2 : 2 a5 % I gut oyjes 13d. moped qad\: =a 20.8 2

APRIL 2, 1894, | Albuminoid ammonia... —:002) 0024 Total solids 2-5200 2:2400 Solids volatile onignition +9100 “8400 Fixed mineral matter ... 1°6100 1:3000 Chlorine i; “0670 ‘0670 Nitrites a ... absent absent Oxygen absorbe . 0314 0714 When added to. sterilised agar agar, No. 1 water roduced no micro-organisms at ve end of 4 days, Nee 2 water produced several colonies. The following are analyses of Labugama water as it is delivered in Colombo, and the same after it had been passed through an animal charcoal filter, which had been five and a half. months.in use :— Analysis of Colombo Water Supply. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 659 The following table of analyses exhibits the con- stituents, the physical and microscopical charac- teristics of the water of the Labugama Reservoir at various depths, viz., 12, 24, 36,48 and 59 feet from the surface, also some of the more important determinations in the examination of water from the Wakoya stream which flows into the reser- voir, and of water from a spring which flows into the scouring culvert of the reservoir :— Unfiltered. Filtered. Grains } gal./Grains # gal. Free and saline ammonia... ‘0010 ‘0008 Albuminoid ammonia ate 0035 0014 Total solids ee 1°6100 1°8200 Solids volatile on ignition...) -8400 “5600 Fixed mineral matter -7700 1:2600 Chlorine set "1665 -1800 Tron ie oe ‘0260 0120 Nitrites ... absent absent Phosphates age “i$ a b Oxygen absorbed from _po- tassium permanganate, in resence of acid, in four ours, at the ordinary temperature : 0231 0170 a Inappreciable- 4 Presence marked. From a chemical point of view the filtered water was the purer, but,from a biological point of view, the unfiltered water was much the purer. When tested with sterilised agar agar, the unfiltered water was found to be practically sterile, while the filtered water hada high zymotic power.* Water which passed through a filter which had only been three days in use was practically sterile, but when the fil- ter had been28 days in use, it has found to have con- ferred considerable zymotie power upon the water. The following is the average of the monthly analyses of Colombo Town water, during the year 1891, a year of exceptionally high rainfall, also the average for the previous sixteen months :— 1891, Sept. 1889 to Grains Dec. '890. ik per gallon. |Grains}? gal. Free and saline ammonia... “0010 “0009 Albuminoid ammonia 0050 -0055 Total solids ate bs 1°8700 | 22-0225 Solids volatile on ignition... 9380 9836 Fixed mineral matter... 9320 10389 Chlorine [ : 1561 "1627 Tron HEE: cap 0340 0551 Nitrites ... te ...| absent absent Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours 0263 0308 The average colour of the water from August to December 1891, when a two feetstratum was view- ed through a Lovibond’s tintometer, was matched by 2-2 degrees of yellow and -5 degrees of red. The zymotic power ofthe water from July to December. 1891 was very low, not averaging more than a half colony per cubic centimeter of water. It was observed that alow degree of colour was associated with a low zymotic power, the lattier property increasing with the eolour.— y ‘zymotie power” is ‘simply ‘tieant ‘power of developing mimute ‘orgatiistis ‘in (sterilised culture medium without indicating that the organisms so developed are ¢ithér of a ‘hurtful or harmless character, 2b 4 hs soo, IN Eee ere # o3| Sgee E |s4 oS es crt a 183 Opa a= = PSHE a = a@38 > gga6 Yass SSS : 232 apes LTS Esk s ag Sade aes Ons Dig 2 bo 2 |=. g tn] ao jO¥ =I O does Z| 2 je) za 8 a oo Laas . S ES Ea x a a ERS) sae oo [Tawi y 2 pecs gazeZ q of el st 3S on 8s $ su om © Side. a] £6 ins) S BS Sets «s | ee 28°59 a g5a° o 3 S t 23s iS) - Qn S2E5 44 u 2 Se = Soo OC jis 8 O35 =e sas iS) wees s O8 Os S20 3 > i ates! 5 SoS wees BS ve ZS ar Beas 3 252 oem 3S =O . N [275/52 id) gees Hz5|\o°% ASSOSo B23 > DES £ CeB@SSSSoasS "= De = [poe] Fe DAO OD HSS | SBE Ss S|2OK 95 FS. SSHSRONESM Cats ~ c ~ 5 Sn ° rs . ry - . ee S |s.6 fziene a al 262 889) 28 F 2 248 wee] see Of gave _ |28sloas © 26s od Ee | 2°S-2 S E loo — Beas 22/84, 3 ater = |= eto C Clg ae S\ES|2E8E Sassesoene | Trae SiSg2I15F&so HnoasSeSagsag Sue Sse; eplCovostostsotangosan 32 < |\os | Beek SOP ASS ARSHD| SEH? i Ne ; os Sige lessen ai a’ g Sane vy aogt = 2 2s" Ee |e eae Se ee Be bs (aes ws aaa es si] ses § asia sz [222 ¢ eit S GES Ec Eo SESE 2 = =e z Pr de fe “a Qa = Goes ieiiiic: oper rpoe 2 By 5 S es ae, S 23 Ee © si Ob Sim A eens S (Se) Se Con Ssonen wasr | t72z Sel Ss FSSSEANINF SAS] Gers Sy : Aaah) See oats =—=— 5 Sys | s-Aisgra NE za56 BES its) | Si roel = |28 B75 oe SF |Rf |) esa oe z NIE | So i B66 ZIBEE S255 > las ZS" 8 = —s o6 RH liresel ests) Wai $s 5.85 os Bz a2 Oo coco PE oc s |$2/&S TZessesease ebas SB S2 |e cooOSSSOBn eax AZ od SieC eR Lacs ehagq on Sag s |zpo | Ze Ss = = a 5 3 EB j23 ist sz ROT Nets 49 ieeed Het ee2u Wileus | See is wos i ~ “ar | rst 232 pe Ema * a-| ORS cesg RS wGise DO 25 E SA Cia eee om 2s S288 22 Shes ~ 2) CE ret 4 ae ead Sigel Ta eae sda 2 Si Le .s 3 Wee 35 2 SSSsesass SEB 5) Lin = lor = Ses 255 Ss [22 Ba. BoGso2asrxra PRO Sle. | cosa sa RoOSVOnN Of 8 | wag =) =| Oa — C r Y BONS He se Sie if oe oi ange as f= g S pis 6 oe eEze ad ei pe Aro eon) 4 8 jin co arom 3639 1) Shh neo tipeeee ae” = oh ON oa Pee en =x D a ace xe aoe| @fps > @ & fa ko 5 a De) Eb o Te ox - == a So = D 3) C= S| pohe 3 : ne =15.2| be '5 = ay = Soe | os oe 2 = grat ees sD | >» 5 = = 2B) w2sgs mcs eo} es 2 = 3 = ie = ° eo) = | Sube © > LER BR) cond Pd i a= a= RB) EScss 5s 6s PIE yaSs 8) $35 a9 rs = 2 ro S325 > Qu =! , Ey te = > ia Az ee a s aT Ose as es oS = = = Do = Pte ee a ZB = Ess x Beat Fanaa en eee ) - & fo 3 Se Pe sl “pees ele S35 oi =i > te LAD SH i | 660 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894. a a eee When the sample bottles were opened in Colombo the water from 12 feet depth had a slight smell, but wa3 almost quite free from colour. The other four samples from the reservoir had a marked smell. Their colour seemed to have deepened considerably during the twenty-four hours after they were drawn, and a quantity of ferruginous sediment had been precipitated from solution. The samples from the Wakoya stream and natural spring were clear, colourless, free from smell], and remained so till they were analysed. The analyses shew that the amount of free and saline ammonia increases to a very marked degree with the depth. At the depth of 12 feet there was the merest trace, (no doubt due to the fact that the samples were drawn in time of drought). At 24 feet the amount - of this ingredient had risen to the proportion that is present in suspicious waters, while at 36 feet and all below this it had risen to the amount found in highly impure waters. The amount of albu- minoid ammonia did not vary to any marked extent with the depth. As the albuminoid matter decomposed, its nitrogen would be partly liberated in the form of ammonia, which would therefore increase the item which appears in the analysis as free and saline ammonia. The amount of organic matter as inferred from the loss by ignition of the total solid residue did not vary in a definite manner with the depth ; but the amount of oxidisable matter increased with the depth, as represented by the amount of oxygen absorbed from potassium permanganate. The amount of mineral matter increased with the depth. Nitrous acid was only detected in the sample from the depth of 48 feet. The microscopic examination shewed that the more highly-organised living forms, such as cyclops quadricornis, were only to be found in the upper stratum of water. In a deposit col- lected from the wire gauze strainers, through which the water passes before entering the main leading to Colombo, the prevailing organic forms were the same as found in the water of the upper stratum of the reservoir, viz., numerous cyclopes, and other members of the entomostraca, thousands of brown globular-shaped monads with very slightly protruding oral orifices. After keeping the deposit for some time, living forms of low type, suchas were found in the lower depths of the water, made their appearance. It is worthy of note that the sample of water brought from the Wakoya stream, the main feeder of the reservoir, absorbed more oxygen from potassium perman- ganate than any of the five samples drawn from the reservoir. The sample brought was too small to inyestigate the cause of this; but it was probably due to the iron being originally resent in the state of a protosalt, and passing by absorption of oxygen to the state of a persalt, whereas the iron in the water of the reservoir had already been exposed for a much longer time to the oxidising influences of the atmosphere. It was quite otherwise with the small sample of water brought from the natural spring in the scouring culvert. This contained a minimum of albuminoid matter, and also absorb- ed the least amount of oxygen of any of the samples. If we may assume that this is the same water as that in the reservoir after having been subjected to a process of natural filtration, which has removed the organic matter and the iron, it gives a fair idea of what Lalugama water would be like after passing through filtering beds. During the day time the temperature of the water is highest at the surface, and decreases towards the bottom of the reservoir ; there cannot therefore be any convection cunents tending to bring the impnre water from below to the surface. During the night any convection currents caused ‘by the cooling of the surface would only extend to a short depth, but these, together with the wind, must ensure the aéra- tion of a certain stratum of water. I am of opinion that the inferiority of the lower to the surface water is not due to impurity rising from the bottom, but to the want of aé@ration of the deeper water and decomposition of the organic matter in the water itself. The increase in the amount of free or saline anmmonia niust be due to the descent of dead and decaying organic remains continually going on, the ammonia set free by the process of decay passing into solution. The deepest water having been longest exposed to this process necessarily contains most ammonia, The following is the analysis of a sample of water from the Kandy public water supply (December. 1891), and, ina paralled column for comparison, I pnt the analysis of the Colombe public water supply for 189) :— Analysis of Kandy and Colombo Water Supplies. Kandy. | Colombo. | Grains Grains per gallon.|per gallon Free and saline ammonia... “0014 0010 Albuminoid ammoni2 0035 “0050 Total solids ‘ee = 3°6400 1-8700 Solids volatile on ignition |. 8400 “9380 Fixed mineral matter 2-8000 “9320 Chlorine... “3685 1561 Nitrous acid absent absent Nitric acid W777 “0114 Tron sie oe ...|. . t¥aee “0340 Oxygen absorbed from po- tassium permanganate, in resence of acid, in four' ours, at the ordinary temperature “0080 *0263 cntal ardness Be “7000 -5000 Color... ite ess than re Labugama 2. yellow water red This sample of the Kandy water supply con- tained less albuminoid matter and less iron: it also absorbed less oxygen than the Colombo water supply ; on the other hand the lower pro- portion of chlorine and nitric acid in the Colombo - water indicates a gathering ground freer from animal impurities, ‘ o geal APRIL 2, 1894.] The following is a comparison of Colombo and Kandy water supplies, with English water supplies, in the matter of free or saline and albuminoid ammonia :— Free and | Albumen- saline oid ammonia. | ammonia. Grains Grains per gallon.|per gallon. Average for 34 English towns, together with Edinburgh, Dublin, and Swansea biG bic "0007 0042 Average for the eight Lon- don water supplies F 0007 0039 Average tor the Colombo water during 1891. 0010 0050 Kandy water supply, a sin- gle sample, 1891 Pee 0014 0035 Labugama reservoir in time of drought 8th March 1888 : : From 12 feet below surface 0001 0088 » 24 ,, » 0064 “0094 op OLDER 9 0252 0094 Pe SoS 0) 0491 0094 », Scouring sluice 59 feet below surface ‘0532 ‘0106 Colombo Drainage Water. The following is the analysis of a sample of drainage water from a canal in Colombo, after it has received the waste water, from a coir fibre and desiccated coconut works. The water had a black appearance and a disagreeable smell. Waste water. from coconut product works contains both an organic principle of the nature of tannin, and also sulphur compounds. The former meeting with the iron in the canal water, natural to Colombo surface waters, produces a dark fluid of the nature of diluted ink. The following are the analytical results ;— Grains per gallon. Total solids 88:2 Organic matters 28:7 Mineral matters wis a ves 09D Chlorine = common salt .. 44:16 Sulphur a3 *410 Tron has ae A “560 Free and saline ammonia cen O11 Albuminoid ammonia ys oe "339 Equal to albuminoid matter ,,. 1-743 Oxygen absorbed from potassium per- manganate in fifteen minutes at ordinary temperature as 8°590 This water differs in several respects from ordinary town sewage, and notably in the com- paratively small amount of free ammonia it contains. The large amount of oxygen absorbed shows that the water contains a large amount of decomposing organic matter. Water in which coconut husks have been steep- ed has usually a very offensive smell owing to the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen or of sulpho- carbon compounds ; but this disagreeable smell arises from the fact that the water in which husks are steeped is usually of a brackish character, such operations being usually carried on on back- waters that communicate with the sea. It is Owing to the sulphates in such waters being reduced by the organic matter of the husk that the disagreeable smell of sulphur compounds is due. The same result is produced when well waters containing sulphates are used, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 661 Distilled water in which a husk had been steeped for several days had a brown colour but no unpleasant smell, and when husks were treated with Labugama water, which is almost free from sulphates, the resulting liquid had a smell which could searcely be called disagreeable. This water differs much in character from that of the sewage water of a large European town. The following determinations by Mr. R. S. Thomson, F.J.C., exhibit the important char- acteristics from a sanitary point of view of the composition of an average sample of sewage deduced from numerous analyses of sewage, prin- cipally that of Glasgow; but including also that of Leeds, Totenham, Sheffield, Aylesburg and Bradford. Standard Analysis of Sewage. (THOMSON.) Grains per Gal. Free and saline ammonia 5:0 Albuminoid ammonia See "3 Nitrates and Nitrites none Oxygen absorbed in one hour 15 Chlorine ned 5:0 Mr. Thomson uses the figure 5 in the above analysis representing the amount of free ammonia in fresh sewage as an index to the proportion of sewage in water proved to be polluted. ‘The nitric and nitrous acids in polluted water are due to the oxidation of ammonia. Hence he calculates the amount of ammonia equivalent to the nitric and nitrous acids present, and this added to the free ammonia found he calls ‘ free ammonia ori- ginally present.” With these data the following sum in simple proportion gives approximately the percentage of sewage that has gained access to the polluted water. For illustration, let us suppose the polluted water on analysis was shown to have had ‘5 per cent of ‘‘free ammonia ori- ginally present.” Grains per gallon Grains per gallon of free ammonia - of freeammonia in sewage. originally present. 5 : 5) aos 100 : 10 This water therefore contains 10 per cent of sewage. When the sewage contamination of Colombo well waters, No. 1 and No. 2 (page 658) is caleu- lated in this way from the analyses, No. 1 is shown to have been contaminated with 2°9 per cent, and No. 2 with no less than 11°5 per cent of sewage, a most undesirable state of matters. The Labugama water supply has happily deli- vered the inhabitants of Colombo from the necessity of drinking such contaminated water. —__—___@—_____— THK WOOD OF THE AMERICAN TURPEN- TINE TREE. The yalue of the American long-leayed Pine (Pinus australis) depends chiefly on its turpentine and timber, but the value of the latter, as set forth in a report to the Foreign Office, by the Consul at Pensacola, would seem to be so far in excess of any other timber, that it is worth recording. In tex'ile strength it is stated to approach and perhaps sur- pass cast iron. In cross—breaking strength it rivals the Oak, requiring it is believed 10,0U0 lb. pressure per square inch to break it. In stiffness it is superior to Oak wood by 50 to 100 per cent. It is best adapted and much used for the construction of heavy work in ship-building ; the inside and outside planking of vessels, taking the deals and planks of the pest quality. For house-building it is used almost entirely in these parts, and in buildings for railroads, rail- road cross-ties, viaducts, and trestles, this wood is foremost. The finer grades and the curly wood are very much used for the nicer and unpainted wood in the best dwellings. The hardness of this wood eapecially fits it for planks and dooring. ‘he finery 100 per cent of sewage. 66% THB TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. va > 9 [APRIL 2, 1894) rades of curly Pine are used for the manufacture Serif titet and it is said that for bedsteads it is admirab'y adapted, as the resinous wood is a pre- ventive to inroads of insects and such pests. Lhe resinous products of Pine wood supply many parts of the world with pitch, resia, and turpentine, and contrary to opinions formerly held in this respect, it is said that the tapping of the Pine tree for turpentine strengthens instead of weakens the wood.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. ——~<$>_—_—- — COFFEE PROSPECTS FOR THE CURRENT - YEAR. Unfortunately there are not many estates in Ceylon which are interested in the prospects of coftee, for only on a few high-lying places is any appreciable, acreage left of our old friend. Last year mamy. thousands ot acres were finally got rid of after being.deprived of their primaries and allowed to throw up suckers for atime. On some few estates outside ot Uva, and on many in Uva, however, there is a certain acreage which so far has escaped the des- troyer, and, 1f a faovurable. season cam put a crop on the trees that are left, then they ought this year to justify their retention or make way for a pro- duct which gives better. returns. We suppose the ald coffee trees will have to do this in any case before long; but we hope that the excellent pros- pects before those who haye been bold enough to keep their best coffee going so long will be rewarded with a comparatively good crop this year. It is many yeare since so tavorable a season for coffee has béen experienced. indeed, one of the oldest and most experienced plauters this side of Nuwara Hiiya tells us that he never remembers a more favorable s ason. The amount of sunshine so essential to harden the wood and bring on spike has this year | been abundant, and yet. the drought has not been | so prolonged as to weaken the trees and prevent the blossom from settiug. Fairly good showers fell all over the hill districts a week or so ago, sutticient to set one blossom and bring on another which is now in small spike. Not onty so, but the trees appear to be. unusually free trom disease—both leaf disease andigreen bug—and promise with a little help from manure to carry their crop well. But weim- , agine that they will require this assistance in al- most every case. Nor is this likely to be omitted, so, that there is every prospect that those estates with any acreage of cottee left will secure an un- expectedly large return trom a source from which little has been obtained for some time past. We hear that) Wannarajah, for instance, has a magni- ficent blossom set, and as the Company has a very considerable acreage under coffee stili—and very good: coffee too—it ought to do exceptionally weil this coming year- All coffee in Dikoya ought to do well, for wherever there is coffee there is blessom, and this holds good of ali districts without excep- tion: ‘Chat it will set and mature well is earnestly ts be hoped, for all very weak and diseased coffee has long since been cut out, and only the best has. been retained; so that, with care and “ back- ing,” a fairly good crop ought to be secured. It must not be forgotten that all estates in the Island have Jong since made themselves independent of cotfee; so that what they secure from that source is more or ‘less in the nature of a windfali—and a very welcome one. We wish we could think that it presages a new era for coifee in Ceylon; but in all probability this crop will be the last much of: it will pear, for the trees in all probability will be weakened, and this will tend to hasten their removal to give air and light to the tea, which in most cases has long since been planted beneath. It is, however, in Uva that the largest area ‘of coffee remains, and it is there where the present reason will have the best effects. All that is re- quired to allow the trees to carry their crop in that quarter is an absence of green vug for a few months, though, of course, the nigh-lying coffee will not blossom so freely at this time of year as that at “@ longey altitude, dn any case there is every pros pect that a good return will be obtained from all coffee that has been kept up at all, and, coming at atime when prices for tea are anything but good, it will be a very welcome windfall —Local “Times.” ———EE——EE VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Tue Araucanta ar Kew.—From the Kew Bulletin we learn that sections of the trunk of this famous tree have been placed in the Museum. The trunk measures about 30 feet in height, and is 1 foot 4 inches in diameter at the base. Nothing is said about the transverse section, but a careful stady of the rate of growth in different years would have exceptional value from the known history of the tree form infancy, till its premature decay a year or two ago.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. TuisTLes.—Baron Sir Ferdinand Yon Mueller has prepared for the Agricultural Department of Victoria an illustrated account of the commoner Thistles. None of these is indigenous in Australia, but having been introduced, they haye thriven to such an extent, that a special law has been passed to facilitate their eradication. Tbe first thing te do is obviously to be able to recognise the o r— and this is faciutated by the pamphlet before us— and to know his mode of life, which requires obser- vation on the part of the cultivator. Meauwhile, it shows some remissness on the part of chemists and cultivators that they have not ere this been able to utilise these plants in some way. Has any analysis of a Thistle been made ?—Jbid. BRANCHES CASTING THEIR Tips —This habit is es- pecially affected by trees that are accustomed to cold climates. A. F. Focoste has recognised it in certain American and other trees, viz., Catalpa speciosa, Staphylea trifolia, Ailanthus glandulosa, AJsculus hippocastanum, Tilia americana and platyphyllos, which shed the tips of their branches at the end of the period of vegetation. He considers that this habit has been acquired in order to secure a deter- minate growth of the branches, and to obviate the useless expenditure of energy when the branches are killed back by winter frosts, as is always the case with many trees.—Ihid. Troricat GarpENinG in British Guiana.—We are frequently asked to mention a book on ga: i within the tropics, and do not always find it easy to do so in a way saitable to our correspondent’s requirements. The present little book is well suited for its purpose. It is the work of Mr. J. F, Waby, who bas had long experience as a gardener in the West Indies and in Guiana, and is published in Demerara at the Acgosy Press. It deals with the general preparations, such as formation of drains, walks, hedges, shelters, &v., the construction and maintenance of the flower garden, the kitchen garden, and the orchard; and the last section is devoted to..the several methods of propagation. All this is included within little more than 160 pages, so that it is evident the writer does not waste his words.—Tbid. : CaLIroRNIAN Fruit—A. Californian correspondent sends us the following from a San Francisco paper :— Sixty-six carloads of fruit were hauled oyer the summit of the Sierra Neyadas yesterday on their way east, waile the daily average for some weeks has been between 50 and 6V cars. Six 12-wheel compound locomotives are doing little else but haul- ing these fruit shipments, It generally requires two of. these big lecomotiyes to pull 20 loaded cars up the steep grades and through the snowsheds. Hacn car contains 24,000 lb. of fruit and 6 tens of ice, while the weight of each car is about 22 tons. Recently, 1,550 carloads of frait were sent east from Sacramento, For the same periou last year the ‘cars numbered 1,100, or an increise for this year of 450 carlouis. This large increase is attributed to the fact that the fruitmen, being unable to sell much fruit) to the canners this year, are selling as much as they can im the: eastern markets. “Lhe increased shipments haye made it necessary forthe railryad to haul hundreds. of. cars, -back from tne dod empty to fill the demand for more cats here— 1%, APRIL 2, 1894, ] PLANTING AND COLONISING IN UPPER PERU. With reference to Mr. Robbs’ recent Report, and our review of the same, we find the latest official information in respect of Immigration, Colonising and Lands in Peru to be contained in the toilow- ing letter from the Consul-General in London addressed to the Editor of Commerce :— EMIGRATION TO PERU. To the Editor of Commerce. Sir,—The Presideot of Peru has sanctioned a new law with respect to immigration, and as I consider that this should be generally known, I now beg to give you @ translation ot the pritrcipsl clauses, which 4 trust may be deemed worthy of publication in your esteemed and valoable juurnal, The Uongress of the Republic Peru considering that the natural resources of vhe Republic will be largely developed by a» system of immugration which shall bring jabour and capital tu its territory, has enacted the following law :— ’ ARTICLE 1,—The State protects and encourages immigration. ARTIOLE 2.—The following are considered as immi- granis:—1l. All toreiyners belonging to the white race, of less than sixty years of age, who shall come to the Repubiio to estabusa themseives therein and abide by the provicious vf this law, alter duly preseuiing fo the suthorities appointed by the Government a certificate from the Peruvian Consul or agent broad in which the professwn, trade, or calling of the immi- grani 18 specificd, anu also » staiement as to his moral character. 2. The colonists espec.ally con- tracted to work in determined places in the Republic, provided they come under the provision of the last paragraph, ARTIOLE 3.—All immigrants are entitled—l. To be lodged and maintained by the nation during the seven days following that of their arriva!. 2, To introduce, free of all fiooal duty, their ,e.s0nal efiects, domestic furniture, a sportiug gun, wgricultural impiements, and the tools appertsiuiug to their craft or trade, in such quantities as may be fixed by the Government. ARTICLE 4,—Besides the Conceesions referred to in the preceding article, ali colonists will also be entitled to the following:—1l, A third-class passage on board the vessels Which shall carry them to she Republic. 2 To the number v1 hectares of land that the Go- vernment shail desiguaie in tue ‘‘colomes.” 3. To be takea from the port of landing or from the place where they are lodged to the colony at the expense et the Government. 4. To be maintained by the Government during three months at she colony, 5, Yo be exewpted irom payment of any direct tax during five years, 6. To receive the agricultural too.s aud implements that the Government shall desiguate, ARTICLE 5.— Tue supreme Government susli havea right to coutract m Hurope for the co!onieanon of such piaces asic may deem convenient, 2 ArTIcLH 6,—ibe Public Works Department will have under its care the encouragement of immigration aud colonisation. ArticLES 7 To 14 (inclusive) refer to the org- Anisation of a central Board of Immigration and Colonisation at Lima, with branches in the aifferent provinces, aud to the duties of the members Bnd of ali consoiar employes wilh respect to 1mml- grauon gencraliy. ARTICLE 15,—Pending the establishment of a proper locale tor the reception ot colonists the Hxecutive is BuUsborised to assist with sixty centavos and thirty centavos daily the aduit colonists and the childrea unuer tweive years of age respectively. — § ARTICLE 16,—All immigrants brought into Peruvian territory by virtue of the iaw ot November 23rd 1889, in respect ot the extension of the Oroya Railway and the oviontgation in connection therewith, sre not included under the present law. I may add that the whole eastern slopes of the Audes iu Peru afford sn ample field for colouising THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 663 enterprise, and that the soil is especially adapted fo" the cultivation of cocoa, coffee, tobacco, coca, maize, and other tropical and inter-tropical productions, while the rubber and many medicinal piants and herbs, aud also valuable timber, including mahogany, rose- weod, cak, walnut, &c., ae abundant in the extreme. I may add that any informetion on Peru willbe readily given by mo at any time to intending immigrants, Pleace accept my best thanks for tho pubsication of this informetion, and excuse me for taking so much of your valuable space.—Yours taithinliy, FEDERICO ALFONsO PEzET, Consul-General. London, January 15, 1894. en REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST DE- PARTMENT OF MADRAS. We acknowledge with thanks the Report on the operations of the Department of Land, Records and Agriculture, Madras Presidency, fur tbe official year 1892-93. We note that the advances made during the year under the Land improvement and Agricul- turist’s Loans Acts amounted to K2,275,U07 against R1,685,665 disbursed in the previous year. Neary the whole of the sum was disbursed in the first six months of the year, as on account of financial con- siderations, it was found necessary to d scontinue temporarily the grant of loans after the 3Uth Sept. 1893. But for this restriction it is expected that the adyauces would undoubtedly have been much larger. The large demund for loans is said to be due to the great impetus to well-sinking con- sequent on the recent drought in several districts. Over twenty-five lakhs of rupees have been expended on the extention of irrigation works and the repair of minor tanks. in a drought-stricken Presidency ‘iike Madras, such expenditure must be a source et the greatest gratification to the Indian cultivator. The result of the inquiry into the subject of Brush- makicg Fibres is given at some lengta. Kitui fibre . has been found to be unsuitable for horse brustes, and the price asked for fibre of good quality in South India yiz., 1 to 2rupees a pound is considered prohibitive. Tne Report mentions taat spevimeus of palmyra fibre imported from Paumban to Colombo for the Mmanufac.ure of brushes for rough use, rough hats, Mats avd baskets, aud valued av Paumban at R10 per cws. Was cous.dered by the Inspector-Geoeral of Ordnance as uusunable for making gau-brosbes though it might do ior making other brushes, but that a specluwen oi the fisre prepared in South AYcot, al & COsk OL aAvoUG 3 BLUAS & PouLU was deemed a good subcti.ute tor Picvava in making guu- brushes. tv os thus evident that by carctui sclec.on Bld ircatment, su wbunuant SUPPly OL Paimyre fivte equal to Picava coula be procured. Lt is ptated that @ large \rade in she fibre bas oprurg up reccDtly on the coast of Madura ana Tinneveily, tne product being imported by private agenoy. Reiereuce is mage to Dr, Warth’s discovery of a large deposit of phusphatic nodolesin the Trichnopoly district. ‘he nuduies are gsaiu tO cuntain avout 57 per cent of puosphate of lime thongh the large proper- tion of calcium pnusphate and other Mineral ingreaients makes it doubtiul whether they could be economivaily imported tor conyerolon into superphosphate. It 15 suggested that the nodules might be iucally utvized for tca and cottee, thatis, atter boing Onely grounu, hog. phatic nodules, 1s may be mentioned, are expisiueu by gevlogists to be concretions that have been tcrmed round bones, &o. During the year the total loss of cattle from disease ig put agown at 112,t42 deaths ot woich 10,104 ore Bttrivuted to riuderpest or caitle plague. MESSRS, DAVIDSON & CO.’§ SIROCCO WORKS, Now that Mr, Maoguire has arriyed, active steps are to be taken for the erection avd completion of the Colombo Factory which the well-known 664 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISTI. {Arrit 2, 1894. Belfast Tea Machinist and Inventor is to devote to the manufacture or storage of everything necdful to the Tea Planter. The arrangements ure to be fully adequate and with a staff of four Huropean Engineers devoted entirely to Tea Factories and Machinery—no work being takeao in General Engi- neering or Building—Mr. Davidson hop-s to be of special service to the Oeylon Planters. He . has already devised a ‘model factory” and that the now Colombo Staff are not likely to be idle, is evident from the fact that orders euffivient to keep them busy for a year have already been booked. —_——_————_@e_—-_—_———- THE TEA TRADE has undergone a complete change, and the mix- ing is now done for them in the central ware- houses of London by specially-trained “ blenders,’’ with the obvious advantage that grocers can draw their weekly supplies made to suit any taste, and need not hold large stocks, liable to depreciate day by day, With any resumption of demand, however, from provincial dealers—which is by no means im- possibie in the more hopeful outiook for trade generally—the effect would be quickly noticed in Mincing-lane. For nearly twelve months the value of tea has been declining, until recently it touched the lowest price on record.. Now, it seems probable that the pendulum will swing the other way, for a time at all events, anv, if it do so, even con- sumers of the cup that cheers will not grudge a turn of fortune to those who are engaged in its production and distribution.—Financial News. —_—_—___—_—_@—__—_—- THE VALUE OF MICA AS A MANURE. A Pulney correspondent, in writing to this paper a short time ago, mentioned that mica was to be found in very great quantities in his district. He further expressed his opinion that, as mica con- tained a large amount of potash, it would be a great thing for coffee planters if a method of ex- tracting the potash could ever be discovered. Our correspondent further said that, as potassic mica cannot be formed without potash, the presence of mica on the surface argued a large reserve of potash in the soil. His two arguments are ob- viously contradictory as, if a large reserve of potash is in the soil, the extraction of this element from the ‘surface mica, is on the face of it, needless. Moreover, on referring the question to Mr. D. Hoo- per, Cnemical Analyst to the Madras Government, we find that mica by no means invariably contains - potash, the percentage varying from nothing to only 11 per cent. As regards the extracting pro- cess, the potash contained in the mica is so inti- mately combined with siiica, that, with the present prices of potassio salts, it would never pay. So that our Pulney- correspondent’s theories are incon- Clusive, to say the least.—South of dndia - Observer, March 3rd. ened COCOA CULTIVATION: CROPS AND RAINFALL, The pressure caused by the many meetings and much ‘‘speechifying’’ has delayed the publica= tion of tne letter and useful returns on this subject sent to us by Mr. Chas. Gibbon and given further on. The cacao shrub undoubtedly joves, moisture in its ‘own congenial climate, and where favoured with a good soil and protes- tion from wind, An old planter with much experience in manuring, has neyer met with a Plant that responds more readily and certainly fo liberal cultivation. At Wattegama, Mr. Gibbon’s E annual raiofall has ranged for séven years between 69 and 90 inches, the average being about 77 inches. November and Deocmber mac, the two great crop gathering moathé, as much as 674 per cent of the to.al being credited to these two months of one jear, and that the raiofall has a decided effect on the crops can be readily inferred from Mr. Gibbon’s table, ee TEA AND SCANDAL. The earliest notice of Tea by aw European writer is said to be the foliowiug :—* They also (the Obinese) have also an herbe, out of whith they pre-se a deli- cate juice, which serves them for drintke instead of wine. It also preserves their bealtb, eud fros thom from all those evils tuat the immoderate use of wine doth breede unto us.” (p.75, A Treatise coucerning the causes of the Magnificence and Gr-atness of Cities, Divided into 3 Books, by Sig. Giovanni Botero, in the Ital.an tongue, tow uone wto English by Robt. Peterson, Liocolues lune Gent. Lonuon. 1606.) Sir Thomas Herbert, io ‘Some Yeur’s Travels (p. 876.)’ says:—‘* Their (the Chinese) driok is com- monly not, snd by its tast: and ede ears to be coffee. They drink oft and tittle.” I find in the ‘ Atlas Japannensis’ by Asnoidhg Mistsous, transluted by John Ogilby, (p. 64.) 1670, this account of tea amonget the Japsuere:—“ The Blood of the Grape is aliogether unknowa to them, but instead thereof they make their wiue of rice, but most of all they are delighted with water heated and mixed with the powder of Chia, In nothing they are more curious aud diligent thaa io mukiug thie compound, which the Grandees themselves pride to prepare when they entertain their friends; for which Sp lg make this their speciel hquor, they ie tioular places in their houses, where in a furnace over a gentle fire it stands hc Bong — whence, when they are visited by strangers, lifting up the lid, they take it up in dishes and present it bot, trowling the cup around one to snotier. “Their several vessels which they use in this pre- paration are a kind of Limbeck or Furuuce, Tunnel, Stone, Oruses, Spoons aud Pots, in which they keep both the Herb and Powder of Chia. Their last compliment, which they are most proud of, is to show them their wealth, boasting their accuwnlated trea- sure. But their forementioned ormk the Japanneses esteem aud value more than we our precious stones and inestimable Jewels.” In 1774 the American papers teemed with attacks upon Tea, some in poetry, a sprcimen of which [ send you, taken from the MWew Hampshire Gazette of July 22nd of that year. «It is is rather Fevoltiug in its references to the mummies thst used ‘then to be shipped along with the fragrant Ohinese hirb: 1 Rouse, eve serous, though :f The ‘tislue. Gauges fect fs wes ote If you would lasting ireedom find Now then ebendge Tea. Scorn to be pauikd with co chains Though they allure the si Pay Bid them defiance if they Our freedom au Nidiviekk a Shall we our sees give away, And all our comfort place In drinking the outlandish Tra Only to please our taste ? 4 Forbid it Heaven, let us be wise, And seek our country’s good, Nor eyer let a thought arise That Tea anes be our food. Since we so as a plenty have, And all that’s for our health, Shall we that baleful herb receive Impoyerishing a wealth? When we pareey? the bloodless ¢o With putrid matter filled, ~ ” eS _ For crawling nore Sa swe By us ‘reputed ill lite APRIL, 2, 1894, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 665 Sg ae 7 Noxious effluvia sending out From its pernicious store, Not only from. the foaming mouth, But every lifeless pore. 8 To view the same enrolled in Tea, Besmeared with such perfumes, And then the herb sent o’er the sea To us it tainted comes ; 9 Some of it tinctured with the filth Of carcases embaimed ; Taste of this herb then, if then wilt, Sure, me it cannot charm. 10 Adieu, away, O Tea begone! Salute our taste no more, Tho’ thou art coveted by some Who’re destined to be poor. —_—_———_ PICKINGS, WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION, The question of cattle-branding may be looked on from two aspecte, that of the humanitarian and that of the tarner. There is no doubt that the practice of branding artistic designs onthe body of a bull in this couniry isa cruel one, 2nd a3 sich, should be prohibited, In Australia it is suggested that a small distinctive brand should be set on the cheek instead of a large one on the ribs or ramp where the hide is of the most, value, Other plans suggested, and come of which have been carried out, are branding in the region of the foot, or making distinctive marks on the tail or ears. Tha subject of branding, especially in Ceylon, is certainly deservi ¢ of consideration, so thet some opinions may be arrived at, as to the best. method of securing {he object it seeks without spoiling hides or causivg cruelty to enimals. A.M.E, “Paper,” says the Indian Agriculturist, ‘can be manufactured out of almost anything that can be pounded into pulp. Over fifty kinds of bark are said to be used, and banava skins, bean stalks, pea vines, coconut fibre, clover and timothy hay, strsw, sea and fresh water weeds and many kinds of grass are all applicable, It has also been made from hair, fur and wool, from asbestos which furnishes an article indestructible by fire; from hop plants, from husks of any and every kind of grain. Leaves make a good strong paper, while the husks and stems of Indian corn have also been tied, and almost every kind of moss can be made jnto paper. There are patents fer making paper from sawdust and shavings, from thistles and thistledown, from tobacco etalks and tanbark. It is said that there are over 2,000 patents in America covering the manufacture of paper.” The man who sets himself up as un expert at forecasting the weather by means of signs, ie a pro- verbially false prophet. The following indications given by a ‘‘ certain old farmer of Niigata (Japan)— as the resu't of many years of practical experieuce,”’ will no doubt-be welcome to our local. weather prophets: at any rate it willbe interesting to know how these portends compare with local experiences of weather siznals :— 1. Signs of clear weather :—When the charred soot which forms on the wick of the o'd-fasbioned Japanese Jamp is red; when the rising sun is redder than usual; when a dog comes out of shelter to sleep in &® more exposed place; when the western sky is red at the retiring of thesun; when an echo is heard to the pigeon’s coo; when the kite ories in the evening ; when a rainbow spans the East. 2. Signs of rain:—When the eastern wird blows; when a rainbow appeare in the morning ; when the morning is dewy ; when the earthworm crawls out of the earth ; when the crow washes himsclf in the water (rain next day) when the morning mist goes Westward; when the cock goes to roost later than usual; when the sun is enrrounded by a corona; when the dog goes to sleep under the floor of the hous> (rain rext day); when the kite flies towards evening ; when the moon looks low. 3. Siges of wint:—When the stars reem to waver in their places; when the clouds fly rapidly io detatobed fragments ; when the amoke does vot escape from the house in the morning; when the sun appears uvusually red in rising ; when the olear sky is felt oppressive ; when the ravens croak in unusual groups ; when the murmur of the river is heard louder than orlipary. Tho south-windis a sign of a stronger wiad to come. Ip the Mayflower, an American monthly, mainly devoted to Horticulture, a correspondent (James Stin- son. M.D.) writing about the confusion of the words ae cacao aud coco, attempts to. clear it up thus :—~ Kindly permit me to ¢all your attention to an inacca- racy in Mr. Rand’s article, “ Corren and Cocoa.” The spel'ing and. pronunciation of four very diffe- rent articles I now give you, viz.: Cacao (Kah Kow). Theobroma Cacao; the Choco- late berry tree. Ooca (Ko-Kah). TExrythroxylon Coca; the Coca leat bush of Peru and Bolivia. Coco (Ko-Ko). Oaladium esculentum; the Coco roo‘s. Cocoa (Ko-Kwah). Palm. Cacao (Kah-Kow) is derived from the Portuguese *cacau,” which was derived from the Mexican “cacautl.” So it is an error (les me say a very general error) to write it ‘Cocoa ’’; algo to pronounce it ‘‘ Ko-Ko.” Cacao (Kah-Kow), Portuguese ‘‘oacau,” Mexican * cacautl,” is the correct spelling and pronunciation of the article mentioned by Mr. Rand. [But Mr, Rand is quite wrong in his pronuncia- tion of the nameof palm and in his not seeing that the English form of Oocos. nucifera should be “Coco”’-nut. We-never heard of the ‘' Caladium esculentum ” being galled ‘ Coco.’”’—Hp, 7,A4.] PRICH’S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY, LTD. Commerce devotes 14 pages to an account of this Company (fully illustrated) with its capital of £600,000- and 2,000 employees. We quote a few passages. as follows :— The history of Price’s Oompany is, to a large ex- tent, the history of candle-making in Great Britain. It wax, a8 a private concern, among the first to apply in commercial enterprise the discoveries of Chevreul one of the greatest of all chemists; and as a joint. stock corporation, has contioued to hold the first place amceng the o:ndle manufacturers of the world. In 1829, the plen of separating coconut oil into its solid and liquid components by pressure wags paten- ted by Mr. James Soames, of London. This patent was purchased by Mr. William. Wilson and his part- ner, who, trading upon it under the title of “EH. Prics & Co.,” perfected it as to manufacturing details, and brought it into good use for the production of coconut candles and lamp oil. Mr. Willism Wilsoa, the founder of this business, became a candle manu- facturer more by accident than design. He was. a member of an old Lanarkshire family, the Wilsons of Cleuch, and had followed what had been the custom of the family for many generations, the eldest sou inheriting the property, the younger ones going out into tte world tos:ore off their own bats. He made his way to Gothenburg in Sweden, where he was taken in hand by a wealthy Swedish mine-owner. Here he made a large fortune, and returning to England, he bought Cleuch from his brother. As a result of finding ironstone on his estate, he was temptei to build the “Wilsontown Iron Works,’’ where he lost all his money, This only served to put him on his mettle, for he came to London and made a fresh start asa broker in Russian merchandise, and became very successful. Not liking the business, he availed himself of the opportunity for leaving it that the patent Cocos nucifera ; the Cocoanut ; Lhave mentioned provided. His first partner was Mr. Lancaster. Afterwards, when more capital was re- quired, some members of the then great India house Messrs, Cockerell & Co., became parjners, The name 666 of the firm wes firet “E, Price & Co.,” taken from an aunt of Mr, Lancastor (Mrs. Elizabeth Price), On Mr. Lancaster retiring from the partnership, it was changed to “Edward Price & Co,’ being a trade name only; co that it may well be described as a Price-less business, The coconut candles, though much superior to tallow, were insufficient for a great business, so the French process of making ‘‘stearine”’ candles was adopted in the works. The first great move forward was made by Mr. J.P. Wilson, a son of the founder, who on the sudden great dem ni for good cheap candles for illumination on tle Qiee.’s marriage, combinel the pressed coconut with the tallow “stearine,’ and thus made the ‘composite ” candles, the firat really good cheap cand!es in exis- tence. This was s most important invention, but circumstances preventing its being patented, compe- titors, were, atter a time, able to proffer it the sincerest of all forms of flattery. The next move was the iotroduotion of more advanced chemical processes. For this Mr. George F. Wilson, F. R.S., another son of the founder, and one of the present directors of the Company, was mainly responsible. Inventions were made and ‘many patents taken out. The place be came known as a scientific factory, and as the head of its industry throughout the world. A very ea ly improvement introduced by E. Price & Oo., cousirt sd in the substitution of mats made of coconut fibre for the canvas which had been, up to that time used in the pressing of fats. This application of coconut fibre was made previously to its employment in tie maoufacture of floor-cloth. It may seem to some only a4 triflipg improvement, but no material has been found, up to the present time, to superseje this fibre for many kinds of work with the hydraulic or screw press. In 1831 the candle manufacture in Eogland was set free from the Excise supervision to which it had previously been subjected, From that date, then, its progress beoame possible, Altar a time E. Price & Co., found it necessary to establish steam mills in Oeylon for crushing coconuts, to extract the oil as the raw material for the Londoa factory; and the business then requiring, for this and for other purposes, more capital for its proper de- velopment than they had at their command, Mr. Wilson’s partner sold his share, in the begianing of. 1835, to the capitalists referred to. With these gentlemen as sleeping partners, and with the aid of two of his sons, Mr. Wilson continued (under the name of “Edward Price & Co.’’) to carry on the concern, until it passed in 1847 into the hanas of “ Price’s Patent Candle Company.” Of this Comp uy Mr. William Wilson became the first C hairman, aud hie sons, Mr. James P. Wilson and Mr. George F. Wilavn, the two Mavaging Directors. Palm oil, treated by Ohevreul’s process of lime saponification, was brought into a limited use for candle-makicg by Messrs. Blundell & Spence in 1836, but the dark colour of the candles produced prevented their general use. There is another and more general application of palm oil, the ways of which are better understood “on the other side,’ where in so many things they have ‘given us the straight tip. But on this it is not necessary that I should enlarge, ——————_—_—__e___— COCONUT PLANTING IN THE PUTTALAM DISTRICT. It should cherr Mr, Lushington to learn of the great progress made of late years in the direc- i i 1 ed when Assistant - : tion, Wbieh LB) 20 BIO Ice eat : ' that they have lost the sp‘rit to bid properly. *** Agent for the Puttalam district. It is clear now that the country between Ohilaw and Puttalam is destived very soon to be the scene of as continu. ous coconut cultivation a3 thst between Negombo and Chilaw, or even the couniry on this side of Negonibo. And the sooner the better for the health as well as the prosperity of the people. The trafiis along the West Ooast route from Colombo t:orhwards THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. [Apri 2, 1894. go on growing. If a railway is justified between Colombo and Galle, much more we should say is it a necezsity between Colombo and Puttalam and if made as part of the connecting line between Ceylon and India, so much the more important would it bec me with its through, as well as local, traffic. Meantime. the planting of coconuts on every acre of land that the Government choose to sell in the Puttalam district is a matter of special im- portance. Already as much as R110 en acre have been paid for some of the lots, and it is evident that the natives are keenly alive to the value of forestland suited for the palm. Itis not gene- relly ‘known that there are gardens and plantations of coconuts in thes immediate neighbourhood of the town of Puttalam from 30 to 40 years old and that steady average crops of from 1,600 to 2,000 nut; per acre per annum are gathered from theze estates, the trees coming into bearing et a com- paratively early date. From the letter of an intelligent native gentleman, Mr. J, A. Wijesinha, we quote as follows :— “Europeans are beginning to go in freely for coconut planting and a few gentlemen have pur- chased some large blocks of land. The block near Santiakalli is to be opened up under European super- vision, Mr. Daniel, an upcountry planter, Bavine come to take, charge. Puttalam district is well adapted for coconut cultivation and trees come into bearing as soon as in Madampe, Marawila, &c. ‘People from many parts of the island now come here either to buy land or lease coconut estates, and good competition may be expected for all Orown lands which may be sold in the future.” — > -- — SALE OF ESTATES. The price paid ky Mr. Gaddum of Gampola for Bukande and Ambalawa estates, the sale of which by Mr. A, C. White’s Attorney has been referred to by a contemporary is, we believe, over £5,000. These well-known Kaduganawa estates contaia about 1,250 acres of land, of which about 350 are in tea. —— ——_—. —>—_—————- HOW THE LONDON TEA SALES ARE MANAGED. In a recent letter to the Home and Colonial Mail on the regulation of suction tea sales, one signing himself “ Sigma” directs attention of sellers to the nnwisdom of crowdisg so much into the catalogues for one day, aod leaving the other days of the week with but little selling .*** It wouid be wiser at once to limit sales to two days inthe week, and divide the quaatity eqaally between Monday and Wednesiay. If this were doue, pr-bably the Ceylon importers would manage their sales more cleverly than they do at present, and divide their offerings between Tues- cay end Thorsday, instead of printing (as they have done) 23,000 packages for next Tuesday’s sale, and (so far) none at all for theirsecond day, Thursday! It is impossible for the buyers to value 23,000 packages of Ceylon tea, containing from 700 to 800 separate sa mples, carefully; snd it ism matter capable of scientific damonstration that buyers who have bren sitting intbe heated aud exhaustei atmosphere of a stuffy sale room for three or four hours are so jaded CEYLON PLANTERS IN PERU. We bave on previous ocezsions called attention to ihe explorations sarried out b, Ove ur iwo ex-planters | of cinchona snd coffee in Ceylon, and by a trained botanist formerly connected with the Ceyion Botanic Gardens in Ce»tr-1 Pern, on the Eastern side of the to Puttalam is simply enormous and is bound to i andes. The exploiers in question were commissioned Aprit 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 664 by the Pe-uvian Corporation, Limited, who have ac- quired an extensive grant of Jand along the Perene river in the so-called Montana or forest region of Central Pero. From s note in a rezeat issue of the ‘Kew Bulletin” it appears that the work of c'earing and planting the land in question is bing pursued with great energy. Ooca will fo-m one of the staple products of cultivation, and the-e ia little doubt that in course of time the corporation wil! become a regular importer of the leaf, if not of coctine itself. As the company’s land is in one of the clagsic cinchona dis- tricts (although most trees have probably been destroyed by this time), it is not too much to expect that in time the cultivation of that now somewhat discredited tree willbe taken in hand. The chief place of the new colony iscalled Dantville after the chairman of the corporation.—Chemist and Druggist. ee A SUCCESSFUL COLONIAL INDUSTRY. The Natal Tanning Company, having expended £6,800 on site, buildings, and p'ant, and proljused manufactured leather to the value of £5,000 within 18 months, have ju3t received the Goy- ernment reward of £1,700. The Company is now supplying machine belting, which is used with every satisfaction on the N.G.R., tha N.HB. coal mines and sugar estates.—Natal Mercury. ce DELI PLANTING RETROSPECT. Last year, owing to favourable weather a d less prevalence of seedling disease, the tobacco crops turned out good both in quality and quantity; the yield being estimated at 165,000 piculs. The planters are highly satisfiel with the quality, as the leaf generally happens to be light in colour. They also have another reason for satisfaction in that the cost of production has been very low owing to the fall in the dollar, and hence they look with confidence to the results of last year’s crop which, by last advice, was rapidly being got ready for shipment. The crop of 1892 brought to market in 1893 fetched fairly satis- factory prices which might have rangel higher had not the currency crisis in the United States intarfered with purchases there. The state of health on the estates continued good throughout the year and the death rate among the coolies kept at normal figures.—Straits Budget, Feb. 6, —_——______ THE TEA OUTPUT IN NATAL. Mr. Drummond’s report on the prospects of the output of tea for the season shows that the estimate will in all probability be exceeded. Experience has shown that the industry is one that has a future before it, and with improved methods of production and manafacture, which we note with satisfaction sre being contemplated by growers, we hope the day is not far distant when Natal teas will be able to hold their own in foreign sand colonial markets with the teas of other countries : -- Mr. G, W. Drummond, of Kearsney, faysurs us with the following gratifying report:—We have just conelnded a very satisfactory montb, taking it all a round. As regards quantity, January has the record | up to date, we haviog turoed ont over 73,000 lb. uc this factory during the past month, With the qua- lity, too; we have every reason to be satisfied, as it nnodoubtedly shows a grea: improvement. This is due to a more rapid and better style of picking. Favoured, too, with good weather, we have been able to wither well and manufacture rapidly. A little more rain is now wanted. weck would suit us exactly. As we now stan1, with the season half finished, we baye no doubt that our est nae will be re:chd, uslesa something unlnoky happens between this and April, This also applies Oue wet day a , t» the estimate for the whole Colony, which was originally put down at 650,000 lb., or 700,000 Ib., if weather favourable On dit, a new tea factory will be started next season in this district perhaps two new factories.—Natal Mercury, Feb.9. ne ener THE NEW BOOK ON TEA. We are disappointed in the non-arrival of a supply of Me. Bamber’s book, despatched on 8th Feb. from Caloutta and sti!l (after 21 days) some- where in a B.I. steamer! Meantime Mr. Cochran has been looking over what is, we believe, the only copy of the book in the island and he writes of one part:— “T was disappointed with the table of rainwater analyses. There were so many mistakes in the cal- culations of parts per 100,000 into lb. per acre which one could check, that I felt distrustful of the figures which I could not check. So I have sent to the Director of the Alipore Observatory for copy of the original or of determination for some other year. It looks as if Bamber had simply taken the table on trust. Eyen the title of the table does not corre- spond with the table itself. The former says ‘ parts per 100,000 and grains per gallon,’ the latter gives parts per 100,000 and pounds per acre.” —_——— > PLANTING PIONEERS IN CEYLON. One who prizes the Tropical Agriculturist and its varied contents, writes as follows :— I was much interested in the chatty and clever sketch of old Andrew Nicol which I have just been reading. I remember his visit to the island in the seventies when I was in Kandy, and his manner of greeting old Fredk. Solomons which caused intense amusement to the onlookers. He peeped into the Central Town Library—evidently in search of some Proctor, and espied his old friend reading some paper :—‘‘ Good gracious Solomons,” was his excla- mation, ‘‘is that you? I thought you had gone to heaven, long ago!’ The bystanders, I fancy, took in the humour of the greeting more readily than the octogenarian who had been addressed ! 1 had intended supplementing the sketch of R B.T, with a few reminiscences of my own; for I carried a letter of introduction to the Patriarch from Lorenz when I went up to Kandy in ‘‘the sixties’ to repert my first P.A. meeting. My amusement at his topce and his environment was only equalled by my appreciation of his geniality and kindness when he asked me to be his guest at the P.A. dinner, then an annual function. I had however accepted the honour of attending as the guest of the Chairman, G. W, —_—o___—_- THE. DRYING OF COCOA. With reference to the letter of ‘‘ Oocoa in Wat Districts,’ Mr. Macguire of Messrs Davidson & Oo of ‘‘ Sirocco’”’ fame sends us the following which is of interest to planters :— O°COA PRODUCTION. Consut Wynpuam, in his report to Lord Salis- bury on the trade of Paramaribo for the past year, gave some details on the production of cocoa. He says that the production of cocoa advanced from £108 470 in 1890 to £112,364 in 1891, or an increase of £3,884. This is in» spite of a rainy season. It is to be expected that yearly more cocoa will be exported as the young plantations begin bearing, but the past two years have been very wet, and the crops have been largely damaged, The value of the exports in 1891 to America, France, Great Britain, Demerara, and the Netherlands amounted to nearly £8,000 more than in 1890. These are the chief experts. The balance was used in the colony or was held over the year awaiting ship ment, Four different systems of cocoa drying are in use or have heen tried. First :—Sun-drying on large trays er trams ron out from under aired when the weather is fayour- albe, jand brought under cover in rainy weather 668 — Szconn :—Drying on brick floors under which furnaces are placed. ; Tuirp :—Fruit-drying machines of various sizes. Fourtu :—A system of drying by steam outside and enclosed cylinder has been tried, and another of drying by hot air ina revolving cylinder is about to be tried. Of the first, it may be said that it is unsatisfactory as it is dependent on the season, and a wet season may cause much loss of good cocoa by its becoming sour before it is properly dried. Of the second, that itisapt to shrivel up the beans and to discolour them: of the third, that fruit driers, even the best and most expensive as yet introduced, haye only served to partially dry the bean, and saye it until it can be sun-dried ready for sacking : of the fourth, that the machine requires some alterations: as it standsit appears rather to {cook thin to dry the bean: and lastly, the revolving cylinder has not yet had a fair trial. An English firm has patented a cocoa drier, called, I believe, the “Sirocco,” which was lately - tried at. Trinidad before the Governor of the colony and several officials and planters with satisfactory results. Details of the trial, however, are not yet tohand, but if on receipt they prove the machine to be a success, I think the member of the firm who visited this colony, and invited the planters and the Government to send some one to represent the colony at. the public. trial of the ‘‘ Siroeco” at Trinidad, even offering to pay all the expenses, will have no cause to regret his trip, and that orders for ' the Drier will reach him from qacien Coffee can as yet scarcely be regarded as an article of export, the total import of 1891 amounting to only £59, but for the last, four or five yeirs coffee planting has been on the increase, and in two or three years more Surinam coffee will again be on the market. Mr. Maoguire tel's us that the results of the experi- ments made with the Sirocco were very fayour- able; but it was found that cocoa had to be very slowly dried and at a low temperature to pre- vent discoloration and internal fermentation. The best results were got with a, maximum heat of from 180° to 200° Fahrenheit. In Java too Messrs. Davidson haye been making important experiments in the drying of cocoa snd cofice as well. as tea. A,specially capacious Sirocco for the slow drying of ‘‘ Cocos:’’ has been: designed and one has just atrivedvat Colombo which will be tried erelong on a cacao plantation and the results published. — Or LIBERIAN COFFEE IN SAIGON. The following inquiry reaches us from a mercan- tile house in ths Far Bast :— “ We should feel very much oblig3d to you if you could tell us whether in coffee growing countries, which have a rainy and a dry season, the ripening of the fruit takes place durirg the. wet or the dry season. The plant; on our plantation began to. blossom in the midd’e of March 1893 and, according, to our last, repo:t of December, nearly. all. the fruit,.were still..green with the exception of a very, few which. showed :a reddish’ shade, vot cherry red. as they: ought to be when ripe. When this reporti: was written, the’ dry season had set in for about 3 weeks, and® our Manager expressed grave doubts whether the fruits would ripen at all after having been go long on the tree and still showing a green appearance.”’ The complaint about the great delay io Liberian coffee gherry ripening up, is one of long-standing in Ceylon. To ripen properly, coffee. wants occa- sional light showers of rain. as well as sunshine. The coffee referred to, we should say, was-suffering from the three weeks’ drought: a shower or two would benefit the trees and crop, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894: A TRULY WET DISTRICT. LaccaLa Dietaict, March 1.—Lovely weather here at last, after what bas been a rather wet season, Up to 16th February (ss you will see by the accom- penying, figures, when the weather clesred up; and since then simply perfect, with thermometer all day between 60° end 75° Fahr. Heaviest rainfall in 1894 ion 24 hours was between 21st and 22ad Jan: when 15°50 in, was registered, and on 9th. Feb. 1894 while a large portion of the country was being burned up 5°90 in, was registered. I believe the beaviest rainfall yet recorded in this district fell in January 1892 when. 153 30in. was registered for the mouth. Bat, what seems »]most incredible the little appearance of surface wash after these. beayy rains ere over. On the light. soils. of Ambagemuwa I have seen a far greater destruction from a north-east shower of 3in, to 4in than you do here after a day's rain of four times that,quen'ity. Tea has now, com- menced to flush in earnest. so anticipate a busy time for the next few months. Hoping my less fortunate neighbours may 6.0n have asharecf the good things sa plentifully showered on these parts. {In these times of drought throughont the conniry. The, accompanying figu’es may- come in as a refresher to your readers. Memo, of (B. G. Laggala). rainfall from. 1st. Januery 1891 to February 1894:— Reinfall. Rainfall. Raiuvfall. Rainfa!l. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894, inches. inches. inghes. inches. January » 16°10° 153°30' © ‘24°96 37°98 February .. 1629 34°99 6°49 10°38 March . 18°76 1-76 2163 wT Ap il » 338 8:90 1251 on May 05 Ot oh 5-60 18°82 ove June ... 20°18 616 11-76 ~ July ap ip Ls, 19°31 143 ion August ce TOL 13-20 2-90 4 September ... 6°85 343 3 50 October «. 50°84 25°68 2185 a November ... 13°39 42°97 44°32 ax December ... 73 66 76°44 471 Se ‘Totals. ...26650 391:74 217°88 _ eee ee ee THE LONDON STOCK OF . QUININE. ““We will go further, and express our belief that ....the era of qnisine at 9d per oz. and less msy be regarded as.closed, and (that) we shall probably shortly arrive atiatime when. ls or thereabouts will be the normal axis round which, with a short radius, prices will revolve.”—(C and D., December 23rd 1893, p. 895.) The quautity cf sulptate of quinine stocked in the public warehouses in London has eslways been a dubious factor in estimates cf the prospects of the ¢rag. It will no longer be co in future. A few week: ago representations were made to the Docks Commit- tee and the other warehousea known to hold etocks of quinine, asking them to publish, from the beginning of the New Yesr, monthly returns of the stocks, imports a'd deliveries of quinive, as is done in the case of many of the principal drugs and with neirly all the staple articles of colonial produce. The memorial was backed by mary in- fiuentiat persons conrected with the quinine busivess, and as the principal holders of the stock were either on the side of thcse deman*ing publicity or rema'red ncutrel, the Docks and other warehouse companies assented to the proposa!. The official returns have not yet be n published at the moment of writiug, but they wee known to « small number of int: rested parties ag early as midday on January 3lst and on the afternoon of that day the London drug ‘trade generally “were arquainted with the fi_:r-, wiich proved to be smaller than was gi reraliy articipated, the total being about 3,227,000 ourcer net, of which 2,465,000 are held at the Crutched Friars warehouse of the Dock companies, 665,000 at Smith’s warehouse, 62,000 at Bull Wharf, and 35,000 at Red Lion Wharf. APRIL 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. It is to be hoped that the warehouses willaddto the figures of the present stock those ofthe supplies in their charge oa the oorresponding dates of the five yeare immediately preceding, as well as statistics of the receipts and deliveries during that period. Such figures would-be'of great value as showing the ratio of decrease of otrstocks, for it is generally believed that the supply here has dwindled rapidly, at any rate since 1890. The 3,227,000 oz. now in the Londoa warehouses form the bulk of what is known as the “‘second-haud stocks” of quinine in the central markets. A certain quantity is held in small lots by private holders all over the world, but this is probably not a very large one. Whst supply there-may be on hatd at tne factories is a matter for conjecture, but it will not have an appreciable effect upon the market. itis also impos- sible to state what relation the stock in London bears to theaverage requirements of the world, but judg- ing roughly by the totalimports of quinine salts into the United States (by far the largést consumer of the drug), it is estimated that the warehouse-stock in Lon- don would satisty those wants for about four months, The knowledge of the imminent publicationof the ‘€ quinine-returns”” caused a good deal of excitement in Mincing Lane this week, and at the Commercial Sale-rooms ‘‘guessing-competitions”” were entered into freely by brokers, dealers and jobbers. It would be unpleasant to some of the gentiemen who took part in this amusement to reveal their individual estimates, and as no purpose of general utility could be achieved by doing so we refrain. It may be stated, however, thst the estimates varied from 1,000,000 to 5,000,000 oz., and that some of those who were believed to have the best opportunities for judging came nearest to the extremes of under and over esti- mation. But what of the Chemist and Drugyist’s es- timates? readers will ask. Well, we have no reason to hesitate in repriftiong what appeared in the issue of this journal of August 27, 1892 (page 345), under the heading of ‘‘ What is our stock ot quinine?” Tt will there be found stated that when the drugs atored at the old Fenchurch Street ware- -house were removed to Crutched Friars in January 1890, the total quantity of quinine trans- ported Was 2,829 cases weighing 125 tons 16 cwt. 1 qr., but that, owing to the steady diminution of the supply, the stock at the time of writing might be assumed to be little over 3,500,000 oz. Ln this note we only referred to the stock at the Dock warehouses, but wher our estimate was challenged by the agent for one of the German factories, who believed even 3,000,000 oz. to bean excessive figure for the whole of London, we eXplaiaed that we did not believe that the stocks at the other warehouses were large enough appreci- ably to affect the total, which we tuen placed at slightly above 3,000,0000z. Aliowing for the shrink- age of the stock which has since taken place, our estimate was clearly correct. We claim no oredit for this, inasmuch a3 our figures were based upon official statistics supplied to us, but we are justitied in pointing to the moral that it is ea’er to truat to the unbiassed opinion of an independent organ than to the reports of interested private peraons. As will be seen upon a reference to our Trade Report, there has been astroug aad active speculative movement in quinine this week. It is to be hoped that this will not increase when the stock=statistics become generally Known, but that the drug will be allowed to settle down quietly at the figure justified by the evident smallness of its supply,—Chemist and Druggiste 2 BENTOTA : PLANTING AND NEWS REPORT, Maroh 1. The weather is the general topic of conversation just now; ‘textraordinary drought,’ “ scarcity of water,” &o,, is what you hearall around. No doubt the weather is very trying but I do not think the drought is enything worse than usual at this time of the year—7'09 inch of rain to ead of February oompared with 7'2] leat year, There is a good deal 669 of fever prevailing about the villages just now, but of a very mild type, mostly foreranners of oolds; but I hear dyseitery has broken out in an epidemic form in some villages mear the sea coast, notably at Alutgama and Kalavilla. The air is very still this morning and clouds are banking up. The paddy crop is now being reaped and the outturn very poor. Appuhami however gives his fields no zest, for no sooner 18 one crop olf than operations sare commenced for auother. Poor fellow, he needs all he can get to keep up with the times. An out-of- the-way villager told me the other day he spent R3:75 per month on opium, and brought me 12 baskets at a very cheap rate, as he was hard-up. IL mus¢ have the drug at any price, Our roads are in good order, but if the powers-tiiat-be will take a hint and pot that piece of road from the Railway Goods Shed to the Roman Catholic Church in shape before the rains set in, 1t would-be to every one’s advantage. ft is very much out up-and will be nothing but a bog in wet weather. (ee DIVERSIFIED CROPS IN BRAZIL, The Rio News urges Brazilian planters to give more attention to the production of tood stuffs. Lt advo- cates this upon patriotic grcunds, rather than from the standpoint of profit; frankly acknowledgiug that diversified crops may not be ot great advantage to the rich planters. Since the abolition of slavery the home prouction of food products tor home consump- tion has almost disappeared. This is o great dis- advantage, for foreign importations must be paid for in gold, @ very expensive medium in Brazil. Tue News says :—‘‘ In the present emergency, the ditiiculty is further increased by the risks enoountered ia foreign trade, and these risks may still be largely augmented, Lhe gcve:nment and the large land- holders could not render a greater and more patriotic Service to Brazil, at this juncture, than 10 give tne fullest encouragement to the production of food. Cattle-raising in the interior cannot fall to reauit profitably, while the production of maize, rice, beans, mandiocs, potatoes and all kinds of vegetables and fruits would at once give employment to the thou- sands ot poor people who have nothing to do, and who could thus easily e1ro a comfortable living. If would be sound policy to give away small tarms to those who will uadertake to ‘cultivate them, and special rates could easily be granted by tue railways as un inducement for them to send their products to market. The permanent prosperity of the country depends More upon these smali industries than upon the great coffee and sugar plantations and the Government should use its best efforts to encourage them.” Thirty years ago in the United Statesthe South was dependent upon the Northern States fora large pro- portion of its foud supply, Cotton, sugar and rice were grown to the exclusion of other prouucts. Since the war & great advance has been made in the cultiva- tion of cereals, garden truck of wll sorts of fruits, No section of the couutry has leaped forward with such strides as the Southern States daring the past twenty years. We have no doubt that diversifiea industries could be proportionately as sdvautageous to the Em- pire of Brazil. Ooffee planting will not always be as profitable as now. Hiyocost has placed a premium on ooftee growing in all coffee-producing countries, Ln the course of a tew years we Will enter a period of low-priced coffee, simply because production will forge ahead faster than consumption iuoreases.— Amertcan Grocer, +-—-—- LIBERIAN COFFEE, The Resident of Selangor notes with satisfaction that he has sanctioned two grants for blooks ef land of 500 acres each for Liberian Coffee at Kajang, the first bona fide applications for land out of the home districts of Kuala Gumpor and Kiang.—s, £, Presa, 670 THH TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {[Aprit 2, 1894. MR. BAMBER’S NEW “TEXT BOOK ON TEA.” (We are indebted to Mr. Oochran for the following epitome from the new book on tea, in reference to withering and rolling.] I had no idea that I had been favoured with possibly the only copy of this book as yet in Ceylon; otherwise I should have hesitated to draw your attention to one or two of its defects before the undoubted merits of the book had been referred to in some detail. The following gives an epitome of the resulé of Mr. Bamber’s observations and experiments on the first of the manufacturing processes, viz., the Withering, the truth of which experienced manufacturers will be able to appre- clate :— © WIITHERING. In the process of withering there is little chemi change beyond the loss of moisture, uniess tbe le® gets bruesed. Leaf plucked in wet weather “shoud be rather overwithered to coucentrate the sap” and sbould be subjecied to more prolonged roiling, while leaf gathered in dry weather requires less withering the sap being more concentrated, and it also requires less rolling. Asa general rule the best withering is carried on till 33 per cent of moisture is driven off. Properiy withered leaf should give outa fresh pleasant aroma quite different trom the ordinary vegetabie smell of badly withered leaf. Artificial witnering by drawing dry or heated air over the wet leaf is recommended especially for damp ciimates. Uuless the leaf is vey wet or only at the beginning of the process Mr. Bamber would not allow the temperature of the air that is drawn over the leaf to be at a higher tem- perature than 90° Fahr. In any case after the excess of extraneous moisture has been driven off at say 106° Fahr., the temperature should be reduced to or under 90° Fahr. In India withering in the sun is little practised as the tea so treated is considered to be inferior. Ino Java however it is said that the suo is necessary to bring out the flavour. Tne great objection to over- withering, is that it concentrates the sap too much whioh should be ayoided for the followmg reasons: —l, ‘‘£he contents of the cells of the leaf will have contracted s0 that the cell walls will tend to collapse instead of burst when the leaf is rolled.” 2. “A portion of the contents of the sap will have been deporited from solution owing to the concen- tration.” 3. “There will not be sufficient sap to be exuded over the whole surface of the rolled leaf, and the color obtained during the oxidation process will be uneven. The liquor from tea that has been overwithered is liable 10 be deficient im pungenoy and strength. The objection to underwithered leat is that it breaks in the process of rolling. “A large amount of sap is expressed from the coarser leat discolour- ing tp, and giving the finer teas when sorted a dull Apearauce aud coarse panseot flavour and taste. It might be unfair 10 the authur to epitome further, Practical men will find that the other subjects of the chapter which deals with the manufacture viz; the roliing, oxidasion or fermentation and the drying or ficing will repay their study. They will be specially interested to note how the firing suould be conducied to conserve the volatile oil. Here science has been anticipated by experience, as Mr. Bamber says that the method“ has been employea on many estates for some time, and it has slwost invariably been tound to produce a flavoury and valuable tea so that the analyses merely confirm and explain the benefit of such a process.” £ have only today referred to one chapter of the book; but the whole book wiil be found replete with interest both to the scieutific and to the prac- Vical yeader, M. 0, cal SELANGOR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. Statistics of Acreage under Cultivation and Labour employed on the Huropean Estates in Selangor :— Number of Coolie - o a4 ie es a Name of Represen- ~ SB . ¢ tm Estates. tatives. Se 5 ¢ S84 s22 2 3 25 So, D. Auae oe 4 6s 0 . F& The Mount Mr. C Gordon, Glassford and » CM Cum- ming 80 30 — — 30 Tremelbye ; LHMelbye 110 61 — — 61 NewAmherst ,, EV Carey 251152 — 35 187 Glen Marie » BNissen 110 52 — — 52 Setapakdale ,, C Meikle — 27-— — 27 Wardiburn ‘ s 145 80 — — 60 Enterprise » HAHurth 70 — 5 2 30 Ebor » P Stevenson 25 — 15 — 15 Beverlac “y ” 35 — 22 — 2 Aberscrogs », J O Gordon, Glassford 113 39 — — 39 Selangor » H Hutten- bach 59 10 — 12° 22 Batu , E Schwinnin- er 100 14 — 16 80 ae Gates A = a Information not yet Weld’s Hill ” 7 # Hill received from these BatuCaves | EBSkinner) °*##s- The owners do not belong to the Associa- Lincoln tion and have there- Hawthornden fore declined to given ead information ashed ‘or Total «. 1089 465 48 88 1 —Straits Budget. ECHOES OF SCIENCE. It isa well-known fact that lightniag strikes some kinds of trees more than others. Tous in our country oaks, ashes, white poplars, and elms are often siruck, while beeches and wa!nuts very seldom suffer. Vines, cotton plants, and palms are peculiarly susceptivle to lightning. ‘here is also evidence to show that varieties of the same tree growing in different countries and climates differ in their immunity, probably owing to the quality of the wood and sap; so that statistios for one region may not be reliable for another, M. Dimitre has continued his experiments on this subject by subjecting specimeus of living wood of equal dimensions ia the direction of thew fivres to the spark froma Holtz electrical machine, and finds that oak is easily peactrated by it, while biack poplar, willow, and especially beeoh, are much more resisting: In all these oases the heartwood is the least conductive, aud behaves like laburnum. In fact, the starchy trees poor in oil, such as oak, popiar, willow, maple, elm, and asa offer muca less resistance to the spark thau beeches, walnuts, birches, and lines, which are “ fat” trees. Pines, which contain a good deal of oil in winter, but have littie oil in summer, are much more resisting in one season than the other. In summer time tue wood is as easily pierced by the spark as oakwoud, anu im winter as difficult to ponetrate as beechwuod. When the oil of beech and walnut wood is extracted by ether, the spark easily goes through. Tne dead Wood of starchy irees is more easily pierced than tue living wood, @ fact which militates against the common idea that sap conducts the discharge. ‘he bark and foliage of trees are, acoording to M. Dimitre, bad conductors. Theabove observations agree in a general way with statistics of lightning strokes in Hurupe. Thus, in the forests of uipps, from 1879 to 1885, and in 1890, there were 159 oaks, 59 pines, 21 beeches, and 21 other kinds of trees struck,——Globe. . Aprit 2, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 674 OPENINGS IN EAST AND SOUTH AFRICA. | On the occasion of the delivery of a lecture | before the members of the Royal Colonial Institute we devoted some considerable space to tho con- sideration of the openings there might be in South-Eastern Africa for men trained in the highly efficient school afforded by this colony. Since then, there has been a good deal of further dis- cussion in this journal on the subject, as well as on the prospects this island affords for the large number of young men resorting here for training, and generally kaown by the soubriquet of ‘‘creepers.’’ For some time, it seemed as if we were to be overrun by such importations, and it is easy to understand why this should provoke much adverse oriticism. There is, however, several openings, we may hope, through which the future may be brightened for these young and numerous aspirants to planting success, and South-Hastern Africa seems to be one of them. QGeylon has always been, and probably will Gontinue to be, the finest training school for those who desire to fit themselyes for planting pursuits elsewhere. Through the experienced teaching that may be obtained here, pupils can be qualified in the best and most practical way for promising enterprises in other fields, Among such ficldg, we believe few arelikely to be found equalling in their promised advantages the newly opened-up territories in Hast and South Africa. To those young men whose deficiensy of capital must prevent their embarking — for themselves in our own more settled industry, the territcry we speak of, must offer great attractions. What thousands of pouads could not accomplish here, we estimate that hundreds may secureia these new lands. We re2d not again dilate upon the many advantages of soil and climate on which we dwelt in our previous articles. Our London Letter just received, however, narrates the result of a conversation held with our old fellow-colonist, Sir G. W. BR. Campbell; who has prominently alliel himself with some of the many Companies or Syndicates now being formed with the object of aiding settlement in these newly-obtained regions. Sir George has expressed himself as fully sharing our view that within them, exist opportunities of a most promising character for the overplus of our own planting community. He has described to our correspon- dent how it comes about that lands of high capacities for production will be obtainable at exceedingly low rates. It would be of little avail, we imagine, for men wholly untrained in the pursuits of agriculture to occupy these lands. ‘They are especially suited, Sir George Campbell thinks, to the production of sub-tropical growths, among which may be prominently classed both cacao and coffee. Land that in Ceylon would cost some R200 to R250 an acrsa—supposing that suitable land really remains anywhere in the island, in any quantity - —sould now be obtained in Matabeleland fora few shillings. We are not all disposed to regard Sir George Oampbell in the light of a prejudiced advocate. He has, of course, personal interests to serve; but we know his sense of honor and his feeling of attachment to the island in which he seryed so long, both to be too great, to permit of any suspicion that he would tell us that which he did not sincerely believe to be true. It may be said that Sir George has no _ personal knowledge or experience of the countries with which his advices deals. But, on the other hand, the connection he has formed relative to them, and the information he must have acquired from thoss who have visited the localities, must fig him in no inoonsiderable degree to offer counsel 85 ae Tm , ———$<$<<$<<——<— on this subject. It is his opinion that theSouth African lands now about to be opened to British enterprize must afford a mcst promising field to young planters who have acquired in this colony a knowledge for the exercise of which there remains but little scope here. Even presuming that there are many of the latter, whose meang scarcely admit of their commencing undertakings on their own account. their possession of diplomas of compe- tency obtained in Oeylon must induce the ready acceptance of their services by those possessed of the means for such undertakings. As was pointed ouf to our correspondent, the lands handed over to those who fought against Lobengula are now to be acquired on the most favourable terme, and we do not doubt that the Buluwayo Syndicate of which Sir George Campbell is chairman, would not only be ready with advice to intending pur- chasers, but might be willing to aid with cash advances such thoroughly-qualified men as Ceylon might send to the new fields of planting enter- prize, ne THE CHINA TEA TRADE. (From “ Hongkong Weekly Press,” Jan, 18.) At‘ention is once more directed to the threadbare subject of the decliae of the Ohina tea trade by tla recently issued decennisl reports of the Imperial Maritime Customs. ‘be trade is no doubt capable of revival but the probability of the necessary measures being taken to bring arevival about is as remote:s ever. Whatare wanted are improved methods of pre- paration, lighter taxation, and ivecreasad facilities for bringing the leaf from the producing districts to the port of shipment, According to Mr. Hughes’s Amoy report, the high rate of taxation and heavy. cost of transportation over a difficult and imperfeatly deve- loped route from the interior amount to something like 34 per cent. on the original value. Yet nothing is done, either in the way of reducing taxation or increasing the transport facilities, towards improving the chances of Ohina tea in competition with the pro- duction of other countries. The compatition of India and Ceylon has notreduced the export from Japan, and there is no reason why Ohina tea aiso should not have held its own except the want of adaptation to new condi- tions on the part of the Government, the growers, aud the manufacturers. The loss of the trade seems in fact to be regarded with comparative indifference. One reason for thisis no doubt the smallness of the export trade as compared withthe home trade in the artiole, so that the falling off in the former repre- seuta but a small percentege on the grand total. The Chinese are a nation of tea drinkers. The home consumption has beeu estimated at 800,000,000 lb, per annum, which is probably under rather than over the mark, This large home consumption must be the explanation of the fact noted in the Amoy report, that notwithstandiag the falling off in the export trado in tea not a symptom is discernible to show that any serious dif- ference in the welfare of the people has taken place. Mr. Hucues says:—‘‘No doubs a great many of those formerly engaged in the Amoy Tea districts have transferred their labours to North For- mosa, many also have gove to swell the rising tide of emigration to Java or the Straits: but the bnilk, it may be assumed, remain on the old ground, exer- cisiog their native ingenuity and industry in extract- ing trom their fertile soil a crop of some farm produce sufficient to meet their simple daily wante, stoically indifferent to the loss of an occupation io which they had been once supreme, and which, under proper guidaace and enconragement, they might still conduct with advantage to themselves and with substantial bene- fit totheir country.” Foreigners have tried in vaia to induce the Chinese to adopt foreign supervision and improved methods of prepsration, by which the cost could ba materially reduced and the taste of the consuming markets be better oatere] 642 for. The chief handicap on China tea is, however, the heavy lekin charges to which it ie subjected and the expensive transport; but the Government is apathetic in the matter, making no effort to eave the trade, and even Sir Robert Hart some years ago pronounced against any reduction in the duty. Foreigners therefore canonly look on helplesely while the trade dwindles away. To them the matter is o serious one, however insignificant it may appear to the Chinese. Fortunes are no longer to be made in the China tea trade, a bare living being almost all that those still engaged in it can hops to earn. There is a diminished trade, with smaller profits, and more mouths to share them. As Mr. Farago Bays in the Foochow report, ‘‘Owing to the dim- inished profits on tea several of the large mer- cantile houses keeping # number of employes were compelled to close their doors. In many cases, hewever, the withdrawal of large firms led to the establishment of one or two minor houses doing simi- lar business, buton a more modest scale. Although, therefore, the extent of business now done by foreigners is fully fifty per cent. less than at the beginning of the decade, the numerical strength of firms is greater at present than it was ten years ago.” At Foochow, at all events, whatever may have been the case at some ports, there has been no development of any other branch of commerce to make up for the tea trade, so far as foreigners are concerned. No new article of export has made its appearance, while as to the import trade Mr. Farago tells us that “the effort to oust foreigners from every branch of trade has, in the case of cotton and woollen goods, been eucceseful; the last representa- tive of a foreign hong engaged in the piece goods trade was withdrawn prior to 1882, and the business now remains entirely in native hands.” ‘ Old Foo- chow,”’’ whose boast it used to be that it was “ the most aristocratic port in China,” seems indeed to be in a very bad way. THE DECLINE IN THE TEA TRADE OF FOOCHOW AND AMOY. Mr. H. Farago, Commissioner of Customs at Foo- chow, in his aecennial report gives the follow-gloomy account of the tea trade :— In regard to the pursuits of the people, so far as ean be gathered from the only information available, it is to be feared that, instead of material progress there has been s steady decline, and that in point of resources and commercial activity the outlook is not sO promising as it was 10 years ago. The tea industry, for inatance, which ranked for many years ag the most important in the province hes daring the decade commenced a receding course. This is the more to be regretted as the cultivation of tea did not involve an unusual expenditure of labour though it required, during the season of picking the exercise of patient care and experienced judgment. It left also a large part of the year free for other occupations; and, best of all, was tolerably certain to be remunerative. It wasso attractive and profitable that families would follow the same pursuit from generation to generation. Once in possession of a suitable plot of land, the only necessary step was to set out the young plants and leave them to grow. No expense for fertilisers was incurred, but, as a sort of substitute, in the spring of each year the soil around the roots was loosened. At the end of three years from the time of setting out, the leaves were fit tohe picked and prepared for market. For years past, however, the business has been in a de- clining state, and to illu: cate its present condition it is only necessary to ca, attention to the figures showing the export of black tea to foreign countries. namely, 1882, 649,755 piculs; 1891, 335,651 piculs. The. history and cause of the decline have been reviewed at length in each of the annual Trade Re- ports forthe past 10 years, and need not be referred to here, except to record the fact that the marked falling off in the quantity of tea exported from Foochow, consequent upon its deterioration in quality and the jnability to Jay it down in the home markets ata cost THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894. that wenld enable it to complete successfully with the prodncts of o’her tea-growing countries con- stitutes the most importent change that has occurred in the province during the last 10 years, in so far as its far-reaching effects on both the materia! prosperity of the people and the resources of the Government are concerred. Although the amount of capital now employed in the tea trade is much less than formerly, it cannot be ascertained that it bas been directed to the pro- motion of other branches of industry whose home is in this province. There are various local enterprises, seach as the growth end curing of tobacco, the manu- facture of paper, and the importation of sugar, oil, cotton, and woolen piece goods etc., which have been in existence for many years, but which have not met with sufficient appreciation, either bere or at other pisces in the province, to indicate a growing demand and to warrant the employment of increased cspital. Not less discouraging is the report given by Mr. T. F. Hughes, the Commissioner at Amoy, who writes :— The decav in our Jocal tea trade is certainly the most notable circumstance in connexion with the recent mercantile history of this port; its beginning dates from a period anterior to 1882, but the down- werd progress hes been more marked during the past 10 years. A feeble improvement took place in 1885, when it was thought that the French operations in North Formosa would interfere with the Tamsui export, and when there was, in consequence, an extra demand for the Amoy prodact, But the improvement was found to be merely transient; it wae only like the spasmodic flicker of an expiring lamp, makiog thinga look bright for a fleeting period, but giving po earnest of a vitality likely to stave off the final extinction that is bonud tocome. The totals for the last five years will best explain the melancholy decadence :— , 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Piculs Picnla Piculs Picnla Picule 41,820 39,227 25,002 24396 23,910 When we consider that in 1877 the export of Amoy Teas amounted to upwards of 90,000 picule, it will be seen what a serious change has come over this branch of our trade. The reasons for this rapid wiping ont of an _ import- and local industry are not far to seek; they have been often dwelt upon and are well kuown toll. In the Report for 1881 it was stated that the quality of Amoy Tea was bai,and was yearly deteriorating ; by that time careless cultivation and dishonest packia had already killed the Amoy Congou trade, and thoug local Oolongs were then still in almost as great demand as ever, a combination of causes were at work which soon began to prejudicially affect Oo- longs as well. When the cultivation of the same clags ot Tea was dsveloped in North Formosa, Amoy ‘ Oolongs lost their hold on the American market. The new plantations turned out leaf of finer fisyour and of better finish than the old ground, exbaueted and b3dly tended as it was; and whilst, on the one band, the original poverty of the Amoy cultivators prevented them from spending extra labour on the necessary improvemest of plant and eoil so as to produce a better paying article, their dwind- ling profits year by year compelled them, on the other hand, to retrench in the very directions that still further diminished the quality and value of their preduct. So the vicious circle went on, van- ishing profits making improved cultivation less and lesa possible, and increared faultiness, in the cultiva- tion making the leaf less and less valuable, until now Amoy Oolongs are said to be hardly worth the cost of shipment. Badly handicapped as they also are with a high rate of taxation and a heavy cogt of transportation over a difficult and imperfectly deve- loped route from the interior—a combination of ex- penses amounting to sovething like 34 per cent on the original value,—tbe wonder is that, with yearly increasing quantities of better and cheaper produce from other countries to compete egainst, their ex- istence as an srticle of export has been so long main- tained. There will probably always be a demand for APRIL 2, 1894.| low priced Tess, and under present conditions this is the only chance for the continuance of trade in Amoy Oolongs; but other countries are now cre- ating for that demand, and unless some radical change quickly takes place, the forerunning shadow of which is not yet apparent, tho Amoy Oolcng trade will soon become as extinct as the Amoy Uongou trade, There is no question here of any rivalry with what Sir Andrew Olark describes ag the nerve disturbing, t-a-intoxXicatiog Indian and Oeylon varieties, Amoy Oolonga, like those from Tamsui, find their market in America, where they come into competition ouly with the Japan product ana there is, untortunately, no doubt as to which kiad is likely to gain the complete control of that market, in mauy respects—with its yearly increasing population end its extending sfiluence—the most promising market in the world. Iu the la;t 10 years the export of Japan Teas to the United States is said to have nearly doubled ; ia the same time the Amoy export thither has fallen more than 50 per cent. The Lea duties in Japan are said to be les3 than half of those ruling in China; but it is more than probable that extra care in cuitivating and a willingness to adopt the latest and best contrivances tor preparing the leaf hive done more for the (development of the Japan tea trade than even light taxation. As an instance of the different spirit which pervades the rival produsing countries, it may be mentioned, on the authority of a Yokohama journal, that at least one enter- prising Japanese has already invented a tea-preparing machine oo modern principles, which ie said to be excellent of its kind. 1t need hardly bo said that either any machine nor any improvement on time-worn methods nas beea as yet adopted by the Amoy culti- vators, and no local effort worthy of the namehas been made hero to improve upon the ancient order of things. And yet it might be thought that the recovery for this district of such a large circulation of capitals as the tea busiuess of former days brought was an object worthy ot an energet.c struggle. Even 10 yeara ago the anoual export of Amoy teas represented over a million of dollara more than it does today, and such a heavy yearly loss to a distcict which, after all, is not very exvensive, would, it migut well be supposed, urge the losers to make every ettortto regain the position thus forfeited. But, so far as ordivary observers can detect, no such effort bas been thought of ; no out- cry such as would have been heard in any other country has been raised; not a symptom is dis- cernible to show that any serious differeuce in the weltare of the people has taken place. No donbt a great many of those formerly engaged in the Amuy ‘Vea districis have transferced their labours to Nurtu Formosa, many also have goue to svell the rising tide ofemigration to Java or the Straits , but the bulk, it may be assumed, remain on the old ground, exercis- ing their native iugenuity and industry in extracting from their fertile soil a crop ot some farm produce sufficient to meet their simple daily wants, stoically indifferent to the loss of au vecupstion in which they had ben once supreme and which under proper guidance and encouragement, they might still couduct with sadvautage to themselves and with substantial benefit of their couatry. ——_____—_——_——- EARLY PLANTING TIMES ANCIENT. K.C.B. The town of Kandy, charmingly situated amid encircling hills, caunot be eaid to possess a balmy or eixharating climate. In coustant sympathy with weep- ing skies above, Kandy may be called the * town of tears.’ Towards the month of November 1858 (tha year of the Matiny in India) I found myself a visitor at the old Ciub House, now the Qaeen’s Hotel, wait- ing for tha Sextoa’s flea-bitteu Arad mare, well kuown in those early days, as by far the best nag tor hirein Kandy. I had « long ride before me which brooked no delay and the prospect was not a very pleasaut one, as the rain was falling steadily if not heavily. I wasbound for the Elephant Plains estate, iq & agxtherg colts district, BY AN THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 673 At last after waiting a long time all things have an end. Beeswing, Muttu and celf started in the early moro for a spot among ‘4e Kanjyan mountains, called Otta Karen, or in ‘doglieh ‘‘ one bazaar,” which I was informed a!» boasted of a private resthouse. Our jouroey vas not sltogether too pleasant, for we had to do battle with rain, heat and wiod, as we ascended the Jandyan hills, and it was high noon day ere we reacbed the ‘‘une bazaar” and pulled up in front by avery tiny cot, or cottage, called by courtesy atesthouse. After shouting for some timea very small specimen of humanity appeared ana said “Tam the reathouse-keeper,” ‘Gilad tosee you.” I replied, *‘for we z.c. the mare, Muttuand self are hungry and tired.’’ “‘Come in Durai, I will give breakfast.” “Well, what have you got, appu?”’ “Got, got, sir, sar- dines and boiled eggs,” “Well, appu, those viccuals are for folks with weak digestion, is it not so? but look you here, appu, I am fainting from hunger, and must have a real good breakfast, do you heir me?” ‘Master please wait a couple of hoursand I give master grilled chicken and curry and rice.” I was tired and did not care to dispute the arrangement, only stipulating that Beoswing should have a couple of measures ot clean paddy without delay. Some- how, 1 iorgot to include Muttu in the feeding arrangements; and my sable guide made me aware of my cruelty, later on, and before we reached the KH. P. estates. The appu took his time to give the grill and curry and rice; Muttu took his time before he brought Beeswing round to the front-door; and it was late and cloudy and dreary and 3 o’clock of the day ere we started again for the K.’s district and for the H. P. estates. Muttu led the way, and suddealy turned off the Queen’s highway and leading me first of all, down a very slepy hillside, then through a rapid stream and on to a native hamlet, where Beeswing and self narrowly eicaped being chucked into a sweet-potatoe garden by the horns ofa venerable and surly Sinhalese buffalo who made a determined charge at horse and rider, and missed his mark, through the agility of Beeswlug and the ability of her rider. My sabie tricnd enjoycu the occasion greatly and said guoi, “‘Good,” sue only English word he seemed to kuow. Having esoaped destruction from the venerable buffalo, I inwardly rejoiced; but Muttu had another penalty in store ; for before we reached the tavalam road and right in the centre of a patch of jungle, some one, to pre- vent right of roadway from being disputed, had hewed down a giant of the forest and let i¢ fall across the road. I could see Muttu’s face beaming with joy—no chorru tor Muttu, eh ! doubtless he inwardly ex- claimed, ‘‘Now, master— what do?” But Beeswing and master were equal to the task, andover went, planter and mare, to the astonishment and delight of the cun- ning horsekeeper, who again and again exulaimed ‘‘Good, good.” Soon we reached the wretchet tavalam road; slong which we travelled for some miles, when & swift-flowing stream confronted us, and oyer which old Charon ferried us in a boat made from two hollowed trees fastened together with coir-rope. Then we entered the Stygian regions, gloomy and dreary, till at last emerging from the primeval forest, we arrived at what—for all the world seemed to me to be an Irish village, it consisted ofa couple of dozea of mud buts of all shapes and sizes, enlivened by the grunt of half-a-dozen long-snouted swive, and here Muttu pulled up and exclaimed “Votum, dorrie, Histate dorrie,” ~_—___—_—__- > --—— THE RESOURCES OF BRITISH EAST AFRICA, At the Imperial Institute on Jan, 29 a lecture was given by Mr. W. A. Fitzgerald on the “ Agricul- tural Resources of the Coast-Lands of Britisa Bast Africa,” The Marquess of Lorne presided, and there was a crowded attendance. Mr. Fitzgerald explained that he was not an official of the British Hast Africa Oompany, but went there tg inspect the country and to report 674 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 2, 1894: upon the facilities it afforded for tropical agriculture, The sphere of country under British influence ex- tended from Wanga on the Umba River northwards to, the Juba River, a total coast line of over 400 | within which were: to be found safe and | miles, commodious harbours, large navigable rivers, flour- ishing towns, and a rich and fertile.territory. The portion he visited included the tract between Mombasa and Port Durnford, and extending inland at one point to over.100 miles. The district wasin the very centre of the tropical zone, and was subject to the influence of the. W. and N.E. monsoons, he average rainfall along the coast was from 35 inches to 40 inches, tbe greater part falling during the S.W. rains, while the temperature averaged about 80 degs., and at Mombaea did not exceed 72 Jegs. The coast was flat and Jow, ite leading characteristics being coral rocks, winding inland creeks, aud dense thickets of man- gro es. A large porticn of the country aboundel in vegetation, among which would be found the baobab, the dome palm, aud forest trees, while beyond in the waterless. aud barren district were many varieties, and aloes, and fibre-yielding plauts- ‘There were three navigable rivers—the Tana, Ozi, and Juba. The gxyeater portion of the coast lend was composed of lich und fertile soil, and the only available labour was afforded by slaves; but the British Hast Africa Company had inaugurated the gradual emancipa- tion of the slaves by introducing tree labour. No doubt, owing to the extreme fertility of the soul, egcicalture had heretofore been carried on by means of the rudest and most primi- tiye implements. Slaves were purchased for. about 7l., and became the property of their owners for life. Their life was not 80 intolerable as was generally imagined, They were not overworked ; they had one or two holidays every week, and opportunities of earn- ing money for themselves. The various tribes in- habitiog the district were described and illustrated by limelizht views. A good deal of the produce was cultivated in open fields, but pilme, froits, bananas, sugarcane, and the more valuabie products were grown within carefully fenced plantations. A large number of palms were cultivated from the coconut downwards, and there were indications that in point of vield and time of bearing the coconut palm ot Hast Afiuca would f000 compare favourably with those of India aud Cxylon, Among grain, rice, maize, and millet were largely grown, and there were anumber of indigenous ou yielding plants, Tobacco and cotton also promised well, and there were several varieties of rubber-bearing planis. There was a great’ demand for Jabour, and Mr. Fizgerald. suggested that India would provide an inexbaustible reerviting ground. In conclusion the lecturer showed. a namber of views of the coast scenery aud the natives, with explanatory comments.— 0. Mail. a JAPANESE THA, There appears to be some reality in the much- talxed-of. movem¢«nt for the improvement of Japavese tea, Mr. Otani Kehei, President of the Japan Tea Manufacturing Company, has been giving some in- formation on the subject to’ a representative of the Kokumin newspaper. According to this information, J «pauese tea merchants have at leagth awoke tothe Jact that: if their industry is to be developed, nay, ey.n preserved, they must abandon the deiective iwethods which have hitherto impaired the reputation of the product. In the Prefecture of Miye, tue chief te1-prouucing district of Japan, the Local Assembly has voted a sum of 1,500 yen avnually fur three years commencing from the curreut year to be applied to the improvement of tea culture and preparation. It is not a large sum, but the fact that t e assembly has voted itis significant. The formation of the Awanto Setcha-kat on beha'f of which Mr. Mayede, ex-Vice-Mirister of Agriculture and Oommerce has shown so much eolicitude, must be m.ntioned in the same context, This Association is to commence operations on the 12th of next moth, e and is expected to exercise a very Leneficiai intuence. op the tea industry throughout the districts castwaxd, | Direct export is an old fancy of the of Hakone. Then we have the A Tea Manofactur- ing Joint Stock Company which aims at the direct export of the staple. The Company has not actually commenced operations, but its bye-laws framed, and ite preliwinsry srrangements com ' it will doubtless get to work at av early date. Jrpanese. It has always proved disastrous to those attempting it, and the tea business presents probably most difficult field of all for euch eessys. Mr, Otani, how- ever, declares that the Direetors of he new Oom sre thoroughly ulive to the difficulties of the tas they have setthemeclves, and have made preparations of: comp'ete character. It is to b+ hoped that he has reason for hie words. The process*s of re-firing and re-pscking to which Japanese tea is subjected at theopen porte con-titute ® tax with which it ought to be possible to dispense. Gut we have grave doubts whether the Japanese can effeet thie reform without foreign cooperation.—Japan Weekly Mail. ——_—.- -+>-—_—-— FINE COFFEE: A TRADEWINNER IN AMERICA—WHY NOT TEA. Next to fine bntter and the best flour, no one article exerts such an influence for good or bad upon consumers as coffee. It is the one thing which Americans are fond of and for which they are willing to pay a good price. There cannot be too high an estimate placed upon gradeand havirg the coffee fresh roasted. Coffee rivals beer in belog a national beverage. If the quantity of coffee used is reduced to gallons of infusion the result shows a COnAIEIH BION of one to two gallons per capita greater than of beer. Consumers may find fault about price, but they will haye that which pleases. the palate, Good coffee goes far to make the reputation of a store, It causes people to talk about and to advertise the place where it can be had.—American Grocer. [But why not, properly-made tea of fine quality ? —EpD, a A ] > _____ DO COFFEE AND TEA FACILITATE DIGESTION ? This question is treated by C. Falkenhorst. in a short paper in the Gartenlaube, Leipzig, December, which he devotes toa review of the recent experi- ments of Schulz-Schulzenstein, publishe@ in the Zeitschrift fiir’ Phystologische Chemie, and designed to throw light on this much-disputed question, This paper is reproduced by the Literary Digest. This celebrated chemist prepared from the fregh mucous membrane ofa pig an extract which ap- proached very nearly in character to the gastric juice, and first tested it with the albumenof a boiled egg. The operation was completed in eight hours, and 94 per cent. of the subs:aace converted into digested albumen. He then eubmitted a de- caoction of tea and coffee, severally, to the uction of the same: preparation. In the case of the coffes 61 per cent, and in the case of tea 66 per cent of the albuminous contenis was digested, thus ccn- firming the observation frequentiy made by physi- cians that boiling materially prejudices the diges- tibility of albuminous substances, Treating more particularly of coffee, he observes that it contains several active principles, each of which exercises an icfluence on the system, The most important of these are: First—Caffein, which raises the activity of the heart, operating, in small quant.ties as a wholesome stimulus, but as a poison when taken in excess. Second—an_ gro- matic substance, which operates principally on- the neryes,. acting in moderate quantity, as ean agreeable stimulus; to this is attributable the phantasies so frequently experienced as a result of coffee drinking. Lhird—The coffee bean containg Aannin, to whieh it owes its bitter taste, and his, Afri 2; 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 675 as is. well-known, enters into combinations with albumen which materially prejudices its digesti- bility, These three principal substances vary very much with the method of preparation. If the eoffee is simply infused in water at the boiling point, and allowed to cool at once, we get little caffein, a great deal of the aroma, and scarcely a trace of tannin, If we allow the coffee to boil for a time, the aroma is dissipated, passing off with the steam; we get more caffain, and the longer it is boiled, the more tannin is dissolved out. These experiments confirm the view generally expressed by physicians, that coffee Jong boiled prejudices digestion, while a simple infusion facili- tates it; but its beneficial action in the latter case ignow shown to be due, not to direct chemical action on thealbumen present, but indirectly to its aotion on the nerves of the stomach promoting the secretion of gastric juice. In other words, its action is physiological, not chemical. Turning now to tea, he finds its constituents very nearly similar, Tho tea leaves also contain csffein (called, also, theine), aromatic substances and tannin, Consequently in tea, as in coffee, the properties of the beverage depend very much on whether it is an infusion or a decoction. The problem is very simple. The traveller on the march will find himself benefited most by the caffein, and to secure this the coffee must be brought to, and maintaired for a few minutes at the boiling point. But to take boiled coffee after a full meal impede: digestion and heigh tens the heart's action unduly. On the other hand, anin{usion of tea or coffee; taken at such times, facilitates digestion and exerts a whole some and exhilarating action on the mervous system. Long boiling, or stewing near the boil, of either tea or coffee, brings out all the tannin, which is always prejudicial to digestion. As 8 consequenca, the practice of keeping tea or cof3e hos upon the ssove is a pernicious one.— American Grocer. —— i THE OPENING FOR PLANTERS AND EAST AFRICA. Lonpon, Feb, 16, You were told in my last letter that it was probable that SIR GEORGE CAMPBELL might be seea by me before next writing on the subject respecting which you have lately shown so great an interest—the future of South-Hastern Atrica in its possible relation to Ceylon. During the week Sir George has kindly granted mea the op- portunity of a long conversation upon this matter. He told me he strongly endorsed the view put forward by yourselves, that in the first-mentioned country there might be found the latter's oppor- tunity in respect to the openings it may hereafter afford to many young men trained among you in - tea and cofise and other oultivation. He acknow- ledged that nothing could better fit a man for embarking in plantiag operations in the newly- opened-up regions of South Africa than a prelimin- ary training in such a echool of teaching as Qeylon affords. According to all accounts that we receive from you, there is likely, ere many months pass, to be a large number of young men who haye become so qualified for whom it wil! be impossible to find fitting employmentin Ceylon. It is well-known tbat such a surp!usage is ever & source of social discontent and of social danger, Sir George Campbell believes that a field is opsning IN SOUTH AFRICA teat might successfully receive aa many of tho IN SOUTH above class as you will ba able to spare to it. He remarked to me:—‘‘ Of sourse, I am not able to speak to you on this subject from knowledge loeally acquired. All I may say, therefore, must be sub- ject to discount from this cause. Still, as you know, I have taken a very considerable and widely dis- tributed interest in the Oompanies now formed for developing the agricultural and mining industries in Matabeleland, and I have necessarily been brought into personal contact with many men who from their losal knowledge may ba regarded as authorities. It has been necessary for me to closely. examine and sift: the information gained from these, and as the result to my haviag done ceo I have honestly adopted the conclusion that South Africa is to be the future El Dorado: of our British youth. Of course. I am not alluding to such settled lands as those of Natal and the Oape Colony. Those who seek to try their fortune in Matabeleland must make up their minds to a rougher life and to possibly greater vicissitudes than are naw experienced by those who have passed through the fire in the two more advanced colonies. But I oan imagine no better opening for & young man who has acquired planting knowledge in Ceylon than the magnificent table-lands of the Matabele region affords. Tho climate, from all accounts, is perfect, and the soil of the utmost fruitfulness, and in many parts entirely virgin. What we of the Buluwayo Syndicate, of which I am Ohasirman, are doing, is securing at very nominal prices the concessions of lands and mining claims made to those who volunteered for the campaign against Lobengula. Each of these are to ba allowed to seleot 5,000 acres and 120 claims (I must state these figures under resarve, not feeling sure that my memory accurately retains these given me by Sir George.—OCorrespondent.) There are, of course, very few of the recipients of these concessions who haye the capital to develop them for themselves, They will, therefore, part witha portion of them in order to seoure suffigient capital to attempt the development of the balance. This necessity it is of which the Buluwayo Syndicate is taking advantage. Our first step has been to secure as large a proportion of these concessions as we can obtain, And you must recollect that each concessionaire has the privilege of selecting his own lands and claim, a privilege, of course, that will extend to those purchasing his rights from him, Soitis not to be doubted that before very long we shall have acquired a very large amount of very valuable land most suited to sub-tropical agriculture, as well as a very considsrable number of mining claims. There will certainly soon be a rush to secure these lands and claims, It has been so in other parts of the new South African territories, and it will find a parallel in Matabeleland. Naturally we, who are putting our money into this speculation, look for a good return from it. When I tall you that one such Company I am connected with has already been able to pay us a dividend of 125 per cent, you will admit the possibilities which we believe to lie before our venture. You will have seen that the Buluwayo Syndicate has a'ready quadrupled its original capital. That increase, when proposed by me, was at once subscribed for among the shareholders present in the room, and any further amount we may require can be got without difficulty, I do hopa those in Ceylon who do not find their prospacts bright will give consideration to the possible fisld opening for them in South Africa. I fully thiok it would be to their advantage todoso. ‘I'he climate seems to be most suitable, and railways already baye come withig the reach of a few days’ travel, 6746. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894, and of. course this facility will soon be extended.” I asked Sir. George how the BRITISH COLUMBIA SCHEME about which I lately wrote to you as one in which he had an interest was progressing, and he tells me he fears it must be for the present abandoned, owing to the difficulty of raising capital. He said that the best offer received for underwriting the capital of £250,000 for this was £50,000, a tax that the promoters did not feel justified in assenting to. He further told me that inquiry made as to the Highland Crofcers whom it had been proposed to establish onthe new lands had revealed their unfitness for emigration, As I had before, learned of these people, the inquiry demonstrated that they are thrittless and lazy ina most exceptional degree, and that they are unwil- ling atall times todo anything to improve their position, preferring any form of loafing to steady industry to earn a livelihood. Any ideas of transfer- ring them to British Columbia had therefore been wholly abandoned. THE FINEST TEA EVER GROWN. A ‘small consignment of tea from the Mount Vernon Kstate, Ueylon, was sold on 13th inst, by public suction at the Oommercial Sale Rooms, Minoing Lane at £8 10s per lb, It was pro- nounced to be the finest ever grown,—L. and OC, Express, Feb. 16, ——__-->——__—_---—- THA AT £8-10s, PER bb. “ Actually the very finest tea ever grown’’ must needs be acostly article. The proportion of living mortals whocan detect shades of superiority among wines of the first classis very small. It is sad to think, perhaps, how many of our fellow-creatures who boust a cellar have never tasted a really great wine; though they have-paid for one often enough. As for cigars, there are so. many princes and millionaiies about that undistinguished persons cau never hope to enjoy the experience necessary for cultivating a finished taste. But tea is eyerybody’s drink—that is, almost. A hundred thousand in- habitants of this island are connoisseurs, probably. And; besides, there is a market for the best 10 Kussia, America and Australia, to mame only the principal tea-drinking countries. Therefore, ‘‘actually the very finest ever grown’ ‘must be subject to world-wide competition. But when all allowances are made eight pounds ten shillings per pound sounds impossible. Do the Hmperor of Uhina pay so much? Perhaps he does, but his Majesty is not supplied direct trom the auction room. Such, however, was the price which business men paid for a lot of Ceylon tea on Tuesday at the Commercial Sale Rooms, Mincing-lane. lt must be presumed that they were not less sane than other people. ‘they expected to make a profit too, nodoupt. It would be really interesting to know who buys and who drinks that superlative decoction.—Evening Standard. - i —___—__<-_—__—_——- THE OUTLOOK FOR COFFEE. A prominent firm in the coffee trade has issued’ as is ils habit, a lengthy circular reviewing the position of coffee. oiies : F Evidently the authors of this circular believe in big crops in 1694-95 and afterwards, for they estimate the crops of the world at 13,500,000 bags, of which Rio, Santos, Victoria, Bahia and Oerea are to furnish 8,500,000 bage. Who will carry tne surplus coffee? isthe ques- tion asked, and answered only suggestively, but with the intimation that prices must yield, as gapital Will not invest for itself ab extreme figures, ee ee being content to ‘carry surplus for account of others.’ lt is claimed thatthe United States does not need to carry as large stocks ag formerly, owing to the custom of large dealers buying in primary markets. In conclusion the circular Bays : The continuance of high prices bas not only stimulated increased production in all regular coffee-growing countries, but bas been the means of opening up other lands to the cultivation of the bean, where planters have been attracted by the lucrative returns elsewhere to make the venture, even to the extent of abandoning other lines. In this respect we may mention the Sandwich Islands, New Zesaland* and the Iransvaal*, and in a short time we shall not be surprised to learn that these places will raise sufficient coffee to admit of exports. We cousequenily incline to the opinion that the period of high values for coffee—say from 1887 to 1894—will be followed by a season of a lower range, in the same way that the high prices from 1873 to 1879 were followed by a range of very low values, and if prezent prices shouid undergo a reduction of 50 per cent they would then be con:iderably higher than those which existed from 1882 to 1886. In the foregoing we present our ideas based upon the question of probable supplies, without considering other elements, like speculation and sentimeat, Let us first note the statistical position of coffes, based upon the official report of the New York coffee exchange. From that we compile the fol- lowing statement :— Visible supply of § Jan. 1, 1893.....cc0eeee 8,106,271 the world, | Jan. 1, 1094.....cccsece 2,433,248 Stocks in Europe. Jan, 1893... + 1,208,080 Stocks in United States, Jan. 11893...... 419,241 Rece'pts in Europe, 1893 < « 6,478,801 Recipts in Unite1t States, 1893 4,057,516 Total supply, Europe and U. S., 1893... 12,153,588 Less stucks, Jan. 1,1894 « ee 1,540,248 is - 10,614,340 Deliveries { 1893... for 1892.. ol «» 10,967,162 The above shows decreased receipts and 4 reduction in the world’s visible supply of 673,023 bags, indicating light crops in 1893-4, and con- sumption below the previous year, but not as marked as the decreace in receipte. It is apparent that 11,0.0,000 bags measure the world’s requirements, with coffee at high prices, ‘The question as to the future iz one of supply and demand. If the former reaches, as is estimated, 13,500,000 bags, then prices muet recede if the coosumption is to increase. Low priczs stimulate consumption, and large crops means lower prices. The opinion expressed in the quotatiun given above froma the trade circular is well taken. For several years there has been a Jarge extension of the area devoted to coffee in Brazl, Mexico, Central America, United States of Colombia, Venezuela, Libera, on the Malabar coast, and other points. It is about time that the product of new plantations should haye a direct influence upon supply. The Java crop of 1894-95 is now estimated at 1,250,000 piculs. The 1893-94 crop in the Kast Indies was unusually light, some districts in Java not yielding one-tenth of the previous seacon’s crop,.or about 71,000 piculs, against an estimated out-turn of government coffee in 1894-95 of 730;00U piculs, besides 600,000 for private account. Brazil has furnished for the past few years about 55 per re laia sey fo Se te eae Sew Coa ranusvaa as colwee proaucers: we 2 net think statement is correct Ep, 7.4, _ ne: APRIL 2, 1894.] cent of the world’s requirements, or say. 6,000,000 bags. The 1894-95 Brazil crop is variously esti- mated, but none figure less than 7,000,000 bags. Guatemala, in spite of orop injury, will have a crop ahead of last year. The outlook at this time is highly encouraging for large supplies and lower prices. A bull apecula- tion under the circumstances would be the maddest. sort of folly. Oheap coffee is a boon to the dealer as well as the consumer. It affords opportunty to push a profitable branch of the retail grocery bueiness and is a splendid advertising factor. Coffce is a trade winner, and it is the popular national beverage.—American Grocer. A COLOMBO COMPANY TO MAKE TEA LEAD. We call attention to the advertisement on this eubject. When once the Customs duty on pig-lead is taken off, no doubt such a project will be desirable in planting interests, and planters ought to support it. We way state the intention of the Compeny to he formed, ie, to make tea leadcn the spot, from the raw Material imported, and it is expected this can be done at a geod profit, independent of the dif- ference between imported tea lead cases, and cases made in the country. Machinery will be imported with all the latest improvements with an expert in charge. The Company will take over the Mattakkuliya Mills belonging to Messrs. Stevenson & Co. at valua- tion. The capital required will be considerable owing to heavy stocks teing required. Planters taking an interest in the Oompany will certainly benefit by it. The capital will be R200.000 with power to increase; R100 shares. Mr. Alexarder Stevenson, senior, will be Managing Director after tke formation of the Company. The letter from Government on the subject of the duty is as follows :— Colonial Secretary’s Office, Colombo, Jan. 22. GenTLEMEN,—In acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 30th November 1893, suggesting that pig-lead imported for mannfacture in the island, should be passed through the Customs Free of Duty. I am directed to infarm you that a decision cannot be given immediately, but that the subject is under consideration.—I am, gentlemen, your obedient servant, (Signed) H. L. CRAwForp, for Colonial Secretary. Messrs. Stevonson & Sons. —__<¢—__—_—- WYNAAD PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. We have received a copy of the proceedings of the annual general meeting held at Poothacoolie bungalow, _on Wednesday, 14th February, when a report was submitted of the proceedings of the Association since Ist October 1892. The report stated that the past year had been made memorable by the fact that a conference of representatives of all planting As- sociations had been held and that the foundation- stone had been laid of a United Planters’ Association of Southern India; also that their political status in the country had been so far recognised that H, E. the Governor of Madras had promised that, if nothing unforeseen should occur, he would nomi- nate a member of their community to the next vacancy on his Legislative Council. They complained that they could not get coolies owing to the im- punity with which a class of dishonest contractors was able to rob these men who took adyances without meaning to bring in coolies and they were told in reply that when they did get coolies, they should THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 674 pay them and treat them better. Since a con- fidential letter from the Government of Madras to the Government of India was published the Madras Mail had advocated their cause in a leading article which had elicited from the Private Secretary to the Governor a disclaimer on the part of Govern ment of ever having intended to impute to them ill- treatment of their coolies. The correspondence had resulted in a promise from His Excellency to receive a deputation of planters to further discuss the matter with him, The Government of Madras had responded favorably to their memorials representing their grievances caused by the recent Revenue Settlement of the District and had promised redress to those who had suffered hardship. With regard to minor matters, they hadthis year been given a Telegraph Station at Meppadi and a grant had been made of R37,400 for the improve- ment of the Myeore-Chundale road, which though inadequate in itself is a slep in the right direction. Though, as far as the secretary was aware, no receivers of stolen coffee had been convicted during the year, yet there had been increased activity among the police ; constables who were also coffee planters had been removed from the district and the composi- tion of the force had heen genera!ly improved. As regards their prospects Arabian coffee was still doing weil in places, and where it had failed Liberian and tea were rapidly taking its place. There was scare at one time that Liberian coffee seed taken from trees of the second and third generation from the orixinally imported ones, had détcriorated, but on a reference to Mr Thisleton Dyer, Director of Kew Gardens, they were assured that this was not likely to be the case. Young tea clearings were growing luxuriantly and the reports and valuations already made on samples of the leaf, held out promise that they shovld be able to hold their own with the best estatesin Assam. So it wa3 to be hoped that Wynaed had at last passed through the lowest s'de in its fortunes and would soon recover the position that it nsed to hold among planting distriot. os = =- INDIAN TEA DISTRICTS’ ASSOCIATION CHICAGO EXHIBITION. A circular to the following effect is about to be issued to the members :— ‘“ The Chicsgo Oommittee have considered s pre- liminary report by Mr. Blechynden, the Special Com- missioner at this Exhibition, of the operations hehad conducted during the past year. They are of opinion that the results obtained so far are satisfactory, but that immediate steps should be teken to keep {ndian tea before the Americen public for another year or two, 88 otherwise the Oommittee think that the expen- ditureé already incurred will have been wasted, and that the knowledge of Indian tea gained by the work done at the Exhibition will soon die out. Under the circumstances, the Committee desire me to recommend to your earnest attention the neces- sity of the firms and Companies in London interested in Indian tea advising their Calcutta agents to support the resolution a copy of which is eubjoined,” Resolution of Chicago Committee, passed at a meeting heldon February 13th, 1894 :— ‘“ That Messrs. Reid, Murdoch, and Oo.’s proposals for the continuance of tle efforts to push the gale of Indian tea in America by advertising, giving away samples, &c., are geuerally approved of by the Com- mittee, and that the Calcutta Association be re- quested to arrange for the supply of funds by» levy on the members on the same scale as last year, the funds subscribed to be remitted to this Association for disporal. “ That a copy of this resolution be sent toall mem- bers with a circular explaining the advantages of a continuince of the work already do.e in Amerioa, and a requcs: that instractions be sent to their Oalculta ogents to meet the proposed levy on members to supply funds.” EsxneEst Tye, Secretary. London, February 14th 1894,—Looal {*Times.”’ 678 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. fApRit 2, B94 VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES, ’ Tea Crors.—We continually hear vague etate- ments ag to the outturn of tea estates and districta— bothin India and Ceylon—but when we see that the N. and 8. Sylhet tea companies with their 20,000 -pores only turn out some 8,000,000 lb. or an ‘average of about 5 mds. an acre, we imegine the figures. are from favored plote, for the N. and 8. Sylhet: Companies are situate in the Dooars and Sylhet, the highest yielding districts in India.— Nilgiri News. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AGRI-HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF Mapraa for October-December 1893 has the following costents:—Euryale ferox, Andaman plants, Plants from Calcutta, Wire trellie, Beetles, Water channels for Nursery, Seeds to Chepauk, Nicholeon’s Dictio- nary, Ficus Tsiela, Proceedings for Novetobrr 1893, Tapasaste (Cytisua proliferus), Cyclone, Rain Gauge, ‘Raio-tree growth, Bambusa siamensis, Gardner engaged, Proceedings for December 1893, Peperoli Seed, Tree Seeds, Chrysanthemums, Oommittce Member, Special Prize, and Financial Statement. ‘AGRICULTURAL GazeTTE” of New South Wales ‘for Javnuary hei the following contents :—Useful _Australian Plants, J H Maidep, the Black Bean or the Moreton Bay Chesnut, (‘casfanosperum aus- trale,”) A Conn, Two Fodder Plants interesting to the Woolgrower (‘* Medicago orbicularis and Medicago scutellate,”) J H Maiden. Cape Cotton (‘‘ Gomphocar- pus fruticosus,” R. Br.) J H Muiden. Botanical Notes, J H Maiden; o Native Senna, the Corn Gromwell, © Q@papbalium japonicum, Thunb”. Experiments with ‘Pulses, G Valder. Notes on Ringbarking and Sap- ing—Bared on Foresters’ Reports—compiled and an- notated by J H Maiden. Poultry, S Gray, the Orpington, Practical Vegetable Growing, directions for the month of Febrosry. Orchard Notes for Febru- ary. General Notes, the Export of Wines, Planter’s Friend, Rust-resisting Wheats, a new calf-feeder. Ari- cultural Societies’ Show 1894. A ScHoot oF For#stRY TO BE ATTACHED TO THE ScuooL or AGRICULTURE.—We hear that a proposal has been made by Government for the establishment of a Sckool of Forestry to be attached to the School of Agriculture and that nego‘iations on the subject are going on. This is a very good idea indeed ; and we believe was first suggested by Mr. Seneviratne at the last Prize Distribution at the Agricultural School. -But it isto be ‘hoped that the school will not be -entirely dependent on the School of Agriculture, and that fresh students will be advertised for, instead of the admissions being confined to those already in the School of Agriculture, whose range of education does pot go high enough for the work. A separate institu, {ion like ‘the Technical School will be more satisfac tory in more ways than one.—Cor., local ‘‘ Examiner.” Export or Tea to Russta.—There ate not want- ing ‘those interested in the progress of British-grown tea in new directions who declare that the future yace will be not so much as to Ceylon and Indians against Chinas, as between America and Russia in the matter of consumption. I was asking an ex- porter the other day in what light he regarded the remarkable expansion of exports of Ceylon tea to Germany, seeing that all attempts hitherto to find a market for.a Ceylon trade in that part of the conti- "yent have completely failed. I was assured that it was so; Germans are more disinclined to the use of ‘the fragrant leaf than the French, and that is saying “a good deal, but it is the fact that German ladies ‘-have never taken to the social institution of ‘ after- noon tea” as have the leaders of society in Paris. By far the larger portion of the so-called shipments of Ceylon tea to Germany, say nine-tenths in reality, are in transit to Russia; so that we must ~add the’ exports to the latter country to the figures “for Germany, less one-tenth of the latter, in order to’ obtain’ the’ correct yesults of our tea trade with the country of the Czar. If this be done, it will be ‘seen how largely this’ portion of your trade has expanded within the last few years, thanks te Mr. Rogivae.—London Cor.,: local ‘{ Times.” ON CUIIING THROUGH A TEAK L0G in the saw m‘''s at Her Mejesty’s Dockyard at Sheerness, 6 hollow place was discovered in the centre, in which wes 6 bird’s nest, containing four eggs. The formed part of a’ consignment of timber deliver at the dockyard some months since from India.— M. Mail. PgoGREts IN THE West Inpies.— Says a correepon- dent of Commerce 6s 8 proof of progress in small West Indian islands :— There are clubs, and pleasant society, and we have telephonic communication with nearly every estate in Antigua and St. Kitts. Every planter can speak from his estate tothe town, and also to every other planter. There are still a few conservative persons who will not accept the innovation, but they will not hold out long. Wehave 296 miles of wires in Antigua, and about half that in St. Kitts, and the rent is only £4 10s per annum, Corrre Crop in Java for 1894 is estimated at 523,940 picule, against 159,408 piculs in 1893, and 402,495 piculs in 1892. The Government crop is estimated at 311,140 picule, which was expected to be larger, but generally the outturn is under the estimate. The first estimate of the 1893 crop was for the Govern- ment 144,496 piculs, and the outturn 69,093 piculs. The above figures show that the Gov- ernment coffce cultivation is constantly decreasing in importance, and is exceeded by the private cultivation. The crop promises to be early this year, and the first arrivals may be expected in April next.—L. and C. Express, Feb. 16. A Grunt Trex.—The Southern Hemisphere, as well as our own, appears to have bad an ex- traordinary fruit season, if the following item, which we glean from a Cape journal devoted to agriculture, can be taken as a4 oriterion, At a farm two houra from Oudtstroom, called Vergelegen, there is an Orarge-iree 38 feet high, the circumference of the lower branches being about 100 fect. After a great many had been taken off, the remaining Qranges were picked, and upon being counted were found to number 9,000. A few years ego the same tree yielded 11,600. The largest Orange trees are supposed to be those in Asia Minor, near the site of ancient Tralles, at Aidin Guzel Hisser; but they do not approach this Cape prodigy.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. THe Private Tue Tea SEED SeAson—says The Planter— is now in full swing in Cachar, and managers are takiog delivery from the various seed-growing concerns. Up to date the seed has turned out very well, tbe percentage of bad seed being very low. The seed from the well-known Cossipur estate has been very good indeed ; alto that from Alyne. The Manipur and Tamnu seed is expected down shorily, and should turn out well. Intending purchasers had better be sharp in registering their orders. The Tamnn seed is about the best on the market for all flat and bheel gardens. In buying seed from Tamnu or Munipur purchasers should take into account the long distance it has to travel, and the consequent loss in weight. One maund of seed from these districts is about equal to.one and a half maunds of seed freshly plucked -and-locally, Last year, I saw some of this seed from Tamnu which turned out 90 per cent. good on arrival in Cachar. This seed should be immersed in slightly tepid water for two hours, immediately it reachesits destination, and then put in germinating beds. With all the new extensions and new gardens, there is likely to be a great scarcity of good seed this season. — Aprit 2, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 679 COMPRESSED FODDER FOR STOCK. Those who visited the exhibition of Victcrian products in the Wharf & Warehouse buildings last month will remember the exhibits of compressed fodder, of which there were four specimens, viz. chaff, bran,corn cake composed of 20 lb. crushed oats and 8 lb. crushed maize; and lastly the forage for horses, cattle and sheep, described as being com— posed of 16 Ib. chaff, 8 lb. oats, 2 lb, maize, and 2 1b. bran, The following from the Melbourne Argus gives some information on the subject of compresced. fodder :— Reference was made in the Victorian Parliament to a new form of compressed fodder, about which more is likely to be heard, as it seems to offer special facilities forean export trade in this particular product. Westcott’s Patent Compressed Fodder, as it is termed, is being prepared at the .Austral Otis Works, South Melbourne, for purposes of experiment, and results show that the reduction is carried to a remarkable extent without, as far as can be seen in any way, injuring the fodder. For many years ast methods towards this end have been patented, ut the failure in all has been that something had to be added to or taken from the fodder. Some glutinous medium, such as treacle, was largely ap- plied in nearly all of them, and this the inventors state was one of the methods which Sir Frederick Sargood states he saw applied in Germany. The main principle used is hydraulic pressure, and samples of oats, bran, chaff, and all three mixed, with maize added, may be seen at the works by those interested. A bran block after being compressed can be cut into blocks with a circular saw, and resembles more than anything else a block of kanri pine, yet pressure upon the ends break it up essily. Some idea of the’ pressure used is gained from the fact that a ton of chaff can be put into 40 cubic, while 120 cubic feet is the smallest bulk obtainable in any other way, and a reduction to 40ft. to the ton brings it to the bulk at which lowest freights are charged for shipping. So far as the experiments made show the possibilities, the cost of preparing it in this way, inclusive of chaffing, will be 25s per ton. Mr. Connor, M.L.C., who made the experiment of sending home chaff lately, paid 15s per ton for preparing it in a bulk of 120st. to the ton, and 35s per ton for freight. With the chaff condensed, as in this case—his three tons into one—he would have made a good profit. Tbe charge of 25s per ton quoted by the inyentors includes chafling, compres- sing, and placing in a jute wrap and binding with iron hoops ready for shipment or carriage any where. The plant proposed for working it on a large scale would make, it is considered, 100 blocks an hour, and for convenience in handling it is proposed to made them up in blocks of 281 1b. each, these blocks measuring 16in. x Qin. and 6in. thick. Four of these blocks, or 1 cwt. of fodder, would have a bulk of two cubic feet. The firm have given _ the compressed fodder to their own horses, which show a preference for it as against the feed as ordinarily mixed, and the fact of the fibre in all cases being thorongbly crushed will, it is thought, make it a more economical foodto use. Thismay be admitted, since the expense of crushing oats for feed is covsidered by moat people to be ful:y covered by the extra gain in ita quality as fodder. The fodder in its compressed form has been exsmined by representatives of the leading shipping firme, who state that it has none of the disadvantages of chaff, when shipped inits ordivary form, such, for in- stance, as risk fromfire. Samp'es of the fodder havo already been sentto the West Anatralian go!d-fields for use by carriers, and to India with one of the last shipments of horres, and reports will be obtained jn Cue course es to its suitability for the Indian trade, bat more especially to the prospeot of sending §¢ ° fodder in euch o form to Initia. Many gentlemen interested in stock have inspected the todder so pre- parel, and the general opinion is that the process 1s likely to bs of great value even if limited to Auetralin, but that it offers altogether new possibities in an export trade. en een TEA PROSPECTS IN “THE DUN,” A correspondent writes:—‘ Lact year was thé best year as far as tea is conoerned that the Dun gardens have had for a loog time, but so far this year the prospects are even more promis- ing. Steady rain fell without intermission the whole of yesterd:y, the 28th February, and before that fall over 6} inches of rain had been registered. Yesterday’s fall cannot have boen less than 2 inches, and a3 the rain was steady, tha greater portion of this must have sunk into ths soil, nnd become available for the bushes. In some of the gardens the bushes have alreay begun to flush, and plucking should being in another fortnight, provided the weather does not turn cold. The spring crop, which is an important one in the Dun, will consequently be an unusually large one,”— Pioneer. oe ee LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE PRODUCE. (From Patry d& Pasteur, Limited, Report of the Colsnial Markets for the Week ending February 14th, 1894.) TRAVANCORE TEA, Bon. Ami showed the best quality of the teas offered this week, although all the four estates in sale proved useful quality. Broken pekoes attracted most attention, “4 Ei bese Behe CiSi ean erst Saten teenies . ° ° rs) }° i=} =| a Be: i iehant igtebeeen ie SA ae amps & 4 Bon Ami 1vzd_ syd, 53d — 64d, 5d 215 chs. 13d 6d Aneimudi 94d 7d 6d — 7id, 6d 166 4-ch 74a Wallardi Sid 64d 54d — 53d, 4d 87 chs. 734 Parvithi 9d 64d 6d — = 844-ch 7d Total 550 packages, averaging 74d per Ib. ——__—_______ DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) Londou, February 18. ANNATTO,—The recent strong advance inthe price of annatto seed bas bought forward teveral lots which were shown at today’s auctions. None of them, how- cver, were of very desirable quality, avd of the 82 packages shown, only 1l boxes ot very dull colour eold at sa per lb. ; fair quality was ‘bought in at from 44d to 6d. The market is tending easier, Cassia Fistura,—Vhere is now a toir supply, 45 bales of Java pods lean to medium fair bright being bought in at 35salthough when a bid of 188 was madeit was ear-maiked by tke-broker ; for bettér olass pods 258 is asked. Another lot of 21 bales Jean wormy dry pods was bought inat 20s per cwt. Cuness.—It is reported that there bas been a fairly good demand for cubebs lately, and one broker re- ports private sales of good blue berries at 60s per cwt. A general survey of the market, however, in- dicates a lower tevdincy for the article. At auction 70 bags were shown and bought in at from 55s to 573 per cwt., for fair smell browa berries somewhat mixed with staik f om Singapore. QoININE.—There has been an almos} total absence of busiress this week, andthe market is lees strong upon the surface, slthough the position of the drog remains found, Today we hear a bid of 1ljd per o¢: 686 was refnsed for German bulk quinine in the open mérket; but at auction 1,000 oz. Fabrica Lombarda quinine, in tins (year of import not stated), sold very cheaply at1jJ4d perez. Ino addition to this lot there were 7,500 oz. of B & Sand Brunewick quinine in sale. There were bought in at from 112d to 12d per oz. The demand in the States during the last two months of 1893 is said to have becn unprecedentedly large. The total annual consumption of quinine jin that country is now estimated at from 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 oz. ——_ —»>_—— PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION. The Brerrwoop Tren (Casuarina Wquisitifolia) has been recommended by the ‘‘Kew Bulletin’ for plant- ing on sandy shores in tropical countries. The tree is being extensively planted in West Africa, and a report by Dr. Rowland on the sanitary condition of Lagos refers to the Casuarina as of very rapid growth, and preferring a savdy and saltish soil. It is suggested that the tree might be advantageously cultivated on the borders of swamps where the Eucalyptus will not succeed. An Australian paper is serions in its recommenda- tion that a Noxrous Insxcr Birr shonld he passed, “probibiting diseased plants of any kind being introduced, whether infected with fungoid diseases or infested with insects.’ It is suggested that every imported plant or tree of whatever kind should ie quarantined snd be either fumigated, or disinfected hy. other means: further that every person sending fruita across the country should be compelled to have his fruit cases dipped in boiling water and that frnit shops should be subjected to thorough ¢Xamination and supervision. ‘‘The machinery of such an act,” concludee the Australian paper, ‘‘ need not be difficalt to form,” Woop ror Pianos is kept as rule for 40 years before it is considered sufficiently in coniition to be used: wood for tennis racquets are said to require at least 5 years’ seasoning. a COFFEE LEAF DISEASE IN CEYLON. Ceylon would seem to be earning a bad name as an infected area of coffee leaf disease. The Kew Bulletin for December mentions that Mr. Thisleton Dyer (who was consulted by the Foreign Office as to the advisability of enforcing certain regulations for prohibiting the importation into Central Africa of any seed or plant likely to introduce the coffee leaf fungus) gives it as his opinion that it was without doubt from Ceylon that the disease was conveyed to South India, Sumatra, Java and Mauri- tius: and he againrepests “it is clear that starting from Ceylon a wide area has been progressively infected, extending, at the present time, from Natal in one direction to Fiji in the other.” Dr. MacGregor, who was charged with the duty of stamping it outin the latter country reported that the probability was pretty strong that the disease was introduced in, and spread from the charcoal packing of imported seed, and that it was by no means impossible that the disease was introduced in the clothing or personal effects of some person or persons arriving from Fiji in Ceylon.— Com. es . A NEW FODDER PLANT, Au interesting sccount of a new fodder plant that has keen turned to good purpose in the Australian colonies is supplied by a correspondentof the Field. He says: * 1nere are few people who suffer so much from the constant want of a sufficient rainfall as - our far-off cousins who dwell beneath the Southern Oross. Many expedients have been had recourse to by Oceanian stockmen to tide their flocks over perilous times, w:th various results. Perhaps one of the most successful fodder plants introdaced into the Antipodean colonies is that known as the tagasasti (Cytisue proliferus), the sced gf which in 1876 was rr THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894, imported by the late Dr. R. Schomburgb, of Adelaide from Madeira to South Australis. The plant, which is now receiving the undivided attention of the colo- nists, belongsto the genus Legumenore or laburnum, It, however, differs from the besutiful Euglish tree, inasmuch as it isnot po'sonous, the yellow la- burnom blossoms having proved fatal in several instances to stock. The tagasarti, on the other hand, is the principal green forage for cattle and borses, not only in Madeira, but alsoin the other Canary Isles, and the Azores. When first introduced by Dr. Schomburgb, it met with only a lukewarm reception by Australian farmers. Daring @ severe dearth of supplies, however, in 1886, the merits of the immigrant plant were tested. The shrub gave every ratiefaction, and, flourithing in the genial climate of Sonth Anstralis, has increased in favour with the colonists ever rince. In regard to its propagation, the seed can be sown broadcast in the ordinary way, it being first soaked in warm water for a few hours so an to softenit, and allow it to germivate more quickly. When the plants come too quickly, they sbould be thinned, and those taken up planted elsewh: re, about 8 feet apart. For the first couple of years the crop does not obtain its fulldevelopment, but in the third ycar the fu!l yield of forsge is obtained, and continues annually. If permitted, the plants will grow to e height of from 8 feet to 10 feet, but the usual plan adopted is, about twice a ycar, according to their growth, to ent them down to within two or three feet of the ground, so that they may become bushy. Tagasasti fodder bas the advantsge of containing a large quantity of nitrogen ous matter, the estimated proporticn being 1,136 of nitrogen, agsinst 1,028 yielded by tbe finest clover hay. Every 100 lb, of fodder ie calculated to produce 2°60 1b, of meat, and animals fed on it come into condition more rapidly than with any otber kind of food, except corn. The forege is usually prepared by mixing 851b. of green tagasasti with 20lb, of chopped straw. This emount is considered sufficient for the daily nourishment of either a horse or & cow. Yhe theory propounded, that tegasasti fodder will fatten stock more repidly than bay, is due to the presence in the shrub of an esrential oil. which is supposed to retard waste of tissue »nd thus caure fattening; on this account tugasasti is recommended for feeding those animals not used for working pur- poses. The plant, though rather intolerant to frost readily adapts it-elf to climate. Excessive rain or drought bas no detrimental effect on it; it luxuriates in light, sandy soil, and with but slight attention soon: stocks land where it is sown with a profitable supply of fodder. Both cattle and sheep delight in the green forage derived from the tagaeasti shrub, and the colonists of South Austra'ia have been left a last- ing memorial of the enterprising Dr. Schomburgh.— Farmer and Stockbreeder. eee See MYSORE A PARADISE. ‘Gold, Sport, and Coffee in Mysore.” By Robert H. Elliot. With a Map, in colours. (Westminster : Archibald Constable and Co.) Thore who, like ouiselves, have a pleasing, if not exactly Jively, recollection of a book publithed in 1871, under the title “ The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore” will be glad to see Mr. Elliot in print again. According to him there is no place on earth that is better then Mysore for those who have their own way to make in the world. There is sport galore, from bear and tiger to snipe. There is gold in abundance if you sre -content to dig deep for it, and we are told that the chairman of one company, whose shares were a little while ago worth rext to nothing, has recently apologised to his meeting of shareholders for pay- ing no more than a fifty per cent. dividend. But coffee planting is almost a gold-mine in Mysore. So to the problem, ‘“ What shall I do with myson? the answer now presented is “Send him to Mysore,” And the State—for it is one of the native Btates once administered by ourselves butnow handed E teeet Bina F. i. f ha “2.25 Aphin 2, 1894.] back to a native ruler—is governed on the most modern and enlightened principles. It has a representative assembly. It has a Dewan, or Prime Minister, who seems to have the knack of satisfying everybody, Huropean or native. Yet still if is not happy. It has always the fear of famine before its eyes. And the only way in which famine can be surely averted is by digging very deep welle, so as to store the water which at certain times comes down with something more than plentifulness, but runs off or gets absorbed, and is not always at hand when the thirsty grain or coffee plant wants it. Ofold, moreover, the natives used to hoard grain, after the mode of Joseph in Egypt. They hoard money today, and unhappily money does not always buy grain when , grain is scarce, Yet they have more money than ever, and there are plenty of railways, and more are boing made, and there are more in projection, so that where money is, grain need not be far cff. ‘The reason there igs more money is _ the amount of wages that are distributed gon- tinually, either by the mining companies or by the coffee planters, without any corre- sponding inorease in the expenditure of the people, whose caste system binds them very generally to vegetarianism and teetotalism. With a wise and economical administration, there ought to be no difficulty in finding funds, under all the circum- stances, for the desired deep wells. But the Go- vernment cannot do all at once, and, according to Mr. Elliot, the reason private persons will not do it is because Mysore is prevented by the Indian Government from putting the land revenue on a fixed basis, for it is liable to & revision every thirty years. Indeed, there is a very great deal of food for thought in Mr. Elliot’s pages. He thinks things out for himself, He cannot do away with the Indian Oongress, but he evidently loves the people he hag 80 long lived amongst. He cries out not so much Against missionary work as against missionary work on the lines laid down by Bishop Wilson, which involve the renunciation of caste, and caste he regards, with Bishop Heber and others, as a social arrangement with which Chris- tianity need not come into conflict. So long as converts have to give up caste they will always be the drega of the population, or hypocrites making a change of religion for the hope of worldly advantage, To allsorts and conditions of men this book ap- peals. But probably the greater number of readers will relish best its sporting pages. Mr. Elliot is a mighty hunter, and was Nimrod. His tales of great game and how to encompass its death are stirring indeed. We must borrow from him at least one story, premising that very much better, though longer, ones remain behind. He bears willing witness to the pluck, readiness and endurance of the natives who took to the jungle with him, - Many atime and oft, occasionally, alas, to meet the fate that, according to Hindu belief, is written on the forehead of svery man that is born into the world, though we cannot read the invisible charac- ters—compare the passage in Revelations about the elect. Of the nerve of some natives let this passage speak :— I have alluded to my second gun-carrier on this occasion as. being aman who had the greatest power of remaining still under all circumatances, out shooting, when it was necessary to do so,and I may also men- tion that he was aman who combined the greatest coolness with the greatest daring. He was of a Hindoo peasant family, entered my servica as a workman, rose to be a duffadar or overseer,and for many years has been head overseer on my coifee estates, and he is as good asaplanter ashe is as ashikari. Loould give many instances of his cool daring. Ono one occasion THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 681 a wounded tigress—it was the cold we when everything wasstill green about Eis alpeeene jJungle—went into a ravine Which was. flanked by a great bed of ferus about five feet bigh. The natives looked at this bed into which the tigress had diss : peared with considerable doubt, and one of then said, ‘‘ How 18 anyone to go in here?’ «7 will show you,” said Ruma Gouda quietly, and he picked up seveveral large stones, threw them into the ferne and then plunged into them. I afterwards killed the tigress on foot in the raviue, but of course he oe the risk of coming upon it in the ferns. But the coolest thing I ever knew him to do wag when " manager of mire wanted to fire at a tiger as it waa approsching him. It wasin the deys of the muzzle~ loaders, and as Rama Gouda knew that to speak would be fatal, he quie:ly but firmly put bol his fingers on the caps when my manager reprerented the gun at the tiger, and kept them there till the tiger had reached the proper point for action. ‘Then he withdrew them, and my manager killed the tiger, I¢ 1s contrary to all rule, on account of the beaters to fire at a tiger till he has passed you, and ag the manager and Rama Gouda were seated on the ground if the tiger had been fired at face to face an accident might have occurred. On only one Occasion did I ever tee him disturbed, und ttat was when he took Up & position ata beat for big game. Present] he heard a hiss, and on looking roucd found rearedad cobta about to strike at his naked thigh. He javall numaelt bya jump on ‘one side, but he showed by his when he wentioned t i been somewhat Commnovade ie nad Altogether Mr. Elliot is in this part of his work & very charming companion. The chapter on gold abouads with practical hints, although the author assures the reader he has no gold interests what- ever. Naturally the chapters on coffe; planting are tke most minute in their details, and the latter part of the work is just a little tiresome in its dogmatism on questions which if does not need a long residence in India to apprehend in many bearings that do not come home to the often isolated Briton, with hig next neighboura dozan miles distant. However, there is no need for anybod to read Mr. Hilliott’s lucubrationg further than ite Cares to do, and we can declare there ig enough and to spare without wading through the currence theories of the author, who, being a Seot, ig ot course, born with a mission for putting everybod right on financial subjects: There ig one Basenge, however, in this section that we must quote:— f The Government proposes to impose and will impose if if can force up the exchange "an export tax (or what is practically an export tax) of 7 cent which is to be ultimately raised to 21 per wee And we have now to follow out the effects of this on the producers, the peopls generally and the floancial prospects of the State. The producers in Tadia of articles for foreign exports either, as the planters generally do, send their products for sale to London or as the main body of producers do, sell them ta merchants who export the goods. Both these classeg of producers are of course much benefited by a low rite of eXchange—the former when they sell in gold and remit money to India to pay for the upkee : of their estates, and the latter when they find Gia fies merchant can afford to pay more rupees than they could when exchange was higher. If then, to put the oasa ina more precise way, the Government succeeds in forcing up the gold value of the rapee, and the merchant is thereby compelled to turn his soverei into fifteen rupees instead of sixteen rupees, it oe obvious that to make the same profit ag before he must give the seller of produce one rupee less Now let me take the business with which, asa planter L sm euaee fornian, I have roughly estimated the total value o e coffee annua! toduced ji or £870,000, and if for the aie ar A he ceabeea a knock off £70,000 a7 per cent export duty on this will amount to £56,000, and it the Government could raise as 1t proposes the rupee tu Is 61, £168,0U0 a your 684 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit. 2, 1894. would bethe price that the measure would ecutail on ® portion of the inhabitants of the native State of Mysore on this single article of export.— Daily Chronicle. ce PERUVIAN COLONISATION. The Peruvian Corporation, Limited, has undertaken an interesting experiment in planting caterprise. It has obtained possession, for the purpose, of a tract of country in Oentral Peru, east of the Andes. It extendsfor adistance of about 40 miles along the course of the Perene river, a tributary of the Amazons, from the River Eneno (1,700 feet) to the Carcades (1,050 feet), and toa distance of 80 miles on either side ot the Perene. The land was reported on to the Corpora- tion by Mr. P. D.G. Clark, » member cf the Garden. ing steff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Oeylon, in 1891. West of the area ia the Chanchamayo Valley, tra- versed by the River Chanchamayo, which runs into the Perene. Av account of its products will be found in the “ Reports from the Consuls of the United States” for June 1893. The railway from Callao and Lima has been now completed to Oroya, 136 miles from Callao. Mr. Daugherty, the United States Consul reports: ‘From Oroya to the head of the valley of Chanchamayo, one of the most fertile districts of Peru isa distance of abouc 40 miles and the pro- ducts of this valley that find their way tothe coast now come on the backs of mules, donkeys and llamas to Oroya over rough mountain roade, which for most of the distance are mere paths.’”’ The enterprise is still in its infancy. The following papers are published for general information, They have the merit of avoiding foo roseate a picture of recognising difficulties, aud of fairly indicating the conditions which will slone com- mand success. THE PERUVIAN CORPORATION, LIMITED, GARDENS, KRW: 66, Old Broad Street, London, H.C., 4th Oot. 1893. Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,—I think you know that we are doing a little plantiug in the Andes in Peru near the Perene river. Ourman there says he has got 80,000 seedlings of coffee obtained no doubt from his own district. He expresses a desire now to have a quantity say five bushels of Blue mountain ssed. Can you kindly tell me the best person to write to in Jamuica. The idea of having two classes of coffee growing is, I believe, that by this means he hopes to avoid the diceases which did so much harm in Oeylon and elxe- Where, from propagating too closely from one jit. I evclose you copy of a letter from Mr. Robb, dated 27th July last giving a gcneral report for the year ending 20th June, which may interest you, and perhaps you way think fit to incorporate some of it iu your Kew Bulletin. Mr. Mackenzie is in charge of the Oolony up there, and Mr. Robb, the writer of the letter, is the man who has been in special charge of the nurseries —Yours, &c. (Signed) ALFRED DEnr. W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Esq., c.u.c., Royal Gardens Kew.—Kew Bulletin (Mr. Robb’s letter, we have already published.— Ep. 7.A.} ——$—__—_————_———_ IMPROVED BEE-KEEPNG. (a) The methods adopted by our peasantry with regxxd to the management of bees, and the produc- viou of honey, are of so crude and unscientific a nature sud are indeed based rather more upon euperstition then on a knowledge of the habits of the bees; that unleas such bee-keeperscan be persuaded to adopt a more modern and acientific ‘system the industry of bee-keeping in Jamaica willstill in general remains stagnant, and all but unremunerative, as it has been for years past. TO ROYAL (5) The common plan for removing the honey. from the hive is quite barbarous ; the bees are made to leave the hive by the use of smoke. Meny of them get signed and burnt by the careless- way in which the smoke is applied,and the flavour of the honey is spoiled; the combs are then scooped ont without regard to the different grades of honey which 9 hive.always contains, These combs are then placed upon 4& sieve and chopped up; caught in @ receptacle below. the prodact being (c) The honey thus obtsined is « mixture of bee bread—cr pollea--the juices of young bees (or larvae) eed exuvie and ercerts, —which if knownof by the general public, they would be more careful to ascertain from what source they get their honey. Indeei. 1 have been informed from good authority, that a shipment of honey of this kind was Ones made from here, and on arrival at its destinition it was found to be of such bad quality that it was sold to a firm of blacking manufacturers at the rate of 6d per gallon. The b-es thus deprived of ell their honeycombs are again returned to the empty hive to get on as best they may, (d4) A much better plan would be to make several holes in the top of the hive and place upon it another box of somewhat smaller dimensions, in the roof of which there has been previously fixed a piece of comb 68 an attraction for the bees to ascend. As the hive increases in wealth and population and the honey Season advauces, the bees will soon turn their attention tothe upper box or “super” and se their instinc's always lead them to store their honey in the upper part of the hive it will be speedily filled with dainty white combs which will contain the most beautiful honey. It will be seen that by this arrangement not alone is the store-ho se kept separate from the nursery, or lower box, with its pollep, brood-foods, and Jerve and exuvis which are always associated with the honey when the bursery and larder are not separate ; but on the improved plan the honey can be removed without disturbing the hiye Proper, aud if the “super” be again prepared as mentioned above and replaced, the operation may be performed two or three times during the honey season, and perhaps at each removal as much asa gellon of good honey will be obtained, making, say three gallons in ali, worth 2s. 6d. or 3s. per gallon. One stock will there- fore yield between 7s. 6d. and 9s. (e) Ifthis be compared with the usual method, the fable about the goose and the golden eggs may be applied, for by the old plan we got, say, half as much honey, and that of a very inferior quality, aud at the same time stard a chance of losing our rey by depriving them of all their honey at one ime, _ (7) Of course the results obtsined by the above improved method are not to bs compared with those of # still more complicated and indeed hi bly scientific plan known as the movable comb hive system, where as much asl cwt. of honey per hive is not at aJl infrequently obtained. But as this plan would require a rather more lengthy explanation than space at command will permit, and as at the same time the methodand apparatus would be some- . what beyond the means of the general Jamaican pearant Beekeeper,—it may as well be left out: of view—for the present at least. (g) Not alone is the present system of mansge- ment open to vast improvement; but the type of bee iteelf may also beimproved. For instance, sup- p se we have six hives of bees, the results from each may be very different; at the beginning of the honey season we place upon each a “super,” two of our six stocks start ahead with a will and fill their “supers” as fast as they are replaced, the other four perhaps refuse to enter, or after all only partially fill their “super,” then they may each swarm two or three times thus furnishing us with an increase from which we hope to have great results in the future; but our apiary has not been increased with a type;of bee whose instincts lead them to amass honey far in excess of needs, but with a type whoe nature impels them to start new eolovies, and hus this type will be strongly impres- sed upon the beet life of the future in our apiary. The peculiarity will be reversed with the two good stocka which on account of constantly being deprived of-their storage-oney, have had no encouragement to swarm, and.as.the object of bee-keeping is to get honey and not swarms, the Bee-keeper should endea- vogr. to restrict the multiplication of undesirable ead. Aprit 2, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 683 mall strains, and seek the slower increase of thoge which give the best honey results. (1) This may be perhaps‘one cause of the unre- munerativeness of ourvative Jamaican bees ag com- pared with the imported strain which I and other more advanced bee-keepers have obtained from other countries (America, England and Itsly) where bees have been carefully kept for gen(rations. (¢) It may be well to mention that bees play a great att in the production of crops, Nature seems to ve placel honey in the flowers not so much for supplying food for bees and other insects, but that fertilisation of plants may be accomplished. The bee in flying from flower to flower gets dusted with pollen from the anthers or maleorgaus of blos- some, aud in this way it is conveyed to the stigmas or female organs. Itis interesting to note that when a bee starts on a foraging tour she confines herself to ore description of flowere, for perbaps if this were not sothe mixture of different pollens might interfere -with their proper actions of fertilisation. (j) It will therefore be seen from this action of bees on plant that the agriculturist owes as much to the “little busy-bee” as does to his own skill and ‘experience in tilling the soil and ino choosing his seeds. —J/ndian Agriculturist. ——<$-___—_———- THE AMERICAN MARKET AND INDIAN THA, To Epitror “ Home aNnp CoLonrAL Matt,” DEAR Sir,—With reference to the somewhat desul- tory discussion that took place after Mr. Blechynden’s interesting account of what he had done for the re- presentation of Indian Tea at the ‘* World’s Fair,’ I should rather like to emphasise my remarks as to the importance of continuing our efforts to push the tale of Indian tea in Americ. by pointing out that Mr. Bleohynden in «a preliminary report to the Chicago Committee of the Indian Te. Districts Association, distinctly gives ites his opinion: 1. hatif nothing more is done now, the money spent by tea proprietors will practisally be wasted; and 2. That he equally olearly brought out yesterday that he believes that if we continue to push our teas in America, we can eventualiy secure a larze market for them there. if Mr. Blechynden is correct in the above assump- tions, surely it behoves all Indian growers to support the movement, recommended by the Chicago Com- mittee, to make a further levy for this object, which, as I stated yesterday, was only what was originally proposed and largely approved of. Whether Ceylon teas are more suitable than Indian for the American market does not appear to me to be a matter of much importance; we may be sure that our Ceylon friends won’t ke behind us in pushing their wares, and it must be clear to all thicking persons that, unless we, or they, or both find other markets for our teas, we shall soon have prices here even lower than they are at present, owing to the ever-increasing production. So long as Pekoes and Orange Pekoes sell at from 64d to 8kd per lb. we certainly can supply leaf suitable to the American trade; which will doubtless be soon -educated to appreciate the value of the liquors of our larger-leafed grades, if not for consumption alone, certainly for blending with the inferior Uhina and Japan teas at present in use. History repeats itself, and I confidently expect to see the tea his ory of this country repeated in Amerios if we ouly make use of our opportunities to facilitate it.—Yours faithfully, ARTHUR Bryans. 45, Leadenhall Street, E.C., Fob. 21st, 1894. —A. & C. Mail. —_—___~ INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA. ; How Nov 10 po iv.—The meeting of the Indian ea Districts’ Association, held for the purpose of heaving an account from Mr. . Blechynden of the work done at Chicago on behalf of, Indian tea, was not characterised by any showof enthusiasm. This quality is one of which Oeylon tea proprietors have the monopoly apparently. Whether it is that the owners of many Indian tea gardens can afford to conserve their energy while Ceylon planters feel that now is the time to go ahead, or whether the former are less sanguine Fr nature, the fact remains that Indian tea proprietors in London, with a few notable exceptions, are much more difficult to “ en- thuse” and slower to act than their Ceylon con- temporaries. The United States market for tea has not hitherto offered excessive encouragement to either the Indian or Ceylon tea grower. A market where the demand has, up toa recent date, boen exclusively for Ohina and Japan teas is not to becap- tured for the mere asking. It requires a long and patient siege, and the expenditure of a considerable store of ammunition in the form of energy and the sinews of war, before the taste of a nation can be changed. Mr. Blechynden is hopeful of the future, but the majority of the members of the Indian Tez Districts’ Association seem to agree with the prinoi- ple expreesed in the proverb about. ** hope deferred,” moreover they are cautious and wary, and of the ‘don’t eeem to see it” order.. The fact is that the interests of Indian tea planters are vot ag concentra- ted as those of Osylon. Their gardens are in various parts of India, and their interests, at¢ least, go it may be inferred, are asscattered as their tea estates. Subsidy cr ® general‘‘ whip round” is a pastime that is apt to grow wearisome to them uolesa the result looks immediate, No doubt these were the causes which led {o the tame result of Tuesday’s meeting. The meeting was not sympathetic, so far as a united effort was concerned, Practically it heard Mr. Blechynden, and reeolved to do nothing trusting, we presume, to the chapter of accidents or private enterprise to develop the business of push- ing Indian tea on the American market. This mas- terly policy of inactivity may be commendable from the point of view of extreme caution, but it does not solve problems. As our correspondent = Mr. Bryans points out, re-echoing Mr. Blechynden’s opinion and emphasing his own endorsement of it, if nothing more is done the money already spent is wasted for nought, and at the sametime a genu- ine opportunity is neglected of following up a trade already initiated.—H. and C. Mail. — HANDBOOK OF THE FLoRA oF CEYLON.—The rich flora of the island of Ceylon found an early historian in Hermann (1717), followed by Linvzens, who worked out Hermann’s materials afresh in his ‘* Flora Zeyla- nica,” 1747. “his was before the publication of hig binominal system of nomenclature ; and it was not until 1824 that there was another substantial addition to the botanical literature of the island, when Moon’s Catalogue appeared, “ forthe use of the Sinhalese.” Then came Thwaites’ Enwmeratio Plantarum Zeylanie, containing desoriptions of a Jarge number of pre- viously undescribed species. This was comple‘ed in 1864. Dr, H. Trimen succeeded Dr. Thwaites as Director of the Royal Botavic Gardens, Ceylon, in 1880, and he is now issuing at the cost of the Oeylon Government, under the above title, the results of his unremitting studies of the flora since his appointment. This is called a ‘* Handbook,” but itis really a very elaborate work ; the first yolume including only the natural orders Jtanunculaceae to Anacardiaceae. At this rate the vascular plants will occupy five volumes, to say nothing of the plates, of which twenty-five of quarto size accompany the first volume. Dr. Trimen’s Work is of a most thorough character, written wholly in English, andon a most excellent plan. It em- bodies a complete re-elaboration of Hermann’s origi- nal Herbarium, the foundation of Oeyloneee botany. Dr. Trimen has further cleased up, with all the critical. insight of a skilled and practised botanist a@ number of species which were either imperfectly understood or badly described, or even, perhaps, erroneously included in the Flora, And he has added many new species, the result of his prolonged ex- plorations of every part of the island.—Aew Bulletin, 684 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894. CARRYING TEA-LEAD LONG DISTANCES: APPLICATION OF THE SILO SYSTEM. We direct the special attention of practical tea planters to the interesting letter which the Manager of a large group of Indian tea plantations sends us under the nom-de-plyme of ‘‘ Press" and which will be found given elsewhere. We should like to have the opinion of come of our experienced Ceylon Managers on this application of the “Silo” system to the transport of tea leaf. Our correspondent alleges that he has proved his system by actual trialsand has received good valuations for teas made from his “ un- withered’ leaf, and he is so confident of success that he has taken out a patent forthe ‘spring- chest ”’ described in his letter It will be apparent, he adds in his private communivation, to any one who has studied the ‘ Silo’’ system that heating or rapid fermentation is impossible ip leaf subjected to sufficient pressure. Why not then apply this to the transport and preserving of tea leat for a short time ? We fully recognise the importance of the proposal and the idea of being able to dispenee with ‘‘ withering’ altogether, is an entirely novel one and one well worthy of experiment. Our preconccived notions go quite sgainst the ex- perience of our correspondent in reference to making good tea from leaf pressed down and carried a long distance. In Kelway-Bamber’s new book on tea, we find one passage which may be quoted as bearing to some extent on the point at igsue. He writes :— It isalmostan impossibility toobtain a satisfactory wither from leaf that has been allowed to turn red, either through being pressed in the baskete, or from being: carried in bulk for long distances. Such leaf always becotes more or less blackon withering, and portions of the leaves become crisp and brittle, which are broken in the rolling process. lt also rarely develops the aroma common to well-withered sound leaf, and must result in the production of a poorer class of tea. There is apparently no remedy when once the damage is done, so that prevention must be ‘adopted as fares possible, by not allowing the leat to be pressed down, or retained in the baskets for toolong « period, and by hastening the means of transit, when the leaf has tobe carried in bulkfrom out-gardens to a central factory. But distrusting our own judgment in 8 matter which belongs co much to the actual work of’ ‘tea planters, we sent a first copy of “ Press”’s letter to an experienced Ceylon Manager who has had a good deal to do with manufacturing tea from leaf carried a considerable distance, by rail and otherwise to the factory. Here is how he writes in reply :— : “Tt is difficult to give an opinion on the ‘Silo’ system for tea leaf advocated by ‘ Press,’ with- out seeing his experiments oarried out; but I would be inclined to doubt if the results would be so satisfactory as he says, I do not think it is possible to get 240 lb. of green tea leaf into a box 22” by 20” by 19” (the size of an ordinary tea chest) without expressing most of the juices cot the leaf, which would then make a very pocr quality of tea. Heating and fermentation would purely take place where there is moisture, and it would take considerably less than 17 hours to make the ‘whole mass red and sour, I have seen leaf’ turn -greenish yellow after it has been 45 ‘minutes in a withering machine, and leaf treated in this way gave a stewy tea, not at all desirable, “If ‘Press’ pot preseure on the leaf sufficient to insure thet ‘no fresh air could get into it and to express any gases formed,’ he must have ex- pressed (and lost) the juices as well. I do not think his system is one that will ‘replace the present extensive and expensive applisnces necessary for withering.’ “TI do not know about the carriage of withered leaf for long distances; it has to be carried green generally, owing to want of withering and making sppliances, and for this I am afraid the system would not answer, as the leaf would pro- bably get heated and red, and in any case it would be so bruised that it would blacken when placed on the withering tats: The only succeseful way of transporting leaf long distances is to spread it thinly on trays where the air can get to it freely, and that plan is too expensive to be of any practical use. I have had leaf hard pressed (from carelessnese) into baskets, and in the centre, where the pressure would be greatest, I have generally found it a mass of caked, red, vile-smelling etuff, and I fear the ‘Silo’ system would give similar results. Fodder preserved by the ‘ Silo’ system is always supposed to ferment and get slightly acid.” It will be ceen that the experienced Ceylon Manager is inclined to criticise and to be sceptical; but we trust that he and other Superintendents with the needful opportunities will make some experiments in the line indicated by ‘‘ Press” and will report on the same to us for the Tropical Agriculturist. lt must be remembered that this monthly period- ical forms an admirable medium for recording the experience of both Indian and Ceylon tea planters, and the time has now fully come when there ought to be an interchange of ideas, opinions snd results gained by experiments,—perhaps, how- ever, under very varying circumstances,—between residents in the tea-growing districts of North and South India and those of Ceylon. eee CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. We have been going a little further into the figures for tea export to America, both from Ceylon, and the United Kingdom, the American Consul (Mr. Morey) kindly giving us the benefit by his returns for the past four years so far as shipments to the United States are concerned. To these we have to make a separate adddition for the shipments from Colombo direct to the Canadian Dominion (including British Columbia) and Newfoundland. Then the shipments direct from the United Kingdom we take from the reports of Mesars. Gow, Wilson & Stanton. Here is the total result for the past four years :— Export of Ceylon Tea to North America, 1890 1891 1892 1893 U. K. to lb. lb. lb. lb. United States .. 322,539 417,982 710,305 705,567 Canada, &c. «- 201,979 410,958 613,817 731,760 Ceylon to United States* .. 245,809 268,954 195,779 250,943 Ganada, &c.t .. 40,000 50,000 60,000 100,000 Total .. 810,327 1,147,894 1,579,901 1,688,272 These figures show 8 slow but steady advance : the export having more than doubled in four years; but curiously enough 1893 showed less progress than any other year. * Figures got from American Consul. + Estimates only: pretty safe for 1893, but mere guesses forthe other three years. is i ApRiL 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 686 SELANGOR: ADMINISTRATIVE AND ’ MATERIAL PROGRESS. We have had lying by us for some time Mr. B. W. Birch’s Administrative Report as Acting British Resident of Selangor. It is an able and interesting document and we regretthat so much delay has occurred in makivg our readers acquainted with some of its sal’ent pointe. One does not find it easy to follow all the divisions and sub- divisions of the Straits Settlemente, and we do not profe-s, in the absence of a map from the Report, to comprehend the bearings of Kuala Selangor, Ulu Langat, Ulu Selangor, &c.; but of the first-named, we are at onoe interested to read — KuaJa Selangor is essentially the agricultural and fishing district of Selangor. It is watered by two fire rivers, and thronghut it there is to ba found land snitable for the cultivation of rice. 1t has been predicted tbat, when’ the railway to Ulu Se!angor from Kuala Lumpur is completed, the district will decay. The prediction is quite groundless, and I take this cpportunity of carnestly recommending that a colonization scheme be takeninhand. Kualu Selangor wants nothing Lut people, ard the State hasin the head cf the Public Works Depariment an cfficer who, from his experince in Oeylcn, cou'd carry out a scheme fcr irrigating and draining aJerge trect of country in this district, which would induce scttlers to flock in, It would be costly, but :emunerative ; and, though Selargor hes set before itself the duty of railway oxtension, it should be korne in mind that there are other interests to be considercd than the carriage by ral, from tbe interior to the ccast, of the tin raised from tbe miner, and feom ihe ecast to the interior, of the rice tq feed the miners. It might bs posible for the Straits Government to interest the Indian authorilies in erccuraging emigration from one or other of the overcrowded, but uncertain rice glowing districts of Scuthern India—where a gcod many of the people are often on the verge of scarcity if uot actual famine—to a distriot which ‘wants nothing but people’ and these, a people who will take readily to cultivation, Under ‘Ulu Langat” we bave cn the other hand, a paragraph of interest to Huropean colonists :— At Dusun Twa, the si‘eof the Government Bungalow, there ia fice river-Lathing avd some very hot sulphur springs, the water {rom which bas teen Jed through jron piping into a comfortable bath house: tle buvgalow ie beautifully situated, and being only 163 miles from Kuala Lumpvr is a@ very accessible and popular resort, Mr. Lawder has taken great pains ipimproving tLeyl:ce. The land beyond thisis well adapted for coffee, and I should much like to see that k'nd of cultivation tried by Europeans in tbis directicn when the road is more advanced, The extraordinary way in which the export of tin ore from Selangor hss developed is only paralleled by the rise of our own tea exports; the rise teing from 6,948 piculs of tin ore in 1887 to 81,862 piculs in 1892, and this is said to be msinly through the influence and good management of the Straits Trading Co. Tne following is the most important part of Mr, Birch’'s Report, so far as the planting enterprise is concerned and it shows gcod progress and a good promise for the future :— Coffee planting in Selangor continues to be popular, the area of land granted for that purpose in 1892 beipg nearly 2,000 acres. The Europesn owned es- tat(y sare now 17 in number with a total acreage of 91,464 aoree, of which about 1,600 have been planted, lt bas been said, and with much reason, that as coffee planting is now established in Selangor the Sime arguments do not exist, as formerly, for extend. ing to the planters Government agrsistauce in the way of loans, While tke steady increase in the noreber of estates argues well for the future of Sel. pogor #8 A coffec-prodacing country, it should be remembered that it is still to the interest of tbe State to attract plentera, and that no inducement will prove so attractive as the success of those who first ventured. To this end it will always be advan- tageous to the Government to assist, whenever it is necessary to do so, the men who have put all theie available ready money into the opening of estates in the country, and who by extending their cpera- tions will be enabled to work more economically while waiting for their returns, I may add that the State is peculiarly forturate in porsessing in its coffee planters en estimable body of gentlemen. The export of coffee from Klang for the year ia returned at 1,124 pikuls, of the value of $25,534. x * * ‘There are seven Kuropean owned estates in the Klang district of which five are cultiva'ed. The export cf tapioca was 5,386 pikuls, of a value of about $20,000. * * * Tke S pang concession (IXuala Laugat) of 10,111 acres is iargely cultivated with gawbier and peppcr and the export of those two productsin 1892 was of the value of over $100,000. H.H. the Sultan took the greatest interest in the ex- tension of padi cultivation, and adyanced, out of his private purse, asum of about $3,000 to cultivators of small holdings. The Raja Muda’s property at Bandar Langat was rescued from the appearance of neglect into whichit had fallen. The small coffee plantation on Jugra Hill changed hands and pro- mises to be remunerative tc its new owner. ~The Javanese holdings at Klanang are well cared for, and the road to Klang is being rapidly occupied as the soil is said to be very f-rtile, That there has been progress may be judged from the ‘‘budget”’ allotted to the P.W.D, under Mr. C. E, Spooner formerly of Ceylon. The total was 808,000 dellars, uemely 380,000 for works and builuinge, and 428,000 for roade, streets and bridges. Only about 600,000 dollars were, however, actually expended. It is interesting to see several familiar Ceylon names referred to:— Mr. C. E. Spooner was in charge of the Public Worbs Department, and by his untiring energy and great capacity for hard work he has made a consider- atle imp: ovement in tte manner in which public works have been carriedout, He reports that he has received eyery assisiauce from the members of his staff. They were as foliows:— Mr. H F Bellamy, Deputy State Engi:eer; Mr, Spezripg, District Huginecr, Coast Districts; Mr. Stokoe, District Engineer at Ulu Se angor ; Mr, Paxon, in charge of the Waterworks; Mr. Norman, Architect; Mr. Van Rooy:n, Clerk of Works at Ulu Langat; aud Mr. MacGregor, Office Assistant, Also in the following :— Mr. A. R. Venning’s praiseworthy care of Sydney Lake and of the Gardens is rewarded by the pride with which all residents of Kuala Lumpur regard them, and by the expressions of admiration which fall from all visitors. Of the Ceylon system of road upkeep, we are told,— To commence witb, the system did not work as ccouomically as was anticipa’'ed, but it was pushed forward with great energy and the roads on which the metal was tpread were muchimproved. The system cannot, however, be criticised in fairness until it has been tr.ed for three years, as the essence ot it is the gradual addition year by year of metal Isid evenly alcng the whole surface from end to end of each road. Mr.H F Beilainy, whose loyal co-operation and willing work were much appreciated by the Stote Exgioeer, writes of it as fo\lows :—‘* There can ke no question that the system introduced is undoubtedly the best one, and the condition ofthe majority of the roads in the Kusla Lumpur district proved it.” Mr. Bel amy is an officer of much road-making experience and was for some years head of the Public Works De- partmentin Selangor. His opinion is endorsed by the three other officers in oharge of districts. Selangor is yery fortunate in its opened Railways :— The total sums spent on railways in Selangor amounted at the end of the year to $2,092,574, and the net profit on that outlay for the year wag 686 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 2, 1B94. 11'04 per cent, while) the profit on the capital account of the Klang to Kuala Lumpur line alone was approximately 19 per cent, As. to Extensions,— The first of the three sections of the Uln Selangor Extension—viz., that from Kuala Lumpor to Rawang, 20 miles—was completed, and was opened by H. E. the Governor, accompanied by H. H. the Sultan, on the 7th of November, and one train each way was run over it to the end of the year. It was almost 17 months overdue, and was not fully ballssted when taken over. Shortly after the section was opened two of the embankments slipped, but not so seriously as to interfere with traffic. The traffic showed sigus of a steady increase, aud there oon be no doubt that the line will, prove financial success. The Contractors, Messrs. Campbell & Co ; came to the conclusion that it would not be possible for them to carry out their contracts with the expedition required by the Govern- ment, and as the loss occasioned by the delay was great, I deemed it my duty to urge that the contracts be taken out of their hands. This was approved of by His Excellency, and liberal terms were arranged ip Singapore with Messrs. Campbell & Co. The Serendah Section of 4% miles, the completion of which was 12 months overdue at the end of the year, and the Kuala Knubu Section, 134 miles, which was to have been completed in April, 1893, are now being pushed on departmentally. On their completi n depends largely the Jaying out of tho two towrs ot Sererdsh and Kuala Kubn, as building operations there are retarded by the difficulties of transport. Mr. Watkins reports asf llows :—‘' Survey work dur- ing the yesr has been principally confined to exploration work on the main range of the Peninsula, wi*h a view to the extension of the Selangor Government Railway into Pahang. Considerable progress has been made with the survey over the Ginting Peras gap, the results of which have been made the subject of several special reports to Government, This route, which is assumed to be about 87 miles long, follows the line now under construction to Pudoh thence through the rich mining district of Sungei Besi to Cheras, then following the valley of the River Langat in a northerly and north-easterly direction it passes the village of Ulu Langat, and follows the River Lavgat past Lui to its source at Ginting Peras, which is crossed at an elevation of about 1,500 feet, Descending into Jelebu the route runs past Glami, Titi and Rawit, through the concession of the Jelebu Mining Company to the River Triang, thence it follows the Kiver Triange to Pelangi, a point about 40 miles. from Ginting Peras and from this point it follows a north-easterly direction to Temerlo at the mouth of the River Semantan on the Pahang River, which it is: proposed to make the terminus of the Selangor Government Railway in Pahang.” On the subject of Education, Mr. Birch has some © sensible remarks :— _Vernacular education is in my opinion useful in so far asit makes the Malay regular and cleanly in his _ habits; but, where it exalts boys, as it offer does, above the level of the calling of their fathers, who for the most part will always remain small agricultu- rists or fishermen, itdoes more harm than good. It is of course necessary to create a class of interpreters, schoolmasters, clerks and policemen; but the edu- cation now afforded’ only effects that object to a limited extent, and it would be preferable to establish ' a thoroughly good boarding-school in Kuala Lumpur where a higher education could be given to the highest scholars of the vernacular schools than to scatter broadcast over the country, schools for which it is difficult to find efficient masters. And finally the closing paragraph of the Acting Resident chows how well he bas identified him- self with the fortunes of Selangor :— “The ‘year was one of great prosperity. Selangor was not affected by the wave of commercial depres- sion that disturbed the Colony. It was able to shew; like the sister State of Perak, that it could lend substantial help to its poorer neighbours; it carried om, without assistance from outside and at a eget of half a million’ of dollars, its policy of railway a ce. BS BD MWR SUT 2 Re ae als and telegraph extension: its revenues produced a far Jarger sum than had ever been previously collected and [am glad to be able to add thatthe sanguine estimates of its probable revenue im 1893, which L framed and of which H.E. Governor readily ap- proved, are being more than realised. We cannot help taking a close interest im the development cf the Malayan Peninsula more par- ticularly in its plantation settlemente: the recent trip of two Ceylon men—Mes:ra. W. Forsyth and J. G. Fort—has given us later information, the practical portion of which, as related to a con- temporary, we are embodying in the Tropical Agriculturist. Very soon we shall no doubt bave fresh Administrative Reports from both Perak and Selangor, and it will be interesting to sce what changes and progrees another year has brought forth. esr eee See NOTES ON TROPICAL PRODUCT. Certain tropical productr, their management and prospects—are usefully diecussed and in considerable variety by our well-known friend Mr. Thomas Christy, in a series of chatty notes which will be found in our Tropical Agriculturist. He has even some advice to give about the introjuction of Ceylon tea into America and vyery good adyice it ir, so far as it goe: Of a certain tea trade in Germany, we have some repulsive details, and we trust with Mr. Christy, that an effectual stop may be very speedily put to this trade. What is eaid about rubber, might induce Ceylon growers with any sppreciable supply (but, alas, there are none such)—to put themselves into eommunice- tion with rubber manufacturers for their mutual benefit. Mr. Obristy'’s report on Fibres bears out what we have learnt elsewhere and is very dis- couraging. “ Snakes alive’ seems to be the moral of his lively paragraph on snakes and mosquitoes one way to get rid of the latter we have always understood is to have no water-pond or pool near the bungalow, so as to give them no means of multiplying! What is said about packages and lead in the tea will attract the attention of our tea planters, THE AMALGAMATION OF TEA COMPANIES in Assam goes on apace. The Luckimpore Oom- pany is ab3zorbed in the Majuli, the Obubwa has swallowed up the Nonoi, and the celebrated Go- toonga Estate has become a psrt of the more famous Moabund Company.—WNilgiri: News. a Se TABLET TEA which, unlike brick tes, is made from the finest quality of dust, shows a msrked increase. Two Rus- siau firms are the only makers of brick tea in Kiv< kiang. One of them has at present the monopoly here of the manufacture of the tablet tes, which is finding a market even outside Russie, in Germany aud France, Last year’s report spoke of it as ‘‘the best and most convenient form of tea that one can possibly imagine for travellers, backwood:men, or armies in the field.’ There would seem to be no reason, Lowever, why whole leaf tea should not be comprestei into nearly the same compass by suitable machinery, much as some kinds of tobacco are trea‘ed aod in ttat case, the leaf being uubroken, one would expect the aroma to be better retained. By an ar- rangement of the mould the cake could possibly be divided into rations, and thus economy of espace in the traveller's box, the army commisssriat, and the man-of-war’s storeroom would be combined with eimplicity io use. Samples of brick and of tablet tea are forwarded with this report for the inspec- tioa of anyone interested in the subject. The manu. facture is only carried on here in August, September, aud October.—Kiukiang Consuls Repoyt, = APRIL 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 6 (o2) ~ CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA ; OUTLINE OF A SCHEME FOR JOINT AOTION. There is one correction’ we have to make in reference to the American operations of Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. and allied firms, We spoke of their large expenditure in promoting the sale of Indian teas; but that expenditure covers Ueylon teas as well. For, their Agencies in America are supplied with Ceylon as well as Indian tea. Sir John Muir’s firm, indeed, now forms a connecting link between the two countries, and it is fitting that the proposal recently placed before the Calcutta meeting should have come from its representatives. Following up that proposal (cordially adopted by the Indian Agents) that there should be a combination between the- planters of India and Ceylon in pushing the sale of their teas in America,Sir John Muir and Mr. P. R. Buchanan have now drafted the rough outlins of a scheme for the consideration of those engaged in the tea enterprise here. They haye sent this suggested scheme to the Ohairman of the Planters’ Association and a copy has courteously been placed at our disposal. It is by no means intended as a ‘“‘ cut-and-dried”’ affair to be foreed on the Ceylon planters and merchants; but is rather the contribution of gentlemen very largely interested in the question, to the discussion which is now under special consideration both here and in India. With this needful prefatory explanation we give the Scheme as follows :— “ That a first-class man not interested as a planter or proprietor in tea growing, but if possible, with a knowledge of the American tea trade, be engaged to act as a resident representative for Ceylon and Indian tea in America, for ® period of not less than three years on a ealary, to inolude travelling expenses of £1,500 per annum, and an allowance for entertaining not to exceed a further £500 per annum. ‘*The duty of such representative would be to cultivate the acquaintance and periodically visit the principal wholesale distributors in the United States and Canada to urge and enccurage them in every possible way to extend their dealings in Ceylon and Indian teas, and to send weekly reports of such visits to his employers, making any sugges- tions which might from time to time occur to him for the furtherance of the trade. ‘Tf be considers it desirable a troupe of native ser- vanis should be placed at his disposal, whom he could lend for short periods, to the various distributors, for the purposes of advertising. ‘*He should on no account sell any tea himself, or carry any Samples, but should simply advise the dealers (if required) as to the methceds of procuring the teas they might require, placing at their disposal a printed list of the names and addresses of the yarious merchants, brokers and others, dealing first hand, in Indian and Ceylon teas. *«It would be advisable, though not essential, that he should be able to give instructions in blending, if aeked t) do so. ‘*Tn order to assist in advertising the art cle, a commission as proposed by the Hon, J. J, Grinlin- ton of say £1 on every },000 lb. of tea should be allowed on all exports of Ceylon or Indian tea from any part in India, ‘eylon, or Great Britain to America, and this payment shou'd be made with all possible promptitude, With a view to making the most of the funds available, and aleo to prevent useless opposition, and confus‘on, itis desitsble, that Ceylon and India should oarry out the scheme in combination each country paying 8? ps _the second paragraph a share of the representatives’ salary, and general expenses, in proportion to the crop it produges, and each country ccntributing to the Oommission Fnnd in proportion to the quantity of its tea exported ta America.’’ We may say at once that tha propesal in the firat clause to appoint a especial travelling repre- sentative for a period of threc years with a handsome salary, travelling expenses and enter- taining allowance, seems, to us, a very good. one, both feasible and Jikely to yield adequate results. A Ceylon gentleman interested ss tea proprietor and agent to whom we mentioned the matter today, thinks the net ealary of such joint repre- sentative of Ceylon and Indian teas, ought not to be less than £1,500 and that a separate allowance of £2 per day ought to be mada for travelling expenses, since the special duty of tha Agent ought to be to travel as much ag possible and not to confine himself to any limited circle, however comfortable. Tha instructions given in seem very much to the point, though no doubt, they form but the nucleus of the Special Letter of Instructions which would have to be drawn up by a joint Committee representative of the Indian and Ceylon plantere, to guide the Agent in bis operations and these instructions cou'd be extended or modified from time to time, as seemed = wise from the experience gained. From all we have read and heard of the ‘great interest taken in. native servants in America, we think it very politic to adopt the suggestion in the third parsgraph; but that could be left for the Agent to decide. We are surprised to see that itis . considered desirable that the representative should distribute no samples, although it may be advisable that he should give instructions in “ blending,” If one of the recent experiences in America be that a great deal of the tea sold as ‘ Oeylon” or ‘Indian’ in the stores, has no claim to either designation, it would. certainly seem to us that our especial Agent should be in a position to shew any householder epplying to him, what genuine British-grown teas were like. Small sample packets distributed in this way ought ta bea splendid advertisement, Finally, it would seem that Sir John Muir and Mr, Buchanan tack on—as a compromise ?—tha bounty scheme to that of the appointment of a special representative and propose the payment of £1 for every 1,000 lb. exported, in allths baldness of the original scheme. We are surprired at this, and further that nothing is said about the pay- ment being meade (as Mr. Buchanan hinted had his preference) to the wholesale American importing houses, rather than to the exporters, To pay tha latter—as one authority has shrewdly said—will be to place a bounty on the export to America of cheap, inferior, rather than of good teas! But this part of the echome can be Jeft for the report of the Sub-Committee of the Chambor of Commerce. No doubt the sp. cial Agent woul have more discretion as{o any advertising which he considered desirable, and as to giving Newspaper editors sample boxes of tea as suggested long ago by Dr. Duke. The last question of all will be how are the funds to be provided? Suppose wa take 7 million lb. as the aggregate export of Indian and Ceylon tea for the year beginning July next 1894-95, the commission proposed would equsl £7,000; the cost of the Special Agent £2,600; for native servants, advertising, &o. say £2400 and we get a total of £12,000 or about R200,000. In the proportionof R80,C00 for Ceylon to R180,000 for India, the sym of R210,000 oughy fo be a feasible collection at the rate of the small cess now imposed on the Ceylon Customs. But Whether that cess can be continued and the money handed over to the Planters’ Association or a Special Committee, it is for the Government to say. In the vase of Indian tea, the necessary collection, we undcrstand, would be guaranteed by & Oommittee of Calcutta Tea Agents. There are no doubt difficulties in the way of working out a joint Scheme ; but we see nothing insuperabie, while 1¢ 18 certainly very desirable to have neither the Opposition nor the confusion sure to result if separate agencies and schemes are established in America for India and Ceylon teas, instead of one joint representation on behalf of British- grown teas, Since writing the above, a merchant addresses us: —‘I send you the Shipping and Commercial List, New York, see the article in Oeylon ‘fea ” ;— Tue Trarric IN Cryton Tea. : Davenport. lows, Feb. 9, 1894. Editor Shipping and Commercial List. You would oblige me very much, if you could give me the amount of Ceylon teas brought t» the United States in the yeir 1893. Thanking you in advance for the trouble. Very respectfully yours. i Cartes BEIDERBECKE. , [Theimportations of Ceylon tea are so ight and irregular compared with other grades, that no record is kept of receipts. It is estimated that the ar- rivals of India, Ceylon and Jaya teas during 1893 sggregated about one million and a quarter Ib., which is -small increase oyer previous years, The ins‘gnificance of this amount can be better appreciated when it is stated thatthe total annual consumption of tea in the United States is between 80 and 90 million pounds. Great efforts were made by'the planters of Ueylon to introduce and popularize their teas in the United States by establishing a branch house inthis city, which was conducted at considerable expense; although the new enterprise was well advertised and pushed energetically it failed to accomplish the desired object. Consumers of teas in this country held onto the unfermented, tannin teas of China and Japan, because they had not cultivated a taste for the other and because of the difference in pr'ce, probably. The promoters of the Ceylon Tea Oompany made a mistake, no doubt, in ignoring the regular importers and jobbers. The Jatter could have been of consideszable assistance in advancing the interests of Ceylon tes. To cre- ate a demand for any new article, itis necessary to advertise liberally, meet competition in price, and prevent opposition by having the article pass through the regular trade channels.—Ep. | Very important we deem the above counsel. ae a INDIAN TEA DISTRICTS ASSOCIATION : CHICAGO EXHIBITION. A meeting of the Indian T'ea Districts’ Association was held at the offices, 14, St. Mary Axe, E.C., on ‘Tuesday, for the purpose of hearing an address from Mr. Blechynden on the work done at Chicsgo in the interests of Indian Tea and its future prospects in the United States. _ he chair was occupied by George Williamson, Esq-., Vice-President of the Association, and amongst those present were Messrs. R. G. Shaw, A. Bryans, R. 13. Magor, W. Roberts, C. W. Wallace, R, Lyell, G. W. Christison,. G. Seton, D. Carntt, F. Jsutiock, G. White, HM. Heroshaw, A; G, Stauton, W. H. Verner, D. M. Stewart, D. ¥. Seften, G. Hevderron, A. Thompson, C. M, Jack, Keith, and G. Cuinoek. M:, Blechy:deu, who was warmly received, com- mesced his uddicss by giving particulars of the ditticuities he had bad to contend within securing p suitagie space at the Exhibition, Wheo he THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: [APRIL 2, 1894. arrived in Chicago he found that ; only , 500, foe had been allotted, and haying explained that is wes quite insufficient—as in addition to the Indian Tea Industry, he, with Mr. Tellery, repre- sented the Indian Art Ware—bhe was, sfter rome diffienlty, enabled to secure 3,000 feet inthe Mannfactures Building. Owiog to difficulties raised by the Secretary of the Roya} Oommitsioners, this space was reduced to 1,500 f1., av allotment so ineufficient for the purpose that it wae rescinded, and after n«gotiating for two months, a site fora pavilion wag finally decided upon. The building, which was erected at the north end of the grounds, where all the Stete and foreign buildings were, cost 15,000 dollars. The Exhibition was mauaged by reveral com- mittees, and concessions were most imperfect y dealt with by them. Owing to this difficulty three months elapsed before they were able to sell tes. After innumerabJe rebuffs and delays permission to doOso was. given on Angnst 29. Mr. Bilecbynden then read a dercriptive account from the Ofiicie! Directory of the World’s Fair. of the bnild- ing which was erected st the exhibition. The site he considered wasa very good one, being at the ‘junction of four roads and in the midst of a great thoroughfere. Large pyramids of samples ot ta were placed on either side of the entravce to the building. Ten natives and six gicls were employed and after permission wes given to fell tes two cathiers were ergaged. 4t wes difficult to calculate the number ot cups Of tem that were gives away free of charge before obtaining permission to sell, but roughly it might be ssid that the number was shout 1,000 aday—in all 100,000. The grand total of the number of cups of tea gives awny and sold was 220,000. The tea was tound to be agreeable to the tastes of the public end the groccrs who vitited the exhibition were always taken amongst those who were partaking it in order that they might hear other people's opinions about.it. It had been said that the Ameri- can water was unsuitsble for making tea, but he (Mr, Blechynden) found no difficulty in making tea of the most excellent quality in America, and he thought this erroneous theory might be at orce exploded. Two qualities of tea were sold at the exhibition, one called ‘The Light of Aria,” was sold at 1 dol. per lb and the other called ‘‘The Star of India,” was sold at 80c. per ]b., and as a proof of the estimation in which the tea was held Mr. Blechyuden stated that orders had been received from practically every State iu the Union. 1,500 grocers in different prts of the United Stutes were handling the tea before he left. His earvest wish was that visitors to the Exhibition might be in- duced to purchase the tea after they arrived home, and it was with this object in view that sample packets of tea were given away, and he regarded the object attained in this respect as of more value than the tea that had been sold. Good work had been done in se- curing the assistance of Messrs. Reid, Murdoch, & Uo. This firm does an immense business, and employs 64 travellers, who go through all the towns and villages in the Western States. Had the plan been adopted of setting up a store for the sale of Indian tea, as was at one time contemplated, it would have beea impossible to have employed such a large number of travellers. ‘The arrangements made with Messrs, Reid, Murdoch, & Co. were that they were te be supplied with teas of two standard quali- ties at market prices, four months’ credit being allowed, this being the usual trade custom in America. The firm undertook to put the teas in packets. The difference between Indian and Ceylon tea was not yetrecognised, Indian tea being often sold as Ceylon. : Mr. Blechynden then referred to future operations and read the following letter on the subject which he had addressed to the Chamber of Commerce at Calcutta: ‘ When I left Calcutta it was the intention of your Oommittee to continue pushing teas in this market for a period of two years. Lhis was also approved by the London Committee, and has the warm support of all who are in any way interested in Indian teas with whom I have discussed the eubject All agree that the one methed~of ig ++ ApRitx2, 1894, ] roducing Indian teas into this market is to iufluence and interest the consumer. The plan I have sug. gested and which appears to ba favourably received by everyone, is to follow the lines upon which weare already working. These lines are familiar ty oll in this country: who have triel to introduce or are in- terested in any special food product. The system of holding food shows periodically in different parts of the country is) an organised one, and the State Fairs held annually offer the best means of reaching the consumer. Adopting the commcn system, I would propose employing, eay, half a dozen of native ser- vants, aod travelling about the country fiom one show to another during the season which extends through the winter and spring. For the rest of the year, still following the usual methods, the servants could be kept for a month or more at a time in grocery stores. With six men at least three stores could be worked at the same time in different parta of a city. At the expiration of a mouth the men would be transferred to other stores, or in the case cf smaller cities to other cities. In connection with the grocery stores, I propose little change:. My idea isto have a series of three or more. carefully prepared lectures, illustrated by slides of tea gardens, &c., and to make such a series interesting, uther matter of a descripiive character, regarding historical spots in India, dresses of the people, caste, and kindred subjects, might be introduced. The lectures might be given independently of the stores in the regular manner, selling tickets of admission, givilg the grocer a certain number, proportionate to the number of pounds of tea be purchases, for distribution to his customers for the tea. Such lectures slivuld include the distribution of tea in the cup at ‘their close. The arrangements we have made with Reid, Mur- doch, and Co., in the West, and with L ggetts ia the East, would be utilised by having their travellers in different parta of the couutry to arrange for the stores and put one into commanicstion with the right people. The experses attendant on this scheme will be pretty heavy a3 they inclade not only salaries, but travelling expenses, cost of tea and also cost of cream and suyar, transport of crockery and other items. Tn addition to this in attending shows there would -be! the cost of the space aud of erecting the booths. It is true that some portion of the expenses during the show season would ve covered by sale of tea in the cup ; but asis shown by our receipts at New York, this will not be very much, Vhe whole of the time spent in grocery stor:s would be non-produotive directly, yet this is con- sidered the best means of getting ‘at consumers aswell as grocers. Such a plan as I have skeiched out: would cost about R1,000 per month, apart’ from my salary, should you wish me to carry on the business, and I would not be prepared to accept less than I now receive and expenses. Work. on this line has been done in this country by several houses interested in cocoa, for instance, and by such great firms as.Armours, who will con- tract to supply a whole srmy with food, by Swifts, one of the largest pork packers io Chicago, and others of a similar calibre. I repeat that all. whom I have csousulted agice that in doing this you reach the consumer, aud create a demaud quickir aud more directly than by any cther knowo method. I have spoken of using Reid, Murdoch, and Leggett -and am aware that there may exist some feeling in the minds of the members of the committee that we are advertising only certain brands of Indian teas by connecting ourselyes with these firms. My own opinion is that it is inadvisable to advertise Indian teas generally to the consumer, for I think that we should have certain standards of what we recognise as good Indian teas, and that it is impossi- ble to erect and sustain such stanuards without giving them defined names, under which those who desire to purchase can buy them. In doing this it is, I submit, not very material to us that we are giving direct advantages to certain firms, Bat if the committee ~ thi that this feature of the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 689 scheme is undesirable it ~can~ be met in two ways. One is to advertise the tea used simply as Indian tea. The alternative is a sugges. tion which recommends itself to me strongly but which the Association may hesitate to add for other reasons besides the obvious one that will interfere in a measure with private enterprise. The plan I refer to is to adopt four or more standards, give them specific names, and retain these names as the property of the Association. By this means, in ad- dition to the indirect benefit to the industry at large, the Association would,in the end of its. operations be in possession of a distinctly valuable asset which it could deal with either by selling to a company, transferring it the ageucy firms, or in other ways. There is no doybt that, by advertising certain blends under distinctive bames, these namesacquire a fictitious value, and the Association may therefore be prepxred to consider whether it cannot retain for itself some portion of this advautage. In any case, [ maintain that it is essential to the interest of Indian teas to employ at all times certain standard blends. As soon as a taste and demand is created for any given blends, - of Indian teas, the substitution of other blends, either in the legitimate course of business, by enterprise and advertisement, as well as by fraudulent substi- tution will inevitably follow. Were sucha thing possible the Association might consider tha amalgamation of ifs funds with those of Ceylon, the object being a commonone to relieve the London market. In doing this it. might be a feasible thing, but it would be the work of time, to interest such firms as Lipton’s, Tetley’s, and others who are trying to do a packet tradein this country and who use both Indian and Ceylon teas. Such scheme while erguring larger funds, would detract'in some measure from the present neutral attitude’of the Association, acting’ in the interest of the indus- try wholly. I bave in the foregoing suggested threa distinct bases for the same scheme. The method to be pur- sued wouldin each case be the same, O.1my return to Indie I would be prepared to go further into details than is possible by correspondence.” Mr. Blechynden concluded. his address by suggest- ing that it might be possible to have an Indian tea room in the large towns similar to that in the Exhibition, also that firms which are trying to push Indian tea on its merits might be encouraged either direct!y or indireotly, A long. and somewhat. desultory discussion was then carried on by Messra. Bryans, Oarritt, Thompson, Stan- ton, Seton, Shaw. and Venner as to the general positior, but no proposition was put before the meeting. Ore or two members expressed the opinion that Indian could only be introduced slowly, and that it was useless to attempt to force the market, as people in America had been accustomed to driok a light kind of tea, the place of whioh could only be taken by thin flavourless Indian tea selling about 6d per pound. It was pointed out, however, that India and Ceylon produced a large quantity of this sort of tea, and that the markets here would be much benefited- if fresh outlets could be found for tea of that kind, and that difficulties of some kind or other were always experienced in opening up new markets. ‘he general opinion was that the quality of tespurchased for America ordinarily was of the msot ioferior quality, the appearance of the|leaf being more considered than the quality of the liquor, and cheapness being the one consideration. The question as to the consumption of tea in America having been raised, Mr. Stauton gave the following partioulars: In 24 years the con- tumption had increased from 40 millions to 88 millions, In 1869 the consumption was 1°08: per ‘head of the population. At the. 'present'time: it was 1:33. The procecdings closed.with a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Blechynden for his adddress.—H. and C. Mail. ————__.. PUN ON PITTS TAXATION AND TEA. “With his tax upon powder and tax upon tea, Not a beau will be leff—uoe 3) saach as bo heal” 690 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894! THE COMMERCE OF EAST AFRICA. Yesterday, before the London Chamber of Com. merce, Sir A. K. Rollit, M.P., in the chair, Mr. George 8. Mackenzie (director of the Imperial British East Africa Company) read a paper on “The Commerce of East Africa and its Prospects of future Development,’ Mr, Mackenzie, premising that he spoke only asa member of the Ohamber, remarked that he was desirous of advocating measures for the protection of the common interests of Great Britain and Ireland, At a time when they were suffering from serious commercial “ gtagnation,’ it was desirable that Chambers of Commerce throughout the country should consider, not only how we could best maintain our hold on the markets we already ocoupied, but how we were _.to ensure elbow room for their future expansion. (Cheers.) The development of British East Africa would not only afiect our trading com- munity, but would afford a new and much needed outlet for the energies of the young men of this country in commercial and administrative ‘ offices, just’ as India and our other dependencies ‘had done’ in the’ past. When they con- sidered the rapid progress that bad been already made in the face of great difficulties, they might “yely upon development of the country in the near future if only the task were undertaken with ‘intelligence and persistency under the new condi- tions of a British Protectorate. (Cheers.) Whether chartered companies under the now altered con- ditions were any longer a necessity or not, it was an indisputable fact that it was largely owing to their intervention that this country enjoyed the -‘commanding position it now occupied, (Cheers.) ‘The activity of the German, Belgian, and Italian Governments in developing their commercial interests was calculated seriously to injure British “trade in African territory if some corresponding ' gpleps were not adopted by our own Government. As a London merchant, and as one who had resi’ed for two years at Mombasa, he had no hesitation in saying that East Africa justified far more sanguine hopes than Persia, for example, ever did or had done. All that he believed to be necessary . in order to open up this vast undeveloped and important field to the commerce of this country “was a Strong, just, and liberal Government, which would maintain law and order and improve the means of communication and transport by the construction of telegraphs and a trunk rad, or “better still, a railway. (Choers.) The only obs stacle to the immediate construction of a line from the coast to.the Great Lake Victoria was the hesitation of Parliament to guarantee the iaterest on the required capital. “he presenee of the British East Afcica Company did not now and never -had:impeded ths ac’ion of her Majesty's Govern- ment, The company was ready to continue to ' eatry onthe administration of the territory under ‘tair conditions ; on the other hand it was equally prepared to stand aside if her Majosty’s Government considered, in Goming to a settlement, that such 80 arrangement would best further the public interest. (Qheers.) Mr. Mackenzie then exhibited and described specimens of the native products of British East Africa. —0. Mail, Feb. 23. mention that the difficulties in regard to transport were vry great. The transport of passeng.rs an! their luggage is all don» in that part of the wor!d by meaus of yehicles resembi'g exaggerated rickshaws, drawn by country-ponies, and the harness put on these quadrupeds is by no m/-aus reliable; so much so thit Mr. Forsythe says he had occasion often to regret that coirrope was not made in the coun ry, long de'ays for patching up tie harness fol owing the frequent breskdowus. When they reachid Kwala Kapgsa they found it difficult to get any vehicles for the day. Prior to tbeir arrival, the Sultan had 8 arted off to Ipoh to open the sectio: of the rai - way from Ipoe to Batu Gajah, aud His Highness had engaged 70 carriages for his wives and families, and neither the money nor the influence of the Resident himselt could procure the two visitors a vehicle, They mauaged to get on by slow stages to Kimuning estate, owned by Mr. Hislop-Hili, late of Ceylon, and there they saw some 250 acres of Liberian coffee of all ages up to 8 or 10 years, the trees being laden with crop. GAIETIES IN PERAK, Next they reached Ipoh, which is an important mining centre, and having breakfasted there thay went on with the Resident to Batu Gajah to see the demonstration over the railway opening, COFFEE IN SELANGOR, Returning to Ipoh, the visitors proceeded to Membang-di-aiwan, an important mining centre that has sprung up so recently that it is not marked in the maps issued in 1892. It contains, howeyer, a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people, principally Ubinese. From that they went on to Tapa, where they stayed with Mr. Wise, the magistrate, who took them to a Libevian coffee estate of fifty acres be- longing to Mr. Baldwin, and also to a gold mine where there was a 5-head stamp at work. “They had not got very much gold,” added Mr. Forsythe, laughing, ‘‘but they were expecting it.” From Tapa they droye six miles to Tapa Road Station, where they caught the train to ‘velok Anson, and_ then took steamer to Klang, which is a port near Kwala Lumpa, the capital ot Selangor, From here they visited five or six coffee estates, (all Liberian), the | Se SS SS eee ag SS oldest coffee being upon Weld’s Hill, belonging to. Mr. Heslop-Hill and lying about a mile and a half from Kwala Lumpa. Itis a small property, but with very fine highly cultivated coffee. The other estates were all in young coffee, and were promising ve:y well indeed. After speiding a few days there, the two travellers returned to Klang, and on the way they were much pleased with the native coffee they saw growing on the flat lands. They next took steamer for Port Dickson, the Port for Seremban, the capital of Sungei Ujong, and, half way between Port Dickson snd Seremban, they came on a very fine es ate indeed, called Linsum, the residence of Mr. Heslop-Hill. It consisted of 300 acres of coffee, the younger fields being particularly fine and_here their investigations into coffee practically ended. THE LABOUR TROUBLE: A COOLY-CRIMPING GOVERNMENT, And here it will be well to give Mr, Forsythe’s opinions as he expressed them. ‘That cotfee grows and crops well there cannot be a shadow of doubt was his first judgment. ‘But one ot the first things that strikes a Ceylon man is the great dith— culty in connection with labour, not only because the labourers demand very high wages; but because there are so many restrictions in the way of re- cruiting, and because the Government, which is -en- gaged in different public works, never by any chance gets any labour on its own account, but, by paying a higher rate than the p!anter can afford to pay, indirectly crimps the planters’ labourers, TAMIL COOLIES’ PAY, “A Tamil cooly gets from the planter 30 to 35 cents of a dollar a day, just double the rate yiven the Ceylon labourer. He knocks off work at 2-3v in the afternoon, and, if he works for six days in a week, gets a Sunday name thrown in, free, gratis, and for nothing. ‘he average cooly receives ¥ to 10 dollars a month, and grumbles at ihat. A carter criving a mail-cart,complained to me most bitterly that he had got to take his.cart and pair of. bulis- six miles along the road and six miles back and feed them every day, a.d he only got 12 dollars a month. Of course, on the other hand, food-stutts and clothes and cooly requirements are double what » they are here; but stil at the end of tie month the cooly comes out with a handsomer balance than he makes in Ceylon. THE LAND OF THE CELESTIAL, ‘Practically the Chinaman, from Pinang to Singapore, is the master of the situation. _ He bosses everyone, whether European or otherwise. He ia in every occupation and every calling, from that of rickshaw-cooly—the lowest of the low—running a rickshaw in Singapore streets, to that of the towkt, or gentleman, who owns balf a dozen carriages and runs a magnificent house, and lives at the rate .f many thousand dollars a month. ‘Vhe hardest worked Chine-e are the rickshaw-men and the miners. Chinese estate laborers get more money a day than Tamils. They get half a dollar a day. They are willing to work at task work or contraca work; but their chief attention is deyo ed to im.nes and miuing. A Chinaman is a born gambler at heart, and his employer at a miuve always gives him a share of the find, though he really profits little by this, as every Chinese headman or employer at a mine, when he gets a grant icr mining and cbtairs perhaps a hundred sinéves (indentured cvolies from China), secures in connectiou with the grant a Jicense to run a gambling farm, and an opium farm, and when the Chinaman gets bis pay (say about once a quarter or less often) he goes ana gambles with it on the gambling farm, or spends it on the opium farm, a d soit goes back to the employer. Indeed, instances sre known where mines do not pay from the tin got from them, but only pay through the profits derived from this system. A WEALTHY COUNTRY. “Tt is impossible to caleulate the enormous wealth of the country. I heard of an individual instance where a Chinaman, who had taken up a mining grant ot two acres got 170,000 dollars’ worth of tn ong Ma siipebr ons & A Shae aga! - 694 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: [Apri 2, rR94° of if in nine months, The Government of Perak obtains its revenue from the 10 per cent. export duty it derives from tin, and in 1875 that revenue was 226,000 dollars, whereas in 1893 it had jumped to 2,535,000. There is no export duty on coffee yet, though Government reserves to itgelt the right to exact 24 per cent later on, Another peculiarity about tin is that even the most expert miners are not able to tell by the nature of the land or the appearance of the soil, until they have thorough! overhauled it, whether it will turn out a very fick tin country or an absolutely barren one. It cannot be prospected like gold-land can, and this makes the gamble all the greater, and it is that gamble that the Chinaman revels in.” JOHN CHINAMAN. “A Chainaman combines all the virtues and all the vices of humanity, and the European is at the disadvantage of never getting to the bottom of him. I have seen them working as carpenters and boot- makers in Singapore and Pinang, and I believe, outside the miners, the bulk of these artisans work 18 hours out of the 24 hours in a day; and it is no wonder they are objected to in America and Australia. To a traveller like myself, passing through the country, it. appeared as if the States were governed by the Europeans, and that the China- man romped in and made all the dollars. In re- turn for this kindly British protection, the Chinaman heartily despises the ‘foreign devils’ and especially amused at their honesty.” ‘‘Tamils don't mine,’ be continued, ‘‘they only work on estates or else are employed in making roads.” . MALAYS AS LABOURERS. “The Malay is a study in himself. He seems to observe with perfect equanimity the Chinaman and the Javanese, and the Boyanese, and the Tamil, coming into his country and working aud ma‘ing money. He does not care to work himself, and his idea of perfect happiness s-ems to be to liye upon the large rivers and spend bis time in fishing. He works sometimes, if he feels inclined. e assists the Chinaman in finding out suitable tin country ; and he assists the European~in felling jungle; but only when he likes. Ile looks upon imself as superior to all foreigners in the country, Europeans included. His wants are exceedingly small, and he is utterly devoid of ambition, either for wealth or position. He is a Mussulman and true fatalist. Go where one will, one is struck with the fact that the native is much more on a footing of equality with Europeans than he is _ here. Whether that is good or bad it is not for me to pay. The prevailing language is Malay. Tamils speak it well, though Chinaman don’t. ‘'hey adhere to their own dialects, and aman from Swatow cannnot understand a man from Canton. This is another difficulty for the employer of labour. It seems to me that, if a planter 1s to be a success in the Straits, after mastering Malay he must make it his business to study the characters and natures” of- the very many different classes of labourers he is brought in contact with. He will have to put aside all Ceylon preconceived notions as to how labour should be worked. Mr. Lutyens was the onl planter in Pinang who told me he could wor Chinese labour in quantity, and that he felt con- fident he could work a gavg of 500. Chinamen and Javanese work steadily and well at earth work and are very useful in opening up new clearings. In- deed, some of the planters are of opi ion that the Tamil is not required upon the estate till it comes into bearing ; but then he becomes essential.” THE LAND. tion, he opines, for he saw no signs of copperah or coconpt oil, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS. “T do not think the land regulations in either State (Perak or Selangor) are favourable to the planter. By land regalations I mean the regulations s to the sale and leasing of lands. There are far too many provisos and m-strictions, and J think much more Jand would have been opened up if Government would grant it on easier terms to bona jideplanters who are willing to take up the land and plant it and not to hold it. Goyernment charge 25 cents of a dollar per acre per annum, That seems light; but it is not when you see the re- strictions and regulations. One quarter has to. be planted in such and snch a time, failing which Go- vernment can walk in and take over the unopened land. Of course it may not do so, bunt it legally can, and a planter may not have been able, through unforseen contingencies, to have complied with what was demanded of him. I cannot help thivking, that in both States Government put too high a prospective value on their land. And it must be remembered, too, that timber there is a Government monopoly. A man cannot sell timber even from his own land. Undoubtedly it is a fine country and grandly timbered; but Government is too chary of disposing of land outright at a nominal sum. Still, the value of the land is what you can get from it, and planters are not going to open up the country iv Selangor with tas regulations as are in force at present. There are only about 1,600 acres planted in Selangor, and about 600 in Perak, so far.” ‘ ROADS AND RIVERS. Perak, Mr. Forsythe added, is splendidly roaded, and the main trunk-road through the State com- pares favourably with our old Kandy road, which 1s about the be-t in Ceylon. The rivers are grand, particularly the Klang and Perak Rivers, on which there are crowds of small steamers plying up and down. Steps are being taken to bring the railway facilities right up to those points of the rivers where steamers can get deep dranght, so as to make as many ports as possible, and he regards the prospect for the future of the States as very good. One other thing may be mentioned, and that is that the travellers heard and believe that Arabian coffee grows well iu the hills on the Pahang side, but Pahang is a vast unexplored tract Imowa so far only to Mr, Edmund Watson, who was down in Kwala Lumpa ani saw Mr. Forsythe and Mr. Fort; and to Mr. Wise, who is away in di tant Pekan.—Local ‘ Times.” ; a HYBRIDISATION OF THE ACACIA. The difficulty of distinguishing one from another the four hundred species of Acacia is often very great, as in many cases the difference is slight. After seeing how freely they cross-fertilise when growing together in the Riviera gardens, I do not hesitate to express my opinion that many of them are natural hybrids. hen growing together in variety, as they do here, it is natural that they would hybridise one with the other. Around the plants that have produced seed, hun- dreds of young seedlings spring up in a very short time, and amongst these are often to be foundsome which deviate from the parent plant. I have recently had the opportunity of noting a very distinct hybr-d of this kid. The gardener sowed some seed of Acacia cultriformi3, which he took direct from the plant which was growing beneath another species called A. petiolaris. Amongst the batch of seedlings several very dis- tinct varieties appeared, showing in varied degrees the character of the two species. It is also remark- able that the seedlings assumed the character of the pollen plant as to the foliage, andin most instances were more or less variegated, as the one species has asilvery foliage and the other dark green.—RryiERaz —=Gardeners’ Chronicle, Cee See see Aprit, 2, 1894.] Boryysapondenda. eet To the L£ditor. LIBERIAN COFFEK; HOW TO INTRO- DUCE TEA INTO UNITED STATES ; THEA IN GERMANY; FODDER; RUBBER; FIBRES ; MOSQUITO BLIGHT: TEA PACKAGES AND LEAD. Londov, H.C, 16th Feb. 1894. Srr,—On looking over No. 7,Vol. XIII, January 1894, I would like with your permission to remark upon a few of the topics discussed therein, many of which are extremely interesting :— On page 455, Liberian Corrre is referred to. It was found in Java that the Liberian Coffee carefully prepared, yielded a better product than the Coffee Arabica, known as the Java variety. This coffee shouid be planted very wide apart so as to make every allowance for it growing into a large tree, and the land between the rows of coffee plants can be most easily cultivated with beang, wheat or Indian corn, and crops regularly gathered, Aiter a time, as the plants grow up into large trees, this same land can be utilized by cutting off the lower branches of the Liberian Coffee tree to 4th or 5th from the ground. Page 459. Your Chicago correspondent fails to understand how they are to get THA INTRODUCED INTO THE v.s.A. IL would advise the authorities who interest themselves in such matters, in Ceylon to instruct their agent in America to get a list of the public institutione, at which ladies . reside temporarily. either for education or for work, and spond a small quantity of tea to each of these establishments ; should there be ‘‘ no tea-pot,” as is often the case, then he should send one with the tea, to save them brewing it in the coffee pot. Once the ladies take tea from Ceylon they are sure to continue It. I have many times been in- formed by American families visiting England, of the difficulty they have experienced in getting good Ceylon tea at a reasonable price, Page 466, ‘‘ Tra-TRapE 1n Germany.’”’—There is a certain class of tea sold in Hamburg, made from wil- low leaves, coloured and fired. Itis frequently sold in London, but as the Customs authorities know that it is not tea, they will not allow it to come into thia country, but the sale being made here, is forwarded to Hamburg and owing to there being steamship lines in all directions ths so-called tea is regularly shipped to our Colonies and at pre- sent I do not see how this trade can be stopped. Further the tea sweepings from the warehouses in London, are now, as your readers are sware, turned into caffeine and before the Customs part with it, the wholeis denatured so that it is quite impossible to be used for a beverage. The Ger- manus, however, who wish to get over the fair traders, purchase the sweepings from one of the warehouses here, ship it in bond and they sift out the dirt and nails and mix the cust with low-class tea in Germany. By this means they escape paying the duty on the tea into Germany and of course buy it at an extremely low price compared with any tea which is cold in the English market, The whole details are known hers and probably some means will shortly be found for stopping thig small trade in very few hands which is not only discreditable but very injurious to the legitimate traders. Page 467 “ Ponyaonum. SAcuanmeysre.”’—I feel coufident in asserting that when this plant bey 88 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 695 comes more known and can be obtained in Bengal, it will be widely planted, not only as a fodder plant, but also for guiding the slreams in their anne aud algo for preventing overflowing and loss of soil, Page 471 ‘“ Rousper.’’—There ig no article that comes to the London market which is 450 slaughtered as this, It will surprise many to know what a trifle exists between a profit and a loss and I will endeavour to desoribe the position to thosa interested. Indiarubber and guttapercha come to the London market to the merchant who hands it over to the broker, and he has to exist upon his commission, be puts it up to auction and shows the samples for a day or so with tbe usual gale condition viz payment in 14 days ; consequently tha trade is in the hands of a few large dealers who purchase the rubber and pay for it in14 days. {fn the large majority of oaces the manufacturer hag to go to these dealers and pay a large prefit to them whereas if the manufaciurer had time to ex- amine the rubber and prepare his tests for each parcel, he could buy ata much higher price aud the merchant would receive, as a result, a much l-rver share of profit, which now goee to the dealers, In liverpool a rather better system prevails; be- cause some of the manufacturers go to the auetions, examine the goods and arrange convenient terms of payment with the brokers. Page 473.—'Fisru Puants”:—I believe that any one put iog their money in these, with the view of treating the fibre and sending it to Kurope will drop it. The mass of fibre now being offered here, bas so crushed down the price that it is only ® question of getting rid of the stocks on hand to save expenses. If there is any means of using the fibre locally, it is well to consider it. While on this subject, it might be advantageoug to Cey!on to grow the plant yielding the pulqua that comes from Agave Americana which according to ell accounts makes a very valuable beverage, and that Ceylon is especially suited to the growth of this cactus. Page 481,—“ Mosquito Buraut on Tea’ :—Thera are many insects which affect plants and others which affect the buman being. For instance to keep the mosquito down you must goto the water and if you take care that your ponds are well etocked with fish, they will devour the whole of the larve, andan estate may soon be free from these insects, if this ig carefully attended to. On some estates experiments of a very singular nature are being tried. Snakes were at one time plentiful ; they were destroyed without regard ta spscies, whether they were poisonous or non- poisonous ; consequently the insects multiplied rap:dly. I read a report sent to England a few weeks since, that said that while ousting weeds between one row of coffee plants they found 36 snakes ; now all these snakes had to depend upon animal food which they found, and perhaps thig hint can be turned {o acaount by some of your readers, Page 487.—‘ Packacrs ror Fine TEA especially fannings,”’ if when the cases are made ready four tha lead lining, some .Ohina paper with plenty of fibro init, or whatis known in tbis country as Manilla paper, ig cut into strips of about din. wide and stuck iuto the corner of the tea chest, with some carefully prepared paste, it will form not oaly g very strong joint but wil prevent the tea leaking out; some of the houses are copying this Chinese plan and they are also pasting some sort of paper outside the chests at the angle. By this plana lot of tea willbe caved and at the same time ng great change made in the arrangement for packing, 696 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. fAprit 2, 1894. Page 492.—“UinAp in THE TEA”: I am investigat- ing this subject because I think the conclusions drawn by Tetley & Co. are not quite correc’; but I will refer again to this matter later on.—Yours truly, THOS, CHRISTY. TEA LEAD IN TEA PACKAGES. Lonpon, H.C. Feb. 22, Sir,-—I informed you that I would make inquiries tespecting the Jead being found in the tea chests. 1 find that it is not thought that any fraud has been committed in the bonded tea warehouses in London, but it is explained that pieces of lead are tacked into the inner linings of the boxes in Ceylon, with the object of equalizing tares, the boxes themselves not being uniform as to the thickness and description of the wood used in their copstruction. If you can call attention to any further par- ticulars Isball be glad to look into the matter. Naturally the packers of tea in Ceylon will be able to furnish information in reply to this charge. —Yours truly, THOS, CHRISTY. CACAO CULTIVATION AND RAINFALL. +» Wattegama, Feb, 14, Drar Sir,—I encloce a tableshewing the rainfall at half-a-mile from the Wattegama station for the last eight years, and other two tables of the percentages of cacao crops on two estates, gathered in each month for the corresponding period. The rainfall tables run from January 1st to December 31st; the crop percentages from July Ist to June 30th; August to January being considered toe autumn, and February to July the spring, crops. October, January and June are the moat variable months, and one may reckon 5 to 54 months from blossom to harvest, E 1892-93 was the latest, and one of the shortest, crops, As in the old coffee days, ths early crop is usually a bumper one. Many useful deductions may be drawn from these facts aud figures, aud I hope they may prove of service to some of my fellow cacao planters.—I aw, &., CHAS. GIBBON. RAINFALL FOR EIGHT YEARS, WATTEGAMA (ELEVATION, 1,650 ro 2,500 FEET.) Jan, Feb. Mar. April May June July 5iol . 7°87. 5:93 . 5:00 anes 2 sg .'a de Ty? gap” 200 576 3°76 1888 .- PR BES 891 14°38 2°42 1889 .. 203 90 4:22 9°26 11°63 3°45 886 1890 BAL 3°46 1°33 10°72 5°28 8°02 5°41 1891 .. 3°59 155 5:64 4 4©64°87 «31550 1°40 4°95 1892 .. 16:14 9:20 2°39 3°38 2°80 6°30 7°36 1803 ., 2:94 216 1627 807 230 798 5-02 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec, TI. 36 10:51 10:27 7:20 4:22 1e87 00 r309 468 13°94 13°81 23°67 90°39 1888 ve 9:98 278 15:82 718 15°88 75°91 1889 ts 6:98 7:09 777 6°05 4°06 Tas) 1890s 370 703) 5:54 748 533 69°21 1891 0 391 1:95 15°86 476 6:37 76°15 A892 to de 626 2:80 1557 1022 3:90 86-54 1893 vr 358 210 10:06 1428 448 74°20 { No recqude MONTHLY PERCENTAGES OF CACAO CROPS HARVESTED FROM TWO ESTATES IN WATTEGAMA AT AN ELEVATION oF 1,650 To 2,500 FRET. B i LD oS S ~ ci ot = pie 2 a4 4 o oe a4 a a =) t ao oa c—) Sol 38 2 6 8 @ 8 8 8 Aug. and Sept- — (360 — — 451 B95; Res Oct. 430 1080 — 720 9.37 2660 .446 10°78 Noy. 1290 30°65 27°35 35°95 29°16 3425 2415 41-56 Dec. 46°30. 27°05 34°78 23°95 27°10 1370 21°38 26-09 Jan. 19°50. 10°80 18°00 15°55 16°66 270 1695 1117 Feb. 2°15 5°40 186 120 555 40 ora] Mar. — 630 — 180 210 ~— 972 April — 1:80 186 150: +-70 585 860} 7°46 May 439 180 435 3:00 210 — 360] Junel055 1:80 11°80 955 275 775 530) 100°00 100-00 100°09 190'00 100°00 100-00 100°00 100-00 i F J . F . P Bm Bw rae © By S Bows Br PA EA $ & 8 &6 eS = | gz a 4 & 4 ba) a Aug and Sept. 1:86 135 — _ 32 0— -- 8°07 Oct. -- 743 144 423 17°90 923 498 11°92 Nov. 24°29 38°50 21°15 46°50 37°56 19°55 83°50 45°38 Dec. 47°66 27:40 33°65 27°29 27°04 33°17 21°40 21-29 Jan. 19°62 1148 25°96 932 771 19°25 11°40 10°37 Feb. — — 48 — 220 2:30 8°82 Mch, 1:86 878 192 210 137 114 1025] Apl. — 1°35 1°92 84 110 421 380+ 7°34 May 1°86 135 2°86 210 192 845 205 June 2°85 2°36 625 762 238 7:70 8°80 — -_—— 100 00 100-00 100'00 100'00 100,00 100-00 100°00 100°00 “WHAT SCIENCE CAN DO FOR US IN THE TEA FACTORY.” Dear Str,—When your contemporary, the editor of the ‘*Independent,” writes on seicnce we all accord him a respectful hearinz, for he is an accepted authorlty on matters ecientific, and his long sxperience has taught him the danger of hasty conclusions. He hes supported you, sir, throughout in your insistence on the necessity for professional assistance and advice to planters in the field and in the factory. I did not write the sentence which that editor has taken for his text, but as it is much after my own way of thinking, I should like to criticise the oritic who eays your correspondent, p:e3sumably ‘‘an authority, appears to miss the object of analysis entirely.’’ Your correspondent argues that, ‘‘as all the processes of the factory are conducted with a view to bring out the best fiavour of the tes, the palate seems to bea better guide then chemical analysis.’ Your contemporary contesis this, and, following the expression of opinion just given, asserts: ‘“‘ the palate tests the result, but cannot discern at what stage of the process the flavor is gained or lost, or to what particular chemical change that essent’al quality is attributable,” ‘‘for,” he adds, ‘‘ the whole process of manufacture from end to end is ope continuous series of chemical changes &o., &c.” Now, before going further, let us suppose, for a moment, that all the leaf manufac- tured in Ceylon into tea, was grown and made under identically the same conditions as- regards soil, climate, plucking, withering, rolling, oxidizing and firing &c. Given, then, the facilities for the due performance of all these functions everywhere alike, the study of the manuéaciure of tea would Aprit 2, 1894.] be reduced to its simplest conditions and rules. Granted that from the moment the leaf is plucked “‘ghemical changes” commence, no one would dream of troubling the chemist to interfere in ‘the pro- gress of the first ‘‘ stage in the series of changes’’ until the leaf had lost a certain percentage of its weight, ssy, or had assumed a certain color and feel! Whether to go beyond that point, or to stop short of it, the experienced planter ought to know by this time, nor do I see what difference an analytical examination could detect in the com- position of theleaf beyond ths varying percentage of moisture. The chemist is not yet born with skill enough to say that within the margin the practical planter allows for this operation, his analyses would enable him to say ‘‘this resultis better than that,” or who could beat the palate if applied to° test a dozen samples of tea madefromas many heaps of leaf as variously withered, otherconditions being the same. But is this first stage not very well understood already ? or could science provide the necessary conditions to practise it to perfection where climate differs, room is ineufficient and the oue thing necassary to make all easy, ‘‘ working capital,’ is nowhere? Thenext stage in the series is more complicated, i.e,, rolling. Admitted that the planter knows when his leaf is ‘* withered ” (for though this ‘‘ chemical change’ is “ progressive,’ it is only one change in the series) how should he roll? Is not the price realized in competition with a thousand teas all differeatly treated the final test? or should it not b2? (though we all know, unfortunately, it is not); but we are imagining all tea made under identical conditions. After tha tea, evenly withered, has lost a certain amount of weight representing loss of moisture and a_ given chemical change, it is rolled for so long and subject to a certain amount of pressure. Here another ‘‘ chemical change” sets in; but let us suppose that no chemist could with existing machi- nery and appliances obviate the necessity for thus rolling and pressing the leaf until it sweats freely and shows a good commercial twist. Of all the many thousands of ‘rolls”’ done daily in Ceylon, probably no two are rolled identically alike, nor ever could be, and that’s the point. Great approxi- mation is of course effected, within the walls of the same factory only. We must gently break up the cells of the leaf and give it a twist, and as it is, we do not stop short or go beyond that, keeping the roll cool during ths operation. Are we at fault here? Ifso, the very simplest laws of tea-making are not understood yet by anybody. The chemical change set up by the rolling is continued on the ‘‘ fermenting” table, progressive from the time the roller begins to turn up to the point where the practiced eye and nose tell us when to cheokit by firing; but it is only one change, the second, in the series, and if its pro- gress is eyen and continuous, like that of a grow- ing child, all we have to dois with its accomplish- ment. Unless we are each and all prepared to employ professional chemists as tea makers we must have some margin and some outward and visible sign as our guide, and this I think we haye and if we are in doubt a few trial heaps will enable the palate to decide upon the best. Besides this, science has already taught us, though com- mou-sense would have done that, that to under- roll and under-ferment gives a coarse flavor, while- over-rolling and over-fermenting gives a mawkish flavor, and sets up decomposition of the leaf. But we are told that the chemist, here, can render us the greatest assistance ;—‘* Mr. Bamber, aftersome months’ trying. has made important discoveries, by amalysing the tea at difforent stages of the same THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 697 operation.” Well, Mr. Bamber must indeed bes magician! It would take him, or any other chemist—not “some months’ only—but a very long time | indeed, to first find what to look for in his anslyses, and what a few slight changes in the resulting formula really indicate; whereas the practiced tea-maker—(to which complexion even the chemist must come at last, to prove and demonstrate his discoveries, for it is the final test and determinator) would in less than ‘a few months,” arrive at a satisfactory solution of the problem by merely tasting selections of the tea “made at dfferent stages of the s2me operation.” This the editor of the ‘‘ Independent ”’ admits is carefully done by tea-makers, but he would have them also ‘‘ know the difference in the ehemical composition effected in the tea by the various processes.”’ But this is quite a hopeless aspiration and let us hope as unnecessary as it is hopeless. Given afew broad rules and principles and care — taking in the work, and that is all we can hope for, or reasonably expect ‘in the factory’; but. it the chemist can discover new laws and new rales in his laboratory let him doso, but before he can be sure oftheir efficacy, he must submit them +o the practical tea-maker and to the market for “* proof.” But all tea is not made under identical condi- tions, but under innumerable, varying odnditions too well-known to mention, though each factory may, for practical purposes, consider all others in the same case as itself. It must attend to itg own peculiar circumstances without regard to others. Finally, though modern Chemistry is un- doubtedly a marvellous and a magical science, it is not quite so magical as we areasked to believe. Before the chemist can be sure of his deductions he mast prove them, and he can only do that by the palate of the tea-taster. TENTACLE, CARRYING THA LEAF LONG DIS- TANCES:—SILO SYSTEM. Feb. 22nd, Dear S1r,—Some time ago I took up the sub- ject of preserving fodder for cattle in the Silo, At the same time I was trying to find some good method of carrying tea leaf without injury, for long distances, and it occurred to me to try the Silo system for this purpose. I would define the principle of the Silo to be—‘‘ The expressing of air in the first place from the product to be pre- served, and subsequently the exclusion of air.” To insure the expressing of the air to a preat extent, I compressed 3 maunds of tea leaf intoa box measuring 22%20x19—the density of the leaf may be stated as 1 lb. of leat to 34:8 cubic inches, The means adopted for compressing the leaf was that of the weight of two men who pressed down the leaf with their feet as it was thinly sprinkled into the box, and the box took two hours to fill. If the filling had been done hurriedly, it is probable that the leaf would have turned red. Having compressed the leaf and by this com- pression having expressed the air, I placed a fulse lid on the leaf—i.c. a lid which would fit the inside of ths box, and be able to sink into the box. On this lid I placed about 6 owt. of load. This pressure on the leaf was suflizient to insure that no fresh air could get int)» the leaf, and to express any gases formed. The result of this experiment was surprising. I left the leaf under pressure for seventeen hours, and it had con- tracted three inches. I opened the box and turned out 608 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894. the Jeaf; the colour had changed to greenish yellow as if the leaf had been slightly steamed. The stalks were flecible. Seeing this I determined to -roll the leaf at once, and put it straight into the _vapid roller—I took care not to lose any juice— and dried off the moisture after colouring, and when the leaf was as dry as is usual with withered leaf, I rolled it again, and dried in a Birocco as usual. This tea was valued and reported as good as my ordinary tea. It will be seen that these 3 maunds of leaf only occupied a space of 2241920 from the time it was weighed till the time of rolling. And I am hopeful that my system may replace the present extensive and expensive appliances necessary for ‘‘ withering.” For the carriage of ‘‘ withered’ leaf the above Bystem willalso insure success. The leaf cannot get heated or red ;—the chest of 22”¢19%20 inohes - will hold about 240 to 280 pounds of “ withered” lea, and the leaf will stay uninjured for seyeral hours. To make the system practicable I have constructed & Sorew press, which will compress 3 maunds or go of leat into the chest in a few minutes, by the power exerted by ons man; andto keep constant pressure on the leaf, I have a chest which is fitted internally with coiled springs aggregating a pressure of six hundredweights. I shall be very interested to hear whether the above experiments have ever been tried, and to know whether any of your readers will give the system a fair trial. “ PRESS.” PROGRESS IN NORTH BORNEO. Kandy, March 12: Drag S1r,—The following particulars just received from Mr. Henry Walker of British North Borneo may interest you and your readers :— The Coffee Oo. in which Messrs J. L. Shand and Herbert Anderson are interested is going ahead as they are satisfied with the progress made. They have a little difficulty in getting cocoa seed but that will soon be obviated as they are now haying peed bearers of their own. There can be no doubt for the future of coco- nut planting, for they have trees bearing 100 nuts. Mr. Walker believes there 1s a great opening for coconut planicrs in Borneo, ard yery fine land is available. : Mr, Walker will be very pleased to ses Ceylon men with capital and promises to show them every uttention. Tre labour question is getling clearer and the value of the dollar is holpirg; being only worth 2-3d. Tobacco reports are all good, and some crop is already in Sandakan for shipment.—Yours truly, W. D. GIBBON, Agent, British North Borneo Government. A SILO FOR TEA LEAF; IMPROVED WITHERING ARRANGEMENTS. Drar Six,—‘‘ Press” ’a experience is very different from anything I have heard of, and if it be found that ieaf brought into the factory wet, and packed into boxes as he suggests will produce as good tea as does the leaf properly withered, it will certainly be a valuable discovery. — fie may be right, and his suggestion 15 worthy ut » fair trial, but my experience is that when the leaf is hard packed into the sacks (all my Jeaf is transported to the factory in sacks) and has heen carried from 3 to 5 miles, it feels hot and 1 baye even known it changed to a bronzs | or copper colour, whereas if lightly pressed into the sacks it is found in excellent order after 6 miles of.a carriage on a cooly’s head. Any suggestion that will lessen the difficulties arising from insufficient withering accommodation, should receive encouragement. A correspondent of yours has recently been adding to his withering space by running bis withering tats three inches apart instead of six inches, with the best results, aod when compared with the advantages he has gained by the arrangement, at very little cost. Those who are pressed for withering accommoda- tion should give the system a trial,—Yours truly, INVENTION. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA AND CONFERENCES. Hiralouvah, Haldummulla, March 13th. Deak ‘‘Osszaver,”’—I notice in your paper of 12th a most interesting statement, viz. that “In the afternoon Mr. Lipton and Mr. Duplock had a confererce with Sir J. Muir and Mr. P. R. Buchanan” But you do not give us any details of this most imporlant conference. But I fancy after settling the fate of nations, the conversation must bave drifted round to tea; and I do bope that Messrs, Lipton and Duplock (as Ceylon planters) thoroughly explained to Mesers. Muir and Buchanan that the idea of Ceylon forming an alliance with India to push teas in America wotld not work. Let each country do its own work in friendly rivalry. It is very good of Mr. P. BR. Buchanan to hold little informal meetings at Calcutta, and wouli no doubt help Calcutta. But I cannot help thinking that our own Planters’ Association, with its many able members, is the body to discuss and arrange their matters, almost better than informal meetings of Calcutta agents and others.—Yours faithfully, H. H. KIRBY. ACME TEA CHESTS. Drsr-Sim,—For the foform2tion of tea planters and exporters we annex copy of a letter we have received from London regarding the above.—Yoars truly, MERCHANT. We do not see that these packages should be any more successful than their predecessors which have proved failures. There is a strong ose against these packages in the trade. he small local dealers who are the ultimate recipients of tea, prefer the old lead-lined wood packages, because they are easy to open, and when emptied they can sell the old tea lead linings. These iron chests are yery difficult to open as they nearly invariably, get jammed in transit, and they are useless when emptied. Itis all very well for the makers to say that they will allow so much each for the packages when emptied, bnt they cost so much to send them to either Glasgow or London that they are not worth the carriage. Again, the saving in the cost, and the advantages which are supposed to exist, are largely mythical, and we are also informed that there is a galvanic action set up between the iron and tin if the package gets at all damp with sea water, which not only causes the rust to come through, but imparts a strange odour to the con- tents, and renders same almost useless. AOME TEA OH#STS. March 17, Deak Sir.—With reference to a letter appearing in last night’s Observer signed ‘‘ Merchant, 1 think it but fair to the Syndicate to say that we have tried close on 5,000 of these chests during the !ast 15 months and find that there is a ApRIL 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 699 decided saving in favour of Acme tea chests and we have no complaint of any kind from the trade or any where alae. MEROHANT NO, 2 [We thought in ‘reading the repor: appended to ‘‘Merchant’’’s letter that every possible and im- possible drawback to the Acme chests was brought together. We have seen a testimonial today from an agent in a big way speaking on the Acme chests in very high terms :— ‘¢ The tea packed in the Acme chests has arrived in first-class condition and I am of opinion that tea so packed is received by the London dealers as readily as if the product were packed in wooden chests.” An advertisement for the benefit of “* Merchant ” appears in another column.—Ep. 7,4.] —___@————_—_——— VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES, CoFrer in Java.—Messrs. James Cook & Co. learn from Java that the weather is less favour- able; recent figures to hand estim:ate the Govern- ment crop at 310,650 piculs, and the Private at rathor over 500,000 piculs. Jur CULTIvATION AND MANUFACTURE CF GANJA IN Mapras by C. Benson, Hsq., u.n.a.c., Deputy Direc- tor, Agiicultural Branch is the latsat pamphlet to reach us from the Department of Land Records and Agriculture, Madias, Agriculiural Branch. Prices or Home-Grown Timper IN BEDFORDSHIRE,— Mr. A. D. Webster reports that the following prices were realised for home-grown timber of fair quality at the recent auction sale on the Woburn estate :— Oak, 1s. 6@ per foot; Ash, Is. 6$d.; Hlm, 8d.; Spanish Chestnut, 11d.; Poplar, 10{¢.; Willow, 11d. ; Maple, 114d.; Larch, 1s. ld ; Beech, 9d.; Lime, 10d.; Sundry poles and tops, 1s.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. Ooconur Cuurivarion at VEDDUKApU.—The soil of Veddukadu seems to be well adapted for the cultiva- tion of the coconut palm. Already handreds of acres haye been planted. In some parts the trees have already begun to bear. Zhe nuts are larger than those of the Pachchilapaly estates. Applications have already been made to the G. A. for fresh Crown land. He has given-directions to the local Surveyor to survey the land in allotments of 22 acres each. Cor., © Jattoa Catholic Guardian.” Cocoa-SteaLinc.—There is not the slightest doubt that in the Matale and Panwila districts at least, the native cultivators are deterred to a con- giderable extent from planting cacao, by the special liability of the fruit to be stolen by thieves as mentioned by Mr. Westland at the Annual Meeting of the Planters’ Association. In a letter Mr. Westland further endorses his ~ statement; but in this respect as in regard to the employment of more watchers, we do not think there has been any flaw shown in the planters’ case by any of their G1itics. A New Green Piement in Puanrs.—Mr. D. Hooper, of the Laboratory, Ootacamund, writes as follows:—‘‘In the issue of the Gardeners’ Chronicle for July 22, notice is made of a discovery by pro- fessor ‘'schirch of anew green colouring matter in T'richosanthes pubera, which he has named _ tricho- santhin, 1. should like to point out that the green colouring matter of the pulp of some of these plants was isolated by me in 1889, and the colouring prin- ciple of Trichosanthes palmata was especially investi- gited as spectroscopically by Mr. Michie Smith, of Madras, who read a paper on the subject before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1890. An account of these plants, their chemical composition, and a comparison of the spectrum of the colouring matter with that of chlorophyll, may be found in Pharmaco- graphia Indica, yol., ii., pp. 70-74, It will be seen that the term *trichosanthin* was applied by me, not to the pigment, bat to the bitter glucoside, the active principle of the plant,”—Gardeners’ Chronicle. A Hanpsome New Sprors oF Bampoo has becn discovered in Burma, and has been botanically named after its discoverer, Mr. J. W. O iver, Oon- seryator of Forests. Targe quantities of the seed are being planted in Northern India.— Western Star. RevIvaL oF Cacao CULTIVATION NI CoLOMBIA Sovra America.—Mr. Robert Thomson—whose name is familiar in connection with the Oinchona Enterprise in its early days in the East and also as a contributor to our Tropical Agriculturist—has been addressing (iu Spanish!) the President of the Republic of Colombia, S, America, on the need of reviving and encouraging the cultivation, of caca? within his State. Mr. Thomson gives 2 good deal of ueeful information, and having got a translation of the paper, we shall republish it in full in our 7.A.—Meantime it remains to be seen if the Oolombian authorities will lay to heart, and take action on, the advice tendered by Mr. Thomson. Jamaica’s New Inpustry: Ceyton Braten.— A great deal of interest and ceremony hag attached to the inauguration of the West Indies Chemical Works, Limited, at Spanish Town, Jamaica. Never, perhaps—says the local Glaner— has a new Jamaica industry been inaugurated under more auspicious circumstances. The foundation stone (or rather stake) was formally laid by Mrs. T. L, Harvey, wife of the Hon, T. L. Harvey, to whose energy and enterprize the Company owes its exist- ence. Prior to the ceremony, Dr. Emile Bucher, founder and managing Director of the Company, gave a conversazione atthe Hotel Rio Oobre, ta which a large number of guests were invited, Dr, Bucher said: In future years when they saw all this waste land cleared, the noise of the factory and the smoking chimneys they would remember that day. There was one gentleman in that gather. ing who through his unflagging perseverance, his energy and his intellect, had brought that undertaking to a successful close. They all knew that he spoke of the Hon. Thomas Lloyd Harvey. Hon, T. L. Harvey said :—This is I believe, a personal undertaking ; it must be considered the private enterprise of the gentleman I call Dr, Bucher and his friend Mr. Schweich. You know Dr. Bucher, you have seen him, but I am sorry Mr. Schweich is not here today, Mr. Schweich is a cuitured gentleman, igs a manof refined taste, ig & man whose presence in Jamaica would add immensely to our society and to our business talent, but unfortunately for this community and unfortunately for thiscompany, Mr. Schweich is absent from ill-health. Mr. Schweich will, however, act for the Company in the markets of Europe and will convince the sellers of the world that good extract can ba made from Jamaica roots only, Dr. Bucher is not a financier; Dr. Bucher ig @ man who has taken up chemistry as a study. With Mr. Schweich, he oarried on this business in the Uity of Manchester. He has come to this island not once, but three times, and I hope if we have not conquered him that he has conquered us. They examined the water, analyzed the air and burned red lights. I thought they were Obeahmen (laughter). Dr. Bucher satisfied himself that Spanish Town was central for the trade, satisfisd himself that Europesns could live in it and thrive, and satisfied himself —best of all—that such an enterprise could be run by local labor and by Jamaicans. Mr. §, L. Sharp said that standiog there and speaking in the name of many logwood growers and asgri- culturists he wished the new company a hearty success, It would not injure the trade, but would on the contrary increase it, This industry was one like many other good results of the late exhibition, 00 ‘“RookpTENNE. Hsrarn,” near to Oodoowerre, comprising 812 acres, the property of Messrs. H.O. Hoseason and G.E. Osborne has been purchased b Mr. W.H.Hannan of Medacombra, Watagoda for R7,000. As regards this property I know it beyond the shadow of a doubt that clearing of land—a part of it—is to be commenced forthwith and that the area under Tea is to be extended, Mr. and Mrs, Hannan have already booked theier passage home, and till the return of the former from England and until further arrangements are made Mr. Hoseason will have the management of the estate and its extension. This place 1s between the 5th and 6th mile post on the road to Haputale and 12 miles from Bandara- wella, There is also ample water power, hundreds of acres of land available and any amount of fuel. The Badulla Oya is on the Hastern side of the pro- perty.—Cor., loval “ Independent.” Inpias AND Cryton Teas—We do not at all approve of the tone of our friend Mr, Kirby's letter (page 698), although we know that his views are. shared by a large number of his brother planters. We cannot at all see the wisdom of Ceylon refusing to co-operate with India, or rather to allow India to co-operate with Ceylon. Would Mr. Kirby have a special Ceylon Agent and native servants go round the States, followed, or preceded by a similar special Agent for Indian teas? The average American householders and dealers would certainly regard the visitors as rivals and would have their attention given to the difference between them and their teag, uutil they probably declared,.— “A plague o’both your houses ; yt “ We can’t decide between you and will just go on with our old teas.’’—Whereas what both countries have to dois to force the Americans to realize the inferiority of the China’s and Japan’s they are drinking as compared with British-grown, honestly prepared teas whether from India or Ceylon. Does Mr, Kirby not realize that whatever benefits one country in America, is sure to benefit the other, because it lessens the pressure on the London tea market. Tea PLANTING CoMPANIES.—We call atten- tion to the Reports of no less than four Planta- tion Companies, the annual meetings of which have been held. First we have the Yatiyan- tota Company. hitherto the premier Ceylon Oom- pany so far as dividends went, but which this vear gives place to the Yataderiya with its 30 per cent dividend to shareholders, Still Yatiyantota is well to the front and saye for the mischief caused by jclopeltis and losses though Coast Advances, would have kept up its previous year’s record, The return for this Company hitherto are as follows :— 1888 dividend 22 p.c.; 1889=—25; 1890—25; 1891 40: 1892=30; 1893—25. The We-oya Company oomes next as another Kelani Valley Uompany and the return for the past year ie equal to 12 per cent dividend. Then we have the Glasgow Oom- pany with the fine soil and climate of the Agra- vatanas, and the Dunkeld Company representing favourable conditions in Dikoya —The one declares 12 and the other 10 per cent, but both Reports speak of young tea land yet to come into bear- ing. The Directors and Managers connected with these several Companies well deserve the thanks of the shareholders. Cryton Tra FoR AmeERIcA.—The paper on ‘© Qeylon at the World’s Oolumbian Exposition,” -in Halligan’s Illustrated World's Fair, to which . we alluded the other day, winds up with the following paragraph which we hope will be widely read and studied by Americans :— * The result of this careful attention to manufacture isan article that for purity snd cleanliness and for a combination of strength with delicacy of fiavor cannot be. equaled. No deleterious substances are THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. -the price down from 83 to Is 3d per oz. I EI EE EEO [APRIL 2, 1894, fused into it to give it color like the teas of China acd Japan, vor any extraneous essences to give it flavor ;it is directly treated on scientific prisciples by methods which conserve and retain in the leaf the maximom quantity of those virtuous properties which make it so wholesome a beverage. Space will not permit a distertation on the good qualities of Ceylon tea which elaborate chemical analyses have indicated, but it may be observed here that it pos- sesses the esrential principle «n which the dietetic value of all teas depend—namely, theine—in a greater proportion than apy other tea, It ie, weight for weight, more economical than those of Jepan and China which for the bulk of the teas imported into thie country, and we bave every bope from the ready manner in which it bas brea received by the public already, that it will prove to be the tea of the near future in this vast continent. If this hope is realized as itshould be, and as the merit of the article de- serves, the object of our visit here shall have b en met and an unquestionably wholesome food product introduced into this country. Mr. E. V. Oaney wy Creyton.—Mr. E. Y. Carey, who returned here yesterday (13th) on a brief yisit, speaks hopefully of the coffee enterprise in Selan- gor, where he now is, but says that it is a case of sheer hard wark, and that he cannot leave his estate for any length of time. He bas come up to Ceylon to meet Mrs. Carey, who is coming out in the P. & O. s.s, *‘ Victoria,’ due in a fortnight’s time, and he will return to the Straits by the P. & O. China boat that connects with the “ Vic- toria.”” He says that bis estate, New Amberst, Selangor, is a block of land of 1,000 acres in ex- tent, of which 430 acres has been felled, while he has 250 acres opened in coffee, the oldest of which is 18 months, Mr. Gatehouse worked with him for a time time; but left Salangor some time ago, and he has another Enropean as- sistant now and a conductor. His labour is chiefly Tamil, but Javanese are occasionally employed. Unlike Mr. Forsythe, who visited the Straits the other day, and on his return asserted that the Selangor Government “crimped” the planters’ labourers by offering them higher pay, Mr. Carey speaks in the highest terms of the local Govern- ment. Mr. Carey has given up cricket, though Selangor possesses a club which stands second in importance in the Straits, and which alone, he says, could easily beat United Ceylon. He will stay with Mr. Talbot at the Serubs, Nuwara Eliaya, until the ‘“ Victoria” arrives, and with that object went upcountry this morning (14th. ) THe CincHona Market.—in this morning’s Observer (Mar. 19) we quoted figures from the Chemist and Druggist giving the export of cinchona from Java for the past five half years, July to December. The export for the period in 1893, is less than for the same six months of the previous year, but the news that has come of Java having shipped 900,000 lb. in Jan. this year alone shows the enormous reserves they must have, and if would simply be madness for any Ceylon planter to begin planting cinchona until more is learned from that colony. We are glad to be able to say that we have been promised a full report of the posi- tion in Java at an early date. One correction that we have to make on the paragraph which we took oyer from & contemporary on Saturday is with regard to the Java planters having ages his was done by the Ceylon planters; at least the fall to 3s if not 2s was caused by the Ceylon exports. The Java plenters have now the control of the market in their own hands,and with bark averaging 43 per cent. neither India nor Ceylon can for a moment compete even if they had ap- preciable reserves which they have not. We must however wait forthe full report which we have been promised before dealing further with the subject. Pets ig Apri 2, 1894.| Tue New Perapeniya Estate Facrory.—The tea factory on this well-knowr estate, which was burnt down very recentiy, the machinery being al! damaged, has been got ready for work again. The work was given to Messrs. Welker, Sons & Co.,who havecom- pleted the re-fitting of the machinery in the very short time of fifty days. Messrs. Walker, Sons & Co. are to be congratulated on having such a competent staff of engineers and workmet. On the day of completion Mr. Bernard Stave, who is in charge of THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. the fitters, hoisted a flag and gave the workmen a | treat for the manner in which they hal enabled him to complete the work so rapidly.— Cor. Tue CorrEE Upcountry.—Bogawantalawa, March 16:—Excellent blossoms oll over Dikoya where there is any decent-looking coffee. Morar, Therasia, Kil- larney and Bogawanne are a sight to see, and. the coffee looks so strong and well it reminds one of the old days. The weatherfor settiug the blossom has been all that could be desired, and the lucky pro- prictors of coffee will certainly score decidedly this year; while the railway returos from Hatton to Colombo tor coffee will in this coming season, Octo- ber, 1894, to February, 1&95, show, I should say, neatly ten times the amount of coffee carried to February 28th, 1894.—Cor. Royat GarRDENs, Kew. Balletin of Miscellaneous Information for December 1893 has the following contents :—Root Disease of Sugar-cane, Peruvian Colonisation, Hor icultural in Corawall. Bo'anical Station Dominica, St. Vincent Arrowroot, Coffee-leaf Dseass iu Central Africa (Preventive Measures), West African Botinic Stations, and Miscellaneous Notes. Bulletin of Miscellaneous information Appen- dix 11f.—1893. Contents:—List of Staffs in Botanical Departments at Home, and in India and the Oolonies. Bulletin of Miscellaneous information for January has for conteuts:—Gumming of the Sugar-cane; Decades Keweases, VIL; West African Mahogany ; Tuberous Labiate; Veitch Coleotion; Diagnoses Afiicansz, I ; Miscellaneous Notes. Tue Auton Estate Factory Fire: FurtHer Parri- cuLARS.—A!ton estate tea factory ws seen by the tea maker to be in flames shortly after 9 p.m. on March 9th, and before the coolies arrived the whole of the two upper floors were in flames. All that could be sayed were the estate check-rolls and books out of the office, as by that time the two upper Hoors of the old factory were blazing, and the smoke and heat prevented anyone’s approaching. By mid- pight there was not a stick standing, the store and all its surroundings being completely destroyed. The tool store, which caught fire, was saved by the coolies with buckets. The hose being inside the factory it was impossible to get at it. Firing and all work bad finished at 8 p.m., and no sign of fire was visible then. It is impossible to say how the fire commenced, but somehow fire got from the No. 1 sizocco chimney into the withering loft. The factory, machinery, and tea in the store was fully insured, but the inconvenience and loss during the next nine months will be very great.—Uor. THe CinxcHonA Margxer anpd Cryion.—In an interview with the representative of a contemporary Mr. C. Bohrimger is reported to have said that ia Java 80 much cinchona had been planted at the start that they could go on uprooting for a long time to come- The analysis was increasing, and, if they went On increasing che quantity as well, of course it would make a terrible difference from what thinga formerly were when Ceylon only supplied the market, The Java planting had had the effect of reducing the price of quinine from 83 to ls 3d per 0z., which was the price now ; while it had been as low as 831. Of course the price would go higher if Java found out}the way of not overstocking the markat ; bat, speaking as a manufacturer, he pereonally didn’t believe she had yet found out that way. It would suit him personally if Oseylon grew Qinghona again but he would nok resommend jf, WOT PATENTS: TEA MIXTURE, 16,267, September 10, 1892. Tea. H. Carus- Wilson, 22, Fenchurch Street, London. Consists in impregnating tea, after or during the ordinary pro- cesses of manufacture. with 1 to 24 per cent its weight of a mixture of two parts of bicarbonate of soda and one part of phosphate of soda, A solution of this mixture is raised to boiling heat and sprayed upon the tea. which is then heated in a chamber to 130° F. for about half-an-hour, and afterwards dried in a tea-kiln at 120°-130° F., or in a rotary drying machine at 209-30° lower. As an alternative pro- cess the dry leaf may be sprinkled with the mixed salts in the form of a powder, and then subjected to a hot-water spray.— Patent Jovinal, Jan. 17. SS ee FIJI VANILLA. Vanilla appears for the first time ag an article of export from Fiji in the official etatistics of that colony for 1892. Inthat year 112 lb. of a declared value of 12u/ left the island. The quality seems to have been excellent, and the fruit realised from 21s 61 to 223 61 per lb in London. In the smallisland of Rodriguez; near Mauritius, vanilla growing is also tried. The plantations, it is said, are prospering.— Chemist and Druggist. So COFFEE CROPS IN SOUTHERN INDIA promiss well for next season, and all that is wanted now is timely rain to ensure success. On the whole, gardens have pruned out well; but nn some estates thera was less developed wood than was anticipated. We hear that large quantities of poudrette from Ootacamund are being carted tothe Ouchterlony Valley. Some of this is from veryold pits and should be of rich manurial vyalue.—Nilgiri News. THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA MARKET, Amsterdam, Feb. 17,—The analyses of the Java cinchona bark to be offered at our sales on March Ist have been completed. The manufacturing bark contains 16 tons sulphate of guinine or 5:06 per cent on the average. About 1 ton contains | about 1-2 per cent sulphate quinine; 15 tons, 2-3 per cent; 56 tons, 3-4 per cent; 79 tons, 4-5 per cent ; 73 tons, 5-6 per cent; 61 tons, 6-7 per cent; 19 tons, 7-8 per cent; 5 tons, 8-9 per cent.— Chemist and Druggist. —_ ih. BARK AND DRUG REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Feb. 2, CINCHONA,—A moderate quantity of Eastern. and Afri- can barks was offered for sale on February 20th. There were seven catalogues, mostly small oues, totalling up as ollows :— Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona 366 of which 247 were sold East Indian ciuchona &21 do 532 do Jaya vinchona aS 96 do 96 do African cinchona 182 do 182 do South American 453 do _- ao 1918 1057 do The Eastern barks were mostly of very high average quality; those from India were aJmost exclusively mave up of yood bright yellow and grty chips and shavings, A steady tone prevailed throughout the sales, but as some of the holders appear to be sanguine of obtsining more money by adopting a waiting policy, and therefore did not press their supplies for sale, a considerable propor- tion was bought in. The unit keeps firm at {to jd per lb. for fair qualities. = A somewhat interesting feature of the sales ws tha cfering of 385 bales of “ sofg Uglomblan’? barge of 1ssy 402 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRit 2, 1894 import. This variety has not been shown at our atictions for some considerable time, and on this occasion all of it was bought in. It is said that, at the time of its im- portation, over 6s per lb. was refused for it. Here follow the approximate quantities of bark pur- chaged by the principal buyers :— Kilos, Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 81,962 Messrs. Howards & Sons a 2 48,289 Agents for the Brunswick works .. ys 87,747 Agents for the American and Italian works.. 80,685 Agents for the Paris works “7 rir 22,190 Agents for the Auerbach works m1 re 16,150 Agents for the Frankfort-on-the-Main and Stutt- gart works sledvse Ki ‘eo 4,480 Sundry druggists aieeiciaie 15,675 Total quantity of bark sold.. ° 257,178 Bought in or withdrawn .. a 165,378 Total quantity of bark offered ., 422,556 It should be well understood that the quantity of the bark purchased gives no indication of the amount of quinive in the bark actually secured by the buyer, The prices secured for sound bark were :— CuyLon CINCHONA.—Original. Rei varieties: Dull to fair dusty stem aud branch chips 14d to 14d; fair shay- ings 13d to 1fd; dusty root 13d to lfd per 1b. Grey varieties, dull small stem chips 1§d per lb. Yellow vya- rieties; medium to fair bright quilly stem and branch chips 2}d to 3%d; root 44d per lb. Hybrid: ordinary, dull and weak stem and branch chips 13d to ifd; good shavings 3d to 3gd per lb. Renewed. kei varieties :— Ordina:y dull shavings 1d; fair stem chips 2}d per Ib. Good grey quilly stem chips 34dper lb. Yelluw fair to good bright stem and branch chips 881 to 4}4 per lb. Hybrid dull chips 1jd; fair to gool shavings z4d to 341 per lb; East INDIAN CINCHONA,—Original. Fair tv good bright stem and branch chips 17d to 221; root 2id per lb. Grey j\varieties :—Sweepings ,;1d; swall thin branch chips to good bright quilly chips 14d to 4$d; good bright shaviugs 4d per lb. Yellow varieties :—Small and dull branch chips igd to 2d; good bright ditto z4d to 3d; thin twigs ijd to z4d; fair to go.d bright quiliy chips 84d to 4a; small to good bright spokeshayings 2d to 3}d; root 3d to 3$d per lb. Renewed. Red varieties;— Dull to gvod bright stem and branch chips 1fd to 231; grey varieties :—ordinary small to good br gut quilly shay- ings and chips zfd to 4gd per lb. Yellow varieties ;— good bright shavings 4§d; medium t») fine quilly chips 8%d to 5gd per lb. JAVA CINOHONA.—Ninety-six packages Javanese Ledger bars realised 3¢d to 4d per lb for crushed chips 2;d per lb for branch chips and sd per 1b for root. WEsT AFRICAN CINCHONA.—One hundrei and eighty-two pales trom San Thome (Succirubra character) brought 2d to 23d per ld for fair to good boli quilly chips, and od per lb for fair rather thin quill. SourH AMERICAN CINCHONA.—-Several lots of old soft Colombian bark (335 bales) were all bought in at from zd to gd per lb. Besides ranged from }41 to 17d per lb, For a parcel of 118 vales (}c¢wt each) cuitivates Bolivian Calisaya, quill from Mollendo, fair quality, partly irregular a bid of 43d per lb was refused, The exports of cinchona from Java during the second half of the year (July 1 t0 December 31) have been ;— Red varieties :— 1893 1832 1891 1690 1889 Amster-. Amster-- Amster- Amster- Amster- ; _damilb, dam lb. damlb. dam 1b, dam lb. Govt. plan- -tation.... 297,09L 422,857 (459,883 2703.8 2 92,915 Private plan- fations.. 3,085,007 3,481,417 4,693,747 3,851,381 2,321,745 Totals... .. 8,382,098 3,904,284 5,158,570 4,121,693 2,514,660 CInNAMON.—A sale of 100 bales (50 thirds and 50 fourths) at i#u perlb.,c.if. terms, February-April shipment took place last week. ; Cocaine.—The convention price rema‘ns undisturbed, but there are rather more sellers in the second hand, and it is possible to purchase Hydrovhlorate from such holders at 18s per oz, which is 1s below the Conven- tion price. . QUININE.—No business was reported until Wednesday, when 10,009 «za were saic. jo have changed hinius at 1llzd per 0z, showing a decline of fully gd peroz. fhe market closes duli. The imports of cinchona bark and its alka- “Juds into the United States during the last two years were as folluws :— 1893 1892 Ginchina bark...cce..seeelb. 2,138,128 3,144,284 . Qainine sulphate and other Gighowa saltsrercye vvve OZ. 2,777,507 8,486,022 The following are the manufacturers’ quotations :—Ho- wards, bulk Is 24 to ls 2d; vials ls 34 a 4d. Whiffen, bulk Is 1d; vials ls 3d. Pelletier, vials 1s 6d to Is 5}4. Fabrica Lombarda, bulk ls 1d; vials Is 3d. All German brands iu bulk is ld per oz (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Mareh Ist. CincHons.—Of South American barks only a few lots were offered today. Thirteen bales go-ca'led flat calisaya, bold bright pieces were bought in at 1s 8d per lb. (the owner asks 1s 7d per lb.), and 2 bales very damaged old Msracaibo were bought in at 8d per lb. For a parcel of 6 bales bold flat damaged very dark Calisaya from Hamborg, the high price of from 1s 5d to 18 10d per lb was paid, _ Coca-LEAvEs.—Fair but broken and thin green Trux- illo leaves were bought inat Isto ls 1d per Ib.; but 2 bales rather ordinary sold at 94d today. CuseBs.—Cultivated berries sre arrived freely in Amsterdam and are being offered there at the equiva- leut of about 75s per ewt.; but no buyers can be found willing to pay this price. The demand here remains very slaok, aud at the public sale today 70 bags were all bought in, a bid of 45s fora lot of small dusty and slightiy stslky berries, whieh are held at 503, being rejected. Privatcly sales of good quality have been made at 50s. VANILLA,—A rather heavy supply was dispo‘ed of today with good competition at from 6d to 1s 6d per Ib, advance, the bold pods experienciog the greatest rise. Fine chocolate 7 to 84 in. brought 163 to,18s, good ditto 5 to 74 iv, 83 6d to 13s 6d, email - crystallised chocolate 3 to6 in. 6s 94 to 83 34; common brown aud foxy down to 2s 9d perlb, A Seychelles report states the vanilla crop of Jast year was wuch above the average, but that it is feared, trom the scauty flowering of the vinesduring the season of 1893, that the 1894 crop will not be worth consideration. —_—__»—_____ LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVANCORE PRODUCE. a (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report of the Colonial Markets for the Week ending February 21st, 1894.) TRAVANCORE TEA. ‘In sale this week. with the exception of Arna kal, Aneimudi and Kuduwa Karnum estates, which pee oe the oe Sabet were only of medium quality. Prices realised were low, ia sympathy with sales of Indian and Ceylon. : Pipes, 6 4 B = ae : wet btn, Zclbake ark te een 7) a= wm > 2 ° So . 2 7B a Ss Rta dig Sak wee Rdg cal Ay BQ RMR YQ CS < Arnakal. 1s03d 93d, 64d 64, .. 77chs. 8}d 7zd unas, Aneimudi jd gd 6id ww .., 84 Z-ch. 73d Kuduwa Kar- num 9d 7d,6jd ... $8 bad 928 chs. 744 45 Fairfield 10d 63d 5jd .. 43d 80 do 63d Ashley 83d yd .. = 43d 44d 40 do 63d Isfield 93d 63d, 53d, .. 5d, 106 do 63d Glenmary .... 6d: .. 53d 5)d 99-do. 6d Atchencoil 73d «+ 53, ... 53d, 23 pkgs. 59d 4id - Ad, ws 43d 57 3-ch, 3a Das. Total 794 packages, averaging 624; per lb, Linwood teas asses Aprit, 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 703 THE TEA DEALERS ASSOCIATION ON ~ SMALL BREAKS OF THA. It would seem as if the several bodies intarested at home in the Tea Trade were hopelessly divided on the important matter of the best means of disposing of small breaks of tea, The Brokers submitted the method most favoured by them to the Ceylon Association, which declared against it; the Lea Oommittee of that body formulated its Own propositions and gent them on to the Wholesale ‘'ea Dealers’ Association; and now we learn from our London Latter just received, that the Oommittee of the last-mentioned body wholly rejects the proposals both of the Ceylon Association and of the brokers! Nor has it when doing yo, suggested even the shadow of an alternative course. Its letter says in effect, though not in actual words, that such things as small breake of tea should be entirely un- known. It may be admitted that those stumbling- blosks in the way of facile disposal of our teas are very undesirable. We have, indeed, done all in our power to induce our planters to avoid them, We have pointed out to them how much against their interest it must be to send home small breaks, and yet even this powerful argu- ment has failed to produce the required result Such breaks continue week after week to make their appearance in the auction lists, and it must therefore be concluded, we fear, that our producers find them to be a necessary evil, one that the ordinary course of their operations forcas upon them in spite of tha conviction they mu3t enter: tain that it is opposed to their financial interests to make shipments of the kind. We shall esteem it to be very unfortunate if, after all the efforis thathave been made, no satisfactory course for the disposal of these breaks can be arranged between the three bodies to which we have above referred. It is true that the Wholesale Tea Dealers’ Association Committee, when writing to our own representative Committse ia London, intimates an intention to airculate among its subsoribers, the several suggestions it had received, But it the Oommittee selested by the members to specially deal with such matters fail even to suggest a remaiy, while condemning both of those laid before it, we fear this appeal must prove fruitless of result. From what this Committee has written it would seam that there must exist among buyers objections to the sales of these breaks being conducted in a feparate room, though the nature of those ob- jections has not been stated. The omission to do this must, we should say, prevent further present action by either the Caylon Association is in London or by the Brokers. Had the character of the objection taken to the two gourses pro- posed been stated, it might have been possible, one would think, to have oonsidered a further proposition tending to overcome them. The quastion is eminently one demanding discussion by the Planters’ Association. It may wall be asked whether the whole of our estate managers are unanimous in the belief that the practice giving rise to the difficulty is ona that.cannot be avoided? Does every estate, or every group of estates, feel bound to have small breaks somsatimes ? Are there no exceptions to ba found to the rule? If the last question oan be affirmatively sngwered, then it is certain that there may exist ® remedy which has only to be known to be more widely followed. It may, of course, be that such & remedy has been found to be fiaancially worse than the disease, We should, however, be glad 89 to know if this ba the case, That lower prices ste obtained for small, than for large breaks is so well-known that we need not again state facts to prove this, A Gortain amount of loss must therefore be foressen by the manager of each estate forwarding parc2ls of the kind. It may ba assumed thenas a deduction therefrom, that the logs would not ba incurred wereit avoidable. To hold back until a sufficiency of tea had accumu- lated to form a bréak of ordinary size must, it would follow, also entail a loss. In which of thege two cases is theloss the greaterasya rule? Upon this hinges the action of our planters, and without fuller knowledge we cannot pretend to reply to the question we have put. But if the diffsrence be not seriously against the holding-back principle, we would ask tea-planters to weigh in the balance the manifest difficulty created for the home trade by ths present practice, and to change it whenever possible. ———— TEA AND SCANDAL. Washington Irving evidently would have approved of my heading, for iu his poom entitled ‘Tea’ which is ‘earnestly recommended to the attention of aly maidens of a certaia age ” thore is this introduction of the tima out of mind scandal associated with that beverage :— ! In harmless chit chat an acquaintance they roast, And serve up a friend as they serve.up a toast ; Some gentle fauz-pas, or some femaie mistake Is like sweetmeats delicious, or relished as cake, A bit of broad scandalis like a dry crust It would stick in the throit go they butter it first With a little effected good natura ani cry— “‘ Nobody regrets the thing deeper than L,’”’ Or young Jadies nibble a good name in play, As for past time they nibdle a biscuit away ; While with shrugs and surmises the toothless old dame As she mumbies a crust she will mumble a name; And as the fell sisters asvonished the Scot In predicting of Banquo’s descendants the lot, Making shadows of kings amid flashes of light To appear in array, and to frown in his sight, So they conjure uy spectres all hijeous ia hue, Which as shades of their neighbours are passel in review. Tho wild statement of Percivil, in his ‘ Account ot Ceylon,’ that Tea had been discovared native in the forests of the Island, is too wall known for me to quote, but he also states at p. 366 that “‘ Tea, coffee, tobacco, and the sugar-vane had already been cultivated to great advantage.” He wrote in 1805, bat at p. 117 of ‘ The life and adventures of Joun Christopher Woolf in Caylou,” 1785, I fiad the foliowiog conivary statement:—'‘ Tea aud some other sorts of eleginé aromatics are not to be found here, Some trials have been made to rear them, but without suacess.” Tea is called an sromatic because of it; inherent aroma, but that tha scentof Cainese Tea is not always that of CHA or Thea Sinensis is well knowo. The Leisure Hour ’ for 1879 (p.350) has a paragraph on Fiowers for perfuming Tea.’ ‘In a Chinese Materia Medisa some information is given respecting the flowecs used ia perfumiog Tea. “The principal of these would appsar to bo those of Gardenia radicans (Oape Jasmine,) Jasminum Sambac (the Arabian Jasmine,) Aglaia odorata (wu interesting Chisesa plant named in houoar of Aglaia, one of the Graces,) Lernstroemia japo- nica, Camella Sasanqua (Lady Banks’ Camélia,) andi Olea fragrans (the fragrant olive.) Whe flowers of the last named sbrubara most highly esteeme | for the purpose by the Ohinese. Sometimes in this country an agreeable flavour is given to tea by putting aleaf of the sweat bay into the tea-pot bafore infusing the tea ora few leaves of the lemoa-sc2ntel verbena.”’ Alas! alas! how aro the mighty fallen, Viscount Hinchingbrook (E.G. H. Montagu) wrote a ‘ Diary in India and Csyloa 1878-79.’ Hais in Dimbula, aod oo 18:h November 1878, he says:—‘{'I am initiated Hos THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894! into the mysteries of a coffee plantation * * * the crop is very good this year; an scro yirldsaton of coffee; the expenses £15; the profit £100 *** I met two men owning an estate in this valley who bad made £12,000 one year.” A.M. Ferevson. ——————E AND INDIAN TEAS IN AMERICA, We call attention to the official report (see below) of the Calcutta ‘‘ Tea” meeting, which has reached us. It includes a burriedly-written letter of our own, addressed to Mr. P. R. Buchanan so far back as 26.h January—before the return of the Ceylon Commissioner—and at a time when we were discussing the advantege of joint action in the Observer. It was not written with the expec- tation of being read on so important an occasion, though, of course, it conveyed to Mr, Buchanan, the impression leff on our mind by the remarks made by planters on our editorials at the time. We have corrected some obyious misprints, On the whole, it will he seen the Calcutta meeting fully recogmized the difficulties and jealousics attending joint action and therefore—if contrary to our anticipation in January—tbe Ceylon Planters’ Acsociation deside against the proposal recently formulated, we suppose we ehall see (a thousand pities it should be so !) two Agents in place of one perambulating America,—Mr. Ble- chynden fcr Indian and Mr. Grinlinton for Ceylon teas, We feel sure that there will be cause, eventually, to regret such a,course if it Le adopted, CEYLON —————EE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION, Proceedings of a Joint Meeting of the General Committee and of the Chicago Sub-Commi!tee held on Friday, the2ad March 1854. 5 PreeEnT:—The Hon’ble J. N. Stuart, Chairman, H. S. Aehion Bsq., H. C. Begg Esq-, A. F. Bruce Hsq., BP, G. Steusrt Heq, ‘L. Traill Esq.—Members of the General Committee. “J. Davenport Esq., A. G. Watson E g.—Members of the Ohicago Sub-Committee. Sir Jotn Muir, Bart, P. R. Buchanan, Esq, Allan Arthur Esq.—Present by invitation. The. OHAIRMAN said the meeting had been called to discuss with Sir John Muir snd Mr. Buchanan the best means of carrying on future operations in America in the interests of Indian Tea. Mr. Blechyn- den after he had finished his work in connection with the Chicago Exhibition had been to New York and shown his exhibits at an Exhibition in that city, the expense connected with which had been rather more then was anticipated, aud the results not alto- gether satisfactory. Mr. Blechynden was now on his way back to India in consequence of & suggestion made by‘the Indian Tea Districte’ As:ociation, London, who thouzht it was better that he should return and consult with the committee here before carrying on any further operations in America. The General Committee here had suggestel that the London Committee should control and cupervise any further efforts made in America: asithey:were so much nearer to the scene of operations, i The Chairman then read an extrsct from a letter dated the 220d Decem*er! 1893: which had been. re- ceived irom Mr. Blechyrden: detailing his proposals for the farther pushiog of Indian Te. in. the Unit-d States. The Chairmen said: that Messrs. Reid Mur- doch & Co. had been appoinfed agent; for. the Western States and Messrs. Leggett-& Co., agents for New York. Mr. Lipton with whom he: had had; an interview a few days previously, though he spoke of what Mr. Blechynden had donein terms of the highest prise, was inclined to deprecate the appoint- ment of special agents for the sale of Indian tea, as be thought it kept other large traders away from the article and he considered that deslers generally ought to be attracted to it, The following is the extract from Mr. Blechynden’s letter referred to above:—[See page 688.—Ep. 7.4.) The CuarrMAN then asked Mr. Buchanan if he would kindly give the meeting his views on what had been donein America in connection with Indian tea as he had had an opportunity of personally becoming acquainted with the efforts made, Mr. BucHANAN said that when he went to America in 1892 and talked to people about Indian tea fhe replies were very discouraging. Six months Jater, however, before the Chicago Exhibition was open the teeling was distinctly different and gradually more interest wasshown. In Avgust after the Exhibition bad been opened it was freely admitted on all sides that it would be only a question of timess to when a general demand for Indian and Oeylou Tea began to setin, The American dealers were not keen about pushing the trade, but they were quite sure the demand would come, sooner or later, aud the feeling generally had changed from one of opposition to one of friendliness; He was much p’eased with the Pavilion aud Exhibit of the Indian Tea Association. He thought Mr. Bleehynden bad done extremely well and deserved every credit for his work, as he had bed to surmount very great difficulties. He was also very mush pleased with the Ceylon Exhibit although he thought the Indian one was perhaps the beiter of the two. Mr.Grinlinton’s methods were in some respects more suitable to the country and more appreciated by the Americans than Mr. Blechyuden’s, Before leaving Chicsgo he had seen Messrs. Reid Murdoch & Co.,and they were of opinion thata good traie was sure to follow the Exhibition, but it mast be pashed by assisting them to advertise and #lso by having natives of India to travel and attend at the dif- ferent stores up and down the country. He thought this would be the best and chcapest method. He was strongly of opinion, however, thatthe Assozia- tion should work with all the present distiibutors of tea and cot give the preference to any particniar firo, It would be a, mistake to oppose the principal dealers in the States and avery sericus competition to enter upon. He would suggest a conceesion in the shape of a commission to al large dealers in the States on ali new business in Tea they were able to transact. The CHAIRMAN refer-ed to a proposal which had been mooted by the Editor of the Jndian Planters’ Gazette of holding tea aucti ns at different places in the States, but with regard to this he might say that it had been previously tried with the result that the tea was bought up cheaply aud re-shippsd to London, Sir Jonun Mute stated that Mr. Lipton had called upon his firm and he wou!d ask Mr. Arthur to stete what had passed. Mr, AgtHour said that Mr. Lipton described him- self to them as the greatest advertirer of tea in America and he had no lessthan 400 wagons with his advertisements upon them, moving about through the States. One suggestion Mr. Lipton had made was that he should get a commission on every pound of tea he sold for India and Ceylon. The principal tea consuming States were New York, Ohio, and. Pennsylvania. The Eastern States would be better supplied from India than from China and he would leaye the Western States alone. Mr. Lipton thought that Mr. Blechynden had done excellent work but had made a mistake in placing himself in the handsof one large firmin Chicago and leay- ing nine others equaliy good, alone. Messrs: Reid Murdoch & Co., were, however, good dealers, but he thought inducements should be offered to-all. The main question to consider was whether India should go hand in hand with Ceylon or work separately. : Siz Jonny, Mure said it was hardly worth, while to discuss at the momeut whether Indjan or Ceylon tea, should be pushed, he himself would rather push Indian tea, but the question should be considered as a whole as to which was the best way of raising prices in London, snd puebing Indian and Oeylon Tes as against China and Japan. He agreed with Mr Aprin 2, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 195 Buchanan as to conoiliating all the big distributors avd he would be inclined to ask them to render statements of the business they had done during the last three yeara and then offer an allowance for every 1,000 lb. of Indinn and Ceylon Ten sold in excess of the averaze, the commission only to be, of course, on the increased business. Mr. AntHur said Mr. Lipton agreed with this p'an. Mx. Bruce asked whether any good would result from haying tr velling lecturers on the merits of Indian and Ceylon Tea. Mr. BuCHANAN said he thought not, but he approved of theidea of having natives of India to travel. Sir Joun Muir said America was an enormous market and Canada wasa fair one, and he thought they might look for a sale of twenty million lb. by energy and perseverance, and probably tbis wonld jnerease, and this would bea tremendous retief to the London market. The tea of course must be gooi tes. Mr, Watson asked where the funds were to come from for the enterprise proposed. He agreed that both Indian and Ceylon tea should be pushed but there were many proprietors and planters who would not subscribe to push Ceylon tea. Mr, BocHANAN thought om arrangement might be made by which both India and Ceylon might pay their respective commissions. The CHAIRMAN agreed with Mr. Watson as to the jealousy existing betwe>n India and Ceylon and there were many planters who would not agree to work jointly. Mr. Arruur thought one advantage of joint or- ganization would be that it would work cheaply. Sic Joun Murr said that if it were possible to get a meeting of all interested ia the trade the re1sonable- nessofthe proposals would soon carry conviction to their minds but as this was not practicable he would suggest a detailed report of the proceedings of the present meeting being circulated, Mr. WATSON thought that the use of a termsuch as “British grown Tea” without referring to either Indian or Ceylon might solve the difficulty. Mr. Antuursa‘d that Mr. Lipton only wanted a special commission until the trade had been firmly es- tablished. Sir JouN Mure suggested two years for tha trial of the scheme. The CHarrMAn siid the principal Companies were in London, and of course, they must be consulted. A reference bad already been made to them in con- nection with further operations by Mr. Blechynden aud the collection of new subscriptions. Mr, Arruour suggested a strong recommendation in favor of the scheme going from this meeting to London. Sip Joun Morr was so catisfied that the scheme was a good one that he was prepared to subscribe two @nnas per acre and half an anna per maund for all the gardens connected with his firm. The disposition in Oeylon generally was to work with India. Mr: BucHanan read the following letter which he had received from the E iitor of the Ceylon Observer :— *‘Caylon Observer” Office, Colombo, 26th Jan. 1894. My Dear Mr. Buchanan,—I find that there is no chance of ovr Planters’ Association taking the lead in asking co-operation from India, though “there isa general acknowledgment and a strong under-current of feeling that the starting of a Ceylon Retail Store in Uhicago was a blunder, and a determination, IL think, to subsidise no new indi- vidual efforts for America, but rather to do general advertising, I believe; however, that if a proposal came from Calcutta on the basis you mentioned, it would be accepted by the Oeylon Planters’ Asso ciation. There is too, approval of Lipton as a tea advertiser and dealer in America, and, if he approved of joint action, I think it would carry weight. (He is on his way to Calcutta, Ileara). I think if you saw yourway with Sir John Muir to sound the leaders in the Indian Tea Trade and Assooistion, and got them to agres to on» big Adver- tising Fund for Amerioa, and suggest or invite Ceylon t2 join with contributions in proportion to export, the fund to ba administered by a Joint Conmittee, that success would follow. _ The danger is of India and Osylon going on reparately in a peddling way end creating suspicions of each other, in place of uniting forces on beh If cf pur: clean teas against the ‘facei,” inferior Japan and China 80 millions. In the former case, it means a slow advance over many years; in the Jattsr, a big and tapidly progressive gein.— Yours faith'ully, : J. Fereuson, ——— Sir Jonn Muir saw no reson why, with a Joint Committee, India should not pay her own share of the Commission and Ceylon hers. Mr. ArtHurR said that 150,000 would pay 1 per cent on ten million lb. of Tra. Mr. Davenrort thought that when the consumption reached ten million lb. the subsidy might be stopped. The CaarrMaN thonght that before any scheme of the kind could be taken up the opinions of Pianters and Proprietors should be taken. Sir JoHn Muir sad he was leaving India on the 5th and he Would take an opportunity of meeting Proprietors in London and discussing the matter with * thew. Tue CHAIRMAN said he thonght the present meeting was agreed as to the advantazes of union. Mr. Brae asked in the case of individual companies sending tea direct to large dealers in Amerios whether the commission would have to be paid by the Com- panies or from the funds which it was proposed to raise. The OnAtrman thought it certaivly should he paid from the Special Fund. Mr. Watson thought that it should be borne in mind that funds would be required forother expenses besides commissions such as a lvertising, etc. S1e Jon Muir, however considered that Mr. Lipton and other agents should aivertise themselveg. Mr. Watson thought that a sum sbould ba guaran teed for advertising purposes in case the aales did not reich a remunerative figure. Mr. BucHanan also thought there ought to be a guarantee. _ Tho OHArtRMAN said that, before the Association could be committed to any thing, they must find out what funis they would be likely to o>tain and he would propose to issuea circular to Agents and Plan- tera soon after Mr, Blechynden’s return. He thought they were all agreed as to the advisability of an effort of some kind and would do their best to collect funds. Mr. Watson thought thit the management of the whole. scheme should be verted in a Joint Oommittee in London representisg both India and Ceylon. Mr. BucHANAN asked if he might infor.n the plan- ters in Ceylon of the views expressed at the present meeting and this was agread to. Sir Joun Mutrthen thanked the Chairman for the manner in whichhsa and Mr. Buchananhad been met aod they would d> their best wien they arrived in London, to promote the object all had in view, J. N. Sroart, Chairman. Pes ool Ce PLANTING NOTES FROM UVA. Badulla, Maroh 21. We are having very extraordinary weather for March. The North-East monsoon bas returned with renewed vigor and we have been having exceedingly heavy rain storms for the past week. 391 being the heaviest fall Ihavemyself gaug-d. The rains have done a great desl of good to everything, but we have had enough now and I hope we may have a good spell of fine weather bofore the burst of the little monsoon, Tea around Badulls is flushing extraordinarily well and the flushes have been very heavy. But around Passara it is hardly so far advanced. The bushes are full of bui and April will be the busiest mooth, in factories Uya bas ssen yet, 06 Old coffee is stillio the front too. The rains hare brought out very fine blossom indeed on al good coffee, at low and medium elevations; I haye seen several fields lately really white, in the good old fashioned way. The preseut will be the best year coffee planters have had for some time. There is a great deal of spike still to come out, Capital is at last coming into the district, witners the vale of the Tonacombe group toaCompany. The wonder ig it has not rushed in long ago, ‘The capabilities of Uva in tea are at last being under- stood and I prophesy the Tonacombe Company will be by no means the last one floated in these districts. There are several rumours of other sa'es, but nothing definite is known yet. The death of Mr, John Brownis very sai. There jis no one who bas been so intimately connected with Uva planting interests during the past twenty years as hehas. He will be greatly missed and h’s place will be very hard to fill. ; —————_e—_--—_—-_ — THE CALEDONIA (CEYLON) TEA PLANTATION, LTD. We have further news by mail of this Oompany which has been formed in London with the object of acquiring two tea estates in Ceylon, viz :—Venture in Bogawantalawa and Sellegama in Matale West. These properties haye been purchased by the Com- pany for £16,900, the former comprising 427 acres of which 390 are cultivated with tea anu the latter ‘1,030 acres of which 200 odd are in tea; both estates beiag fully equipped with bungalows, factories, machinery, &c. The capital of the Company is £30,000, divided into 30,000; shares of £1 each. The entire capital, we understand, has been issued— 10,000 shares as fully paid up and the balance 20,000 with five shillings paid up thereon, thus © leaving £15,000, anuocalled liability ; 150 debentures of £100 each have also been issued for £15,000, of which 130 are at six per cent for threeor five years. Subsoriptions at par have been invited. The Directors of the Uompany are Sir Graeme Elphinstone and Mesars. H. P, Haussen, James Ross and Alexander Ross. The Company's offices are at Old Broad Street, London. == fe eS ee TEEN-WO-CHANG TEA: We have received from the importers @ very fine ‘specimen of this productof the Oeylon tza-fields. It ‘oongisis of fanninga or fine siftings from the best known gardens, and, so far as our exp-riencs of it e.adies us to judge, is not only delicious in flavour, soft tothe palate, and of mostr/mirkable strength, but exhibits all the qualities charscteristic of the fiuest ‘teas. The one point which needs to b3 impressed upon the purchater is that this tea requires a straiser, aa otherwise, the small size of the pirticlea renders them liable to escape from the teapot. We notice that in the parce! submitted to us the importers supply the necessary apparatus for this purpose, free of charge, and,if we sre not mistaken, tue same arcange- ment is a fairly accurate measure of the quantity of tea needed to charge the domes!ic teapot,—amily Doctor. ; pe THE SEYCHELLES AND THEIR RESOURCES. [Mrs. Edwards with her husband will be re- membered as a Madulsima resident when she was a contributor to our solumus.—Ep. 7.4 | Edwards, Mrs, E, H.—Seychelles Archipelago. Pp. 20. Seychelles. 1893. : The Seychelles Archipelago consists of about thirty- three islands, one haif of them uninhabited, the remainder being ‘sandy, rocky excrescences, with little or no yegetation thereon, Mahe being the largest pnd most important of the group, heing described THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 2, 1894. as between twenty and thirty miles in length and about seven miles across in the widest part. Al- though it is stated to possess a singularly steep and precipitous appearance as viewed from the hacked, Mrs. Edwards states that the luxuriant tropical vegetation, which descends to the water's edge, and its dark, forest-clad heights can but evoke anadmi- ration little short of fascination in the minds of ail true lovers of nature. Mrs. Edwards having resided in the islands for a considerable time, is enabled to contribute a considerable amount of information about this little known Colony. Ke- garding its trade Mrs. Edwards upholds that almost every tropical product would grow if cultivated, but vanilla planting has been the main industry of recent years, Cacao and coffee are grown in small quantities, and cloves are also an article of commerce, Mrs. Edwards has not become impressed with the energy of the Seychelles planters,ior she states that, although cinnamon grows wild in pro- fusion, and pepper and nutmegs might be produced to advantage, the average planter is not sufficiently enterprising to embark in new industries or to in any way deviate from the stereotyped paths of his forefathers. Fruits grow abundantly throughont the islands, but carriage and freight are so ex- pensive that it-does not pay to export them. The islands are stated to be English but in name, the language, manners, and customs being French; in fact, Mrs. Edwards says, English is taught in the Gov- ernment-aided schools only as a subject. The various Government and private buildings are des- cribed, and the system of Government criticised. Although the work contains a good deal of con- troversial matter, which it is needless to refer to, it nevertheless gives a graphic description of those islands which were described by the late General Gordon asthe ‘“ Garden of Eden.’—Journal &. C. Institute. -_ > JAMAICA COFFEE INDUSTRY. In reference to this the *‘ West Indian and Com- mercial Advertiser” has the following admirable re- marks :—“ Jamaica is an old coffee-producing country aud some of its produce from the Blue Mouutaius rapks as nearly the bestio the world. Of late years however, there has beea little or uo increase in the exports of Jamaica colfee.” Why is thissu? Wehave been assured by a Blue Mountain planter that the difficulties in the way are roads and Jabour. There are yearly fluctuations ia crops depending uponre.sons and prices, but the geueral teudency lately, in spite of good prices, has been towards a smaller production of Jamaica coffee. At a fitst glance this may have been attributable to a gcadual exhaus:iou of the present estates and to a waut of suitable laad for opening up new lands. Lt i3 true that some of the old estates are becoming less productive than formerly bu’ there are still excclient iracts of land suitable for coffee cultivation in Jemaica, aud these only require to be readered accessible by railwaysand roads wo support a considerable industry. It appears that not ouly are no new coffce plantations Opened in Suitable lands in Jamaica, but the Jabour that might be employed upon them is being attracted from the island for service on the coffee plantations of Gautemala. Whatever may be said of the quality and fertility of the land snitabie fur coffee on the south side of the B.ue Mountain range, it appears that there are far better prospectson the nor:h side. We are informed by Mr. D. Morris, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, thatin a lecture delivered before the Institute of Jamaica, on the 17th May, 1831, with the late Hon. Alan Kerr, Senior Puisne Judge, in the chair, he stated :—‘*With regard to wmount of land stili available in the island for coffee cuitivation, reporis from Manchester and St. Ano show that there are thousands of acres of good coffee lands at elevations between 2,000 and 2,500 fees ia the Mile Gally Mountains, and on through Clarendon and St. Anv, which might be very advan tigeously brought under cultivation. In the Blue Mountain districts and on the southern slopes there Aprit 2, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. O49 sre not many tracts unopened, but on the northern slopes there ‘are extensive sreas finer and richer then any now cultivated lying in the upper portions of the valleys of the Rio Grande, Swiftand Speni-h Rivers, These tracts are estimated at from 60,000 to 100,000 acres, aud consist slmost entirely of untouched virgin jJoreat.”’ g Whilst the coffee production in Jamaica is on the decline, we read that, in spite of tbe great difficulties experienced in Gautemala with regsrd to labour, it is noticed that the production of coffee has risen from 49 . million pounds in 1888 to 75 million pounds in 1892. Of the latter quautity more than 8 million pounds, of the value of £322,000, have been received in the United Kingdom. ‘These tacts are of considerable importance io Jameica, and Mr. Thiselton Dyer is of opinion that tbe Government of thatieland would co well at the present time to encourage in eyery possible way the deveiopment of so important au industry. Surely some of the spare capital of this country would be better employed in coffee growing in our Western colovies than in loansto South American Republics! — Jamaica Post. OS CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA. The Pioneer—the leading Indian Journal—has an editorial onthis subject from which we quote as follows :— The Indian p'anter seem willing to bear their share and also to workin harmony with their Ceylon breth- rep, the great aim «f both being to relieve the London market, which 1s at times giutted with tea causing a serious fall in prices. In opening outa new country there are always difficulties to be overcome in the matter of the lucal agencies to be employed in the sale and distribution of the gcods introcuced, and these have occurred io thec:se of America. To give one or even two firms a monopoly is to invite opposi- tion from all the rest, and yet at the outset some par- ticular house must be employed to ensure the trade being pushed. [tis for the Indian and Ceylon As- socia tio.s to decide by the light of experience how this difficulty can be best overcome, and we have no. doubt they will find a way out of it, They also bave to guard against inferior or spuri- ous blends being sold, as the high reputation of Indian tex or purity end strength must be maintaised at all c_sts. One plan which was put forward to secure large sales proved a complete failure. This waa the institution of tea-auctious in various parts of the States. The ‘cute tralers of America soon saw a way to making large profits: they bought up the tea cheaply, and reshipped it to the Lordoa market where it could be sold at a higher price. There s3ems no reason why Indian tea ehou'd not supplant the growth of Ohina and Japan at least in the Eisstern States; and the action now being taken, bamely, co-operation between Indian, Ceylon and Louden proprietors, with a view to forming a Joint Committee to control future operations, should soon beartruit. It may be noted that the exports of tea from India to America for the 11 montbs ending on February 28th were over 266,000lb. as compared with only 83,000 in the similar period of 1893 and 183,000ib in 1892. These figures sre very small considering that Australia and New Zealand take over 8ix million pounds a year. eens SELANGOR AND IRELAND AND COFFEE, It is proposed to plant Liberian coffee on a con- siderable scale at Kilangin Selangor. But the p'anters who propose to begin work in the low-jying grounds fear that persons who may afterwards plant above them may so drain the upper laud on to the lower land as to flood it. It is therefore urged that the Governmeat shall adopt a drainage policy in that district similar to the urainage policy that exists in varous agricultural counties in Ireland. That is to ssy, the Government is asrked to undertake the drainage at the cost of the planters, dividing the gost iaizly among all the persona who msy plant there, and seeing that the one planter does not suffer by the drainage from the land above him. It is uudersiond thut the Selavpgor Guvernment would be favourable to such a proposal but that it is not ap- proved at the Oolonial Secretariat in Singapore. It is therefore intended that the matter shall be placed before H. E, Sir Oharles Mitchell, with the intention of obtaining his decision as to whether such a land and drainage policy should be entered upop. It is said that various persons have proposed to embark considerable sums of money in Liberian ccffee culti- vation at Klang if the Government will adopt the proposed drainege scheme. It may be added that the gentleman who proponnds the scheme is at once 8 planter and a Celt. As a pioneer and now sne- cessful planter, he brings a ripe Malayan experience. As a son of Ireland, he adds the true Milesian belief that the Government must help and that the -land laws must be reformed.— Straits Times. “JOHN GAVIN, PLANTER AND MER. CHANT.” Referring to the extracts which were published in the Ceylon Observer from the Memoir given in this number, 8 correspondent writes :— 1f Jonn Gavin landed in Ceylon on July 4th, 1843, then his earliest coffee planting experience must have been gained on Gatoya. When Mr. William Rudd gave over charge of the Galoya estate to “Bob Swan” (the brother of James Swan the pr prietor) on August 8th, 1843, John Gavin went with the new Superintendent as his Sinne Durai, and drew a salary of £7 amonth. He worked as Swan’s assistant till September 1844, by which time his salary had risen to £8 6s 8d. He then left Galoya for Moorootie in Dolosbage, but he certainly did not have charge of Galoya any time in 1843 or 1844, Mr, Ellis succeeded him as assistant on Galoya, but did not remain long. — JOHORE, On the 8th, the first of the Muhammadan Fast month, a copious fall of rain occurred after a long tack of dry weather such as we have not had for the past 17 years. Gambier and pep- per, being the staple cultivated, were beginning to suffer.—Cor. CoFFEE DRINKING IN ENGLAND IN THE EIGH- TEENTH CrENTURY.—Yemple Bar for March contains & paper on William Stulkeley, a Lincolnshire anti- quary, in which we are told that among fifty other ings he loved to illustrate the changes in social ife:— His notes on coffee-drioking would furnish some material for a new edition of Mr. Robinson’s little volume on coffee-houses. Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke, the professor of geometry, were “great drinkers of Ooffee. Dr. Galedrank 2 dishes twice ea day. Mre. Beben drank ig much.” These were great testimonies in its favour, but more conclusive still was the anecdote of the ‘‘ Clergyman iu Kent ” who confessed to have taken it for forty years, without ill effects—an instance of the slowness of its application as a poison, which might rank with the sull more celebrated case of Fontenelle. Dr. Barrow introduced this seductive drink to the notice of the dons at Cam- bridge, Stulkeley’s own grandtather was “the en- couragerot the ficet coffee-house in Stamford.’’ About 1698 ‘my mor. had her first ses of the equipage. Ohocolate drank before then.” The introduction ot snuff he attributes to Oharles 11., whom he alse credits with the paternity of wigs. Lo take this titillating dust *‘ they first used a ovcoa shell witha brass nozzle to drop a pinch out upon their hand from whence they snuffed it.” Wige were the curse to of his existence. At last, in Janvury 1725, be resolved to leave thom off and wear his own hair. Hecarried gut his resolve, but it ‘ended inmy leayjog the town.” 708 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (APRIL 2, 1894. Bonyespondends. ee eee Zo the Editor. MR. GRINLINTON AS AGENT FOR CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA, Gammdaua , Rattot:, Mareh 17th. Dear Siz,—In replying to an enquiry from the Editor of the ‘‘Time3 of Ceylon” my opinion on “how to capture the American market with our teas,” the following is a copy of a letter addressed to the Editor, which ycu may have something to say regarding :— I think the Indian planters show their gool senss by coming forward and asking to be allowed to join us in this American Campaign. Had they not done so I don’t think the Osylon planters would have asked their help. Now they have come forward through their representative Sir John Muir tha suggestion deserves ths serious consideration cf the Ceylon planters at their ‘meeting next month in Nuwara Eliya. Hitherio I have held the opinion that Ceylon should try and capture this market without tbe aid of I: dia, but with the export duty producing only £5,000, so. little can be done, wih that amount in the way of advertising, unless in the hands of one like Lipton, that Sir Joho Muir’s proposal has in a way captured my vote on certain conditions. These are:— Ist. That Mr. Grilinton’s Bounty echsme be abandoned. } . Qod. That Mr. Grilinton b3 appointed if he will accept the p2st of Commissioner representing the Ceylon and Indian planters for spreading a knowledge of British-grown teas throughout America, 83rd. To enable him to do this he receive a salary of £2,500 a year for 3 years with £500 extra for a private secretary. : Ath. That Mr. Grinlinton have full control of the expenditure of the balance of the money col- lected by the Osylon Government from the Tea Export duty, and of the £7,000 per annum con: tributed by the Indian Associations, This amount being guaranteed by * * * gentlemen in India, 5th: That a Sub-Committee be appioted con- sisting of Oeylon and Indian planters or represen- tatives of the latter resident in Ceylon, for receiving from the Ceylon Government and Indian Planters the funds to be forwarded to and in such sums as may-be required by -Mr. Grinlinton. 6th. That Mr. Grinlinton furnish the Sub- Committse with a monthy statement of the work accomplished. . fth. That these reports be laid before the Ceylon and Indian Planters’ Associations. . If India and Ceylon planters agree to blending their interests in this way (and I see no reason why they should not) Mr. Grinlinton is the maa if he will agree to actin the interest of British- grown teas.—Yours, &c., J. W. ' CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Dimbula, March 21. Deak Siz,—Io your leader of the 19th inst., (see page 652) you state that the average Ceylon planter will have nothing to do with his brother plaater in India, and can give no reason like Dr. Fell’s prover- biaal pupil; this in reference to ‘ tea pushing.” Now answering for myself and those of my way of thinking. there is & good and sufficient reason for pot joining our planting friends of India. Our teas are quite distinst and differ from the Indian, — 60 experts have always held,—and~it stands to reason that this is, and always will be 0, from the difference of soil and ciimate between the tea growers of India and Ceylon. This being co, the necessity of keeping our name. and teas separate—in ‘‘ pushing”’ in new fields is obvious. Much has been written on how to capture ‘‘ America as a customer for our tea,”’ but little has come of a really practical nature, and not a few absurd ideas are about:—yet, I would not go so far as one of your correspondents who pro- pounded the idea that the gods were likely mad- dening us-—preparatory to our destruction! The Bounty’ Scheme is wrong on the facs of it, unworkable. So of some others. The “ Chicago Show” has been a great success ss a Show, thanks to our Oommiesioner'’s great exer- tions, anithelumps of money spent. At the same time it would not be surprizing, if the results may be all but—sarren for want of being fol- lowed up. It was but a show, and will soon be forgotten. Of the multitude who tasted our tea, probably few were in the tea trade, and the mass would but take a thirsty interest in the article, at the moment. With so many distracting surroundings, could it be otherwise ? It was lately laid before us by one of your best correspondents that the American trader has strict ideas on business, that part of his erzed is, that ‘there is nod ——d sentiment in business,” 80 out uoparailelicd show of Sinhalese aud other products may have had but small effect on his obdurats soul ? The idea of asking our Commissioner to go back to America again, even for Ceylon alone, is absurd. The next move should be hard business—without a show. Lime-lighted lectures and that sort of things won't catch the Yankee; h3 is a past master in the arts of ‘‘ Llarney ” and ‘‘ bunkum ”’ No ouce Commissioner has done his level best: let him be rewarded with a title for his great exertions, trouble him no more, but let him rest in peacs with well-won honours. What is to be done? Advertize—s3y some ; yes, but it is of no use, till you have stocks of the article on hand, orit would not be unlike a Coster- monger bawling over an empty barrow. I believe, with many others from what I have heard and experienced of America that our tea cannot be placed there but by means of the legitimate tea trader there. The trade must be induced to take us up. This would be best done by one of themselves in our employ. He should be an expert ia teas of all sorts. Aman with a good business connexion—just a good “drummer”’— well supplied with samples of trial shipments of good serviceable teas—(not stuff unfit fcr human food, as was said to be the case with Ceylon tes con- demned at Melbourne lately (?). This should have been traced and the wrongdoer publicly denounced) —not too fine teas but fair samples of what this country can supply. Who is to furnish these trial shipments? Just yourselves, planters! All paying esiates can afford the trifling risk. I hive been engaged in sending tea to America for my employers, made and sorted to order. The results wera fairly good for a beginning, and as things have gone it was a mistaks not to have followed the opening up and continued the business. I refer t) some years back. When a start is being made, then advertise and keepit up. Flood the places where you start with all the tea literatura issued from tha Ceylon Observer press. If you don't try this plan, ‘‘waken snakes,” and expel “cards APRIL 2, 1894.) Ican demons ’’—Lst Brother Jonathan stick to | his Japanese” green muck, bad rotten coffee, ‘' 40 | rod pumpkin whiskey,” and other abominations! , There are thousands on thousands cf paoplo of British birth in America, who have tasted and used black tea, and who will find our teas an improvement on the dirty Ohina stuff. A Committee of select business men here and another in London—a sine-qua non—would deftly and well arrange the. matter, were tea forth- cominz. Much might be done by individual effort, but Union Is STRENGTH, All traders of the “Cheap John” style ouzht | to ba avoided like ‘* pisin.’ “ They fecht only | for their ain han’—‘' au’ are at best but doolfu’ tae deal wi.” Nothing may be of an original natura in tha \ above remarks, but at Jeast I re-esho the idea of the average planter. Eh ?—Yours faithfully, SENEX. - 4 VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Tue INpi4N GoveRNMEeNT QUININE-sALES.—Last year the Indian Government disposed of nearly a million anda half doses of quinine at the post- offices of the country.—Chemist and Druggist. A Wynaap CoRRESPONDENT of the J. P. G., says leaf disease is very prevalent in the district. The Ginchona are being cut down on every estate, 3 all the disease of the coffee trees has been attri- buted to the cinchona.—Wilgiri News. Oorrer.—The Sourabaya Courant gives particulars of a trade in coffee between Javaand Japan. A couple of months ago, a firm at that port sent a few cwts, of the article a3 a trial shipment to Yokohama, In Japan, the acftee won high praises and fetched good prices. The result isthat a demandhas sprung | up there for Java cofise.—Madras Mail. Royan GAuvENs, Kew: BULLETIN of Miscellaneous Information ‘or March. Contents.—Sugar-Cane Di- sesse in Old Word. S minal Variation in the Sazar- Cane. Imprevement of Sugar-Oause by Chemical Selection of Seed-Canes. Guzerat Rape. Agri- cultura in British Honduras. Decades Kewonses, VIII. Artificial Production of Citric Acid. Mis- cellansous Notes. Nicaragua Russer Mernops.—One method used by the rubber huntersisto scrape off the outer bark of the trees with a ‘machete,’ commencing 8 or 10 feet above and extending down to within 1 or 2 feet of the ground. Clay, slone, or a vine and clay, is placed around the tree, inclined, eo as to form a ridge about 2 inches high on the lower edge of the soraped or bark-removed part of tha tree. The inclination of this guard is made suffi. cient to direct the rapidjy-flowing milk or cmulsion into the receivers at the foot of the tree.—Trades Journal. Roast GCorrer, as suggested by Mz. Elliot in a | Madras contemporary, would, we think, ke an excellent branch for a clever planter or enter- prizing firm to tske up. Of ccurse the bottling idea would have to be given up on the score of expense but doing the ground oofiee up in half or one pound lead packets would surely be feasible and would, we are certain, command a huge suc- cess. How cxtrem-ly difficult it is to seoure a good cup of coffee anywhere in India or elsewhere, everyone knows. Indeed it is such a feat to roast the coffee one self, that evan here in Ooty, in the heart of the coffee districts, abominab'e preparations of chicory and'ground beans sesure'a great and’ in- creasing sale. Surely pure ground coffee selling at Bl-4 per lb. would command as great) a success in the open market as the packet teas do now.—South of India Observer. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 709 Tea in Russt4.—The Ozar is said to be much interested in the proposal to cultivate tea in Russia. His Majesty has cordially seconded the attempt to cultivate the plantin the western limits of the Caucasus, where the temperature is stated to be much the same as that under which the plant grows in China. More than one consignment of shrub3 bas already arrived from China.—L. and C. Express. Writine or Niuarer Tra the Ooty correspondent of the Planter gives the foliowing as the opinion of an old Assam man as the principal reasons ' which led to the gain and final loss of the old Nilgiri tea flavour, “At first Nilgiri tea was decidedly common, much as it 1s now, then early in 1871, Assam methods were introduced with great success, then after a few years, the old ignorant way was again resumed, with the present miser- able Jow average that rules for Nilgiri teas. Now again Assam manufacture is being taken up, and generally speaking, with very great success, In a fow yeara we shall probably sce the Nilgiris once more famed for their unique bouquet. May it not be quite go evanescent as it was formerly ! All the Blue-Mountains can now boast of in the way of a distinctive flavour is ‘ burnt.’ ’— Nilgiri News. CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1894. = ~- oO wo rt O10 1d On ° om - O° & Dow DAwip be | Mas Q:o3;0 8 Ors teste: 1 11d 2 o w N 29 6 Mm Fs ses a SM dl Sd is oe nN = = OAH a | a/ ett Ss eA woo i) 7 = 4s —no So on stom oe So 5 uc Ort 1H =D pets sa : Lee sa 3 eat Sire) ge iin : AeA = ror 34 Oo De PONAWMHM N en oc Ba HAODGB SS otN TO : Vass Ia SEANWO Oo 6 ped . 2,06 ON 1S ig “NH TAA 5 3,70 a | 3 | oS so Neon Dn :&= oO cof DDO A eo aes Nee Sea eT Be2s a ad 720 pra eye) fey ay ep aw hfe 8. eo tO 28 © ew ew MAROON g\5> he a 1a Aw } s 3} OM O me Ome oo 2S Qn x Aja Muto OS ~SoiiS ss 9 MOOS ae Ome —] iin) Yd i=) = Ora 39 Qa AQmran > tant =| > for) aA wo o : DW FO s fe NHwon |a~ + eA SM BR OO et Ba2e a = aac) fer) 1D AOD Gry-sa an rs @ & aes 22e5 3 os tm % 3 “NN -NHCD 2: DHOD 3 Ps ~ S SiO: Stisweses (Sirs DDR eat OA Ab ot ap | ae ey Ss or He} sos Ae ma Ontte SE ete ieee aikepreawelt we Sila ialig Creep Sos 3 Es it) rivicaeetstect pauisueshes 3.8 voseted SIRS >) Oo OO aon SHOMOHOWAN WILISS SB Vat BSLSALZRDSS | sSsexy x bDoOoat~a co OMe AOCNm Or NmMoOom a). ax Wa AA WeEODRA-MNDHD Socio 4 »,|on el NN SWolm Cl. bonny —~ [ot for] moO oO :.01019 i Ls im Sissies at . ~— OD mmoo 3 gra o Fn SIdNawo a r: N ao cara 5 | ea rupR eet oat one cays sie Baath co Ps SABz Rt iso reyatere. . 3 Hedso eter) Batre a iten Op Saas a Sua | ane ie is) 2|35 ! = teu . Sige eas ao~ N SF eo AD sSSoO0 | a) o ie) ran =x mOmWD Ss OD -o a aerate bee vats Sst) . ° ry 5 - 3 : . Soa = = amc = e oOo ic) > S; Bd a o S522 o 3 Seeker chia, iaf sy) ae sae : 48 : DO% Desa lh seaihsse® a lsiisiiel tsi Sissies 5 : o| aA lve! = de Erie ei 4 2 ett a= A FA oe eo Ao x Aan =) a4 oS °o oO AS ~~ © SSss Cisne wo ie ° =~ bd Qnwdo as no : . . N : Sree 3 ¢ RIB BBG BiB Red Bobs BID RITES Sc aOawc0 rea 2 e a q {8 g ny jof ls, cel tS) eed gifeieita g ee ee | S a mgemisitisesis es Sos) Ss Sos 28 Fs] ps s & =& z 4 Lay 3 25 Ete 2 5. |giisss onSo 2244886 | BEORA O |£eezssaggsasebsaats as —_ c- = ~~} SRSESS Saab es S855555 =2 P4annoty Somndqq bak, 3 6da 87s 6d MYRRH, picked Fair to fine pale /£5 a £7 oyster & broken pes! Ff =4 ee a 75s Aden sorts|Middling to good . 1658 a 80s Mussel... __... bold sorts we 4. [333 @ 498 OLIBANUM, irop...|Fair to fine white | 1348 a 558 !small and medium sorts|2 208 a 353 »» |Reddish tomiddling ...\25; a 325 6d Lingah Ceylon .., Thinand good stout sorts|48 @ 12s pickings...|Middling togoodpale .../1zs a 183 CAMARINDS oho ...|Mid. tofineblacknotstony|3$ @ 98 : siftings .,..|/Slightlyioultofine ...|123 a 14s Stony and inferior .,.|45 & 68 INDIARUBBER ... _...\Red hard clean ball ...|2s a 2s 34d TORTOISESHELL ... Sorts,good mottle, heayy|203 6d a 23s East African Ports, Zarzi-;|White softish ditto .../1s 7d a 2s Zanzibar and Bombay Pickings thin to heavy... ds a 158 bar and Mozam: ique Coast) \)nripe root « |L0da 1s 6d | PUR WERLC, Bengal .. Leunish to fine plump Liver te . jisdduls ioa | ; finger ... 17s a 208 sausage, ord linary to fine/1- 3ia Qsla | Madras... Fin. fuirto tine abies Bisa Yes ' without sticks...j23 a 2s 3d i .. Mixed middhig ... +208 @ 238 Assam, ..|Good to iine ls 7d a 23 3a > «(Bulbs ... eee -|128s a 16s ; Common foul & middling 9d a 1s 6a Cochin ...|Finger ... see e-/17s @ 208 Rangoon ** ..|Fair to good clean -.|is7d als lld ||VANILLOKS, Madagascar, “Tamatave, | Goodto tine pinky &whit« |2s 1d a 23 6d Bourbon, 1sts ...|Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9in.jj03@ 188 ~ Majunga and Nossibe})|Fairtogood black. ...|is 6d a 1s 9d Mauritius, Qnds...'Foxy & reddish 5 to 8 in, |75 a 14s ISINGLASS 5} Ton, y { g0od to fine pale . {1s 9da 33 4d Seychelles, 3rdg...|Lean & dry to mid, un-| - 4 FISH MAWS Bul \ dark to fair ..|10d a 1s 6d der 6 in. .- [43 a 7S Bladder Pipe|Ciean thin to fine bold. ls 6d a 33 Purse .,.|\Dark mixed to fine pele 9d a 1s 5d Madagascar, 4ths., =: Law foxy, inferior and pickings 1 /38@ 68 AO sels al MAGAZINIE or THE SCHOOL OF AGHIVULTORE, @@ SQN E SC Added as a Supplement monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,” The following pages include the Contents of the Magazine of the School of Agriculture for April :— Vol. V.] APRIL, SOURCES OF GAIN AND LOSS TO THE SOIL. yy, T is of paramount importance to the cultivator of the soil that he should have a clear ideain his mind of the sources of gain and loss to the soil he cultivates, and what ingredients of plant food are derived or lost through those sources, so that he may thereby be ina position to devise and adopt measures which may as far as possible enable him to help the soil to gain and not to lose the elements of fertility. The sources of gain may be classified under various heads :— 1. There is the land itself which yields available plant food under the action of the natural weathering agents. These agents—the atmospheric, thermometric, chemical and animal agents—aid in the decomposition of rocks and minerals, and enable them to yield soluble plant food. Again the land itself is made to supply valuable substances under the influence of various artificial mechanical means generally spoken of as “tillage,” as well as from the result of such operations as draining, lining, irrigation the like. 2, The atmosphere is a source of plant food which mainly reaches the soil in conjunction with rain. By means of it moisture and dew is also supplied to crops. and us rain The atmosphere primarily consists of two gases, but intermixed with them are various other substances, such as carbonic acid gas, ammonia, tha chlorides, sulphates and nitrates 1894. [No. 10, of sodium, calcium, and ammonium, and certain solid impurities as dust and soot. The most important derivatives from the atmosphere are the compounds of nitrogen, the origin of which, however, cannot be conveniently considered here. : 3. Another source of gain igs the residue of plants and crops which finally yield nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid. 4. There is a special source of nitrogen which has only of late years been recognised. This is the elaboration of nitrogen compounds from the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, by means of the bacteriods contained in the root tubercles of certain leguminous and other plants. 5. The application of manures (natural and artificial fertilizers) such as cattle manure, guano, chemical compounds, waste products and green manures, directly increase the fertility of the soil. The sources of loss, on the other hand, are as far as can be ascertained : — 1. Evaporation of water from the soil, and transpiration of water vapour by the leaves of plants and trees. 2. Wash and drainage cause the loss of water and other ingredients which are carried away in suspension and solution. The chief and most serious loss by these means is, however, that of the nitrates, which owing to their solubility are easily carried off in solution. Ordinary soils, with afair admixture of clay (which has a retentive power for these substances) do not suffer any appreciable loss of phosphoric acid and potash by means of drainage. 2. The removal in various ways of what is produced in the land is manifestly a source of loss to the soil, which has to be made good by the cultivator. 3. Lastly, neglect on the. part of the oul: tivator to aid the action of the natural force or to employ artificial agencies which have an ameliorating influence will of course tend to impoverish “the soil by withholding the means | by which it may be enriched, 712 OCCASIONAL NOTES. A maund of Jute seed, received from Calcutta, has been distributed among the agricultural instructors for experimental cultivation in their gardens. The seeds of Ramle (guizotia oleifera) from the erop raised at the Schoolis being kept for a second sowing. It is intended at the next seeding to supply instructors with small quantities for trial. Ground-nuts suitable for planting are not easy to get in the Colombo markets. Locally procured seeds have been lately sown at the School, but their germination is unsatisfactory ; it has therefore been decided to export fresh seed from India. Some years ago Mr. A. W. Jayawardene, late headmaster of the School, planted out a fairly large piece of land with the nut, and with excellent results. Of late we have had enquiries as to where seed nuts could be obtained. The Government dairy was declared a free area (from the infection of cattle disease) on the 17th March, on which date it recommenced to supply milk. Mr. W. A. de Silva, who has been studying Veterinary Science at the Bombay College, goes up for his final examination this month. Mr. de Silva has had a successful career at Bombay, and provided he satisfies his examiners, he will be back at the School in May next. We heartily welcome back to the Island Mr. H. W Green, through whose instrumentality the School of Agriculture was founded. Mr. Green is reported to have greatly benefited by his visit to England which his poor state of health necessitated, —— ORIGINAL SOURCES OF COMBINED NITROGEN. It is now generally accepted that plants are unable to utilize by means of their leaves the pure nitrogen gas which constitutes about 79 per cent of the atmosphere. At one time it was thought that plants were able to do so, and it was even said that certain Continental experi- ments went to prove this to be a fact; but later investigations have shown that plants cannot assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere. The two main sources ‘of nitrogen to the plant are the organic nitrogen in the soil, and the nitrogenous compounds that are washed into it from the atmosphere by rain (no ac- count is here taken of the small quantities absorbed directly by plant or soil, chiefly as am*ionia). The combined nitrogen from the two abovementioned sources are taken into plants by means of their roots, after having undergone nitrification,—that is, converted into nitrates—by the nitrifying germs present in the soil, The organic nitrogen in soils is of course traceable to the or ganic matter contained in them—from whatever source de=ived. The com- bined nitrogen i in the atmosphere is on the other i bust and contented set. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” tApril 2, 1894. hand traceable to two sources:—(1) To organic (vegetable or animal) matter, which liberates am- moztia during decay and combustion (the ammonia which is given off being eventually oxidised in the atmosphere, into nitric acid) ; (2) to an original source of combined nitrogen, whereby the combined nitrogen is formed from its elements inthe atmosphere. Warrington thus refers to this latter source: “The nitrogen, and oxygen of the atmosphere combine under the influence of electric discharges, nitrous acid being formed ; this is converted into nitric acid by the action of ozone or peroxide of hydrogen. This formation of nitric acid in the atmo- sphere is the only original source of combined nitrogen on our globe, the existence of which has been placed beyond dispute.” The extent to which combined nitrogen would be formed by this means is thus evidently dependent on the degree of electric disturbance in the at- mosphere; and the recognition of this fact may account for the supplies of nitrogen which are secured by crops in tropical countries where electric disturbance is so common an experience. The statement made by Warrington that the formation of nitrogen compounds from their elements under the infiuence of electric discharges is the oly original source of combined nitrogen would now have to be modified; for within the last few years, a new original source of combined nitrogen has been discovered, viz., that resulting from the action of the bacteriods in the root-tubercles of certain leguminous and other plants. There are thus two original sources of combined nitrogen. The first-men- ticned Gepends on natural causes which are practically beyond human control; for though it may be possible to artificially create electric disturbance in the atmosphere, it is hardly practicable to adopt this means with a view to benefit crops on a prescribed area. But the formation of nitrogen compounds in the soil itself, through the agency of certain plants, is a possibility which it behoves the ctltivator to take good note of and to endeayour to realize in his agricultural practice. S anEEEEEEname_ccameremeemeeme named NOTES FROM THE NORTH. 15. The Jaffna cultivators do not believe in having all their eggs in one basket. The failure of the paddy crops cannot be an uncommon occurrence in a place where they haye to depend for the water solely on pluvial irrigation which so often provides oniy a very scanty supply ; and the people are too well aware of this fact to be remiss in growing a good stock of other food crops by way of providing against such a con- tingency. The fine grains such as “ kurakkan” (Eleusine corocanas, Varagu” (Panicum milia- ceum), “Thinai” (Panicum italicum), Shami (Panicum miliare) and various kinds of yams, roots, beans and pulses are freely grown; and a valuable addition to the food supply is afforded by the groves of plantain and banana trees which are grown in separate enclosures with perhaps one or two pumpkin creepers here and there. 16. The poorer classes of the rustic population of the North are a hard-working, healthy, ro- “Man wants ‘bat April 2, 1894. | Supplement to the “Propical Agriculturist.” 713 little” seems to be their motto, and their pater- nal acres supply them with almost all they require in the shape of food. They relish the coarser kinds of field and garden products which their more-refined fellow countrymen in the town would look down uponas unfit for human consumption or would only take by way of variety. 17. Dead fences are very rarely, if ever, used in Jaffua. The advantages of live fences which are so common there are by no means to be under- valued. They are useful in different ways. Not only are the leaves sometimes used as manure, but they yield browse for feeding cattle and afford a certain amount of shade and shelter which come as a boon in a dry climate such as that of Jaffna. Again, fhe cost of effecting constant repairs which has invariably to. be incurred in the case of dead fences is to a great extent dispensed with when the gardens are enclosed with live fences; and much annoyance, not to say loss, that would otherwise be caused by trespasses of cattle &c. is, moreover, saved. 18. The arboriculture of Jafina deserves a word in these notes. There is, indeed, little or no spare land in the Peninsula where any attempt at afforestation can be made even on a small scale. The trees grown along the road side and in the public places are, however, worthy of notice ; and the memory of Mr. Dyke, the first Govern- ment Agent of Jaffna, has been immortalized by the numerous trees he has planted, and _ his example has been followed up by his worthy successors. Besides the ordinary shade and orna- mental trees, Inga saman and Poinciana regia (flamboyant), there are the valuable timber trees teak (Lectona grandis) and mahogany (Swietenca mahogant) which thrive luxuriantly in the market enclosures at Nellore, Chavakachcheri, Chunnakam, &e. Some satinwood trees (Chlo- roxylon swietenia) near the Kachcheri also seem to be doing well. The “sooriya” tree (Thespesia populnea) which yields a tough use- ful wood thrives well along the sea beach where few other trees would grow. The margosa (Azadirachta indica) and the “ illupei” or “ meegaha” (Bassia longifolia) which are so common all over the North are very use- ful not merely on account of their timber, but more for the seeds from which valuable oil is obtained. It is interesting to watch the little urchins get up at daybreak and gather the margosa fruit, which has dropped on the ground over night. The fruit thus collected is washed, pulped, and the seed dried and stowed away for extracting the oil which is only used for the lamp and in medicine, its strong bitter taste precluding its use for culinary purposes. Un- like the margosa oil, however, that obtained from the illupei seed is greatly in request for the preparation of food, &c., besides being used for burning purposes. 19, As one travels along the central road through the Peninsula, he can see palmyrah trees mertilessly stripped of the sheath-ends of the ola stalks. Many of the young palms have been done to death by this system of obtaining the fibre, the trunk being laid bare almost to the very summit of the crown. While the fibre trade is likely to be always a very profitable gongern when discreetly garrieq on, there is cause for serious apprehension that it will prove destructive to the useful palms and there- fore suicidal to the industry when the gathering of fibre is done in this reckless manner, almost amounting to spoliation, The crown of a palm contains, so to speak, the very life blood of the tree, and the death of so many palmyrah palms of late has only too clearly shown how risky it is to divest it of its natural protection, 20. I must not bring these notes to a close without saying a word about paddy cultivation as I saw it at Anuradhapura when I made a short stay there some time back during a journey by the central road. I was agreeably surprised to see seedlings being planted out in the tract of field adjoining the Isuru-muni temple and under the tank called Tissa Wewa. Women chiefly took part in this work, their supple bodies enabling them to do it much more easily than the men who were employed in digging out the seedlings from the nursery by means of mamoties, and in doing other work deemed more congenial to them. The Wanni with its vast acreages under largé tanks affords immense scope for enterprising capitalists for paddy cultivation. I have heard that a large ancient tank at Kanukkeni in the Mullaittivu district will be soon restored by Government, and that when the restoration is com~ pleted there is every prospect of -Mullaittivu becoming the granary of the North. What might not a good irrigation system coupled with im~ proved cultivation effect in the raising of paddy ! EK. T. HOOLE, ——————@~-—_—_—. THE POONA FARM. In the Poona Farm last year various fodder crops were grown with the object of showing their comparative outturn, cost of cultivation, and value of produce. This year the further steps have been taken (1) of practically testing their feeding value, and (2) of studying various leguminous crops to be grown in rotation with cereal fodder crops. To the fodder crop tested last year were added maize, oats, two local varieties of jowari (sorghum vulgare), viz., nilva and shalu, and a foreign variety, zmphi (S. saccharatum). Oats and zmphi were damaged by excessive rain. In point of merit, as adjudged by the amount of wastage in feeding, the crops are placed as follows:—l, guinea grass; 2, sundhia jowari; 3, shalu jowari; 4, nilva jowari. There was much wastage in Reana luxurians owing to its coarse fibrous stalks, and still more in maize. Lucerne showed its already marked liability to disease; even when grown on the ridge and furrow system, it was not safeguarded. Sulphate of copper in solution with lime, had no effect in checking the disease. It has been again proved that the partiality shown by local cultivators to this crop is due to its high price and large yield in tavourable seasons. Incidentally a result which may prove itself important was secured. €-SSpa2. EET is to be presumed, is constantly being added $2 EE _ April 2, 1894.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricultwrist.” 715 One method of eoming to some conclusion with regard to the soluble plant food in a soil is by analysing the drainage water. To give some idea of the very slight amount of matter in solution in drainage water, it may be mentioned that not more than from ‘04 to ‘06 per cent. is usually found in arainage water. Of this amount the most is organic matter. 1t is obvious that the amount of mineral food in drainage water falls far short of the actual available mineral food. We know well that when either soluble phosphoric acid or potash is added to the soil, they are retained ina very firm way by the soil particles, as is illustrated by the fact that when such soil is treated with water the phosphoric acid or potash is not washed out, as we should expect it to be. Considerations such as these point to the fact that probably much of the available mineral food in a soil is neither very soluble, nor, on the other hand, very in- soluble. The point, therefore, to be aimed at, is to use some solvent which will dissolve this available mineral food, and not dissolve anything more than what is available. A weak acid solu- tion is what is wanted, the only difficulty being its strength. This Dr. Dyer ascertained, as we mentioned last week, by carrying out an ex- amination on the acidity of plant-roots. By transplanting this into an equivalent of citric acid, he found that this amounted to a 1 per cent. solution of citric acid. ——_—_—__@—__—___—_- ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. Class 11], Repritra. Among the reptilians res- piration is aerial, never by gills; the pulmonary and systemic circulations are always connected together, either within the heart itself, or in its immediate neighbourhood ; the blood is cold ; the skull has one condyle; the integumentary covering is in the form of scales or plates and never in the form of feathers. The class includes four living orders and five extinct orders. The living orders are J, Chelonia (Tortoises and turtles). 2. Ophidia (Snakes). 3, Lacertilia (Lizards). 4, Crocodilia (Crocodiles and alligators). The Chelonians are conveniently divided into groups according as the limbs are adopted for swimming, for progression, or for an amphibious life. The aquatic forms are well known as -turtles, distinguished by having the carapace depressed, and the limbs converted into oar- like flippers with which the animal swims. The two most important of the turtles are the edible turtle and the hawk’s bill turtle. The former is much used as a delicacy, and the latter is of commercial yalue for the horny ~scales which cover the carapace, and which are largely employed for ornamental purposes under the name of “tortoise-shell.” ‘he land tortoises have a rounded and convex carapace with distinet toes furnished with short claws. The best known species is the testudo groeca which is sometimes kept as a domestic pet. The pond and river tortoises are furnished qith wobbed feet, and lead 9 jemj-aquatic lite, | Ty The latter have the carapace covered with a leathery skin, without horny scales, and are often called ‘soft tortoises.” The order Ophidia includes most of the animals which would commonly be called snakes or ser- pents. They are generally distinguished as poison- ous and non-poisonous. Inthe harmless snakes the teeth are solid and are arranged in rows in both jaws and on the palate. In the poisonous snakes, on the other hand, the upper jaws are usually destitute of the ordinary solid teeth, but carry a pair of long curved *‘ poison- fangs.” These fangs are pointed backwards when not in use, but they can be erected at will, by muscular action, the moment the animal wishes to bite. Each fang is hollow, and is perforated by a fine tube or canal opening by a distinct aperture at the point of the fang. The canal communicates with a gland placed under and behind the eye, which secretes the poison. Of the members of the class Lacertilia, the house and garden lizards and the iguanas are very familar. The lizards are distinguished from the crocodiles in not having their teeth implanted in distinct sockets, and by the fact that the skin developes horny scales, but never bony plates. The crocodilia include the croco- diles and alligators or kaimans, They are the largest of existing reptiles, and are dangerous and voracious creatures, Class IV. Avus. In birds, respiration is aerial; the lungs are connected with air sacs scattered through various parts of the body, serving alike to reduce the specific gravity of the body and to assist in the aeration of the blood; the blood is warm; the integumentary covering is in the form of feathers; the fore- limbs are conyerted into wings; the females are oviparious; and the skull has one condyle. The skeleton of the bird exhibits some points of peculiar interest. ‘The breast bone in all birds which fly is furnished with a prominent ridge or keel to which are attached the mus- cles which move the wings: in birds which do not fly there is no keel upon the — breast bone. The fureulum, or “merry thought,” is a V.-shaped bone which keeps the wings at the proper distance from each other, and which is really composed of the united collar-bones or clavicles. The digits in the bird are reduced to a rudimentary thumb and two fingers. There are no teeth in birds and the jaws are sheathed in bone constituting the beak. The tongue is usually horny but sometimes fleshy as in parrots. The gullet is usually dilated in the lower part of the neck into a pouch called the “crop.” From the crop the food passes into the ‘ proventriculus” or true digesting stomach, which opens into a muscular cavity called the “gizzard” which finally leads to the intestines. The grinding action of the gizzard is assisted by the gravel and small pebbles which many birds are in the habit of swallowing. The form of the eyes is maintained by a circle of bony plates; in addition to the ordinary eye- lids there is a third membranous lid (the membrana nictitans) placed on the inner side of the eye and which can bo drawn over the frong of the eye Jike a curtain, one ale de 716 Supplement to the “Tropical Agricultwrist.” {April 2, 1894. The class aves ig divided into the following seven living orders :— Natatores or swimming birds. Grallatores or wading ss ile 2, 3. Oursores or running + 4. Rasores or scratching ,, 5. Scansores orclimbing __,, Insessores or perching 7, Taptores or birds of prey. SQ THE JUTE PLANT. No less than six species of the genus (order Tiliacez) to which the plants that yield jute belong are found occurring in Ceylon, viz., Corchorus capsularis, C. olitorius, C. uticefolivs, C. fascicularis, C. tridens, and C. acutangulus. C. capularis and C. corchoru are the two species of this genus which are systematically cultivated for the production of jute fibre. Soil.icJute seems to be capable of cultiva- tion on almost any kind of soil. It is least successful and least profitable, however, upon laterite and open gravelly soils, and most pro- ‘ductive upon a loamy soil or rich clay and sand, Climate.—A hot climate in which there is not too much actual rain, especially in the early ‘part of the season, is the most advantageous ; but exceptionally dry seasons are unfavourable, Preparation of the Land.—Frequent plough- ings or thorough digging up of the soil is necessary; all clods are then broken and pul- verized, and finally the weeds are collected, dried und burnt, Secd.—Under ordinary circumstances of culti- vation a few plants from the growing crop are set apart forseed in acorner of the field, and -the seeds from these are sown broadcast for the next crop. The sowing season, according to the nature and position of the soil, extends from the middle of March to the end of June. Harvest.—The harvest of course depends upon the date of sowing, and commencing with earli- est crop about the end of June extends to the beginning of October. The crop is considered to be in season whenever flowers appear and past season with fruits. The fibreof the plants that have not flowered is weaker and that from fruited plants is stronger than the fibre from flowering plants; but the stronger fibre of the fruited plants is coarse and without. gloss, The average crop per acre of fibre is a little over 15 maunds, but the field varies considerably, being as high as 380 to 36 and as low as 3, 6 or 9 .maunds—depending on district and season. When the plants are fit, being then from 3 to 12 feet high, they are cut down close to the roots, when the tops are clipped off, and fifty or a hundred are tied together. Several of these bundles are placed in water with pressure above to cause them to sink. Sometimes the bundles -are stacked for 2 or 3 days _ before ‘immersion in water to give time forthe decay of the leaves, but this is said to discolour the ‘fibre. The period of immersion yaries according . to the kind of fibre, nature of water and con- -dition, of atmosphere from 2 to 25 days, but -generally lasts from 8 to 10 days. It is most important that the immersion should not be -gverdone, and for this reason the jute bundles ou ‘ must be examined daily and tried with the nail to see if the bark has begun to separate from the ‘stem. If the proper time for removal %e exceeded there is danger of the fibre rotting and becoming almast useless. When the proper time for removing the bundles arrives, the “ retting ” is completed generally by removing small portions of bark from the root end and stripping off the entire fibre. Washing is done by dashing the fibre on the water and drawing it forwards. Finally, the fibre is spread on the surface of the water and any blackened patches picked out by hand. Besides the gunny bags made from the fibrous part or bark, the stem of the plant is used for charcoal, for gunpowder, for fences, basket work and fuel. C. olitorius requires longer steeping, generally a fortnight or three weeks for maceration. The fibre is used for bags, coarse cloth, cordage for agricultural purposes and for boats, and even for paper. The leaves and tender shoots of the plant are eaten. > GENERAL ITEMS. The Director, Gardens and Forest Department, Straits Settlements, impresses on planters the im- portance of “turning down” in pepper culti- vation. He recommends that when the pepper gets to the top of the post it should be bent down to the bottom and.allowed to start again. Three times, he says, must this be done before the pepper is expected to yield heavily, other- wise it is skinny and wretched. The better qualities of pepper were being sold in Mincing Lane last January for 22d, and 23d, This, it issaid,is an extremely low price for black pepper of good quality, free from dust, but the market is reported as “‘ depressed beyond former precedent by the very large stocks held in Europe, and by what appears to be an unlimit- ed production in the Straits Settlements.” In thus reporting Messrs. W. and D. Harvest re- mark that it is not very long since that pepper of this quality would have readily fetched in public sales from 4d. to 54d. per lb. The properties of ground-nut oil were dis- covered by a kind of accident in Europe. A large cargo of nuts had arrived at Bremen, and found no purchasers in their natural state, as good for luncheon or dessert ; so the importers expressed the oil, and then found market enough. Our table oil is a good deal adulterated with the oil from the ground-nut. More than thirty years ago the Governor of Gambia, West Africa, writing on the culture of the ground-nut in that Colony, urged the im- portance of the natives not confining their cultivation to this product alone. “The re- flection,” (that the nut may become a drug in the market) he says “is a very serious one to one who studies the interests of the colony, and difficult to remedy unless Providence in its mercy supplies some hitherto unknown or un-~ appreciated article of commerce to supply the place of this little oleaginous nut, which has for the last twenty years brought all the blessings April 2, 1894.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” (NG; of comfort, healthful occupation, industrious habits and civilization, in the place of wars, famine and slave trade of the interior. Simmonds places Penicillaria spicata (kambu) at the head of the list of millets, being considera- bly more nutritious as compared with rice. Next in order of importance comes sorghum vulgare (Jowari), and at the bottom of the list comes eleusine coracana (kurakkan or ragee). The following figures show how variable is the butter ratio in cows’ mill :— Cow. No. Milk. Butter. Butter lbs. 02. Ibs. 02, in oz. per 1b. 1 19-13 Vl 54 2 40:00 200 80 3 32°80 2°40 1:10 4. 32°30 2-80 1:17 5 28°40 3°20 Newly 6 36°14 1-10 Ou WATER-SOAKED Woop,—The problem has puz- zled many why two pieces of wood sawn from the same section of tree should possess very varied characteristics when used in different positions. For example, a gate post will be found to decay much faster if the butt end of the tree is uppermost than would be the ease if the top were placed in this position. The reason is that the moisture of the atmosphere will permeate the pores of the wood much more rapidly the way the tree grows than it would if in the opposite direction. Microscopical examination proves that the pores invite the ascent of moisture, while they repel its descent. Take the familar case of a wooden bucket. Many may have noticed that some of the staves appear to be entirely saturated, while others are apparently quite dry. This arises from the, same cause; the dry staves are in the same position in which they grew, while the saturated ones are reversed. The more a cultivator produces from a given area, the more prosperous will he be. The expenses will not (need not) increase in pro- portion to the yield. The added expense comes when you increase the area fora given yield. This is entirely true, but not realized by many. As the productiveness of their land has diminish- ed, some have sought a remedy by buying more acres, An increased profit will not come that way. You may add acre to acre as long as you please, and get crops which fetch the 5 [L ) current price, but you will never join the moneyed class. Instead, concentrate labour and manure and get larger yields and grow other crops, and you should be on the road to success, There must be profit with good management if the latter system is adopted. Income and profit are two very different things, and you must make a good profit to join the moneyed class. The discovery of a new fodder plant is evid- ently becoming quite the fashion, We have al- ready had the Lathyrus sylvestris, tagasaste or tree lucerne, and quite lately the polygonum sachalinense. Here is another:—“ Mr, J. F. Duthie, I.L.S., the Director of the Botanical Department, Northern India, is of opinion that during pericds of drought in India when there is difficuly of providing fodder for cattle, the sea-side wormwood (Artemisia maritima, li.) which he says is to be found plenti- fully in the Western Himalayas, might be turned to account if introduced in various parts of the Indian Peninsula. Mr. Duthie finds that ponies feed upon this plant in the Himalayas “with relish,” and he adds that ‘ other species of Artemisia are mentioned as affording good fodder for sheep on the Punjab Himalayas.” In localities where hardly any other vegetation exists, the wormwood will thrive and will thus prove invaluable as a fodder plant during periods ot great drought and famine. The Artemisia maritima is described as a much-branched decumbent, or nearly-erect undershrub belonging to the Composite, more or less covered with close white cotton. It is found in sandy and muddy wastes, generally near the sea, and occupies large tracts of country bordering on the Caspian and Black Seas. It extends round the Mediterranean to Western Europe. It is also found in Western Tibet in salt plains at ele- vations of about 9,000 to 14,000 feet. Professor A. H. Church, F.R.8., undertook an analysis of a bundle of dry leafy branches of the Artemrsia marituma that was sent to the Kew Gardens by Mr. Duthie, and he says that although the herbage of wormwood is not so valuable a food for cattle as the ordinary mixed grasses, yet it is thrice as rich in albuminoids as the straw of European cereals, and to any animals not deterred from eating the plant by its some- what sickly odour, it might prove, under special circumstances, such as those which obtain in barren tracts, of considerable value.” [We have Artemisia vulgaris, the Sinhalese Wal-kolondu. | Y aa Aha MUG «i ree wT) 1Hodaby BLAEIGOTOD asliens pity “> usido wong, Paes, allo ie Lomein bey Ae PRO9SHG OF buon, oie ch Ibetorile tesmogiinms boop Cit di) Bow 6st 0h Ys cmp ie ab yoy Daa mae ME! hereoarpas Wd aie 0s aia "+ HEtS” ae “Pio hige aha ‘er bi ea Lig. @71HG8T Cie renee: ott oTpioD 1! Qian eiBIET pithertye erediatnt wit fun youd edanowl: i, pal Wi 1: 4 ren bie ta) ‘i cugel Prt | Kitts Ba, i geek fl wiuitcda soll <6) POM fe (at - faniinlok wis Te ioe Sate Bal <4 soins } tg eS mi Heide th A MO ayi Mepilne 4 thei ude OB, ni an Aiba . UR te Dh | yniaul. Mal). pettide as ee ot oid ¥ sities parg th fatkity ak, Aidt nail bate v i 7 oi Sige HORRY hectare es iAepet avy ei hae ) + tare fei HHL, rah, od OF GheyEa oi Soir. | > Wie ave P oi: ; they bie 2% cetit testi VM BAL» Gi xciod | Saas : ate ALN pier, oat Precast NRG iW Tap a " beet : fey ead a pad wy oat bail dp batt aint 3 ena pag saint Boils bq’ Sol wee bear, (lo ree hse bby ilgmilht Que} mth oh Fut fi; a Bao! adhe 4, EY ty Lesened ; Wel ‘a Ah ‘hy BSE soa rate: tanilt soba, od tian side tiins Adige! 7 88 Bebe aut ‘rile yehbol Leo er ‘wel! eines olson we Rework | Mh Ole Fag Auge end tial: ets adaani tl detest ashi © one Aut : pay ft vate’ soiree eee alt ute. Oke,“ “TathO WitD ‘Uriad orgity | Bie wea Pranied . a AP OT anc) Ue bita.ovruld live less oF gricon, || ete” as imac 8 iad ty abot: “to Bai af. diet L Sipe. Bt obias ial | Meo Sp Mees eit? Tries af rat ihe ay “ott! orien. tate deg d: ag , ee Te piste ay bidetiyee tbe Gatsaatd-ionar 2 a lan ie al ah 5 ns Aes a { oy “Set th hai Ad fr a gol ydplei! 4 Hharebe i. dnt Tl Taste. Penal ihniel bo ee ma bg ot a ye, Batt Os “Theat t i) ALOGL kOe Hi Th ie 1) a ‘oath era? ay? 7s tg ee en, iif Te a ee tt oSlilv. ae ee ie Le le sae ‘mY bd” Baa ou). test) Uinsecioy, Wf ah tyie Ls alins 43 eis 7 i quired, x gave poss gh tee pay resus ae banor Ehay! i i "gaye ap SN Let Dita Salty as a Haat Geln St aE wet} +) a iit ee VC). ay, ciara HA $id ihn es Jatindy HAR we: jedtt fit be Ri th Snag Jeane. ject COLE 6 1 GOO thot To BAGHIES s tO él Hans Wh Rocky Gait» a XO if ie “ea th fe ad iB nestnGANe iaty To “serene Perv als ia sid arti d oe WOM Hil ot ditas af i fal! Werte ati Renn tibn’ Farts, Lae thi OTH ‘Abe ae ‘ed, ‘kK aii: Lier “a er.) 4 “tecps et, bib baxrh j & Pa: abloniAuen ia ar pic a wk giisini i, we aa Boat aie risk anche SOO # tae at hi ine wees hk fel acga a ban A ins Pai SE gd, gn 3) oe eo a ee so a bia 4) oe. ¥: hy Fir rucitiy vite {5 ie ead 7 oP q ne wil # Lal fin biti ¢ ~ a ae AGhICUz "Up | ‘ \ age % fr AS IZ «| MONTHLY. be Pi Vol. XIII.] COLOMBO, MAY ist, 1894. DONO. . Ud: “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” GABRIEL AND MAURICE WORMS: CAPITALISTS, PIONRER COFFEE (AND TEA) PLANTERS AND MERCHANTS IN CEYLON—1840-1865. [For the following coneinct and interesting biographical notice we are indebted to a relative of the Messrs. Worms who has also favoured us with the photographs from which the collotypes were printed. We have made considerable additions of our own, chiefly in notes, and an appendix, to this brief biography of two most enterprising pioneer colonists and good men whose departure from Ceylon left blanks, that, in some respect, have never been filled up.—ED. Tropical Agriculturist. | ABRIEL Worms and Manrice | extent of forest land in Pussellawa* and other Worms were the second and | districts, and gradually established the celebrated third sons of Benedict Worms | Rothschild coffee estate, so well-known through- of Frankfort-on-Maine, and | out the Island. It has been thought that this Janette his wife, eldest sister | name was given to the property because the of the Baron de Rothschild. | Rothschilds themselves were interested in it. This Gabriel was born on the 2nd : ef ee : é 5 ¥ i] 1802. and Mauri The story current in Ceylon planting circles was of Apri as an aurice | that Mr. M. Worms on visiting the Central Province on 20th July 1805. Their elder brother was | took a great fancy to th» forest-clad Pussellawa the first Baron de Worms who died on 25th | Valley forming part of the “Black Forest "" of that district. Learning that it had been allotted for a October 1882, and was the father of the present | nomi..alsum (perhaps 5s. an acre) to Major Murray who Baron de Worms of Milton Park, Surrey, and of | was then in Ungland, he wrote to his brother (Mr. : Tins A . Gabriel Worms) instructing him to call on the Major saron Henry de Worms, M.P., Parliamentary and, if possible, purchase the whole property of 1,200 . Seeretary to the Board of Trade 1885-6, and | acres. Mr. Gabriel Worms found Major Murray at Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from his hotel, and at once asked him if he would sel! ; R : Black Forest, Ceylon, and at what price? * For £5 1886 to 1892. Maurice Worms was educated in | an acre, paid erty was said to be the immediate reply 'rankfort and came to England about 1827 and | of the Major who, to his astonishment, found his 10 att, ‘ B price at once accepted—so that, as the story runs became a member of the London Stock Exchange, | }, always regretted he had not with eqnal Paitiriess where he was very successful ; but being extremely | asked £10 per acre! Whether strictly correct or not, fond of travelling, life in London did not suit | the story has its use in showine the reputation for : io 2 : romptitude in business which characterised the him. So in 1838 he made a long tour in the United Rrekoed. Worms. ‘Their names, of course, stood States, Canada, Newfoundland, &c., returning in | at the highest ine ehe banking; eh ee a bes ‘ : ; SARS janting world in Ceylon, and ever) body in Colom) 1840. In February 1841 he set out fou the East, new the merchant aseverybody upconntry did and after visiting India, -China, Singapo1e, | the planter; but, on onecccasio. , a young mercantile Manilla, &e,, he finally cecided on settling in | assistant fresh to the Colony, asked the name of Ceylon and taking up coffee planting as an the gentleman wko was giving @ large cree. fir occupation, He accordingly bought a considerab le | name is cas/,” vas the immediate reply! corrugated iron roofing, &c.—“ My bame, sir, my 720 is totally erroneous ; it belonged solely to Maurice Worms and his brother Gabriel who came out and joined him in 1842. The name of ‘‘ Roths- child” was given to the property at the express request of Messrs. Worms’ uncles, the Baron Anselm von Rothschild of Frankfort, and Baron James de Rothschild of Paris. Gabriel Worms was also educated in Frankfort and established himself in Paris in abont 1825 as a partner of the celebrated Agents de Charge de la Ville, de Proulx & Co. The events of the Revolu- tion of July 1830 having made a great impression upon him, he decided on coming to England and be- came a member of the London Stock Exchange about 1832, where he remained until 1842, when he joined his brother and became ‘his partner in his coffee planitng enterprise, and the two brothers es- tablished themselves as G. & M. B. Worms. Man- rice resided at Pussellawa, managing the extensive plantations of coffee, etc. ; while Gabriel had the Grandpass Mill where the coffee was prepared for shipment under his direction, and he also attended to the shipping and banking business of the Firm in Colombo. Gabriel was elected a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon in 1847, but was unable to take his seat as the Jewish Disabilities had not been removed. The brothers were re- nowned for their hospitality, and had as their guests at yarious times all the European celebri- ties who visited Ceylon, amongst others the Duke of. Brabant now king of the Belgians, the Crown Prince of: Prussia, Earl Grosvenor now Duke of Westminster, the late Lord Derby, then Lord Stanley, and many others. It was Maurice Worms who first introduced the China tea plant into Ceylon;) he br ought cuttings from China and formed a Small garden at Pussellawa in September 1841 (vide Siy J. Emerson Tennent’ s Ceylon, Vol. 2nd, Chap. 7). Messrs. G. & M. B. Worms had about 2,000 acres of coffee in cultivation and WwW Ww their mark Nie was for more than a quarter ot a century a household word in Min- cing Lane. The enterprise was extremely suc- cessful ; but old age creeping on, Messrs. G. & M. B. Worms decided on returning to Europe after a residence of four-and-twenty years in Ceylon. They disposed of their estates and re- turned L home i in- August 1865 (wide “ Ceylon Obser- very? ‘25th August! 1865). Maurice unfortunately did not” long * Survive 1 his well-earned rest, as he died “April. 23rd, 1867, from liver. complaint con- tracted” in the Island: His brother Gabriel at- tained, however a ripe, old. age and died i in London Ath ‘October 1881. nett} pore oD} at vhor } fC G [We had the privilege ot i intimate acqnaintance with | told—he was only an 1 Mr, Gabriel ' Worms from the date of our’ arrival | THB TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. * ai = [May 1, 1894. in the island, November 1861, until his departure in the latter part of 1865. His residence and office were opposite the Observer office, No 19, Baillie Street, and taking a great interest always in the current events of the day—especially in any mail or telegraphic news;—in the state of the roads up- country (often a serious matter for coffee transport in those days) and in railway progress, he generally paid us a visit in passing two or three times a day —or one of us ran across with the latest telegram or other special bit of news as received. We had the very highest esteem tor the claracter of Mr. Worms —a thorough gentleman of Ahe old school— and during the occasional yisits of Mr. Maurice Worms from Pussellawa, it was very eyident that a close attachment existed between the brothers. There was every day, a very early visit to pay to the Grandpass mills where some hundreds of native men, women and chiidren found employment on very liberal terms, in the picking, drying and other care- ful preparation and packing of the coffee for ship- ment. Then, there was a daily walk round the Fort _on bnsiness in respect of freight, insurance or banking, the private room of hisfriend, the Manager of the Oriental Bink (Mr. G. 8S. Duff), often seeing Mr. Worms. He did not care to push himself forward publicly, but Mr. Worms was ever ready to take his share in public movements. He was prominent in the Deputation to Sir Henry Ward about the need of Railway communication with the hill-country, and Mr. Worms pithily summed up their busi- ness in words that became famous thronghout the colony,—‘‘ We have come, sir, to be taxed.” After Sir Henry Ward left, Mr. Worms had frequent occasion —as had most colonists—to find fault wilh Sir Charles MacCarthy’s government, snd especially with the cheeseparing policy of the Colonial Secre- tary, Mr. Wm. Charles Gibson, which led to some of the main roads in the planting districts getting shame- fully neglected. Mr. Worms frequently supplied material to us for writing editorials on the subject —his closing remark after an interview frequently being:—“ Put it in the paper, te, it in the paper;—don’t mention my name, sir.” Mr. Worms took a keen interest. in the construction of the Railway to Kandy; but during his last year in the island, he (ander an influence which need not be refer- red to here) lost faith in the successful working of the second “section, the incline from the foot of the hill to: Kandy—in other words he began to think a locomotive train would never pass round the top of Kadugannawa Pass. This led to a curious dis- cussion in Baillie Street one day between Mr. Worms and Mr. (now Sir) Guildford Molesworth, aor Chief Engineer,—Mr. Worms arguing that as vredalle constructed’ trucks and go carried to Colombo: where the cartmen had” to “replenish ‘and see ‘their friends, before returning to the. ‘interior! ‘The Engi- neer did not see this, and so he was plainly sineer and kn.ew aothing about coffee! Noone could speak in plaine. lunguage May 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 721 when roused than our good friend.* But his kindness of heart and liberality towards all charitable, philan- thropic and even missionary agencies were proverbial. The Messrs. Worms were generous supporters of our Friend-in-Need Societies, and every agency in the country caleulated to do the people good, while the widow and orphan were never turned empty away from their doors. Being conscientious Jews, Mr. Worms could not profess a direct interest in Christian Missions ; but he never refused his £5 or £10 to a mission collector, giving as his ground openly and fairly: ‘Make honest men of them, sir”—referring to the need of Christian teach- ing among the natives. Both brothers took a great interest in the controversy which arose out of Bishop Colenso’s attack on the Pentateuch, and we (of the Observer office) had to get out for them every answer published in England to the Bishop’s work. Mr. G. Worms had a special question to put to us one day, as to Christians being as much affected as Jews, by the Bishop's attack; for “if the Pen- tateuch is discredited, it will affect your New Book (Testament) as much as the Old, willit not?” He was pleased with our prompt. ‘‘ Certainly—we take the Bible as a whole.” No more liberal managers of property existed in Ceylon, and Rothschild was certainly the finest- looking and most liberally cultivated coffee planta- tion in the island, well set off too by its border of yose bushes -round the boundaries and many of the principal paths. Both brothers were anxious that their other properties should be opened and planted with equal care: Oondegalla on the Ramb da Pass was opened first for tea, a field plantei from seed specially imported from China. Tt grew well ; but the Chi:.aman,who was a!so imported to prepare the produce, proved so incompetent, each lb. of tea prepared costing some £5, that Mr. M. Worms gave up the idea of tea p'anting, especially as coffee was proving so congenial and profitable. The field of tca-plan's was, however, allowed to con- tinue and afforded evidence that the Messrs Worms were pioneers in this industry. They owned a large block of forest in Dimbula which was not opened until handed over to the Ceylon Company, Limited, when it bec.me the extensive Meddecombra plantation. In Dikoya, again, they bought the 1,000 acres that became ‘ Norwood”’ eventually, and here Mr. Worms finding that the land was actually in the Western Province (which had no repute for coffee), —t,.o Sabaragamuwa boundary going so far round— got the G vernment of the day to alter the bout daries. * Nothing put Mr. Gabriel Worms more readily out of temper than any display of meanness, or oppression of the poor. We well remember one occasion on which a reputedly well-to-do Sinhalese Chaplain—with a great craving for the amassing of money—approached Mr, Worms with the view of yetting him to become landlord of a miserable set of huts in which Grandpass workpeople found refuge. ‘It would be so easy for Mr. Worms, as a large employer, to collect rents and even to in- crease them, which he (Mr. ) found it difficult to do. The reverend “Christians clergyman” got a lesson from the Jewish Jayman that day which was a splendid exposition of ‘‘ doing to one’s neighbour as he would be done by ” and which he can scarcely haye forgotten for the rest of his life, In this way the planters of both the Dikoya and Maskeliya Districis have to thank the Messrs. Worms that they are included in the Central and not in the Sabaragamuwa Province. The plantation Messrs. Worms took most interest in opeuing after Rothschild was what they called ““Worms-Badulla’ (afterwards Keenakelle plantation) on the Narangalla range. They employed anold Uva planter—George Morice—to do the preliminary work, paying him aliberal salary and grudging no expense to get good work done. On their first visit, how- ever, both brothers were greatly disturbed at the miserly character of their Superintendent who lived on a tenth of his allowances and had besides no command of labour. Scarcity of coolies was the great want of the day, and Messrs. Worms began to think that for an out-of-the-way district, a “man of the country’ who spoke the language thoroughly and understood the cvolies, would be better as their Superintendent than a European. Accordingly on his return to Oolombo, Mr, Worms came to our office with an advertisement which ran somewhat as follows :— “WANTED For an extersive young Coffee Plantation in the Badulla District, a first-class experienced Superin- tendent with good testimonials and thorough know- ledge of Tamil. Handsome salary allowed. No European need apply. Address W. care of Observer Office.” This intimation created quite a sensation through- out the Planting Districts; but the labour difficulty was given as the explanation, and Messrs. Worms soon got their man, in a HBurasian to whom they gave a salary certainly four times more than he had ever drawn. But this only served to turn the man’s h ad and make him greedy for more after a dishonest fashion. Working so far from Colombo or Pussellawa—before the days of Visiting Agents— with no fear of inspectiou, and knowing that his repute depended on the number of coolies on the place, the “Superintendent” began entering a num- ber of fictitious names in the Checkroll. This went on for some months, but at length suspicions were roused, a surprise visit by one of their trusted men arranged for, and the result was that within six months of the previous advertisement, Mr. Gabriel Worms one day appeared in our office storming about “dishonest black men—200 coolies in the checkroli 100 in the field—rogues, sir, put in an advertisement,’ and its terms were as follows :— “ WANTED For an extensive Coffee Plantation in Badulla, « first-class Superintendent of experience; highest testimonials required. Handsome salary provided. None but Europeans need apply to W, care of Observer. So, this soon brought the right man to do justice to young Keenakelle which was handed over to the Company as a magnificent young c-ffee plantation just coming into bearing. ‘Lhe whole of the proper ties held by Messxys. Worws may be seea from the following list taken from our “ Wstates Directory’ 422 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. - OS aa - . 1 [May 1, 1894: of thirty years ago :— nn Zé Z g Eo o & a {3} Sis 2 °ss o| 2 Ha ce Beets o ¢/8 be | 2 Oecrd ° 2 al n re 5 ayks sg eee |= St SB) eee A rraaA Ayo Mm A. A GS Ale a mB aciaiis | sale beat Bripaly o(lomouign Aes aigerg 9 c | 4 Boog wa n Ree 2 mes xy Sota eo wosenese 2 Pap] for) Se) Gayo erie ri CO Of =H a 4 r) 1D rt Oo cH sn Ro ot ioe lh Sod aA an =} mn ) Swe 2 i6a} ° ~ fe |= F Pies ee D 4 - : visa & er 8) a. Pe i= “ 2 7) e ea (3 = Bg i linen | vais 22 a 622 e900 Fe a sj ARRAA AAARAS (a Se find 2 do) o:2. 2538 : oO im eaaek | 2 tue 2 rq eS 3 6 ra 2 aS ° = pt Aete ie ieoeRe y SB 3 3 HSe,0 o5 SERS) < Sj Aiet gle ing oS a a SAGAS “Haeaon & D Nou SwmEtaedce, Zune ra I@ag Pere sesaa so a 0 So .26 2 o tom toe & BEECBREEREROOR 5 a Ce Baad Foog SAbaSee has cean FH : Z oe 28 SH Aaman Foor The “planted acreage” was not given at that period (this being compiled by us for the first time in 1869); but we may mention that the sale of these estates (some planted and others on'y forest) togeti.er with certain town property, constituted probably the largest transfer of property eser effected in Ceylon at one time, the total amount which passed being no less than £157,000. Both brvthers had in fact begun to feel after 24 years’ residence in Ceylon that it would be better for them to return to Europe. Mr. Gabriel was still hale and hearty ; but Maurice frequently suffered for want of change. Accordingly, their special financial adviser, Mr. Geo, Smytan Duff, arranged with the Directors of his Bank, the Oriental, for the formation of a Planta- tion Company to take over this grand series of Ceylon properties, and most properly it was dubbed “The Ceylon Company, Limited.” Ceylon had a high reputation at the time as a plantation €olony and the judicious Directors of the Bank very cleverly arranged to get rid at the same time, of a number of Sugar Estates in Mauritius, taking care, however not to call the Company, ‘‘'The Ceylon and Mauritius Coy., Ld.” The consequence was that in certain circles, Ceylon bore the censure for losses due to Mauritius. For many long years, their Ceylon pro- perties paid the Company yery handsomely, while the reverse was the case with those in the Sugar Island ;—but a!! this is apart from the Messrs.. Worms. They were well satisfied with the sale of all their Ceylon properties for £157,000; % We have led useful contented lives”—said Mr, Gabriel, to us before leaving—“‘and our Ceylon investments have given 10 per cent interest and the capital back,” Very great regret was felt at the departure of the Messrs. Worms from Ceylon. Huw large a place they filled in the colony both in Colo bo and the planting districts may be judged from what was written in Sir Emerson Tennents “Ceylon ’ (already referred to) as follows :— “At Pusilawa our home on many occasions was the hospitable bungalow of Mr. Worms and his brother, the proprietors of one of the finest plantations in the island. Their estate, which now (in the “‘fifties"’) consists, besides unfelled forest, of upwards of one thousand acres of coffee trees in full bearing, was commenced by themselves in 1541, when the new enterprise was still in its infancy. Their practical knowledge of planting was therefore acquired during its experimental stages; and no capitalists in the colony have contributed more to its advancement by judgment and moderation in times of excitement, and by firmness and perseverance im periods of difficulty. Hereafter, when the great project to which they have devoted their lives, shall have attained its full development, Ceylon, in the pleni- tude of commercial success, will remember with gratitude the names of men like these, who were the earliest pioneers of its prosperity. “It is difficult to imagine a scene of greater natura! grandeur than tbat in the midst of which their estates have been formed. The valley of Pusilawa* is over- Lung on its south-easteru side by a chain of wooded hills, the last of which, known as Moouera-galla, or the ‘ Peacock rock,’ rises upwards of 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, and commands a prospect of in- describable beauty and magnificence; extending far a.d wide and embracing mouutains, forests, rivers, cataracts, and plains. ‘The plantations of the Messrs. Worms extend to the very crown of Moonera-ga'la, snd the undulating sides of the hills, which fiftcen years ago were concealed Ly the trees of the Black Forest, are now fenced with roses and covered im all directions with luxuriant coffee busses. “A plantation of coffee is at every season an object vf beauty aud interest. ‘ue leayes are bright and polished like tav,e of w iaurel, but vf a much darker green; the Huwers, of the purest white, geow mm tufts along the top of the branches, and bloom so suddenly, that at morning the trees look as if snow had lallen on them in wreaths during the night Vheir jasmine-like perfume is powerful enough to be oppressive, but they last only for a day, and the bunches of crimson berries which succeed, resemble cherries in their brilliancy and size. Within the pulp, concealed in a parchment-like sheath, lies the double seed, which by a variety of processes is freed from its integuments, and converted into coffee. “On this fine estate an attempt has been made to grow tea: the plants thrive surprisingly, and when Il saw them they were covered with bloom. But * Pustlawa is said to mean the ‘‘ valley of Huwers.” Another conjecture is, that the name is de1iyed from the great climbing plant, the pus-wuel (Hntada Pursetha), whose gigantic pods attain the singe ing length of fiye feet and upwards. Mav 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 723 the experiment has hitherto been defeated by the impossibility of finding skilled labour to dry and manipulate the leaves. Should it ever be thought expedient to cultivate tea in addition to coffee in Ceylon, the adaptation of the soil and climate has thus been established, and it only remains to introduce artisans from China to conduct the sub- sequent processes. “Tt will readily be inferred that if the life of a successful, planter in these mountains be fraught with anxieties, it has also a share of compensat- ing enjoyments. One can imagine the satisfaction with which he must contempiate the rich prospects that his own energies have created, peopling the solitudes with industry, and teaching the desert to blossom like the rose. “ Pusilawa and the surrounding valleys and forests have furnished large collections of objects, illustrative of the zoology of the island; but this is a source of enjoymeat of which the saccessors of the present generation will be deprived by the felling of the tcrests and the destruction of the jongle, which now afford protection to multitudes of animals, birds, reptiles aud insects. Their numbers are already de- clining in this particular spot; but still, such is their profusion in the forests and throughout the re- gion surrounding the coffee estates, that opportuni- ties exist for fobserving their instincts under mos! inviting circumstances, and even the upathetic be- come interested in watching their habits. ‘hese are so striking that they impress themsefyes on every sense, and stand out clear and illustrative in our recollections of the day and its progress. It is not alone that their crowded associations almost over- power the memory, it is not that tuey form at all times the incidents and life of the !audscape—im- partivg vivacily to the foliage, and rendering the air harmonious with their motion end their music; but there is a degree of order in their arrangements, and almost of system in their times of appearing and retiring, that serves, when experience has ren- dered thei familiar, to identity each period of the day with its accustomed visitants, and assigns to morning, noon, and twilight their pecuiiar symbols.” By attached estate and store employees, domestic servants, &c.—all of whom were handsomely remem- bered—the return home of the Messrs. Worms was much regretted. Here is a record of gifts made by them, and the farewell notice which appeared in the Observer of August 1865 :— “MESSRS. G. & M, B. WORMS. We understand that Messrs Worms favoured the Colombo #Hriend-in-Need Society with the generous farewell contribution of £20 in aid of its funds ; and & similar amount to the Colombo Ragged Schools under the care of the Rey. 8 Nicholas.” “ Speedily we shall haye to say farewell to two men whose names, asd the name of their great property, have been as household words in Ceylon for the past qoarter of a century, wherever and whenever the cotlee enterprise was discussed. We allude to the Messrs. Worms, owners of Rothschild Estate— owners now no longer, for their interest in this splendid Estate and some 8,000 acres of land, culti- vated and uncultivated, has now been transferred to the Ceylon Company (Limited). Cousins of the London Rothschilds, the Messrs. Worms were never stinted in means—their own ideas of Estate manage- ment were of. the most liberal nature—and the thousand or so of acres of unbroken coffee which constitute the Estate of Rothschild, have always been models of high cultivation. To keep weeds out and put fertilizing manure, in, neither labour nor expense was ever spared; and amongst the coffee bushes which lately passed. from the care of Mr. Worms to that of Mr. Corbet were mauy which at the age of twenty-five years are as vigorous and as fruitful, as they were in their hey-day youth of eight. The Black Forest which General Hodgson, and far younger men can remember an unbroken jungle, has long been felled, andthe plantation and residence which occupy its place, have long been famed, the one for its beauty; and the otner for its liberal hospitalities. Mr. Maurice Worms will be as much missed from Pussellawa, as Mr. Gabriel Worms will be from Colombo, where besides attend- ing to his own large business, he always took an active, a shrewd and a useful part in the discussion of public affairs. He once occupied a seat in our Legislative Council, and we well recollect him as a Jew taking the oaths (with his head covered, as is the custom of his people,) and a seat in our Council, before the British Parliament had admitted his cousin Baron Rothschild or any other Jew to its ranks. The Home Government did not disallow the appointment on the ground of religion, but because only British-born subjects are eligible to seats in our Legislature. The Naturalization bills which enabled the Messrs. Worms to hold land in the Colony, it was then found, did not give them the full status of British-born subjects. The Messrs. Worms, though Jews by race and religion, made no distinctions of religion or race in their large and generous charities. Besides hosts of necessitous in- diyiduals, the Friend-in-Need Society, the Ragged Schools, the Bible and Tract Societies, and the various Christian Missionary Societies will miss tueir contributions. To parties who have been long in their service, the Messrs. Worms have extended most generous treatment; and both in the cirvle of their more immediate acquaintances and amongst the general community, there will be a common feeling of loss and regret when the first steamer of September carries the well-known G. & M. Bb: Worms trom the shores of Veylon. Our personal regret is the greater from the feeling that, as one uud another of the older residents quit the scene, we are tast qualifying for the position of ‘the oldest inhabitant’ or All honour and ail en- juyment to those who, haying done their work and done it well, seek well-earned repose, while we and others must still ‘last man.’ * Learn to labour and to wait.’’ It only remains now to refer yery brietly to the English life of the blessrs. Worms;—Mr. Mauris 454 ) THE TROPICAL Worms accustomed to an active, out-of-door life, felt he could not live in town, and he took a farm from Lord Leigh in Warwickshire; but he did not long survive in the jreacherous English climate, dying in about 18 months after his arrival from Ceylon, aged 62 years. Mr. Gabriel Worms took up his residence in New Bond Street and there we visited him in 1869, and again in 1878, to find his interest as keen as ever in everything connected with Ceylon. But he had also established new interests and among other things he shewed us a cabinet with the reports and papers of nearly every Charitable and Philanthropic Institution in the Metropolis, and of which he was a liberal but judicious supporter’ Many widows and orphans connected with Ceylon had also occasion to bless the generous heart of Mr. Gabriel Worms during the sixteen years that he survived his return to England. He passed away in his 80th year on the 17th October, 1881, widely regretted both in this island and in the Metropolis : Peace to the memory of men of worth ! ——— i —— — CEYLON TEAS IN 1893: ANNUAL REPORTS OF MESSRS. WILSON SMITHETT & CO, AND MESSRS, GEO, WHITE & CO* We now fulfil our promise to republish both the above valuable Reports and great care has been taken to guard against any errors creeping in, inthe'reprinting. There is little occasion to draw attention to the calient features of the Reporte, because both are admirably arranged and divided according to distinctive headings. It will be observed that Messrs. Wilson, Smitheit & Oo: treat of the _ Sales altogether last year of some 69 million Ib. of tea against 65 million io 1892. It will be'seen also that there is still the complaint about small breaks, Geylon tea sales comparing unfavourably in this respect with those of India. It is surely time this» was rectified, more especially as itis so glearly to the interests of the producers themselves not to send breaks of a sizé oot likely to temptiull attention from buyers.—--Lurning to the Sales, at the head of the list for qnantities’ we have the great Diagama, Galahe, K. A; W. and Mariawatte Factories which sent altogether for the four no Jess than 2,638,5001b.—of which Dia- gama gave as much as 624,0001b. at the really splendid average of 1.5 per lb. Of indivi- duul properties in Ceylon, it appears to us that the ‘laira of Henfold is most to be envied with sales’ of 229,500 1b. of tea at an average of 1s 1d—one of the very few averages that show an improve- ment on 1892. The highest averages of all recorded for last year arethose of St, Leonards with 1s 54d for 40,500 lb., aud Ormidale with 1s 43d for 47,500 lb. We may extract here ali the averages recorded from one shilling upwards :-— Averaging. Ib. e. d. St. Le. nards .» 40,500. 1 .53 Ormidale «. 47,500 1 43 Dessford - 143,500 1 i Henfold’ .. 229,000 1 1 * Bee Special Supp’ement given with Daily Observer and Tropical Agricultwrist,—we much regret the delay in issuing both Reports: the alterations in the building of office are to blame.—Ep. 7.A, AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894. Averaging. Ib. 2 Ss ‘Youn gong -. 58,509 1 07 Gualtircl «* 182,500 1 Os Norw od .. 166,500 1 04 Pedro .. -- 42,500 1 0% Kelliebeddé .. 20/500 I 03 Waverley 415;500 1 oO Portswood os 714;000 1 0 Carlabeck -. 66.000 1’ @ Hapootella «« 40,000 1 6 We next come to the Districts—ranging from Dim- bula wiih 12 million lb. of tea and an average of 10jd—thus taking the premier place over the Nuwara Eliya group and Bogawantalawa this year —down tc Galle district with 327,000 lb. of tea avd an average of 7id or 3d better than in 1892. The average for the island last year being 9d, the fol- lowing are the districts above that rate in order of merit :—Dimbula, Nuwara-Eliya-Maturata-Udapus- sellawa, Bogawantalawa; Dikoysa, Uva and Maskeliya while Hewaheta just reaches the average. How the Home Consumption of our teas has risen is seen from figures which give 115 million lb. of China in 1883 against only 36 do do do 1893; while 59 do Indiaand Oeylonin 1883 contrast with 172. do do do 1893. . Adding 50 per cent to the last-mentioned figures to reduce them to the “ China” standard, we get a total consumption equal to 294 million lb. “Obina”’ in 1893 against only 203 million in 1883! An increase in consumption of 91 million |b. in te are in the United Kingdom is, surely, satisfactory cvidence of the effect of lower prices. Meactime, that we have a great deal to do yet in fiziting against “ Ohina’’ in foreign markets is shown by the re-exporis of Ceylon and Indian teas Leng under 74 miilion, while of ‘* China, Java, &c,,” no less than 36 million were sent out from the United Kingdom in 1893. This proves very clearly that we bave much work be fore us on the Continent of Eurvpe as well as on the American Continent. Turning now to the Annual Report of Messrs. Geo. White & Co., we are met at the outset with the information that ‘‘a marked variation in quality’ was noticeable in. teas from the same estates in 1893, from Assam and Darjising as well as from high estates in Ceylon, The fact that the long-established plantations in Assam, as well as those so noted for fine teas in Darjiling, shew variation in quality quite as much as high teas from Oeylon, is consolatory; because it shows that the chief factor must be the weather. It is striking, too, how the deliveries fell off in the Spring of 1893 in correspondence with the rise in prite of the lower teas, while the demand recovered later on when prices fell. Java teas are spoken of as of a “very useful description” and as being shipped direct to Bombay. Oeylon common teas ought surely to oust Java from the Indian market, especially with the help of ** Travancores.”’ The very full comparative table showing Imports and Consumption per head in the United Kingdon, given by Messrs. Geo. White & Co., is to our ‘mind a very satisfactory ore. It shows an in- crease from 4°56 lb. per head in 1875-6 to 5-45 lb. per head in 1892-3; and considering that in the first season of China 149 million lb. were imported -sgainst 254 the total of British-grown ; while in the last the proportions were 1725 mil- lion lb. of the stronger teas to 54% China, the rise in the consumption of tea per bead is. really very remarkable and no doubt entirely due to the lower prices. The carefyl estimate prepared eS ee ee Mav 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTOURIST,. 725 by Messrs. Geo. White & Co, for 1894-5, of the tea to reach the United Kingdom, mill attract attention ;— India..: ° 120 million lb. _ Ceylon “63 ie cheGO' 9/80 JAVAece tac an 4 do ‘China ‘iG 41. do 245 . million Ib. —against a consumption as we trust of not less than 210 million leaving 35 miliion lb, for export. In such a prospect, there is a good deal. of en- couragement, but we are all in the dark as to what China may do in the coming geason. Meantime, there is no question that it would be well if India and Ceylon could take away some more of the re-export’ business from China. At present the quantity of China tea exported from London to the Continent of Europe, “c., is con- siderably in excess.of that.of Britich-grown teas. As usual Messrs. Geo. White & Co., have excellant advice to give to planters in respect of ‘* Manufacture,” ‘' Size of Breaks and Assortment,’’ “Style of Packages,” ‘ Bulking,” ‘* Warehouse Charges,” “ Weighing,”’ &c.—all of which, we have no doubt, will be duly taken into consideration. —<—<—<<———_— COCONUT PALMS AND WEEVILS. Puttalam, April 24.—The weather has been unbearably hot for sometime, with little or no rain. Coconut plant- ations, new ones particularly, are suffering badly. The drought and the red weevil will convince planters before long that this District is not after all the best for coconuts. It is time that those who take an interest in coconut planting set themselves t> devise a means of repelling the weevil. At‘ rough’ calculation forty out of a hundred trees die between the ages of three and twelve, This means an average joss of R120 for each acre before the trees planted come fairly into bearing.* 1 have heard of several remedies suggested for the beetle, but none appears to have proved effectual eo far, I am informed that Mr. Wijeyesingha boresinto the tree where it ie attacked, scoops out the pith, beetles larve and all, fand then fills up the gap with mud mixed with coal tar and kerogine oil. This mode of treat- ment must necessarily makea wreck of the tree, bu' itis followed by the Moorish planters. It remains to be seen what treatment Mr. Gane will adopt to save the trees heis planting at Ambalam. ‘Itappears that there will be no salt manufacture thia year, as the quantity collected during Jast year has filled ap all the Government stores and is not likely to be disposed ‘of just yet. Mr. Haughton is out on Gircuit: ° A NEW FIBRE INDUSTRY. (By ‘TELEGRAM FROM OvR CoRRESPONDENT. | Mackay, March’ 30.—About eighty residents and others assembled in Morthangen’s: aeratéd water factory today to witnoss the procesa of the ex'rac- tion of fibre from the leaves of the Fourcroya gig- antea, the plant from which the Manuritins hemp of commerce is produced. A small Death and Elwood machice was sent for the purpose, and boing con- nected with steam power was set in motion and the large leaves of the Fourcroya fed to it, the result being the almost instantaneous removal of the veget- able matter, leaving beautiful bright hanks ‘of white fibre, thus clearly demonstratit g Uhe Uabé with which this fibre can be separated without aiiy process of stepping or the use of chemical agents, ‘The extibi- tion wus regarded ag highly: satislactory, especia!l, as the leayes treated were jast fresh cut fe a plant growing wild in a padcock belonging to Mr. H. B. Bleck. Tt it btkted that a compa:y is in course of forma- tion to work the industry locally, and that 150 shsres have alrcady been» pplicd — Queenslandar, April 7. nn nnn nea EE EEE EnEE EEE EREEEESEERSEEEEetiant TEA. CULTIVATION IN SOUTH. CAROLINA. The, British Consul st Ohbarleston, ina’ recent re- port tothe Foreign Office, describés an interesting experiment in the cultivation of tea ‘at a plantation near the. town. It seems that many attempts have been made to create a tea industry in the United States, and that repeated failure has not checked the ardour of thrsa engaged in these experiments. The little patckes, ard in some instences, large gardens, which have resulted, have produced tea of fine flavour, although very generally devoid of that strength of infusion which appears to constitute a most desirable quality for many tea-drinkere. This failure in pungency is protably largely due to defective curing, and especially to iv- adequate rolling of the leaf, in consequence of which the qualities are not fully developed. The National Department of Agriculture begau, about ten years ego, the first serious attempt to produce American fea ona scale sufficiently large to axrive ata decisive result ; but a number of causes combined to lead to the. fotal abaneonment of the gardene, which bad been established at greatexpense. The present experiment owes its existence to the belief that more careful cul- tivation and preparation, which might be the result of lengthened local observation, and the subsequent production of a higher cluss of teas might reverse the general opinion tbat, as au industry, tke Cultivation of tea in America must always prove a failure. During the summer of 1893 some of the plants were sufficiently advanced to warrant picking ‘the leaf. The great majority had been Taised from seed in 1889 and planted out that autumn; & limited number were a few months older. They belong to the Assam hybrid variety—i,e.,the cros3 between the Assamese and Chinese sorts, and come from stock that had been thoroughly acclimatised by probably thirty yerrs gcowthin Americs. The reports from experts as to the quality of the leaf have been of a very favourable character. The average produc- tion for the season was about 375 1b. of cnred tea per acre of the earlier ‘“‘ flushes,” as the successive crops of young and tender leaves are called. ‘* The results at Pinehurst are all the more gratifying es they were obtained on plants exhibiting great differ- ence in form and luxuriavce of growth and flushing ; the seed from which they sprang had been brought from India long before the inaugurati n of the recent successiul attempt to raise the grades of those teas by a jud’cious selection of seed and most careful cu!- tivation. F;om the garcJeus now being established at Pinehurst, and in consequence of the great care bex- towed on their composition, it is hoped to obtain much finer teas in the future,’—O, Jail, eee INDIAN TEA COMPANIES. EASTERN CAcHAR THA Company.—Outturnwas 5,363 maunds, and aversge realised 6-10 per lb. Total area under plant is 1,253 acres. The estimate for this year is 5,600 maunds for a total outlay of R1,69,148. Kuosony Trea OomPany.—Ontturn was 4,763 maunds, the bulk of whioh was shipped to London for sale. Estimate for this year is 5,000 maunds for anu outlay of R1,76,000. SHAKoMATO TEA Oompany.—The orop of 2,873 was shipped to London and sales to date give an equiya- lent of 10-74 netin Caloutta. The profit of the season is R56,841, and in adjustment in profit and loss ac- count and deducting commissions, &e., a net R49,427 is seen. Two interims each of 5 have been paid, and a final of 5, in all 15 percent, is to be giv n. To rererve R10,000 is to be trensferred, making that account R30,000. It is intended this year to speud R94,344 and obtain 2,700 maunds. LeisH River TEA Company.—Ontturn was 4,190 naunds and average realised 6-7 per Ib. After pro- viding for dividend on season 1892 and the transfer of £2,000 to revenue fund, revenue account shows a credit ba'ance of £1,356. A dividend of 7 per cent is proposed which will leaye £306 to carry forward. JeTINGA’ VALLEY TEA Company.—Ontturn was 2,034 mauoda of Tea and 609 maunds of sud, Lhe former 426 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894. fetcheS -7 per lb. Estimate for thie year is 2.205 ~aands tea and 600 waunds seed, at a totel outlay of R73,235 including upkeep of certain upyielding tea and cost of extension, The As*am-Bengs! Railway will ron through the property but the line of route is not definitely settled—roughly 47 acres will be required.— Pioneer. ——_——__—_- > -- -— BANANA DISEASE. For some two or three years past a disease has appeared among the various kinds of Musas Gagne cultivated in ‘Lrinidad. Whe disease is characterise by a diseased condition of the leayes, and by the fruit rotting before coming to maturity. The kinds most affected are those known as the “ Moko,” or “Jumbi Plantain,” and the ‘‘ Jamaica Banana,” otherwise known in Trinidad as the ‘‘ Gros Michel,” which is the kind most generally exported to the United States. I have several times examined diseased plants at various seasons, but so far am unable to Point to any special cause for the ap- pearance of disease, with certainty. In the specimens examined, it has been found that when first affected the plant shows signs of disease by the decay or shrivelling up of its Jeaves, and a general anemic or weak appearance and the base of the petiole of the leaf rots away and passes into a state of fer- mentation The watery particles of the plant teem with amoeboid orgamisms aud nematoid worms are present in large numbers, while a variety of forms of Bacteria are present in the fluids of both stem and leaf. These organisms also appear in the soil surrounding the roots, and also in the fruit when it decays. I have, however, been unable to show that the plant is attacked by parasitic fungi of any kind. So far as my observation goes the disease first attacks the growing parts of the plant and then induces decay downwards to the roots, the whole stem eventually rotting from the top downwards. I am careful not to assume that the presence of Bacteria, Amoeba, or the Nematoid worms are tlie cause of the disease, although it is almost certain that, together with the extreme climatic conditions which have existed for the past two years, they have no little influence in promolng its spread and may be the original cause, but of this we have not as yet seen sufficient proof. Asa tentative measure I would suggest the complete destruction of infected plants, and the removal of all that are healthy to well drained and fertile soil, as a means of inducing rowth sufficiently strong to overcome parasitic attack. t is observed that the ‘ Fig-sucré,” or small fruited Banana, enjoys the greatest immunity from attack; possibly on account of the harder character of the epidermis in this yarie'y. January, 1894. Bo 18h 8h ——_—_»—_—_ BLACK-PEPPER—(PIPER NIGRUM) IN TRINIDAD. Consignments of ‘‘ Black-pepper”’ plants, Piper nigrum, have been received at various times at this Establishment from the Royal Gardens, Kew, and have been grown and distributed to various, appli- cants, amongst whom was Mr. W. C. Meaden of the Oonvict Depot, Chaguanas, who has paid much attention to the cultivation of economic plants. With Black-pepper, Mr. Meaden has been very successful, and he has now harvested probably the largest crop ever produced in the West Indies.* The sample is an excellent one, and, as prepared by him ; leaves nothing to be desired, and is probably equal to the best kinds put upon the market. A portion has been sent to t e Hconomic Museum of the Royal Gar- dens, Kew, from whence a report is shortly expected. The propagation of Black-pepper. is . extremely simple, and plants ¢an be obtained at the rate of one cent (half-penny) per, plant. The cultivation * 200 Ib. neceszary to keep the plants in condition is performed with very little expenditure of labour, it being ne- cessary only to place the plants at the base of such trees as the ‘‘ Bots Immortel” (Erythrina velutina and Erythrina umbrosa) in well prepared holes, and train the young shoots for the first season to the tree. The after cultivation consists mainly in keeping the pate from getting out of reach of the short ladder, means of which the crop is collected. The habit of the plant makes it a very suitable one for plant- ing against the base of the trees used ss shade on a Cacao ge Piggy oo which fact points to the pro- bability of its being extensively utilized in such positions by Trinid lanters in the near future, especially now that it co been proved that it can be so SDOprEOa grown. Among our plants at the Gardens can be seen one which has produced a crop of 2 lb. harvested on January 16th, 1894, which isa similar position as it would be on a shade tree in a ‘Cacao’ plantation. The season for gathering in the crop in the East is from mid-December to mid-February, and it appears that the plant ripens its fruit at the same time of year in the West Indies. The fruit is picked when “full” but still een; when, however, ““White-pepper” is required to be made, it has to be allowed to ripen on the vine. After a slight fermentation, the pericarp should be removed by washing, and the interior portion of the fruit then assumes the appearance which causes it to be known as ‘*White-pepper.” The present price of “ Black- penper in the London market ranges from 23d. to 41d. per lb. The drying of the green berries should be performed as quickly as possible after picking or sort- ing, on mats or trays ex d to the sun, or where artificial dryers are available, these can be made use of with great economy. When systematic culti- vation is adopted, (i.c.) if the pepper vine is made the sole object of cultivation, a not planted in- termingled with other crops, much more attention can be paid to the cultivation than when it i- planted with other things, and probably more profit would be realized than by mixed planting, The cost of planting and cultivating an acre in the East, up to the first bearing, is only £4, but it is prob- able that this cost would be far exceeded in Tri- nidad, The vines there are planted at five feet apart, and come into bearing about the third year from planting, the best crops being reaped at sixth or seventh year. In Malabar it is said that each vine gives an average of two pounds per year up to the fifteenth or twentieth year, but each sup- porting tree sustains some eight or twelve vines. It having been proved that Pepper, good in quantity and quality, can be grown in Trinidad, we have now to express the hope that our planters will be induced to take up the cultivation, even in a small way at first, especially as there is shown to be so little difficulty in initiating and maintaining it. Seeds of the tree* used in the East for support can be obtained, in their season, at the Gardens, and anyone requiring plants can, provided the order is sent in early, be supplied as before-mentioned, at the low rate of $1 00 per one hundred, or one cent per plant. I may add that samples harvested by Mr. Meaden, may be seen at the Gardens. 9th January, 1894. J.H. A, ——_—_——_——_s—___-— PEERMAD PuaNnTERS are growling about the hail- storms which have done a good deal of damage to the open coffee blossom, Tea-men on the contrary are rejoicing, and the fine showery weather is bringing en the flush in grand style. A Wynaad correspondent writes:—‘‘ The season here has been most fayourable for coffee and cc, I fancy, very unfavourable for human beings, as I have seldom known so much sickness about. We are going in for a grand crop here, both of tea and coffee. Things are looking cheerful encugh at last.”’— South of India Observer. ah * Erythrina Indica. May 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 724 CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC, HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.S. (Continued ‘from page 661., CHAPTER XI. - MILK. COLOMBO MILK SUPPLY—COMPOSITION OF. GENUINE COW'S MILK—EXAMPLES OF MILK SUPPLIED BY COLOMBO MILK-VENDORS—CONDENSED MILKS—-COCONUT ‘! MILK ”-—BUFFALO. MILK—MILK OF THE GAMOOSE OR EGYPTIAN BUFFALO, AND OF THE HUNGARIAN BUFFALO—ELEPHANT'S MILK—MILK OF VARIOUS ANIMALS —BUTTER AND GHEE. In Colombo cow milk is so generally adulterated with water by the vendors that it is only by the exercise of unceasing vigilance that the householder can obtain a pure supply from day to day. Besides being adulterated with water, cow milk is also mixed with buftale milk, -and at times with coconut milk. The usual remedy for this state of things, viz., causing inspectors to “take samples of the milk supply and forward them to the City Analyst for analysis as a basis on which to prosecute offenders has not been resorted to in Colombo. Government has, in con- sequence, been obliged to become its own provider of milk for its hospitals and asylums, while the interests of the general public still remain without safeguard. The following is the composition of eight samples of Colombo cow milk believed to be genuine :— Analyses of Colombo Genuine Cow Milk. No? 1") Nor --2:" No. 23. '|j No. 4. | Nol “5! ) No. 6: |\No?"7)No’8jAverage Temperature ...| 30°C. 29°C. | 29°C. | 29°C. | 29°C. 28°C. |28°5°c.) 29° C. |. 29° C. *Specifie gravity...) 1°029 1030 1:032 1-033 1036 1:032 | 1-030 | 1-028 | -1:031 per cent. | per cent | per cent | per cent.| per cent | per cent.|per ct,|per ct.|per cent. Fat ... ea 2°97 2-11 5°57 3°62 151 4°55 4:36 | 5:09 3°723 Sugar and Casein| 7°49 Ted 8°66 8°66 3°66 8°95 | 8:15 |} 9°04 | 8-417 Salts Sie £260 76 die ine 80 se] Scale cago) Bosley Uae fal atest St Total Solids | 11706 10:60 15:00 | 13°08 10°97 | 14°23 | 13°22) 14:80; 12-87 Water | 88°94 89-4 85:00 | 86°92 89°03 | 85°77 | 86°78 | 85:20 87°13 Solids not fat .. 8:09 8°49 9°43 9°46 9°46 | 9°68 886 | 9°71 9°147 Age of Calf —_...4 months|7 months|1 month |4 months'2 months4 months) .. le os grass, |grass, cot-jgrass and/grass,cot- grass, cot- grass only Food of Cow ...|} cotton! ton seed,| poonac. | ton seed,|ton seed,| | seed, | boiled poonac &| poonac. | Ibaaee se a poonac.! rice. | | “rice. | *See note on specific gravity in Appendix. In parallel columns I give the average analyses of cow milk according to Dr. Hassall, based, he says, onall the reliable analyses he had met with (1876); also the average analyses according to Dr. Vieth of 11,389 samples of the milk examined in the laboratory of the Aylesbury Dairy Company during 1885; also the average of 13,196 samples examined in the laboratory of the same dairy in 1892 under Dr. Vieth’s successor Mr. H. Droop Richmond ; also the average analysis according to Dr. Bell, Principal of the Somerset House Laboratory of about 240 samples of milk from cows, in each case milked in the presence of a responsible person. Average Composition of Cow Milk in England, and in Ceylon. Sp F, a = ng . = ge | Pe, | See es, (gee >be Ba oss De) loa Se SR Ses Sts) 20-8 pee to's 32) 3270 S as SSR feo d S58] Soo | SOME Se. [Ses 1B" | BS 250 |-43> |2288 os 7 oO N oS S = “a | Oo Specifie gravity x 1:0322 1:0326 10297 {10312 »jpenet.;per cent | per cent | per cent \per vent {Bat ... ee} 393 c93'93 3°91 4:12 8-72 Sugar and Casein} ;8:66 7 7 “4 8°42 Salts .. 30] ety oo oe “72 ‘73 Total Solids ..\13:17 | 13°06 12;71 1392 | 12°87 Water +» (8683 | 86°94 87/29 86°78 87°13 Solids not fat ..|,,9°33 9°13 8°80. | 9°01 9:15 * Not determined. The average analysis of these eight samples of Colombo niilk déexnot differ nisterially from the averave composition of milk in England, more especially in the matter. of total solids, non-fatty solids, and salts, which are the most important ingredients to take aceownt of when judging of 92 728 the genuineness of a sample of milk, These average figures are important as giving the analyst a standard which enables him to certify that a given sample of milk is of average or good uality ; but itis also important to know how ar a milk may be below average quality, and yet be genuine, and therefoie saleable. In the State of New York it is required by law that milk offered for sale shall not contain more than 88 per cent of water, nor less than 12 per cent of milk solids, and 3 per cent of fat. In Massachusetts the legal standards for milk are such that ‘ in all cases of prosecution, if the milk shall be shown upon analysis to contain more than 87 per cent of water, or fo contain less than 13 per cent of milk solids, it shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Act, to be adulterated.” , In Paris milk is condemned, if on analysis, it is found to contain less than 2°70 per cent of fat 4:50 per cent milk-sugar ; 4-30 per cent caseine: albumen and ash; and 11°50 per cent of total solids, In England the standards recognised by the So- ciety of Public Analysts for pure milk have been : Specifie gravity 1030 per cent. Ash ib ‘70 Solids not fat 9-00 Fat aie 2°50 Total Solids 11°50 Water : ee 88°50 The non-fatty solids in the above is now generally regarded as too high for a minimum figure, and milk is passed if it shows 8°5 per cent of non-fatty solids, provided other indications of added water are absent, This figure would pro- bably not be too high for dairy milk in Colombo ; but to meet the case of milk from individual cows it would probably be necessary to come as low as 8 per cent for non-fatty solids. All cow milk containing less than 9 per cent but not less than 8 per cent of non-fatty solids might be classed as milk of fair quality, and ali cow milk contain- ing 9 per cent and upwards of non-fatty milk solids might be classed as milk of good quality. As a preliminary, however, to prudent legisla- tion on the subject, a large number of samples of cow and of buffalo milk. which have been milked in presence of a responsible person, should be sub- jected to analysis. ~ The following are examples of what is supplied by Colombo milk vendors to their customers :— - ~_ ts + Bonm lox loo ole Oeste aioe es) | oe oO 2S aac om | ox A =o als i=") onl » ees } = Boma 00 c SSFSR | SB |S= iS 4 10010 asios Z Cr) als 24 = eS | i) eH home liram lon - S8S7R | HS |) So ° a oaw om.| om A © ao1s i | am zy +; we I, = ANoenoo ar 2 5 Seon EA |SS a wae no lor Zz 5 | als a. : = Sr sake: : BS aio gt a=] ©) BA 5+ S Ba O n $ Bao . oeash 4 coal ae is = = 7 cS On ° BBS = BD | ae Ta { «2 ea) irsr 38 4 3S £3 Bs = 5) Ban He Gi THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISPS. | | | | | i ) i i a |May 1, 1894" The following shews approximately the amount of adulteration indicated MS the above analyses:— No. 1 contains less than 80 per cent cow milk and more than 20 percent added water. No. 2 contains about 50 per cent cow milk and about 50 per cent added water. No. 3 contains less than 70 per cent of a mix- ture of cow and buffalo milk and more than 30 per cent of water. No. 4 contains Jess than 40 per cent of mixed cow and Iuffalo milk and fully 60 per cent of water. The following are a few more analyses of Colombo milks :— Sample of Milk supplicd to the General Hospital im 1888. Specifie gravity Temp. 28°5° C. 102057 per cent. Fat... *. 3°49 Sugar and Casein 5°41 Salts 37 9°2 Water 90°73 { 100-00 Solids not fat 5°68 From mainly extent. its composition the milk was evidently buffalo milk, watered to a considerable Sample of Milk from Barracks. Specific gravity Temp. 29°C. f 1-0188 per cent. Fat Bhs ex 4°02 Sugar and Casein... 5°52 Salts “38 9-92 Water 90°08 100-00 Solids not fat a9 This was also evidently buffalo milk with fully 30 per cent of added water, The following was a sample of milk supplied to a Colombo hotel :— Specific gravity 1-0213 per cent. Fat ate oo 5°59 Sugar and Casein... 8°53 Salts es osu “47 14°59 Water 85°41 100-00 Solids not fat 9-00 Buffalo milk mainly if not wholly. The following is the analysis of a sample of unsweetened condensed milk sold in Colombo. It is genuine :— > fa per cent. ‘Total Solids (31°54) Fat - fe 7:03 Sugar 13°84 Ash 1-87; Albuminoids 8°80 Water 68-46 100°60 May 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. The following are additional analyses of con- densed milks from Zhe Chemistry of Foods by James Bell, Ph. D. { | v7 NS io 2) 5 ad G Ee BO Seal | = ahs gal g | + 0 DD 3 Ro fF & eter = — bah ee Sa = So Zs ND S oa | ¢ i) s zs of & bu (=; o # a) . 3 5 |gye |e o 3 2 |an = 4 — ~ O's S © & "3 AGeh | — 2 oo c[ wD S me Rae Sl i=) obese) stebe £ les + 3 Se lycoies ete yi = = [aa o © NS if tile Se ! BE Bas} 05 toll rs “eectouz® ° [=| aco = | 2092 Qu nnd smal . Saga Ss) LaF OO 8 ND NRS S-s SS gto Bot A |p Peo as lame a | Analysis of Coconut Milk. The following is an analysis of Coconut Milk, that is, milk made from the kernel of the coconut :— Specific gravity at 84°F. ‘9944 Same after being much diluted Oil or pc h 36°78 8:94 Sugar and other constituents 7:60 1°85 Salts 00 nog, el 21 Total solids 45°25 11°00 Water 54°78 89-00 100-00 100°00 Solids not fat 8°47 2-06 Buffalo Mik. The author despatched a servant to bring samples of pure buifalo milk with instructions to pay whatever price was asked; but to see the animals milked, and to make sure the samples were pure. Even under these cireum- stances the milkman’s prejudice against beginning to milk into an empty vessel had _ evidently prevailed. ‘Lwo of the samples had undoubtedly heen watered to a large extent, and the purity of the third was at least doubtful. The following were the analytical results :— Analyses of Buffalo Milk sold as pure in Colombo. No. 1. | No. 2. | No. 3. Specifie gravity | 0163 | 10174 | 1-0278 Temp. 28 ag; aaj 10163 | 017 7 percent per cent|per cent Fat x 541 | 4°77 5°57 Sugar and Casein 3°45 | 5:09 ee U1 Salts... ea OT 27 | “73 Total Solids 9:43.) 10°13 13-44 Water 90°57 | 89°87 | 86°56 100-00 | 100-00 | 100-00 Solids not fat ae 4°02 5°36 7°87 CT 729 No. 3 milk contains as large an amount of total solids ir 100 parts as No. 1 milk does in 143 parts, and it would require 182 parts of No. 1 to equal in value No. 4, which last is undoubtedly a pure sample of Colombo buffalo milk. In a parallel coluun I give the analysis of Indian Buftalo milk by Dr. Barry, Govern- ment Analyst at Bombay. Analyses of Genuine Buffalo Milk. pees SE jue #23 | ge | 2 6 Te ss rSL = AS “eb 5 2 alee Temperature 26°.C. |28°8° C. Specific gravity 1:0275 | 1081 per cent/per cent Hatieweaes: Se 7°86 7°78 Sugar, Casein, We. az 8°50 - Salts oe bc "82 Total Solids 17:18 18°67 82°82, | 81:33 100:00 | 100:00 Solids not fat 9°32 10°89 With the above may be compared the com- position of the milk of the Egyptian gamoose or buffalo (Bos bubalus) determined in the Khedivial laboratory at Cairo by A. Pappel and H. Droop Richmond, and also the com- position of the milk of the Hungarian buffalo determined by F. Strohmer. Analyses of Egyptianand Hungarian BuffaloMilk. Egyptian. (PAPPEL &. RICHMOND.) Hungarian. (STROHMER.) Specific gravity at15°5 ° C. 1-0354 Jat 15° C 1:0319 per cent per cent. Fat 556 9:02 Sugar d-41 4°50 Casein : 2 3°26 3°99 Albumen a “60 Nitrogenous bases ... ‘09 ron Salts 1:03 ‘77 Total Solids wwe 15°95 18°2 Water... oo 84°05 81-72 100°00 100°00 Solids not fat 10°39 9°26 Xeferring to the analysis of Hungarian buffalo milk J. Strohmer says :—‘‘ The points in which buffalo milk differs from cow milk are the high percentage of fat and the musk-like smell.” The higher percentage of fat and the whiter color are features which distinguish the milk of the Indian and Ceylon buffalo from the cow. Elephants Milk. The following are interesting analyses of elephant’s milk (by C. A. Doremus quoted by Journal of Chemical Society ):— 730 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894 Analyses: of: Elephants’ Milk. (Doremus) igs ip sa | e2| 22 ae roles) a S ; E ae] ge | 5a per cent.|per cent,|per cent. ee 17'546) 19°095 | 22-070 ugar : 7°267-| '7°392 Casein... } 14-236) 3 Go4| 3-12 Mineral matter 651) *658 "629 Totat solids 32433) 30-714 | 33-303 Water 67:567| 69°286| 67:687 100-000] 100-000 | 100-000 Solids not fat 14°887| 11°619| 10°233 The “milk of the elephant is remarkable for thé very high percentage’ of fat it contains ; the’ milk of'no ‘other land animal appears even to approach it in this respect. The percentage of fat in the milk of the porpoise however is fully double as' high as in that of the elephant, viz., 45°8 per cent, land amimals. ar Naaag other epee ‘he’ following’ table, exhibiting the com- pone of the milks of various animals, is from r. Battershall’s work on Food Adulteration already referred to. The third on the however is 'quotéd from‘ the’ Analyst, the’ analysis being’ by Mr.’ Dréop Richitiond'/— 4) sew | RSHSSSSIAS TALES S {wu poooRZsossoosso SFSss oll eh re pyideee : uy § © a ot OBR CD co"o0 use el =| wing |SEFASSSHSL | Seas } HID OHS Oh FH g ee 8 QoS are S masugi lo See Fea SS, AaBe s 20 GD OO CI HAD 10 D 4 OF Rae eae een arten ror Senet Seen ea de oF S| (Saeessesae sees% = VHS He BSS ON H Swi 32 oo ASL ) ttnaloene ‘ oo DeHOOMMRDS rMBoaww Si spuog |SSSSSSASSS SLSRZ Ss Ay 6) st Sp 'e B= 00 I aD OO - x — | eon |SSAPRSRAPS CRsRs ] HOOMd 2 oi ene ZAAHRSSAGS FSASS ne “OD HONS Leads S ' ERG oron SSERR Wi, Fo UNS S ee en oooo us HSH x | Agraeis ial ane oH ab.c8 selighigtea: he Simepsde 12 1 ee@eeece poansigt 4 = }OuweeS | = et tt ett 3 x A CGE aes : > Eos s : a : 3 re ego & aS cD gant 2 215.8 3 3 I Debsen an vo. 23.2 sg Sil BS Zikpio, ay ao Bene § NX ES Foe Rae as 9S aes or ROAD HAGA Butron and Ghee (93i0W, Off} DOR dot LO Dei tooig tote Milk is; the. only, form, of Ceylon dairy, produce, which the anthor, nah encalled upon, officially, to examine. Many of the Européan householders, who, in order to ensure & 8uppy of pure milk, keep cows, haye a dei supply of butter prepared at) their bun- alows. There is ¢ aie marke Buiter, supplied from dairies on tea estates. . | The casein in the milk of the porpoisé ‘also exceeds that in the milk of Elephant milk is richer in sugar list ' lati also a limited market for fresh, | Adulteration of this locally-inade: butter is un- known. Butter is also imported in tinss This is of the usual mixed character; some itt being pure, and others largely adulterated with foreign fats. The following shows the composition of English butter. The results are an average calculated from the analyses of good commercial butter, given in Yhorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry :— Analyses of Butter. Sp. gr-of Water, Salt, Curd. lane utter 4 Fat. percent 12:94 250 1°39 83:17 911-62 The specific gravity of butter fat is an in” portant consideration in determining its purity According to the. authority already quoted it varies betwee the limits of 910°7 and 913°89 at100°F, Thespecific gravity of ordinary animal fats, on the other hand, at 100 F. (877 °C.) is considerably lower, varying from 902-83 to 903-07. In India and Ceylon the natives do not make use of butter’ in its natural state, but of ghee or clarified butter. This is prepared by melting the butter in a veskel over a fire, ‘The water and curd in this process sink to the bottom, while the butter fat remains on the top. The upper portion constitutes ghee of good quality. In India, according to the Encyclopedia Britanica, the lower portion is mixed with ground-nut oil, and sold as am inferior quality-ot ghee. Ghee or clarified butter is also prepared by heating butter for séme time until the moisture is all evaporated. The melted butter is then strained through a cloth, Ghee is prepared either from the butter of the cow or of the buffalo, but that of the cow is preferred. Ghee, when pro- perly prepared, can be kept for a long time without becoming rancid, which is without doubt one reason of its extensive use in tropical countries. — oe FODDER GRASSES FOR CATTLE. A Bogawantalawa planter inquires :— “Re 1odder for cattle. Will you kindly let me know where I can obtaiu roots of Bromus Schraderi or Paspalum aud whether the grates is likely to thrive at an elevation of 5,000 ft.?” A competent authority replies : — ‘“T daresay Mr. A. J. Kéllow of New Galway would be ‘glad’ to cupply a few thousand plants’ of Pav- palum conjugatum, or perhaps yout corréspond+nt could get’ secds from’ Peradeniya. Tie only ptrsons I kuow at all likely to have recds' of the Bromus Schradevi is ‘Mesers; ‘ Wiltinm Broe.: of Hensratgoda; but L should recommend bim to write to. Messrs. Law, ‘Somner & Co, Seedemén,Melboarne, for seeds direct. This will insure jthem) being freah and good. Both ‘will thrive at 5,000 teet elevaticn.”’ oe: r LeAves DEVELOPED IN THE SUN AND IN THE SHADE! —Considerable differencesare produced when leayes are developed in the shade instead of in the sun, other conditions, such as soil, moisture; &e.5 being: the same, All the vital functions are carried.on more, energetically in those leaves which are produced in the sunlight. They transpire more abundantly thag shoes produced in the shade, and contain re- ively less water; but the circulation is moré rapid, and they receive a larger quantity of nutritive’ sabstances. Besides these differences, leaves that aré'grown| in the sun are thicker, and® carry on0a more ‘active respiration, and since they contaih: a larger quantity of chlorophyll, their assimilation is algo) more |active, and’ they fix a larger quantity of carbonaceous matter.—Rev. Gen, de Bot., iv. p. 481.— ‘) Gardeners’ | Chronicle: “sy 3 May 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,. 73 THE JaVA CINCHONA HARYEST FOR:1894; 5,600,000 LB. OF BARK -AVERAGING 5:28 PER CENT QUININE TO BE EXEOLTED IN 1894! Eqoab To oOveR 12) Minion ue, AVERAGE CEYLON Bark ! The annual statistical-statement of the output of cinchona-bark in the island of Jaya, compiled under the auspices of the local Planters’ Association, has just reached us (Chemist and Druggist) and is of even more than usual interest. Asin former years,the present is the sixth annual issue of the statement, data are given both of the crop actually exported in the past, and of the estimated shipments during the pr: sent yeir. The intormation previously published by the Association hae been, broidly speaking, so reliable that we-are justified in p'acing reliauce upon the & pproximste correctness of ih ir forecast for the present year, which, we may say at once, is not altogether reassuring to holdsrs ot cinchona-bark and quinine. The figures given by the Association deal only with “miou acturing” barks, the ‘‘pharmacenutical”’ or drug- gists’ cinchonas being [eft out of account altogether as ot no influence upon the. quinine-market. According to the Association, th» ninety-two plaat- Btloas 10% in active oOperauion. in Java exported in 1893 3.066,525 kilos of bark, representing an asgregate ot 148,910 kilos of sulphate of quinine, or an average of 4°85 per cent. In 1894, should the uni: remaiu nesr the lowest p»int it has touched and not average more than 3c, per halt-kilo., or, say 4d, per 1b., it ig estimited tha~ 2,574,600 kilos., averaging 5'28 per cent., or a toznl ot 135,951 kilog., sulphate of quinine will bs exported. ‘Lh se figures represent therefore, the irreducible miuimam of what we have to expect as the Javan coutribution to the world’s quinine market. It would bs nearly 10 per cent. less than that ot 1893—that is to say, an insufliciently large reduction to cause any well-founded considerable upward movement ja quiniue. Ag the high average percentage of 5°28 againet 4°85 in 1893 indicate:, only the menest barks will. be snipped from the island uudec such unfavourable m.rket concitioue. But since the statistics were compi'ed there has been a decided improvement io the oinchona position in Europe, and the unit i3 pow nearer a penny than e hsif-peony per Ib. and sppears likely to. remain tO for some time to come. It 18 therefore probable that the Java shipments will be made upou auother basis thau that of a 3cent unit. The compilers of the statistics, forseeing this, bave taken the precau- tion io give ap, estimate of the shipments in the eyent ot a 5-cent per half-kilo., or say, gd. per Ib. uait- preva:ling ia the European market. In such a-case, they thiuk, 3,535,100 kilcs, of bark, testing 483 perceutou ay average, and represeatiug 170,721 kilos, salphsate of quinine, er 15 per cent more than io 1893, may ve expected, It any statement can con- tribute. to depress the market once more to the seemingly hopeless despondency of last sutuma, it Must be toe cOufession by the leading, cinchoua- planters’ Association in the world, that the days of a _Tedaced Javan output have not yet arrived, What is more, the Association, in the explanatory memo- randum which accompauies their statistics, commit themesiyes to a remarkable statemen:, which, traoxlated into Englisu frem its native Dutch, rune as follows :— ‘Our figures show that the area uoder cinchona-cultiv— atiou in Jaya at the present moment is about 17,105 vouws (11,842 acres), vt whica about 1,022 are p anted W tu succirubra, or bark for puarmaceutical purposes. Since 1890 about 2,492 bouws have been uprooted, but the new plantations laid out during the same period cover 3,512 bouws. Considering that the quality of the young plantations is so much better than that of the uprooted ones (which certainly were not among the richest), it may be predicted with certainty that for the next few years to come the Java crops will not decrease.” Tois is, indeed, a candid admission to make from the planters’ side, and we do not wonder that, under tue circumstances, there should haye been consider- able searcnings of heart before the Association de- eided upon giving its statistics to the world. Several planters, in fact, refused to give information con- cerning their estates, on the ground that by doing so they would be playing into the hands of their opponents, the European quinine-makers. But the feeling that it would be better to face the situation boldly prevailed at the meeting of the Association on January 23, where the question was finally threshed out, and hence we are in a position to give the figures quoted above. That some of t"e largest and, to Judge by the alkaloidal richness of their. bark, most progressive Javan plapters are-not cisposed- to regard the sitnation 8s hopeless seems to be indicated. by tise Fast that afew of them have inoreased the area of their plan- tations during the last three years by 50 to 100 per cent. It is the weaker ones that have gone to tne wall, or are at present in process o extiustion. The gradual elimination of these weak elements from the competitive arena, the decline of Indian and South American competition, and the -fact that Ceylon has finally thrown up the sponge, leave from seventy to ninety. Javan. planters in the position of potential dictators of the cinohona market. Oan it be doubted that-if there had been among them aa organising genius of the stamp of a Rhodes, or of one of the bosses of the great. American: Trusts, wa should long ago have'scen a combination before: which the quinine makers and consumers would have been powerless? ‘I'he hour struck two years ego, but- where ij the man? We ure no advocates of commercial combine», and we should be as sorry to eee a Ting- ot planters take-their aqueezs out of the consumer as to witness the same operation performed by +a Syndicate of ,uinine-manufacturers. We only record our surprise that such a splendid business-opportunity should have passed neglected. SO CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. In The American Grocer of the 14th ult. a lengthy and illustrated article is devoted to Caylon tea, and when the organ of the grocers givcs so much space to the subject, we think that may be regarded as. a very hopeful eign indeed; Thevillustrations consist of a geographical —actronomical sort of diagram showing the comparative/consumption of tea.in the U. 8. and the United Kingdom, sketches of.a Ceylon tea: planters’ buagalow (exterior and interior), coolies rolling the leaf by hand andthe tea being: examinad, Atthe out: sat of the article statistics are given to show that the total supply of Ceylon tea in 1893, for the United States and Canada was 1,549,767 pounds. Fifteen years ago Ceylon exported 81,595 pounds or less than one-tenth the exports in 1893. Small as had been the imports into the United States, there has been more stir, talk and noise about Ceylon tea, than was ever made about Japan or China tea in the history of the plant in that country, waiving the instance of the Boston tes party. Is was strange thatin a country which in 1893 consumed. 83,131,088 pounds, only about one per cent. came from Ceylon. It is added that the attempt to-stimulate the uss of Ceylon tea by discrediting Ohina and Japan tea had failed, There was something in that method which antagonized the Amerioan’s idea of fair play. Consumers there were wedded to coffse and beer, and although the importations of tea had doubled since 1870, the per capita consumption was le3s than it was in 1880 and subsequent years and ooly one-quarter pound more than in 1879. The use of coffee, however, had increased over 3 pounds per capita while beer had gone up trom little over 6 gallons to over 16 gallons per oapita. Undoubtedly one cau-e of the non-increase in the use of tea us a beverage Was- due to the poor average quality of the importations. Another cause is climatic. Ihe American people did not take kindly tothetea leaf, Tbe body and flayor 732 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. |May 1, 1894. of Ceylon tea was radically differen! fro a that of China aid Japan, It war, however, growing in flsvor for blending purposes and wereconsumers as certain of getting such tea as was served at the Ceylon pavilion in Chicago, at various food ex- positinns in the large cities, and at the California Mid-Winter Exposition, they belived th3 consump- tion of straight Ceylon tea would rapidly increase. -_-— > --- — COCONUT PALM AND BEETLES. A practical planter writes:-—'‘ lam makiog an experiment with a view of saving some of my palms attackcd by the weevil by taking the trees in hand early, before the grub bas Lad time to do irreparable harm, digging out the larva and stopping the cavity with clay after applying a mixture of coal tar and kerosine oj]. Results will be reported io due time.” —_—-———_—___-~»—_ ——- — THE TRADE OF FIJI IN 1893. The import trade of Fiji for the year set aga‘nst totals was as follows:—1885 £301,033, 1886 £230,629, 1887 £188,071, 1888 £183,222, 1889 £189,393, 1890 £206,757, 1891 £255,049, 1892 £253,586, 1893 £275,034. Its exports represented in 1885 £826,750, 1886 £283,496, 1837 £281,080, 1888 £376.978, 1889 £364,252, 1890 £364,533, 1891 £474,334, 1892 £434,791, 1893 £304,972. Tt will thug be noticed-that, although the bu-iress of last year was lower iu amount to that of each of the two asunual periods by which is was immediately pre- ceded, it yet shows a material advance on all others with the excaption of 1885 where the difference is com- paratively immaterial.— Fiji Times. a SOUTH MYSURE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATIGN. At the annual general meeting held in Belur on 22nd March 1894, there were present Messrs. Graham Anderson (President), H, F. Anderson, HE. §5. Broughton, B. Cayley, H. D. Chaldecott, H. P. Cobb, J.G. H. Crawford (Honorary Secretary), G. H. Hicke, W. Galiffe, J. G. Hamilton, J. A. Harris, P. Hunt, 8. Hunt, L. Lake, Brooke Mockett, E. P. Playford, H. E. Townsend, and M. J. Woodbridge. Mr. Graham Anderson, in opening proceedings, congratulated the» meeting on so satisfactory an attendance, and, having read « paper of introductory remarks, called upon the Honorary Secretary to read the Annual Report 1893-1894. ‘This Report deals with :—Planters Conference, Registration im- provements, Coffee Stealing, Postal, Uattle Trespass, Cardamom Lands, Weights and Measures, Medical, Yelegraph, Arrack Shops, Game Law, Railway Extension, Roads, Statistics, Accounts. ——_—_____—_—_— JAMAICA GINGER. Hidden away in a little official Journal issued by the Jamaican Government, which is probably seen by few but botanists, there is some interesting mfor- mation about one of the chief export articles of the island—ginger. ‘The Jamaican Government has been somewhat. troubled about the irre,ularity of the prices realised by this drug, an‘! has set its tax- collectors to inquire why the average price cf the rhizome from the Manchester parish s ould be 16s. 8d, and that of the Weatmoreland parish 60s. per cwt. The answers are generally that the want of care in the curing of the root is responsible tor the low rates realised by much of the product. The green ginger, after scraping, should be kept from moisture, and daily exposed to the sun uutil it is pertectly hard; but these precautions are often ne- glected, the drug being dried while still immature, and put away damp into bags. Ratoon ginger 1s generally mildewed because it is harvested early in the season, when there is not yet enough constant sunshine available to enable the rhizome to be cured properly. The sharp, thin, narrow-bladed kniyes used for scraping—or, 1ather, paring—and peeling the ginger are specially imported for that purpose, and are known as ginger-knives. When the rhizome has been scraped and peeled it is washed once or twice, and then dried on mats. In the Manchester district two varieties of ginger are grown—viz., yellow and blue—the firmer being the better grade. The name of “Rantoon” ginger, which often puz- zle dealers in this country, is applied to the root produced from the same piece of the land after the first year’s harvest has been garnered. These piec of ginger (ratoons) left in the ground after the harvest, are again dug up, season after season, until their market value falls below 16s. per cwt. locally, when they are no longer remuneratve. The use of lime-juice in washing ginger is condemned, as it is said invariably to cause mildew. An expert in ginger-culture describes the industry as a curse to the island, which should be abandoned—the sooner the better. Virgin soil is in constant demand for gipger-growing, but the exhausting effects of the crop on the soil, and the wholesale destruction of valuable timber in forest land (fire being the only agent for cleaning up), can only be rea ‘ised by vi-it- ing growing districts and observing the dried-up streams, the clearance by fire of thousands of pounds’ worth of timber, and the impoverished soil, which wilt only grow ferns afterwaras. A howling wilderness marks the progress of ginger-culture in every direction, and z0/. worth of ginger is the out- come of ten times the value of other material destroyed.—Chemist and Druggist. PLUMBAGO IN THE UNITED STATES. Fiom a pamphlet published by the Dep-rimeut of tbe interior United States Geologicai Survey, on Gypsum, Fluorspar, and Grapuime ia L692 by H.W. Parker, placed at our disposal by Me. de Mell, jnr., we quote as follows:— GRAPHITE, The production in 1892 was 1,398,363 pounds of retined graphite, valued at $87,902, against 1,559,674 pounds, worth $20,000, in 1891. Of the product in 1892, 1,298,363 pounds were from Ticonderoga,N Y. Lhe other 100,000 poands was mined in Berks County, Pa. Uses.—The higher grades of graphite are used in the manufacture of lead pencils and lubricants. The poorer qualities are used for crucibles, stove polish, foundry facing, and in the manufacture of paint for metailic surfaces. Sources or Suppry.—The graphite produced in the United States is by no means commensurate with the demand, and manufacturers are obliged to secure supplies elsewhere. The island of Ceylon furnishes the bulk of the world’s supply of the mineral, and graphite mining is one of the most important industries of the island. Only the most primitive methods are employed ia mining, but, nevertheless, the industry is a very profitable one. Germany also produces a considerable amount of graphite, the output of the empire in 1890 being 4,355 metric tons, The production in the United States since 1880 has been as: follows: PRODUCTION oF GRAPHITE SINCE 1880. Years. - Quaut ty. Value, Founas. $ 1880 .. ES - 49,500 1881. ie a. 400,000 30,000 1882.. as ee 424,000 34,00 1483... é we «5 75,L00 46,000 1884... Be Ee ae +5 1585 .. ca .. 827,883 26,231 1880... bi: . 415,525 3B,zi2 1587... Pe .. 416,000 34,000 1838.. %, 400,000 33,000 1589... ~ an ir 72,662 1890.. k si aM 77,500 1391... x . 1,559,674 110,000 1892... , .- 1,398,363 87,902 Imports.—the amount of gtaphits imported and eutered for cousumption including withdrawals irym warehouses, ia 1892, was 11,677 short tons, OF May 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 733 usually weighed) 233,540 hundredweight va'ued at $667,775, In amount this did uot equal the imports in 1890 when 255,855 hundred weight was imported but the valne exceeced by mo-e than $70,000 the im- ports of any previous year. The following table shows the annual imports siace 1867: GRAPHITE IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES from 1867 to 1892. Unmanufactured Mannufac- Quantity. Value. tured, Total ewt. $ 3 $ June 30, 1867.... 27,113 64,131 54,131 €8.... 68,620 149,083 149,083 69.... 74,846 351,004 351,004 70.... 60,795 269,291 270,124 Tl... 51,628 136,200 139,956 72.... 95,331 39,030 329,039 73. 2: 157,639 548,614 518,613 74....111,992 382,491 382,59. 75...» 46,492 122,050 122,020 76... 50,5¢9 150,709 168,314 Wo s..0 0 0p301 201,630 222,721 78.... 60,244 15177 171,666 79.... 65,662 164,0'3 182 ,65y 80..22109,908 978,022 300,963 81....150,927 381,966 413,640 82....150,42l 363,335 389,57h 83....164,893 361,949 38,670 &4....144,086 26,493 288,255 85....110,432 207,228 207,223 86.... 83,368 164.111 1r4,11L 87....168,841 331,621 331,62. Dec, 31, 88....184,013 353,990 253,990 89.....177,281 378,057 378,037 90... .255,955 694,746 594,746 91....212,360 'D00;080))0> 2 eee ele 555,08u 92....233,540 CLV AGM geouud 667,773 ——————<—————__— SUPPLEMENTARY OR AUXILIARY CUL.- TIVATION FOR INDIGO, TEA AND COFFEE PLANTERS. Owing to a variety of reasons, the predaction of shellac and cognate preparations has fallen off iu recent years and it is a commodity of consider-bie valua, for which there is a steady demand. Therea:on of the reduced production of Shellac is that the yield of Stick Lac, from which article it is manufactured has been very greatly curtailed of late years in the chief producing districts of this country, viz. the Central and Eastern Provinces, the Chattisgurh plateau and tho Obuttia Negpore territories. ‘The result is a consider- able aud in ail probebility, apermanent enhancement in the price of Shell. c, especially ofthe finer marks ;and in this covnection we would urge upon all our planting friends that a very profitable opening for a aupplement- ary income is a their disposal. It is not our pro- vince to :laborate in detail on the reason for the short yield of Stick Lic, further than to say that the opening up of the Bengal-Nagpore Railway and the enormous clearings of jungle lands consequent thereon, coupied with the great tide of emigration of coolies from these jungly tracts to the tea districts for many years, are the chief causes of the reduced outturn of Stick Lac; for these jungles yielded it and these jungly coolies used to attend to the propagation and collection of the insect product. Whiat we would point out for the benefit of our planting frends—whether in Indigo, ? tea or coffee—is, that there is now a west beneficial and casily-worked undertaking available for them all, wthout any apprecia- ble outlay of capital, an operation easily conducted, and one which from start to finish can be carried out without detriment to their ordinary operations, All work required for the propagation and collection of Stick Luc comes on at the planters’ slack times, and the Labour they wevold have to detatch frcm their ourren! work is microscopic as compared with the results to be ob— tained, for the Lac insect is the grent worker and the real producer of that commodity. In these days good Stick Lao is worth from K40 to R50 per manund, according to quality, and there is slvays a ready market for it and one good sized Koosum trie has beeu kuown to give 15 to 26 sorts of Stick Lac unuually, _As the plant which produces Urhur Dhal is a favou- rite with the Lac insect, Indigo planters might turn their attention to its production with advantage, for the period of growth of the Urhur plant is of quite snfficieut durstion to enable them to get off to get off a crop of Stick Lao each year, and the deposit of the insect and its operations do not in auy way reduce tke yield of Dhal from the plant. A small pertion of each year’s yield of Stick Lac would have tobe retained for the propagation purposes of the following venr’s crop of Lao. There are waste lends in several Perguonahs where the Buibo)l tree and the Peas exist inoonsiderable numbers and over a cousiderable area, avd on these the Lac insect thrives; and it, would well repay Indigo planters to arrange for the preduction of Stick Lac upon all such as.are in their respective eighbourhoov's and in their control. . Forin these days of progress in chemi- cel science ani the attention that is being given to the production of a mordant that will supplant Indigo in the markets of the world, it is an ad- vantage to lcok ahead a little and prepsre for any great alteralicn that may take place, and Ivdigo planters are the mest likely to ba affected by any great changes or discoveries in chemistry. Moet tea and coffee plantations require a certain amountof shade, besides which, generally speaking, they have asnbstautisl area of surplus lands and we wish to shew them bow, by making an intelligent use of their shsde requirements and their surplos linds, they are in a position to inaugarate a most profitable supplementary or auxiliary industry, and one which entails the de‘achment of very little Jabour from their ordinary occupa‘ions. There are certain wild trees such as the Koosum, the Blair, the bastard Teak, the Babcol, and the Peas, on which the Lac insects thrives, and with the exception of the first meutioned they are all found: in abundance in most javgle or waste tracts. The first mentioned description of tree is not so common, nor 80 gene- rally found in jungle tracts, but the Stick Lac pro- duecd from it is the finest quality and goes to make the finest marks of orange Shellac. The Koo3um is a large end very clean tree which gives a fair amounted shade. It is something like the Sisoo in size and appearance, is casily grown, is of rapid growth, and requires but litt'e care when once planted, and the annual yield of Stick Lac from itis a moist one such as the tea and cuffee pant loves, and where it is not indigenous and does not at present ex’st it would be a most profitable undertaking to plant it out for shade purposes, and in all waste or jungie lands. For the benefit of those of our planting friends who are not ccnyersant with the sabject, we may mection that Sick Le and its resultant pro- duct is not a gum as it is usually or commer- cia ly called. It is the product of a minute inset, the coccus ficus and is compose | cf s material which the said insect bui!ds up round its young for protec- tion. The coccus ficus depozits its eggs on the finer twigs and leaves of the tree it affects, and an orange colored substance exudes from the insect with which it proceeds to cover its eggs—this incrustation is Stick Lac of commerce, This peculiar exudation is evidently intended as a protector of the egys and the small maggot batched therefrom; it probably also serves a3 food for the maggot in its firat stage. The Lac is arranged neatly in cells slightly differing io forni from honeycomb. The insect dcoea all the work and the small branches and twigs enorusted with this substance are broken off by the collector when matnore, or about twice a year; » small portion must be left in each tree to whieh she insect will escape and propagate and bnild up further supplies. Once ‘ntroduced the only labour required for the production of Stick Lao is for the purposes of collectiou. To fropagate on fresh or unusod trees or shrubs, a'l that is needed is totake o few twig: tea iog the eggs or maggots of the insect at 8 period befcre it escapes from the cells of Lac built round it, and tie these on the unused or unimpre guated | tree, and when the maggot escapes it will crav | along | the tine twige and commecce its operativus without 134 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894. eny further sssistance. ‘There are four kinds of Eac'known to commerce—Stick Lac, Seed Lac, Shel- lac,’aud Button Lac—and it is optional with the / producer to supply it in’either form. Stick Lac is Lac in/its ratural state, the small twigs encrusted with this commodity being broken off twice a year. Seed Lac isthe purer commodity when crushed aud separated from the stick; ‘this is done to lessen the expense of traneport, as the wood to which the Lac is attached is useless and ‘valueless, ‘When fire is brought to bear on Seed Lao, this liquifies it, and it'is then roughly made into small ‘cakes, these are called Button Lao, and ere exported to Europe dnd America in that form. Any planter could suceessfully prepare’ Button Lac with most pro- ‘ fitable results. For the preparation and manufacture of fiae Sbellac much more élaborate arrangements are necersary. Roughly speaking, Seed Lacis placed in cloth bags aid held over charcoal fires, pressure is brought to} bear on it and the Lac melts and strains through the cloth tags'in a very pure state, whilst in that state itis manipulated into sheets resembling panes of glass and ‘that is the Shellac of commeroce—only those plan- ters'who produced Lac on a large scale, or in combi- nation; could profitably turn out Shellac. Formerly a dye was made from the ‘insect, but this is valueless now—but the refuse at a Button Lac or Shellao factory is a°very valuable manure and as a fertiliser it would benefit'the planter. There is an everldsting market for Button Lac and She'lec. It is used by hatters for stiffening heats; it enters largely into the composition of ‘sealing’ wax , it is a uécessity in the preparation of submarine cab’es for telegraphic pur- poses, and whenever a new cable is laid down prices advance considerably. Varnish makers oanpot prepare their -various preparations withont Lac, for it is one ‘of’ the chief ingredients in all really good varnishes and it is used in all lacquer work, ‘There isno other natural production which can enterinto competition withit for the above purposes. Native manufacturers of Button Lac, as is their custom, tried the effects of ‘adulteration with resin, but this was found to nullify the’ valuable ‘properties~contained in Lac and the result ‘was ‘very disastrous to ‘the ~- adulterators.— Indian Planters’ Gazette, ———_—_ > - —-—-——_ TABLET TEA. Tastet Tea, which, uolike brick tea, writes British Consul Brown, of ‘Kiukiang, is made from the finest quality of dust, shows a marked increase in the 1892 movement. Tw» Russian firms are the only makers of brick ‘tea in Kiukiang. One of them has at pre- sent the monopoly of the ‘manufacture of the tablet tea, which is finding a market even outside Russia,” Last year’s report spoke of | in Germany and France. it as “‘ the best and most convevient form of tea that o1e can possibly imagine for travellers, backwoodsmen, or armies in the field.” There would seem to be no reason, ‘however, why whole-leaf tea should “not be: compressed into nearly the same coOnrpass -by suitable machinery, muchas some kinds of tcbacco are treated; ‘and ‘in'that case, the leaf“being unbroken, one would expect the sroma to be better ret&ined, “By an ar- rangement of the mould the cake~could possibly be divided into rations, and thus economy of space in the traveller's box, the armv commissariat, andthe _man-of-war’s* store-room would-be combined with sim- - plicity in use. ‘Samples of brick and of tablet tea-are’ ‘forwarded with th: @onsul’s report: for the inspec- tion “cf anyone. intércsted in the*pubjeot, and these ~“are’to ‘be sien ‘at the India Office. The manufacture “id only’ caried on af Kivkiang*durivg “August, Sep-~ “teniber, uid October.— Commerce, Marob cal '°VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTHS. - ~“Hors’s. Antrrannic Tza InruseR is a most ueeful patent. It consists of a little porcelain perforated. bowel and a saucer to fit on its top. This bowl fita either breakfast ors tea cup. The toa is.put into this, and iafterthree minutes’ infusion in be il-: ing water is removed, and the-result is a cup uf yea free from tannic acid,—British Weekly. THE lyp1sn TvA AssOCIATION AND THE AmeRICAN Osmparcn.—In another column we give part of the proceedings at a meting of the Indian Tes Association showing the steps which that body are taking for the purpose of contioaning the campaign in America, They have appointd a Tea Fund Comittee to collect subscriptions and organize arrangements for the farther introduction of Indian tea into ‘the American and Canadian markets, and, following up what took place at the Brecial meeting attended by Sir John Mu'r and Mr. P. R. Buchanan, ‘have passed a- resolution in favour of combination with Ceylon. Dr. Grorcr Bennerr.—We learn from Nature, of the death of our old correspondent, Dr. George Bennett, of Sydney. Dr. Bennet was, we believe, the brother of the late J. J. Bennett, of the Botanical Department of the British Museum, .and the con- temporary and friend of the late Sir Richard Owen, and of the most distinguished men of the science of his time. He travelled in New South Wales and Ceylon, and a tew years since revisited his old home, when his vigour of mind and body excited the attention of all who knew him. Dr. Bennett was ninety years of age —Gardeners' Chronicle LicHT AND FLowers.—The action of light on flowers. has. always been a fascinating study, and many experiments have been made by which plants have been grown under glass of various colours. Amongst the latest researches in this direction are those of M, C. de Candolle. Heexposed specimens of Tropwolum majus and Lobelia.erinus to the action of light, which had previously passed through a solution of cinchonine sulphate, and had thus been deprived of ‘ali rays except the altra-violet rays. ‘He found ) that )these, ultra-violet. rays have the effect of greatly stimulating.the formation of flowers, but that they are not essential to their development.’ Further‘ particulars of ‘these ri- ments may be found inthe Arch. Sci Phys, ‘et Nat., XXvili., p. 265.—bid. 7 Woop Pavine.—Since the previous note on this subje+t .was. penned, the writer has observed a graph in the daily press, in which it was that sundry-streets in Paris are being ‘payed with, Maho- gany blocks! This is mot the case, as the same woods are being used there as in London—Jarrah, the, produce. of Eucalyptus,rostrata; and Karri, another member of the great genus Eucalyptus. The Jarrah has been most used with us, pro ably, but the Red Gum is coming to the front. Western Australia is the source whence the supplies are drawn, and the area now being extensively tapped exceeds, or at-any rate equals that of Great Britain. The forests are not far distant from seaports, and the trade is being largely developed by our mer- chants and contractors. The resvlts obtained in Austral‘an towns are yery satisfactory—donbtless the same record will he.given here of the “Australian hard-wood pavements.—Ihid Grartinc.—Mr. J. T. Wright publishes. in ‘the Bo- tanical Gazette for August;;an account « f his researches ono the ymode of wnionsof, cells i» herbaceous graft- -ing. Ti is -h~* finds, takes -place,in-two. ways, either by the compression of the e-lls of the scion and vthose, of the steck, Ly which, the two cells-hecems swelded: toge her, or by-the format.on \ of .merip\em tissn:.(callus),on the cut surfaces: of. one or-of .both ,plants.. The broken, .wa'ls of the injured cells: are pushed ito line--by, the, growing tissue, and.,form a brewn layer,,which ; everyone. .recegnises .on , ex- amini:.g,graftsicby the. microscope. The paper is .of-special. intexest. as showing the causes of failure or of .suecess,-and why ,jgraft hybridisation. may probably occur,in some cases,, whilst the, arrange- -ment of;the tissues would prqbably» prevent. it in -others. , In.his experiments, Mr. Wright ceeded in obtaining union between;: such - unlikely, ects as Tradescantia zebrina on P.oteto, and Geranium on Potato. He does not tell us, however, how long tte graft survived.—Ibid. S May 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 735 THE LATEST BOOK ON TEA.* We now revert, as promised, to a fuller notice of this valuable addition to the literature of tea. Mr. Bamber’s ‘‘Text Book” indeed covers the whole ground, as our readers may see from the full ‘‘title and contents” appended. Everyone, therefore, who wishes to know all about the tea plant from the earliest times should read this book, They will find within its pages much that is in- teresting, which cannot even be mentioned here, since in a necessarily short notice, it is impossible to do more than glance at what we msy consider | a few of the more salient lessons bearing upon our own circumstances and requirements in Oeylon. Of course, much of Mr. Bamber’s experience in India would have to be greatly modified in Ceylon; for, while the scientific data and chemical facts accumulated will be found to hold good under all circumstances, yet in our island so many degrees nearer to the equator, climatic influences must compel many modifications in practice, as Mr. Bamber himself admits in the Preface already quoted by us. A great part of the contents, there- _ fore, we sball pass over merely remarking that the leesons and experiments in Agricultural Ohemis- try recorded in the book as specially applicable to the cultivation of tea, though most valuable and interesting, are, after all, only such as must be repeated in Ceylon for local application; and that in Mr. M, Cochran, the Ceylon planters have the medium, whenever they choose to employ him, for ascertaining the nature of tho soils in which their tea grows, the most suitable manures to apply, and the chemical value of such manures by analyses before purchase. Before proceeding to that part of the Text Book, which, we think, will have most attraction forthe Ceylon planter, we may notice one or two passages giving specially interesting facts concerning tea. On page 150, Mr. Bamber gives a list of the organic constituents of which the tea-leaf is com- pos:d. They consist of no less a number than fifteen ; but of these, Mr. Bamber says, ‘‘ the most important as affectirg the quality and strength of tea are the essential oil, theine and tannin, the other constituents sffeating it only according to their solubility in water.” Concerning the essential oil Mr. Bamber says :—‘‘ Nothwithstanding the small quantity usually present it is of great importance, owing to its powerful ethereal odour to which the flavour and seroma of tea is largely due. Tea lo:es its delicate aroma when not protected in air-tight cases, showing the necessity of imme- diate packing after manufacture.’”” We make no comment upon this, leaving our readers to draw their own conclusions from their own experience, But Mr, Bamber does not fail to point that, “under the system of high firing so frequently adopted, a considerable loss of the chief flavour- ing constituent, the essential oil, results.” That little of this ‘‘ aroma” can ever reach the con- sumer in’ Europe must, however, be evident when we consider other facts we find scattered through the pages of this book. If the flavour and the groma, due to the essential oil, can only be pre- served by the tea being kept packed in air-tight: cases, their retention becomes hopeless in face of the fact that once arrived at the Onstom-house in London the contents of such oases are turned out and aftewards seldom properly repacked, The natural result is that absorption of moisture im- mediatley commences, till we are told by Dr. Diver, *A Text Book on the “ cpemlatey and Agriculture of Tea including the Growth and Manufacture,” by M, Kelway Bamber, m.n.A.c,, m.n.A.8, Eng., P.0.8,, Member of the Society of Arts, London; Late Chemist to the Indian Tea Association, Calcutta, ge in Appendix II,, that “‘when tea comes hot from the firing operation it is without any water, but analyals of tea in Europe have been published giving as much as 16-17 per cent. of water, and 10. per cent is regarded there as the normal proportion ! Thus it will be seen that every nine pounds of tea put up in Japan or China (of which tea he) was writing in 1879) will on retailing in the United States or Europe, run to ten pounds, the tea contsining the water, remaining dry to the touch.” Tea passing direct from producer (or packer) to consumer ought therefore, to be superior in aroma ; while another inference would seem to be that the moist climate of Colombo is but the ill-adapted for repacking or blending purposes? That the essential oil is present in the green leaf, Mr. Bamber aeserts against the opinion of some other chemists, ‘ but,” he says, ‘the guantity is considerably; increased during the pro cess of manufacture, provided the temperature employed at the different stages of firing be carefully regulated.” ‘This increase does not, he thinks, arise from any further chemical develop- ment; but is due rather to the ‘* bursting of the interior cells of the leaf by the sudden expansion of the sap, during the first process of firing and its consequent liberaticn, Of the next chiet constituent of the tea leaf, theine, we learn a good deal, much of which will: doubtless surprise the Ceylon planter, as for instance when he is told (by Dr. Diver) that ‘‘the quantities of the theine have not been found to be at all in any direct relation to the recognized value or appre- ciation. of tea.” A table is given showing the quantity per cent of theine in 28 samples of Ceylon and Indian teas, varying in price from 7d to 3s @ pound, the inference drawn being that “if is evident from data given, as compared with the prices mentioned, thatthe marketable value of tea is not to any great extent dependent on, or proportional to, the amount of theine it may contain, however important that constituent may be in otker respects ; neither can the ‘strength’ of tea, as that term is generally understood, be taken as proportionate to the amount of theine, which is evident from the results 26 (‘weak tea 435 per cent.”’), and 27 (“strong tea 4:43 per cent.’’) in which the difference is very slight !’" Further we learn from Mr. Bamber himeelf that “the theine undergoes no change during the pro- cess of manufacture, there being the same amount when calculated on the dry matter of the leaf, both before and after. manufacture.” The dis- cussion of this subject in the book is very interest- ing as it brings us into touch with the system under whick tea is finally tested and valued. We are of those who believe that science can and will yet do much to help the planter both in the factory and the field ; yet we cannot overlook the fact that tea experts, upon whose final judgment and report all tea stands or falls in the home market, depend solely upon the palate and the appearance of the liquor and infused leaf to the eye, Probably the most expert tea-taster and valuer has as little scientific knowledge as the ordinary planter, and would be equally at a loss to explain why one tea is more valuable than another in the terms of chemical gsoience. In this connection Mr, Bamber admits that ‘the presence of slightly varying quantities of th may seem«to' bey novel and. of yaltie ‘to our planters, reminding ourreaders, a‘ ‘the'same time; thatxhere is scarcely aline without Ofte interestound importance. Of course, *witheriag” “egeupicw ithe firs: ‘place, andowe are not surprised ai oeffearts ( imasmuch cae tothe chief» objest.o of ‘nibetehierageds icto'oCobtaim theoideaf in» a suitable Aigomaition! for:tolling—thiscondition’being attained cotgfiéa She’cleafwillotake ia good=twist without vitGeing° frectured;good ctea anosbe madezirbm. Olgifiost° any syétem) artificial vor ootherwise,opro- ® yided “the? temperature employed is «not: itoo chigh, 4) Ghief,-recommendation of their As there “ is little chemical change in the leaf during the process of withering,” it meoonmet more or lees a mechanical process, already well understood and practised in our Ceylon factories, ‘The amount of moisture which should be allowed to evaporate varies eonsidergbly according to the jat of leaf, the time of year, and the weather, but about 38 per cept spparently yields the best results.” ‘* Rolling” comes next, and we are told that ‘ certain chemical changes take B dered during this process being more pronounced when the tempera'ure of theleaveg is allowed to rise and the rolling long maintained.” Mechanically what takes place is “the breaking up of the cellular matter of the leafin order to liberate the juices, and to give a twist or roll to the leaf, the tougher epidermis being merely bruised and twicted.”” The changes that take place during rolling, Mr. Bamber ingists.‘‘ should be minimized as much as possible by keeping the leaf cool.” These changes should take place during the ‘oxidation process” or, gs commonly called, ‘‘Fermenting,”’ This process, Mr. Bamber says, ‘‘is perhaps the most important in the whole manufacture, as both the good quality and appear- ance of tea Banond largely on the process being properly carried out.”” He advocates a special room for this process, kept damp by sprinkling cold water over the floor, and the leaf itself, when too dry, should also be damped with clean cold water, and be protected from draughts by means of wet cloths placed over the heaps. Firing or drying, we gre told, ‘‘ should not be delayed for evena few minutes after the leaf has attained its proper colour, as it rapidly becomes darkened and the liquor and infused leaf will not be so satisfactory. The temperature of the drying machine should be about 280°, and in that it should remain only until it is half dey, when it can be allowed to cool and remain untouched for some time without harm. The air of thé drier should itself be as dry as possible. For the second firing the temperature should not be quite so high as that of boiling water, or from 180° to 200°, so as not to drive off the essential oil usually lost at this time. But finally, in order to drive off all the moisture, the tea should be subjected to a temperature of about 212°, and the whole process of second firing should be slow, often occupying two hours to accomplish, in order to retain all the essential oil, and it is genera!ly believed that exposing the ijea! to a prolonged gentle heat developes more fu ly the peculiar aroma of, good tea.”” The * fiual” firing takes place after sorting, during which prosess it Jhas-absorbed:a-considerable amount of moisture from the atmosphere, . This, in the final firing at about. .212°, is. driven off, and the tea is then— after being, allowed.to cool down to a temperature a little; above that of the surrounding atmosphere under dry clothes, and in the driest portion of the factory—packed in the usual . air-tight, lead-lined boxes.” Thus far-we have followed Mr, Bamber in the ‘Natiougs processes,involved in the aufactore of tea ;.and. (although ,some interesting facts have been disolosed)...we.cannot conscientiously say that anything, very swikingly new.bas been eyolved in ,the; proceeding, ,~Nor has..much.been explained dthathsyyas. nes well.anderatood before. Still it is esomething gained to be assured on scientific author. -city! that-4be..various , processes. followed in our factories are right. Keeping the leaf cool during rolling bas long been practised by ae = aaa ,and patentess of rollers have always made thia a 300 machiies, “To get an,eyen, “ wither” vast. sums, have been spent oa Sih Ee May-r, 1894.1] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 737 spacious lofts and fans, and when our planters do not succeed in obtaining this it is more their misfortune than their fault. , In the matter of firing, perhaps, a good deal of improvement is possible. It is just possible that our planters habitually put their tea through this process too hurriedly and at too high a tempera- ture; and the warning Mr. Bamber gives is well worth their best consideration, Another point we gather from a study of the book is that the Factory, instead of being one large open con- tinuous house, should be divided off into several parts, only connected by doors with each other. Thus, the withering, rolling, fermenting, firing, sorting and packing should all be done in their own special rooms. For ths ‘rest it must be remembered that Mr. Bamber’s experience and- investigations into the various processes of manu- facture extended only over ‘‘ one season and in 8 single district,’ which, as he admits himself, ‘ig not sufficiently large to enable him to speak confidently on every phase,’ and in our opinion it is quite inadequate to the requirements of the case. The book, however, is a valuable one, and should be a standard authority improving with each edition. But it is evident the scientific experts’ work, espesially for Ceylon—is still an open fieid wailing for the coming man. ——__— A“FLORAL SPLENDOUR” AT PERADENIYA, A RARE WEST AFRIOAN OLIMBER. Camornsrs MAxmma,—Ever sincas Angolan Dr. Welwitsoh made known this leguminous climber, with its ‘“‘splendid bunches of peadulous milk- white flowers tinged with gold on the edge of the petals,” botanists have ben eager to witness this tioral splendour. But they have had to wait in patience. Now we Jearn that the shy beauty has flowered in the Royal Botania Garden, Ceylon, and no one will grudge Dr. Trimen his good luck in being the first to se} eyes upon it. Here is Dr. Trimen’s lester :— * Camoensia maxima.—lI do not remember to have seen any notice of the flowering of this tropical African climber in cultivation, and it may there- fore be worth putting on record that two plants are now in blossom in these gardens. Both were received here in 1883, ore from the Royal Gardens, Kew, the other from Mr. Bull's establishment. They were planted out against old trees, and have made fair growth, but showed no tendency toward flowering till this year. The flowers are fully as large as those shown in the plate accompanying the original description in Trans. Linn, Soc., vol. xxv., only the petals in the fully-opened flowers are not erect, as there figured but (except the standard) wide-spreading and drooping. The drawing—which is a good example of the late Mr. Fitch’s wonderful skill in vivitying a dried specimen—is otherwise very accurate, and correctly shows the erect flowers (erroneously described as “drooping’”) and the monadelphous bases of the staminal filaments (said to be “ free’’ in the text) ‘he stamens sre aiways eleven in number, aod about 6 inches long. When freshly expanded the pétals are very beautiful, the siandard over 7 inches long, the others over 6 inches, all of a delicate pare white thin tissue-like texture, with a narrow yellow fringe like gold lace, but their beauty does not last long, and they become flaccid and black ultimately, without falling off, which spoils the general effect of the inflorescence. Still it is a wonderful flower, and a rival to Amherstia nobilis, which is always in; flower here. Henry Trimen, Row ae ardens, Peradeniya, Ceglon, January 24, 1894.” (Brom the ‘* Gardeners’ Chronicle,’ Feb. 24; 1894, p. 236.) I send you theabove outting from the Garden. ers’ Chronicle. The beautiful plant. referred to has many points of interest. It was discovered in 1855 by my old friend the Jate Dro FoWelwitseh (who died in 1872 in London*) ‘during ‘his very fruitful botanical explorations through Portuguesa W. Tropical Afrioa extending from 1853 to 1860 ; the dense forests of the district of Goiungo-alto being the locality. It was not however fully des- oribed till 1865 by the late Mr, Bentham in the Lioncean Society’s ‘ Transactions’ from Dr, Welwitsch’s notes and specimens. To many inhabitants of Ceylon it will have a special interest from its discoverer (who was in the employ of the Government of » Portugal) having dedicated it to the celebrated Portuguese poet; Ditiis Camoens, author of the great national epic, ‘Os Lusiadas,” in which is described the voyage of Vasco de Gama (which indeed he himself aecom. panied as a soldier)iat the éndof the 15th century to these African coasts and southward to the Cape. 4 sgn dss Peradeniya, March 26th, 1894, — CEYLON PLANTING NEWS. (Wotes by .Wanderer.) March 27. WEATHER again hot and dry. The good done by the late rains will not be of lasting effect, and our exports will not frighten dealers for some time to come. Some of our weather-wise men say that this long-continued dry weather will be followed by long- eontinued wet weather at end of NE. and com- mencement of S..W. monsoons. In that case tea prices should look up. EXxcHANGE is certainly satisfactory. It may be the case that China's exchange is still 20 p.c. lower than ours, but I think Ceylon tea can stand that great handicap, at least its best teas ean. Cxyton Trea Ktosx,— What are the Directors abont ? Have the let Lipton away without — havi a try to deal with him? Is The concern dae so well under Whittall & Co.'s management that the Directors can smile at Lipton’s little flirtation and his “two canoes”! The Sphinx of King Street, Kandy, will, I hope, be persuaded to give the geharoholdera &. paragraph in his bold: Roman and. The Hon. the Puantinc MemBer is said to have taken his passage home, His constituents hope. he will resign his appointment, and give them a chance of having Mr. Giles Walker to representthem. Mr. Kelly has attended to his duties, and represented the planters to the best of his ability, and they thank him; but they do not wish to be unrepresented in Council when so many important matters will be considered by our Legislative Councillors. TEA COMMISSIONER To AMERICA.—This question is being threshed out in your paper and the columns of your contemporaries. The general opinion seems to be that if Mr. Grinlinton is chosen by both India and Ceylon to represent both countries Ceylon men need not hesitate to share the expenses, If an Indian man is to be the representative, there is a pretty general opinion that there willbe ‘wigs on the. green.” THE Puanrers’ Meetine at Nuwara Eliya on the 14th. proximo is likely to be well attended. There will be a lot of important matters to discuss, and there must be considerable divergency of Opinion. The new Chairman.will haye his work cut out for him, and will, Ihave no doubt, show the stuff he is made of, THe Oacao PraNrers’ DepuTation and -the Dis- trict Road Sub-Committee have also their work cut out for them. They will haye to mind theirs and be ready to answer the questions of the Governor in no undecided manner. he Governor isa No. 1 man at plying a Deputation with his desires for * Sea my memoir (with a portrait) in “ Journal of Botany” for 1893, P ) ournal « 738 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894. information, and the iaterwewers often goout, feeling that they have been interviewed. Oocoa.—The news that the Guayaquil crop estimates are reduced will be somewhat comforting to the Oeylon grower, for really the present position of prices is too awful. If the cocoa land, lately, planted, is worth anything, we will have a large increase in our Ceylon exports in two or three years. Dr. Trimen’s Rerorr for 1893 is interesting read- ing. He gives the Borneo planter a leg-up in the matter of gambier, and he says a word of encourage- pit to the Liberian coffee planter in the New eylon. ; Fint Insurance Orrices.—So the “Economic” is in liquidation or amalgamation, which does not offer much encouragement to the non-tariff style of doing business. Inlooking over some of the Tea, Oompanies’ accounts, one is rather struck with the small ponuses, the bonus-paying offices give to their clients. ———_——_.—-—__——_ COFFEE CULTIVATION IN JAVA. From a reliable source it is reported that the newly-appointed inspector, Dr. Burck, who has made an investigation about the compulsory coffee culti- vation in Java, does not consider the condition so gloomy as was generally presumed. In Central Java the prospects are not encouraging, and in many districts there the Government will have to give up the cultivation, as has been done already in the districts of Bantam and Japara. However, in Eastern Java, and especially in Probolingo and Bezoekie, there is an abundance of magnificent ground snit- able for the cultivation of coffee, and also in the Preanger districts the soil is certainly not exhausted. . Dr. Burck seems to be a strong promoter of the system of granting an extra payment for the opening and maintenance of coffee lands, besides the price paid for produce delivered.—Straits Budget, March 20. SS THE KWANTO TEA ASSOCIATION. The Kwanto Tea Associatioon—our readera will Femember thit the Kwanto, Kwaneei, and Kiushu Associations have combined to form one great guild— is to have its central office in Yokohama, and will send agents abroad for the purpose of “ extending the market for Japanese tes.” From this we infer that the members of the Assocation have undertaken the pursuit of that zgnis fatuus, direct export. We recommend them to pause. Every Japsnese who has hitherto essayed that experiment did but serve to illustrate the familiar fable of the man that went out for wool and came home shorn, The tea trade, too, of all busine®s, is least capable of being successfully exploited by amateurs. There is not the slightest chance for Japanese in such work unless they act in cooperation with foreigners. The time may come, probably will come, when they will be able to dispense with all extraneous aid, but for the present nothing of’ the kind is possible without heavy loss.—Japan Weekly Mail. —— =e EAST AFRICAN COFFEE PLANTATIONS. Favorable reports, says a London contemporary, have been received during the past year from all the plantations in German East Africa. The coffee plantations on the highlands in Usambara have been especially successful. The German Hast African Oompany report, with regard to their plantations at Derema and Naguelo, in the Hinterland of Tangs, that they now have 160,000 coffee trees in good condition, and soon hope to send samples to Europe. Experiments have also been made with tea, cocos, end cardamoms. At Muoa, the most northerly inlet of the German ooast, the East African Company have established a coconut palm plantation. On June 7thlast a new Company, the Usembara Coffee Plantation Oompany, was formed ix Berlin, and has already begun operations on suitable land beyond Tanga, Auother undertak- ing proposes to grow sugar in the Pengani valley, aud establish factories for its manipulation, with a view to exporting it to Zanzibar and Indis. A former planter ia Sumatra, Mr. John Schroder, bas bern tsken into Government frervice as an expert to in- struct the oastives in tue cultivation of profitable colonial produsts.—American Grocer. —_g—_—__— MICA AND RUBBER. The importance of the Mica industry is something that few people appreciate, especially tothe extent to which it touches the rubber trade. Some twelve years ago it wasalmost wholly utilised by stove manufac- turera for psnelling the doors of stoves and farnaces. Of late yesra, however, the chief factor in its incrensing demand has been its insulating properties. For sr- matures it iseaidto be superior to any substence known. The reasous for this are: its great barJness, which prevents its wearing away under the accion of the brushes ; the esse with which its etructure may be divided into very fine layers of uniform thickness, and its faculty for standing high tewperatures without being affected at all, Forineulating purposes a cement is made of finely pulverised Mica, compounded with rubber, and out with benzine, or it may be simply a dry dough of rubber and Mioa which is moulded and vuloa- nise’. Aside fromthisit is used for roofing purposes, avd for waterproof and fireproof coverings, in which rubber, tar, osnvas, and other mvterials are ued in connection with it. The best Mica comes from Canada, in the vicinity of Quebec. 1n 1892, $55,000 worth wes imported te the United States, and it is said fer 1893 over $100,000 worthcame this way. Copsiderable is mined in the United States, but the Cenadian ix ra- pidly driving it out of thefieid. It is said that a hot water valye, made of rubber and Mica, forms one of the most lasting compounds known.—Jndia Rubber Journal, -———_——-_ ~-<> - ————— COCONUT CRACKING OR SPLITTING MACHINE, The splitting of coconuts hss hitherto been done in the must primitive manner, the buek being burst open by short steel rods thrust into it, and the shell being afterwards oracked by a heavy ham- mer or weight. This old-fashioned and ted ous method is now completely superseded by a new machine which is being manufactured aud introjuced by the Ceres Iron Works, Limited, of Kingston-on-Thames. By the use of this machine the nut with husk, as gathered from the tree, is simply dropped into the hopper, fixed above the revolving dises, which are kept continually in motion, and by their peonliar design draw down the nut, at the same time splitting it into three parts; the husk is then in a convenient form passed tothe fibre mills, and the kernel is ready for removal for oil making. The machine will, is is claimed do its work as quick as the hopper can be fed, so that a great saving of time is effected, removing the risk of the oil turning rancid from long exposure to the sun during the tedious opera- tion of hand-splitting. Thesemachines are made in two forms, one being arranged for fixing to the floor of factory, fitted with fast and loose pulleys for and driven, by steam, water, or cattle power, and the other being provided with travelling wheels and draw- handle for moving from place to placeon the estate and working by hand power. The machines have been found by actual experience on coconut estates, to work most efficiently, one machine being sufficient for a factory accustomed to work up 8,000 to 10,000 nuts per day.— Fiji Times. af TEA IMPOSTURES. Over in England, the land where the tea cup ri- vals the: beer glass, it seems that tea has been dis- covered contaminated with lead; undoubtedly from May 1, 1894.} being wrapped in packets containing the metal; Food and Sanitation, London, says :— “Tn the light of recent discoveries at Southamp- ton that tea is adulterated with lead, it seems desir- able that some attention should once more be given to this article, The Custom’s examination, it was believed, had squelched tea adulteration, but such finds as those at Southampton may well cause grave uneasiness, and leads the public to ask if tea adulteration be really a thing of the past. Our inquities go to prove that tea sophistication is very largely practised, despite the vigilance of those con- cerned with suppressing it. At least, two great proprietary packet tea firms, to our own knowledge, hive no use in the patent tea restoring machine, which yives to damaged or ‘gone off” tea the Sppearance of first-class new tea. Whether the use ot this recent invention explains the discovery of lead in tea at Southampton, or the process of “faking” is harmless, is a matter that ought to be inquired into, inasmuch as lead is a very dangerous poison, and its presence in #0 many samples may well cause grave publio alarm. Popular as is ‘‘ the cup that cheers, but does no: inebriate,” tea-drinking will quickly be shrank from in horror if its devotees have to risk lead poisoning in their favorite be- verage. Enough sins are alleged against tea without this of lead contamination.”—American Grocer. ee RUBBER IN THE CONGO FREE STATE. According to the Brussels Independence Belge, the rubber induatry of the Congo Free State has jduring the last few years grown to a. marked extent. The development has been remarkable. The rubber is obtained in the usual way, by making incisions in the Landolphia florida vines, which are found in every part of the country, but which flourish most in the districts of Ubanga, Oulle, Mangalla and Kassai. The following table will show the quantities of rubber which the Coago Free S!ta'e haa produced and ex- potted ao the period between Jaly 1st 1886, and July 8 — Kilograms. Value. $ In 1886 (July-December).. 18,069 15,000 In 1887... on fe 30,500 20,600 In 1888.. THE INDIAN ART OF ADULTERATON. Much attention has been drawn of late years to the question of the adulteration of raw produce exported from this country. The state of affairs was exemplified not long ago in the case of the so-called ‘‘ silk cotton,” the product of the tree known to botanists as Bombax Malabaricus. A sudden demand for this article sprang up in Aus- tralia and Tasmania, and for a year the ex- ports from this country were very consider- able. The following season, however, the whole trade was diverted to ths Straits, Java and Sumatra, and thus what looked like a promising new industry for India came to an untimely and regettable end. The explanation offered at the time was that the second season’s shipments were so heavily adulterated, that buyers would not look at them, In the Indian wheat trade the charge of adulteration has long been familiar. Dr. Voelcker has dealt with the question in regard to wheat at considerable length. One conclusion at which he arrives, on seemingly indisputable evidence, is that the primitive method of threshing which obtains in this country is not answerable for the heavy percentage of ‘dirt’ in Indian wheat. On the other hand Dr. Voelcker lays the blame at the door of the European, or rather English buyers, who for various trade reasons insist on haying “dirty”? wheat. Dr. Voelcker asserts that by far the largest proportion of the ‘“ dirt” which is found mixed with Indian wheat is __ inten- tionally introduced by the various traders and middlemen between the cultivator and exporter. Ho quotes a case where he himself saw adulteration in process of being carried out, It is certain that there is much intentional adulteration of all grain and raw produce. Dr. Voelcker mentions the habit of mixing the finer exotic growths of cotton which are grown in some parts of Bombay, with the short and less valuable indigenous cotton. We have recently heard complaiats of the heavy adulteration of Godavery castor seed, before it reaches the hands of the exporter at Coconada, adulteration which has almost killed the trade though it has also resulted in fos 740 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (May 1, 1894. tering localoil. manufacturing industry. Indeed the conditions under which sgricultural products find their way to market offer every opportunity for aiulteration, and.in such s caseopportunity is not lightly forgone. Railways are generally supposed to offer a fair guarentee against adulteration, though it wagijat e.railway station that Dr. Voelcker witvessed the, deliberate mixing of wheat with earth and foreign seeds, But railways are still few and far between. The, grain. consigned by the petty village merchant to. the;exporter bas. generally to spend days and nights in. a country cart before ever it is put in the goods wagon. The cart man is always impeconious; in every village there is a “receiver,” ready to buy and a3k no questions. What wonder if the percent. age of dirt increases fivefold in its passage from the .threshing-floor to tke ship’s: hold? in this Presidency we ate fortunate in possessing some fine inland waterways. The Kistna and Godavery Cavals have been an enormous boon to the trade of the Districts they serve. 1t is the more uvfortunate therefore that the feeling is gaining ground that in goods transit over them are not tafe. Theses canals are the property of Governmert and managed entirely by Government officials. It is worthy of consideration whether sieps cannot be devised to keep the: traffic on them free from such damaging imputations. e noticed above how Dr. Voelcker absolves the ryot’s..method of threshing from blame in the matter of adulteration: In regard to wheat his experiments showed. sn,average of only 1°32 per cent of impurity contrected on the threshing floor. Dismissing this therefore as the chief factor in adulteration he fell back on the hypothesis of intentional admixture effected by the various middlemen, He does not seem to have considered the various accidental dan- gers to which agricultural produce is subjected be- fore it reaches the, exporter’s, hands, We have very briefly indicated some dangers that occur on the road and ‘the canal. . There is another most fruitful source of contamination, in ;the granary. It is remarkable that Dr. . Voelckey’s attention does not seem to have been drawn: to» the native methods of storing agri- cultural produce: All, the, .damege that the grain suffers‘on the threshing; floor is but a bagatelle to the- perils of the granary. An inetruotive little bulletin was issued in 1890.,.by,the Madras Agri- cultural: Department-on ‘!'The Storage of Seed Grain in. ‘the: Ouddaph and. Karnool , Districts.”” The cul- tivating:classes, or:at Jeast the,,Reddies of those dis- tricts, are well known to..be among the best husband- men in this Presidency; and, naturally they take more care o£ their seed grain than of that intended for home. consumption ‘or ‘for sale. Seed grain in these districte,(we are toldin the bulletin, is kept,either in bamboo baskets coated inside and out with , cowdung ; or in gunoy bags or earthen pots; or in. baskets lined with “paddy straw. . Whatever method, of storage is used the grain: is liable to damage. either by insects -or damp. ..But the ,bulk of the grain harvested, ‘which sis that) intended. tobe used as ‘food stuff, cor foro export, i8), nowhere treated with ~the ‘care .bestowed on .,the. seed grain, ‘‘ Ax a rule,” says the bulletin above referred to, "* the grain which bas) been. stored in under- ground pits or in garisalu: {overground;bins) is not used for seed, as ‘it is found to (mugg¢ponnu) have become heated--and been rendereu unfit:for that purpose: ~Grain is generally stored 1n, these pits when it is desired to preserve it asa food stuff only.” , The granaries used forstoring: the bulk of.the ryot’s ‘grain are in géheralof the: following descrip- tions. ‘First’ there is the large roomier godown of mud walla and oor, or brick and umnud wa'ls.and mud floor Generally the floor is) plastered with cowdung, and the rvof isan ‘open .tiled or thatched One. In & godown of-this description the: grain is either heaped loosely on the floor, or is kept in bags, Another ‘variety ‘of the godown.is the isolated granary ‘built apart from the house, raised on.stones Or bricks “or loga of wood above ‘the ground level, with walla of mud, and conical thatched roof. A very common receptacle, met within i districts in the Presidency is a large bamboo b: Pe: mrs inside, and ont With cowdung. In this the grein is kept loose.—The last formof granary Fan we need mention here isthe grain pit so common in some of the Northern Districts. This is a mere hole dug in the ground, usually on an elevated site, the sides snd bottom of which are lined with paddy straw aod the grain, then peared in, in bulb, It would be hard to, say which of, those reoepia is the least suited .to,preserve the grain from deteriora- tion. Each of them is liable to damp, whether of Bir or actual water, and it is only the thriftiest of ryote that will go to the trenble of taking his grain out and airing it, periodically. To each of these gravaries rats and inseots obtain easy access. It is melancholy .to see the dreadful havoc that bas been wrought after the godown or grain pit has been closed for a couple of months, Mildew and weevils are the greatest devastators, and none of the precantions known to the ordinary cultivator—such as margosa leaves, gram pods, cowdung—suffice to keep thege ene- mies out. Andso, during the weeks or months the grain may be lying in the ryot’s garner, to the modicum of dirt brought with it from the threshing floor there is now added a score of other impurities —dead insects; dust; scraps of household refuse ; fragments of sticks; straw, bricks, chatties; mould; animal and ivseot excreta; the empty husks left by the weeyils; aud the misceljaneous dirt introduced by rats and equirrels. We do not wish to be understocd as implying that all this dirt accompanies the grsin that is offered to buyers for foreign markets. The cosrecr and more obvious impurities are windowed or cleaned out. Nor do we consider the mere adulteration of jthe grain the most serious consideration. The worst feature in this primitive method of stor- ing grain is the very eerious loss of food staffs involved by it. Paddy and raggi enjoy a com- parative immuoity, but the loss of cholum and of all the different pulses is enormous. "We have seen samples_of cholum and horsegram taken from a grein godown wherein scarcely one g an in fifty had es- caped the attacks of weevils. This implies an enormous annual loss of wealth. The Agricaltural Departments of the different Provinces haye for some years devoted a more or lezs spasmodic attention to the insect pests that attack the standing erops. We would commend to their notice the desirability of coe menasto protect the gathered crops also.—J/. Mail. _ FACTS ABOUT BANANA MEAL. A COMING INDUSTRY. _ A Mi. Hartog, who went in the ‘beginning of last year to Surinam (West Indies), is in possession of a method of preparing fine dry meal from bananas and plantains, Lhe chemical analysis of both sorts of meal have proved that the chemical composition of different banana and plantain kinds is almost identical. The principal stuff the meal contains consists of 80 to 85 degs. of starch. This composi- tion induced him to seek the adoption of the meal for purposes where other stuffs cortaining starch are employed, and he choose, in the first place, the fabri- | ficauion of alcohol and glucose (grape sugar). As he did ,not dispose of very large quantities, he was forced to apply to laboratorium experiments that were made at , the Government Institute of Alcohols in Switzerland fixed at Berne. The gentlemen there made alcohol of the meal, and wrote as follows :— : : “Tl resulte de ce qui precede, qu'il yaut tout a fait |la peine d’utiliser ces sarines pour Ja fabrication d’alcool. Ls qualite de 1 alcool de farine de bananes | peut. aussi etre envisages comme bonne.” In the con- _Versation about the object with those gentlemen, | they gave their opinion that the value of the meat ; would at least be that of maize, the starch quantity , of the meal being greater. The same opinion was | given by some nianufacturers of alcohol in Switzer- land and Holland. As proof of how many stuffe May 1, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 741 can be employed for alcohol manufacturing, it may | dens, to the attacks of the numerous birds which be said that one not very large manufactory in Holland employs on an’ average 25,000 ‘tons of maize a yiar. The same gen lemen, in Berne, made experiments with glucose making, said :—“Tl est evident quo la forine de bananas traitee de cettu maniere pourrait etre encore utilisee pour la fabrication de glucose.” The value of the meal for glucose would be more than oné and-a-helf times that of maize, for maiza is rot employed for that fabriction, but only ‘dearer sorts of stuffs, ‘es potato and sago meal. A certitude for the employ- ent of the meal for glacosé manufacturing can only be given by emeloying at least a ton of thé stuff, but there ia yery great probability it will also do for that purpose, In the following calculations he esti- mates the valoe of the meal on the basis of mnuize, that is at this time being delivered by ship in Europe at £5'to £5 10s. For manufacturing 1,000 tons per year of meal thera would be needed an installation that would cost, delivered and fixed in the estate, £2,000 to £2,500. For'a second 1,000 tona & eimilar installation would be needed, for it would be diffigult ‘to make Jarge installations. For this reason it would also b3 profitable to maké the manufactory on the estate itself, for using the bana- nas and plantains. The fabrication’ of 1,000 ‘tons will be taken as a basis. Cost of reaping the fruit, pre- paring it, and making the meal delivered on ship if there is water in thé neighbourhood, can he put at 18s to 203 per ton; for freight to Europe, 188 to 25s per ton. Thus the average cost for the meal delivercd in Hurope would be £2 perton. He said the value wouldbe at least that of maize, or £5 10s. So that there would rest per tonof meal £3 to£3 10s. So that for 1,000 tons aninstallation of £2,000 to £2,500 is wanted, and a quantity of bananas or plantains of aboutthe double or the triple of the meal in average 2,500 tons, whielt the reyenue would be £3,000 to £3,500, In the above given cyphers all ex:gyerations are avoided. So it ia probable that the quantity of 1,000 tonscan be surpassed, and cost of manufacturing can be reduced, whilst the price of the meal “would increase if it will do for glucose manufacturing. P = L. E. Asser, C. E. {We have examined specimens and samples—both of the bananas spirit and banana Hour—and are satisfied that there is a great future before this industry.— Epiror. |—Horticultural Times. ——————— CLOSE PLANTING OF TEA. A matter that is well deserving the attention of tea planters of the present day is, whether or not the orthodox 4by 4 is not too close for bushes, whose rocts after a few years become interlaced. and whose branches, when the pruning has been recovered from, approach so closely as to impede the free circulation er aix, also confining the effective use of the hoe to the narrow strip of ground left between the rows, while the soil near the stem of the plant, the most important of all, is left undisturbed, or is simpl scraped, for appearance sake. Oyercrowding, it is well known, is at the bottom of most of the ills that human beings are subject to, by giving an ieee to the deyelopment of disease germs, and the’ Same is equally true in agriculture. Those who are inclined to contend that wider planting, say 8 by 8, would diminish the yield, may be reminded that an experiment was carried out some years since in the Punjab with mustard, which in- stead of being sown broadcast was drilled in at two feet apart, receiving, when the plants were abont the same height, a light hoeing, much the ame as, fidld turnips do in I GOR. The result was ‘highly gratifying, as the yield, over that ofa field adjacent Bowh in the uéuél manner ‘exceeded the latter by 50 per cent, and thérs is no doubt thii the same method of trenting tea would be ‘as suo- cessful. Wide planting, moreover, would enable the proner to ly the plants” more” open to the influence of light and air, thus going far towards and | : Tather late in the season, préy up’n ‘them, ~ but which “the dense ‘foliage that the preset system engenders render almost im porsible—and anyoue who hag studied the subject must be well aware of the importance of encouraging our feathered allies! ‘The exposure would also tend to the greater development of vegeta- tion and permit of more opening out of the centre of the plant. Surely the setting aside of a couple of acres for determining this matter would not’ bs‘too much for somelarge concern to undertake.’ One acre might remain as at present, whils the other might have the intermediate plants removed and, though the widened acre could still be subjected to the frser use of the knife. Of course the yield of each would nave to be carefully weighed and, though fromthe lateness of the year, the first two months’ flushes would no doubt prepon- derate in favor of the Jand planted as at present, no basty decision shon'd be jumped to, but the reanle ot the whole season left to settle the question.—/ndian Planters” Gazette. : a TEa AND SCANDAL. In 1665, Robert Lovell wrote a book, which he called ‘‘sPambotanologia, or A Compleat Herbal,” and your readers‘ may be interested to hear what he says concerning TEA; cocoA ‘and COFFE. “ Thee.’ PLace:—It groweth in China, Japonia and Chia. ‘TEMPERATURE, ‘Theo time is not- observed. Name. Herba Thee -Chinensis..Tchia, Japon. Thee, Tulpius. Tea is moderately hot and binding: Virtue. The herb is most wholesome, preserving in perfect health until very old’age’: it makes the body active and lusty: it helpeth the stone, headache and: heavi- ness thereof, lippitude, distillations»and~ difficulty of breathing, weakness of the) ventricle, pains - of /the bowels, Jassitude,;°and prevents sleepiness, a dranght of the decoction’ being’ taken, and causeth~ that, without trouble, whole nights may be spent in study without hurt to the body, by reason that it moderately heateth and bindeth the mouth of the stomach, and ‘O-restraineth those vapours which otherwise as- cending ‘ would cause sleep. That of Japonia is the best, which the natives powder upon a marble stone and mix it with warm water, but those of Uhina boil the plant with a little salt and sugar in some convenient liquor, which afterwards they drink warm.” ** Oacao-tree.. Cacao. Piace.—In the West Indies, in hot and shady places. TemPHRATURE.’ As soon as it is touched -by “the sun ©it) withereth. Namr. Cacavate; the confection thereof Chocolate. Kuinp. As the common and broader. Temperature. The kernels of the fruit are of different parts: first they are very coldand dry, so should be restringent and obstructive: yet they so far participate of heat and moisture. that if they be well ground and mixed their restringency and obstructiveness will be cor- rected. Virtur. The confection of chocaletto being taken alone or relented in milk preserves health and impinguates ; it helpeth digestion, consumption. and cough of the lungs, plague of the guts and other fluxes, the green sickness, jaundice, and all manner ofinflammations and oppilations: it helpeth the morphew, cleanseth the t:eth, and sweeteneth the breath; cures the stone and strangury, expels poisons and preserves from all infectious diseases. The Indians use it with pepper for drink, but itis better for hogs than men.” “ Coffee. Cophy. Puace.—It groweth upon little trees only in the deserts of Arabia. Name, As for the variety of names authors haye as yet wrote little. Temperature. Is of an _ exsiccant quality. Virtue. It drieth up the erudities of the Stomach, comforteth the brain; it helpeth con- sumptions, lethargies, rickets, swoonings of women; it fortifieth the sight with its steam, and prevents dropsies, gouts, and the scurvy, together with the spleen and hypochondriacal winds: all which it doth withont any. destruction. Hereof may be made an electuary. thus. Take of butter and sallef oil exposing the insects, that now infests our gar- | p. aeg, m., and melt them with thrice 80 much 742 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894. honey and powder of Turkish Coffee q. s. Rums: the quarter of a nutmeg taken, opens the body, and helps the stone and gout. The grains and berries called coffee are brought from Arabia and drunk generally thronghouk all the grand seignour’s do- minions, and about half a pint is to be dronk fasting an hour before, and not eating an hour before, and not eating an hour after,as hot as ma be endured, it not fetching the skin off the mout or raising blisters by its heat. The Turks drink it to help their crudities, drinking water and eatin much fruit, which cause it. This drink iscold an dry, and when hot neither heats nor inflames more than hot posset. It closeth the mouth of the stomach and helpeth digestion, and so may be taken at three of the clock in the afternoon, or four, as well as in the morning. It guickens the spirits and makes the heart lightsome. The steam helpeth sore eyes. It is good against a cough and cold, suppresseth fumes, and so helpeth the head- ache, stops defluxions, and prevents the cough of the lungs. It ia better than any other drying drinks for old people and children haying running humours, as the king’s evil, &c. It prevents drow- siness, hindering sleep for three or four hours, taken after supper. It helps the stone, whitens the skin, and is not laxative or binding.” The Revue des Sciences Naturelles Appliquees for January containingan extract upon. ‘‘The Agriculture of Diego Suarez (Madagascar).’’ The following bits may concern Ceylon:—'‘ The French Colony of Diego Suarz enjoys a marvellous fertility of soil. . . . There is found wild in Mr. Ambre:—coffee: six different sorts, one of which seems exactly similar to the coffee of Harrar or Moka. The castor oil abounds also in the forests. Oacao appears to prosper in the western vallies in the shade. Several planters from Mauritius, who came over to Diego Suarez tostudy the possibility of forming lantations of tea have declared that the lay of the and is perfectly suited to this cultivation, and that it seemed to them that Madagascar ought to rival Ceylon in ousting China tea.” An American, named Edward Francia Turoer, has written two amusing books for public readings called ‘'T Leaves’ and ‘More T Leaves.’ I extract three verses from an absurd cong in the latter book:— I will sing to you a most peculiar song, Not particularly short, nor very long, Of a place I’ve heard abont, Where they turn things inside out: It’s all true without a doubt. Pom——pom——pom, They mix cocos with champagne and olive oil, They put sherry in the kettle for to boil ; And for salad they use coke, Tater persed wi'h (planks) of oak, Which are put in tea to scak. Pom——pom——pom. If you'd like yourself this country for to see, Stop up late, and dritk some extra strong Bohee: Then eat Beefsteak underdone, With cucumber and Bath-bun, And proceed to bed at one. Pom——pom——pom. In the Ohinook Jargon of California, Cotfre is Kau-pa: eat, muck a-muck: drink, © muck-a-muck chuck (i.e. eat water): ege, le-sep (French, les eufs): finger, le doo (Fr. les doigts): foot, la-pea (Fr. Uiepied): fin, fish le-mah (i.e. fish Ja snain, hand of fish). But that word le-mah, for hand, puzzles me, as it looks suspiciously like the Malay word for 9, and the almost universal Ooeanic word for hand, viz. luna, 1 don’t doubt that Je-mahk came from la main, but did Zima came from it too through e-mah? _And what’s the, connection between ima, 5, aod limav, a lemon or lime? I asked this before, but got no answer. Can Mr. Bell toll—t mean tell? A, M. Fereuson. NEW CALEDONIA COFFEE. Since the time (1870-75) when the exports of coffee from Oecylon averaged over 900,000 cwts. per ennum— the bulk of which came to the United Kingdom, to be re-exported after a sufficient quantity bad been retained for home use—numerous attempts, more less successful, have been made to fill up the gap occa- sioped in the general supply through the failure of the crop in the above-mentioned place of production ; and coffee grown in countries hitherto unknown to the trace has beenimported into London on o rather extensive scale. Still, it has not always been of the most desirable quality, and the dealers have often been seriously inconvenienced for want ofa suitable selection of the article, especially during the latter part of the year, whenthe consumption is largeet, and stocks usually consies of poor and indifferent qualities. To meet the ordinary requirements of con- sumers, great strides in the cultivation of coffee have been visible in Guatemala and otber South and Cen‘ral American States, and as supplies at their best beve been inadequate to the nee’s ef buyers, prices have genesally ruledhigh. The stimulus thus given to the evelopment of the resources of the coffee planter within the last twenty years has consequently been very powerful, with the result that entirely newdercrip- tions have been raised in various parte of the world, making up in some measure for the deficiencies experienced in other quarters. Besides the imporin- tions from the Spsnish West Indies which we have noticed in our market reports from time to time there have also been shipments of ovffee from Abyesrisia ; and only on the 3rd of the present monthe we drew attention in there columns to the satisfactory progress of the plantations in German East Africa started ky a Company bearing thet name. The latest and most interesting information con- cerning the cultivation of coffee, however, reaches us from New Caledonia, a small sarrowis'!and smony the Hebridesin the South Pacific, lying to the east of Queensland and far to the north of New Zealand, where the soil and climate no doubt are admirably edapted for the raising of the plant. From what we lenin the matter, it appears that the late Mr. C. P. Laurie, who was a coffee planter in Oeylon tbirty years sgo, left that island in 1873, and settled in New Caledonia, where he commenced planting coffee as a private hobby; but it turned out to be so successful that, on his death, the sop, Mr. A. A. Laurie, carried on the same pursuit as his father had done, only in a more resolute style. What had been a mere “hobby” soon grew into an important busi- ness, the number of trees increased considerably, and the bearing strength from 250,000 trees on the two estates, viz., ‘‘Thio” and ‘ Canada,” in 1893 was equal to 1,300 ewt, coffee. For 1894 (this year) the estimated yield from 300,000 trecs is 1,600 owt., and coffee of good quality only is grown there. We have been favoured with specimens and samples of this kind of coffee, which is not unlike Tellicherry, of East India plantation growth, of a pslish, greenish hue, and in Mincing-lane it would probably be worth about 903 percwt.in bond. When roasted and ground it gives off a pleasant and agreeable aroma, and is well suited to the every-day wants of the trade. Of the quantity already produced, the greater portion has hitherto been sold in the Sydney and Adelaide markets, and it has likewise been supplied to the French Government in the execution of contracts in New Oaladonia. None of this coffee has yet appered on the London market, but there are proposals to introduce it here, and judging from the scarcity that exists, and the steady demand that prevails for use- ful qualities at most seasons of the year, it is pretty certain that the article as imported from New Oale- donie would find a ready sale. Its introduction into this country may therefore be looked forward to with confidence by both importers and wholesale dealers : because of the remunerative prices that sre likely to be obtained, and for the reason that clean, wholesale sorts of coffée, are the’ very grades that have for years past been most difficult to procure, it is on this account to be hoped that the new venture will become & great successi— Grocer, Feb. 24, ~ May i, 1894. | CARRYING TEA LEAF LONG DISTANCES. We call attention to another letter (see psge 759) from the Indian Tea Manager who has taken out & patent for something like the application of the “Silo” system to tea leaf, or as heprefers to call it, a “ Leaf-preas’’ Patent. Nothingin the oriticism advanced by our several correspondents shakes his faith in his system—indeed seeing is believing with him, whereas he maintains no Ceylon planter has experimented under the actual conditions laid down iu his first jetter. The deductions of our local planting correspondents from their oxperience, in reference to hard-pressed baskets or bags of leaf, are not admitted for a moment ascii’ because in none of them could the air be exucdecd, We trust, therefore, that one or other of our most experienced Managers who bring leaf from any distance will give a fair trial to the ‘‘ Silo” aystem as once more sketched by ‘'Press’’ in the lettsr we give. Mr. Jamieson on Mariawatte or Mr. Westland in North-East Matale may, perhaps, be in a position to make the necessary experiment with a tea-box in the way pointed out and to give their brother-planters and our readors the benefit of the result. (a PROFESSOR POTTER ON CEYLON VEGETATION: LECTURE AT THE NEWCASTLE MUSEUM. Oo Saturday evening, the third of a series of six lectures under the auspices of the Natura! History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Neweastle- upon-T'yne, was delivered by Professor Potton, whose subject was ‘‘ Tropical Vegetation in Ceylon.” The lecturer prefaced his address by remarking that one of the signs of the Jatest development ot biological science was the establishment of labora- tories in various parts of the world; and referring especially to Botany, he instanced the Dutch Laboratory at Buitenzorg in Java, so celebrated for the important research work accomplished there. The need of an English tropical. laboratory had been long felt by botanists in this country, and when in 1888 he was fortunate in being elected to a travelling scholarship at Cambridge to visit Ceylon for the purpose of botanical research, he was truste{ with the selection and conveyance of the apparatus to found the first British Associa- tion Tendeatary in the Government Botanical Gar- dens, at Peradeniya. Professor Potter had thus an opportunity of studying to advantage the marvels of a tropical flora, and proposed to give that evening a brief account of some of the characteristic features of Singalese vegetation. Before proceeding further, he gave some description of the geographical situation and physical conditions of Ceylon, for it was these pores which so largely influenced the character of a ora, and he referred to diagrams of the isothermals, and the distribution of rain on the earth’s surface for the purpose of comparison with our own climate. Drom its situation the island enjoyed a continuous tropical climate. In shape it was' somewhat like a pear, and might be described as a flat plane, a little above sea level, from the centre of which rose a group of hills, the highost (Pidurotallagalla) being 8,004 fees and the next (Adam’s Peak) only a hundred feet loss in height, Adam’s Peak was a loity, conical pinnacle tapering to a sharp point, the actual sammit being a Hat space of only a few square feet, upon which there Was an impression about 6ft. 3in, long, which a fanci- ful imagination has ascribed to the impress of a human foot, it, according to tradition, being the spot where Buddha planted one foot when he stepped over from India. Not only the Buddhists, but ot THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUREST. 743 also the Mohammedans, regard the mountain as sacred, and pay frequent pilgrimages to its summit. The climatic conditions of the plain and the hills was next explained, and it was shown how there were all gradations of climate from the sea-coast to the summit of the hills, and suitable regions could thus be found for almost all species of culti- vation. The rainfall was excessive, but not uniform throughout the year. ‘I'here was a well-marked dry season (January, February, March) and a wet season, the greater part of the rain falling during the months of May, June, and July. The amount of rain, twice a3 much as in this country, coupled with the tropical heat produced in the wet season, a very damp, steamy atmosphere, such as one must experience to appreciate. Everything was damp, furniture, clothes, bedding, books, &c., even matches refused to strike unless specially dried, and the frequent attempts to get a light rubbed a!l the phos- phorus off the box. The contrast with a climate like ours wasvery great. Not only was the period of active vegetation much longer (nine months), but the conditions of heat and moisture were much more favourable. The short pericd when vegetation suffered a temporary check was only three months, and this not from cold but from excessive heat. Several trees, if was interesting to note, shed their leaves as a protection against the heat and dryness, and not, as here, from cold. As soon as the short dry season was over the rain commenced and vegetation again burst forth with renewed vigour. Under con- ditions like this we could imagine the vegetation would be of the most luxuriant description, but it was almost impossible for anyone who had not visited a tropical forest to conceive of the wonderful pro- digality of nature in such a region, The jungle presented a strange mixture of plants and large trees growing quite close together, with their stems em- braced by numerous climbers, all so thickly matted that one had literally to hew a path through them. In many places the only footways were the tracks of elephants, who protected by their thick hide, could force a road through the thick walls of stems and lianas. Overhead was a dense mass of foliage, so thick that little light could penetrate, but even this enabled many shade-loving plants to live,some on the ground, others finding sutable localities in the tree stems andin the crevices of the bark. While, however, tne general conditions were so favourable, plants had many adyerse conditions to contend against and amidst such multiplicity of life the struggle for existence became fierce in its intensity. All plants were very dependent upon cheir surroundings, and the various forms, structures, and habits of plants were all modifications and adaptations to special external condi- tions. The ,absolute requirements upon which all plant lite depended wore heat moisture and light and the unfavourable conditions in the Tropics wera to be fuund in the excess of sunlight and rain, avd also in the very high winds. The lecturer then weut on to consider how the conditions of the Tropics influenced and reacted upon the tropical flora, moulding its character and principal features. He described the different members of the plants and the special functions each had to perform, giving numerous exawples of the manner in which their development in any direction was an adaptation to the necessities of their existence. Illustrations were given of the huge buttrcss. roots required to anchor the trees firmly to the ground, and prevent them being torn up during the violent storms of wind, and of the stalks of leaves tied in by an eluborcate meshwork of interlacing fibres. Various means of protection of leaves from the sun and rain were shown, and many varieties of climbers with the hooks and tendrils they develop to assist them in reaching the light, Many besntifnl forms of palms, coconut, cabbege, wine palm, &c., were displayed on the screen as well as some interesting views of the rice fields and tea anc coffee plantations, The lecture throughout was pro- fusely illustrated by lantern views, prepared by Mr. Potter himeoelf, A hearty vote of thanks lecturer,— New York Journcl. Was acgorded to the 144 THE AMERICAN MARKET FOR BRITISH GROWN TEAS, That Indien tea will obtain eventually a firm footing both in-Oanadsa end the States, we feel confident, baotasit will be some years before present consumers will consent to give up an acquired taste, our teas for the American markets may chiefly be used for mixing, as for nigh twenty years they were so in the United Kingdom. Indian tea of the present day has, any unprejudiced and middle-aged planter or broker will admit, not the same flavour that it bad between the eras of the famous sand _ tables and the sicoccos. True, to deal with the pro- duce: of our present gardens by the old fashioned system of bsmboo or even pukka dbholes—how many are there left who recollect them?—wouldbe a re- trogression not to be thought of, but we see no yeason why scented teas should not be turned out by the present drying apparatus, though sach might entail the purchase of an extra contrivance to be devoted wholly and solely to the “ pukka battying ” of scented teas for blending with that part of the bulk destined for those who bave been accustomed to them. Whcther our planters will feel themselv:s justified in entering upon this innovation, must be left to their consideration, but ifthey wish to secure a market that has hitherto been supplied with a cer- tain class of tea, they must “ pander to the public taste’’ existing therein, or be content to undergo the same difficulties that were for many years enconu- tered, ere Ind an tea, pure and simple, established itself io the position it now holds in the United Kiogdom. From the pricee current published in the American Grocer, under date 17th January last, we find Indian quoted at 15 to 30 cents per pound, but presume the latter is fine kinds for mixing, and the tow quotation for household purprsacs. If our surmise is correct, the lower price is «xeceuded in almost every instance by Ohina scented varieties, the favourite apparently being Amy gunpowder anil capers; it therefore seems tolerably certain that these have as firm hold at present, and it is unlikely that any great impression will be made unless some such con- cesrion, a3 we allude to above, is vouchsafed. It must be copfessed that with the planting exteu- Sion, now being made, the dislocation ofall trade, and general depression with the reverse of a promising market in Hurope, we run considerable risk of over- production, similar to the oriss in the cinchoua in- dustry in Oeylon, that led to the destruction of large qaantities of bark by the planters there a few years back, and it is time that a conference should be held to consider the imp rtant subject as to whether we are not preparing goods ere we have established a certain market for theix disposal. ‘Certainly tea improves. by keeping, but how long can it be held? Or will financiers consent to holé ¢ until better times arrive? From private sources we learn that Mr. Hayter is doing well in Australia, in regard {o pushing the Indian article, bnt the adverse trade conditions the colonies are passing through; are against t0o sanguine expectations ‘of ‘disposing of any very large quantity at present. Even there China has almost ss firma footing asin Americ3. We have firm faith in the eventual prosperity of our tea industry, but write as we doin hope of awakening those engagid in it to pay more attention to the vital matter of supply and demand. Tea is just as subject to overproduc ivn as avy other public requirement, and the planter, like most of the rest of large employers of labour, cannot run his businesson short time, as h , people must be paid whether their labour be remrn’ a- tive. or not.—Zndian Planters’ Gazette. <> — TA SHARES. Some interesting changes hive taken place in the market for tea ehares since we Inst considered the position, The season of 1892 produced such good results that in May of last year the prices of miny shares rose to an abnormally high level end wa THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (May 1, 1894. reaction was probable. then pointed out that some This proved to be the cas», and in the latter part of 1893 tea shares withered and contracted, deye- lopmente which were rather aided by the genera! situation of the market inducing sales. Tea itself commanded lower prices for time which had the inevitable effect of stimulating the trade demand. As the greater part of the companies gtil] have about one-third of the 1893 crops yet unrealised, and a6 prices are tending upwarde—though as yet to an slmost imperceptible degree—it seems to be not improbable that, when the whole results of 1893 come to be reckoned with, it may be found that they will pan ont better than was anticipatei althongh it eaunot be expected that they will compare favour- ably with those of 1892. A certain number of the better known shares have already benefited in price by the improvement in the prospect, notebly Assamese, which have rites from 24 to 29, Jorebants from aboit 30 to 35, Lebongs from about 84 to 10, while most of the preference shares bave also incrvased their quotations. Others have bot yet re ponded tothe brighter pri speets, avd to these expectant eyes are being turved. For iostance, Dooars ordinary shares now staud at about 13, against 15 of six months ago; Doom Doomas are 13 against 143; Jokai sharer, perhaps the best known of all, stand at 144 instead of 154. We are mentioning ouly the quoted #harer, but many of the non-qnoted shares aro in much the eame condition. It appears that there is a much less difficult market iu tea sher-s than was formerly the cuse, partly owing to the publicity given to the subject, end partly owieg to the growing ivtercet with which investors are searching out suitable securites for their fattening money-bags. Dealings have t cen recently reported in such cut-of-the-way thiags as Assam Frontier debentures, Brahmapooira sharer, Doom Dooma A and. B, Jhanzies, and Scottish Assams. It is worth notirg that, while in 1892 certiin dis- tricts yielded large crops and other districts but sma!) crops, during the past season this has been almost reversed, the better yie'ds in 1893 coming from those districts which returned the poornr results in 1892. Although it cannot be doubted that the silver ard exchange questions have had a certain bearing upon the tea industry, there is now a growing belief in well-informed quarters that whichever way exchange may go in the near future, it will not seriously affect the position of the planting companies; even theugt it cannot be contended that a lower exchange, ia the main, would not act for the benefit of the tea industry. —Vanity Fair. ee PATIAGAMA CINCHONA COMPANY, LTD. The twelfth annual report of this Company is as sinllowe — irectors:—O. E. Symons, » and W. Cr Buchanan, Esq. Agente.and gee rab Role, dnothers and. Company. e Directors herewith beg to submit their Annual Report, and they regret that it is ie favourable as was hoped might be the case.at tho commencement of the season. The estimste of tea for the past year was 70,000 Ib.; but the actual crop has fallen short of this quantity being only 58,870 lb: which wassold in Go- lombo..at a: average rate of over 44 cents per Ib. OB. rejvrence to the annexed account it will- seen that the actual working of the year shews a smal] margin of B1,263:28. The Direotors recommend that the total balance now at creditof Profit and Loss gocount, say R9,123:15, should be appropriated in reduction of suspense account, which represents the loss: incurred in workirg the Hstate previous to 1890 whilet the tea was coming into bearing; and they trust the Shareholders will approve of this recommen tation. The Shareholders have to appoint a Dir-ct-r- in place oS ae mi Epes pee whose term ef ollie as expized;.and it will aleo hen oy. ir iui én Avditor for 1894.—By ordez, meppaie «os Bor, roi ters & Oo., Agentserd Seereturies, May r, 1894.] “IBEA”—OR BRITISH EAST AFRICA. We have been favoured with a copy of tho Handbook prepared in the Intelligencs Division, War ( ffic?, 1893, of ‘' British Hast Africa including Zanzibar, Uganda and the territory of the Imporial British East Africa Company.” Thisse ma avery comprehensive statoment. of territory ; but the first thing to remember is that the region diseussed in this Handbook, situated on each side of the equator and east of the (ongo State inoluding the great Lake count:y (Lakes Victoria, Albert and Albert Iidward)' bas nothing to do with the region known ag ‘‘ British Central Africa” or that of ‘' British South Afrioa.” The former of these two lies to the South of German East Africa in the neighbourhood of Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika ; whiie British South Africa is defini ely marked off by the great river Z»mb ai, all territory South of it being properly ‘‘South Africa.” It. is, of course, the ambition of Mr. Ceoil Rhodes not only to extond British Government and civilisation right up to the Zarmbesi, but gradualiy to establish 68 bond of union between all the British African States, and as the first connecting link to run the telegraph wire (now in process of construction) right up the country until Oapetown is able to communicate direct with Cairo as well as all intermediate stations. Again, while allowing tho Germans a very large block of territory, South of Lake Victoria and Eastward of Tanganyika, the British have been careful to maintain their rights to o future line of waterway which by means of lakes and rivers may extend with very little interruption from South Africa to Egypt. But leaving out of view all these grand projects and the vast development as well as latest. re- sources appertaining to ‘‘ South” and ‘‘ Central ”’ Africa, we would direct our readers’ attention solely to ‘* British East Africa” or ‘‘Ibea” as it has been happily termed, as treated of in the Handbook now before us. This work is accom- panied by two valuable maps, in one of which we have the Southeorn—or explored—portion of the territory ou # pretty considerable scale from the Coast up. to the. Lakes and the borders of the Congo State, while subsidiary sections are devoted to the islands of *' Zanzibar and Pemba,” to ‘‘Mombasa ” island and ports with the routes starting inland, and a third toa skeleton map of North-east Africa showing the relation,of this vast British territory with its estimated ‘area of 700,000 square miles (equal to thirty ‘‘ Ceylons ’’!) to the rest of the Continent northward to the Gulf of Aden and ‘Red Sea. Most of this—the country of the Gallas and Somali—is marked as within the ‘Ttalian Sphere”; but on the coast immediately opposite Aden lies ‘a British Protectorate” covering the Somalis bordering the Gulf of Aden, North of this and of ithe region one day to be sivilized and governed by Italians, comes Abyssinia —the habitat of the coffee plant, Coffea Arabica, a groat deal of which is said to grow wild in the Gallas country and right ‘up to the borders, if not within tho territory of Ibea. On further reference to the outside regions, the ‘ British Sphere” from ‘‘Ibea’’ proper is entered as ronning along the Nile—West of the Gallas and Abyssinia—for an indefinite distance; while to the West comes the great Oongo State which, though nominally independent under the Belgian King, is praotioally under British influence, The second Map/accompanying the Handbook is one showing the projected route of the ‘““Mombaga- Victoria: Lake Railway ” with the different ‘‘ Sur- veyed Routes,” as surveyed in 1892 by Capt. J. BE. Macdonald, n.e., Capt. J. W. Pringle, #-8:, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 745 Lieut. P. G, Twining, n.£., Lieut. H. A. Austin, R.E. ond Sergt. FE. H. Thomas, m.w.p., Indio. A long list of proposed stations with distances from Mombasa is shown, with the nature of the country adjacent to the railway, heights of mounteins, situatica of lakes, &o. Tho total length of tke line is given st 657 miles, the distance from Mombasa of Victoria Station on the tight bank of the river Nzira where it debouches into Berkeley Bay on the North-east coast of Lake Victoria Nyanza, in reality an inland sea situated 3,820 feet above sea-level. When, and how, this truly imperial line of railway will be made, it is at present impossible to say; but there ia little reason to doubt that the next decade will witness ifs completion whether through a subsidy granted to the (huarterod Company, or as a State line, the administration of ‘‘Ibea” being taken over by Lord Rosebery’s Government. There ig a vast portion of ‘‘Ibea” which has yet to be explored, especially towards the North; but the great peouliarity of ‘the country is the rapid rise from the Hast Coast until plateaux at an altitude of 3,000, and eventually 6,000 feet are reached in which the climate on each side of the equator approximates very much, by all accounts, to what we are accustomed in Ceylon, although the ‘rainfall seems to be considerably less. Rising out of the plateaux, we find enormous detached mountain masses—notably ‘Mount Kili- manjara (on the German borders) and 200 miles North, Mount Kenia, each over 18,000 feet. Farther North, there are mountain ranges running from 10,000 to 14,000 feet, while West of the Dake there are two or three detached mountains rising toa height almost equal to those already named. It would occupy too much space to enumerate the many rivers and minor lakes or to sketch other interesting physical features of the country. What will be more profitable for our readers—or for those of them who desire to become acquainted with ‘ Ibea’’—will be to run over the several districts or divisions of the country begin- ning with the islands of Zanzibar ond Pemba next taking the cost of mainland; the explored region from the cost as far as Lake Viotoria— with its several districts, some suitable for planting operations—Kittara or the region between the Great Lakes; and ‘finally, the little known Northern region. We need not linger long over Zanzibar with its area°of 640 square miles, population of 250/000, undulating hills rising to 440 ‘feet, annual rainfall of'about 60 inches: and temperature very similar to that of Oolombo ranging from 77° to 90° with a mean' of 80 degrees, the hottest time being from January to March. Zanzibar has orops of its own in cloves (Pemba being a great clove garden), coconuts and vegetables; but its ohief importance is as'an entrepot for the products of “Thea” brought down by osravans and across the straitin dhows. These include ivory, ebony, hides, rubber’ and minor artioles, the total valve being given at £1,300,000 in 1892. Of course, the import trade is correspondingly important, in Manchester goods, hardware, &c. We are enlightened in learning that s dozen steamers clear each week besides the visits of British and German men-of- war. The island of Pemba is 40 miles North of Zaozibar and coyers 380 square miles, being surrounded by coral reefs. The clove treo is the most important product, the export being valued at £120,000 a year. Coasr Distrior—anp Ornrr/s Drerarcrs ue to Lage Vioropra NxAnza. The seaboard of “Ibea” extends for 400 miles fac- ing the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the fiver 746 Umba, dividing British from German territory to that of the Juba, north of which comes the “Italian sphere,” The Juba is navigable for 200 miles inland, running in a northerly direction paraliel with the coast, but this country has not bsen mugh ex- plored, nor indeed as far South as the river Tana, another navigable stream into the interior. South of the Tana on the coast and within easy reach of Zanzibar are three important ports—Mombasa, Lamu and Kasmaya—which possess good harbours capable of taking in ocean steamers, and on these ports converge the trade of the interior. Unlike nearly all the rest of tropical Africa, there is here no low malarial belt to be passed at great risk to health and life before reaching the high- lands of theinterior, In‘‘Ibea,”’ immediately behind the sandstone or coral beaches, rise fertile lands, undulatiog hills and valleys watered by numerous streams and green with cultivation or open jungle. The products grown or collected include cloves, india-rubber, gum opal, orchella. oil seeds, Indian corn, millet, rice and various kinds of timber. Mombasa is the headquarters of trade and ad- ministration, a leading representative of the Company here being an ex-Ceylon planter in Mr. J, R. W. Pigott, formerly of the Matale district. The population of the town of Mombasa is esti- mated at from 15,000 to 20,000, chiefly Swahilis, descendants of Arabs and African negroid races, Muhammadans and very much Arabs in physique, but speaking an African tongue, great traders and in fact the regular ‘‘tambys’’ or pedlars of the country to its most remote villages. Mombasa is an exceedingly healthy town, and is in tele- graphic communication with the rest of the world, the oable being landed here. A number of Bombay native merohauts chiefly control the trade and hold the wealth of the place. There is a small railway at Mombasa, through the island-town—and a few miles on the mainland as if to form o start for the interior. There is no need to refer to the other coast towns, save to mention that several of them as woll as Mombasa were trading stations of the Portuguese 300 years ago, and that coconut groves are frequent at different points on the coast. Before passing into the interior, we may refer tothe great number and yariety of the native trives inhabiting ‘‘Ibea’”’ between the sea and the Lake region. There may be said to be two great divisions or stocks represented by the negroid tribes of the Bantu family in tbe Southern diyision broken up into a dozen different tribes perhaps speaking. as many dialects; and then North of these but often raiding and robbing them, the J/asai belonging more to the negroid people of the Nile, Farther North and Hast are the Galla race supposed to be-of Abyssinian descent and beyond them and ‘yery hostile. to them are the Somalis, very different in’ appearance and religion, but closely allied in blood and speech. With the Gallas and Somalis, however, we shall have nothing todo in crossing from Mombasa to the Lakes, \ whe first division must be from Mombasa to T'sayo which is-about 1,500 fest above sea level, and a distance of 146 miles by one route (which rises to 3,500 feet at one point) and 207 miles by ‘another. ‘ho railway engineers. surveyed threo routes to Tsavo; but their adopted line reaches it in about 125 miles, the highest point, being 11,700 feet. . 'Vhe, country as far as Tsavo is gener- ally uninteresting and unprofitable, except so far as cultivated by the Wa-Teita tribe with beans, Indian corn, sugar-cane, &. and they have fowls and goats, There is, however, one exception in what is called the ‘‘ forest paradiso’’ of Taveta, come 80 miles east of the great mountain Kiliman- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7 ‘mean average temperature being 68°. (May 1, 1894. jaro, a great centre of trade routes, having abund- ance of supplies—it is described as follows :~ Taveta consists of a rectangular pateh of forest some 7 miles long, lying at a height of 2.400 feet, aud situated on the River Lumi, which is a narrow, stream flowing from the mountsin southward into Lake Jipe. It contains some 10 esquere miles of cleared ground, surrounied by an outer fringe of im- penetrable jungle, only traversed by four narrow tortuous approaches, which can be easily blocked and defended. The soil is highly fertile avd produces every sort of grain and vegetable, eo that Taveta is & most prosperous place, eecure sgainst attack from marauding neighbours, and rejoicing in an ample eupply of food. Bananas, maize, beans, millet, yams, sweet potatoes, sugar cane and tobacco grow loxariantly, and there are herds of amall cattle, sheep aud goats, It has, therefore, alwaye been a great centre of caravan routes, which wait here to procure a stock of food for further journeys. Tavetsa is inhabited by two distinct ple, the Wataveta, & mixed race of Bantu obeniite” akin to the Wateita and the Wakwafi, a Masai people ‘who have se‘tled and taken to agriculture, and who epeak &@ Masai dialect. ‘The Wataveta are friendly and peaceable, extraordinarily honest, and manly and pleasant in manners. They geverally speak Swahili, owing to the constant presence of coast traders, but their own tongusis a Bantu dislect akin to that of their neighbours, In Teita and Ukambani they cul- tivate bananas, vegetables, maizs, and sweet potatoes, and exchange them with tralers for cloth and coast goodse. The population is 6,000, scattered in beehive huts among the clearings in the forest. The govern- meut is thatof the Wazee or Elders, supported by all the male population. The next great division or stage for the traveller may be put down as from Tsayo to Machakos, a distance of 157 miles by the caravan route and between 140 and 150 by the projected railway. The country along the roadway rises rapidly and steadily until at 62 miles on from Tsavo it is 3,000 feet ; at 124 miles it is 4,000 feet and at Machako’s 5,400 feet above s:a-level. Several rivers are crossed and mountain peake skirted, rising to 6,500 feet. Immediately efter crossing the Tsavo river, the district of Ukambani is entered, a mountainous well-watered region surrounded by great uniahabited plains and stretching -along the river Alki for 150 miles. Respecting Ukambani and the country on to Machako’s we may quotes from the Handbook as follows ;— It is through Ukambavi that the ronte of all tra- vellers .to the interior lies, whether the start be made by Teita across the desert, or north from Mombasa and up the Sabski valley, for both these routes meet at Zsavo on the threshold of the country: The stations in Ukambani are the following :—Tsavo, at @ height of 1,600 feet on the river of that name near its junction with the Athi; Kzbweci, in the centre of Kikumbaiiu, 3,000 feet above the pea, the site of a flourishing Scotch mission; WVzor, in Ula, in the midst of a populated and cultivated district, under a noticeable peak of 6,100 feet high, falling precipitously to the west; Machako’s, a fortified and important depot situated at a height of 5,400 feet, at the north-western extremity of Ukambani on an ele- vated plateau surrounded by hills with well-cultivated slopes. Beyond Machakos are thetreeless uninbabited grass plains of the upper Athi, ata height of 5,000 or 6,000 feet, reaching up to the boundary forest of Kikuyu, and affording little fuel, but furnished with water from the tributaries of the Atbi. Like the plains to the south and west of Ukambani they are full of big game, and lions are always to be found. Ukambani posessses 8 bracing and healthy climate, suitable for Huropeans to work in at all seasons, the The rains oecur twice a-year, the lesser in November and December, -the greater in February and March, The soil is well watered and fertile, and about half the country is wndex cultiyatigs. Sugar cape, tobacco, haricots, May 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 747 simsim, cassays, aweet potatoes, millet and maize are grown, and cattle, sheep, and goats, are kept. All Europesn ceresls and fraits would probably thrive. The country is divided into clans, each under a chief; of these the Kilungu are unfriendly both to Europeans and to their neighbours, the others are keen traders, alive to the benefits of Europ2an inter- course. The Wakamba are a negroid people akin in race to their northern neighbours in Kikuyu, and, like them, epeaking a Bantu dialect. They are aquiet industrious folk, well fitted to be workmen and porters for oatavans, and in appearance are medium sized and muscular, with filed teeth, wearing no clothes tut decorating their persons with brass wire and beads. The country ia thickly populated, and the people live in beehive huts surrounded by thorn fences, aud grouped in secluded clusters among the shambas or cultivated fields which cover the hillsides, The government is in the bands of the Wazee or elders, who are at the head of each group of buts, and certain of these Wazee are head men of larger districts, One of the privileges of old age with men is a perfect right to be continually drunk. Nearly all the men and maay of the old women are inveterate snuff-takers, tobacco being largely grown here for the purpose of making snuff, as is sugar cane for the purpose of making pombe, an intoxicating drink. The Masai, who inhabit the plains lying south and west of 'lkambani, are in the habit of raiding that country during the dry season, causing the Wakambs to retaliate by raids into Masailaad. We would draw particular attention to the fact of a flourishing Scotch Mission being established at Kiburzi, in the centre of Dikumbulia, 3,000 feet above sea-level. We do not learn much of this Miasion station save that the natives here are friendly, the stream of water beautifully clear, sport plentiful in giraffe zibra and hartbeest. Nothing is said of the missionsries establishing gardens or plantations of coffee after the fashion of their brethren of the Blantyre Mission; but apart from the probability of such being the case, Kiburzi 24 degrees from the equator, 3,000 feet above sea-level, if the soil is at all good, ought to b3 @ paradise for coffee gardens. We read of the road for 12 miles on each side of Kiburzi {which will be 180 miles from the Ooast by rail- way) being alternately through open country and dense forest or jungle and then of fields of Indian corn which must mean rich soil as also the heavy timber trees. a ee SS THE GLASGOW ESTATES CO,, LTD. An extraordinary general meeting of the share- holders of this Company has been called for Wednesday, April 25, for the purpose of considering, and if thought fit, of passing, the following special resolution, namely:—‘‘That the capital of the Glasgow Estats Company, Limited, be increased from R200,000 to R325,000 by the creation of 250 new shares of R500 each.” The object of the proposed increase is, we understand, to enable the Company to acquire Nithsdale estate, Agrapatana, adjoining Glasgow estate and consisting of 242 acres, of which 209 are in tea, QUALITY VS QUANTITY. With reference to our frequent remarks regard- ing the necessity of making high-class teas, wo read in the report of the Bisnanth Company tbat the manager has been ordered on no ac- count to sacrifice quality for quantity. As these gardens turn out early 1,000,000 lb. annually, it is evyidentthat large concerns recognise that the output of inferior teas must be restrioted,— Nilgirt News, GRANT OF LAND FOR COFFEE CULTIVATION. The Government have sanctioned the*grant of certain land in the Chamrajoagar Taluk, Mysore District, to Mr. R. H. Morris, for coffee cultivation, subject to certain conditions regarding the removal of the timber trees standing on the land —South of India Observer. <> <, FUEL FOR SIROCCOS. Considering the difficulty experienced in many of our hilitea gardens in prosuring fuel for tea-drying, we put it to the community, especially in places where coal is not available, (unless at almost prohibi- tive prices) whether it would not be advisable to institute systematic explorations to ascertain the amount of peat and suitable turf proourable from the ravines and gullies of the mountains where these are mostly to be found. We believe the only place where peat i3 made use of by Europeans is Ootaca- mund, but in certain parts of North Cachar, Sylhet and the Southern side of the Assam Valley, the structure of the country indicates the probability of these deposits being likely to be found. There are several places in Jaintia (in the plains) between the Harri and the Loobah where lignite crops out, where e find may reasonably be looked for, and though beyond the wastern stream there is an alteration in the geological contour, the ravines are well worth exsmining.—Jndian Planters’ Gazette. —_—_ > TOBACCO CULTIVATION. Though the showers of rain we had some time ago was not favourable for tha growa up plants yet on the whole the crop, this year, is a good one. The oaltivators are busily engaged in outting and curing tobacco plants. The attracting of Jaffne merchants and traders and the high prices they offered for Trincomalee tobacco has given an inducement for an extensive cultivation of tobacco. At Nelaveli, in Kaddukulampatta Crown lands were purchased and turned into tobacco gardens. Some of the money-lenders here lay ont their capital on tobacco cultivation finding that it pays better than other investments.—Trincomalee Cor. ae ee ee CEYLON’S ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS. There are no Botanic Gardens all the world over better known than the Peradeniya Gardens; and Dr, Trimen’s Annual Report invariably contains something or other of interest to those who know little of either botany or Oeylon. His remarks on the subject of cattle trespass will appeal to almost every sojourner in the Hast who takes any delight in horticulture or -any form of cultivation. He writes that it is the immemorial custom of the country (be might have said of the East,) for overy one to possess himself of a few miserable half wild and useless bullocks, regardless of whether or not he be able to afford to keep them. If he cannot do so he turns them out on the road or elsewhere and trusts to their picking up a living for them. selves, which is probably at his neighbour's expense. These active little creatures wander widely and cannot easily be caught; they do Gamage not only in what they eat, but by break- ing down and trampling. ‘“ I have fought against this nuisance for years, but without much effest, as the existing laws and public opinion appear to be against any really efficacious measures. I am advised that I must fence the grounds, but I find that in this community no ordinary live fence is any protection; anything that is not actually impenetrable is useless ; ag an indication of private property it possesses no force or Sig- nificance.” How very similar is Dr, Trimens 148 exporierice to the experienéa’ of hundreds of others in the land of Ind, ‘ Three acres and a cow” would not serve for a party ory amongst Oriental peasantry ; a'cow is ail they require to whom the acres may belong is immaterial. ‘' With the ex- ception of Helopeltis the tea-plant is remarkably free {rom serious enemies.” 80 writes Dr. Trimen and planters should rejoice to hear it. He advocates the use of the name He/opeltis in preference to “‘ tca- bug” which though correct is apt to mislead or “ mosquito” which is absolutely incorrect. Like the blessed’ word Mesopatiimia, there is some- thing sootbibg in ‘the term Helopeltis to the plantér who sees his téa-bushes shrivelling up benéath the scourage. Dr. Trimen is of opinion that if a universal slaughter were undertaken, Ceylon could cope with the. pest, As regards catcoing the inseot there is little difficulty ; the immature ones are wingleas; and the mature ones fly only;a short distance at a time. A good sugges- tion is the use of a Sniall stick tipped with jak- milk or other glutinous! substance, by which any insects may be picked quickly up a’ broad band of similar substance might be smeared round the base of the’ stems to catch any of the young onés that may have fallen to the ground and attempt to again ‘crawl up to thé leaves. The eggs are found not only on tea bushes but on cinchoha and .cacao and it is stated on some kinds of weeds, Helopeltis is said to be by no méang restricted to low elevations, but as a pest on tea, states Dr. Trimen, there is no doubt that it is chiefly to be found below 3,000 ft. ‘* At higher oslevations it is more of a straggler; I have assurance of an attack at about 4,000 ft., but it was slight, There appears to be some good evidencé that it is the inferior ‘jats’ of tea especially that suffer and that high-class plants,even when grown alongside the inferior, to a large extent escape.” This has been observed also in Assam, Another experiment of interest undertaken at these gardens is with Indiarubber (Hevea brasiliensis). There was’ a large caop of seed last year which was distributed amongs planters, but Dr. Trimen is of opinion that the cultivation of this tree is more suited for Government than for private individuals. It is twevlve years before a, profitable return can: be expétted, but once in full bearing the trees are said in Brazil to: continue to yield fora period of 75 to 100years: The oultivation of ‘nutmegs is, we learn’ from this’ Report, being extended’ greatly on the low-lying estates of Oeylon.—JZ, Mail. “COFFEE CULTURE IN BRAZIL, Tne final and’ premature abolition of slavery in 1888, without any compensation to slave owners, caused less: disturbance economically and socially than in.any other country, perhaps, in’ the history of slave emancipation,’ and-.this facts speaks’ volumes for the natural resources.of. Brozil. It is true that this event has been, to some extent, discounted by the importa- tion of free labour before that date, and though the “*fazendeiros’’ received no compensation, they may be’ said’ to have received a cértain equivalent in the shape of a‘State-wided immigration on o large ‘scale, end of loand in aid ‘of agriculture, while the coffee planter, from his preponderating influence in the Logisiatore, has proved the °spoiled child of stuc- cessive Ministers: Finance; and‘has’ not been hampered by the onerous taxation of land! customary in most old countries. At present; says Mir. Harford, the labour question is, said; to be approaching a solution in the State of S. Paulo, though there is ample room for genuine colonieation. However, the loss caused by the scarcity of hands to pick the coffee berry in the Rio de Janeire coffee zone alone was calculated at no lets than 800,000 bags in 1892,—- Commerce. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | Houlleti, “PP. Ceylonica Deodrilus’ Jacksoui. | as from: Ceylon: | fruits. [May 1, 1894. INDIAN TEA COMPANIES. Sbareholders in Indian Tea Companies will be glad to learn that the «fforts made to ularise Indian tea in the United States’are meeting with some measure of success. The export of Tadéian tea from Great Britain to the States amounted in 1892 to 600,216 lb. but lest year the total rose to $18,356 Ib: The consumption of tea generally has been steadily increasiug in America of late years. In 1868, the total consumption was only 30,625,000 lb. but in 1892 it 89 million lo, .A very small perccntage of the last-named total consisted, aeit appears, of Indian tea. But the taste is evidently developing, and we know from ‘the experisnee of this country how rapidly the liking for Ceylon and India tea spreads when once it becomes familiar to the tea-drinking community. The United States offer a splendid and almost inexhaustible market to the Indian Tea Uompanies, and no effort should be spared in cultivating it.—Financial Times. INDIA AND CEYLON TEA, The forecast of the future of the tea market which we made oa February 6th hat been justified by events. The consumption of Indian and Oeylon tea since Jannary Ist is 6,500,000 Jb. heavier than last year, while the crop from India has closed 6,000,000 Ib or 7,000,000 ib. short of the estimate, In consequence, an advance of 2d to 3rd has oc- curred. in the finer teas, and the quotation for ‘“‘type’’ on the terminal market has risen 3§d. Much interest is felt in the forthcoming Budget, Owing 10 the rumours of a free breakfast table ; and it is generally aamitted that it would be a good thing for tbe trade if the duty were taken off, as the restnciions and expense of working in the bonded waiebouses would be avoided, The first effect of such a'measure would. probably be shown in a large |inerease of Indian ana Ceylon {ci exported trom London through the —Financial. News. > ————_ PICKINGS WITH AN APPLICATION. lu an exhaustive paper on the classification and distribution of Eartnworms by. Frabk E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S-E., F.Z.8. Prosector and Davis lecturer to the Zoological Society of London, and lecturer on Biology at Grey’s Hospital. (published in the ‘Journal of the Royal :Physical Society of Edinbumgh”’) the following are given, under the “ Oriental region,” as occurring’ in Ceylon’: Pericheta gee e following: insufficiently known species are also given Perichosta leneocycla, P. Viridis; P. bryacbycyela, and P. Cingulata. medium of the blender. The, name orange is derived from ‘the latin aurum, gold, owing to the gold colour of the ordivary ripe The’ orange 1s said to have originally been a small bitter berry not larger than a cherry, and very seedy, In Hindustan it has been cultivated irom a very remote period, and was taken from that country to Arabia and Persiain the eighth er ninth centuries. lt is said to have received little or no attention from cultivators of fruits in any of the countries last named prior to the tenth century, there being a tradition that it was a‘cursed fruitsent by Mahomet to -destroy the unfaithiul. In thé 10thand llth centuries) the cultivators of Omen and Syria began the cultivation of the tree in earnest, the truit going under the name of ‘ bigarada.’ By the end of the 12th century the crusaders brought it with themon their returnfrom Jerusalem. It was‘ well-known but not extensively cultivated in Italy, Spain, and France | before the middle of the 16th century, 400 years afte. , its introduction inte the first named country, thy May 1, 1894. } reason being a survival with an addition, of the old Mohomedan tradition, viz., thatthe use of the fruit would cause the partaker to eproll bimself with the legions of Islam whether ‘he desired or no. The Spaniard finally attemptcd and succeeded in cultiv- ating it in their West Ind‘an colonies, and from there it found ita way to Florida, Cen/ral America, Mexico, and Qalifornia, always improving in size and flavour until if became ove of the most perfect of fruit, The Australian Commercial Oommissioners, in an interview with H. EH. the Governor of Madras, are reported to have mentioned ‘the suceass which theijxr miseion hed met with in Ceylon, and said tbat they had come to MaJras hoping to meet with the same success.” Mr. Rowe is reported to have given the experience be had gained in Colombo, as regards frozen meats thus:—'‘ The meat supply for the army there is admittedly very inferior, end the military authorities wire prepared {o give Australian frozen meat a t.isl if it could be obtained at the same price which the same mest realized in Englaud, namely, from 4d to 43d per lb. These prices, however, at the present freights would scarcely pay the Australian exporter. If the Guvernment of Ceylon were prepared to, advance a 4d on the lb. more, one at least of the large exporters of frozen ment was prepared to undertake a contract, and to commence supplying meat within two months of the date of signing the contract.” In Madras, however, the Commissioners do not seem to have much success. With regard to the frozen meat business, Lord Wenlock stated that he had gone fully icto this subject in conjunction with his Military Secretary and had come to the conclusion that the supply of frozen meat in India on anything like a satisfactory scale, remunerative to the con- sumer and exporter alike. was impracticable. With regard to compre:sed fcdders, the A sistant Adjutant- General stated that the military authorities were very well satisfied with their present fodder supply. His Excellency the Governor remarked with regiid to the wines that he did not see what market there would be in a country where the chief bever»ge was whisky aud soda, He said that the generél opinion was that there was much less wine drinking iu India among Huropeans now than was formerly the oase. The on'y consola- tion the Commissioners seem to have received is the assurance that the Governor would be g'ad to receive some samples of their pro‘u:ts and test them and give his priva'e opinion on their merits, but beyond that he could do nothing further as matters of this kind were best left to private enterprise. Says the Rural Californian, referring to dried frnit :— The trade in dried figs, prunes and raisins is nearly altogether in the hands of France, Italy, Spaiv, ani the Orient, The annual consumption of these is eu- Ormous; as. steple articles they are found in the most humble village store, But with these and dried appl s the acquaintance euds. Peaches and apricots are almost nukoown; what has come in has been mainly from the River Murray Colonies in Australia, A recent shipment of these cried apricots sold iu the London markets freely at 98 shillinga per 100 |b. that is, over 20 per cent per }b. wholesale. Mr. Chardonn:-t is oredi‘ed, with having, invented & process of manufacturing artificial silk trom wood- pulp. This pro esé is as follows: The pu'p is drid and is then tceated for transformation in the ordi- nary way into collodion. That done, the viscous fluid is placed iu a vessel of p:euliar construction, fitted at the bottom with a filter. Compressed air is forced into it by means of «an air-pump, which drives the collodion through the filter into a horizontel tube fitted with a very large number of cooke. Wach of these cooks has a spout made of glass, which 1s piecced with a minute hole, no larger than the ciameter of silkworm’s thread. Through these holes tho fluid ie foreed in long fine fibres, six of which are twisted together to make one thread for THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 749 weaving. Befcreit is wound off, the thread is steeped in water and hardengg (the water taking out all the ether and alcohol wh¥h were in the collodion), after which it has all the strength and glossy brilliance of the best natural silk. Mr. Chardornet bas op:ned a mauvfactory at Besancon, to prepare silk and carry on the business. —__——-—>__-—____—_- TEA AND SCANDAL. In 1746, John Andree in a book entitled ‘Cases of Epilepsy, &c.”. describes one-of palsy and convulsions from eating of tea. He tells-how ‘a girl of about twelve years of age was taken last year with loss of appetite, grew pa'e and languid, and soon after the left side of her face became paralytic, and her speech began to falter, her arms a legs not at ali affected. She had no colic pains, which I first inquired’ after, thinking it might be owing to the efluvia from lead (which exert their pernicious effects chiefly at first in that manner), she being a Glacier’s daughter; bug found that she had made free with her mother’s cannisters, and. privately eat tea, for about 6 or 7 weeks last past. As she was pale and languid, I ordered no bleeding, but a blister to her reck, &c. see AS this case partakes of the nature of the Chovea Sancti Vite it belongs properly enough to this collection, though my chief view of inserting it, is to show the pernicious effects of the intemperate use of tea. Schroder, who is very sanguine in his commen- dation of this vegetable, praises its virtues for all manner of rheums, catharrhs; indigestion, weakness of the reins, joints.and gout. And sums up all with saying that it is an augmenter of human strength, and preserves from all infections of the air, to which purpose divers Ambassadors residing in China used it in his time inthe morning. “ As adilute and detergent it may properly enough be used in some cases he mentions, but we know from longer experience that as it rarities and dissipates the finer juices which should serve to actuate the nerves, it brings on Tremors, Vertigos, Watchings and all manner of hypochondriac, hysteric, and paralytic disorders, and therefore is by no means to be losked upon as a preserver of human strength. And Iam persuaded that the frequent use of this plant is the chief cause, next to private dram drinking, which I am afraid is too much practised, of the various nervous complaints, that are so common among the fair sex. “‘ Before this child took to eating the tea, she was healthy, brisk and active : her pattie disorder can therefore be attributed to no other cause. And as the smaller branches of nerves were already affected, it is reasonable to suppose that by the continu-d excess in tea, the Origin, which on account of its stronger texture remained hitherto unmolested, would in process of time have also suffered, the consequence of which must haye been a total relax- ation, and destruction of the animal frame. On the contrary it appears that when this abuse was laid aside, and proper medicines applied, she was saon restored to her former state of health,’’ ¥ Do you know what Amblyopia means? It. comes from the Greek amblus, dim, and ops, eye: so means ‘dim sight.” The Lancet of 1887 describes a case of § Tea Amblyopia’ thus :—‘‘ We read in a contem- porary that M. Molchanoif, » Russian, who is reported to be the wealthiest tea merchant in the world; has arrived at Paris from Hankoy, with the intention of placing himself under the treatment of Doctor Charcot.and an experienced French ophthalmic gur- geon. The great tea magnate is suffering from amblyopia, which it is said is the result of the pro- longed practise of tea-tasting. It is not unlikely that tea taken in excess might produce amblyopia simi- lar in character to those toxic amauroses which reanit from the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, opium and quinine, But we are not aware that this form of amélyopia has been periicu/arly described. Wecker does not mention it in the last volume of his large work just completed, and it ig not mentioned in the eal Lneyclopedie, or in 759 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. May 1, 1894. the Grafe Saemisch Handbuch, ‘Tew is hardly indulged in this country to a sufficient extent to produce any merked effects upon the nervous system. But it is ney 8 sedative, and acts powerfully upon the eart.”” Do you feel bad after that? Then take the fol- lowing, presoribed by F. W. Pavy io ‘Food and Dietetics’ ;—‘‘ Lemon Peel Tea, Pare the rind thinly from & lemon, which has been previously robbed with half an ounce of lump sugar. Put the peelings and the augar into a jug, and pour oyer them a quart of boiling water. When cold, decant the liquid, and add one tablespoouful of lemon juice.” [Then drink till finished ! A, M, F,] Alas! a Scotchman, and of the name of Robert Fer- guseon, (the double s aocounts for it), wrote some poems: among them one on ‘Tea’: and although he begins well he ends miserably—for he more than yamos with faint praise over ‘ Celestial Tea.’ I leave you to judge for yourselves from the following quota- on’s :— Ye maidens modest! On whose sallen brows Hath weaning chaetity her wrinkles cull’d. Who constant labour o’er consumptive oil, At midnight knell, to wash sleep’s nightly balm From closing eyelias, with the grateful drops Of tea’s blese’d juices: list the obsequious lays, That come not, with Parnassian honours crown’d, To dwell in murmurs o’er your sleepy sense : Bat, fresh from Orient blown, to chase far off Your lethargy. * * 4 For many a dame, in chamber sadly pent, Hath this reviving liquor call’d to life. * *” But Venus, goddess of the eternal smile, Knowing that stormy brows but ill become Fair patterns of her beauty, hath ordain’d Celestial tea; a fountain that can cure The ills of passion, and can free from frowns, And sobs and sighs, the disappointed fair. To her ye fair! in adoration bow, Whether at blushing morn, or dewy eve, Her smoking cordials greet your fragrant board, With Hyson, ot Bohea, or Congo crown’d. * * Mark well the fair! Observe their modest eye, With all the innocence of beauty bless’d. Could slander o'er that tongue its power retain, Whose breath is music ?—Ah, fallacious thought ! The surface is ambrosias’ mingled sweets ; But all below is death. At tea-board met Attend their prattling tongues: they scoff, they rail Unbounded. * * * * O Gold ! thy luring lustre first prevail’d On man to tempt the fretful winds and waves, And hunt new fancies. Still thy glaring form Bids commerce thrive, and o’er the Indian waves, O’er stemming danger draw the laboring keel From China’s coast to Britain’s colder clime, Fraught with the fruits and herbage of her vales. In them whatever vegetable springs, : How loathsome and corrupted, triumphs here, The bane of life, of health the sure decay: Yet, yet we swallow and extol the draught, Though nervous ails should spring, and vaporish Our senses and our appetites destroy. [qualms Look ronnd, ye sipplers of the poison’d cup From foreign plant distill’d! No more repine, That nature, sparing of her sacred sweets, Hath doom’d you in a wilderness to dwell; While round Britannia’s streams she kindly rears Green sage and wild thyme.—These were, sure, As plants of Britain, to regale her sons (decreed, With native moisture, more refreshing sweet,- And more profuse of health and vigor’s balm, Than all the stems that India can boast.’ Beginning to feel somewhat discouraged myself by the above dismal effects ‘of tea, I took up ‘‘The Golden Butterfly,’ by Besant and Rice, to restore cheerfulness: but at the’ very outset I am again crushed. Phyllis, the heroine, takes an unearthly early walk in London, and wanders by mistake into a tavern. The pot boy asks her to give “it” a name, and she says ‘Thank you very much. I should like to have a cup of tea, if I could take it outside.’ He shook his head, a gesture of dis- appointment. “It can’t be had here. Tea!” as if he had thought better things of so much beamty— “Tea! Swipes! After all, miss, it’s your way, and no doubt you don’t know no better. There’s a early cauffy-'ouse a little way up the street. You must find it for yourself, because the dawg he don’t know it: knows nothink about tea, that dwag. You go out, miss, and Owsar he'll go too.” And it’s time I went too, or I shall hear some- thing from the Editor about “Aut Caesar, aut Nibli.” A. M. Fereuson. LES COFFEE IN SOUTH INDIA. The Peermaad Coffee Spike was just saved by the heavy showers of the last week. A few more days of drought, which bad beenvery severe iadeed, and the fine spike would have been ruined. The Shevaroy blossom is rejoicing the hearts of coffees planters. The cowiog crop, as your Yercsul corre spondent remarks elsewhere, willbe a very good oue on most estates, especially out at Nagalore where proprietors are going abead iu hopes of a bumper orp The Spike in Coorg is coming on gradually frow latest advices, evidently it is tobe a bumper crop al! round. Yet the rain—in some places they haye had over 3 inches—is just a /eetle too plentifal for un- mixed joy. Forward estates area bit fankyas to the next move, in fact here and there the “black spot” shows up ominously.—South India Observer. > - é VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. The cacao crop of Ecuador for 1893 is said to be the best on record, aggregating 401,654 quintals as against 334,625 quintals in 1892. The heaviest previous crop was in 1886, which was 17,000 quintals less than last year’s yield. The quality in 1893 has also been good.—American Grocer. Correz in 8S, Inp14.—From all sides we hear Coffee planters are in high spirite, and the promise of 1894 being a bumper season seems general. Not only coffee, but the whole agricultural in- terest throughout India seems to have the prospect of a good year which should naturally relieve the burden of a diminishing rupee.—Nilgiri News. Roya Garpens, Kew, BULLETIN oF MiIscELLANEOUS INFORMATION for March has the following contents :— Sugar-cane Disease in Old World, Seminal Variation in the Sugar-Cane. Improvement of Sugar-Oane by Ohemical Selection of Seed Cane’. Guzerat Raps. Agrioulture in British Honduras. Decides Kowenses, VIII. Artificiel Production of Qitric Acid. Miscel- laneous Notes. AUSTRALIAN CoMPRESSED FurAce IN CEYLON.— Compressed forage is a line which is perfectly new to Ceylon and the East, writes our special correspondent with the Victorian Trade Commis- sioners at Colombo, and has attracted as much attention as all the other products together. The line has ‘‘caught on” firmly as the order for- warded this week oan testify. But these first orders are only trial ones, as prejudice is difficult to overcome in the horse world as wel! as amongst mankind. There is no Customs duty upon this compressed forage; therefore, if the Australiaa patentees include their royalty in a moderats charge for pressing, if none but the best material is used in the manufacture, and if shipping and other charges are reduced so as to allow the commodity to obtain ‘a firm foothold in foreign markets, there is an absolute certainty of an excellent trade being done not only in is Island, but throughout the East.—Australasian. May 1, 1894. ] CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA. THE CAMPAIGN TO OUST “CHINA'S” AND “JAPAN’S.” HOW THE CASE STANDS NOW ? Travelling up and down country and during an absence of nearly a fortnight from Colombo, we have heard a great deal about the pro- posed “Tea Campaign in America,’ and we had the advantage of being present with two gentlemen who know a good deal about business in America, Mr.P. R. Buchanan and Mr. J.G. Wardrop, Manager of the Colombo Commercial Co., Ld., and a prominent member of the Chamber of Commerce, when the whole subject was very fully threshed out. We have also had the advantage of listening to the opinions of a considerable number of planters, though, in view of the approaching meeting and the uncertainty attending the result, it will be best to mention no names nor indeed to particularize as to the views expressed. We should, indeed, be very much astonished if a ‘‘do-nothing” policy were adopted by the Planters’ Association. We cannot, for a moment, believe that a vote can be carried to put a stop at this time to the ‘Tea Customs’ Cess’” as well as to the voluntary “Tea Fund.’ Maintain the former and wind up the latter is, so far as we know, the prevailing opinion and we trust Saturday’s meeting will yield a corresponding result, Last mail brought to Ceylon an Hstimate from a well-informed quarter, showing that 245 million lb. of Indian, Ceylon, China and Java teas are expected to be imported into the United Kingdom during the current year; and the question is very properly asked, how is this to be taken off? Without help from outside countries—and especially America—the result would certainly be very serious for Ceylon and Indian planters and increasingly so year by year to follow. There is another point: we are all aware that, however much we may preach the danger of ‘“‘over-production,” a large number of proprietors both here and in India, are stll adding clearings, large or small as the case may be, to their tea plantations. Now, in the face of the statistical facts of Tea Production and Consumption, this policy of the gradual extension of cultivation would be quite unjustifiable, unless the proprietors are prepared to support the campaign to get our tess introduced into new countries. lt is only by both Ceylon and India entering heartily (whether unitedly or separately) on this American Tea Campaign to drive out * China's and Japan's” that their increasing cultivation and crops can at all be justified, and we can conceive of no clearer or more imperative duty before producers at this time than to do all in their power to cap- ture America for Ceylon and Indian teas. In this light we are glad to understand that the Chamber of Commerce is by no means to be taken as opposing an American Campaign through the agency of the Tea Coss, provided p really sound, business-like 96 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISsT. 78% proposal can be formulated. This igs Mr. Wardrop's opinion and notwithstanding the utterances of the Chairman, he is borne out by the motion actually carried in favour of a joint Committee of the Association and Chamber to consider such proposal. One important fact in this connection seems to hava been overlooked, namely, that it is much more the place of the Planters’, than of the Mer- cantile, representative body, to take action towards securing the continuanc of the Tea Cess. It was at the instance of the planters that the Cess was originally imposed and it .is certainly for the Association (rather than the Chamber) now to ask the Government to be good enough to continue to collect the Cess after the Chicago ex- penditure is fully met, and to hand the pro- ceeds over, monthly or quarterly, to the Committee of the Planters’ Association as the natural trustees for the tea producers of the country—the same to be expended in iniro- ducing our tea into America (jointly with the Indian Fund ?) or generally into new coun- tries. That, we take it, is the first duty imposed upon Saturday’s meeting. It is, indeed, embodied in a motion carried at the Dikoya Planters’ Association, and we cannot seo any possible opening for objection on the part of Government, or of the merchants, if the Planters’ Association resolve on such a course of procedure. We have next to consider the much more difficult aud controverted question of how to go to work in America, in order to get our teas far more rapidly into demand than would be the case if everything at this crisis were left to private enterprise. First of all, anything like interference with re- tailers, or the opening of special Ceylon or Indian Tea Stores is now generally con- demned, We haye not the slightest doubt —notwithstanding the sneers of “ Old Colonist ’’ among others—that the pioneering work of Messrs. MacCombie Murray, Pineo, Arthur, Elwood May and others, is bearing much good fruit in the present day and that there is a steady demand for acertain quantity of our teas in the Hastern States which is almost solely due to the labours and adver- tisements of these gentlemen. Not one rapee of Ceylon money spent over them has, in our opinion, been wasted. [A curious, interesting and important fact brought out by Mr. P. R. Buchanan is that British- grown teas (whether Indian or Ceylon) are almost universally spoken of as ‘ Ceylons ” by dealers throughout the States. One scarcely ever hears of the term ‘ Indians.”} Still, the stage at which we have now arrived is emphatically one for dealing with, and through, the Wholesale Dealer. There is then another point which has gradually been brought out and which we believe bas influenced the members of the Chamber, as it has a number of thinking men upcountry, and thatis, that the work now to be done in America must be through the agency of experts, Following on the group of pioneer tea store-keepers and advertisers, came the greatest petailabop aud adverse. ‘ 752 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894! ment of all, namely the Chicago Exhibition and to what Ceylon and India have done there, we ueed not particularly refer beyond repeating that in this island, there is but one opinion of the admirable way in which the Hon. J. J. Grinlinton discharged to the full, the function and commission entrusted to him, He deserves every word of praise allotted, both officially and unofficially : for the latter he has won the high opinion of his fellow-colonists and of the intelligent natives'and this he will deem a great reward. Officially, the acknowledgment of his meri- torious work has yet tocome and we have said it ought to be “ #.0.M.G." to correspond with that of the New South Wales’ Commis- sioner; while others hold it will be “ c.m.c.” But be that as it may, what bas now to be said is that Mr. Grinlinton’s duty and function closed with the Exhibition, and that it ought not tobe re-opened. We have all along felt that those who were pushing Mr. Grinlin- ton’s name to the front, as the man to go back to America as the business agent of the planters were doing him no kindness, but a distinct disservice. For one thing, it would bea clear coming down for the Exhibition Commissioner ; he would have no official appointment or status ; he would be expected to work in a way which no Colonist of his years or stand- ing, let alone his training, should be expected to do; he would have to convince wholesale dealers and American tea experts of the advantages of Ceylon (and Indian) teas over ‘‘ China’s”’ and “ Japan's” as if he had been all his life in the trade; and the work is one which should engage the close, unremitting at- tention of whomsoever is appointed for at least three, if not five, years to produce adequate results. We feel sure if these and other facts are taken into consideration, it will be under- stood that to call on our Commissioner to risk the high reputation he has secured, by a work, finished and complete in itself, would be the reverse of what is fitting and right, and opposed to the conditions under which the new Campaign must be undertaken. These conditions point to the engagement of a first-class London Tea Broker—an expert who can be thoroughly trusted to enter con amore on his work among American wholesale dealers and tea experts,—as the right man now to carry on the Campaign throughout North America against China and Japan, and in favour of Ceylon and Indian teas. Such a man can no doubt be selected (by advertise- ment or a Committee) from Mincing Lane. As a Broker, he will have been all his life trained to consider the interests of producers on the one side and of the wholesale dealers on the other. He will have his instructions and will be expected to follow them; but his one great mission and object will be to demonstrate theinferiority of “‘ China’s” and ‘‘Japan’s” and the good reasons for each dealer taking up with the better teas, lest his rivals in the trade cut in before him. The representative will have an “ entertain- ment” allowance and will doubtless, know how to work this branch. Moreover, he must aso; bighsolass, highly-paid agent be fully trusted, and will therefore be empowered to ad- vise and draw on the Committee in charge of the Indian-Ceylon Fund, in order to advertise or to pay commission or bounty, as he may deem advisable after testing the market, sounding the wholesale dealers, and otherwise deciding ou the best course to pursue. The Broker- Agent will know well that his mission will be judged by results and his training must lead him to prefer the building up of a good solid, rather thana flashy business. As to his impartiality between India and Oeylon, we cannot conceive of any Agent who could be moreso. In London he has been accustomed to deal with both teas: he is intimately acquainted with their qualities: his province is not to think of where a tea grows, but of the kind of tea to suit his customer. He will spread before the wholesale dealer and his expert, a fairly representative assortment of Indian and Ceylon teas and will call on him to test and select what suits him best. But we may say that here Ceylon, while profiting by the larger “fund” which united action would ensure, is likely to score very decidedly in the selection of suitable teas, and for the same reason as brought Ceylon so rapidly to the front in the United Kingdom and Australasia as the superseder of China tea, namely that it is milder and comes nearer the superseded tea, than average “ Indian’s.” Indian planters would eventually benefit by ‘*Qeylons’’ forming stepping-stones to their stronger teas, suitable for blends—and, at once, the benefit would be in the slackening of competition in Mincing Lane, by so much “ Ceylons” as were added to the existing American consumption. It has been said that if Ceylon has a Broker or other Tea Expert or representative all to herself, to push her own tea only, and ignore India, there may come a special demand for ‘“ Ceylon’s” in America with a distinct advantage in price, apart from the lessening competition in London. In other words, Ceylon would do better to act alone. But against this, is to be-put the more limited fund available to the Agent, and the very real risk of rivalry and com- petition with two men pushing ‘Indians ” and “ Ceylons” and the dealers playing the one off against the other and in some cases, saying ‘“‘ Don’t bother us—a plague o’ both your houses.” This result, we say, is more likely to arise from. India and Ceylon working separately through two independent Agents, each intent on making the better show for his principals. A middle course is for both countries to unite with one Fund and a Joint Committee to select two representatives—a tea selling ex- pert and a tea producer—to work together, so that the one could tell the dealers all about how the tea is grown and made, and the other how it compares in the cup, &e, with China’s and Japan’s. In our opinion, Ceylon has everything to gain from joint action. We should be most foolish to refuse such an “ally” as the Indian Tea Fund for America, promises to be, and still more to court rivalry, ox competing agents, W a 2 & = May 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 753 Kae joint action is practicable. It has been said, —“Why should not the representatives of India and Ceylon work amicably, even if paid and appointed separately?’ Well, is it in correspondence with trade instincts or ‘human nature? One Agent is appointed to push “Ceylon” teas by hook or by crook; the other to do the same for ‘“‘Indians.'’ Would the one not be jealous of the other making a greater show? Would he not be in a very differ- ent position to a Broker-representative whose one object would be to give the wholesale dealers the very largest choice of samples of pure teas—from the weakest Ceylon to the strongest Assam—for them to choose from? We have looked at the matter from every point of view, and we still ad- here most strongly to the wisdom of joint action, and to the balance of advantage from following such a course being distinctly on the side of Ceylon. Nevertheless, if the planters decide otherwise—or rather if the Joint-Committee to be appointed to consider the course of procedure, so decide—we are free to confess that the Campaign can be fought and with the prcspect of successful results—though not, in our opinion, such speedy and satisfactory results. For, if a joint campaign is started having for its one object to supersede China and Japan teas in America,—if there is ‘‘a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull _ all together,”—we believe that a great and important change might be expected in a very short time. We are not afraid to say that if a start were made this year, 1896 might see the 20 to 30 million lb. of Ceylon and Indian tea taken off in America, with the prospect of an increase year by year in leaps and bounds. Let the despondent among our planters and merchants know that such a revolution in the American tea trade has already taken place. Talking with one of the largest dealers in America, who had been won over to take a favourable view of the new teas, Mr, ‘Buchanan said:—‘‘I suppose in any case, the ‘increased demand for Ceylon and Indian teas in “ America must be very gradual over a long series ‘of years.”—‘‘Not so”’—was the reply—‘ if once they begin to be dealt with by the trade generally; and for these reasons, (1) you have & good article, and (2) Japan teas have been steadily deteriorating for years. Now I (said the speaker) have been long enough (over thirty years) in the tea trade, to remember when America drunk no Japan’s; but within two years of the taste being approved, Japan's became all the rage inthe United States.” Clearly this dealer implied that it the Advertising Campaign of Ceylon and Indian teas—for whether it be by Agent or Bounty or anything elee, still it means advertis- ing—is pursued vigorously, even he might see in a very few years, another big revolution in the American taste, and the good, sound, superior Ceylon and Indian teas become all the fashion. So mote it be. It is impossible to think of the speoial intelli- gence of the American people and not to feel sure that when they know that the experts of their own and every other country admit the great superiority of Ceylon and Indian teas, they should not begin to discard the inferior article. We bad written so far, when the letter of the Obnirman of she Asoc ciation enclosing the succinot business-like and feasible soheme of Mr. PR. R. Buchanan, reached us, We need not comment upon it: where it differs from what is above, it will be for those concerned to where the advantage lies. Meantime, so coon ag the Government consent to continue the Cess, and a joint-Committeo ig appointed, the latter might well call on all and sundry to follow Mr, Buchanan's example, and send in schemes in an equally brief clear form to be taken into cone sideration before a final decision ig arrived at. ———q~____ THE POSITION OF INDIAN, CEYLON, AND JAVA TEA. Messrs. Geo. White & Co., in their annual Indian Ceylon, and Java tea report of March 19, 1894 aay : Notwithstanding that the total yield from all quarters will probably be less than at one time anticipated Supplies generally appear likely to be sufficient for ordinary requirements, One of the chief features noticeable, both in some of the teas from India, especially from Assam and Darjeeling, and also in mo-t from the high districts of Oe;lon, was the marked variation in the quality received from the same estates.In many instances a fine invoice was followed by one much inferior, and again succeeded by another good one, and so on throughout causiog prices to fluctuate considerably. Oonsequently regular buyers of well-known marks often experienced much difficulty in determining their course of action as regards purchasing. From this it would seem that the weather in many of the tea districts was moro changeable than ordinary. Although the home consumption shows an increase of nearly 1,000,000 1b. this is disappointing, but may be accounted for by the high prices current for common descriptions during the first half of the year. Exports of China from London exhibit 2 marked decrease, probably due to larger direct ship- ments to the Continent. It is therefore necessary In estimating our wants for the coming season that this gradual changing of the situation should be kept in view. At present crop estimates from India have not been received, and must when they do arrive be considered only approximate, as nearly everythicg depends, both-in India and Osylon, upon the weather duriag xaanufacture. The following, however, appear to be the quantities that will moat likely be sent from the different countries to meet our require ments, viz.;— urged Bay, Ib, Indias may be expected to furnish 120,000,000 Ceylon do do <98 80,000,000 Java do do aes 4,000,000 China do do 41,000,000 Ib, 245,000,000 PROSPECTS, Should these figures prove correct, it is evident there will be a larger quantity of British-grown tea to deal with than last season. Young bushes from the areas planted out three or four years since will now come into bearing, and it is a question whether the outlook forsome time is sufficiently good to induce estate ownersto make furtherextensions. ‘he present rate of home consumption appears hardly enough to absorb these increasing supplies, as owing to their superior strength they go further in domestic use than a similar weight of Ohina Congou. Consequently the importance of continuing to pusk them in other countries claims the attention of every- one interested in the development of the industry. Trade with the Continent is steadily growing, while the efforts made at the Chicago Exhibition will pro- bably have a far-resobing influence in the United States. Considering that the world’s consumption of tea, not including the amount used locally in China, is from 450 to 470-million 1bs,, of which India and Ceylon do not at present furnish one-half, thera mauat be ample room for expansion if the produce of China aud Japan oan be atill further displaced in the conn- tries where they are at present obiefly taken, Thig 754 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894. bas already occurred in some quarters, as scen by the shipments to the Australian Colonies and the Persian Gulf; P MANUFACTURE, As regards the make of the leafin Ceylon, it would appeor that this process bas on the whole received considersble attention, thcugh when flushes were heavy in November aud December, from some districts the appearance was brown and mixed, which might be partly attributable to want of withering space et the factories. Similarcauses no doubt contributed tothe difficulty of turning out fine descriptions ; hence the large proportion with thin, pointless in- fusions. It is to be ‘hoped that the weather will enable planters to send teas with more etrength and flavour, so that these growths may not fall in the estimation of the public. With the larger out-put looked for, it should be worth while tosecure quality, eyen though by so doing the quantity of common is lessened. Buinine, &c.—More factory-bulked tea has becn received, especially from Ceylon, and as a rule the appearance hes been found snfiiciently regular to oDyte the need of iccurring extra expense in bulking ere. ANALYsIS OF Crop. Cryiton.—Arrivals since July 1 have not shown so mueh fluctuation in quality asin the previous year, though circumstances evidently only admitted of the manufasture ofan ordinary crop. Low-lying districts will probably give a fairly good result, but thoce at a higher level appear to have had uousual obstacles to contend with, and so-lavye been unable to send _ the choice full-flavoured kinis looked for from those querters. From July 1 last about 74,000 packages have been disposed of here in excess of the same pericd of 1892-93.—H. and OC. Mail. —V—_—_—_—— ALUTKELLE GOLDEN TIPS. The box of Alutkelle estate Golden tips which was offered R1 at the last tea sale was again put up by Messrs. Somarville. & Co. ani was bought by them at the rate of R2 perlb, The box weighs 7 Ib. ee NOTES ON PRODOCE AND FINANCE. TEA anD Sinver.—This is perhaps the quietest season of the year with those interested in the tea industry at home, as the feeling is one of expectation rather than activity. In about a month the tea --companies will begin to issue their reports, and until these important documents are made public there is little to occasion much ‘interest. The great currency question which agitates other commer- ciel circles trading in the Hast is felt much less acutely by tea proprietors, who for the most part are not adversely affected, or at least do not feel the effect of the depreciated rupee in the same degree as Indian and Ceylon traders gen- erally. Indeed, the uniform steadiness of tea shares and the prospects of tea companies generally are in marked contrast to the general disturbance and de- pression to be found elsewhere. The outlook generally for the tea industry is anything but uneatisfactory, although, owing to exceptional circumstances, there may be a few cases where the silver question is pre- judicial to uxiform prosperity. There may be appre- hension at to the future if the decline in silver con- tinues, but on the whole that which has troub!ed the mind of the exporter is accepted up to now by the importer of produce with a certain degree of equani- _mty. : : Last Weexr’s Tea Marxket.—The market. for ‘all grades of Indian tea, says the Produce Market Review, is © sironger, but the advance is most marked in the finest kinds, which continue in.comparative )imited supply. Zhe commoner descriptions have risen from 3d to 3d with every appearance of jnersased firmress later on. Iu medium kinds the advance bas been grester, and the demands shows distinct improvement, notwithstend- ing the nesr approach of Haster. With sn inereasing consumption, and a strong statistical position, it will not be surprising if a further general adyarce in the prices of Indian tes is establislied during the next few weeke: The public sales of Ceylon texs have again been small aud @ brisk business bas heen done in all deseriptions, the tendency generally being distinctly firmer while in many cases advanced rates were paid. With small supplies coming forwerd during the next few weeks end the strong statistical position of Indian tear, this im- provement is likely to last, and as prices are still very moderate, an increase in the demand from the retail trade may be expected. The pr:portion of fine growths continues very small and any teas of good quality realised full prices.—H, and C. Mail, March 23. —__2——____—_- INDIAN TEA DISTRICTS. Darjeeling, Terai, and the Dooars are suffer- ing from want of rain, and what with wells running dry and no water in the streams, matters are becoming serious. There have been heavy hailetorms in Sylhet and some gardens have been so severely cut up, that the damege has had to be specially reported on.—Nilgiri News. ———>—____ INJURIOUS INSECTS. For the seventeenth year in succession Miss Or- merod has issued her report, on this occasion show- ingthe nature of the principal insect-attacks during the year 1893. The prolonged drought was in many cases unfavourable to plant-growth, whilst it was propitious to some insects, such as the Gout fly (Chlorops taeniosut). For eel-wormsan application of 6,000 lb. per acre of carbolic acid mixed with twenty times its bulk of water, is recommended , but for greenhouses no hope is entertained of getting rid of all the pests.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. we ee BRITISH GUIANA. British Guiana is justly entitled to plume itself upon its excsptional prosperity. When Tro'lope visited it he was struck with the evidences of its well being, at a time when most of the West Indian Islands were depressed ; and since then the sugar-planters have continued todo well and the gold mines, first worked in 1886, are already producing at the rate of half a million a year. This does not quite justify an official surmise that “the goldfields of British Guiana will equal, if not surpass, those of California and Australia ”; but it accounts for labour on the plantations being scarce, Still it is hardly fair of local patriots to invite Europeans to emigrate to this prosperous settlement. The Blue Book we have just quoted honest)y describes British Guiana as a “ great lone land, whose forests are es pathless and gloomy as those of darkest Africa, whose soil teems with gold and natural riches but where the climate is treacherous to the stranger and where the seeker after wealth is as likely to find a grave as a fortune.” —Westminster Budget, —__—_—_@—____ TEA IN THE WynaaD is decidedly looking up. Mr. Romilly’s 130 acres which he planted up last June on his estate at Maypadi is looking remarkably well, and up to date he hes only sus- tained abcui 4 per cent of failures. He intends planting up another 170 acres of tea this year: the elevation of his estate is, we may mention some .2,000.to 3,000 feet, this means huge yields,— Indian Planters’ Gazette, May t, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 95s BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA: An OrriciaL NEwspAreR STARTED: NEWS OF Oxp FRIENDs. Just as we are in the midst of writing about “ British East Africa” from Mombasa up to Uganda, there arrives very interesting in- telligence from the other great British-African sub-tropical division in the shape of a letter from Mr. Alex. Whyte, formerly of Kandy and Nuwara Hliya, and copies of ‘The British Central Africa Gazette’—the first newspaper, we suppose, published in Africa between Natal—or say The Transvaal—and Egypt. Mr. Whyte writes from Zomba under date 8th Feb.—so that his letter has taken nearly two months en rowte—as follows :— *Tsend you copy of our new paper; The British Central Africa Gazette and copies of it will be posted to you regularly in future. In return, Commissioner Johnston will feel much obtiged if you will post us the weekly Observer. “ T should have written to you long ere this and re- peatediy if I had had time, but my duties here, as you may imagine, in a new country have been very numerous and absolutely no time has been left for outride corre- spondence, I think, however, that 1 can guarantee that the new psper will keep you well posted up on what goes on here. We have had trying times of it bere lately with the slave raiders and traders, but as you will see by the papers they got a thorough thrashing on the lake from Mr. Johuston and his handful of Sikhs the other day. “You willsee the Ceitral African Telegraph is going ahead, and there is now a scheme on hand to connect the Zamberi with Lake Nyaa by moans of a railway, and which I have no doubt will be carried out ere long. I have now been out here three years and I go home on leave soon. I have kept my health well on these uplands of the Shire Highlands, but even they canvot be called healthy for Huropeans. However as the ground is cleared and estates opened up, I have no doubt that it will improve and that there isa bright prospect for the country in the not very dis- tant fature. I felt much the news of the death of my nephew, Jas. Brodie of Colombo, by last mail. We were all very fond of James and I always looked on him as an exceptionally fine chiracter.” The number of the new “Gazette” before us is a very interesting one indeed, giving us 8 pages of about the size of the Overland Observer of closely printed matter. It opens with an official notice from Commissioner Johnston that the paper is to be the official Gazette for ‘British Central Africa,’’ but is to be conducted independently of the Ad- ministration. Next we have a report on the Telegraph Road between Tshikwawa and Tete, a distance ot 90 miles, giving a full descrip- tion of route and signed by Messrs. J. O. Bowhill, S. Argyle Gillmore and G. C, L. Ray. On the 2nd page we have Mr. Thistleton- Dyer’s information about coffee disease already noticed by us and published in full detail iu the Tropical Agriculturist, and further on, come the Queen’s Regulations tor preventing the introduction of coffee disease into Central Africa, as drawn up by the Commissioner and very stringent they are about permission being required to introduce seeds, living or dried plants from Asia or dependencies, Natal, Mauritius or Zanzibar. Certainly all the coffee planted in Central or East Africa should be from the indigenous plants—coffee rows wild in the Uganda forests and no goubt in other accessible parts as well as iu Abyssinia. We have also a further great variety of Queen’s Regulations dealing with the Registration of Titles to Land after a very simple aud economical fashion; giving a list of Import Duties (generally 5 per cent ad valorem, but a good deal free, machinery, &e.; 10 per cent on guns, gunpowder, &c.: alcohol under special restrictions.—ln respect of Export Duties, we have 6d per Ib. on ivory up to tusks weighing 15 lb., 9d per Ib. above that; 1d per lb. on rhinoceros horns and hippopotamus teeth; 1s an oz. on gold. A list of 15 Customs houses and ports of Entry and Exit representing the different districts is given. Then we have Licenses to carry firearms £1; to kill big game £25; to trade £10—all per annum; besides licenses in respect of importing and selling alcohol. A Postal Notice and Report of “ E. E. Harrhy,” P.M.G. is very interesting. Nothing can show us better how civilisation is advancing in Central Africa than the following table and extract :— PosTaL SERVICE IN British CENTRAL AFRICA FOR ONE MONTH. (October 20th to November 20th, 1893.) OUTWARDg. iB 8 ne 2 8 Eile ella opted 3 2 a a 4 oy & a Tshiromo 2269 18 2592 33 Zomba ae 501 25 160 3 Port Herald _... 122 — 2 1 Fort Johnston ... 660 76 901 8 Blantyre oI 1989 253 718 28 Fort Anderson ... 719 3 12 1 Pangomani ace 188 — 20 _ Fort Lister eae 32 1 5 —_— 5840 376 3310 74 INWARDs. Tshiromo 2346 2108 39 Zomba offer 4 per cent ad valorem premium -on ali bona fide shipments of Ceylon tea to America from eisber London or Ceylon; or wiat would be about the same thing and more simpl-, pay the shippers at the rate of £1 sterling per 1,000 Ib. of tes on sll manifests of tea so shipped, This would provide for intrcduciug 5,600,000‘b. into America yesrly, and when that quantity was exceeded the shippera would be satisfied with a lower rate upon larger transactions.** f “Tf 4 per cent does nothing e's3 it can ba bene- fioially used for adivertisivg by those into whose hands we place it; far better t:an we could do ro ourselves, aud, as fur as #6 are concerned no ship- ments no payments by us. The introduction of 6,000,000 1b. of Veylou tea to begia with annually into America will be obeaply purchased by so small a~ sacrifice, if-we can-orly arrange with men like Lipton * to open the campaign; and what is 4 cent per ‘Ib, on 80,600 Ib. of tea (the average yisid of an ordinary paiate) deat BA): about £610 sterling annually.” — * —ID. "Ms r, , THE TEA CAMPAIGN 1N AMERICA: CO-OPERATION BETWEEN INDIA AND CEYLON, — Relugas; Madulkele, April 10th, -S1z,—I enclose for publication a letter received by me from Mr. P. R. Buchanan this morning, I ‘have not asked Mr. Buchanan’s leave to publish the letter, but take the responsibility on myself, in ’ wd May 1, 1894. | yiew of the fact that it seems very dceeizable that members of the Astociation should be made aware of Mr. Buchanan’s views before thoy come to the meeticrg at Nuwara Eliya. - “T have only to add that Mr. Bucheuen does not prétess to exhibit to us xm periect scheme. in tell datail, but merely a rough dialt.—l am, &., 7 2 MELVILLE’ WHITE, My Dzar Mevviuze Watrs,—I thank you for your note of 4th instant, and I am very much obliged to ee for asking me io attend the meeting of the lanters’ Association on 14th instant. : Tassure youl appreciate the compliment you have paid me mosi heartily,and in other circumstances I would have gladly availed myself of the opportunity of heaxing the views of ihe Association in regard to ques- tions of mach importance and cf gost interest to us all, As you are aware, I have azranged to sail on the 12th, and [have a great deal of business awaiting me in England, busises3 of such @ nature thst I would not feel justified in putting off unless it was clear I could avomplish some real practical good by doing go) I cannot gethix from your note that this is likely to be the case, 0 I am compelled to decline an in- vitation which, personally, I ehould bave lied pleasore in accepting. Hsin I eneiose a rough draft of suggestions as to the workiug of a joist scheme. This,I hink T promised to do. You will sce by it tuat I iveline 10 give full power to our representatives as to the method and detail of working, .Itis generally, best, is it not to trust the mon on tha spot? I would empower them to give a bounty or commission to wholesalo distii- butors if they thought it wouid help them to attain our object.” . Lojed SA Se : : AS to co-operation with India, I*have seen no reason as ga for declining allies, though I have read a good many letters objecting to the pro osal. For my part I feel bound to, say, whether feel strong ox weak, I, am), always giad, of an honour- able ally. In the face of the difficulties we have to encounter in America, the union of the,tea-growers of India, and Ceylon seems to me a wiser course than that they. should work separately. With these who advocate m policy of ‘| do nothing” Ihave no sympathy. Its adoption would seom to me*to stultify all past “action. Whatever decision you come to, I feel confident the planters of Ceylon will notxelax their efforts to gain new markets. May I veuture an opinion that ib would be suicidal on the part of either India or Ceylon to take any course in the Statesor Canade which wou'd be ia the slightest.degree antagonistic to the large wholesale distributors. They are tho men who can help us if they see we are willing to help them. “Yoan only’ thavk youagain for your invitation, and I can assure you that if théte is anyrhing I can co to promote the iterests of ‘Ueylon ‘tea tor the Planters’ Axsopiation at° aay time I cheall oviy be too happy to do-so—Lam,&o., 'ov PAT. R BUCHANAN, d 4 Aptil 8tb; 1894. 1 Warwick, Ambawala; That the tea plantera of India and Ceylon, through the Indian Tea Association and _ the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, establish a joint fund for the purpese of assisting the Wholesale Tea Dealers in the United States of America and im the Dominion of Canada in advertising and otherwise encouraging the use of Indian and Ceylon teas in those countries, ; That the xespective contributions to tho fund for 1894;,be regulated by the total exporta of tea from India and Ceylon during 1898; the simonat payable by each country being proportiona‘o to the quantity of tea exported from it, 3. That a representative be appointed by each country to work together in tho Usitel States and Oanada for the purpose specified m cleuge land in carrying this ont they shall pot favor the produce of one THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | 164 Gountry or ons distzict over another but they shell recommend Indian and Ceylon teas generally ns éuperior 60 China avd Japan, leaving the deslera to make their own partiouler selections: 4 Phat the represeotatives shali have power to jointly administer the fuods from time to time entrusted to them by the Indian and Ceylon Assoolations in paying the regular expenses connected with theix work, and in the payment of commission to distzibators, or in any other manner that may appear to them most likely to attain the object of the two Associstions, alwaye provised thet such expenditure sballia wo- wise clash :with the interesle, bus shall be direotly to the benefit of the wholesalo tea sraders of Amerion and Canada. The representetives shall in no case favor one distributor over another, but sball be ready to extend the same facilities and advantsges to ail engaged in the wholesale trade. "eI 5. _A troop of native serventa shall be placed at the disposal of the representatives to be lent to the various Gistributor: or their cons'ituents for the purpose of edvortisement. 6. That each representative shsll be paid out of the fund a salary of £1,200 stcriing per annum, to include travcllirg expenses, and in additicn they shall kave a joint aliowasce fer cntertaizing, wor exceeding £600 pex annum. ef, That taking info consideration the Cifficalty of Cireci personal communication between the Oommities of the Indian and Ceylon Associations, and likewise remembering the length cf time occupied in com- muuicating on. matters of detail between America and the East, the two Asétociations shail elect 4 Committee of six (cach Assocation nominating three members) to act a3 their agents in London, suck Gommittes to meet in London ad to be called tbe ‘Joint Committee of the agency for the 2 of India end Ceylon.” Caltee sea Blsotene The duties of euch Joint Oommittee shall be to correspond with, and give effect to, the views of the Indian and Ceylon Associations, and to advise the representatives on all matters the latter may plece before them, also to settle any differences that may arise between the representatives as to the methoda to be adopted by them. All decisions of the Joins Committee chali be fivel on ae}l anbjects referred to them by the representatives, provided suc decision ig unanimous, and that the qnestion dces not involve extra or speolal expenditure not previously contemplated by the Asgociations. 9. The representatives shall send joint weekly reports of their work, and quarterly accounts of their ex- penditure to ihe Seeretories of the Indian Tea Asso- ciation and the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, and copies of such reports ond accounts shall slao be sent to the Joint Committes in London, 10. The Indian Toa Association snd the Planters Association of Geylon shall jointly eanction all gonerai expenditure, and funds.to meet the same shall be paid by them proportionately to the Joint Commiites in London, on whom, as money is required, the ra a ab ual Jone draw. n the event of any difference of opinion arigi between the Indian and Osylon Apsociattinn ashe question shall bo referred to the Joint Committes in London, and should the Joint Oommittee {fail to come toa decision, the point shal! be referred to an umpire to be nominsted by the Joiut Committee beforehand, whose decision shall be binding on both parties, = Y.B.—For some reasons one representative might be better than two, but it might be difficult for both parties toagree as to the mo suitable man, If two representatives aro agreed upon is might perhaps be beat that one should be in- terested in tea-growing aud the other » Londoa Broker, 76a TEA IN 4MERICA: MR. GRINLINTON’S ’ SCHEME. 81m,—I éncloze a letter received thie morniog from the Hop, Mr. Grinlinton in reply to a re- quest of mine that he would be good enough to clesy up @ point of detsil in his soheme, which bad apperently been overlooked. It seoms desir- able that this should be publiehed, eo that those attending the P. A. Meeting may have the information beforehand,—I am, &, 7 1108 A MELVILLE WHITE. , Relugas, Madulkele, April ‘11th, 1894, ee Colombo, April l0th, 1894 A Melville White, Hsq., Chairman Planters’ Asso. ciation, Kandy. ‘Dear Sir,—With reference to the fourth parageap| of my letter of the 2nd inet. te the Seoretary of the Ohamber of Commerce, and to your recuest of April 9tb, I have the honor to etste that the system which I propose, to ensble the ** bounty ” to be traced to the importers of tes in America is a simple one and easy to work. This I hsve had the pleasure of hearing from one of the most practical business men I have met witb. ; It ie, that each exporter who earns end receives a bounty under the scheme I have ventured to propound— vide my letters to the Chamber of Commerce of Feb- rusry 27th and April 2nd, and my explanatory memo- randum tothe same body dated March 15th—should be required to produce a certificate from the importer or storekeeper to whom the tesa hse bern delivered in the United States or in Canada that he has re- ceived a given sum being the bounty paid by the Planters’ Association in Oeylon for such shd such shipments of tea, in aid of advertising and placing the tea in a prominent manner before the public in the localities where the teas are sold, A form of certificate (approved by the Planters’ Association and printed) should be issued to each exporter who desired to claim the bounty, with blanke to be filled in, showing the Date . pees Port of shipment and destination Ship by which the shipment was made The marks of grades of tea The nett quantity of each grade ' And the total. 4 The certificate referred to above being at the end of the return. d - Thos, at all times, the certificate should be easily identified with the bill of ladiug and invoice, co th..t the teas rhipped under the tounty sy:tom may he easily traced to their destinations in the United States and in Canada. Such certificates will go far to pre- vent the importation of inferior or bad teas. = _ Any person repretcnting the Planters’ Association in America cculd more easily trace teas imported under such saf« garde than under eXisting arrangements. I am ,not aware of apy essential leading points havivg been omitted in the pspersI have submitted, and which are enumerated above ; but if there should be anything except mere details which must always be liable to change as circumstances occur end ex- perience is gained, Ishall be happy to reply to any question that may be putto me.—I am, sir, your obedient servart, J.J, GRINLINTON, Special Commiesioner for Oeylon World’e Columti-:a Exposition. : ‘ P.-S8,—Herewith a cutting from a local paper in which. will be found the letters and memorandum to the Chamber of Commerce refered to herein, as also a report of the Chamber of Gommerce meeting. COMPARATIVE TEA PRICES—WITH RE- FLECTIONS ON THE COURSE OF MARK"UTS AND OF TEA MAKING. . By an Indian Tea Planter.) (Page 599 of Tropical Agriculturist, March 1894.) Dear §1n,—‘' One of them ” sives B list of com- parative averages, I have an ilea that a more THE TROPICAI, AGRICULTURIST ee ee eee eee e———————eeeeeeeeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE {May 1, 1894, complete analycis would still further ‘“ open eyes.’’ I eam ntrre in the production of low-class teas ; many of my brethern are in the seme boat. I want to find a good market for my low-class tease; I admit that they are ebabby but they are ‘‘ mine own" and | want to do well for them, fo I went to ses (without the trouble of working it sll out myself) the comparative result of selling Jow teas in London and in our local markets. I did see a report this year that at a certain sale ‘‘ very little was sold below 6d." I think we could sty of our local markete (Colombo and Calcutta), very little gces for more than 6d. Iam convinced that low teas cold better in London than locally, because 1 got the same prices locally as in 1892 but dust, fenvinge, and various got about 1d to 2nd more (in London) than in 1892. You will remember “Bitter Cry” apd the 30 or 40 letters sbout him. Hae it yet occurred to him tbat in 1893 the planiers made superb low class tea? lt was as much as 24 better at times, but their good tea was very poor, 2d or eo rer. And perbaps we could tell him that the humidity of 1893 was favourable to the low-class bushes, but it simply ruincd the pekos bushes, and that we all contemplate putting glase shades over these next time a wet year comes, and then we will let him have tons of 2-shilling tea and he shall be happy. On page 636 of thessme number of the Zropical Agriculturist, I see that the Indian Engineer goes for ‘“ Humidity” which villainously cut off **60 per cent of the prices of the tea.” In 1892 “Humidity” (even in the rains) wes not “up to” such vile tricks ; it behaved itself admirably. I wish we had a “Market Expert,’ one who would honestly tell us why prices rise and fall. Would it be bayond his power to find out how much tea will be taken at 22 and upwarde, at le and upwerde, at 6d and over, Now cupposing that 1,000 (ona of tea are wanted at a price over 1 shilling and the planters produce 1,500 tons cf that tea, then the surplus 500 tons goes into class ‘‘6d and up- wards "’ and it goes on shoving until my low tea which might have got 6d falis down to the “ 5d line '’ or even lower. The local markets (now including Bombay for Persia) have to be fed. I wish they would feed on shilling teas and let my poor stuffslone. Can anyone tell us whether there will be a limited Gemand for teas costing 5d in London? Ie it likely that any big break of tea will go begging aud esking to be taken at 3dor 4d as they did in local markets in 1893? “One of them” scents a mystery: he suspecis an enemy. If there is an enemy he has 8 camp—let us find out and engage an expert out of that camp. Could we find out hew many more million people would buy tea if they could get it at 10d. Then start a Planters’ Protection Society which would give 54 exactly for any tea for which that price had been refused in ery market. Oould we get an expert to tell us of the tendency of the “market” towards certain styles of tea? I r- member (I think correctly) that about 1875, of the Indian Districts, Cachar and Sylhet led the market ; then came Darjiling ; then other small districts and last of all Assam. Since then all has been changed. Assam leada the world; Cachar and Sylhet are very low ; small districts nowhere, Any planter can change his style of manufacture if he only knew what is wanted. The market wants a strong thick tea for mixing with low poor Obina : let them say 80, they shall get it, but suppose they want a thin flavoury tea atid take it wherever they can get it ard kee; quiet, then the plan er who makis t vk strong tea is told hat it os cOBESS BEG ’ oe May 1, 1894,.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 763 sss ee ee a aS id poorly. Tea is like society: at first it was Saar y few and ce'ect. Brokers called it all aorta of sweet names, Miss Pekce was mild, full and flayoury—even Congou was admitted as having ‘tbody ” da, &e. Later on it became a crowd, and strong lenguege had to be hunted up to keep it in bounds. Nowadays it has become 6 mob and the police have to be called in to suppress it ; and the Brokers fly round and will soon have to appeal to foreiga Janguages for terms to induce producers to give up their pounds for tup-pence. Once upon a time red leaf (real good honest scarlet) ueed to fetch only 8 annas. It was made from only the 6th to 10:h leaf of the flusb, and the planters in my country ‘ thought” and one pi them got an iron pan in which he boiled still older tea leaves, and he thus made a sort of tea- ink (fannin and Iron) and he sopped up this ink into his red leaf, and he got 10 annas for it. Now Mr. ‘' Bitter Ory” will tell you that we never sea the ‘teas of old.” I would like to send him a hundred chests of that good, old, ink-faced, double-dried, red leaf and ask him 10 annas a pound bah one thing more. Can you find out that man who bought tea in the local market and got saorificed over it? Let us find out how much he lost end pay the emounot to him in rupecs (co as to keep him in India) and thea ask him to say no more about it. Ho is always shoved at ‘* Any one of them" who wants to know, you know? And I want to know how much he lost on tho tea for which he paid 2 annas 6 pie. 1874. P. S:—Qould anyone make up a table showing in pence at a penuy rise, from lowest to biggest, prices obtained ia London in 1893, the number of oundg sold at each price ; and do the same for 1883, and for 1876. Perhaps we shall see that a greater weight. of tea sold at 23 61, in 1893 than in 1876 and I believe that wo shall see that the higher prices are paid for a steady weight of tea and consequently that if too much of that quality of tea is sent, it has to go into the “penny” below. And it will be discovered that the lowest price of all includes a great part of the inoreased output year by year.—1874. = gS VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Liperian Oorrse cultivated with cacao and coconut palms ia doing well in the Kurunegala district: on Arampolla estate of Messrs. Harper and Davidson s crop equal to between 2 and 3 owt. por acre has set, though the coffee is not above 3 to 4 years old, EXX(ENSION OF THA PLANTING IN AssAM,—The de- mand for tea land is. we notice, increasing, and those prospecting for grants are abandoning the old system of delving deep among the backwoods being satisfied with poorer soil but greater proximity to cOmmuni- oations and cupply eentres. The Habigune sub-divi- sion ia §. W. Sylhet is attracting attention, and, as the Chittagong-Assam Railway line will ran through it the advantages are obvious, while, at the same timo high cultivation by means of manures that can be brought by rail almost direct to the gardeng at small cost should secure as luxuriant a growth as would be attained upon the virgin soil in remotely situated forests. So long as the sites selected are confined to localities near the hills so a8 to seoure the rainfall success should be pretty well assured, but we trns} intending planters will not be tempted to venture too fer ont into the more arid plains proper, however promising drainable bheel lands may be, for, though surface irrigation will stimulate growth by capijiary attraction, the leaf, unless itsolf well drenched, will vot prove fleccid enough to ensure good oulturn,— Tidian Planters’ Gazette, an American ides. what we anounced in January last that Mr. P, BR. Buchanan made three special visits to the United States to learn how best to introduce Paraw Mnx«.—Vhe ‘Ophir ” whieh left recently for Londén took away one casecontaining 50 lb papaw milk.—Lecal “* Examiner.” Tga iN AmERIcA.—Our morning contempor- ary writes of the ‘‘bounty’’ scheme as essentially Now he is surely aware of British-grown teas there, and that it was only on the third occasion that he got listened to by the wholesale dealers, and that they then—the largest importers in New York and Ohicago— deliberately told him,—“ what you have to do is to advertise your teas to crate a demand and send over a batch of native servants to be utilised in different outlying towns as we direct.” This, it will be seen, is the policy just adopted by the Indian Tea Association. Toe Patrecama LAND GRANT AsgocIATION,—We hear that this Company ‘has already made a eom- mencement with the work of opening up a portion of the large block of land it bas acquired. Thia year no lesa than 200 acres are to be opened end planted with coconuts, cocoa beng planted bctween the rows at the same time. The lond is believed to be woll suited for both these products, coconut trees growing in the adjacent villages very well. Liberian coffee is also to be tried on a fairly large scale, and, should experiments in this direction prove successful, no doubt many others will app!y for Jand, of which there is a great abundance in the vicinity. At present Mr. Gordon Reeves is looting after the work; but & resident superintendent is being secured, when the work will be vigorously teken in hand, A force cf sbout 150 Sinhalese coolies is already at work, and they are certain to benefit more rapidly than anyone else from the employment of English oapital and energy in proximity to their homes. Berra Rogper.—The India-rubber trea (Ficus elustica), says Mr. J. D. Ellis (recently returned from 8 trip up the Hast Coast of Africa), grows luxuriantly in these parts and is well-known to the natives who tap it and. as the sap exudes or bleeds (very similar to the milk of the Euphorbia in these parts) they by the aid of a little piece of stick roll it round and round until about as thick os one's finger when they repeat the prosesa with another piece of stick until the tree is exhausted. In this form-they sell the India-rubber to the traders, who eagerly purchase it; in fact it is one of the few articles of export from Baira. A very fine tree, bearing a leaf very like the walaut, provides excellent shade and is very attractive; it also produces a bean, but the seeds are very small. I secured a number of thesa also,—India Rubber Journal, Tre Compunsory CULTIVATION cF CoFFEEIN Jaya. —From a reliable source it is reported that the newly-appointed inspector, Dr, Burck, who has made an investigation about the compulsory coffee eultivation in Java, does not consider the condi. tion so gloomy as was generally presumed. In Central Java the prospects are not encouraging, and in many districts there the Government will have to give up the ouliivation, as has bécn done already in the districts of Bantam and Japara. However, in Eastern Jivsa, and especially in Probo'ingo and Bezoekie, there is an abundance of magnificent ground suitable for the cultivation of coffee, and also in the Preanger districts the soil is certainly not exhausted. Dr. Burok seems to be astrong promoter of the system of granting an extra payment for the opening and maintenance of coffeo lands, besides the price paid for produce deliyered.—Madras Mail, 764 -— _ INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA, If the following telegram, which we find this afternoon in the Times of India, prove correct, it will show) that the Indian Tea Association bave ' forestalled the decision of the Oeylon Planters’ Association on the point of united action in America. Our neighbours’ have resolved, apvarently, to act independently. We euppose that the Caloutia Committee: finding no response to their propesal before Sir John Muir left Ceylon, nor any favourable advice from Mr. Buchanan, decided to go ahead on their own account. Here at any rate is the announcement ;:— Tum Inpian Tea Travx.—Caloutte, April 9.—The Englishman states that the Indien Tes Associa’ ion haa deorded: to'send Mr. Blechynden to America for two years to represent the interests of the Indien tea trade. He will work in conjunction with the local trading firms and through the ordinary trade channels, Unlike Oeylon, the Indian tea trade dces uot purpose to push the trade independently, but. will offer certain evconragement in the shape of advertising charges to Mr. Lipton, Meesre, Reid, Murdoch and Co,,. aud ater firme, which have practical control of American cales. The Canadian tariff reform ie viewed 4s distinotly f-vourable to the Indian trade. Lhe new import is intended to check the import into Canada of teas re- jected at American ports ss unfit for food. The re- jections at New York last mouth were on such a scale as to attract public attention. The telegram is otherwise intresting as showing the belief of the Indian Tea Association in adver- tising through the large American wholesale houses. It is algo worthy of note: what is said about the new Oanadian Tariff and the rejection of teas at New York. We should have telegraphed the substanca of the ZLnglishman’s information to the Chairman, Pianters’ Association, Nuwara Eliya, as soon ag it came into our hands, save for some doubt as to. its authority and full authenticity. At present the information seems to be publiched by the Englishman on its own authority or that of Mr Blechynden? - ; ee eee CEYLONS IN AMERICA. Mr. Bushanan writes under. date (April 14):—‘ A gentleman {I met this morning seems to think that because I told you that ‘as often as not the generic term of ‘Ceylons’ was given to Ixdian and Ceylon teas in the States indiscriminately,” therefore dealers there do not know the difference between the produce of the two countries. This, of course, is absurd: dealers know perfectly well tbe‘ qalitics of both and which fo. ask for to suit thei¢ requirements. ' ‘Ir -old days the London trade spoke of all ‘Indians’ as ‘Assams’; but all the same they knew the difference in value and, quality between the produce of Cachar, Sylhet or Assam, though in common rade parlance they used the term “Assame’ for them all. “T hope you. will urge people who criticise the suggestions of others to make some suggestions theméelvee. In thig way, we shall.arrive at a sound) conclusien ?” : As we said tha Joiat-Committee, if appointed, ought to call for suggestions up toa certain date, which could be taken into consideration salon with the-published schemes, _ a - INDIAN THA ASSOCIATION: THE AMERICAN CAMPAIGN We have received a copy of the proceedings of a Special General Meeting of Members of the Asso- tion held on Tuesday, the 20th March, at the rooms of the Begal Chember of Commerce, to receive Mr. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894. R Blecbysden on bis returs from Chicago. The Hon- J N Staa:t, Chairman, pre*ided. Mr. Blechynden reed «xtracts from bis report, which atated amongst other things. Purchasers of tea were elways invited to beck their orders through their own grocers; end such ordere, with information as to where the teas eonld be prooursd and their pricesr, were seut dipect tthe grocer. This wasthe mesaus of distrituting the tea directly into the regn’ar trade chaniels, and thus cres'ing an immediate supply {o meet evy dewand that was created. A list of the grocers stocking {Le tea was then prepsred and this was pot only hurg in couepicuous places in the Pavilion, Out thousands of copies were cistributed in the sample boxe of tea given awsy. The terms made with Meeers. Reid, Murdoch & Co., of Chicago, are described in the report. Briefly, they are that the trede marks sdverlised, became the property of that firm, and they paid for the due copy-rightivg of them. The firm was supplied with , ® Certein quantity of tes, and it was agreed thet their further requircmonte for teas of the two standard only should’ be met on the baris of four month’s credi¢at market rates. The ficm for their part were to push the tea through th:ir nomerons travellers, and in other wayr. The net result bas been that up to the close of the Exhibition over 1,500 grocers bad stocked Indian ‘vas through Messrs. Reid, Murdoch & Co., the total expendivare advised to the Associstion being the interest op the price of the tea supplie?, apart from the expenses of the Ohicago Exhibition. There is no further riek, involved, AN AGENCY IN NEW YORK. At the close of the Chicago Exhibit on, Mr. Blech- ynden attended ~a smal] Exhibition at New York, retaining for the purpose four khitmutgere.. The object in attending this “ show” wes atiained, ae one of the most influential.New York wholesale grocers agreed to accept the egency of the Asrocisticn, though they, as weil as others, had éteadfastly refuced to do thisbefore. The terms made with this firm afe even more simple than those with Messrs. Reid, Murdoch & Co., snd ‘sre that on the Associstion advertising a given brand of Indian Teas, the firm will undertake to put up packets in a suitable manner, and to supply any grocer at agiven price. The Association undertake no responsibility and are at no separate charge beyond that of advertising in the matter. TheCHarmMan said they were indebted toMr.Blechrn- den forthe remarks. which he had made rega’ding kis operations.He moved that:—The Indian Tea Association places on record its cordial appreciation of the ser- vices rendered- fo the Incian Tea Industry by Mr. Blechynden, the delegete of the Associstion at the Exhibiticn at Chicago, and desires io) convey to him, their thanks forthe manzer in which he has brought Indian Tea before the American public, asd for the tact and skill displayed by him-in scrmounting the many difficulties attendant upon his important task, The resolution was ceconded by Mr. A G Watson and carried unanimously. f : os event t _| CONTINUING ae CAMPAIGN. : @ Obairman then said there were two resolutions which-he would like to put to them while they were or the subject. It was very evident that heving ovcc | started the campsign with America it would be «¢ | | waste of money if they did no take advantage of the position geived. Hethen proposed:— = =~ That aSub-Committee of the Incian Tes Aesvciitio:, be formed‘to be called the “Indian Tea’ Fund Committee,” to collect subscriptions and orgabise arrangements for the further introduction of Indian Tea into the American and Cinadien markets, aud that the’ following gentlemen be asked to form the OSton ble dN. Stifert, C ; on’ble J. N. Stuart, Chaitman; Mr. C. wrie. Jobnetone, Mr, D. A. Sibthorp, Mr. G.@. Auta Mr. A. K.-Muir, Mr. A. F, Bruce, Mr. D. A. Camp- ee and nds We T: ee : It was not proposed to fetter them, but to give then fu"l powers to do the best they could to sor ih the scieme and to do their best for the Indian Tes Industry. : May 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 765 Mr. H. C. Begg eeconded this resolution. The Obairman aske| whether any of the gentlemen present ha! any rem-rk3; to offer. There being ro response the resolution was put to tha meating and passed. COMBINING WITH CEYLON. Tae Chairman then said that special meeting hal been held at which Sir J. Muir and Mr. Buchanan were present. Oopies of the proceedings had been priated aud circulated and the object of the mesting was to consider a propos! of Sir John Muir to combine with Ceylon for the purpose of more effeotually securing the American and Canadian markets. # Though nd definite resolution was put to that meeting it was sgroeed that Mr. Buchanan, who was going to Ceylon, should intorm the piintsrs there of the views ex- pressed at the meating, aad he believed thas that gentleman and Sir John Muir, who was also visiting Ceylon, were doing so; It waa necessary, however, that some definite steps should be taken, and though he did not wish that they should commit themselves 10 aly positive scheme io conneetiou with this proposal, he thought if would be a3wellif they expresse} an opinion in the form of a resolution in goneral terms. He would therefore proposs :— “That this meeting of the Iniian Tea Association is of opinion that it is in the isterests of both Iudian and Ceylon planters that those interested in the Tes Trade of both countries should combine in endeavour- ing to introduce tha British-grown tea into America and Oanada and invite ihe co-operation of all con- necied with the T.a Industry in promoting such a combination.” How far the scheme would be worked remained to be seen. Practically it was a question of British- grown tas against China and Jepan. Where Ceylon gets a footing we shall get a footiag and the opinion ssemei to be that it did not matter whether Ceylon or India wae first. The resolution was seconded by Mr. C. LAwRip JOHNSTONE. The Chairman asked whether any gentleman had anything to say on tha subject. There being no response, on a show of hands the resolution was dec'ared to be carried unanimously. With a vote of thanks to the Chair, oneree by Mr, A. G. Watson, the meeting separated. TEA IN TRAVANCORE. We (Madras Mail) are glad to learn from figures that have béen kindly placed at our disposal by Mr, H. M, Knigtt, Persident of the Travancore Planters’ Association, that the tea industry ia those districts is making steady progress. Tho total yield of Travancore tea for 1893 was 2,386,800 lb., divided as follows; Pcermaad 1,033,000 Ib.; Central District 1,020,000 _Ib.; Ashamboo 237,000 Ib.; Kannan Divan 96,800 lb. Travancore has not yet reached here three millions lb. of tea, but she is rapidly advanc ng that way. No mention is made of the favourableness or otherwise of Jast reason for ths cultivation of tea sO we may take it that 1893 was on the whole a fair averaga year, and estates gave neither an exceptionally large ror an exceptionally small yield. In another column we publish a summary of Travancore tea sold at public auction in London during 1893. It will be notized that the total shows a discrepancy of, say, 400,0001b., as compared with the total yield, which is due to the fact that the tea from some estates ia dis- posed of otherwise than by public auction in the Mincing Lane Sales-room, The average price of Travancore tea, it will ba seen, varied from 6d to over 8$1 per lb; Seafisld Estate With 59,850 lb. obsained the highest average, over 88d, though Venture Hstate with a yieli of 188,200 1b, and an average price of $i appears to be the most satisfactory, No very definite conclusions oan bedrawn from these figures since the acreage in bearing is not given,* but they bear on the face of them evidence that the tea industry in Travancore is flourishing. During the year 1893 and previous to it Travancore planters endeavoured io come to some arrangement with Ceylon for their tea to be imported free from duty, but withont cuccess, As we mentioned the other day Ceylon levies an import duty of four annas perlb. on tea which means, in the case of tea realising 84, a duty of over 55 per cent. Aad what are Travancore’s 24 millions compared with Ceylon’s 80 millions? Mardly a drop in the osean in so far as the world’s consumption is concerved. We still hope that Ceylon may see her way to sallow Travancore teas to be imported into Co'ombo free of duty. It cannot possibly co the Island any harm but rather should he!p to stimulate its trade. see PLANTING IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA: (By an ex-Ceylon: Planter.) It did my heart good when in Blantyre in July last to see the COFFEE CROPS cherry ripe (gladdening the heart of an old planter) without the withering and drying-up of half the crop at the end of the branches as of days of old, the result of coffee leaf-disease in Ceylon. Coitfee three years old has this year given 5 cwt. per acre and looks none the worse. Our blossoming season just ended has been very favourable—two good large blossoms—and some sprinklings which always help have set well. We have Orange coffee here which I never remember seeing in Ceylon and which looks as if it will stand leaf-disease. It is dark brown in flower and leaf, but the berries are the same as Arabica, i OUR RAINY SEASON has begun and the order of the day on estates ig supplying and planting—an awful lot of vacancies occur (owing to haying tu plant three to six months’ seedlings instead of nine to 12 months’ plants) from grub, crickets, locusts and other enemies. I have seen as much as 50 to 60 per cent on some fields. One cause of failures is bad seed obtained from diseased trees, black beans, black rot, as it is commonly called which is very prevalent in Blantyre, due, I presume, to the stiff clayey subsoil they have ; for none has appeared here amongst our maiden crop coffee although from diseased seed, the only obtainable in Nyassaland. No one can import coffee seed as it is prohibited. It strikes me we shall get an equally bad disease if we go on extending from the mother tree brought from Ktw some 13 years ago although soil and climate, which varies a great deal in this part of Africa, have much to do with quality and quantity of Coffee Arabica, the same as your wet and dry high and low districts. I was really sorry to see the way COFFEE IS CURED by African planters, half of their crop being chawed up, bruised, chipped and passing through with the pulp. Wasting of labour in stores (if those bnild- ings can be called stores) is distressing to a Ceylon trained planter, to look at 20 to 40 boxes per day of cherry requiring as many hands to cure, where 4 or 6 good men would suffice. I jumped intea cistern and washed out a lot of coffee for a planter ina few mittee which would probably, as he said, take all day to clean. * The latest figures for acreage are those given in the “Ceylon Handbook and Directory” up to 1892 and they show teaoftwo years and over to equal 6,895 acres in the four divisions of Travae- core. This would give an average of a little over 300 Ib. per acre; but Peermade division with 2,600 acres oyer two years gives anu average of 400 lb, which is very good. The Central and other divisions do not give so good @ result,—Ep. 7.4. 766. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. eS /_.09°0°0: 5cc_c"c ROADS are being opened out throughout the country Blantyre has already been connected with Zomba and Mlangi right to the frontier, Fort Ander- son on the Kuo, comprising about 100 miles. There is also in course of construction a road to connect Zomba and Mlangi. Also Tshilonio, the steamer Shire River, Ruo terminus and Mlangi, which will be carried through in course of time to Lake Nyassa so that anybody landing from the river steamers, if they briog a horse and trap with them, can drive right up to the Shire Highlands and visit all the im- portant European Settlements where civilization has advanced with amazing rapidity during the past eight years. jHnglish vegetables thrive. Wheat, oats, horses and cattle do about as well as they doathom+, I measured a turnip 23 inches in circumference,and grew a crop of wheat (planted in August and reaped in November) well filled, equal to 40-fold, which speak volumes for our climate, Men with pluck and energy are wanted to open up the country— men who are not afraid of a touch of hill country fever and prepared for pioneering work with some capital and any amount of pluck. LABOUR is cheap I may say, the cheapest in the world, a few shillings per month per man, and abundant to the bargain. If distant fields are tapped natives come over 100 miles to seek work. Now they are sure they won’t be kidnapped by slavers on the way asin days of yore. Land is abundant: one can travel 20 to 40 miles through forest and grass country without a single village—the home of the lion, rhinoceros, hippopotamus andany number of buck. I hope at no very distant date to see STRETCHES OF COFFEE like Dimbula and Dikoya in the days when coffee was king, I well remember in April 1873 how im- pressed 1 was with the undulating green fields, some 20 miles from the Gap to the Agras, of coffee with hardly a spot where I could see the ground and not a stick of forest to be seen except on thesides of the Great Western and other surrounding hill ranges. My 8S. D. daysin Dimbula will always be looked back to with pleasure. Although I had a stout P.D, as far as work went, in Ryan, who has gone over to the majority, he always allowed his §.D. to take part in any amuse- ment, such as a game at cricket at Radella, the levee on the patana, and ball at Middleton store, breakfast to: McLeod at Talawakele. Sir William Gregory ‘did get a hearty welcome and no mistake on his first visit to Dimbula. Leaf-disease was known then, but laughed at by our P.D.’s. who were in great glee at coffee making 100s per cwt. Stoddart and F'yers SURVEYING A RAILWAY although onlye preliminary trace through the Walaha Valley, and bones and castor cake at R8 per ton. Such a change in 1888, when creeping along the Great Western by train, hardly able to depict the different estates, some partly in tea, and some aban- doned altogether. Now, however, going tobeat the world with tea both iu quality and yield. e i VIRGIN FOREST such as Stanley describes in the Congo Free State is very rarely to be met with in this part of the country, for it has evidently at one time or an- other supported a teeming population, bearivg traces f vulages (with broken earthenware pots in heaps), terraces raised for cultivating Indiancorn,long irregu- lar bees for »weet potatocs and the best aud most indisputabie evidence of all is the patch of forest graveyards in some places an acre or two in extent, with a heap of pote of very ancient pattern, rude in the extreme, not a bit like the pr.gent d.sign, over each hollow in the grouud ind.catiug the resting place of some villager of bygone days. The iahabi- tants of the country at preceat keep thvir burying- places sacred, bury the diceaged’s welungings with the body, dig a hole like a bullet hole ia the bottom of his chatties and place them over the grave, build ® smell four feet circular thatche] beehive-like hut over the bead, which is ketp io repaig by parents of land. Gardeners’ Chrontcle. . |May 4, 1894. and relatiens. None of those are to be seen, how- ever, in the old graveyar.jc as they have not been used wkhis the memory of the prosent generation. I am corions to know the age of thore graveyards, bat would not like to disinter any grave es the people are very superstitions. At all events, there are trees 150 feet high and 20 feet in circumference of hard timber, slow growers doubtless, over 2,000 yesre old. The coun ry is ONE HUGE GRAS FIELD, but looks like broken forest from a distance, Thera is no undergrowth like virgia forest. The grass is buroed off once a year and until it grows again after the rainy season eete in, one osn walk under shade of the trees regardless of paths almost from one end of Nyasgaland tothe other. OC ttle seem to eit ell our grasses (about 10 varieties). They grow io about 6 months to 6 to 8 feet high, die down and dry up during the winter movtb. ‘The country re- minds me a gooi deal of some park-like forests I have seen abont Polonoeruwa in Temanksdowa, North Oentral Province, Ceylon ; the only differesce is long grass inetead of sport. What » magnificent grazing ground but no eattle withia a honired miles of us the lake shores of Nayassa, except a few kept by one or two planters. I bear THE TELEGRAPH LINE is being rapidly laid down from the Tita on the Zambesi to Zomba, our site of Government, and the sectiun south of the Zsmberi to Fort Ssliebury is also progressing rapidly, so we shall soon be in touch with the old country. It takes letter from two to three months to reach here, There is room for im- provement in our postal service, the de'ay is principally between here aod the coast rivers dryiug up snd ene thing or another. We have had ware and rumours of wars of late, but as there are as rumours as to the trae cause of them, the least said j about them the better. All is quict again now; h>w- ever, & lasting peace promises to exist. ——$—$———————— Tue Bauata InpustRY at ParAmartpo.—Unuder the name of balata, a substance similar in many respects to gutta-percha, but furnished by Mimu-ops globosa, bas been from time to time brought to notice in this country in the course of the last thirty-four years, for it was in 1859 that it made its first ap- pearance in London. In 1862, however, during the international Exbibition, some samples of the raw product were shown from British Guiana, and at- tempts were made to utilise it either as a substitute for, or in combination with, guttapercha. The result was that a demand sprung up fer it, aud some 20,000 lb. were imported in 1865, During the next ten years the demand continued to decrease, reviv— ing again in 1877, and after that fluctuating con- siderably till about three years ago, when but a very small quantity found its way to the British market. The advantages claimed at first for balata was its greater ductility and tenacity than gutta- percha, But time has proved that, like gutta-percha, balata becomes brittle and cracks when exposed to the air, and that it has no advantages oyer the longer-known substance. As an illustration of the continued fluctuation of this product, we qaote the following extract from a Report by the British Consul on the Trade and Commerce of Paramaribo for 1892 :—*‘ Although,’ says the Consul, “ the balata exploitation has made a steady progress, the general results not favourable, owing to the price of the artidle having gone down remarkably in the course of the year. Unless an improvement in the price of the article takes place, very little will be aone during the next year in the exportation of it, which will be a terrible blow to the district im general. It is expected that an ordinance will soon” come isto force regula this industry, and by’ which ordinance it shall bs enacted that the giant-— holder has to pay yeary a certain sum per gere: ¥ May 1, 1894.) MR. WRNEST HART ON THA. There are few more striking or influential per- gOnalities in the Medical and LWditorial world of London, than Mr. Hrnest Hart. As Wditor of the British Medical Jowrnal he wields an immense influence, and as a lecturer on Sanitary, Dietetic and even Social subjects he and Mrs. Hart are very frequently before the intellectual and philan- thropic world of the metropolis. The Warden of Toynbee Hall and ex-Whitechapel Vicar, the Rey. 8. A. Barnett and Mr. Hart are brothers-in-law, and both were in Colombo, it wiil be remembered, three years ago, Mr. Barnett spending some time in the is'and, while Mr. Hart merely called in on his way to Japan. Still, the opportunity was not lost for interesting him in Ceylon and British- yrowo teas as wellas in his favourite “Japan's”; and afterwards during our trip to England, we paid a special visit to the very busy Medical Journal office in the Strand and afforded informa- tion and left papers calcalated to correct the erroneous notions promulgated by so great an authority as Sir Andrew Clarke in reference to the tannin in Indian and Ceylon teas. We do not know how far Mr. Hart may have been in- fluencei by such information; but we have b3en much interested in an Adéress he lately gave in his capacity as Obhairman of the Council of the National Health Society, on Tea, Coffee, Cocoa and allied beverages. We reproduce this addressin full on page 772 from the British Medical Journal. and think it will repay a care- ful perusal. There are a few. rather puzzling statements and others with which we cannot quite agree; and English reviewers of the lec- ture are as much perplexed as we are at some of Mr. Hart’s authoritative utterances. ‘It has long been the profound conviction of the human rage,’ says our reviewer, ‘‘ that when tea has been allowed to draw for more than three or four minutes, it becomes full of tannin and g0 plays havoe with the coats of the stomach and the nerves. And now comes Mr. Ernest Hart telling us that there is just as much tannin in three minutes’ tea ag there ig in twenty minutes’ tea, and that, in any case the tannin is not particularly injurious. It is, however, within the experience otf most people that if you drink. twenty minutes’ tea just before dinner, your appetite becomes a figment of the imagination; and that if you drink the same beverage just before going fo bed sleep recedes bafore you as the shores of Italy before Aioeas. To the average drinker of tea it matters little whether its particular poison is called tannin or theine. By any name it is equally ncxious, and it Gan only be ayoided by a frezh brew.” In this, it is impossible not to agree; anything in excess of a five-minutes’ infusion in the case of average Ceylon tea makes a great difference in the quality and taste of the brew. The ‘‘ warm compliment” which Mr, Hart pays to the Coylon teas is of much practical value, and will, we have no doubt, entirely counteract any effects left by Sir Andrew Olarke’s blundering depreciation, We do not, however, quito understand how Mr. Hart can speak s0 favourably of Japan teas, as 8 whole. He says:—‘*The only true natural green tea produced in quantity by any country now, ig the green tea of Japan as drunk by the natives and consumed in America,’ Now in travelling through Japan and thence to San Francisco iu 1884, we had the assurance of large American buyers that scarcely a lb. of “ green tea”? sent from Japan to America escaped arti- fivial facing with Prussian bluo and other de- leterious substances; while on the other band we have always heard the natural greon teas, the 97 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 767 Oolongs of Formosa spoken of a3 the very finest used inAmerica. In denouncing the European taste for ‘strong, bitter, fermented”? teas, Mr. Hart almost takes away from the compliment paid 4 little before to Indian and Ceylon t:as; However, hs specially alludes to the ‘ Ceylons’’ as con- {aining less tannin, than the ‘Indians’? though quite as» much theine, Then again, the com- parison Mr. Hart institutes between coffee as ordi- narily sold and teais to the immense advantage of the latter, Myr, Hart’s lecture—or the popular parts of it—should be placarded all over America; and also (after translation) over the Continent of Kurope. The Iditor of the British Medical Journal bas @ reputation from Moscow or St: Petersburg to San Francisco or Japan. We only wish he could spare a few months of his busy life to pay a winter's visié to Oeylon and see, among other things, every- thing connected. with the preparation of our teas grown at various altitudes in the island. Meantime, the Oommittee of the Ceylon ca Fund should make a point of sending Mr. tlart -as “Chairman of the Council of the National Health Society” as well- as Editor of the British Medica Journal—a special case of the very finest Ceylon Orange or rather ‘Broken Pekoe,’’ to show him, among other things that he can safely recommend Ceylon ‘‘Broken Pekoes” and even some of our finer ‘‘Pekoes,”’ as cordially ag the ‘“ Orange Pekoes,” to sush of his friends or readers as require a delicate-flavoured, mild and yet satisfying tea. We feel sure the compliment would be appreciated and we think it has been earned by all that is said for Ceylon teas in the important and valuable address under notice. ~~ —-——- ---- INDIAN TEA FOR THE UNITED STATES, The Hnglishman announces that the Indian tea Association has decided upon a plan of action for the American campaign. Mr. Blechynden will ba intrusted with the further operations in the United States. His engagement will be for a period of two years, with the prospect of an indefinite extension in ths event of the success of the scheme being realised. According to our contemporary, India’s planis totally different from Ceylon’s. Mr.Blechyndcn will work hand in hand with ‘ the trade” in America, and all his efforts will ba directed to the advertising of Indian tea in the widest sense of tha term. Not only will Indian tea be advertised ex tensively in the American press, but full advantage will be taken of the local Exhibitions and ** State Fairs’? which are so frequenily held in America The loc2l Exhibition of ‘* Food Showe,”’ organised by the grocers, are valuable means of bringing trade products to the notics of those whom it is most desirable to reach. Mr, Bleshynden will take with him four smart khit- matgarsa,whose services will be valuable in connes- tion with what are known in the States as ‘ Demon- strations.”’ ‘The o jeot of thes: Demonstrations is to bring any article of trade directly aud forcibly to the notice of the public. In connection with tea, a particular city will be selectsd, and the four Natives, attractively dressed, will be placed in one of the principal shops or stores, ‘l'hey will remain theru until tho interest of the public is roused, when they will be removed to another store in «a different part of the city. Store after store will thus be Visited, acd when one oity has been “ worked” & Move will bs made to some othor centre. Me Blechynden's aim is, in fact, to work through the “middlomao,’’ while Ceylon favours the idea of 768 — cultivating direct trade as far as possible. The comparative merits of the two schemes can only ba properly understood after both have been fully tried. There can, we think, be no doubt that the Indian plan should yield quicker results, but it is far from certain that Ceylon will not get ahead in the long run, if she has the necessary ‘‘ staying” power as well as continued energy and ‘‘push,”’ The scheme adopted by the Indian Aseociation practically amounts to the establishment in the United Sates of an unpaid agency wholly devoted to the furtherance of Indian interests. An appeal is now being made fcr funds to onable the Agsoci- ation to carry out its project; and it is expected that Mr, Blechynden will leave Caleutta for New York by the end of this month. — “ UNION FOR ADVANCING THE SUCCESS OF QUININE CULTIVATION.” Such is the name of a Society recently founded in Amsterdam. In return for a yearly contri- bution of 10 floring, it undertakes fo iseue quarterly papers with recent information that shall be helpful not only to the planters, but also to the European purchasers or consumers of cinchona bark and quinine. The prime object cf the Society is to further the Quinine (Bark) Cultivation in Netherlands East-India. - — PEARLS—PEARL SHELLS—OYSTERS— BECHE-DE-MER—FISHERIES ON THE GREAT BARRIER REEF OF AUSTRALIA. The most valuable industry or the Greist R ef is the pearl-shejl fishing. Pearls, be it remarked, are only an incident in the pursuit of the mo‘*hy r-of-pear!. Torres S‘raits is tbe fishing-ground, and the best pearl-shell known is raised from off the New Gaines coast, at the depth of twenty fathoms, The arerage value for the last five years of the exp: rted pear!-shell is stated et £69,000. The s arch for the shell is couducted in luggers of ten tous and upwards, which are manned by the diver. the tender (who manages the Jife-lines and breathing apparatas), and four pumping-hands. The wages are good, but the work hard. The diver gets £3 for a hundred paire of shell ; and if the yield is six hundred pairs a month, he may earn £200 ayear. The price obtained by the sbelling-stations 18 £90 a ton. These ars average prices, for the take varies, and the price of the best shellis more than double the average. Pearl- shell is obtaiced also from Westera Australia, Bombay, Egypt, Zanzibar, Linga, aud Menilla—the best of which, twenty years ago, before the dis- covery of the Torres Straits’ wealth of shell, sold for £400 a ton—Penang, Macasisr, Sbark’s Bay, Ceylon, and Polycesia generally. It is the “ black-lipped’”’ or ‘‘ Tahiti Black” which produces the best pearle. The oyster and beche-de-mer fisheries together average about £30,000 a year, two-thirds of this ya ue being from the beche-de-mer, The hea’-quarters of the oyater-fishery are Moreton and Wide Bays, quite at the southern end of the Great K+ cf; butall the varieties existin the tropical waters, and their truc J of the Great Reef. Oysters are cultivated on various surfaces,,fascines, split-palings costed with cement, cemented tiles, &c. ; butthe “ split-paling” contrivenee is the mo t convenient and succesful. As yet it has not te-n found necessary, such isthe fecundity of the Queen - land oyster, the ordi ary commercial variety Ostrea | glomerata, to dredge for the embryo, as is done in European waters, A remarkable feature of oyster- life 18 & mangrove bank of oysters, where the mo'luses cling to ths rocts of the red and white man= prove. Oyster-cultivation seems a remunerative and by no means laborious occupation, and a healthy one 00. ’ : The beche-de-mer belongs to a group called the Holothuri¢z, of the class Echinodermata, which includes all varieties of “ star-fish ”’ and spine-bearing sea-urchins—the *‘ seaslugs ” aud “ gea-monse ” of our coasts. The French name is derived from the “ bicho- co-mar” of the Portuguese navigators. The Ohinere, ‘those eaters of expensive soups—witness their “ bird’s- nest soup ”’—have for ages eaten ‘them. They are “caught at low-tide by wading. Ihe fish vary from eighteen inches to three or four feet, but when boiled and dried they shrink to a few inches. The value of the dried fivhis about that of the pearl-shell.) The fish-supply of the Great Barrier Rogionis varied; and contains some excellent eating-fish. The size of a 30 Ib, mackerel alone is enough to make one’s mouth Water; and this, the horse-mackeref or king-fisb, if boiled like a salmon, makes a capital table-fish. The THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 771% May 1, 1894. ] rest of the mackerel family, the herrings, the cods, and the salmon, are not well represented. The Aus- tralian whiting, which is not tie same ag ours, isa useful aud important fish. The flat-heads are fairly abundant, as are the sea-pikes; and the genus Belone, allied to our ‘‘groen-bone,” is represynted by a good fish, the Fi'zroy gar- pike; but the best-known Queenslind fishes are the grey mullets, the sea-mullet being the most valu- able species, this fish reaching ten or twelve pounds. Simcits, anchovies, and other fish are known, particularly the shovel-no ed skate, which may attain a hundred pounds. Some beautiful colours aro seen among the non-edible families, With these brilliant- hued fishes, set forth in their glory together with the coral-auimals in geome chromo-plates, reluctantly leave the Great Barrier Reef. Mr. Saville-Kent’s quarto volume is a handsome one, worthy of itssubject, and it is enriched by pho- tographs of the typical scenery of the Great Reef, the fishes, and coloured plates of the more striking avimals and fishes. It is chiefly desoriptive, but an area so vast could hardly be treated in auy other manner; and information of the most varied and interesting charac- ter 18 provided hand-in-hand with the more as not to dissipate tle delicate aroma of the tes. Japanese “green,” or uvfermeuted and unfaced tea, so drunk was, in the lecturer’s opinion, the very perfection of the beverage. Our~ European tastes, however, had so long been vitiated by the habit of drinking the strong, bitter, fermented tea, that he had no great anticipation that any but the more de'icate and cultivated palste would ap- preciate and habitusl!ly prefer tiis sarauiiitels aromatio and harmlees beverage, which was the staple drink of the Far East. He showed the mode of preparing tea after the fashion of the Japanese from a seties of specimens, some of his own importa- tion, and some procured from a Japanese resident in London. Referring then to the question of tannin in tea, Mr. Hart gave tke result of a serics of experiment, which threw much doubt upon the current views on the subject. It was supposed generally that letting the hot water sland upon the leaves more than fifteen minutes extracted a considerable additional amount and was very deletericus. This was hardly the fact. Alter fifteen minu‘es very little more tannin could be extracted from the tea by the ordinary methods of infusion. What came over was an urcpleasant disagreeably flavoured bitter extractive; which had lost all delicacy of flavour, and was unpleasant to the pala‘e, bnt it did rot contain the excess of tanvin popularly at- tributed to it. Tannin was so highly soluble that it waa dissolyed in the wafer from the very first instant of gontact, aud the three minutes’ infusion of pale $-a contained a very large proportiou or tanuin, Be — a May 1, 1894. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 773 agreed with Sir William Roberts in believing that the alleged ill-effects of the tavnin in the tea were probably very much exaggerated, and that the ill- effect of drinking too much tea anid too strong tea were due to the theine and volatile ex'ractives of the tea, and not to the tannin. It was quite a fallacy to suppose, although he often saw it stated, that common teas contained more tannin than the choicer varieties. In mavy cases the opposite was the fact. Varieties of tes, however, such es the 02 digestive ” tea, might bs bad in whioh the tannin of the tua w.s so atered by olectrial treatment that it did not precipitate gelatine, and interfered but little with the digestion of starch; of thee Mr. Hart showed sp2cimeus which he con:idered deserving of notice. , The mot eisestial point of a'l for making good lea of the finest quality, and with the least waste, was the thoroagh crushing of the leaf, and its subdivision in such @ manner that the largest possibie sarface was rapidly exposed to the boiling water in. intusing it. Hence the traiitional preference by the Japane e who in this mitter had shown their customary in- telligence nnd refinoment of tasto, for their carefully prepared and selected “ teapowder,” y hich produced the finest fos in the world. Jleuca, tco, probably, the superiority of the thoroughly ciushed tea bricks of the best quality formerly sent from China to Russia. Lbis matter had been greatly overlooked in the Wes: but unioubtedly it was the kay to any further progress in the art and economics of tea driuking. The difficu)ties and dis- advantages of tes powder cb'aisable in Burope at present were ita liatility to adulteration, its uncertain mixture, and the discomforts attending its use, Some months ego he had sent to him a series of Tea Tabloids made by the compression into the tabloid form of carefully selected and finely ground teas of Japan, Iudia, and Oeylon, some of them already sweetened. Dariug his recent travels he had used these largely avd with excellent re ults. In- vestigatiug the matter accurately he found that we'ght for weight the finest teas in small compressed tabloids gave results a+ !east three times better than the same tea in le:f. These tabloids were a scientific appli- cation of the expsrience of the great tea using nations of the Hirt. Theirextreme portability, the automatic ani accurate measuremeat of quantity which they facilitated, and the saving of tully 50 per cent. in cost, together with tho readiness with which na cup of tea might be prepired from them in a few seconds, wereadvantages which he thought were likely fo be highly appreciated by others a3 they had been by himself, Specimens were shown Of there and of the beverage prepared fromthem. Passiag to coffee, for which he had left him-elf little time, Mr. Hart said that coffes asin Vrance hes justly lost its reputation, and was commonly hardly drinkable by reason of its large admixture with chicory, which cheated the eye but defrauded the system of the needful and necessary alkaloid, Chicory was worth 24. a pound, and good coffee 1s, 61, or 1,8d. There was only one secretin making coffee, and that was the berry should be good in quality, freshly roasted, freshly ground, and that not lees than au ounce should be used for every pint of coffee, balter two ounces. Weak coffee was an abomination, but it was what was almo-t universally drunk in this country. Strong coffee would cost not less than Id. a cup without sugar or milk, and the only permissable dilution was with milk, not water; a pint of watery coffee, thickened and darkeved with chicory and burnt sagar,aud coloured with milk could be produced at 2d a pint, andthis wa3 what was ordi- netily drank by the working classes. It was not a very agreeable and not a really restorative fluid. No wonder the use of coffee among the working clasees was declining rather than advancing, Gcol tea could be acld for a fourth of the price of good coflee, heuce the universal preterence for it among the working classes and in the ordinary British household, a preference which was quite ratural sud justifiable, Alter disoussiug cooos und chocolate, the lecturer concluded that only cocoa essences which were free from heavy a!mixtures of starch and sugar should be drunk; and he showed specimens of chocolate which were notable and much to be commended, in that they were a'so wholly free from added sugar or starch, and which he hoped woull be largely ivtroduced into commerce for the sake of the gouty and rheumatic, the diabotic and the obese, to whom a superflaity of starch and sugar was highly ob- jectionable.—British Medical Journal, Se CINCHONA EXPORTS FROM JAVA, From a_ relinble quarter following figures :— we have received the Exports from Java in F.bruary 1894. Private lb. 412,120. Government. ib. 46,543. 458,663 Ib. Exports from Java February 1894:— ‘Total from Ist July 1893 to 28tb Private. Goveroment. Ib. (lb. 1894... 4,366,426 367,382 1893... 4,695,397 478,714 1892... 5,463,815 493,184 1891... 4,838,965 404,645 1690.. 3,012,630 394,780 —_——>____——_ “A DUTCH CINCHONA ASSOCIATION. An ‘association for the promotion of the interests of cinchona cultivation” has been established in Holland. The object of the associa- tion is to promote the interests of the cinchona industry in the Dutch Hast Indies. It is proposed to carry out this object chiefly by collecting facts relat- ing to the industry, giving lectures on the subject and publishing literature concerning it. Members are admitted upon payment of an annual contribu- tion of 10 florins (16s. 8d.) The management of the association is vested in a council of from three to seven members, who must have their domicile in Holland and who must be connected with the Dutch Indian cinchona industry, either as plantation owners or as directors of companies. It is proposed to hold quarterly meetings of members of the association in Amsterdam. —Chemist and Druggist. pee HOW TO GET RID OF ILLUK GRASS. Au old planter writes:—“ Illuk is a nasty wead ta eradicate. ‘The most effectual way with a small acreage is to dig ovr the whole surface to a depth of 18 inches, carefully removing all the roots and having them burot. I. did this once in Badulla to about 7 acres of Iliuk and Bracken, and it was mest successful; and the growth of the coffee atter it was wonderful, There is another way which might be tried in the wet weatker. Let coolies be armed with pieces of gunnybag to defend their handg, aud then begin from one end and pull up each stem of the grass. Once a week, or every ten days uflter this, let this be repeated with each fresh growtb, lor say two months. The roots, being deprived of food and air through the leaves (lungs), the reserve nourishment laid up in the roots is exhaustcd in raising fresh shoots, will rot in the ground and the nuisance will ¢ ave,” ——EeEE eee CEYLON TEA IN NEW ZEALAND. GooD ADYICE TO PLANTERS, Mesars. Ninian Hyslop & Oo., of Obristehurch, New ZAsaland, write to ask us to add their firm to the list of those who sell pure Ceylon Teas given in our Overland and ?ropical Agriculturist, and they add:— “We have had prioted and circulated 20,000 of the enclosed circulars vé-Ceaylon Teas [the circular com- pled and printed by us—Ep, 7.4.) sud we think the Ocylou ‘Lea Association ought to make us & grant of 1,000 or 2,000 Ib. of tea as we have adver- tised and pushod tea hard during the last 6 or 6 years. Our Mr. Ninian Hyslop had the pleasure of meeting 174 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {May 1, 1894. your late se:rior along with Mr. Gammie of the Government” Cibchona Plentation at Darjeeling. Mr. Hyslop was then in charge of the icesta Valley Tes Plantation, but he has been pushing Teas in New Zedland' for the last 10 years. Oeylon teas are not being kept up to the mark ;they are not so good as they were’ a few years ago. Thies is to be re- gretted and itis bound to hurt the sale and curtail thé demand for Ceylon Teas. Planters ought and must keep up the quality in orderto retain the g.0d name Ceylon teas have acquired IN THe PAST,” er > VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. TRAVANCORE T'ra.— We have seen a Colombo expert’s report on some of the tea which is shut out from the Oolombo market which, with the accompanying valuations, should make many a Ceylon’ proprietor’s mouth water! Travancore planters are evidently bent on turning out better teag, , THE KeLanr VattEy Tra Association.—The shareholders in this Company lave certainly to be congratulated that, notwithstanding a bad year, their Directors are able to declare the usual dividend of 15 per cent. ‘The first quarter of this year has also been a poor one in the Valley; but at present all is favourable. THE WANNARAJAH CoMPANY SHAREHOLDERS — are very lucky in the prospect of an unexpectedly good coffee crop: the experienced Manager thinks there may be as many as 2,000 bushels gathered of what may be called the “precious berry""—a very handsome windfall. The tea is coming on well too; but the shareholders will be corry at the prospect of losing the services of their Manager, Mr. W. Taylor, as he is likely to be going home io’ June for an indefinite period. “Cryton Tea AT THE CHICAGO ])xHIBITION,— We have got into the habit in Ceylon of speaking loosely (and largely) about the £30,000 this Colony has spent to advertise her tea at Chicago against £7,500 on the part of Indian planters. But it will be seen now that the net expendi- ture by the Ceylon planters for their tea is about £10,000 ; another £10,000 being spent from the General Revenue on behulf of other Products and Industrics of the Colony generally. IMPROVEMENTS IN ‘eA Maxine. Au perienced planter writes :— “Tam interested in Bamber’s book on tea. I would not be surprised though the old Ohina system of Steaming “green leaf beforerolling instead of dry withering may not be taken up some time.” But is not this very. much what our Chota Nagpore Gorrespondent advocates in his ‘: Silo” ecystem, the keeping of the juices in the leaf? We ara glad to say that a careful trial of the “ Silo ” gyetem is to be given by a shrewd Ceylon planter and the reeult reported to us. - Improved TEA-MaKING AND BETTER PRICES.— We call attention to the letter signed ‘‘ 1874” which is from an Indian tea planter of 20 years experience and who, in writing to us from Northern India, affords a» good many reflections as well as suggestions of interest to his brother planters, Itis quite clear that we are entering on a period of discussion and experiment in reference to improvements in tea-making, and we expect the next decade will witness a considerable change in this department, as well, perhaps, as in certain branches of cultivation. Hitherto our engineers have been busy solving, for the planter, the problem of coping with large and increasing quantities of “leaf.” This has now been disposed of, and we may hence- forward expect their aid, as well as that of others interested, im experimenting towards ‘‘ improved ten- making.” +4 : eX- Tue Cocoa Crop of Paramaribo, in the Nether- lands, Guiana last year, was a remarkable one being more than the total output of the previous two years, and excecding the production of any other one year within the last decade. Bue on Corree is being attackei on one of the estates near Coonoor by spraying insecticides on the bushes, The machine used is ons of Ver- morel’s Eclair knapsack spraying pumps, in very greet favour on the Continent and at home for ure in orcharde. We trust coon to be ableto give recalts.—South of India Observer. Corrosive FunGicipes.—The English Mecha- nic reports that th2 use of poisonous or corrosive eaits as fungicides or insect destroye:s on plants is found to be almost as bad as the disease in some instances where the application has been made in a rather careless manner. Sulphate of copper should be applied only in wesk solution to the | foliage and then, when m‘xed with lime. In various parts—this country, America and India—potators have been practically destroyed by the — strong rem dy and in the reports of the State Agricultural College, Michigan, it is reported that the poisons used in spraying euch as the salts of copper and of arsenic, were found in the fruits —in smal! quantities only of course. Dr, Kedzis who made the analyses at the Michigan College, considers that the quantity of poison used is much in excess of the amount ineeded to actas a fungicide and poisonous galt should not be used at all when the fruit is ripening. Toracco. Cuttrvarion 1x Inpia.—Attempting the cultivation and curing of tobacco for the first (ime last season, the authorities of the Sibpur Expcrimental Farm sowed in addition to some ordinary country varictie: the reed of several finer foreign kinds—Havana, Virginian and Kentuek. The seed of the last two varieties failed to ger- minate. The Havana and the country varieties came up well, ani were plentifully mainured with ealtpetre and sulphate of po'ash, both of which supply potash, un ingredient in which Indian tobacco is said 6) be deficient, and which is rcquired in larger proporiion to mako it burn well, All of them gave a good return, and though they had not been tested when the report of the eXperiment was made, the country varieties were expected to show an improvement in quality. The Havana appeared to be mild and sweet in flavour, and was to be made up into Gigars, and sent out to be appreted by competent authority.— Pioneer. ; Lipton AnD Tea.—Correspondents deal very freely with Mr. Lipton’s name, business and reputation in our columns, one who sends the letter from London protesting against his having the Tea Kiosk, writes to usseparately :-— “Though it may eonnd paradoxical, nothing hae done more harm to the interests of Ceylon plavters in England than the Liptonian boom, at the same time no man can do more good to them in America - if he (Lipton) cau develop the taste for cheap black teas, Ceylon, Indian or Java it matters not what. The Yankees won’t drink good tea to any extent; if they can be got to take to black teas they will have them of the lower kinds aud that is what we want to get rd of here. I kncw several of the best friends Ce.lon tea has had in England who have been strug- gling to keep up quality buying tea at 1s. in boud and selling at 1s. 10d. which after paying rent, wagee, duty, pscking and carriage leaves but little profit but who have been nearly crushed out by the great ad- vertizer.” ; But is our correspondent aware, we would ask, of the great need for improvement in the Colombo ‘lea Kiosk’ and of the fact that ‘ Lip- ton’ is willing to submit for test, the teas he will sell here—all pure Ceylons.”’ Ald da May. 1, 1894.1 Goyyaspondance. ———— Zo the Lditor. TEA LEAF PRESSING: THE SILO SYSTEM. Northern India, April 13. Dear Sin,—My salaams to Messrs, A.B.O. who confabbed on the railway on March 15tb, and go out at Talawakele. I amthankful to Mr. A. for starting the discussion—although he calls me ‘‘a man,"’—Now any one can be ‘‘a man,” but few are planters and ewer still ‘‘Tea Planters.” In this matter I want to be recognized as a ‘‘ Tea Planter.’ Mr. B. is evidently the conservative element, he will come in by and by when all is proved sufficiently, and I trust that his manure heap will not grow too large. It is possible that Mr. ©. will get semebody to try the new thing. IT wanted at one time to get it taken up by our Association and have it tested by their expert ; but I suppose that the danger of benefitting @ private individual is a sufficient bar to any pub- lio endeavour. Bide a wee! some one will get those chestnuts out of the fire. Mr. O, put allin a nutshell ; it would save a lot of expense, bother, danger, and time? I have set the nuts roasting, and I am not going to burn myself in getting them out. They ought to be awfully good I assure you; they will save heartburn, indigestion, Doctor’s bills, Do have a try. And as Mr. C. says you can try only a small quantity—say you try 3 maunds of leaf and you happen to be one who gets 4d average, your risk is losing 60 lb of tea at 4d=240 pence, £1 sterling. No, not so much, you will see if you fail moderately get 2d per pound, so you would lose half-a-sovereign. It your tea sells at better prices than 4d you risk losing £2 or so. Times are bad, Horatio, and here is a new philo- sophy going begging for £2 or 80, I admit that you may fail (I am supposing that I am on that railway getting on rapidly to Talawa- kele), I showed the plan to a neighbour; he was delighted, going to try it at once. I went to his place a few days later, I found about a foot of burnt leaf all over the floor, a tea-box with seams half-an-inch open, the lid of the box bigger than the top of the box and a chest of tea lead weighing 2 cwt. The man (I say man now, not planter) had jammed 2 maunds of leat into a leaky box, and put the tea lead on to hold it down in case it wanted to swell and burst, and he had taken out the leaf to get cool and he thought that he had carried out my instructions near enough, and I think that be would have gone on oursing me, bad I not fortunately turned up at the proper moment. |I now imagine a dead silence and a long sigh as Tals, &., &c. is heard from the platform, and as the train starts (I am going on to the asylum farther on) I hear, ‘Glad that chap is going on!’’ I suppose that the late Mons. Vaillant, when he wanted to change the aspect of the Chamber of Deputies, asked hia friends to undertake the job. I don’t want all the glory, says he. But he had to work alone at last. And so he got into the illustrated papers. My idea is ‘‘to regenerate the manufacture of tea.’’ Kindly take the bomb—hold it so! let it falljust there, Please don’t compel me to do all the work and take all the glory, PRESS, CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA, We have received for Beancnton from the Peotsin’y of the Standing Gommittee of the Tea THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 775 Fund the following correspondence from Mr.Rogivue to Mr. Giles Walker :— MR. ROGIVUE’S REPORT. My Dgar Watrer,—I duly received your kind letter of December 20th last and thank you very sincerely for same, also for what you have dona for me in bringing the committes of the Tea Fund to vote me a further grant of 5,000 pounds Ceylon tea fer advertising purposes. I have received from the Seoretary to the Planters’ Agsociation the official notification of the minutes and resolution passed thereon by the Standing Committee of the Ceylon Tea Fund, but up to this time I have not heard from the Oeylon Tea Company, Limited, that the shipment of this tea has been effected; no doubt, I shall however, have this advised before long. I am exceedingly sorry that some of my previous remarks have been found offensive to the membera of the Tea Fund Oommittee; they were not meant with such an intention, and, although I feel that I had some right to complain, I do apologise for them, and it remains me to thank your committee for what they have done and for the further support they promise to give me ag far as the funds they have will permit. As regards a ‘‘Company,” it is perhaps toa early to think of starting one just at present; but later on, when Ceylon tea has made further progress in Ruseia, the task will be easier, and I have no doubt that some Ceylon men will then find their interest by supporting such a concern and taking shares in a Company which could eventually be floated in London. With reference to ‘*‘ consignments’, I herewith beg to hand you 5 pro forma account sales of teas which I bought in London at different periods during the last year and sold here in packets, from which you will observe that the good and medium standards ABOD give very fair returns and compare favourably with London prices, whilst the lower sorts (Pekoe Souchong) of standard AB are mostly sold at a loss. The higher and medium grades of tea (gsod, well-made, nicely twisted, tippy, of a fine blackish colour, strong and fine fiavoured in cup, Broken Pekoes and Pekoes) are therefore preferable for this market and will leave good profits, and I must remark that my best selling numbers are the No. 5, 6, and 7 at R2, R1°80, and R1-60 respectively: I also send you by this same post, registered parcela the five standard samples referring to abovemen- tioned accvunts, and I trust you will be able to induce some of your friends to send me trial con- signments of their teas. Remittances of proceedg could be made in sterling by cheques on London Banks ad libitum to the planters themselyes in Ceylon as to theit agents in London. Shipments direct from Oolombo to Odessa would be preferable, and if possible, with through bills of lading to Moscow made out to order of which one copy should be sent to Mr. Alexander Pappe, Odessa, who will do the needful there for forwarding in transit to Moscow, and another copy to me—Marine Insurance to be covered in Oolombo all the way to Moscow. Strong cases should be selected for packing; Russians taking very little oare of the goods, and the transit from Odessa to Moscow being very heavy. Since my last letter to you of Oot, 29th, 1893, Ceylon tea has made further desided progress, the more so that now and besides R. 8S. Popoff, other large tea firms are advertising it for sale pure, and I hear from London that shipments of Geylon tea (from London to Russis) are gaining importance, You must haya noticed in Messrs, Gow, Wilson & Atanton’s London circular (tog 776 report) of January 12th, 1894, the following re- marks :—‘‘ The Ruesian trade in Ceylon tea shows encouraging expansion, much of the export to Germany being for Russia.” I moreover notice with pleasure that the direct export from Ceylon to Russia, which in 1692 was 4006 lb. of tea, has been in 1893—53,272 lb. T enclose my last brochure on Ceylon tea, and remain, with my best compliments.—I am, &., M, ROGIVUE. Moseow, Feb, 1st-13th, 1894, My Drar Warker,—OConpfirming my letter of the lst-13th inst., I must again write a few lines to inform you that, after new inquisies made re- garding the transport from OJessa to Moscow, I find this route would be too long and too ex- pensive, rendering thus shipments via Odessa very disadvantageous. I have ascertained that Ham- burg is # much cheaper place, for transhipments than London, and would therefore recommend for eventual tea shipments to ship per German steamers to Hamburg, with bill of lading made out to order, of which one copy should be addressed to me and another one to Messre, Zllan d& Co., Hamburg, who will do the needful for re-forwarding to Moscow. I forgot to tell you that particulars of weights (with gross, tare and net weight of each chest) which is required by the Customs authorities, must bef§jsent along with the inyoices.—I am, &o., M. ROGIVUE, Moscow, Feb, 6th-18th, 1894, PROFORMA ACCOUNT SALES OF 15 CHESTS ‘‘ DENMARK HILL’ CEYLON TEA FROM LONDON TO MOSCOW VIA BST, PETHRSBURG EX 8. 8. ‘‘ DWINA,” SOLD BY M, ROGIVUE, Moscow. Lonpon Invoice, August 10th, 1893. Standard AB. (as per sample) Denmark Hitt— 27 cwt. 286 lb, 15 chests pekoe souchong. Gross cwt. 15 20 Paid ,, 8, (By 6 Draft BM a ee 1 - Net cwt. 11 pe a ==1,260 lb. at 63d per Ib. nie woo S' 19 ‘ Liot money and Brokerage 4 per cent O M4Y B Less 91 days’ interest at 5 per cent i 4 5 CHARGES, Soe aes Morine Insurance and Duty, collecting, casting and pack- ing, shipping, lighterage, bond and clearing, boring, B. lad- ing, B. stamps, postages, certificate of origin, interest, ete,, and Lodon commissio 23 per cent, 10percent£3 10 5 £38 14 8 F.0.B, London. Payable and sight exchange or three months’ drafts. Account SALES. Standard A B weighed in packets and sold as No, 8 Rb1,390 lb. Russian at Rb140 per Ib. Rb 1,946 00 Less discount 10 per cent 3c 194 60 R1,751 40 CHARGES. : N.B.—Freight from Colombo to London is included in London price freight from London to Moscow via St. Petersburg on the gross invoice weight 1,870 lb. at Q0kop per Pood /40. Russian lb. + Rl, Rb 43 17 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1894. Duty, Oustoms charges, etc. at average of 85 kop. per 'b.,according to gold agito. RbL181 50 Packing charges incloding paper, | labels, thread,casesetc.,at 10kopperJb. Rb139 00 Warehousing, fire insurance, aud sundry charges 1 per cent and K2,000 -. Bb 20 09 5 per cent commiss'on to cover Magazine charges, part of advertising, intercst on duty, ete., and R1,751'40 i. -- Eb 8&7 57 Rbl,471 14 at 9°50 per £. ... B 280 26 London Invoies, £38 14 8 Charged on London for proceeds £29 1000 =31/40 percent Short. £9 4 8 Loss. PROFORMA ACOOUNT BALES OF 13 CHESTS “LABUKELLE” CEYLON TEA FROM LONDON TO MOSCOW VIA LIBAN Ex 8-8. “PERM’, BOLD BY M. ROGIVUB IN MOECOW Lospvon Invoice, Jan. 8th 1894. Standand A (as per samples). LABUKELLE—13 chests broken pekoe; 13 chests at 6/18. Grossewt 15 1 14 Fare ,, Bis » 120 1 Draft 00 18 Net owt. Ul 1 27 = 1.343 lb. at 1/34 £82 18 9 lees 90 day’s interest ;,, 1 O 9 £82 18 00 brokerages 4 percent ,, 0 8 5 CHARGES. £83 6 65 Marine Insurance and duty, } collecting casing. marking, sbipping lighterage, bond & clearing, boring, B lading, + 10 per cent B. stamp, postage, certificate of origin, interest ete., and London Commission 2% p.c. } £8 67 é £91 13 0 payable at sight exchange —— for 3 months’ draft F. O. B. London ACCOUNT SALES. Standard A weighed in packets and sold as No, 41,480 Ib. Russian at K2:20 k. —Rbls 3,256 00 Less discount 20 per cent, aad 65L 20 OBARGEs. Rbls 2,604 80 N.B.—Freight for Colombo to London is included inthe London price freight from London to Moscow via Liban on the gross invoice weight 1,895 Ib. at 65 kop per Pood (40 1b. Russian + B1 46 00 Duty, Customs, charges eto., 85 kop per Ib average. according to the ‘ Gold” AGO... as = an ' Packing charges including paper, lead . _ _ labels, thread, cases etc. at 10 kop per Ib 148 00 , Warehousing fire insurance and sundry charges 1 per cent on 3,000 in 30 60 50 per cent commission to cover, Magazine charges part of advertising interest on‘duty etc. on R62,604°80... im 130 24 RI,612 24 Rble 992 5G at R950 per £ atlg. For proceeds cheque on London £104. 9 7 Lonpon Invoice ,, 91 13 00 Surplus... £1216 7 14 per cent, 1,258 00 May 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 771 PROFORMA ACCOUN@ SALES OF 21 CHESLS GREAT WESTERN CEYLON TEA FROM LONDON TO MOSCOW VIA ST. PETERSBUG EX 8.8. “NEWA” SOLD BY M.ROGIVUE, Moscow. Lonpon, Invorcr, October 9th, 1893. Standard B (as per sample) Great WESTERN— 89 owt, 109 lb. 21 chests pekoe Gross cwt, 23 9 4 Tare cwt. 5 O 27 ewt. 17 3 5 Draft cwt. 0 0 21 Net cwt. 17 212 =1972 Ib. at 11d per lb. eo £8t909 7 8 Less 90 days’ intetest ose £stl 2 2 £3t89 5 6 Lot money and brokerage } per cent £3t0 9 0 £3189 14 6 CHANGES: Marine Insurance and Debts, | Collecting, Cashing, packing, | Shipping, : Pig hieree", epond | and Clearing, Borin ill o Lading, Bil of Starnes Post- 710 percent £st8 19 6 age, Certificate of Origin, In- terest, &c., and London Oom- {| mission 24d per cent. — ————— £8t98 14 0 Payable at sight exchange for 3 months’ dratt a05 F,0.B. London ACCOUNT SALES. Standard B weighted in packets and soldas No. 5 2,170 Russian lb. at R2 per lb, e Rb4,340 00 Less discount at 18 percent Be Rb781 20 Rb3,558 80 CHARGES. N.B.—Weight from Oolombo te London is included in London Invoice : Freight from London to Moscow via St. Petersburg on the gross invoice weight 2,833 lb: at 90 Kop. per Pood (40 Russian Ib.) at RL 305 in Doty, Customs charges, &c. at average of 87 Kop. per lb. (according to “ gold’ agio) + Ws ... _Rb1,887 00 Packing charges, including paper, Lead Labels Threads, cases, &c., at 10 Kop. Ipsteiele nee BS “Warehousing, Fire Insurance and Sundry Charges l per cent-on Rb4000 vs 5 per cent Commission to cover Magazine charges, Part of Advertising, Interest on Duty, &c. on R3,558°80 eA Rb 64 75 Rb 177 94 Rb2,387 59 «» ~Rbt171 21 Eomutenenenianeened At 960 per £st Charges on London for pro- ceeds +. 8t£122 00 London Invoice .. £st 98 14 23/60 per cent, Surplus wwe £58t 23 6 PROFORMA ACCOUNT ALES oF 11 CHESTS “‘K, A. W.” OEYLON TRA FROM LONDON To Moscow VIA ST. PETERSBURG EX gs. ‘'NEWA,’’ SOLD BY M, ROGIVUR, MOSCOW. London Iavoice, Oct. 9th, 1893, Standard O (as per eamples) A.W K..A. W. 119 owt. 129 Lb; 11 Casea Orange Pekoe Gross ewt. 11 1 22 Tare owt. 2 2. 21 cwt. 82 39h Dratts cwt. 0 O 11 Net cwt. 8-2" 18 =970 Ib: at 101 per lb, £40 8 4 Leas 90 days’ interest Bee 9 10 £3139 18 «6 Brokerage 4 per cent Oo 4 0 £3140 2 6 CHARGES. Marine Insurance and Duty, Collecting, Casing, Pick- ing, Shipping, Lighterage, Bond and C learning, bor- ing, Bill of Lading, Bill of 10 percent £4 0 3 Stamps, To tage, Oertifi- cate of origin, interest, &c. and Lendon Commission at | 22 per cent. A £at44 2 9 Payable at sight exchange for 3 months’ draft... oo «>» F.0.B, London ACCOUNT SALES. Standard C weighed in packets and sold ag No. 6: 1,070 Jb. Russian at 1-80 per 1b. .«.» Rb1,926. 00 Loss Discount 16 per cent «» Rb 288 90 Rb1,637 10 CHARGES, N.B.—Freight from Oolombo to London is included in London invoice, Fre ght from London to Moscow (via St. Petersburgh) on the gross invoice weight 1,410 lb. at 90 Kop per Pood (40 Russian Ib.) at Rb1 «. Rb 32 57 Daty, Oustoms’ charges, &c. at average of 86 Kop. per lb. (according to “gold” agio) w. Rb 920 20 Packing churges, includiug Paper, Lead Labels, Thread, Uases, &c., and 10 Kop. per lb. «» Rb 107 00 Warehousing, Fire Insurance and Saon- dry charges 1 per cent on Rb2,000 ... Rb 20 00 5 per cent Commission to cover Maga- zine charges, Part of advertising, Interest on Duty, &c.,onR1,637:10 .., Rb 81 85 Rbl,161 80 At 950 por £st «» Rb 475 30 Oharges on London for proceeds £st50 O & London Invoice £at44 2 9 fst 5 17 11 13/36 °/, Sarplus PROFORMA AccoUNT SALES OF 42 cHESTs MartAwATTE Ceyton Trea FRoM LonpOoN To Moscow yIA St, PETERSBURG EP ss. ‘‘DwINA,” SOLD BY M. Roaivur, Moscow. London Invoice August 10th 1893, Standard D (as per sample) MartawarTE— No. 189 230 42 ohests Pekoo Grosscwt. 44 1 4 Tarecwt. 10 2 15 owt. Chee) ily Draft owt, J Mew et ke! Nettowt, 33 1 38 ————— - 8,727 lbs at 7d per lb g¢ stl08 14 1 Lot money and Brokerage 4 percent st 13 3 £etl09 7 4 778 CHARGES, Marine Insurance and Duty } Collecting, Caring, marking, pe te alaiverenes Lae and Clearing, Boring, Bill o Lading, Bill of Stamps, Post- / 10percent£st10 18 9 age, Certificate of origin, Interest, &c. and London Commission 2} per cent J £st120 6 1 Payable at sight exchange for 3 months’ drafts n es ACCOUNT BALES. Standard D weighed in packets and sold as No. 7 4,100 Russian lb. at Rb1'60 per lb... Rb6,560 00 Less Discount 12 per cent «Rb 787 20 F.O.B. London Rb5,772 80 CHARGES. N.B. —Freight for Colombo to London is inoluded in London price. ; Freight from London to Moscow (via St. Petersburgh) on the gross invoice weight 5,460 Ib, at 90 Kop per Pood (40 Rus- sian lb.) at Rbl... a oe Duty, Customs charges, We. at average of 85° Kop per lb. (according to “ gold’ agio .. ais 40 -. Rb3,485 00 Packing charges including Pap‘r, Lead, Labels, Thread, Cases, &o. ani 10 Kop Rb122 85 per lb.. oe AD -. Rb410 00 Warehousing. Fire Insurance and Sundry charges 1 per cent on Rb6,000 -» Rb60 60 5 per cent commission to cover Magazine charges, Part of advertising, Interest Duty, &o. on Rb5,77280... .. Rb288 64 Rb4,366 49 ‘At 955 per £3t o ee «. £8t1,406 31 Cheque on London for pro=- ceeds an £51147 5 0 London Invoice .£8t120 6 1—22-40 per cent Surplus 50 .. £326 18 11 ————_>__——_ COFFEE IN MEXICO. 4 A private letter received in the city of Mexico from the United States Consul at Vera Cruz states that the shipments of coffee from that port during the last two months were the heaviest ever known. During the months of January and February this year over $4,000,000 (Mexican) worth of coffee was shipped from Vera Oruz to the United States.— Financial News. : —_— INDIAN PATENTS. OatcutTa, 5th April 1894. Specifications of the undermentioned inventions have been filed under the provisions of Act V. of 8:— neyitig Tea Leaves, &c.—No. 30 of 1890: William Jackson of Thorn Grove, Menvofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, Gentleman, for improvements in apparatus for drying tea leaves, coffee, grain or other produce. (From 26th May 1894 to 25th May 1895.) aR Withering Machinere.—No. 31 of 1890: William Jackson of Thorn Grove, Mannofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, Gentleman, for improvements ia apparatus for subjecting substances to the action of air, more especially intended for use in withering machines or wilting tea leaves, but applicable also to drying coffee, “grain and other produce. — (From 4th June 1894 to 3rd “June 1895.)—Indian Engineer. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a [May 1, 1894. THE DELGOLLA ESTATE COMPANY. Mioutes of proceedings at the ordinary general meeting of shareholders of the Delgolls Estate Com- papy, Ltd., held at the Registered Office of the Company, 24, Colombo Road, Kandy, on Saturdsy,2let April 1894, at 11 a.m. Present.—Messrs. W. D. Gibbon (in the chair) E.8. Fox, Buxton Laurie, W.H. Bailey, W. Forbes Laurie, Gordon Pyper, A. E. Wright, represented by attorney; and F, M. Laurie and J. Munton, Secretary. Read notice cslling the meeting. Read and confirmed proceedings of meeting of 11th April 1893. Report and balance-sheet taken ee read, The CuarrMaNn in reference to the Directors’ Report submitted to the shareholders made a few remarks, informing the meeting thst he had jast been over the estates and bad in fact been there the day before, and had every reason to congratulate the shareholders upon the evidence of progress and improvement, and the possession of a first-class property, and if the prices of cocoa were only somewhat better they would show very excellent results now, and still better bere- after—that, in fact the crops, as regards quantity were, if anything this last year, better than the average over the island. It was true Isabel had been a little dissppointing, it had given a large crop the previous year and perhaps naturally needed a little afsistance, nnd that had been given it inthe way of mapuring. The eupplying and shading here had not been so far advanced, avd not at present, quite so successful as at Delgolla, but no efforts bad been relaxed, and gcod results must follow. COocoa- nuts at Delgolla had been rather disappoint- ing that was to say, only, as regarded iry weather affecting the blossom and yield, aod un- fortunately tery little better could be expected in the coming year—because the blossoms in the district generally were less good than usual owing to dry weather, and such bloseom as followed the recent rains could not mature within the season. He had seen in the local papers a report from some part of Jafine which stated 50 per cent of the blossom bad failed. Applications for nuts for seed purposes had been made to a pretty largecxtent, showing the estimation held of the fine bearing trees on the Company's pro- perties. Coming tothe consideration of the dividend he thought he might say that last year they originally advised 8 per cent being:declarei; but thet, some excess in sales of produce over the yaluation, induced the shareholders to consider an additional 1 per eent could be taken and 9 per cent was therefore declered. Perhaps it might have been better to have adhered to the lower figure, but at all events he urged them strongly not to declare more than the proposed 5 per cent this time and leave the balance as proposed to be carried forward. It ehould be remembered that the estate was bought with other ideas than the imme- diate return of large dividends; but as a safe and sound investment with excellent prospects from what he might callthe reservations of young areas coming gradually into bearing. One of the shareholders who, he regretted tosay, was not able to be present bad written regarding the writing off for buildings, but in the meantime there was nothing to write off. Some works such as theconducting of water to the stores had gone to ordinary experditure—while as for reserves it appeared to him thatin such works as manuring they werein effect, building up for themselves a very sub- etantial reserve ; and if in such matters the directors could be charged - with meannses, they had on the other hand one of the shareho'ders suggert- ing that-part of the expenditure on mauure might fairly be drafted to account of permanent improve- ments. as he found the manuring expenditure so treated would have given them 1 per cent extra dividend. If fault could possibly he found on the one hand, then credit should be given on the other. Anyhow they had his assurance that they had an estate that had very much and snbstantially increased im value cince it was taken over. It was not propose d te open May 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 779 more land at Delgolla this season than the 60 re ferred to in the report (not 70)—that was to say the best selected of the land under coconuts, of the joint cultivation of which with cacao they had ample proof of successin an adjoining district. At Isabel it was proposed to increases the area of the estate ssmewhbat, probably by 50 acres. He thought it would be very inadvisable to increase the dividend but rather to carry the balance on as proposed, ‘Lhe serious fall in the prices of cocoa was alone to blame for the small- cess of the dividend which could neither have been anticipated nor prevented. : Mr. W. Forses Laurtz moved the adoption of the Report, and indoing so said it would be well to bear in mind thata large proportion of the products had yet to come into bearing. For instance there could not be more than 40 acres coconuts in full bear- ing, so fully 350 acres have yet to come in. He considered about 45 acres would in future come into bearing yearly; this year 15 acres of cocoa gave its first appreciable cropand next yearit would give more. -Thero were 25acres of Liberian coffee planted up with coconuts which bear first in the coming season and 80 acres in the following, &c Thus it was hardly necessary to write off particular amounts against wear and tear when every year something extra was coming into bearing and the continual pro- gre:s in this manner showed an improved value Virtually as good as a sum paid off, aod in otber words, ‘ib seemed to him that a portion of the capital being thus temporarily unremunerative mast dilute the profit paid to shareholders, and a reserve was thus effected. Personally he had considerable interest in the Company and intended to have more for he had not sold a sharein the Company siuce its founda- tion, but was acquiring more as he had only recently again gone over the estate and felt that the perma- nent value of the property was pretty well assured. Mr. Gorpon Pyper seconded the adoption of the Report, which was carried. STATEMENT oF AccoUNTS AND BALANCE SHEET APPROVED AND PASSED, Mr. Pyper proposed and Mr. W.H. Barry seconded ‘and the motion was carried nem con. Proposed by Mr. A. H. Wricut, attorney by W. D. Gibbon, and seconded by W. Forbes Laurie that divi- dend be declared at rate of 5 per cent and carried. ELEcTION OF DiRECcTORS. Mr. Gorpon Pyper proposed and W. F. Laurin seconded that Messrs. Fox and Buxton Laurie being eligible be re-elected.—Carried. AUDITOR. Mr. Buxton Lavurir proposed and Mr. Gordon Pyprr secconded the election of Mr. Guthrie, on same fee as before. DATE oF GENGRAL MEETING, Proposed by Mr. Buxton LAvRix and seconded by Mr. W. H. Bartey that the ordinary genera! meeting should take place aunually on or about 21st April. SpeciaL RgsOLUTION ON ELECTION OF DIRECTOR. Moved from the Chair that clause No. 79 of the Articles of Association be e0 altered as to admit of only one Director retiring annually instead of 2 and carried mcn con. Usk oF SEAL. Moved from the Chair and carried that no alteration should be effeoted. The meeting closed With a vote of thanks to the Chaicmin. The following is a copy of the Report which was submitted at the meeting :— Your Directors beg to submit the annexed Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the season ending 28th February 1894, which have been duly audited. The sum at credit of profit and loss account shows that a balance amount of R13,294:09 remains to be disposed of, and your Directors propose to paya dividend of 5 per cent on the capital of R204,000 leaving a balance of K3,094°09 to be carried forward, The Directors consider it is advisable to carry forward so large a balance as the produée is not as yet wholly reaized. It is a matter for regret that the low prices ruling for cocoa has prevented the possibility of a dividend being secured equal to that of last year. The yield of the estates is not at fault, but the unexpected and heavy fallin the prices of the principal product grown on the estates, for Delgolla estate gave in the twélve months 412 cwt. cocoa against 335 cwt. of the 14 months including in the previous season’s accounts. Oocoa.—The estimate for the season upon Delgolla was 400 cwt. and realized 412 cwt. Isabel estimate was 200 cwt. and 155 cwt. weresecured. Theestates have passed through a rather dry north-east mon- soon, and it is difficult to conclude with absolute certainty what the spring crop may be, but the Reports from the Visiting Agent and Superintendent show that the trees are in good heart, and everything in favour of a fair crop for the coming season. The Directors are alive to the advantages of manur- ing, and a considerable area has been so dealt with. Liserian Corree.—The crop fell somewhat short of the estimate, 584 cwt. secured as‘against estimated crop of 70 cwt.; this deficiency the manager accounts for by the continuance of dry weather retarding the ripening of crop prior to or before close of finan- cial year. Ooconuts.—The number of nuts gathered was 74,194 against an estimated 105,000. This has been disappointing, but the comparative failure of the blossoms, owing to dry weather, was not confined to this locality, and the prices were a little better in consequence, and to a certain extent compensate for the deficiency. q CuEARINGs.—The 60 acres reported as having been felled last year has proved a very successful clear- ing, planted with cocoa, Liberian coffee and coconuts, and the growth of the shade here has been re- markably good. Out of an area of about 120 acres of coconuts, about 70 acres were reported by the Visiting Agent and Manager to be well adapted for cocoa cultivation, and it has been decided to plant it up with cocoa, and keep it thoroughly weeded, serving the double object of increasing the extent of cocoa, and quicken-, ing the growth of the coconuts. IsaBpeL EsTare.—A small block of Orown {and 11 acres, in the vicinity of this estate has been purchased from Government and has now to be added to capital; adjoining pieces will probably be required. CapitaL.—To provide for extension and other re- quirements, the Directors find it desirable to call up the remaining capital. The following Directors retire in accordance with the Articles of Association :—Messrs. E. §. Fox and Buxton Laurie, but being eligible offer themselves for re-election. It rests with the meeting to elect an Auditor for the current year. By order of the Board. (Sgd.) J. Munton, Secretary. —_——__._______ THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA- AUCTIONS. Our Amsterdam correspondent writing on Maroh 29th last, says:—‘ The analyses for the Java oinchona to be offered at auction here on April 5th have been completed. The manufscturing bark contains 23 tons sulphate of quinine, or 5°12 per centon the average. Abont 23 tons contain 2-3 per oent sulphate of quinine; 94 tons, 3-4 per eent; 118 tons, 4-5 per cent; 96 tons, 5-6 per cent; 64 tons, 6-7 per cent; 50 tons, 7-8 per cent; 6 tons, 8-9 per cent. No analyses have been made of @ few lots damaged by water.” The periodical auctions (our correspondent telegraphs) were held today—Thursday—4,345 pack- ages finding buyers at an average unit 43 cents per half-kilo, or say about 4-5thd per Ib., showing a very steady market. Manufacturing bark in whole and broken qnuill realised from 9 to 44 oants (=I3d to 8d per 1b.), ditto reot from 114d to 38 cents (—2i to 53d per 1b.), and draggist’s bark from 144 to 573 480 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May rf, 1894: a ee a eo cents (=24d to 10$1 per lb.) The principal buyers were the Burnewick, Auerbach, Mannheim and Amsterdam Quinine Works, Mr. Gustav Brieglb, the Frankfort factory,and Messrs, Matthes and Bormees- ter, Of 234 tons of quinine in the tark, 20 tous were sold.— Chemist and Druggist, April 7. AS PRODUCE (TEA, COFFEE, &c.) COMPANIES. Lonvon, April 13. April is the month in which the arger pro- portion of the OOMPANIES connected with Oeyjon and having offices here issue their annual reports. Three of these, those of the astern Produce and Eetates Company, of the Haputale Company, and of the Madulsima Coffee and Cinchona Company, are forwarded to you with this letter. That of the Mahaeusa Tea Company, although issued, was refused to me on the ground that the directors did not wish the fuil details of it published. I was, however, obliged with certain leading points of information respecting it. The capital is £18,000, and the dividend de- clared for the year 8 per cent. There has been placed to reserve £877 10s 2d, whilst £158 17s 9d has been carried forward to the next account. The Hastern Produce and Estates Company mado & profit of £30,469 183 3d, and after paying interest On debentures, £20,045 163 3d remain available. A dividend of only 3 per cent can, in accordance with the Articles of Association, be paid pending the reduction of the debenture debt below £50,000. This dividend absorbs £8,9741s 0d. £11,034 2s 3d is applied to paying off debentures. This account is now reduced to £170,880, and the date for ‘paying off this amount has been extended from the original term of seven years for a further term of three years, The Company has 9,750 acres under tea. The crop for 1893 was 2,638,000 Ib. which sold at an average of 83d per lb. The total average of the Ccmpany’s estates is 17,273 acres which include 92 acres under coffee, 426 under cocoa, and 281 cardamoms and sundries. The Haputale Gompany’s report states that the -gross profit for the year was £4,720 2s 5d, of which £3,701 6s 0d is available for dividend. This is proposed on the preference shares at the rate of six per cent, less income tax. It will absorb £3,462 163 2d, leaving £238 9s 104 to be carried forward. The report informs me that the season had been favourable for coffee, and that ‘this crop had been over 1,500 owt. reaching & grogs average price of 105s 3d per cwt. againsts £107s 6d in the year previous. The estimate had been for 1,200 owt. only, and that figure is adopted for the current year. Tea had yielded £2,737 against £1752 in 1892 and £1065 in 1891. It is announced that the Oolombo Agency had been accepted by Messrs. Cumberbatch & Oo. ‘The Madulsima Coffee and Oinchona Company only made a profit of £541°4:0. A dividend of three per cent on the preference shares, less in- “come tax, ig recommended. #£294:2-7 will be carried forward. Only slightly over 100 owt. -of coffee was obtained, and it is found the -product cannot in future be looked to as @ source of. much profit. Tea yielded £5416 against £4123 in 1892, and £260) in 1891. The total average under tea is now 1300 acres. The total debentures issued amount to £10,050. the report received on the estates from Mr. Naftel is considered satisfactory. On the death of Mr. A.T. Karslake the agency of the Company in Geylon has been undertaken by Megars, Qum- “perbatch & Oo.—London Cor, VEGETABLE PRODUCTS IN CHINA. Some curiosities of the rise and fall of certain commercial yegetable products may be gathered from a report on the trade of Pakhoi for the year 1892. In some remarks on the exportof essential oils the most noticeable developments are said to have be n made in Star Anise and Cassia, the former from Illiclum verum and the latter from Oinnamomum cassia. The advance in the value of Anise oil was from £15,185 in 1891 to £35,579 in 1892, and in Oassia oil from £13,074 in 1891 to £41,408 in 1892. Chinese traders, who alone have any knowledge of the trade in Star Anise and essential oils, assert that this extraordinary increase is due solely to in- creased production, aud further state that eyery alternate year there is a large increase in the trade. This latter statement, however, is only partially verified by the customs returns for past years in the case of Star Anise, and not all in the case of essential oils. The Consul gives it as his opinion that the increase, in part at any rate,is to be ec- counted for by a change of route—that whereas in past years these goods have been sent in native boats to Macao by the West River, last year, possibly owing to increased taxation by the route, the trade has been diverted to Pakhoi. The essential oils of Anise and Cassia are mainly destined for export to Europe, where the demand, stimulated no doubt by the heavy fall in silver, has greatly increased. Enquiries have been made by European firms with a view to purchasing the oils in Pakhoi, but the trade is entirely in the hands of the Macao mer- chants established at Pakhoi, who prefer to send them to Macao before sale to foreigners and shipment to Europe, and it seems improbable that they will ever be purchased at profitable rates or indeed at all in Pakhoi.° Ground-nut cake has also advanced cons derably. This commodity is the refuse of the gound-nuts (Arachis hypogeea), after the oil has been extracted, and it is pressed into cakes and used chiefly as a fertiliser in China, for which purpose it is said to be admirably suited, and it is interesting to note that enquiries have been made from Europe with a view to its introduction for the same purpose. Its cost if purchased in Pakhoi, according to the value as stated in the customs returns, would be about £3 12s. per ton, with which freight, &c., to Europe would make its cost cons.derahle.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. _ o TEA COMPANIES’ MEETINGS. THE KELANI VALLEY TEA ASSOOIATION, LIMITED. The eighth annual meeting of the Kelani Valley Tes Association, Limited, was heldon the 9th inet., at the offices of the company, 16, Philpot Lane, to receive the annual report of the board of directors. Notice of meeting having been read by the Se- CEPNASs and the report and accounts having been taken as read, The Chairman, Mr. G. W. Paine, before sub- mitting the usaal resolutions to the meeting, offered a few remarks on the position of the com- pany, goiag over the accounts in detail, and re- marked that he trusted the shareholders would find all satisfactory: He begged to remind the shareholders that the company had still the sum of £1,285 to issue in debentures at 5 per cent., and he also intimated that a call of £1 per share on the last issue of 1,000 shares would probably be made in about a month’s time. He also stated that the purchase of Wereagalla and Parusella estates has now been duly completed, and the balance of the shares allotted, and the further premiums received would be duly placed, as usual, to reserve fund. Deficiency in crop was due partly to the dry season, acd partly to helopeltis, which is very dest:uctive to the young leaves, but the company’s manager had taken energetic measures to keep had now uearly been got rid of. : é down the Istter pest by setting coolies to catch the flies, and they May 1 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 981 In conclusion Mr. Paine added: ‘‘ I cannot close these few remarks without special reference to the loss the Company has sustsined throughout the retirement of our Iste secretary, Mr. John Anderson, who has been closely associated with the Company since its commencement. Iam sure you will all feel with me the great loss we have sustained through his retirement, and at being deprived of his ex- perience. Mr. James F'. Anderson has kindly con- sented to take over the secretarial duties for the present, and I may state that permanent arrange- ments are now being made for the future which I hope will be satisfactory to everybody.” After one or two questions had been asked by the shareholders; Mr. Paine then proposed and Mr. Davies seconded : ‘That the report and accounts as presented to the shareholders be received and adopted.” This was carried unanimously. Mr. Paine proposed and Mr. D. A. O. Scott seconded: ‘That a final dividend of 10 per cent. (free of in- come tax) be declared; making in all 15 per eent. for the year, payable on the 16th inst. Mr. Andrew then proposed the re-election of Mr. G. W. Paine as the Director of the Company, re- marking that he was sure the shareholcers would agree with him that the guidance of the Company could not bein better hands, and that he, as cbair- man, devoted his closest attention to all matters promoting the welfare of the Company, This was seconded by Mr. Dodds and carried with acclamation. Mr. Moss proposed and Mr. Stanton seconded ; “That Mr. J. B. Laurie be re-elected auditor for the ensuing year.” Mr. G. W. Paine then proposed the following resolution: * That a vote of thanks be given to Mr. Porter, Mr. Mitchell, and the Ceylon and London staff for their efficient working of the company’s properties and business,’’ which was seconded by Mr. Andrew and unanimously carried. A vote of thanks to the chairman and directors of the company, proposed by Mr. Mennell and seconded by Mr. Stanton, closed the proceedings of the meeting.—Z. and C. Mail. ee Se eee TEA CROPS AND FREIGHT. There is news of rain having fallen in some of the tea districts, but notwithstanding there has not been more deing intea shares. Ag affecting the tea trade the liners have fixed their tea rate for the month of May at 153 above rough cargo, with a rebate of 123 64 payable part in one month and a balance in four months, with a minimum rate of 258 net.—Vvzoneer, April 24, pe DRAYTON ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. Managing Director.—Mr. J. N. Campbeil. Directors.—Mr. A, R. Wilson-Wood, Mr. V. A. Julius. The Directors beg to submit the annexed balance sheet and profit and loss account for half-year ending December 31st, 1893, which have been duly audited. After providing for depreciation of buildings and machinery, and writing off one-third of cost of transfer of estates and preliminary expenses, the balance profit available is R28,897°08. The Directors propose that a dividend of 4 per cent., payable on the 30th instant, be declared, and that the balance— R297:08—be carried forward to 1894 account, The crop of tea secured was 137,830 1b., against an estimate of 160,00U1b. The cost of tea f. 0. b. was cts. 80°25 per lb., exclusive of depreciation; and the net value realized was cts, 56°46 leaving a profit of cts. 26°21 per lb. The orop of coffee was 70 18-32 bushels, realizing R1,187°'82, and 1 ewt. 8 qrs, clean coffee. sold for R100, All cinchona has been cyt out, and 9,289 Ib, bark - pave hew: shipped, The Oompany’s properties consist of— DRAYTON :— acres. Coffee Ei 3 Tea. in Bearing a0 618 Young Tea ate 106 Clearing for Plantiog .. 35 Grass Land ye 8 Timber ate 10 Forest 56 U7. Waste Roads, Dam. &o. 86 YUILLEFIELD :— Tea in Bearing O6 200 Forest and Timber a6 35 Swamps and Timber .. 8 Total...1,116 The estimate crop for 1894 is 815,000 lb. All the Directors retire at this meeting, but are Eligible for re-election. The report was adopted. a Pepper av THE Straits.—Mr. R. C. Guy, District Magistrate, Taiping, reports :— ‘On the way down river we visited Said Musa’s pepper plantation. The Said himself had gone to Penang to sell his crop, but the Overseer showed us over the garden; he informed us that Said Musa had gathered 60 bags this month, each one weighing about a picul.” CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1894. ° Co et AMM OND 1D = OD re) NO OA Sonu OO in 15 ira re Sis sO sss sO sss 2 3s OD a|Se BPA to Soe 38 Brie Re29 2 mo pages Aa a7 Sat D ov Boe oO . alm ; ONS N Of =D oo) DS tig ANM sN rH ss sot gs : tor jaa a rasise, a 3 8o « $ |a0 a 19 a Bans a2 = TORHMO — = aa Cala Bia. |SSS08 2.1; 822 .82.:1 S588 ° = s u . g125 Gon a st + CO RIGSL Sac : oe - onl 3\ oS ° Sas wes zs S388 al. |; S319 2S Ra S ° ADRS A ‘gd oO py Nw ese oo SIA 2 © © 2 OM Ain 2 a0 al SBad g|o =e 8 So e080 85 S q 2 a 38s 8 8 3s 8 aRSE 5135 |8 i828 Sis Sisii:| 8288 8 = 2 ec el ee ee 3) a] Ska [<<] a MHD be 5 eS) Gols a ©0809 Dia | IS for} D oon Sass a: S62 221B iQ : ORD 3} a ~ a 2:28 . a sts oleate) a] = a a tol AIG oat ee 5 Oo Haan A ae ts te as QD mead «3 Cs) KSOD E N Sri: R ic Shisiksmistieits. = OOD et E é sete Seaetsp cites (stisice: Doar ° eCObet OOM SHMA-awns Sasa O~onst COON QYRASSSANS | ONS six MORAN AeA mEeoocorns Deore g Sa maa OO AND THOSADM OM Bae i a a ts OOM nHO ete Sous is _ col > ms S5oor la = RRAS s sD SH MO g/38 |S &a S3e3 See [PSI eee etic ak tre! eeavtg S2a8 ailmé rails wren arsaser neta. Suteereiseiej sere) (abel te: ASas 2 er eee ft. . fe! ec e,'e ene eo ee . . . Sone Ala 2| 35 [Lees : N AND ASSAD & ~ a oe So moO aon ©. & SASea MS tater tort setts Sor is io} us . eo. a . . wi—cy ela NA ° Fy a =) 1D remn ton! Nn o oO o| 3 aystziclees eis) SusneESwANel oes te, Selle © oe oy; ss suave 8 Orig se! © oe o's . -? . Lei an | p= | 2° ‘ E-3—¥ Slag (ee 8.7 8 888° 2 |) see Sn int sm: imo ‘sa: SRR S rt : : 7 °N . H oaeass mag Nd qe Po, PPPS MPTP ls yasssa Samoa s SAAR _ - = m |e g ER eijel of dal ‘ey? othe spe : nae 4 wi: : Wek Soot eC a Sr RE 8 = “te A @ <4 GY iba > g £3 bao is] = . 8 |yfiedg eae 38 a3 | 288A © |Eeeckseggsssbbdaeis de A Seems eee essssssas 33 P bs we Vingorlas. good and fine/5s 61a 6s 6d ards} yy oS wf @ LOD Madras, Upper Godavery|Good to fine picked .../6s 3d a 7s 4ths| ,, 3) RUEn a csp Rader | DEL nee $i +» ./Common to middling .,,/4s6d a 5s 31 Chips|Fair to tine plant .(2ad a 7d Coast a (fair ... sad ss ~ a ad ee : = 3 Pickings ,,,|Burnt and defective .., ads3i CLOVES, Zanzibar Fair to fine bright laws 2h a 2id MACE, Bomba Dark to d bold pale.,,/ls 6d a 2s and Pemba. } Common dull and mixed! 2¢d 2 25d bay... W'd oom darkto deeb 42 a lod » STEMS Common to good [ada fd NUTMEGS, ki, ..(85'3 a B's, “.(88 @ 26 10d COCULUS INDICUS ...|Fairsifted.. .,, , [0394 a 6s 6d 90's a 1253's... +.|'8 44a 2s COFFEE .. » (Mid. Plantation Ceylon|!04s 6da 107s6d|| NUX YVOMICA Madras|Small to fine bold freshiés a 10s 5s we ae e(Low Middling ,, —,, [998 @ 104s OLL, CINNAMON .».|Bair to fine heavy 94 @ 2s COLUMBO ROOT... «.-|Good to fine bright sound|!43_a 2J3 C{TRONELLE _..,,|Bright & good flayour..,.@4 @ gd “wa Ordinary & aati (9 61 peace LEMONGRASS ... wn itsece ome 34 ae ON SEEDS, sifted...|Fair to tine fresh {208 a 273 Ceylon | Mid. to fine, not wood $@ dds Cote a pee ...|Rair to fine dry ..|203 & 323 REED} Gacaibar ...|Picked clean flat leaf ik 2s a 185 DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan.|Ordinary to good drop .,.|398 a 60s Mozambique| 1 Wity .. — ..,/228 @ 32s GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey|Fair to fine dark blue ,../2/8 a 57 6d PEPPER— ‘ Good white and green ,,,/498 a 503 Malabar, Black sifted .,.| Fair to bold heavy ane 2hd a 234 GINGER, Cochin, Cut .../Good to fine bold ..,,598 a 85s Alleppee & Tellicherry ” yr Wale »» _«|Smalland medium 205 a Tus Tellicherry, White ...|_ »» » + nom/!0d a Is Rough,..|Fair to fine bold .,,|038 a 853 PLUMBAGO, Lump _ ...\Fair to fine bright bold 125 a 233 - ...|Smalland medium _,,|503 a 62s Middling to gooi small|lUs a 12a Bengal, Rough |Fair to good nom,,,,|2U8 i Chips .../Sli’tly foul to fine bright/78 @ 10s @UM AMMONIACUM .../Blocky to tine clean ...|258 a 75s Dust »»./Ordinary to fine bright..,/25 91a ¢, ANIMI, washed ...|Picked fine pale in sorts,|£10 03 a £12 103||RED WOOD w+ ses|Fair and fine boid — .,./£3 @ £3 tog Sa Part yellow & mixed do,|£9 0sa £100: ||\SAFFLOWER, Bengal |Goodtofinepinkynominal 958 @ 19), Bean & Peasizeditto .,.|£5 a £8 10s Ordinary to fair w=|103 8 89g Amber and red bold .,,|£7 0s a £3 0s Inferior and pickings ... 50s 4 60s acraped.,.|Medium & boldsorts ,,,|23 0s a£8 SANDAL WOOD, Logs...|Fair to fine flavour ,,,/%35 a £55 ARABIC E.I, & Aden ..|Good to fine pale frosted ” Chips,.|[nferior to fine won| 29 sifted ; /40s a 62362 |l3REDLAC Sorts, dull red to fair [273 64a 333 || SRNNA, Tinnevelly Ghatti ...|Good to fine paleselected|30s a 453 ag ../Ordinary to fine bright|305 a 95. «Medium to bold green....21 a 104 |Small and medium green|24 a 44 Sorts middling to good,,,}20s a 2/s Common dark and smali|ld a 24 Amrad-cha.|Good and fine pale ,,,|40s a 303s Bombay .../Ordinary to good (ld a 24 Reddish to pale brown ,,,|298 @ 393 SHELLS, M.-o’=P. we/2GYPTIAN—bold clean...|708 a 75g Madras ...|Dark to fine pale ...|La8 a 35s _ medium thin and stout|798 a 874 64 ASSAFG&STIDA Fair to fine pinky block chicken, tnin andstout|758 a 825 64 anddrop ... __,,./60s a 1103 large «s «,|BoMBAY—good tofinethic|§78 61a 773 64 Ordinarystony to midling|203 a 50s _. ..medium partstout| clean part good color!?7s 6d a 923 6d KINO «» _ s|Fairtotine bright. ~ ,,,|£15 a £18 chicken part stout s ro» [ear ® 80 MYRRH, picked |Fair to fine pale “\65 a £7 oyster&brokenpes| _ 3 » 9 [958 a 80s Aden sorts|Middling to good ...{658 & 803 Mussel. ... .,{DOld Sorts wes. [208 a 18 | OLIBANUM, irop...|Fair to fine white «(398 @ 558 small and medium sorts/218 a 325° i s Reddish to middling .,.|253 a 32364 Lingah Ceylon .,,/Thinand good stout sorts|®3 a 133 64 pickings...|Middling togoodpale .,,/12s a 183 CAMARINDS a ...|Mid. tofineblacknotstony|3$ a 9s siftings ...|Slightly foul to fine ..[L2s a 143 Stony and inferior .,. 4s @ 68 INDIARUBBER ... .../Red hard clean ball ,../23 a 23 334 TORTOISESHELL ...|Sorts,good mottle, heayy|24s a 253 Fast African Ports, Zanzi-|White softish ditto .../le 7d a 25 Zanzibar and Bombay, Pickings thin to heavy...|/5 a 15s bar and Mozambique Coast Wnrve root sea gies ioe e 1s 6d TURMERIC,Bengal ... peane B Bre plump - iver Coe eee «(13 4d als 10 f = Ben x1, |b Sausage, ordinary to fine|ls 31a 231d 4 . Madras .,,|Fin. fairto fine bold brgt “= ee "’ without sticks,,.|23 a 2s 3d ; ct .-. Mixed middling... +1203 a 238. Assam, ‘3 «,{ Good to fine (19 7d a 25 34 ” ..(Bulbs we elI93 a ds . {Common foul & middling|9d_a 1s 6d Cochin ..,|#inger ... ve 153 a 175 6 Rangoon vee see{Kairto good clean ~ .,./Is7d al3 11d ||VANILLOES, £ E : Paste Madagascar, Tamatave, } |Goodtotine pinky &white/2s 1d a 23 6d Bourbon, Ists ...|Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9in.ji9; 9 1g. Majunga and Nossibe } Fair togood black .,,/1s 6d a 1s 94 Mauritius, Qnds...|Foxy & reidish 5 to 8 in. 73a 148 i ASS ood to fine pale ... [ls 9d a 2s ga Seychelles, 8rdg.,,,ean & dey to mid, un-| — ISINGLASS or } Tongue. 4 k i 9 der Gin FISH MAWS aches ark to fair (9d a 19 44 ; Coen 43a 783 Bladder Pipe bee ieee fine bold.,.|!s6d a 23 94 Madagascar, } 4ths.,./Low, pa and x } } ae a Puree Phys mized te fige pate|od @ Js od ae wie &§ . j = epee Mp ewn - olb) ‘of Herd soap in’? qttaFts of hot Water, with l pmt of kerosine. Mix thoroughly while the mixture’is ‘eti}) hot until @ perfect emulsion is 784 Supplement to the “ Troycal Agriculturist.” | iif ‘May 1, 1894. formed. For use dilute with 15 parts of water. The spraying was done by means of the “ Kelair ” knapsack spraying machine. Some time ago we referred to the Singhara or water chestnut, as yiciding in its curious buffalo- head-like fruit.a.farinaceoug food. The plant is known by the Sinhalese name of Ikiliya, and is found in some of the tanks in the neighbourhood of Anuradhapura. In India, it is commonly grown in Guzerat, and is said to be the only food for at least 30,000 people for 5 months in the year in Cashmere. The following is an analysis of the edible portion of the fruit, as made out by Mr. Hooper, the Madras Government Quinolo- gist :— Fat %, 0:97 Sugar and Gum 14°36 Albuminous matter 8°41 Starch 63°84 Cellulose ». oo 60 Ash "68 . Water 4:16 Total. .100:00 The nutrient ratio, or the ratio between the albuminous matter and the starchy materials is 1: 9, 5, which is very similar to that of cleaned Tice having a nutrient ratio of 1: 10. 8. —_——_—_--_>___——-- LACTIC FERMENTS. _ The Melbourne Leader has an interesting report on the experiments that have been carried out ‘in connection with lactic ferments, and the im- portant influence which the success of these experiments is likely to produce on the manufac- ture of butter. The experiments consist in steri- lising cream and afterwards adding to it the particular bacillus (which has now been isolated) that produces the proper butter aroma, when used as a pure culture to ripen cream. Samples of a pure culture of the ferment haying been secured from the Continent by Mr. David Wilson, that gentleman in conjunction with Mr. Pearson, the Government Analytical Chemist, succeeded in proving as the result of the experiments referred to, that butter produced from cream first sterilised and afterwards treated with the ferment was far superior to the best samples produced in the ordinary way. A description of the manner in which this superior butter is made mentions that the cream was raised to a temperature of 200 degrees, and rapidly cooled down to 40 degrees when the lactic ferment cultivated from the continental samples was added; the cream was churned some 24 hours later. The butter produced from this levured cream was pronounced to be worth 4d. more in the London market than first- class butter produced in the ordinary way. It is described as having possessed a perfect aroma, and the Leautiful flavour found only in the highest class butter. The introduction of the cultivated ferment to the sterilised cream is, moreover, said to have a more beneficial effect on the keeping qualities of the butter, and among other instances in proof of this, the following is given:—A portion of the same churning nf butter as that under rotice was sent to Colombo, and, owing to some mistake, instead of being take toa cool store, it i charge of the animals. Even with very liberal — was placed in an open shed, where it remained in the sweltering heat for 17 days. At the end of that time it was examined, anc then found to be good and sweet. It is a common practice in dairies to allow cream to ripen for a certain period (according to tempera- ture) before churning, since the cream churns more easily, and a large amount of butter is obtained than, without ripening, while the proper flavour or aroma is secured. During this process of ripening the various bacteria contained in cream multiply rapidly ; and among them the lactic acid organisms which produce the souring of cream are prominent. It was a Swedish che- mist, named Storch, who succeeded in isolating from cream a single bacillus, which, when used as a pure cultur_, produced the butter aroma; and shortly after Weigmanu succeeded in obtaining cultures of an organism which produced a normal ripening of cream and the proper aroma in butter, The value of using such a ferment, if it can be supplied, in a practical manner, is quite apparent, and we may expect, as the report under wotice points out, that improvements will be introduced into butter-making similar to those which have been effected in brewing by means of the study of the yeasts. The following passage helps to explain why the new mode of fermentation should give better results than the old:—A sample of cream contains a large variety of bacteria, but the ordinary butter-maker has no means of obtaining a proper control over them. During the ripening process of the cream there will ensue a conflict of the different organisms with each other, and the result will be influenced by temperature, variety of species, quality of the cream, length of time of ripening, as well as the advantage which certain species of organisms may get from an earlier start. In such a conflict it will be a matter of accident if the proper species succeeds in growing with sufficient rapidity to produce its own effect on the cream unhindered by the others. To prevent a conflict of this kind, and by sterilising the cream and then adding the cultivated organisms to give them a start of all other kinds, thus insuring the production of butter possessing superior merit, is the abject which the scientist has now in view, and experiments go to show that a large measure of success has been attained. Until, however, the matter is taken beyond the confines of the laboratory and firmly established in the factory, it can scarcely be said to have ad- vanced much beyond the experimental stage, but this much may be said—that almost every experi- ment that has been conducted has shown ihe certainty with which a pure culture of the right kind of bacteria will ensure the production of a superior butter with the most approved flavour and aroma. — INDIAN JOTTINGS. _ Cattle from-the Bombay Presidency seem to be in demand in foreign parts for stud purposes, Just now three fine bulls of the gz breed have heen brought down to be sent to Jamaica. The importers evidently do not mind the cost, as in addition to-two cattle men, a student of the Bombay Veterinary College is likely to travel in ee Otel) | Sumplomenistogiheto sy 1, 1894.] Supplement to the inducements, the difficulty at present is to get a student to undertake the charge, as the College examination is so close at hand that no one cares to miss it, and there is every likelihood that the animals will be left here till May. The gr bulls have a fine short head with a broad forehead, a pair of horns that incline backwards and large pendant ears. They have a large and well- developed hump, deep chest and well-proportioned legs, and are known as very good draught animals; the cows on the other hand being considered excellent milkers. Itis not generally known that animals which suffer from rinderpest once enjoy immunity from the disease ever afterwards, There are some who believe that this immunity extends only for six or seven years. The fact however is of great importance as regards the value of animals which have once suffered from the disease; and such animals ought to be worth more after recovery from an attack of rinderpest than before. As there are not many authentic records on the subjeet, it would be well to take note of the auimals which have recovered from the disease and the year in which they suffered from the plague. The immense quantities of hay, or rather dry grass, brought to Bombay from the outlying districts reminds one that much may be done in the matter of hay-making in Ceylon. There we have to depend chiefly upon paddy straw, which is at the best not a very nutritive food. In this city, where so many horses and working bullocks are kept, it would almost be a matter of impossibility to meet a hundreth part of their wants even if owners used rice straw. As for green grass, even several hundreds of acres of Guinea or Mauritius grass, (the last of which by the way is not grown here), will not supply the demand, and but for the provision made by dry grass it would be a matter of impossibility to maintain the large number of draught animals in any of the big towns. The grass from which hay is made grows in the jungles and waste lands in the country and attains a height of about two to three feet on an average. A month or so after the rains the grass cutters mow it and leave it on the ground to dry, after which it is made into bundles and disposed of. There are many species of wild grass, but the common kinds appear to consist mostly of andropogons quite similar to the andropogon grass* of which a specimen was grown at the School from seed obtained from Delft. There is, I believe, no lack of wild grass in the vicinity of Ceylon forests where a little more attention might be paid to it. One of the great drawbacks as regards cattle breeding in Ceylon is undoubtedly to be attributed to the insufficiency of fodder. There are two species of wild andropogons which are put to some use here. One is the well-known kus-kus grass, andropogon muricatus, the Sevendara of the Sin- halese, which possesses fragrant roots, and is used in making tatties and hand punkhas, and for ex- tracting a perfume. It is a common sight to see mats made of kus-kus roots hung up in verandahs and kept moistened in order to lower the temperature of dwellings. * A, Schenanthus ver. Versicolor, Ay, ee IRATE Agriculturist.” 785” The other useful species of andropogon is. of more wide economic interest and grows wild in Central Indin and Punjab. it is known as rusa grass or sweet calamus, andropogon calamus ar omaticus, and resembles oreatly oar own Pen- giriman, or the citronella grass. ‘The oil obtained from the leaves of the grass fetches a good price in England, and is sold as grass oil or oil of rose-scented geranium. In the vernacular the oil goes under the name of roshnetel. Sometime back there was a discussion as to the advisability of. trying well irrigation in Cey- lon. The more one sees of Indian cultivation, the more will he be convinced of the feasibility of this system. Insome places the wells from which water is obtained for irrigating the land are very deep and must, have cost much money and labour, but the cultivator does not consider any money ‘spent on a Well as wasted; on the other hand he will spend his last penny in getting a well excavated, and when he has succeeded will con- sider it to bea real treasure. The methods of water lifting have already been explained in the columns of the Magazine. The single mhote, the double mhote, the lever lift, the Persian wheel, are allin use here. The system of land tenure in some of the Native States encourages the excavation of wells and the improvement of the lands generally. In some States all the land belongs to the Rajah and the cultivators pay a land tax. If a cultivator excavate and build a well in any area he is cultivating, such land comes to be held on a permanent lease by him. In this way in some of the Native States almost every holder of land has got a well for irrigating his crops. These wells in Central India cost as much as R250 or R300 each A. D...S.; BoMBAY. Sgt ck Se HOW TO MAKE GOOD DRY GRASS OR HAY. The following is a Memorandum issued by the Superintendent of the Horse Breeding De- partment, Meerut, for making good dry grass or hay :— Cut when green and in flower, tie up in bundles of about 8 to 10 lb. weight, and place three of such bundles on their broad ends leaning against each other. By this arrangement the grass will not become damaged by rain, and the central grass of each bundle will ferment and acquire more nutritious properties from containing sac- charine and starchy matter. When the bundles are sufliciently dry they may be stacked. Dry grass thus prepared will be found very nutritious and sweet, and animals will eat it readily. It is nearly as good as fair hay made in England. Proper haymaking requires much practical experience. If the weather is hot and the sun powerful, grass will be dry enough as a rule, in 2 or 3 days, and can be then stacked but it should be stacked in small ricks, in case of any heating taking place, for if grass be stacked when too green or wet, if will surely heat too much, go beyond the fermenting process of making sugary matter &c. and may take fire. A little heating makes the grass sugary and gives a very sweet odour, the odour of hay 186 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” (May: 1, 1894) THE. PRODUCTS OF THE. GRAPH VINE AND THEIR USES. Grapes.—The vine is generally cultivated for the'sake of its agreeable sub-acid fruit, the chief acid in which is the tartaric—tlie same’ as’ is present in the tamarind. Grapes exert a cooling and refreshing influence upon the blood, and, like many other fruits, have a beneficial effect upon | the stomach andthe liver. The late Mr. A. M. Ferguson once wrote as follows about the use of grapes in the dessert :—“ For those diseases of the digestive functions to which dwellers in our hot, moist climate are especially liable, ‘ the grape cure’ ig frequently prescribed. A full supply of rapes at meals might act as a preventive of the Seasnas indicated by sore mouth.” The follow- ing is the percentage composition of the ripe grape as given by Dr. Edward Smith :— Soluble Parts. Grape Sugar “ji 13°80 Tartaric;and Malic Acids 1:12 Nitrogenous matter ., ste 280 Gum, Fat, &c. it aust ego Salts a A Seite AOR Water . a 79°80 Insoluble. Parts, Skin, Stones, &c. ‘ as ABO Peetose .. i * oat ot 20 Mineral matter me iy ae He 10000 Before they are ripe grapes are extremely harsh and’sour'to the taste, and by expression furnish a liquor known as verjuice and’ formerly used as the juice of lemons. Among other substances, verjuice contains malic acid and bitartrate of potash. A vinegar is obtained, though rarely, from grapes, It.is variously used as a condiment, for extracting the virtues of other medicines, and for counteracting the effects of vegetable poisons. It is said that an excellent vinegar can also be made from the loppings and prunings of the vine. The bitartrate of potash or cream of tartar which is deposited during the fermentation of! wine is used as' an aperient. Raisins.— As’ the grape is being dried, the quantity of sugar in it’ increases, while that of malice acid’ diminishes. Raisins are, therefore, more-saccharine, but less cooling and refreshing than grapes. There are many’ sorts of raisins, The ‘ museatels” which are highly prized for dessert are left to dry in-the sun hanging on the vine itself and are hence called sun raisins. The leaves-around being first cut off, the bunches are left-undisturbed: until: the grapes are sufficiently dried‘ and converted into’raisins. These are the largest and sweetest raisins in the market and sell at high prices: The “Sultanas” are the smelHestiwhich are sold under the name of raisins and are ‘of a peculiarly fine-flavour. The tormer grow: in: Southern: Hurope and the latter: in Yurkey. It is thought that the quality and ap- pearance of ordinary’ raisins can’ be improved by dipping'them in lye before being dried!’ Currants aresprepared: from a small, seedless variety of | grapes. They are less juicy’ and ‘contain a less proportion’ of sugar’ than the- musecatels: The chief use of raisins and’ currants isin the pre= Re on } paration of puddings, Lut wine is also sometimes obtained from them. Wine.—Must is the unfermented grape juice, Wine is the juice of the grape altered by fermen- tation. The quality of wine depends priveipally on the proportion of sugar contained in the must, end the manner of its fermentation. When the quantity of sugar is sufficient and the fermenta-~ tion complete, the wine is perfect in quality. If the quantity of saccharine matter be too large, the fermentation is slow and consequently part remains undecomposed imparting «a sweet and luscious taste to the wine. On the other hand if there is too little sugar in the must, the wine is thin and weak. Ceylon-grown grapes are sometimes found deficient in saccharine matter. Father Assauw, writing from Wahakotte, says:—“‘I tried to make wine out of grapes grown here, but I had to add from 3 to 4 0z. of suger to each bottle before I could have got anything like wine.” If the skin of the grape is removed from the must before the fermentation sets in, the wine has little or no ealour and@ is called white wine. If, on the contrary, the skin is allowed to remain in the juice while the fermen- tation is going on, the alcoho] dissolves the colouring matter of the skin, and the wine assumes a red colour. Some of the red wines, such as Port, contain tannic acid derived from the skin. Oil from the Seeds.—A useful oil is extracted from the grape stones in some places. In order to separate the seeds from the husks and other refuse matter, the mash is put into a bucket with some water and worked about with the hands until the seeds sink to the bottom. They are then removed and dried in the sun as soon as possible. When a sufficient quantity is collected, the whole is ground in an oil mill. The oil which is then cold drawn is searcely distinguish- able from common olive oil. The oil cake that is left in the mill as residue, when sealded in a little hot-water, yields a fresh portion of oil, which though inferior to the cold-drawn oil first ob- tained, burns excellently well in a lamp, giving out no unpleasant odour and very little smoke. E. T. HOOLE. a DAIRY PICKINGS. Milk, as is well-known, after being taken from the cow, placed in vessels, and left undisturbed at the ordinary temperature, becomes sour, loses its liquid character, and is ultimately converted into a gelatinous mass. If this muss be broken up by raising the temperature it will separate into curd, which is caseine and fat, and a bright liquid whey. This change of souring and coagulation, says Professor M‘Connell, a well-known English authority, is caused by the action of’ a living ferment or micro-organism called the lactic fer- ment, which enters the milk from the atmosphere after the milk has been taken from the cow. The rapidity with which the ferment acts depends on the temperature of the milk. ft acts very quickly at the temperature at which milk leaves ‘the cow—90° Fahr., the maximum” rapidity being attained at 100° Fahr. At 114° the attion ceases altogether, the heat bemg teo great for the ferment, On,the other hand, the ferment May 1, 1894.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” \ 787 acts slowly when the milk is cooled down to about 60°; at 55° it acts still more slowly; and at 50° no action has been observed, This circumstance explains the fact that millx is most difficult to “keep” (¢.e2., it turns sour most readily) in warm countries and warm summer weather, and keeps unchanged far longer in the cool winter time. Other ferments besides the lactic ferment enter milk from the air, causing special changes. Milk may be preserved for any length of time unchanged by the use of certain chemical agents which are added to it—such are boracic acid, bicarbonate of soda, carbonate of soda, and sali- cylic acid. All theseare more or less inefficient, and some of them are objectionable in that they give their own taste or smell to the milk. Sir H, Thomson says that 8 gr. or 10 gr. of these agents per pint of milk will keep it sweet for three or four days, twice the quantity being required for cream. The preservatives are perhaps not injurious if one pint of the milk containing them be drunk daily, but are likely to be hurtful to young children taking it. © The best temperature for churning cream is 456° Fahr. The butter should come in twenty minutes. If the temperature is above or below the proper point use means to bring it to the right degree. If too cold put boiling water into a long tin tube, and stir the cream until it is warm enough. In summer it is not possible to get water cold enough or ice to cool the cream down, but it can be put into a bag in a draughty place, and this will in time bring it down; or the churn or other vessel can be wrapped round with a wet bandage, and be put out where the wind can blow upon it; keep the cloth wet. Water put out in dinner plates in a draughty place will become very cool in a short. time, and this cold water may be put into the tin tube to stir the cream until it is cooled somewhat. Milk should be cooled quickly after it is taken from the cow. It will keep much longer, and any bad flavours in the milk will be modified: Cooling is now done quickly by means of refti- gerators, Lucerne should be cut some hours before being fed to cows. If they are allowed to graze upon the field their milk will have a bad smell and taste, but if the lucerne is allowed to wilt a little first there will be neither smell nor taste imparted to the milk. The following recipe for cooling water for dairy purposes in summer time is given by Mr. -McCormick, the expert in charge of the Tas- manian travelling dairy :—Take 8 1b. nitrate of ammonia and 4 lb, chloride of ammonia, both finely powdered; mix well together and use 5 Ib. of the mixture to every gallon of water. This quantity will be found sufficient to reduce water at a temperature of 90° F. to freezing point (32° F.) in a few seconds. In order to regain the salts after using, evaporate the water over a slow fire in an iron vessel. The salts should then be laid on a plank and allowed to thoroughly dry in the sun, Be careful not to boil the mixture, because a portion of the salts will thereby ‘be lost. Never allow the ammonia to come in contact with butter or cream, but stand the vessel containing these articles in the mixture, so that they may be entirely surrounded by it, Milk tainted with “native cress,” or with cabbage, or other plants eaten by the cow can be partly restored by cooling rapidly, then heating to 160° F., and again rapidly coolingit. If not cooled and heated in this way, but put into pans and set for cream, the cream will rise, and with it the oily globules which give rise to the offen- sive odours and flavours, so that the skim milk will be nearly free, and the cream will have nearly all of the flavour and odour. By separat- ing the cream from the new milk at’ once the cream will only have its own percentage of bad qualities, and most of this can be driven off by cooling and then heating to 150° F., because the odours, &e., are volatile oils which are vapourised upon the application of sufficient heat. A pint of milk should weigh 1:25 |b., as near as can be; a gallon weighs 10 lbs. and a very small fraction. Dairy factories often weigh in 10% lb. of milk for a gallon. Where the whole of the suppliers are shareholders this is quite fair. ——-___—__ -~>-- ——- — POONACS. Mr. Hooper, the Madras Government Quinolo- gist, makes the following remarks on poonac, which he has been examining with a view to their utilization as manures :— Castor Poonac.—This is obtained from the seeds of the well-known castor-oil plant. The cake contains from 5 to 75 per cent of nitrogen and 7 to 12 percent of mineral matter. This is one of the richest’ poonacs, Ground-nut Poonac.—This is prepared from the seeds of Avachis hypogea, which is cul- tivated so largely in the districts bordering on the Coromandel Coast. It contains from 5 to 7 per cent of nitrogen, and 9 to 12- per cent of mineral matter. The cake from the decorticated seed is about one-tenth richer in albuminous substances than that from the undecorticated. Min or margosa poonac is made form the seeds of the min tree (Melia azadirachta) and is characterized by its asafcetida-like smell and its bitter taste. The nitrogen ranges from 4 to 55 per cent, and the ash is rich in phosphates. The cake usually retains a large quantity of oil, sometimes as much as 20 per cent. Hongay Poonac.—Hongay is the Canarese name for Pongamia glabra |The Sinhalese Magul-ka- randa.—Kid.| The cake; which is very bitter, contains from 4 to 5 per cent of nitrogen, and 4 to 6 per cent of ash. Coconut Poonac is one of thie produets of the coconut palm on the western coast. When fresh it is eaten as food by the lower classes, but it soon decomposes and is fit for nothing else than a manure. {In Ceylon it is commonly used‘as cattle-food, especially for working bullocks.] It does not afford more than 3 to 4 per cent of nitrogen, and only a small proportion of ash. Moura Poonae is prepared from: the seeds of Bassia longifolia, a tree known by the Tamil name wlupu | And the Sinhalese: on.—Ep.] The cake contains a large» quantity of saccharine matter, but is rendered nauseous on account of a bitter principle being present. It yields from 2 to 8 per cent of nitrogen, 188° Supplement to the RICE, * Few people realize the important part rice plays in the economic history of the world, and that probably there does not exist any other product of the’ soil which forms the staple food of as gioat' & number of human. beings, computed as three-fourths of the human race. Rice is supposed to be of Asiatic origin, but it is found grow- ing wild in several parts of the world, notably in Central America, Africa, and even Queensland. 'o India, however, belongs the credit of first utilizing it as a food, and by the cultivation of centuries altering the wild product to what it now is. The rice plant is to be found growing between the 45th parallel north, and the 30th parallel south. When it is mentioned that be- sides being extensively grown in India and the Hast generally, it is also found cultivated in the south of Italy, Spain, Portugual, the West Indies, Central America, the United States and Austra- lasia, it will be readily seen that the plant thrives under varying conditions of climate and soil. Rice analysed contains: starch, 86°9 ; gluten, 75 ; fatty matter, ‘7; sugar and gum, 5; epidermis, 3°56; ash, ‘9. The general composition of rice from another analysis shows: water, 13:7 ; flesh-form- ing substances, 6°5 ; non-nitrogenous substances, 79:4; ash, ‘4. Cooked rice is said to give up 88 per cent of its bulk as nutriment. The advice given on the subject of seed is good: -——Too much attention cannot be paid to selection of seed; only good seed from vigorous plants should be selected. Age has to be considered as well in selecting seed. Both new and old seeds have to be avoided. Seed about 12 months old is reckoned the best. New seed will come up soon, and grow rapidly, but will give a very light crop; old seed will either not germinate or give a very straggly crop, and weak plants. Good seed not only gives an increased yield per acre, but also produces a hardier plant—one less liable to parasitic and other diseases. Another matter not to be lost sight of in selecting seed is to see that it is pure, of one variety only, not mixed, otherwise an un- satisfactory crop is the result. Special mention is made of the variety known as Patna rice as a good kind for sowing on the ordinary swampy land. Then as regards cultivation, we are reminded that the roots of the rice plant are very delicate, and hence good tilth is absolutely necessary to enable the tender rootlets to push their way down. According to the Indian methods of culture 6 inches is given as the lowest depth of tilth, and under this is a hard pad; hence-the roots become shortened and travel laterally in search of food, and where no water is provided the plant does not survive. ‘It is certain,’ we are assured, and we do not doubt it, “that varieties of paddy imported from Bengal, and treated to scientific farming would develope good root growth, and in course of time, with careful seed selection, a variety could be produced which would really be a dry land crop—that is, entirely independent of added moisture,—and one not likely to fail with moderate drought, as, having longer roots, and good tilth peing provided, the plant would receive nourish- * Rice growing and its preparation for the market. ‘ pallens issued by the Department, of Agriculture, YIBVaNRO, . " “ Tropical Agriculturist.” | [May 1, 1894 ment from the subsoil, which in the driest of seasons has a sufficiency of moisture if get-at-able by the plant.” Instances are mentioned of certain varieties of rice grown in the Bankura distriet in India, as well as in Burmah, which require much less water than the ordinary kinds, while a variety grown on the Garo Hills in Assam and in Madagascar is practically a dry land crop. The idea of attempting to convert the aquatic rice plant into a dry land crop may be practicable, and the result will no doubt do away with much of the risk of failure from insufficiency of water, but it is generally believed that the extra dry varieties of “upland rice” are not quite so nourish- ing as the swamp or wet rice, nor so palatable. The advantages of deep cultivation (except in exceptional cases) and finer tilth are undeniable, and if they be aimed at, and seed for sowing be carefully selected, the risks of rice or paddy cultivation would be minimised, and more uniform and better results insured. We hope to conclude our notice of this paper on rice in our next issue. —_——__————_—_—__ ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. The first mentioned of the different orders of birds, viz., Natatores or swimming birds, are more or less adapted for an aquatic life, the body being boat-shaped, the legs short and placed be- hind the point of equilibrium of the body so as to act as oars. The toes are more or less com- pletely webbed. Owing to the fact of their being exposed to great variations of temperature, the Natatores are furnished with particularly dense plumage which is kept well-oiled so as to be waterproof.* Among the swimming birds oceur ducks, geese, swans, penguins, gulls and petrels. The first three form a well-marked group (ducks and geese being common domestic birds) distinguished by having the bill flattened, and covered by a soft skiu, and its edges furnished with a series of plates, which form a kind of strainer, by means of which these birds sift the mud in which they seek their food. The foot in this group is webbed, but the hinder toe is free. Penguins are the chief among the sea-fowl whose excrement forms the well-known fertilizer, guano. The Grallatores or wading biras mostly spend their time in shallow water, feeding upon small fish, shell-fish, worms and insects. Many, how- ever, live chiefly upon dry land, and are more or less exclusively vegetable feeders. They are dis- tinguished by the great length of their legs. The foot has three toes in front and one behind, but the toes are never completely webbed. The wings are short and the power of flight considerable, but the tail is short, and its function as a rudder is chiefly transferred to the long legs which are stretched out behind in flight. ‘The bill is almost always of considerable length, and usually more or less pointed. Among the more important wading birds may be mentioned the water-hens, herons, egrets, bitterns, the stork and adjutant, *A special oil-secreting gland is provided by nature and placed in the porterior part of the body. It is a common sight to see ducks ojling their plumage qy means of their beaks, ier Lis oes : { . : { the long-billed snipe, sand-piper, cranes, and plover. The, Cursores or runners are characterised by the rudimentary condition of the wings which are useless as organs of flight, and by the compen- sating length and strength of thelegs. The bones have tew air cells and the ridge or keel to which the muscles of flight are attached in flying birds, is absent. The hinder too of the leg is wanting in all but the apteryx, in which it is rudimentary. The front toes are either two or three in number, and are furnished with strong blunt claws. Among the runners are the ostrich, cassowary and emu. The Rasores or scratching birds—or as they are often called the gallinaceous birds—are characterised by having the upper mandible of the bill convex, and having a membranous space at its base in which the nostrils are pierced. The nostrils are protected by a cartilagenous scale, The feet have four toes each, three in front and a short hind toe; and in typical forms the toes are provided with strong blunt claws suitable for scratching. The feet of the pigeons, however, are generally adapted for perching. The rasorial birds are divided into two well-marked groups. In the first of these are tho fowls, pheasants, grouse, guinea-fowl, turkey, pea fowl and other allied birds. In the second division are the pigeons and doves, distinguished by the fact that the feet are slender, and adapted for perch- ing while the voice is of a gentle, soft, and melancholy character. The fowls and game birds, on the other hand, are mostly terrestrial in their habits, and have strong feet with claws not suited for perching on trees, while their voice is of a harsh, dissonant nature, and their flight comparatively feeble. Kowls, turkeys, guinea- fowl, pigeons and doves are all more or less domestic animals, though only fowls and turkeys of this group, together with ducks (and some- times geese) are found in the ordinary pouliry- yard. STERILIZED MILK. At the request of the Secretary of Agricul- ture, the chief of {he Bureau of Animal Industry, California, has furnished the following simple directions for the sterilization of milk :— “The sterilization of milk for children, now quite extensively practised in order to destroy the injurious germs which it may contain, can be satisfactorily accomplished with very simple ap- “paratus, The vessel containing the milk, which may be the bottle from which it is to be used or any other suitable vessel, is placed inside of a larger vessel of metal, which contains the water. If a bottle, it is plugged with absorbent cotton, if this is at hand, or in its absence other clean cotton will answer. BANANA FLOUR. As British Central Africs is emphatically a land of the Banara or at any rate of the variety oslled the plaintain, the following extract from Mr, Stanley's 798 book ‘Darkest Africa’ may be useful as drawing | attention to an important and valosble source of focd supply hitherto neglected in this part of Africa The Banana that Mr. Stanley bere refers t), is what we call the plaintain, the long aud large variety of the cultivated Musa, not the short and very sWeet kind ordinarily known as the banana :-— “For the first time wo discovered that the Awambra, wh se territory we werd now in, unlerstoo! tie art o| drying bananas over wooden gratings, for the ‘purpo:e of making flour. We had often wonered, during our life in the forest region, that ratives dil not appear to have discovered what invaluable, nourishing, ani easily digestible food they poesessed in the plantain an} banani. All banana lands— Ciba, Brazil, West Ind.e;—seem to me to have been specially remiss on this point. If only the virtnes of the flour wore publicly known, it is not to be doubted but it would be largely consunied i1 Europe. For infants, persons of del cate diye-tion, dyspeptics, and those suffering from temp. rsry derangements of the stomach, the flour, propcr'y prepared, would be of universal demand. During my two attacks of gastritis, a light gruel of this mixed with milk, was the only matter that could ke digested.”—Central Africa Gazette. —_—_——-——>--—— SOME INDIAN TEA COMPANIES’ ESTIMATES FOR 1894. KeTTELA Tea Company.—Outturn was 1,650 maunds and the average ob'ained was close cn Janaasnet. A net gain of 10,044 was made. After adjustment a balance of R8,624 remains at credit of profit and loss. A dividend of 5 per cent is recommended which will leavs R1,124 to cirry forward. Estimats for the cur- rent year is 1,700 maunds of fine tea for a total outlay of R59,500. Horetown TEA Company.—Onutturn was 657 maunds and average realised 9 annas a lb. Revenue account is R4-782 to the good and after adjustment in profit and loss account R3,559 is available. A dividend of 3 percent is proposed which will leave Rd59 to carry forwatd, The estimats for the current season is 650 maun?s fora total outlay of R24,500. KornaFutt TeA AssoclAtion.—Outturn was 4,407 oaunds.. Alt rate invoices were sold in Calcutta and London fetching about tame averages in both markets—6-4 net p rib. Result of working is a ga‘n of R3,610. Profit and loss account is R5,833 at credit which. will be carried forward. E.timate for this year is 4,475 maunds fira total outlay of R1,48,000 which includes cost of putting cut 30 acres of new tea. IniIncMARA TEA Company.—Outturn was 13820 maunds ‘and average realised 5-8 per lb. Reveuue account is R1,446 to the good. By issue of 6 per ceut preference shares for R40,000, tunds are provided {or extensions now going or. Profit and loss account is R2,862 at ercedt. Estimate for current year is 2,100 maunds at a garden cost of R47,634 exc'usive of Caleutta charges, which a-e notexpected to exceed 14 anna per Ib. Kumar TeaAes ‘crATion.— Outturn was 2,154 manrds aud average ralised 5-5 perlb. Revenu? account is R3,721 to the good. In adjustment profit and losa accounts is R4,517 at credit. A dividend of 21 per cent is proposed. The estimate for current year is 2,500 maunds for a total outlay of R54,682. Sincoto TEA Company had a record year for ou:- turn, having obtained 9,176 maucds for which 9-6 per Ib. was'realiced. There was also an income of R19,216 from tea ceed. Revenue accounts is R1,27,369 to the good and profit aid loss is R1,31,282 at credit. ‘The proposed dividend of 10 per cent will absorb R1,20,000. Estimate for current season is 10,300 maunds for a total outlay of R3,60,000. It is also expected to obtain 400 maunis of tea seed and reslise R50 per maund. CUTLACHERRA TeA Company.—Outturn was 2,117 maunds and realise in Loudon the equivalent of 5 annaga lb. The season’s working shows a profit of R1,384 which is carried to profit and loss account. Estimate for the current year is 2,200 maunds fora total outlay of Ko2,368, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June T, 1894. MANABARRIE TEA C.mpany.—Onttorn was 3,901 maunds end average realised was 5-6 lb. The ears’ workiug resulted in a profit of KL1,869. The ee from last sccount avd K3,380 reslised more than estimrted on the 1892 crop, bring op the sum at credit of profit and los to R21,279. A proposed dividend of 7 per cent will absorb Ri4,000. In current year it is ertimated to spend R88,497 and obtain 3.900 piaunls of finer plucke | tea than heretofore, Evtempsargre Tea Company.—Outiurn wes 38,489 m:unde ani average realised 5-11 perlb. Net income was K18,666. An mterim dividend of 5 per cent was paid aud a final of 7is propozed, which will lesve 6,780 to carry forward. Estimate fer this year is 3,250 mauuds for a totul expenditure of R81,930.—Pioncer. - CO0A-GROWING IN NEW YORK. A fine specimen of the true Truxillo coea is re- ported to be in full bloom in the green-housé#s of Pitcher & Manda, at Short Hills, N.J., near new York City. The flower ia attracting the attention of the medioal botanists, and Dr. H. H. Rusby, of the New York College of Pharmacy, is quoted as saying that though not yet ready to concede it to be 8 distinct species, he is rather more incline] to that theory after observing this plant in bloom.-—¢ hemist and Druggist, ———<—_g—____ A USEFUL PLANT. Do any of our readers know a plant called ** Adhatoda Vasica?’’ A decoction makes a good insecticide and fungicide—and is well known in Ben- gal as a medicine for coughs. Writing toa contem- porary 4a correspondent says, that the crushed leaves rubbed over the hands and face, entirely drives off mosqnitoes—which is a tip worth knowing. Mr. Bamber says the plant is largely used on the Bombay side by natives for killing insects in the soil by. merely throwing the leaves about before irrigation It is described by Major Drury in his ‘‘ Useful Plants of India,” as known in English, as the ‘“ Malabar Nut” andin Tamil as ‘“‘ Adatoday”’ and is commnion in the Peninsula. It isa shrub8 to 10 feet high, and leaves opposite, lanceolate, flowers on short spikes termin-1.—WNilgiri News, INDIAN PATENTS. Caleutt, April 19. Applications in respect of the undermentionei ir- ventions have ben filed during the week ending 14th April 1894. Pats Mosquito Blight.—No. 125 of 1894.—Charles- Gra- ham Hannay, of R’ mai Tea bstate in the district of Lakhimpur Assam, Tea Planter, for the prevention and cure of * Mosquito Blight.”—Zndian Engineer. ——— EE A GOOD ADVERTISEMENT! A planter sends us the following cutting from a home paper :— it a “I think invalids prohibited . from ted-drinking ge: perally might venture withoutrisk upon a cup of Teén Wo Chang’s Oeylon Pekos. Fatinings, a tea which differs from the ordinary simples, inasmuch a3_it ia composed of the siftings—which biend, devoid of any roughness in taste, is mild yet full of favour. Although so fine, the tea will not ‘come thréugh into the cup if » striiner—such asis provided by the im- porter, Teen Wo Chang, of 36 and 37, Mincing ‘lane, E, C., in each eample tin—be used. For of ‘teen- pence a tin of 1 lb. of tea will be seut frée, including strainer.” ! Lt June 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 299 CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.s. (Continued from page 730.) CHAPTER XIL SUGAR, HONEY, SPIRITUOUS AND MALT LIQUORS, WINES. SUGAR—UNREFINED SUGAR—COMMERCIAL SUGARS—HONEY—TABLE OF ANALYSES OF HONEY— STRENGTH OF SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS—WHISKY—RUM—BRANDY—GIN—ARRACK—MALT LIQUORS— UTAKAMAND BEER—TABLE OF ANALYSES OF MALT LIQUORS—TABLE OF ANALYSES. OF WINES. eps ; Sugar. Sugar is prepared in Ceylon at Baddegama from the juice of the sugarcane, saccharum oficinarum ; but I have not seen any analyses of the locally-prepared article. The following is an analysis I made for the Ceylon Customs of a good sample of unrefined sugar, imported to Ceylon :— Analysis of Unrefined Sugar, imported to Ceylon. per cent. Moisture 5S rie ee e2n60) Sucrose aie AO ». 94:80 Glucose 60 =i .. 2:00 Insoluble matter Pe is 12 Ashita. AG te, ah "16 Undetermined .. oe BO 32 100°00 I add a table shewing the composition of the chief sugars of commerce :— TABLE OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL SUGARS. (From Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis.) a Tnsolu- Organic Description of Sugar. |Sucrose.|Glucose.|ble mat-|_ Ash. | Water. me Authority. ter. sugar. RAW CANE SUGARS. i i per cent.|per cent.|per cent./per cent. per cent.|per cent. West India... | 94-4 2-9 a Pe aan 2.8 -3. | W. Wallace. Dominica oe | 88:3 3°36 OO 1:22 | 4:95 2:17 | Wignerand Harland. Jamaica +e --| 90°40 3°47 ae 36) | & 4:22 1:55 do Porto Rica. | 87°50 4°84 ee 81 4:25 2°60 do Trinidad . --| 88-00 514 = 96 4:23 1°67 do Surinam on --| 86°80 4°31 Xs 2°28 5:27 1°34 do China 00 --| 72:50 | 9-19 br 1°80 | 6°76 9°75 do Benares a --| 94°50 263 ne 1°50 +98 “39 do White Java .. --| 95:20 20 i 20 -40 | trace do Uncelayed Manilla --| 82:00 6:79 se 2-00 5-97 3-94 ile RAW BEET SUGARS. Beet (average of 7) ++| 93°64 trace ay 1°67 2-62 2:07 | J. Bell, Beet .. ie s+| 89°15 —_— OO 2°63 4:26 3°96 | H. Gill. Beet .. ss >+| 95°70 -30 ¥ 1:60 2:00 -4 | W. Wallace. PALM SUGARS. Date .. | . | 95-4 1:8 1:70 2 “80 -40 | W. Wallace. East Indian... -+| 86°00 2°19 50 2°88 6°04 2:89 | Wigner and Harland. SORGHUM SUGARS. 93-05 Al . 68 1°72 4:14 | Bockman. Hutchison, Kansas --| 92°00 4°50 Be 1:10 1:50 ‘99 | O. Honck. REFINED SUGARS. Tate’s crystals --| 99°90 | none ad trace | trace | none | Wigner and Harland. French pulverised --| 99°70 | trace te ‘10 *20 do do Dunean’s granulated ..| 99:80 | trace of 10 10 do do Martineau s tablets ..] 99-80 none =f 10 ‘10 do do Finzel’s crystals --| 99°86 none none | ‘Ol ae do A. TI. Hassall. Beet sugar loat --| 99°10 | trace ee “15 25 dons do Beet sugar crystals ++} 99-90 none ae trace | trace do | do 101 boa # Sa hs Pe (3 et gs d v am aes) nt I S lg © [= =| o S Zz S | SN So i) 1 Rote o —_— “ 4 | m7 = iS) af | KE = z ce 23s My heheh ya sPenap ms) mn Sas 3 OFS ae e = ee ee ~~ Nn a | q Bet Me. SE Sa ae = I> G15 2) Rad Agsa & © = al ~_ Som iS) § ae IS Es Ss a MAA om [oe Q << e a. 8 | 3 Oo © ‘ oa A JM. 8 =) ° SHw4r @ ~ _ On of ~ BE loa: S a o | at A " n o n ‘ ie o | I~ O10 3S i] r Ne a Ps ' WOR Wy Od a fil te M mW) 2 BTS) Sea . a pra’ Seis BS ~~ so & = Bc n Bo © = Aw: ; :5 t& ale Stein) Nome > fy 2S OD eg wo 2s > Bs Oo ge Se n oy = Biel eS n ~Him A. os CnxrmF® Aa Fa Bp 7) im ¢ Hog RasBo a z SIsa ° Sao © <. Geiss 2 e BOSH A! Honey. The ordinary honey of commerce is a saccharine substance collected by the bee (Apis mellifica). In Ceylon, according to Tennent, “Bees of several “species and genera, some divested of stings, “and some in size scarcely exceeding a house-fly, ** deposit their honey in holiow trees, or suspend “their combs from a branch. A gentleman, “ connected with the department of the Surveyor. ‘“General, writes to me, that he measured a “honey comb, which he found fastened to the “overhanging branch of a small tree in the ‘forest near Adam's Peak, and found it nine ‘links of his chain or about 6 feet in length, ‘‘and afoot in breadth, where it was attached ‘to the branch, but tapering towards the other ‘extremity. It was a single comb with a layer THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. |, PO rn [June t, 1894. ‘‘ of cells on either side, but so weighty that the ' «branch broke with the strain,” [have not seen any analysis of Ceylon honey, but Allen has collated analyses of commercial honeys by Brown, Sieben, Helmer, Bell and Hassall which I reproduce :— = —i-7 =) =| Sa 8S 7 pe} R = ig % & | tad ~ t=) Boho 1888 B g . — we a wo oO) OS mie +e “Ss ° i] o | me o on | one ) pine: S $25 a » = S j 2 Bist be er a: ie . . S Puntuek2 2 «28s . Ot me \e-en ==e =) omrrm co —_ onde) os peal or oy F a Chest eo a ¢ De] ael—e & am OP ee eit Si ee = 5 oy) S39 > > | By = bales S (eo) = ols S © rs “Ora oo) > |.| 2858 Se % ole mtecaoa am Z eA GH SH nN > <) » © O86 = Zz | SSeS See . = = ening 2S: = la | aenes aus ay onl Agr oo Ao & = | < NON osccs Et. . oF SeHWS 5 l|eaqa NM oa = | BS sy r~ —— "i 2 Br ate 6a eee 3 Rirmoo Oir~ow S( Bor sons . ao OD = Oo 5 oD 63 oie) oo ep ee eS ae . = £2 a ee Rn Ss = es ° «ey ta eee : . ‘we. ey 2 MN oe Boe L 329 ° 5 oR ) n “=O: os Vn aoe on = ~AR-s ROMoor iv5u- a, 2s eed SSSexut S28 AOS osfaeee SOeonsy 2s a~— AYeae Strength of Spirituous Liquors. by the sale of Food Amendment Act 1877, the following were fixed as the lowest limits of alcoholic strength at which spirits could be sold:— Whisky. 2 Rum 25 per cent under proof. Brandy 5 Twenty-five per cent under proof is also the lowest legai strength for the sale of arrack in Ceylon. For gin the lowest limit is 35 per cent under proof, JUNE 1, 1894.) Whisky: The fermented infusion of barley, wheat, corn or other grains yields, by distillation, a spirit called whisky. Such spirit may vary in strength from 25 per cent under proof to 58 per cent over proof, or may contain from about 43 to 90 per cent of alcohol by v8lume. The term whisky in a more restricted sense is applied to this spirit when the strength is about proof or a little over. It should contain about 50 per cent by weight, or 58 per cent by volume of alcohol, which corresponds to about 16 per cent over proof. Rum. The streneth of commercial rum varies from the legal limit of 25 per cent under proof to 35 per cent, over proof. It should contain from about 50 to 70 percent by weight, or 58 to 77 per cent by volume of alcohol. Brandy. The fermented juice of the grape yields, by distillation, the spirituous Jiqnor called brandy. The best brandy comes from France, and inferior qualities from Portugal, Spain, Italy. As received from the vine farmers, brandy is of a strength 20 percent over proof. The strength at which it is sold varies, but usually it is about 10 per cent under proof. It is rarely met with in the market over proof strength. The amount of alcohol present varies from 45 to 55 per cent by volume. According to Battershall the strength may even reach 60 per cent by volume. Gin. The streneth of gin should be from 35 per cent under proof to 9 per cent under proof, or should contain from 37 per cent to 52 per cent by volume of aleohol. Arvack. The name arrack has been given not only to the spirit distilled from toddy, the fermented sap of the coco ay but also to the spirit manufactured | from molasses, rice and toddy, which might be. more appropriately termed rum. The strength varies from 25 per cent under proof to a little over proof. Malt Liquors. There is a branch of the Murree Brewery Com- pany, Limited, at Nuwara Eliya; but I have not seen any analyses of the malt beverages brewed there ; the following, however, are analyses of the beer brewed by the same Company at Utaka- mand, by Dr. T. H. Ross. -Bs.c., acting Chemical Examiner, Madras, and dated 29th January 1892 :— Analyses of Utakamand Beer. Number of Sample. UY ut Original gravity OE --| 1059°82 | 1060°3 Speciltie gravity ae »-| 1012-14 | 1012-37 Extract gravity op | 1021-02 | 1021-02 Absolute aleohol by volume per cent oe ele ae 648 6°55 Acidity as acetic acid per cént *O867 ‘0765 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sor Tadd a table shewing the analyses of malt liquors brewed in various other countries as Eng- land, Scotland, Germany and America. I also give a table of analyses of wines by various authorities, both tables being from Dr. Batter- shall’s work ‘‘Food Adulteration” :— ‘ i] 22] s =H moO aoe es x 2238 | ee eh CN NS) GG SOS ORS TOR Gaal ral oe Seal ESSA RC Ra a eoese | |p abmcore o | | Qe | = | [eee NRT as eee ’ me a | ~ a |e a ere B8es | "ah Sw. . NANT. CON He << Ole ICOM iSISoO! Pie ooo 5 | EB | S zi Ne | ates es =) Be) eS =| = SN s PG do bah einen In | SS ili mee i ee oo S Seyi? = ; 2 i S lie = eR eet S| 8 . ~ | ™ & |See ~ bs sie! i |= ACE iy Wate! oor Oost ee ic sree Ttise | S ce area ose her o rb) | Re 2 ese gee BC Bos les S) [ena ee om momen arene) wean te ee i> 2 o S | 2 = SE RE DE Se Rt 8| 8 3 | ‘S| *a). | Serer oF ar) Ht S| ES | SOS. GH... od we. 3S a= neesor77"(S'' °S a) % Coe lian © | ot) oS} et = A) ~ Ss | Oe Sais ~ (S) Pt - S| S$ |S, gerne, wae. SEER S S POS HAS G 1019 16 HH "> OOD | 3} iy 5 =e } = |) {ey ay eS a S ee Ses a ‘| = Se 10 & Q Por) S| Sh) SeweenwmaaSBssS KSEE S/S | Lio wm tHe H4at Ate’ | | Yes ov | Pb a pm | 8 ba “g aS ee | cl Siecle | S| Be | sy } RS org | ge ee eae wholes us 5 sce —_" . . ee e. Oe . . . . . . . . Be ik — a) YS 8 1 oO ie) =F ~n a $ ; Oy ee a * Sse] RS Soe 4 S38Re Sy is S— Vi SSS eee Ses aretioaai cole SS Ours | sO Ocoee) Co ORS y | ~* CO} iy — " Swart. 8 A GE - na vo — . . . . . . . . . _ . . XS) & i) oe &p ob. Sflkiay Si Susal os ree > = 5 8 Sig | rt) se me = ke j Zork -s = ©. | >S OD i'S S BC etn aes to 65 Sk ee ~ fC oS _ = e—_ = | oftFeRwy ae ees = —~S~YS eS ~—.n OS SEOSOERE | CIS oY Ma SAS 5S | por f= lhe) a we. Les = | vo Sem t=) 2) dew eee (EN EBREB tA se ask eSeS-cogh S18 Se oS. 2 eee SDs Q Meo =< THE 802 TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1894, 0°220 Ash. per cent. 0:200 0:ss0 Sugar. 430 57 040 Total residue. per cent.|per cent. 2 1 5 2 2 12 1 1 0560 | 23 Total acids per cent. 0590 0 604 0°650 0:710 Volatile acids (as acetic.) per cent 0-170 07169 0-110 0-110 0-610 per cent 07420 0°435 0°610 0°510 0°450 Fixed acids Analyses of Wines: (as tartaric). Alcohol by weight. 0:9950 0:9922 > Capri White Marsala* Red Vorslaner Lachryma Christi French (white) Vin ordinaire St. Julien (1858) Frousac Rudesheimer Hungarian* French (red)* Alsatian* Wurtemberg Sherry* Champagne Port* Rhenish* Madeira* Cyprus Greek* CASSAVA MEAL AND TAPIOCA. Next to rice and sago, there are but few food products of a similar character that have such an extensive use as tapioca. And notwithstanding the enormous quantities that are produced, and the cheap rate at which it is sold in the English market, but little is generally known as to its origin and preparation. wo distinct plants, though closely botanically | allied, furnish tapioca; they are Manchot utilissima, Pohl. known as bitter cassava, and Manihot aipi, Pohl. the sweet cassava. The plants are natives of Brazil, where they are extensively cultivated, the bitter cassava especially, for the sake of the starch which is contained in the freshly tuberous root, and which forms commercial tapioca. It is also largely grown in West tropical Africa, as well as in the Straits Settlements. It is a half shrubby perennial, with large leaves deeply divided into from three to seven segments. The tuberous root often grows to a very large size, weighing many pounds, and containing a poisonous milky juice. he plant is known under a great number of varieties, differ- ing in the colour of the stems and the division of the leaves. ‘he roots of the bitter kind are said not to become soft by boiling or roasting, while * These figures denote the weight in grammes of the ingredients in 100 c.c. of the time; otherwise, percentages are .expressed. those of the sweet cassava, though very tongh in the centre, become soft by the opplicetian of heat ; so that after being roasted or boiled, they are eaten in a similar manner to potatoes. Besides tapioca, the cassava rovt furnisbes several other valuable food products, as cassava meal and eassareep. In one of the monthly numbers of the Bulletin of the Botanical Department of Jamaica; these products and their uses aye thus referred to. Cassava meal is prepared from both the sweet and bitter sorts, the root is grated, by which the cells containing the juice and starch grains are broken up, the grated material is placed under pressure, some- times with water pouring through it. The pressure squeezes out all the juice, while a certain portion of the starch grains passes over with the liquor. The substance left under pressure consists chiefly of the cell walls broken up, but also of some starch grains. This is cassava meal, whichis dried on hot plates, and made into cassava cakes. The liquor which passes away under pressure being the pase juice only, or the juice mixed with water, which is allowed to stand for some time, when the starch settles to the bottom, and the liquor is poured off. ‘The starch grains, as seen under a miscroscope, are mullar shaped ‘This is cassava starch proper, as distin- guished from cassava meal. Tapioca is prepared by heating moistened cassava starch on hot plates. This process alters the grains, which swell up, many burst- ing, and thus they agglomerate in small irregular masses, Oassereep is the juice of the bitter cassava root, concentrated by heat, which also dissipates the vola- tile poisonous principle. The same is further favoured with aromatics. Boiled with peppers, and fish or meat, it forms the West Indian “ red ft.” Cassareep is an article of import into England It is a thick, black, treacly-looking substance, and forms a component part of most table sauces. The following details for preparing cassareep, tapioca, and cassava cakes may be found useful :-— “Grate the cassava and squeeze out the juice, which is to be put aside for about three divs: add one part of fine salt to every twelve quarts, and then boil down, until it becomes like syrup. If it is intended for long keeping, it must be boiled thick. Put aside in jars till required for bottling.” To prepare tapioca, ‘‘ grate the cassava, wash it, by putting in a cloth, and pouring clean water on it till settled, and the water at the top is quite clear. Decant the water, leaving the starch at the bottom; wash «again with clean water, allow it to sett'e, and pour off the waetr. Take up the starch in lumps and put it to quail a litle in the sun; then mash it.up fine snd sieve it. Put a Jarge baking iron on the fire, and bake it in cakes, not too thick. The iron should not be too hot, as the cakes must not be baked brown. Then dry well in the sun, and beat in a mortar, coarse, or fine, as required. If sieved, it will give two qualities, fine and coarse.” For making cassava cakes, the cassava should be grated, and well squeezed, but not washed. After squeezing, let the lumps dry very slightly in the sun. Beat on a mortar and sieve. Bake on the iron, thin or thick, according as the cakes are required. -—Journal of the Society of Arts. a TEA IN THE AUSTRALIAN BusH.—This is how Mr. Inglis describes tea as provided for Austra- lian bushmen—shepherds, cattle-keepers, &o., &c. :— The national beverage, tea, was supplied abund- antly, but chips, planks, sticks, faggo‘r, stakes, barge poles, any wor.! of cimilar import wou'd better des- cribe it, than the word leaves. An infusicn of a crow’s nest, would give a fair imitation of it. The proverbial expression for such tea is “ posts and rails.’ As yet our Indian and Oaylon t2as are scarcely known in the bush. We have only got the trade for 12 million lb. British-grown tea against 18 million Ohina. stuff, taking all Aust-a- lasia into account. JUNE 1, 1894.| RECENT INVESTIGATIONS AND IDEAS ON THE FIXATION OF NITROGEN BY PLANTS. Three totally different, though convergent, scientific controversies bave arisen during the latter half of the present century concerning the vole played in nature by nitrogen, as met with in the sir, rain, ard soil, fieo or combined, ia connection with the ordirary plants of agriculture and forestry; and qvite aport from th ir real relations to oue another, there three controversies have at times teen somewhat confused in their issus. One of these controversies turned on the qu°stion of the traneformations of combined nitrogen. as met with intha forms of ammonia, nitrites, and nitra‘es, and es organic compounds of nitrogen resulting from the decomposition of the remains of living beirgs— plants and animale—in the soil, The outcome hes been the proof that oxidations and de-oxilations of these compounds are intimately bound up wih the physiol gical activities of living organisms; erpacially bacteria, in the soil; the investigations of Giltay and Abersop, and Wioo;radsky’s brilliant researches es- pecially, have brought what had long been regarded ax purely chemical problems into the domain of bio- logy. ‘‘Nitrification”’ and ‘‘de-nitrification,” to use the current term’, are phenomena incorporated with those cf fermentation, respiration, &c., aud therefore involve biological science for their elucivation. Another of these controversies turned on the ques- tion whether the free introgen which fc rms go large a proportion of tbat huge gaseous ocean, the at. mosphere, cau be again directly employed by grcen leaves, and boilt up as combined nitrogen in plants ; or whether, once having bean disengaged from or- ganic and other compounds, and passed into the air as gaseous nitrogen, it is for ever lost, except in so far as electric di-charges and other energetic physical and chemical processes force this relatively inert element into combinations, which tte rain then brings down as inorganic silts, and so heip to restore tlic balance of vitrogenous substacc2s in the soil. This controversy, a long and isvolved one, started end for come time continued as a peculiarly chemical question, has psssed through various phases and branched out into several subsidiary controversies, if we may so term them. Thus the alleged ‘ fixatioa”’ in the soil, esp2ci:lly investiga‘ei by Brrthelot and Andre, became a scientific question apparently on definite liaes of its own, and (so far a3 any such question car be in- depandent) independent of ths question whether ordinary green-leafed plants, such as peas, lucerce, Whent, &c. can assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere by processes more or less comparable to those by which they are known to assimilate the carbon they wrench from the carbon-dioxide of that gaseons environment. ~The latter quostion, rgain, became a divided one, chiefly owing t> assertions thst grean leaves could directly assimi'ate the ammonia, if not the free nitrogen, of the air, and some time was occupied in arriving at the conclusion that ordinary greeao plants do not di ectly assimilate cr fix either the gaseous ammo.ia or the frce nitrogen of the atmosphere. This con- clusion, in opposition to that arrived at by Ville, was regarded as so thoroughly established by the experiments of Beussingiult and of Lawes, Gilbert, aod Pugh, that it has been definitely accepted and taught for m:zny years—and rightly so, from the ev dence to hand. The third of the three cont over ies referred to at the cutset, is the more resent oae concerned with the question whether cectsin of the the higier grcen- 1 afed plants, pa.ticularly those known as leguminous plants (such as peas, b aas, clovers, votches, lup‘ns, rubinia &e ), when Jiving ss they normally dv in s:mbijo“e asaccistion with c:rtain micr ecopis and essentially parasitic fungoid organisms whioh invate their root, wre differontly phced from other gresa plants as regarda ths power of “fixing” and assimi- lating, the free nitro,e. of the atmosphere, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 803 a The prteeent position of opinions con this last and most remarkable controversy is the subject of this srticle, so far #s it can be done justice to in the short space at disposal. It is now well known tbat legumivous plants ara bormslly found to have certsin nodosities or sw llings on their roots, and that these swellings are cauced by the activity ot certrin minute crganisms which, as the writer of this aricle fir-t provel, invade the roots from cutzide, after the manner of a parasitic fungus. The co xtroversy as to the exact nature of these organisms—bsctaria, accorcing to Prazmowaki, Beyerivck, and others, degraded allies cf the Ustila- gine, or some lower fungus, according to my obser- vations, and the confirmatory evidences of Laurent— in nd way affects the truth that thes) organisms do not kill the plants attacked, or even make them diseased, but incite them to more active life for a tme. The ev dence on which these organisms (termed ‘“ bacteroids”) have been taken te be ba°teria—theie growth in gelatine tubes staini-g, and thsir minu‘e size—is ¢qually in favour of their being lower fungi, and is no’ enfficiently conclusive. Hventually tha nu'ritious contents of these nodul s, with the symbiotia “ bacteriods,”” are absorbed, in whole cr in part, by the leguminous plant, end th:ir rich stores of nitro- genous, matcrial assimilated by the latter. The experiments of Hellriege! and Wilfarth, of Lawes andj Gilbert, and of others and myself, placed it beyond reasonable doubt that, taking tha legumi- nous plants and its symbiotic organisms together with the pot of sail in which it is grown as a closed system, this system contains more nitrog'n at the end of several weeks t'an can be acc:untel f r by the nitrogen in the soil and the s3dat the com- m*neement of the experiment ; and this was true in cases where o#reful precautions were taken to pre- vent the addition cf any si'rogen further than the free nitroger of the air. The oly legitimate con- clusion was that somewhere, ard somehow, tha sys- tem fixes free nitrogen from the air. Tuis mettar has been since carried further, how- ever, by Laurent and Schlesing, wh», by growing varicus plsots in an air-tight apparatus urder such perfect control that they could analyse the quan‘ily of nitrogen both in the plint and sail, and in the purified air, showed that the g in of nitrogen in te former during the progress of the exp:rimepts, is balanced by a correspondiag 1 ss in the latter. They further showed that only two kinds of plants could thus ‘fix’ the nitrogen of the air. These are] gaminons plan's, and certain low.r alge (perhips mixe! w.th bacteria) or allied forms. This fixation only occurs under oertain definite condi ion:, m:reover. The legu- minous plants must be infected with the symbiotic ‘“‘bacteroids,’’ and the alge must be exposed freely to tho air and light in the apparatus: ev n a thin layer of tha sterilised sand employed sufficed to stop the action of the alga. Liaurent and°Schlosing found no fixation in the care of artichoke, oats, tobacco, mustard cress, or any other plants experimented with ; and ‘their ex- periments, taken as crowning the edifice of evidence accumulated by them and numerous other observers, have been fairly regarded as proving that 1 guminous plants, at any rate, and perhaps certa’n lower alge, do somehow “fix” the free nitrogen of the at- mosphere and assimilate it. Koch and Kossowitsch have recently claimed to confirm the aboye results of Laurent and Sch'wsing with alge, and it shou'd be mentioned that Frank had previously stated that such fixation by lower eryptogams ovcursa. Unfortunately we ara as yet uninformed what species of alge are exactly con- cerned here, and no one has cultivated them pure and contirm:d the results. 1t will be noticed that, s> far, all that is estab- lished is that the inf ected leguminous plants, and the alge of sorts, plus the known soil (usually sterlised sand to which known additions are made) somewhere and somehow gain in nitrogen at the expense of the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, 804 Now come the other aspects of the controversy’ which raging chiefly around the question as to ex- actly where and how this gaseous nitrogen is fixed. Obviously several possibilities could be suggested. (1) The gaseous nitrogen could be conceived as directly fixed by the plant which gains in nitrogen— as absorbed by the protoplasm of the living cells exposed to the air—eg., the cells of the leayes of the leguminous plant, or those of the alge on the surface of the soil. This view is actively maintained by Frank and a few supporters, who go as far as is possible in this direction, and really ain raise the old question which originated with De Saussure, and was rightly regarded as refuted by Bonssingault and Lawes and Gilbert. (2) The gaseous nitrogen could be conceived to be fixed in the soil by means of bacteria or lower algse (we have seen these are left indefinite), and, when it has been converted into niirogenous com- ounds of some kind in the soil, eventually absorbed By the roots of the leguminous or other higher green plant in the ordinary course of events. The principal champion of this vew is Berthelot, who claims to have proved that certain soil-bacte'ia, a:d also the organisms of the leguminou; root-nodu'es, have the power of fixing the free nitrogen of the air, and so enriching the soil in nitrogenous compourds. In this connection, of course, the whole question of nitrification and de-nitrification in the soil will no doubt be involved with the question of the ‘fixation of free nitrogen from the atmosphere. (3) The fixation of the atmospheric nitrogen could be conceived of as a powerful act of the macbinery of the leguminous plant, urged to the necessary expenditure of encrgy by the stimulating action of the symbiotic organism in its roots. This view, held especially by Hellriegel, Prazmowski, and others, is also shared by Frank, who believes that it is only in their being thus stimulated to greater activity that the leguminose differ from many other plants, whicb, he ‘says, also fix the atmospheric nitrogen directly, but to so much Jes; an extent that the experimental proof of their power to do it is far more difficult. (4) ‘Another possible view is that the root-organisms act merely as accumulators of nitrogenous material, which has been derived from atmospheric nitrogen fixed and combined in the soil, by physical or chemical processes, orin the open ground by the action of soil-organisms; and the leguminous plant benefits by devouring (if wemay employ this word) the bacteroids eventually, and profiting by their stores of nitrogenous material. Tiet us now take these four possibil‘tie: in order, and examine them a little more in detail. The first view rests almost entirely on the state- ments of Frank, of Berlin, who brings forward a number of experiments which in his opinion show that many higher plants, in addition to the leguminose, are capable of directly assimilati:g the free nitrogen of the atmosphere. For instance, Frank gives results showing that oats, buckbea:e, spurrey, turnips, mustard, potatoes and Norway maple are all capable of fixing atmospheric ni'rogen. Most of Frank’s experiments were made in the open air, the pots of plants being simply sheltered from rain; but in some cases, he sffiims that he got positive increase of nitrogen with mustard-plants under bell-jars, properly shut off from the outer air, aud through whch purified air was drawn. Apart from these latter, -and in spite of Frank’s assertion that the quantities of combined nitrogen in the air are so immeasurably small that they may be neglected, it seems fair to object that, in the present state of science, we cannot trust experi- ments in the open air to decidesuch a point; while, with regard to the experiments with mvstard, it must not be forgotten that not only the cld :esults of Boussingault and Lawes andGiltert are entirely and emphatically opposed to them, but the exceedingly careful recent experiments of Schlossing and Laurent, made with all modern appliances and methods, showed the contrary—no signs of fixation of nitrogen could be obtained in oats, tobacco, cress, mustard, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1894. egiimeri spaurrey, andpotato, the very plants Prank used. Frank xr: plies that completely norms! plat: cannot te grown under such closely covered g’as3 ves els as there experimen‘ers u_e, Lu’ he accey ts their pcsilive re- tuls in sll c sex Frenk’s coutention is that the plauts mu-t be very vigorou®, and nar its. maturing pnt, before it has power to en rg: ticslly s2izs and “fix” the atmospheric nitr,e"; but (without cerying tha‘ it is po sible that the utmcst vigor may Lot be ai yet attainab'’e under the eon litions necessary for culture in closed glass reeeptac’es 0 limi ed eepaci y) it is impossible to overlookethe danger that iu expe i- ments in the open sir, the \im* which must necersari) y elepe be‘ore Fr. nk’s critic :| period of maturity on the part of the plant is reached, is long enough fur sllrortsof dis urbing infln-nces toc mi, esp cisily if sny kind of “fixatioa” inthe soil, such as Kerth ‘ot asserts, really cecurs:; tbe roo -hei:s would take up, aid the plant absorb, nitrog uous bedi s as fast as they were formed in the soil sround them, while there w.uld be ampl; ime for the development of many generations of micrc-orga isms in th» med'nm. In view of the tenacity with which the belief ia a drect absorption of atmospheric nitrogen fis che- rished by many foresters and agriculturiste, it seems imperative that critical experiments should be per- Severed in; as matters stand, we cannot accept Frank’s position as proved, or even as rendered probable, The possibility mentioned above as an explanation of the danger of accepting Frank's results would be rendered a certainty if the recent researches of Laurent and Schlmsing, Koch and Kossowitsch, and Berthelot, in part supporting earlier statements by Frank himself, turn out to haye been properly interpreted. _ Laurent and Schle3ng—and their results are con- firmed by Koch and Kossowitsch—declare that sterilised sand, devoid of nitrogenous material, when covered with a growth of certain green and blue- green alge, ea mixed, however, rally does “fix” the atmospheric nitrogen, and gains in nitrogen- compounds, but only if the algal growth is freely exposed to the atmosphere in the closed chambers employed. These statements confirm earlier, but less definite, experimental results by Frank; and the latter has recently expressly stated that certain fungi—e.g., Penicillium cladosporioides—can flourish in a medium to which no nitrogen but that of the atmosphere has access. Berthelot goes further, and claims to haye esta- -blished that several species of soil-bacteria and fungi, ine'uding the fungoid organism of the leguminous tubercles cultivated separately, can “fix” free nit- rogen; and if the analyses of the small quantities of materials in his flasks survive the criticism of the chemists, it seems difficult to refuse credence to the Views he puts forward; but, as in most of these cases, itis the enormous difficulties of analyses which lie at the root of the matter. Moreover, different observers differ considerably on this question. Beyerinck, while regarding it as probable that the nodule-organisms “fix” atmos- pheric nitrogen, admits that he does not prove it; and in Laurent’s special investigation into this ques- tion, he left it also uncertain; while Immendorf failed to satisfy himself that these organisms can florish without organic compounds of nitrogen ; and F ank insists that they do not thrive at all without organic nitrogenous food-materials. Moreover, it must not be overlooked that other observers, ¢.g., Gautier and Drouin, haye given evidence p inting to possible phenomena of “ fixation” of nitrogen by compounds of iron and other substances clinging to particles of the sand employed, which may interfere with the accuracy of conclusions drawn from ex- periments where sterilised soil in the open air is concerned. : When we reflect how very minute these organisms are, and what excessively small quantities of nitrogen they need for their life-purposes, we cannot be surprised atthe difficulties met with in these investi- gations. But, “however far from proved we may JUNE 1, 1894. regard the question of fixation of free nitrogen by soil organisms, it is perfectly clear that here is a most pressing question for further experimental research, and agricultural and forest practice are alike keenly interested in having the question defi- nitely answered. ‘I'he third possible view—that the leguminose are able to force free nitrogen into combination with other eiements, owing to the energetic action ot their protoplasmic machinery stimulated by the symbiotic fuugoid organismi—deserves more consider- ation than may at first sight appear, especially to these who are not familiarised with the remarkable phenomena of symbiosis generally. In the first place, the fact that leguminous plants amply provided with the root-nodules do “ fix’ the atmospheric nitrogen under conditions in which the same plants devoid of the nodules fail to increase their supplies of nitrogen, is far better established than any «f the other cases discussed, and must now be accepted as proved by the experiments of Frank, Hellriegel, myself, Lawes and Gilbert, and especially by the recent splendid investigations of Laurent and Schlesing. It is true that Frank says the symbiosis is not absolutely nece-sary for the fixation to proceed, but even he declares that the leguminose are stimulated to greater powers of nitrogen-fixation by the nodule- organisms. A curious and significant confirmation of the symbiosis theory comes from the experiments of Nobbe, Schmid, Hiltner, and Hotter, who find that Eleagnus plants, the root of which develop nodules due to the invasion of a fungus totally different from the one causing the leguminous nodules, also “ fix” and assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, as shown by their growing and flourishing much better and more rapidly than Hlwaynus plants side by side with them, but not infected with the root organism. It will be interesting to see if further research shows similar results with any of the physiologically similar root outgrowths, due to very ditterent fungi, met with in Vaxodium, Podocarpus, Alnus, Juncus, and many other plants .including some vascular Cryptogams. Now comes the guestion, in what part of the legu- minous plant does the actual ‘‘ fixation” of the free nitrogen occur? Frank stands practically alone in claiming the leaves to be the organs concerned. Nearly all other observers regard the roots as the region, and the nodules themse ves as the actual seat of fixation. Kossowitsch has even attempted the heroic task of deciding beween leaves and rots, by enclosing the former or the latter respectively in air- tight receptacles, shut off from the non-enclosed parts, in which gases devoid of nitrogen were cir- culated. He could not always keep the apparatus perfectly gas-tight, however, and this and other failures met with in these exceedingly difficult ex- periments, undoubtedly weakens the force of his conclusions that it is in the roots and not in the leayes that the process occurs, though it does look as ifthe balance of evidence obtained fairly support his conclusion so far as it goes. There are facts, however, to be gathered from the microscopic analyses of the root-nodules, as fur- nished by myself and others, which haye been in great part overlooked in the discussions on this sub- ject, and which, although not conclusive, seem to support the view that the seat of fixation may be in the nodules themselves. For instance, the nodules are supplied with a regular system of conducting vascular bundles, communicating with those of the roots; then their cells, during the pe iod of incu- bation of the symbiotic organism, are abundantly supplied With starch; further, the cells in which the fangoid organism is vigorously flourishing are evidently exceedingly active, as may be deduced from their large size, brilliant nuclei, protoplasm, and sap- yacuole, all of which show signs of intense metabolic activity, lasting for considerable periods. ‘Lhe fact that the sap expressed from these active tissues is wkaline, has been interpreted as in accordance with Low's suggestion that the living protoplasm, in THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a 805 presence of an alkali and free nitrogen, can build up ammonium nitrite, or some similar body. Be this as it may, there can be no question as regards the infected nodule-cells being centres where intense physiological activity is going on; and it seems im- possible to avoid the conclusion that the vascular supplies from the roots into the nodules bring to these cells water in which various salts, carbo-hy- drates, &c. are dissolved, and carry off from them the soluble products of metabolism. Presumably these products of metabolism include nitrogenous bodics. In the ordpary course of events, theory teaches that th-re nitrogenous bodics—e.g., amider, prce ded by simpler c»mpounde—are built up by the machinery of the ordinary living cell-protopl:sm from carbo- hydrates snd nitrates, the erergy necestary for the metaboli'm being derived chiefly {if nit entirsly) by the oxidation of part of the carbo-hydrates supplied. This construstive metabolic work of the protoplasm is an act which we cannot explain in detail. We em only dimly perceive that it must be due to sme remarkable power the protoplasm posses:es—and in virtue of which it is an illimitable michine much more ecc)nomical in ifs actions than apy apparatus we can construct—of so p'aciog tle atomaend mole- cules of the nitra‘'e, carbo-bydrate, water, &c. with which it works, that they are enab'e to undergo movements into which we cannot as yet force them in the laboratory. The whole matter seems to depend on some parti- cular mode of presentment of the atoms and mole- cules concerned; and we can see no further than that this can be done in the living cell, because the protoplasm is a suitable engine for thus bringing the combining elements into the necessary positions in space. Now, if this is so, their seems no exclusion of the possibility, at any ra’e, tbat the cell-machinery may be so stimulated into greater activity that it can even force the notoriously inert nitrogen mole- cules, properly presented, into combinations with other molecules, resulting in the produe ion of nitrites, amides, or similar bodies in ascending order. The whole matter no doubt reyolyes itself into some such question of a properly adopted engine sufficiently supplied with energy. The matter seems capable of explanation, in some degree, if. we re- member that carbo-hydrates and oxygen are present in abundance ; the real difficulty is with the machinery, for we cannot as yet picture the exact construction or working of such an engine, as physiology neverth- less impels us to suppose the cell-protoplasm must be. It may be remarked, by the way, that the like- ness of the living protoplasm to an engine, in the sense implied, may ho!d good whether the former is an ‘‘emulsion,” in the sense of the defenders of that hypothesis, or a “‘ structure,” in the sense of those who refuse the emulsion hypothesis. The fourth of the possible views as to the means by which free nitrogen becomes available to the leguminous plant, however, reminds us that, although the evidence points to the stimulated leguminous plant as the best established example of one capable of doing this work, there are other possibilities. Berthelot’s recent instance that certain soil-bacteria can fix free nitrogen, taken with Frank's, Laurent and Schlosing’s. and Koch and Kossowitsch’s experi- ments, make it impossible to deny that the above hypothesis as to the powers of the protoplasmic machinery many apply to the cells of some lower organisms, without symbiosis coming into play at all. The remarkable facts brought to light regard- ing sulphur-bacteria and iron-bacteria by Wino- gradsky, and the still more unexpected results this observer obtained with nitrifying organisms, show that the machinery of the cell can avail itself of sources of energy undreamt of by earlier observers. If, by the oxidation of sulphur or sulphuretied hy- drogen, or of lower iron-compounds, or of ammonia, certain of these organisms can obtain the energy necessary to set going machinery capable of so presenting other molecules of the elements they take upto one another that organic compounds result, it is by no means inconceivable that, at the cost of 806. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 18947 carbon-compounds which they oxidise powerfully, the | been known as enemies of the plent. The dressing necessary energy can be obtained to force even free nitrogen into combinations. It is equally conceivable that in the case of the leguminose, the symbiotic organism is really more of a parasite (it is necessarily a parasite in some degree) than ig assumed in the third view, and that, at the expense of the carbo-hydrates so richly fur- nished to it by the host plant, the fungoid organism alone supplies the machinery for forcing the nitrogen into combination, and that when it has stored up relatively large quantities, owing to its activity in the incubators—the root-nodules—provided for it by its host-plant, and is dimivishing in resisting power, the latter at length turns round and absorbs the stores. The chief objection to this view is that the gains in total nitrogen seems to be greater than would be thus explained, unless the organisms in the soil outside the roots are also fixing free nitrogen. Such then, put too shortly as regards the numerous experimental facts, are some of the chief ideas agitating the scientific world on this question, a question which, be it emphatically stated, promises to be of more importance to agriculture in the future than any legislation as to prices, &c. that we can conceive; for if it turns out that the acquisition of free nitrogen by the land, or, what amoun‘s to the same thing, the plants growing on it, can be economi- cally promoted, the farmer and forester may have the control of sources of real wealth not yet dreamt of. Unquestionably there is an enormous amount of careful and very ditticult experimental work to be done before we arrive at the solution of the various vital questions raised; but the astounding results obtained dur ng the last decade by a few earnest workers promise brilliant results in the future. —Nature. H. MarswaLtt Warp. ——_——_—____——_ CACAO BEETLE. ‘Several young'trees, recently pruned, were a short time since attacked very severely at several points by the larve of a beetle, especially near where the cuts had been made. As soon as they were dis- covered, I had them searched out from beneath the bark, where they had eaten a winding channel about the depth of one-eighth of an inch to some three or four inches in length. We had not suspected the presence of these beetles in the Garden until the larves were discovered attacking the trees, or we should have used the mixture recommended at page 20 of my work on “Cacao” for application to wounds. This was afterwards applied to the wounds made by the knife when cutting out the larve, and has been quite successful in rapidly healing them up, as well as preventing a successive attempt of the beetle to lay its eggs again at the seat of injury. Trees afterwards pruned had a coating of the compo- sition placed on the surface of each cut, and no attack of beetle followed. It would appear, therefore, that the beetle readily avails itself of the injury done by pruning and lays its eggs, in the cavity formed by the drying of the bark at the edge of a wound, but if the wound is covered with a composition similar or identical with that recommended, there need be little fear that the beetle will attack the trees at pruning time. It is both possible and pro- bable that these beetles are able to pierce the skin or bark of a tree for the purpose of laying eggs; but the known habits of the animal point to the fact that it prefers an accidental crevice for the purpose rather than perform the work of preparing one by i's own exertions. It appears to be clear, therefore, that the app!ication of a sui‘able dressing to all wounds, is one which the planter in his own interest should always adopt, especially where it is known that the beetle is present in some numbers. As we had only the larve, and did not wish to allow it to mature for the sake of young trees (which were being grown for an experiment), we could not determine the name of our animal, but in appearance the larvee resembled the form known as common tq the Longicorn class of beetle which haye long used is simply Coal Tar mixed with Yellow Clay to the consistency of a thick paint. This should be applied with a paint brush to all wounds on branches or stem while still fresh. J. H. H. --- > FISAL HEMP. Some four years ago plants of Agave rigida, var. sisalana, were introduced to this Oolony from Florida, and the major portion of these were distributed to planters. The plants have grown well and have proved that our climate is quite capable of producivg a fine class of fibre. A specimen manufactured from plants grown at the Gardens was sent to the Chicago Exhibition where it received an award, after an examination by Mr. Dod;e, the ‘- Fibre Expert,’ attached to the United States Department of Agriculture. : The pant proves itself to be superior to anything of the kind hitherto cultivated for the p ot meer anng a fine class of vegetable fibre, and if found profitable, might be readily cultivated in the various districts of this Island. Although only four years old the plavts are now wien lemons and consequently fibre, over six feet in length, speci- mens of which can be seen at the Gardens at any time, or at the convict Depot, where, on the poorest description of soil, it has succeeded beyond expect- ation. An easy means of decorticating this plant and producing clean fibre is as follows: Procure two. strong hardwood sticks about one inch in diameter, and two feet in length, and make them perfectly round. Bore into a tree or post at a convenient height to the worker, two holes, close together, to receive the ends of these sticks, and the apparatus is complete. The Operator commences by dividing the leaves to be operated upon into strips from the centre of the leaf to the point. These strips he places successively one at a time between the two sticks, holding the unsplit or upper portion of leaf in the right hand, grasping the two sticks with his left and drawing the leaf with the right hand, the epidermis and cellular matter is remoyed and the ciean fibre only is left. When the half of the leaf is finished, the fibre is tied up in a loose knot to be taken in the right hand, and the lower portion of the leaf is treated in the same way as the upper. The knot is then untied, the fibre washed in water to remove the gum (which would otherwise dis- colour it) and then hung up to dry. In this way a workman who is ‘‘smart’’ will make 6 to 8 lb. of dry fibre per day with less waste than with some of. the highly-recommended machines. In Nicaragua ‘‘ The Sisal” is grown at nearly every door, and all the rope and hammocks of the country are manufactured from the fibre derived from its leaves. The leaves are cut a few at a time from below upwards until the plant reaches six or eight feet of clean stem. Fibre-making to the Nicaraguan, seems to be more of a recreation than a toil, whole families—men, women and children —assisting in the operation. I have given the particulars of the process to Mr. Meaden of the Convict Depot, and I doubt not that in his hands it will have as fair a trial as it has already had at the Gardens from which I am able to strongly recommend the process as simple, effective, and much more economical than many of the machines costing £40 or £50 each. Of course it is not recommended that such a method would be practicable except tor home use. J... ——— Inpia-Rurser is said by a German technical paper to be coming into favour in the Fatherland as a covering for house floors and stairways, in’ place of carpets and floorclothe. A coat of beton™ is applied to the floor, and the rubber, cut into pieces one metre square, is laid upon it. The edges are united by caoutchouc cement, and there- after form one continuous picce.—India Rubber Journal, May 8, Se JUNE x, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Bo4 COFFEE LEAF DISEASE IN COSTA RICA. The cultivation of coffee bids fair to come to an end, if not all over the world, at least in all those countries whose ohief staple it has hitherto been. Oeylon was almost the first of these to succumb, Java followed and Brazil was only able to exist so long by the vastness of its reserves. In Oosta Rica the diseased foliage of the coffee plant is now assuming the acute stage, and it remains to be seen whether science—having the experience of Oeylon and other countries as a guide—will be able to check and arrest the spread of the disease. So far, the able scientist, ‘‘Adolpho Tonduz,” appointed thus early in the appearance there of the attack by the Oosta Rica Government, is of opinion that ‘fire’ only can arrest the spread of the contagion. He says in his preliminary report: “it would be imperative to take energetic measures to prevent its propagation, destroying by fire the first centres of infection, as the only method of getting rid of the millions of spores, which, endowed with a wonderful vitality, only need a favourable opportunity to germinate and propagate themselves.” This was our oase in Ceylon, and it may have been that had those central parts of Madulsima where it first appeared, besn ruthlessly fired and destroyed, the disaster which overtook us might have been averted, or at least long delayed; but who oan tell? Mr. Donald Reid ‘did, indeed, keep a force of coolies collecting and burning the affected leaves, but a more whole- sale application of the devouring element was essential, had the rest of Ceylon been alive to its danger. The fungus attacking the Costa Rica coffee ig pronounced by Mr. Tonduz to be not Hemileia Vastatriz; and—so far as science is con- cerned—it is as well to note the distinction; but inasmuch as its life-history is pretty much the same and is followed by the same dire effects, it can only be a variation in the type. ‘‘Its spores are carried by the wind till alighting on the healthy leaves, it penetrates into the interior by the stomata, and produces filaments which spread among the cells, Exteriorily a light brown spot is noticeable, but the fungus continues to spread, and soon there appear, on the interior surface, certain filaments whoce apex bears the reproduc- ing organs.’ For a full translation especially made from the Spanish by Mr. A. M. Ferguson for the Tropical Agriculturist of this valuable report, see next column. In speaking of Hemileia Vastatriz, Professor Tonduz says: ‘it caused in 10 years a loss of 12 to 15 million pounds sterling to the producers of coffee in the island of Ceylon. But notice that I mention it asthe unique example of a parasitioal fungus, and that, happily it cannot be compared to the fungus which attacks our coffee here.’ So much the better for Costa Rios. But the producer will not quarrel with the scientist on this point, if only the im- pending danger is fully recognised in good time. Professor Tonduz says: “the sick plants appear as vigorous as their unscathed neighbours,” but so did the affected trees in Ceylon appear for the first and second years. ‘ But,’’ he goes on to say, ‘fon examining them more nearly I found the ground covered with fallen leayes whose surface was spotted with greyish spots. A great number of cherries also spotted, lay on the ground.” This also agrees with our experience in Ceylon; and, therefore, it is we fear that coffee in Oosta Rica is doomed by the attack of a fungus even if it be not our own Hemileia Vastatrix. Speaking of the planters, Prof. Tonduz says: ‘‘In all countries and at all times the planter has never had much faith in the investigations of botanists, and especi« 102 ally of cryptogamists. The rustic needs a powerful stirring up of bis intellect to cause him to com- prehend that in the immense family of the fungi the number of the minute ones is greater than that of the larger kinds, that the harmful surpass the innocuous, &. One old planter told me that the disease had always existed in the country.” We will close our notice of a Report which will repay perusal in full, with the foregoing quotation as it seems to have a practical bearing upon our- selves, at this time, when we find ‘leading plant- ers” opposing the appointment of an Entomologist for Ceylon. COFFEE LEAF DISHASE IN COSTA RICA. [Translated by A. M. FERGUSON for the ‘ Tropical Agriculturist.’’] National Physico-Geographical Institute. Botanical SEctTION. Information regarding the Coffee Disease; by Adolfo Tlonduz, Chief of the Botanical Section of the National Physico-Geographical Institute 1893. San José de Costa Rica, Central America, Govern- ment Press. To the Minister of Public Instruction. Srr,—In your letter No. 34 of 31st August last, you did me the honour to ask me for some detailed in- formation regarding a disease from which the Coffee- shrubs of Costa Rica are suffering this year. Having just returned from a botanical exploration of the valley of Tuis, I occupied myself with the subject without more delay, and examined with the greatest care the two enclosed leaves which accompanied your note. The preliminary essay, which I have submitted to your honor’s illustrious consideration divides itself into two parts: the first refers to my own observations and the conclusions which are derived therefrom: the secondis a resumé of what I have been able to gather from other sources re- lative to the diseases of Coffee in general. From the commencement of my investigations, I recognised the absolute necessity of studying the disease in the very locality of its development, With this object I visited s great number of Coffee estates of different ages, varieties and exposures, in all the environs of San José. The disease was generally prevalent, but almost always in an_ iso- lated or sporadic condition, without ever affecting the adjoining bulk of the estate. Neither did 1 meet with withered or much injured Coffee bushes whose morbid condition could be attrisuted to the disease. I noted that, in the majority of cases, the bushes most virulently affected were those which were situ- ated in dense shade, under large trees of pord agua- cate, cuajiniquil or of very umbrageous plantains. Likewise the plantations made on the shady borders of water-courses appeared to me specially affected. The disease presented itself under the followin aspect:—In reality, the sick bushes were found isolated, as having just been affected, or, at the most, in groups of twos or threes. Near the sta- tion of the “Iron Cartwheel’’ only did I [see a Coffee estate in which whole lines were affected. The sick plants appeared as vigorous as their un- scathed neighbours, and the majority were in fruit in spite of it. But, on examining them more nearly, I found the ground covered with fallen leaves, whose surface was sprinkled with greyish spots. A great number of cherries, spotted, also lay on the ground. The diseased stem hardly shows any healthy leaves, except such as are at the top, in which nevertheless the plague is met with at the periodof ther deve- lopment. The new branches, whose thickness vVa- ried between that of a feather and that of a pencil were also spotted with the same blackish-grey coloured signs and had already lost part of their leaves agg ruit. 868 I pulled, up several sick bushes with the view of minutely examining the’r roots. All, from the largest to. the smallest rootlets, proved healthy and without atrace of any alteration. Consequently, the disease 1s located in the overgrown parts, of the Coffee-tree and principally in its leaves. : _Such are, in a few word, the results of a mi- croscopical examination of hundreds of infected stems: The spofs on the leaves vary in number, shape, size and colour. Some leaves showed only two or three ‘spots, others were literally covered with them: The spots génerally take a cireular or oval shape, semi-circular or semi-oval when they en- counter the margin of the leaf: in rare instances they possess an irregular contour. Their dimensions vary from scarcely the tittle of a millimetre to eight or nine millimetresin diameter. The colour changes frdm ‘brown to gray and white, and these shades The distribution of the spots in each leaf is irregular: all the parts of the lamina were equally infected. The spotted branches are the sprouts of the year: the spots are met with in the internodes as well as_in the junction of the leayes. The infected berries are at times isolated, at other times numbering two or three on each bunch. Ais the peduncle is almost always diseased, it is easily understood that an affected cherry quickly falls. he microscopic examination of the spots, whether of the branches, of the leaves, or of the cherries, demonstrates that all depend upon one and the same disease. For greater clearness, I take as the object for examination a spotted leaf, with the naked eye, or tetter with a good lens, in the two faces of a spot circular concentric spaces are to be noted, for the most part with a wonderful regularity ata distance of one millimetre. Moreover, and this is the chief point in the diagnosis of this dis- ease—there are to be seen in the tw», though more genexally in the upper, superficies of the spotted eaf, thin, white and erect threads of one to four millimetres long, and terminating in a cupola ofa yellow olive colour. The spots on the branches and on. the cherries also show these same germ-bearing threads. . The disease, then, appears to owe its origin to a pa- rasttic fungus, of a contagious and epidemic nature- ‘All the pathological characteristics, then, noted above, are of easy explanation by the morphology which I know of these little destroyers of so many other vegetables. The ‘spore (seed) of the fungus, whether carried by ‘the “wind, by the rain, or by whatever other means, and deposited’ on the surface of a healthy leaf, “or on other parts of the plant liable to be infected, penetrates into the interior by the stomata and “produces filaments which spread among the cells of the parenchyma. This is the first phase of its dévelopment, and of the proto-mycelium and of the mycelium. Exteriorily only a light brown spot is noticeable, the result of the first disintegra- tion of the parenchyma. But the fungus continues to’-spread, and soon there appear on the exterior surface certrin filaments (hyphoe), whose apex bears the réproductory organs (conidia). Then the fungus has run through the various periods of its life and perishes, ‘after having scattered a prodigious number of ‘spores. In the leaves the spots become trans- parent: the tissues invaded by tue! parasite die and disappear leaving a hollow in the lamina. It. is. necessary to make a short digression here: | In, the investigation of the cryptogamic diseases — that attack cultivated ‘plants, it is most important — to. ascertain whether the fungusis the cawse or the consequence of the disease, or as_ we say, whether itis parasitical or epiphytal. The following -ex- amples will explain the difference that exists between the two groups. For a long time past higher fungi — belonging especially to the genera Agaricus and - Polyporus: have been observed on the trunks of the ° Goftbe-trees. These fungi live upon the detritus of the bark of the old stems and of the lichens and mosses which clothe them; but they possess theiy ‘ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jone 1, 1894: own and independent life, and’ the Coffeé-trée only serves them as asulstratum, for support. Such fun- gases aré epiphytal, and cause no internal disorders in the Coffee-trer. On the other hand, there exists, in some regions of tropical Asia, a microscopic one. ee yellow which produces in the leaves of the spots, which spread in concentric ri and end up by hastening the fall of the leaf. This organism is the Hemileia Vastatriz, and has csused in 10 years aloss of 12 to 14 million ponn’s sterling to the producers of Coffee in thé island of (eylon. This fungus fben affects disastrously the existence of its supporter, the Coffee, and causes its destruction : it is a parasite. Notice that I mention it as the unique example of a parasitical fungus, and that, happily, it cannot be compared to the fungus which attacks our Coffee-tree, and of which this communi- cation specially treats. On weighing that sentence, it is not enough now- a-days to assert tlat sudh and such a fun is parasitical, simply because of its mode of living and of the injuries it causes: the scientific proof is needful. This can ony be established by means of sowing the spores of the fungus upon a healthy leaf of a C ffee-tree, itself also completely healthy. I under- took this delicate experiment, moculating the disease, with which we are occupied, upon a robust shrub of Coffee, cultivated in the garden of the Goyernment Observatory, At the time of writing these lines, I have nevertheless not been able to verify the results : but directly the characteristic spots appear upon the infected parts, we can hold ourselves conyinced . of the favourable termination of the experiment, pe for that matter of the parasitical nature of the ungus. This experimeut will also have another advantage that must not be despised, and that is, to convince the practical mau of the true cause of the devasts- tion. In all countries and at all times the planter has never had much faith in the investigations of botanists and especially of cryptogamists. ‘The rustic needs a powerful stirring ap of his intellect to cause Lim to comprehend that, in the immense family of Fungi, the number of minute ones is greater than that of the large kinds, that the harmful surpass the innocuous, and that amongst these destructive parasites some attack even our poor humanity. All these ideas are with difficulty - explained to the masses, and consequently it is absolutely “necessary always to proceed with due caution. It so happened, in the course of my in- vestigations, I had an opportunity of talking with ap old planter, who assured me that this disease had always existed in the country, In that case, Mr. Minister, we can repeat the old say- ing Mthil sub sole novum (nothing new under the sun) and console ourselves. ut I hasten to say that in the same Coffee-trees, I met with disturbances other than thatwhose study you have commissioned me with, that these display certain marks of antiquity and that they could easily be confounded: with the latter. Thus, the other disease revealed itself ‘by blackish spots in the leaves, whose stperficies attained to 1 to 2 centimetres. Betwéen | the epidermis and the parenchyma of such leaves, I discovered a caterpillar and a deposit that ci its colour to the aoe This flisence is rarer, nd t have not found a single Coftee-tree serionsly damaged by it. Other leaves were covered with a light ferruginous film, especially along the length of the nerves. In others again, the cuticle was clothed with a grayish deposit that also attacked the cherry. I was not ableto discover the cause of these 4l- terations. I also verified in the Ooffee-trees the presence of numerous insects, without being -able to decide whether it was accidental or whether they were true enemies of the bean. The most frequent amongst them are the Acarides, the Aphides, and: the ants. Finally, I have very ‘often’ see leayes whose limb appeared partially burnt. It might well happen that drops of water should, under a fierce sun, act as burning-glasses and produce the aboye- JUNE 1, 1894.) mentioned blisters, but this accident must be of very rare occurrence. Only as a reminder would I here mention the epiphytal plants, such as the Peperomia, the ferns, the mosses atid the lichens which are commonly met with on the stems of the Coffee-trees without occasioning any injury. The woody parasites of the family of Loranthacea have seemed to mo very exceptional on the Coffee- tree and the damage ‘hey caused of no consideration. Turning now to the funguv, which I suppose to be the cause of the chief Coffee-disease in Costa Rica, I confess that my microscopical investigations have had to be most superficial. I saw at a glance that with the scanty resources at my command, the identification of the parasite would be altogether impossible. Consequently, I deemed jit preferable to make numerous preparations of the infected branches, leaves and berries, with the object of sending them to specialists in phytopathologia, to whom the diseases of the Qoffes-tree would be familiar. On the other hand it has been perfectly impossible for me to ascertain whether there ex- isted in botanical li’erature documents whieh :‘reated specially on this subject, and, il I had gone on with the micrographic study which I had undertaken, it would have been to have risked doing, superficially and badly, a work which, perhaps. had been com- pleted with dispatch and perfection in some other country. : With such an idea, I abstain altogether from any attempt at a systematic identification of the said fungus, and moreover I make once for all express reservations concerning a possible case of heterwcia. I do not possess any precise dates referring to the appearance of this disease in Costa Rica, and) yet I fear that its invasion is recent, and that the lanters confound it with others more ancient and esa destructive. Now-a-days and in consequence of the considerable increase in commercial relations between the various countries, the propagation of diseases of all sorts is more than ever to be feared. And, in a climate like that of Costa Rica, crypto- gamic epidemics are immediately invested with a character of exceptional gravity, for they meet with a medium excessively favourable to their develop- ment: the alternations of intense heat and torren- tial rains appear as though ordained tor the very urpose. It is also necessary not to forget that the Coffee is here an acclimatised plant, deblitated by high cultivation and offering to infectious agen- cies & resistance much weaker than one living in its own country and ina wild state. In case the Coffee disease should end in causing great injury to Costa Rica—an event we cannot yet foresee—it would be imperative to take energetic measures to preyent its propagation, Ger troy ne by fire the first centres of infection. This is the only method of getting rid of the millions of spores, which, endowed with a wonderful vitality, only need a favourable opportunity to germinate and _propa- gate themselves. Yes: unfortunately these prophylactic means might be illusory ; I should then take to curative measures. Henceforth I consider myself to be in a position to be certain that, if the disease is located in the leaves and branches, I could combat it at the very outset, by applying the processes which modern science has popularized in the analogous cases of other cultivated plants. I now interrupt these few notes on my own ob- servations, Mr. Minister, soliciting your kind au- thority to follow out this examination only barely outlined here. I should want, in the first instance, to be placed in communication with some specialists with the object of elucidating the classification of this fungus and of acquainting myself with all that has hitherto been done in relation to the diseases of Coffee. It would be absolutely necessary also that the botanical library of our Institute should be enriched with the principal works treating of the natural and pathological history of the Goffe-tree. Finally, it is evident that in order to make a general study of the disease in the country, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 809 it would be necessary to take journeys through the entire zone of the cultivation of the shrub, and also to be possessed of sufficient leisure. Under these conditi ns alone could I prepare the detailed information which you required of me, and the plan of which I submit beforehand for your illus- trious approval. © I. The History and Etiology of the Coffee-disease in Costa Rica, II. Causes of the Disease. Its classification, development. III. Seat of the disease. Branches, leaves, fruit. Nature of the alterations produced. IV. Propagation of the disease. Resistance of the Coffee-plants according to their variety, age, exposure, the soil and climate. VY. Importance of the injuries caused by the disease. VI. Measures preventive and curative. 1. Pre- >. The Fungus parasite. description, cultivation and ventive. Destruction of the contagions organ- isms. 2. Curative. Employment of Sulphur, lime, &e. VII. Bibliographical investigations, especially in the publications of the countries producing Coffee. II. The only work that I was able to obtain in San José relative to the diseases of Coffee, and which I attentively read through was the following :— Doctor Emilio Géldi. Report upon the Disease of the Coffee-tree_in the Province of Rio de Janeiro. 1887. (Re- latorio sobre a molestia do cafeeiro na provincia “do Rio de Janeiro.) Doctor Goldi, a Swiss savant, devoted himself for 14 months to the study of the Coffee disease in Brazil at the recommendation and under the auspices of the Minister of Agriculture. On undertaking this difficult work, he asked for and obtained the assis- tance of 12 foreign botanists, all eminent specialists, and of 5 zoologists equally noted. Some Brazilian scientists also united in these labours, whose joint product is a work of profound learning. In it isdescribed with the greatest minuteness the terrible Coffee-disease which caused enormous losses in Brazil. In 20 years the contagion spread over a | territory of 3,000 kilometres or say 300,000 square® hectares, and until 1887, the Government only attempted a few timid prophylactic measures, From - that date we lack details concerning the result ‘of the struggle en-aged: in. The propagation of the disease in .the plantations is circular, and the bushes attacked are disposed in is'ets, which remind one of the phylloxrera patches, In the infected zones, the sickly or withered stocks had almost entirely lost their leaves, the branches were dried up, and the spark of lifé that remained in the plant only showed itself by some abortive sprouts that sprang from the bottom of the stem: Ths plague assumed an aspect called explosive, in which 8 tc 15 days were enough to wither up the bush.. Im this case, the leaves were found scorehed as though suftering from the action of a violent fire that had been lighted in its neighhourhood, The ordinary symptoms of the disease are the following: the leaves lose their horizontal position and turn to the right or left, their edges curl up in an abnormal manner, the characteristic glossi- ness of the lamina disappears, and is replaced by a yellowish colour, and they do not take Jong to fall off. But the real seat of the disease lies in the roots, covered with warts, which are due to a thread-like grab. ‘The formation of the warts, easily distinguished by the naked eye, begins the moment the disease plainly declares itself, and continues til the death of the Coffee-tree. Doctor Gildi makes known the thread-worm un- der the name of Meloidogyne exigua, and in several pages of his splendid report deals with its biology In a masterly wey. The same naturalist discovered in the roots of the sickly plants the mycelia of fungi whose ordinary Rx hectare equals 11,960. 38'Eng. sq. yds.—A MP. 810 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1894. abode is between the bark and the woody fibre of the said roots. They are black filaments that generally run down the roots lengthwise and by turns ‘envelop it completes or partially. This fungus appears to be the inseparable companion of the thread-worm, but, according to Doctor Gdldi, its performance is only subordinate: at the most it acts as the atde-de-camp of the destructive grub. It has not been possible to classify it with certainty, but it is supposed that it belongs to the numerous family of the Pirenomicetes. In the infected Coffee-plantations, says Mr. Goldi, “are to be seen # prodigious number of spotted “leaves.” Each spot consists of a gray or blackish dot whose diameter varies according to the age- This centre is seen to be encompassed by a yellow aureole. These spots appear principally at the point or on the margins of the leaves, and invade the tender branches as well. The fungus to which they are due belongs to the family of the Ramularia. But Mr. Goldi agrees that in no way can the Coffee-disease of Brazil be ascribed to the Ramu- laria. Speaking of the fruit, he says that he has hardly found in it fungi of the second or third rank, which could be considered as accidental guests. Oonsidering the lack of types of comparison, and referring solely to the descriptions, it appears certain that the Ramularia is not the fungus which attacks our Coffee-trees, But the perusal of Goldi’s report gives us the impression that, although less dangerous than the thread-worm, it nevertheless does not abstain from working havoc amongst the Brazi ian plantations, and that it has been considered too super- ficially. Had I been at the seat of its outbreak, I would not have. been bold enough to have shared the optimism of the author relative to this plague. Dr. Goldi nowever, quotes three different fungi which he met with in the Coffee-shrubs during the course of his investigations, but considers them to be altogether harmless. (To be concluded.) we SES ~PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION. - A writer to the Sugar Journal and Tropical Culti- vator writes enthusiastically of the prospects of Ooco- NuT CULTIVATION in the Southern Continent :— ' For some time past,” he says, “the Government has been planting the islands off the coast with coco- nut trees. Many of these are four years old and - will bear-in a couple ofyears ;the others sre coming _ on well. Probably all of them will be fit to yield -their returns to the man who farms them within the next three or four years. There are in all some - 4,000 trees now planted, the largest number being on M Island with 1,500, and M Island (Brampton) 550. When the 4,000 trees are in full bearing it is a moderate estimate to suppose that each will produce an annual crop of 100 nuts. Every nut should pro- dace half-a-pound of copra, or about 90 tons from the lot. Copra will realise not less than £12 per ton f.0.b. on the ships taking away the cargo. The farmer would therefore get an annual return of £1,000 to pay rent to the Gevernment and the cost of getting the copra. But this will not by any means exhaust the products to be obtained. The fibre has - @ very distinct market value, while the pulp or dust of the coconut is daily becoming more used, for packing fruit, as a slug destroyer in gardens, and in many other ways, the whole of which are by no means generally known. I feel convinced that not only is there a goed opening for the industry in the way I have stated, but that it will be found so remunerative that others will follow it up. Not only the islands off the coast but the whole length of our coast line north of Rockhampton could centri- bute to the industry. It is frequently argued that we could not compete with the cheap labor of the South Sea and Africa and other places, but it must notbe forgotten that we should also be competing with the most primitive of methoda,most idle of cultivators,and _ with the most ricky, and consequently, costly of enter- prises. With scientific appliances, with small risks, and with the indomitable industry aud perseverance of the Anglo-Saxon race, there is not reason that we should not only succesfully compete with Africans and Polynesians, but also establich a new branch of industry which if it does not tupersede any of those industries already in vogue, at any rate show that we are not so foolish as to neglect one of nature’s best gifts.” It is stated that an invention of two Japauese scientiste for the production of fine thread from the fibre of NetrLe Hemp is attracting much attention in Mexico, in view of the fact that this plant grows abundantly in different parts of that country. It is claimed that the new thread is likely to supersede toa great extent, the finest thread madefrom silk. The nettle hemp, we are told, producesa thread three or four times as one made out of silk, and it is quite equal to the silk in point of lustre. Some of the Mexican planters and manufacturers have interested themselves in the invention, and are preparing to pat it into practical operation. ComPRESSED FoRAGE (seye the Queenslander from Victoria has ‘caught on” in Ceylon, and some orders have been received on the strength of the samples lately exhibited by the Victorian trade commissioners at Colombo. These orders are only trial ones, but if attention is paid to the material used there is no reason why « remunerative trade should not be developed. There is no customs duty on the compressed fodder in Oeylon. The of com- pressing is the subject of a patent, but in view of the cheap and abundant fodder that is unsaleable in Queensland in good seasons we may 6 that tbis colony will in the near future share in thie business. The same paper, referring to GROUND-NUTS, men- tions that a learned professor advocates the advanta- ges of peanuts as human food. He recommends that the nuts should be first roasted and then made into porridge or soup. Hundreds of tons of peanuts are consumed annually in the United States either raw, roasted, or in the form of ‘‘candy”; in fact, eating peanuts may be described as the principal recreative exercise of the American people. The west coast of Africa produces an enormous crop of peanuts, Marseilles alone using 10,000,000 bushe's a year, while many other millions of bushels go to London, Berlin, and other markets. This product is largely used in the manufacture of imitation chocolate and of peanut oil. Very large quantities are ground in India and Brazil, but find principally a home market. The nut flourishes in Queensland, but has not yet been turned to commercial use, although a fair quan- tity finds sale in the fruit shops for consumption chiefly by children. + TEA AND SCANDAL. REFLECIIONS ON A TEA-TABLE, Know ye the land where the hot toast and moffin Are emblems of deeds that are done in their spheres ; Where scandalous stories and hints about muffin Now melt into whispers, now rise into snmeers? Kuow ye the land where the liquids and cake Their circumlocutions consecuitive make ; Where Pompey’s strong arms are oppressed with Pekoe, And the air waxes faint with the scent of thesloe ? Where malice produces its bitterest fruit, And the voice of detraction can never be mute; Where the tints of the stury, the shades of the lie, In number tho’ varied, in falsehood may vie, And the venom of scandal is deepest in dye; Where virgins of fifty strange ringlets entwine, In the tond mi-conception of looking divine ? _?Tis the land of the teapot, the realm of the tray, Can we smile when we know what their votaries say? Oh! false as the curls of the ancientest belle, Are the hearts which they bear, and the tales which they tell_—Punch, December 1846. “The tables of the ancient gentry of this naton were covered thrice a day with hot roasted-beef; and June 1, 1894,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.: 8r1 RUMTEMMNNNN SSCL cil coe rey SANs Ua NOMA LUE air 2A Aes Vs ee Iam credibly informed. by an antiquary who-has searched the registers in which the bills of fare of the court are recorded, that instead of tea and bread and butter, which have prevailed of late years, the maids of honour in Queen Elizabeth’s time were allowed three rumps of beef for their breakfast.”—Vhe Tatler, March 21st, 1709. Why do you treat chairs very spitefully in CeylonP— Because you have them caned, simply because they cannot bear you. Why should you never tell a man to take a back seat ?—Because if you do, he may take affront (a front.) What is the most warlike nation ?—Vaczination, because it’s always in arms. ADVENTURES oF A Hatr-Onest or Tra.—A Liver- pool merchant recently sent 3 half-chests to a subur- ban customer by carrier, Onthe tea: being delivered ‘it was discovered that one of the packages had undergone a process of transformation. It had been relieved of about half its contents, and the purchaser states that the following articles had been substituted. Three old canisters, a tin dish, a teapot, oyster-knife, a rusty gimlet, and an oldrag! (Food. Sept. 1884, -p, 31.) Tea-Oit.—A little to the west of Pu-ki I came upon -the boarders of the tea districts. Here, as well as -elsewhere in Hunan, a good deal of the tea oil is -made, The plants from which the sceds are obtained be grown sbout 8 or 9 feet high, and are more _ straggling than the tea-shrubs. The leaves of this tree cannot be used for making tea. The tree has been- named Camellia Oleifera, but in Simonds’s work -on Tropical Agriculture, it is stated that Tea-oil is obtained from the seeds of Thea Viridis and in many parts of Hunan the natives assert that the plant was the same as the Tea-plant, but cultivated differently. If the species are distinct, they are very closely allied; (Journeys in the interior of China, by G. James Morrison, C. E. Proceed, R. G.S. Vol. ii. 1880 p. 158.) ee eee ee ‘THE COMING CHINA THA SEASON. We are constantly being told that in the greater _strength of Ceylon and Indian teas in comparison with those of China growth, which means, in most oases; & greater preponderance of tannin, lies one of the chief reasons leading to the increased consump- tion of the former qualities, and the steady down. ward march of the China import to this country. No- doubt it is a considerable element with the poorer classes, whose digestions are not of a delicate order. But the reason whatsoever, the fact is, that, accord- ing to an estimate of Messrs. Geo. White & Oo., the total requirements of all sorts for the approach- ing season are put at 245 million of Ib., of which China is to furnish only some 41 millions of |b., including the export demand for the Continent, which, however, takes more and more of its China ~ Tea direct each year, and without the intermediary of London. It is quite evident, therefore, but China must fight hard if she wants to retain a fair place in the competition in this country, and it must be China and the Chinese who should do the most in the matter. The foreigu Cha-sze and the merchant may be trusted to aid in his way, but he cannot meet the competition unless he is aided—or, rather, unless the bandioap now placed on tho export of tea by the Ohinese Government igs lightened. Ohina has now as excellent a chance of regaining some of her lost ground as she is likely to ever get, for, with a monopoly valued rupea in India and Ceylon, she has a bonus over her rivals, that she should be thankful has been handed to her. Taking fright and charges from the various porte as being equal, Ohina has a bonus in exchange equal to about 30 per cent.; or, in other words, with silver at its present prics, she can ship nearly 23 1b. of tea-to a little ever L7 |b. of her rivals, taking the cost ef tea in each case as being the same at port of shipment. But she must be prepared to reduce some of the onerous inland taxes aud duty which on the average, amount to fully 30 per cent of the value of the tea purchased. Whilst these exactions are maintained the profit on growing tea must continue so small as to leave no margin for improvement in oulture or curing. It ueed to be pointed out that all the China tes we rejected wag taken by Russia, the net result being that the total export from China to all foreign countries was maintained, but most Rus- sian buyers have since left Foochow, owing to a deterioration in manufacture, and the sa me may occur at Hankow, whilst the efforts be gt made by Ceylon to create a trade with Ruasia mu not be despised, With some easement of the heavy duties, China should have a splendid chance of prov- ing sie can still give us those ‘well-flavoured and wholesome teas” she was noted for. In common with all silver-standard countries which grow in competition with those on a gold-standard, she is bounsed in her exports, and has an opportunity if she will only recognise and profitby it. As we stated in our commercial article last week, there isa good opening forthe China article if the native teawen can be prevailed to once more send to market im- proved quality.—L. and C. Express. ei CEYLON TEA IN THE TRANSVAAL. We published yesterday a letter from a residen in this division of South Africa and today's pos brings us another letter this time from Mr. GC. Mao Ture, whose Firm is established in Johannesburg, for the sale of Ceylon tea. We have added their name to the list of sellers of “pure Ceylon Tea” all over the world, and we quote from the letter as follows :— ‘About two years ago I called at your office when I was in Colombo, and mentioned that I purposed starting a Ceylon tea business in this part of the world You will see from above heading that the businessis in fullswing. and,I am pleased to say showing signs of very considerable development. Pure Ceylon tea has only recently, comparatively speaking, got into the market here, but it has, as at home, rapidly established itself in public fayour. I may say that my firm has materially assisted in creating the taste for Ceylon tea by opening rooms called the ‘Ceylon Tea Rooms,’ a photo of which I herewith send to you. This photois taken from a drawing of mine, and gives a fair idea of the design of the rooms. They are well patron’sed by the Johannesburg public, and as we have a very liberal supply of the London ilustrated papers, etc.. it has become quite a resort for the reading portion of the community. “Business, generally speaking, has been un- doubtedly bad for some time back, owing principally to the depression in the share market, and this, too, in spite of the steadily increasing output of gold, which will probably this month be considerably over 150,000 oz. What is wanted in this country is industrial development otherwise than in gold mining. The agricultural resources of the country are un- deniably -great, although the periodical scarcity of water, and the vexed labour question, would probably operate seriously against any farming or planting enterprise. The mineral wealth of this country must be enormous and there is undoubtedly a great future before it.” —>— COORG COFFEE PROSPECIS. The Honorary Secretary of the Coorg Planters’ Association writes to us:— With regard to orop prospects in Ooorg, though I haye been away for gome little time, snd therefore cannot speak from personal experienco. I am given to understand that the blossom has set well and that the orop, generally speaking is likely to be a good one. Coffee is, hear also, looking very healthy, and making pleoty of good new wood.’’—South of India Observer. 812 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1894. Under 20,000 Ib. MR, R,_S. pt eta gah AND OLD iM a tea, price >: sve ; RODUC Be Gutalsudh.. ..12,500 8°50 ASshley........19,000 7°25 This gentleman whose name is so well-known eat i. AS “aoe om 3 we TY 30 re as Managing Proprietor of the fine plantations | Maimalla...... 5, ‘25 Gramby........ 9 91 ot Kandenuwera ard Waeriapolla in Matale Hast, | Saismore’’“1a's00 Big ye ets bas just spent some four months in Ceylon. | Great Valley .. 6,400 803 Carady Goody 16,300 668 During that period, Mr. and Mrs. Fraser have | Merchiston.. ..16,000 7°90 Atchencoil .. ..'8,500 653 travelled a good deal over the ieland, visiting | ,°O7\NUOrT®.--- @300 7% ar aT, ee ote Trincomalee and the Kast Ooast, and a number | Bison Valley ..19900 750 OK sesess 2,400 6°35 of the Planting Districts. Mr. Fraser, it will be | Patenayerum., 2,400 560 Arienkow...... 7,360 6°08 remembered, was @ picneer in cacao cultivation. Total 1,980,50v 1b. Like the late Mr. Tytler, he visited Trinidad and ites ob ey fang published a little Manual as the result of his | INSECT ENEMIES: INDIAN MUSEUM visit. Mr. Fraser is a little afraid now that the NOTES planting of cacao in Ceylon is being overdone in the sense of plants being put out in soil, in some cases, too poor to carry them. The prices for this product have aleo not been encoura- ping of late. On Wariapolla, there is till Coffee Arabica as well as Liberica and from the former, grown under shade, a crop of 1,000 bushels has been got with almost no expense. Mr. Fraser believes that our old staple would still psy to cultivate if there were suitable soil, and under shade. He is also cultivating Para rubber, and tea is doing fairly well on both plantations. It willthus be seen that these fine old Matale estates are well to the front in both new and old products and we say, long may they flourish; and may we often see Mr. and Mrs. Fraser back on visits to an island where they are so generally esteemed and with which their family have so long been connected. The Superintendent of Wariapola Mr. L. B. Dickenson, after many years faithful service, goes home on leave by the same steamer and it is a coincidence that Mr. Hugh Fraser of Bandarapcla who used to manage both -Kandenuwara and Wariapola, also travels Westward by the ‘“‘Ohuean.”’ We hope all will have a pleasant passage and an enjoyable time in the old country. Ne TRAVANCORE THA. The following is a summary of Travancore tea sold at Public auction in London between January lst and December 31st, 1893 ; quantity in lb and average prices realized. The figures have been taken from Messrs. Gow, Wileon and Stanton’s weekly reports and may be ongsidered substantially correct. OveER 50,000 tb, Ib. av. price. Seafield sau 59,850...... 8°84 Bon Ami aoe 165,500...... 877d Kedowa Karam... 99,100......8 40d Venture mae 188,200......8:00d Penshurst ate 82,550......7:70d Isfield Ran 100,950... ...7°68d Ponmnadi ee ax Si LDOr a wna 7 68d Nagamally Bes One 633050...... 758d Wallardi aes ae 50,900......7°56a Animudi a igs 59,100...... 738d Stagbrook 353 ven 74,300...... 721d tier, (Of ae 126,300...... 1:04d 20,000 1b. to 50,000. Ib. ay. nice ib. avy. price Kipmylies..... ~22;500 828 Vembanard....46,200 7°55 Gorrimony ....35,100 810° Paxvithi........ 36,500 7°49 §05 Bonaccord.. ..43;450 748 6-04 Invercauld.. ..36,690 7°22 8:00 Mount....°..,.32,93 T 21 7:96, Seenikali...... 31,500 T13 Home.....+---424,460 779 Brigton........ 29,100 6°94 Glenmore...... 31,000 7:6 Invernettie.... 9,100 7°62 Glen’ Mary ....41,100 760 C M R...... ..28,450 6:89 Glenbrittle .. 721,800 760 Reekwood,,)... 44,300 6°67 We have received a copy of No. 3 of Volume IIL. which contains; A new Coccid from Ceylon, by G, B. Buckton, F.R.s.; A new Species of Fulgoridw, by M. Lethierry; A new enemy of the Oustard Apple, traxe- lation by F. Moore; Notes on Indian Aphide; by G. B. Buckton, F.R.6.; and Miscellsneous Notes from the Entomologicel Section, by E. C. Cotes. Mr. Buckton gives a minute description of the coocus explaining at the outset that in March 1893 he re- ceived from Ceylon a consignment of twigs and leaves of Crossandra which were inerusted by a white semi-flocculent matter, which proved to be the exuda- tion of # species of Orthezia, apparently underoribed. Unfortunately the specimens arrived in a bad con- dition from the effects of mildew, which rendered the examination less complete than could be wished. Amongst the miscellaneous notes are several dealing with teak defoliators andthe Travancore teak-borer; the identification of the mosquito, a hesperid cater- pillar injuring paddy, the orange tree defoliator, and tke preservation of books from insects. — RECENT RUBBER RESEAROH. Either on account of the panic news that has been spread ebroad as to an alleged probable failure of the Rubber and Gutta-percha supply or from some otber causes, it is certain that Rubber, Gutta-percha, Balata, &e., have recently come very much to the front. As for the last named product, Balata, it is simply ‘all over the shop” at the present time. Mr. Smith Delacour has been reporting to the Foreign Office on the Balata of Surinam—its most valuable product. Of this report; we shall have more to Bay hereafter, but several of our contemporaries have taken the report as a text for homilies on the failure of rubber, &c., and the blessed advent of Balata as & saviour to the insulating and allied industries.—Zndia Rubber Journal. io COFFEE IN PERAK. A gentleman largely interested in planting who has just returned from a visit to the Straits gives a very hopeful account of coffee in Perak. He states that both Arabian and Liberian coffee, are looking remarkably well and giving good promise. He inspected the two estates held by Europeans there and he found no trace whatever of bug, while there were only the very slightest .Bigns of disease and that on the Liberian leaves. Ag to which elevation was the better for either kind of coffee was as yet an undetermined question, but the fact remains that at present Arabica was grown on the higher and Liberian on the lower slopes, and there -was plenty of good land for extension. There were about 150 acres in bearing on each of the two European estates—there were numerous small native gardens of Liberian—and perhaps about the same extent opened up, and he believed that each estate could bring about 1,000. aeres under cultivation. Capitalists, he was of opinion, would find very good investment for their money in Perak, gas June 1, 1894:] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 813 THE CULTIVATION OF VANILLA IN TAHITI. The cultivation of vanilla has been carried on in the Island of Tahiti for several years, but islimited to a few districts only, that of Papara supplying more than half of the quantity sent into the market. Consul Hawes, of Tahiti, says that the native method of culture is, as a rule, simply to plant the cuttings of the vine under the shade of trees, and then to leave them to grow and twine round supports as best they can. Occasionally attention is paid to keep the yines trained round the trees, and to prevent them from attaining a greater height than nine feet, so that during the inoculating season the flowers may be reached without difficulty. Shade is abso- lutely necessary during the growth of the vanilla vine to ensure a successful crop of beans, About one year from the time of planting the vine commences to flower, and theinoculation which then takes place must be carefuliy attended to; this is generally carried out by women and children, whose light hands are best suited for this delicate operation. In from six to nine months from the time of inocul- ation the bean willbe ripe for picking and curing. The native method of curing is to keep the beans alternately indoors rolled in cloth and out of doors during the day spread on mats exposed to the sun for periods of three or four days at a time until they are dried and ready for the market. The dis- adyantage of drying on mats in the open, of haying beans frequently wetted and deteriorated in value by sudden showers before there is time to get them under cover, has made itself apparent to many native planters, who now dry their vanil!a in boxes with glass covers. They are usually filled three- quarters full, the beans being placed on a blanket in the bottom of each box, and covered with a double thickness of blanket at the top. The glass lids are then put on, and the boxes exposed to the sunfor about fifteen days, when the beans are generally found to be sutficiently sweated to admit of their removal to the drying house. This building is constructed throughout of corrugated iron, and contains three tiers of wire shelyes. The beans are laid on the top tier first, then they are moyed to the second and third in succession as _ they gradnally dry, and remain on the latter until they axe perfectly dry and fit for the market. Consul Hawes says that Tahiti yanilla is inferior to that of Mexico, Bourbon, and Mauritius, and this drawback is not improved by the careless manner in which the natives and even Huropeans dry and tie the bundles of beans for export. The export trade in this article has increased considerably during the last ten years, the United States being the principal market, although small quantities are sent from time to time to France and England. The total quantity of vanilla exported in 1883 from Tahiti amounted to 276lb.; in 1890 it amounted to 15,882 1b,, and this quantity increased in 1893 to 25,5601b., valued at £4,418.—Journal of the Society of Arts. _ = MOTIVE POWER FOR TEA ESTATES. - We think that the information placed at the disposal of our Wondon Correspondent by the manufacturers of several descriptions of motors may prove of material service to our planters. For it cannot be denied that every day inoreases the general anxiety respecting what will have to be done when our present very limited supplies of wood fuel for estate engines becomes altogether exhausted. Of course, such estates as lie conti- guous to the lowcountry forests need not for a long time to come give consideration to this matter. It is quite different, however, with respoct to those situated nearer to the centre of our great planting enterprise. These have already felt the pinch for years, and the superintendents of many of these have for some time past had to rely almost entirely on coal, an imported fuel always very costly, and likely, we fear, in this age of strikes and increasing wages, to become more so. Already we haye heard thet, on some estates so ciroum- stanced, the coal received has cost upwards of £4 per ton. It will be manifest that under such conditions reliable information as to alternative cources of power must be acceptable. It is fortu- nate that in a very large number of cases water- power is available as the motor for estates. We believe Mr. Rutherford, when recontly here, discussed with some of his fellow-planters a scheme for establishing central sources whence this power might be widely distributed by electrical transmission, This idea, we have been told, he has however felt compelled to abandon, and although not fully informed as to the grounds of this compulsion, we can imagine it to be the costly nature of the long leads that would be required and the liability to theft of the copper—always valuable and of ready sale—of which such leads would be composed, It seems likely on all accounts that estate pro- prietors must be left to provide their own power in all oases. It cannot, we should say, be long before either the steam engines or their boilers on most of our estates will require renewal. Probably fifteen, or at the outside twenty, years may be regarded as the utmost limit of safe working for the latter, and the engines themselves, under the conditions upon which they are worked upon estates, oan hardly have a much longer life, or must at least need extensive and costly renewals, A large proportion of our tea factories have now been worked almost up to that limit, and we should imagine that the nesessity for fresh outlay on motive power is now seriously engaging the attention of many superintendents, In view of the increasing diffi- culty of obtaining fuel, it is more than likely that the minds of many of these are being exercised in the direction of some alternative to steam-power. Already we know that some of the large pro- prietors are discarding their former agent and are ereoting turbines whenever it may be practicable to doso. The Hastern Produce and Estates Com- pany has, we believe, beenforemost in this work; and has already largely superseded by it the steam engines that have up till now served its purposes. Many more, we believe, among our estate proprie- tors would be glad to follow this example did natural conditions admit of their doing so. Failing these, they must of necessity either determine on a replacement of worn-out machinery erelong, or they must seek for an alternative demanding at lass amount of, or less costly, fuel than what they now have to use. The details afforded by our London Letter under these circumstances, we are sure, Will prove ® useful guide to many. ‘The advantage, taking the conditions all round, appears to our correspondent to rest with the Priestman’s oil-engine. He discusses with this, however, the gas-producing plant and gas-angines of the well- known Birmingham firm of engine-makers, the Messrs. Tangye. These last appear to him to have some advantages not possessed by the oil- engines first mentioned. But on the whole he would give the preference to the special forms of oil-engine manufactured by Messrs. Priestman Brothers. He tells us that one of these Ilast- mentioned engines was some time back sent out to Ceylon through the agency of Messrs, Walker, and that none but favourable accounts haye been recived of its working. Indeed these ascounts have boon so satisfactory that a second engine of the same type, but of inoreased power, 13 H.P. has now been despatched, and probably the owners of both these engines would fayour us with their experiences with them, The objeétion long entertained by our correspondent against oil- engines, namely that the smell ef the oil might taint the tea, appears to have been removed by his —— B14 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1894. ‘nepection of one of these engines in motion, as also has been the further, fear of their liability to foul. Although both these objections are largely present in the case of most oil engines, Messrs. Priestman’s improvements seem to have wholly overcome them. a ee eens TAKING UP LAND IN SELANGOR. Sir,—I notice in the Singapore Free Press, of the 6th instant, under the headmmg ‘‘ Taking up land in Selangor,” a letter of Mr. G.A, Talbot, of Nowara Eliya, dated March 24th, reprinted from the “ Times of Ceylon” in which he states “with regard to timber being a Government movopoly, the timber belongs to the occupier solely and absolutely, the Government not even having the right to cut the planter’s timber for its own requirements. ‘here have been many instances of prosecutions ending in favour of the planter in this connection.” at The followiog isan extract froma recent decision of the chief magistrate of Selangor in a case in which I sued two Chinamen for damages done to land, part of a coffee estate, in respect of which I hold a permit from the Government. Thedefendants started mining on the land in question, and cut down trees and other jungle prcduce, and brought within their operations an area of 10 or 15 acres :— ms : The question, then, is whether the plaintiff's permit enables him to maintain an action against the defend- ants for the damage done by them. The important conditions of the permit are that the plaintiff is to have the right, for five years subsequent to its issue, to ocoupy for the purposes of coffee-planting any of the land in the area specified in it except such land as may be found to be held under other titles, and that if and when within the five years he cultivates one quarter of the whole ares included in the permit, the Government will give him a grant of the whole subject to conditions, and there are further two clauses which both expressly provide that, until this grant is executed, the permit-holder shall bave no right over the land which he does not occupy for the purposes of coffee— planting, except the right of so occupying it. The plantiff has argued that he has the same rights over the unoccupied Jand ag he would have under the anticipated grant, but I am unable to agree with him. This land, then which the defendants have been working has not been occupied by the plaintiff fir coffee-planting purposes, and he has no rights over it except the right of so occupying it within the re- mainder of the five years’ term. The timber and other natural products upon it are not his, but he may maintain his right to occupy it, and therefore his right to have it left in a condition fit to occupy for coffee-planting, against anyone who has not a good title of his own. This decision appeas to me to be very directly opposed to Mr. Talbot’s statement.—Yours cc. F. A. TOYNBEE. [Nore BY Ep.—What has Mr. Talbot to say to this ?]—Local “ Times.’” A JAMAICA PERFUMERY INDUSTRY. The perfumery trade is a large and growing one. There will always be a demand for scents, perfumed s0aps, and cosmetiques, and the means of supplying the) demand must expand in proportion. Witbin recent years thie necessity has led to the production of an imitation article, the result, of chemical mani- polation, These crystal scents, as they are called, are. largely manufactured in Germany and are being bought io the abeeuce of the pure materia!. Many tradé lists of “ floral products” are simply catalogues of ch jwitations. They exe not by soy means 60 plessant or co harmless as the genuine article, and one who habitually uses the latter can tell at once the difference, A comparison can be drawn between any natural ecent and its ar- tificial prototype always to the disadvantage of the chemical product with its reminiscences of the mineral basis. The public in this instance prefer the real to the artificial, If the pure article were placed on the market in sufficient quantities to fix their taste the crystal scents would soon find themselves boycotted. There is thus an opening for the pro- duction of the legitimate article which might be teken sdvantage Of by many of the colonies to supply the wants of the United Kingdom. We think the suggestion is worthy the consi¢eration of our small capitalists or cultivators whose means are not fully employed or invested and who are desirous of adding to their ordinary sources of income. : Jamaica could produce perfumes both of an ordi- nsry and special character in abundance. The condi- tions of cultivation are exceptiouslly favourable end the establichment of a flower farm would, we believe, be a profitable undertaking. Col. Talbot, we understand, demonstrated the fact that flower- farming in Jamaica was feasible but we are unware of the results of his efforts in the direction of start- ing an industry. The enterprise might very well form an adjunct to some of our larger Poor-houses. In the neighbourliood of Grasee in France there are hundreds of acres where the old, the siling, and the children, earn a livelihood by piekiog roses for the scent market. The only obstacle in the way of em- barking on the industry is the preliminsry expense. To make perfume from flowers requires a somewhat costly plant. Butadmittiog that difficulty, any one with a faic capital could easily start a farm and confidently, calculate on a handsome retarn for bis ca pital and Jabour. In India a fioxer grower started in 1890 in the industry and is now doivug a pros- perous business and employing over ninety hands. If this result can be achieved in the East, it ought to be duplicated in the West Indies. Flower farming in Europe for perfumery purposes is engaged in almost exclusively at Var, France; it is here that the jasmine, tuberose, cassia, rose, and violet, grow to great perfection and where the sub- sequent processes of manufacture are commercially worked. Oforange blossoms alone as many as 1,900 tons are used annually, and nearly 1,000 tons of roses. In the Grasse district and buyer is always ready to purchase as small a quantity as a kilo of roses from the small proprictaire. This fact furnishes a hint upon which we might improve. A central factory system might be organised. The plant-holder would buy the modest crops from the settlers and others, in addition to being a farmer himself, and utilise them for the various purposes of the scent market. An entire family could engage in flower growing, or the farm might be the special cere of one member while the remainder are o*herwise cccupied. There are many odoriferous and other vegetable sub- stacces in the colony which the floral chemist might find « profitable use for, aod the culture of which might add to the resources of the people. Such minor products should not be overlooked in the cul- tivation of more familiar articles. It shouid be kept in mind that the agricultural possibilities of the country are not exhausted. It has always been an article of our faith that there is potential wealth lying in the soil as yet undreamt of; We do not think it ia an exaggerated belief. The desiderats required to realize that wealth are, an insight into the capabilities of {he eoil; enterprise, patience, and & moderate capital. With these a man ought to be able both to enrich himself and to contribute to the proaperous development of the country.—Gleaner Packet. ——__¢—_____ Sanpatwoop Otn.—Mr. Petrie Hay, of Hunsur, has been regranted ‘the exolusive right to manu- facture sandalwood oil within the Mysore State for ® further period of 10 yeare.—Pioneer, nae JUNE 1, 1894.) “TBEA”—OR IMPERIAL BRITISH EAST AFRICA No. III. How strange it must appear to the present generation of young planters in Ceylon, to be reminded that twenty-five years ago a great part of Dimbula and Dikoya and all Maskeliya were not only without a road or a bridge, but were under dense and almost pathless forest. It would sound mythical in the ear of the ‘ creeper” of today to be told of surveyors and pioneer planters in this ‘“ Wilderness of the Peak,’ who, for weeks, lived on no better fare than their coolies’ rice and salt-fish curry while their usual supplies Were stopped on the other side of flooded rivers. When there was no railway in the land, or none nearer than Kandy or Gampola, and the cart road extended no higher up than Ginigathena Gap, to Garry supplies into the heart of Dikoya or Maskeliya, wasnojoke, Of the many narrow escapes of the ‘young bloods’ of those early days in crossing flooded streams, and of actual drownings in some sad gases, many stories might be told. How ‘* Pedigree Banner’’ lost his pedigree in the dangerous Dikoya river, and how another planter pioneer only saved himself (Irish- like) by ‘‘ taking off his boots while under water ’—at a time when one if not two companions were drowned,—are old stories of the district ; while gimilar experiences could be narrated of both Meekeliya and Dimbula. Now, all this has been brought back to our recollection in reading of the Central region of “ Tbea”’ and especially of the Ukumbani and Kikuyu divisions to which we are now approaching. In rising from 3,000 feet at Kibwezi to 5,600 feet in Kikuyu Forest, we read of dense forests and of stream often in flood in their descents through districts 4,000 to 5,000 feet above sea-level from what may be described as the Nuwara Hliya and Horton Plains above. All this is just what the energetic pioneers between Great Western and Adam’s Peak rejoiced over in their day. Broad-breasted hill sides, pathless woods, rivers and waterfalls and then the open grassy patanas—all seem repeated in this part of Africa on a grand scale. We do not read of coffee growing wild in these ‘Tbean” jungles, but it is certainly found in some of the forests not far to the North, stretching away towards Abyssinia. We remember reading many years ago of an Embassy which passed in the early part of the century from Bombay to the Court of Abyssinia. Landing somewhere in the Gulf of Aden on the African coast, a journey was made inland, which after a time, led the party through a grove of wild coffee, the cherries hanging in clusters from trees that were allowed to grow at their own sweet will, Weonly mention this in passing to show that the home of the coffee plant is not far off ‘Ibea.” But the men who are to subdue the forest, do justice to the labour available, and endure the many privations which are ever the lot of pioneers, must be as plucky as were the young men who mainly opened Dimbula, Dikoya and Maskeliya in the ‘ sixties” and early ‘‘ seventies.” Let no Ceylon planter of the present day, too, dream of Hast Africa, unless he has learned all the mysteries of coffee culture, pulping, drying and preparation generally, Equally should he be a qualified cacao planter, and be up to a good few of the Ceylon “ wrinkles " about India-rubber, and about coconuts and other palms, Of course he can learn a great deal from tke locally-published Manuals ; but this is not quite enough of itself without some practical experience, 103 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 815 In our second paper on ‘‘ Ibea,’’ we arrived at Kibwezi where there is a Scottish Mission station. Fifteen miles farther on we come to the ‘‘ Makindo’ or Palm river and still another 8 miles to the “ Kiboko ” or Hippopotamus river where there ig much game in hartbeeste, zebra and small ante- lope, while the natives are friendly. But the two branches of the Kiboko when in flood are difficult to cross. Twenty miles onward at the Wakufukoa or salt river, ‘‘numberless herds of game" are always met. One warning given is that ‘‘ the beehives should be avoided as much as possible as the bees attack a caravan on any provocation.”’ We are now near Kilungu 4,000 feet above sea-level with peaks rising to 6,400 feet ; but the road is still upwards, the natives fairly numerous in the open parts, and the country well-cultivated. At Machako’s post, an elevated plateau surrounded on three sides by hills, the slopes of which are highly cultivated, we are 5,400 feet above sea-level and 350 miles from the Coast at Mombasa, Now it is to this point—or close by at Kikuyu—that the first grand section of Railway is projected (on its way to Uganda) and having thus atiorded an idea of what travelling at present means in these regions, we are able turning aside from the ‘‘ Handbook,” to give the very latest information of this important region which we find in an official Report published in the London Times only received by the mail on Tuesday. It is as follows, only promising that Ukambani, Kikuyu and Machakos refer very much to the same district :— East AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT. AN INTERESTING REPORT FEOM UKAMBANI, The British East Africa Company have received from their agent at Machakos an interesting report upon the present condition of Ukambani, a district about midway between the coast and Uganda, and not far removed from Kikuyu, the point to which the pioneer expedition of the Freehold Colony is direoting its intended investigation. 2 The report, after describing a satisfactory and growing readiness on the part of the Wakamba, who inhabit the district, to accept oosupation, and detailing the rates of labour, gives the following account of a meeting held by the elders of the distriot :-— “© On December 4th last all the elders of the Macha- kos Hil), Manyani, lveti, Nzibus, Kasinya, Mututuni Quambodi and Engoleui assembled bere and held a long shauri, This shauri, as I have before mentioned, was convened by themszives after asking my permission to be allowed to meet here. The substance of what they said is as follows :— “* That we, the Wazee of the district, recognize the benefits we are deriving from the company (Mzungu) here ; our young men have learnt to work and earn mali, our country ig peaceful, Masal do not raid us and our people live at peace with one another, our seattle can graze in eecurity &c. All matters brought to the Europeans for settlement have always received a fair hearing, and the Mzuygu knows the Wakemba and their ways, 80 we have every confidence in bringing our complaints &c. and troubles to the station for setile- ment. ‘t We tell you all this so that the company may know that we are glad they come to live amongst us; our country is theirs and ours, and half the food is theirs.’ ‘This is a sammary of what they came in to say, and this sentiment was backed up by a further offering of 404 loads of flour, which makes, with the previous contributions, a total of over 20,0000 lb. of flour contri- buted to the station in 12 months.” In describing the commercial and agricultural value of the country, the report proceeds to state that the district is extremely fertile and rioh in agriculture and cattle, The population is estimated at about 1,000,000 souls, all extremely industrious. The following crops grow freely:—Tree beans, kidney beans, maize, milles and two kinds of small graip, cassava, manioo, suger- cane, sweet potatoes, bananas and pumpkins. Tobaooo 816 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {June 1, 1864. and yams ore also grown, but not in lerge quantities. | Several of theee products give two crops a year. Cattle, sheep and goats thrive extremely well and the milk is wonderfully rich. » Honey is also collected and con- sumed. . With regard to temperature and rainfall the country is described as peculiarly suitable to Huropean agri- culturists. The climate is more like Southern Europe than Central Africa. The highest thermometrical reading given between June and January ia 80}, registered in the month of October, The division of the seasons is as follows:—From abont the end of October to the end of January, small rains. From beginning of February to about middle of March, a short dry season with few showers. From middle of March to about beginning of May, heavy rains. ‘lo end of May, occasional showers. From June to October dry season, with a very few local showers of light rain, She hottest part of the year is from October to March, These seasons affect mostly higher Ukambani and Kikuyu. From the commercial point of view it is noticed that the demand for trade goods increases steadily. Eightcen months ago the demand was almost excluo- sively for beads and brass wire, Now 50 per cent of the demand is for the cloth, and whereas 18 months ago not 5 per cent of the population wore cloth, now it is observable that the general custom isto be dressed in cloth. A flourishing trade is confidently expected as soon a traneport to the coast is made cheap. The establishment of the authority of the company in Ukambani has already practically extinguished the slave trade in Masai and Kikuyu captives which used to exist with the Arabs and Swahili dealers. The following paragraph of the report explains the posi- tion :— , “ Tho Wakamba living very close to the Kapti Masai used to becontinually raided by the Masai, and many men, women and children were killed. The Masai do not take prisoners. In retaliation the Wakamba raid Masai kraals and take whatever they can get, including women and children. Withthe Wakamba, women and children prisoners are looked upon as being too useful and valuable to be killed; firstly, they are useful for sbamba work, wceod cutling &c.; and secondly they used: to be looked upon as articlesof barter with the Swahilis, and according to all the information I can obtain from the natives, it is evident that before the company’s authority was established here there must have been a pretty large trade in Masai and Kikuyn captives batween the Swahilis and the Wakamba ; but as LT have said before, the trade now in com- parison with the past can almost be said to be non- existent. ‘‘ During our residenve here the Masai raids have become very rare. What Macai prisoners are taken by local Wakamba in their raids are at our request brought into the station here, ani during my residence I bave recived from the Wakamba elders aad returued nearly all to their own people by some means or other, the following people. Allor nearly all would, in the absence of a Kuropean, have undoubtedly been sold to Swahili traders :—44 Masai women (11 with babies); 90 Masai children (the above babies not counted with this); 14 Kikuyu women ; mnking a total of 89 souls, Anyone looking well into this question must readily see what would result ii our influence is withdrawn. The insignificance of the slave trade here at present is not due to the Swahili or the Wakamba; the com- pany’s occupation and influence with tho natives is the sole factor in this good result. In my opinion, once we withdrew from here (if withdrawal is possible) a brisk slave trade would once more revive. The best Arab cr Swahili in the world cannot, as you know, resist the, to them, infatuation of slave-trading, Where there were slaves to be had there would the Arab and Swabili wend their way. Withont Huropean power and influence in the interior, what is to prevent Arabs and Swahilis from coming up, buying, end capturing slaves, and placing them on thcir coast and inland shambae, A demand for slaves bere would scon create a supply. Our influence here has stopped both ihe supply and the demand,” - r ae, The report contains some description of the bandi- crafts to the Wekamba, who work in iron and brass and have hitherto used tenred leather and a rough mattrial made frem aloe fibre for clothes and domestic purposes. The only agriculturel imp'ements in nee ere, however, m: de from hard wood. The relations of Wakamba with the neighbouring tribes are alse entered info at some kngth. The Wakamba themselves ere desciibed as the predominatirg tribe. The day of the Wa-Galla to the north appears to have gone by. The Wa-kikuyu are dercribed as half and helf Masai and Wakamba, witbout tbe good qualities of either. The Masai, who have always been the dendly fors of the Wakamba, sre the Ishmaelites of Hest Central Africa: They are nothing else than ao well-organized and trained band of wholesale robbere. Their hand is against every other tribe, aud in sheer relf-defence, every other tribe is against them. Nevertheless they are said {o be straightforward, likeable, and on the whole dispused to be friendly with the European. Their great faults are their pillaging propensities and their ‘utter disdain of all manual Isbour.” With regard to them the report continues :— “The wave of civilization as it adyances in East Afiica must, of cource, severely affect, and eventually cripple, the Macai, and a new sphere must be found for their energies, As these civilizing influences continue and go forward the Masai will have to secept the inevitable; as he finds all the cattle countries gradually closed against bim he must either come to terms or starve. If he comes to terms he must perforce accept the obligations imposed vpon him by civilizatioc—_e., to learn to live by other means than by pilleging and murder, and to learn to turn his bard to honest work ; it can only be absolute necessity or force that would bring the Elmoran to this way of living, but when he has arrived at this stege we shail have got a long way on the road towards civilizing Hast Ocentral Africa.” Finally it concludes :—“ The Wakamba are, I should fay, Superior in numbers to the whole of their imme- diate neighbours, and with e firm Government estab- lished in their midst they would quickly become the dominating nation in this part of the country. ** Joun ArnswortH, Commanding District.” —__—<—_—_——___.—_ PANAWAL TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. EXTRACT FROM REPORT OF THE DIBECTORES. The net amount at credit of profit and loss ac- count, after providing for general expenses, Directors’ and Anditors’ fees £1,649 12s 4d. An interim dividend was paid on the preference shares on 3lst December 1893, at the rate of 7 per cent per annum, from the dates of payment of the various instalments to 31st December 1893 £211 10s 7d. It is now proposed to pay the balance—viz., from 1st April 1893, to the various dates of such pay- ments, which will require £50 19s 5d. It is proposed to write off the cost ofmew land extensions, machinery, &c., completed during the year, viz., from Jst January 1893 to 3ist December 1893 (in terms of the contracts for purchase), at a cost of £297 8s 6d. : Also the preliminary and other expenses connected with the formation of the Company, requiring £298 4s 1d. ; It is proposed to pay a dividend on the ordinary shares at-the rate 6 per cent per annumfrom Ist April 1893 to 31st December 1893 (free of income tax), which will absorb £765 Os Od. Leaving to be carried forward to next year a balance of £26 9s 9d.—£1,649 12s 4d. S ‘ The Directors have p'easure in recommending the distribution of a dividend at therate of six per cent per annum on the Ordinary Shares of the Compariy from 1st April, 1593, the date the working of the Estates was taken over by the Company, to 3lst December, 1893. Owing to the prolonged drought, &o., the yield of tea in the nine months’ working fell short of the -estimate by 12,552 lb. It is proposed to write off the cost of new land, extensions, machinery, THI June I, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. &c., in £297 8s 61, thereby reducing the cost of the Hstate to £20,000, and tho whole of the preliminary and other expenses in connection with the formation of the Company in £298 43; 1d, Tne sdvancea to coolies and the balance in the hands of the Com- pany’s Mauagerin Ceyloa are written down to 13 13d per rupee, thus leaving the entire working capital of the Company intact. The acreage of the Oompany’s properties ou 31st Dacoember, last was— Tea in bearing 439 Do. not in bearing wae ats 97 Now clearings and nurseries... oS 38 Jangle 364% ——— —_ 9384 acres. The Direstors have since bosn able to obtain som & )29 acres of Forest land ata cost of R2,123, which pacchase they trust will prove advantageous to the Oorapany. The Oeylon Manager reports the estates in good order. With a favourable season, the crop for 1894 is estimated at 240,000 lb, The Directors deeply regret to report that their late esteemed Manager, Mr. Graham Hogg, has been oblig.d to relinquish his post through ill- health, and retura to this country; they have appointed Mr, Alexander Mansfield Forbes, Manager, in his place. eae CEYLON THA PLANTATIONS CoO., LIMITED. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the General Balance Sheet aud Profit and Loss Accoant for the year euding 380th Dee, 1893, duly audited. The net amount at credit of Profit and Loss Account, including Balance brought forward at 31st Dec. 182, and after providing for general expenses, Directors’ feex, income tax, Wc., is £44,481 53 3d. An interim dividend of 7 per cent. on the ordinary shares was paid 27th October 1893, amounting to £11,182 253d. it is proposed to pay a final dividend of 8 per cent. on the ordinary shares (making 15 per cent, in all, free of income tax) which will absorb £13,390 8s. Dividends on the 7 per cent. preference shares were paid for 1893, in full amounting to £5,413 6s 2d. It is proposed to add to Reserve Fund £10,0v0. lt is proposed to write off for devreciatioa ou buildings and. machinery £2,500. And to carry forward to next year a balance of £1,995 8s 10d. ‘Lhe Directors have agiin to report a successful year’s working, aud to declare for the seventh con- secullve year a dividead on the Ordinary Snares of fifteen per cent. per annum, Jt is proposed to write off for depreciation the sum of £4,984 63 lld derived from “Premiums” on the issue of 1,684 Ordinary Shares and 764 Preference Shares, and also a further sum of £2,500 taken from profits. With tue £10,000, now proposed to be ad- dev, the Reserve Fund will stand at £35,000, and of this amount the Directors baye iuvested the sum of £12,562 133 8d in Oonsols and other Securities, Tue year under review was tavourable one for the production of Tea on the Company’s Estates, the average yield of 419 lb. per acre being the highest yet reached, Taking into considera‘ion tho fall in the price of tsa, the profit earned issuflicienat evidence that the Oowpany’s affairs im Ceylon have been well and soonomically mauaged, The followmg statement shews the acreago of tea ju bearing; the yield per were; tho rate of exchange, 817 end the price per Ib. realised for the Company's Tea Crops, annually, since 1887 :— Acreage Yield per Rate of Sale prica Year, of Tea ucrein Hxchange. of Tea. inbearing. Ib. d, d. WSBT. 1251 403 1°5 14-32nd 13:0d 88 .. 1405 394 1:4 28-32nd 10°5 (ote enna y ALG} 338 1:4 28-320d 11:0 SO es ou Lt 387 16 24-32nd 110 91... ol68 414 15 19-32nd 9:27 92°... ° 6584 376 1°3 20-34nd 9°38 O38 es yeseh MLOI 419 1:3 8-32nd 8°85 The following is the acreage of the estates :— Acres. Terinbearicg... ep tee bem GLO Tea not in bearing ie ate veel OL Timber clearings, reserve forests end waste, .. Rae zee BA 5 ton m2 GLOL 10,499 The tea crop for the year was as under :— Tea Manu- Estate Tea. Bought factured Total leaf Tea. for others. Ib. lb. Ib. lb. 3,009,055 539,615 1,418,258 4,966,928 visited all the Estates in the months of December and January last, and is thoroughly satisfied with the condition of the properties and the management of the Oompany’s interests. The Board have again great pleasure in acknowledging their appreciation’ of the services of the staff both in Ceylon and London. The Chairman THE HASTERN PRODUCE AND ESTATES CO., LIMITED. Extracts from report to be presented on the 26th April 1894 ,— The directors herewith submit report and balance sheet for the year ending 31st Dec., 1893. The profit for the year (including £12 2s 5d balance from last account, after payment of Debentures for £1,310) amounts to £30,409 183 3d, from which, after pro- viding for interest on debentures, there remains a balance of £20,045 163 3d, which it is proposed to appropriate «s follows, viz. :— Dividend on preferredshares «6. Payment of debentures... 333 Dividend at tho rate of 3 per cen per annum for the year 1893, on the Ordinary Share Capital, being the full rate permissible by the Articles of Association, pending reduction of the De- bentures below £50,000 . 8974 1 0 Balanes to be applied in further relemption of Debentures . 8,034 23.3 £37 13 0 3,000 0 0 £20,045 16° 3 The debontures of the Company, which have been reduced as shown in the annexed accounts to £170,880, being originally issued for seven years, would in the ordinary course bave matured for payment at dlst Dec. next. The directors, however, have the satis- faction to inform the shareholders that they have succeeded in renewing the amount for a further period of three years. As shown inthe accompanying schedule, the ex- tent of the Company's property now under tea amounts to 9,750 acres, of which 8,740 sro ovor four years old. ‘The crop in 1893 was 2,638,000 Ib., being in excess Of tho estimate, and the average gross sale price was 84d per lb. The crop of 1894 is esti- mated at 2,800,000 lb. SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY'S ESTATES AT 3lsT DEC, 1898. Arapolakande, Aageriya and Bulatwatte, Colonna, Condegalla, Dandukelawa, Doombagastalawa, Dromo- land, Hope, Lugurugalla oud Berrewella, Kirrimottisy 818 Koladeniya, Kolapatna and Gongalla, Kumaradola (and land adjoining), Labookellie, Meddecoombrs, Norwood, Rothschild, Sogama, Vellai Oya and Wevekellic. ~ Acres. Under Tea... Ate os 9,750 Under Coffee oss “rf 92 Under Cocos ae 426 Under Oardsamoms and Sundries 281 Under Forest Grass and uncultivated Land ... pie see we 6,724 Total ... 17,273 oa JHE NEW INDIAN TEA CROP. We have been favoured by the Indian Tea Associ- ation with the following estimate of the crop of the coming season — ORIGINAL ESTIMATE OF CROP OF 1894, Ib. Assam an 52,176,369 Cachar ee 18,481,640 Sylhet * 21,246,620 Darjeeling ae 8,016,480 Terai ee «» 93,416,300 Dooars one «+ 17,155,680 Chittagong 5 os 995,200 Chota-Nagpore 50 sap 280,000 Dehra Dun, Kumaon and Kangra 4,500,000 Private and Native Gardens ... 4,000,000 130,268,289 Being 4,946,815 lb. over the actual outturn of the crop of 1893. Estimating shipments to the Colonies and other Ports with local consumption at 124 millions, there will remain about 117% million lb. for export to great Britain.— William Moran & Co.'s Report, April 25, -——<>____—_ NEWS FROM FIJI. Mr. A. J. Stephen—so well-known in Dolos- bage and elsewhere—favours us with the following notes from far Fiji :— Some 200to 300 Japanese are expected next month as labourers on sugar estates. It is to be hoped they will turn out well and not increase wages which are too high already in Fiji. With Japs, coolies, Polynesians and Fijians we shall have a fine mixture, and a man to work them will have to be a linguist as well as a planter. The fruit industry is not quite so flourishing as formerly. Prices are not so good and freight still too high. Queensland is a great rival to our bananas. The Vanconver line steamers now call monthly at our capital, Suva, and we hope in time to find a market in Canada for some of our fruit and other products. A lot of tobacco of good quality will be planted this year in Vite Levu and Vauna Levu. The crop grown last year in the former island has, from all accounts, turned out well, reports onit satisfactory and prices offered remunerative as will lead to extended cultivation. It is to be sincerely hoped tobacco will prove to be successful, as we sadly want some pro- duct te set this colony going ahead, and there is one great thing in fayour of tobacco—it can he grown and cured between the hurricane months. The death of your senior struck me with a pain- — ful blow. I liked and admired him very much. He was so sterling and honest in all he said and did. The reputation of the C.0., 7.4. and other papers issued from your office will, I feel convinced, not suffer, but increase under your management. ——<—<—<$<$<$<$<$<—— ROYAL GARDENS, KEW. Bulletin for April has for contents :—West Indian Lime, Jaffa Orange, West African Cinchonn Bark, Diagnoses African, 11I, The Coffee-leaf Miner, Mis- ce}laneous, : THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE i, 1894. CINCHONA BARK STATISTICS. A compilation under this heading, by Mesets, C. M. & C. Woodhouse, of Mincing Lane, dated April 1894, is of very great interest. We first read that the tables are compiled as far as possible from official sources and show the statistical position of cinchona bark and quinine as com- pletely as can be. As regards the Supplies (Table 1), the exports from Ceylon, East India and Java are estimated to contain :— 1893 .. 8,441,000 ozs. Sulphate of Quinine 1892 .. 8,706,000 “i - 1891 .. 8,913,000 BA -f 1890 .. 8,637,000 e . This.does not show apy expansion of trade, or increased demand for quinioe, Far from it. A second table shows clearly a great shrinkage in the quinine trade during 1893, which is probably chiefly due toa combination on the part of the principal manufacturers of quinine in Germany. Messrs. Woodhouse also allude to the great excess of imports over exports of bark in Holland, amounting in the four yeers to over 10,000,000 lb.: and ag the stocks of bark in Amster- dam in first hands only account for about a quarter of this amount, it would be interesting to know what has become of the remainder. We append the firet table which is of most interest to cinahona planters :— SUPPLIES or Bask. Exports from Ceylon, British India and Jaya, 3let January to 3lst December :— Oeylon British Java Total E.I. English Ib. Ib. ' lb. 1893 +. 3,571,825 2,747,284 8,187,900 14,506,509 1892 +» 6,793,320 2,456,024 7,191,300 16,440,644 1891 5,679,339 3,123,934 8,699,500 17,502,773 1890 8,728,836 2,294,379 7,291,200 18,814,415 1889 we 9,325,728 2,406,908 5,323,300 17,055,986 1888 .. 12,482,817 2,297,305 4,306,656 19,086,778 The arrivals in London of South American barks ig estimated by Messrs. Widenmann, Broicher 0.53— Other Calisaya. South Total. Americav. Pkgs. Pkgs. Pkgs. 1893 oe 4,719 — 4,719 1892 ue 6,661 _ 6,661 1891 is 7,076 252 7,328 1890 te 5,574 80 5,654 1889 oe 9,552 455 10,007 The number of packages of African bark offered at auction in London have been :— Pkgs. Pkgs. 1893 ee 1,994 1891 os 724 1892 4,309 1890 .. 221 _ Oo COCONUT BEETLES: BLACK AND RED— AND THEIR DESTRUCTIVENESS. OTHER ENEMIES OF THE OOOONUT AND OACAO TREE, AND PLANS FOR PREVENTION. We call attention to the letter of our corres” pondent Mr. E. N. Heanly and to his ingenious suggestion for the clothing of coconut palms as well.as cacao trees with “ hoops” of mioca-sheets as a protection against beetles and rats in the former case, and ofsquirrels in the letter, Before dis- cussing how far adequate protection would thus © be afforded, and in the case of rats and squirrels it would probably be complete, the practical planter would want to know from Mr, Heanly an ~ approximate estimate of cost. Apart from the labour of applying the mica, would not the mere ~ ‘first cost of the plates or shects of that article, JuNE 1, 1 894. } THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 81g no matter how thin, or how near at hand to the plantation, put any practical test entirely out of the qgestion when if came to be a oase of shielding some 70 to 80 coconut palms, or 300 cacao treet, per acre? We fear that even for the garden or compound of a bungalow with buta few dozen of trees that might require protection from enemies of the type alluded to, ‘‘ the game would not be worth the candle” in the application of mica sheets as a protecting band; although the experiment in the case of one or two palms troubled with rats and equirrels would be interesting. It would be interesting, for iustanoce, to contract the crop of nuts from a palm so shielded, with that from its unprotected neighbour, Care would have to be taken however to select trees sufficiently apart; for; squirrels,and we suspect rats, having got up one tree, generally do not require to desaend in order to get at the young nuts of another, but spring across where the branches touch or come within easy distance, There can ba no doubt of the destruction wrought by both squirrels and rats to the fruit of the coconut palm in its incipient stage, and we suppose in the case of rats, even to nuts of larger growth. Where trees return fair crops notwithstanding, perhaps the owners regard these little feeders as of some geryioo in preventing the palm from trying to bring too many nuts to full maturity at onetime? In the caso of cacao, ws know squirrels sometimes do immense mis- chief as the late Mr. Tytler found when he first, in Ceylon, commenced the industry on a consider- able scale in the Dumbara Valley. But mica shields for every tree is out of the question for cost, as compared with setting watchers to shoot the depredators. Turning pow, however, to the more serious enemies of the coconut palm in beetles. Mr. Heanly is under a mistake in supposing these Iequire to crawl up the stem. The big black “Kurumeniya’’ flies fresly about, especially at night, —it often gets into Colombo bungalows attracted by the lamps, and makes a great humming noise as it goes striking against tho walls—and its favorite mode is to alight on the top and work its way if possible into the pith of the tree, If there ig any open orweak place, we suppose, it at once findg lodgment and begins to burrow and feed on the young leaves or on the “cabbage.” Of course, both in the case of this beetle and its more serious red com- peer (the ‘‘Kandapanuwa” of the Sinhalese), young palms are specially affected, their tender growth and liability to injury making them often ready viotims. Expert coolies quickly discover where the black beetle is at work and armed with a slender iron wire with a hook at the end, quickly pull him out. In the case of the red beetle, a mioa shield—if it were pecuniarily feasible—would be more effective; because they aim obhiefly at the side of the palm, on seme wounded or injurod spot, and quickly burrow into the tree. A frequent means of giving them a chance of lodgment is the breaking off branches from young palms—branches or arms which seem superfluous and in the way ; but which as Mr. Jacob De Mel (one of the most intelligent and enterprising of Sinhalese landed Proprietors) assured us only yesterday, should never ba broken off and in accordance with that view he has issued strict orders for all his coconut places. Now, we had read a great deal about the destruction wrought by beetles among young palms; andin compiling our Manual ‘All about the Coconut Palm” it was our special duty to do so, But coming face to face with the reality in this as in go many other caves, is worth far more than a pro- longed course of reading. We had no proper ides of what harm can be done until our visit of the other day to the Deduru-oya region. The harm arises from not keeping young clearings coneistently clean from the outset, taking care above all things to prevent jungle growth between the young palms, and to burn or get rid of all decaying timber. If this is done, there is uo breeding place available for the beetles, We have learned our lesson at some considerable expense and take no small share of blame for ignorant unointen tional neglect in one case for which we are- indirectly responsible, ‘his is not likely to reour ; but here asin the caso of thistle-infested district® in Tasmania or white-weed on our colfee planta - tions, the proprietor who scrupulously does his duty by his own clearing, is liable to suffer nearly as much from the neglect of his neighbour. The beetles once bred in an adjacent plantation mak® no scruples in their nightly flights aboué crossing boundaries and attacking palms on the clean estate, This evil has been realised in the new Deduru-oya and Rajakadaluwa district, and Mr. De Mel—who is one of the largest proprietors there—is very strong on the poimt that something should be done to remedy the. eyil. In Australia, a ‘Thistle Prevention Act” was passed under almost parallel circumstances, and than once, an in coffee plantation days, more ordinance to empower a neighbouring proprietor white-weed-covered field with to clear up a t power to recover the cost as a first charge, was talked of. Mr. W. 4H. Wright of Murigama —who is facile princeps, the most advanced and enterprising practical coconut planter at presen at work im Ceyion—does not wait for the Go vernment or public opinion to help him. He has opened one of the finest coconut plantations in the island, and devoted the utmost care to the cultivation and development of his palms. But he is surrounded by native ga:dens which are too often entirely neglected, and so prove .a nurgery for beetles. What does Mr. Wright do ? He reques!s permission to examine all the eur- rounding palms, and he pays 50 cents a tree for leave to kill ang burn utterly every one infested with beetles past remedy! He thereby, to some extent protects himself; but while this course is necessary in the case of small village gardens, it ought not to be so, between proprietors of consider- able clearings. Self-interest in such cases ought clearly to point the way and to induce each proprietor or lessee to clear up his land, burn all decaying timber or rubbish, to examine his trees and to deal promptly with those affeoted, for his own personal advantage as well as pro bono publico. We trust this course will be universally followed the new Coconut District beyond the Deduruoya. = — a THA LN SOUTH INDIA, Cousiderable attention is , being attracted to tea _in Travancore, where all conditions point to suitability either in soil, climate or rainfall, The favorite sites, and from whiob the largest yielcs are ObDtaiasble, ars situated between 1,000 aud 1,500 fret above sea level, which, allowing for ditterence of _ tatitu Je, assimilstes to the Assam gardens above Tezpore. Munipooris indigenous is mush sought after and recommended for the place as betterabvle to avcommodate - itself to the climate thanthe usual hybridised varieties ; the yield of the gardens is said to ve fsr in excess ot that of the Nilgiris, amounting to from 800 ip, to 1,200 Ib. per acre as against 200 lv. to 400 Ld. in che modussios. the average prices being much upou a par, Ovrn- siderable as the elevation of the Praysacore gardens 1s the planters complain of the iutrudou uf Cluphauss, 820 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. mostly at night time, when the plantations are at the mercy of these troublesome hbeasts.—/ndian Planters’ Gazette. Se THE KANGRA VALLEY AND THA. Kangra, April 17. The tea season in the Kangra Valley is now ia full swing, and all the planters are busy with manufac- ture. Heavy winter rains, followed by genial spring weather, have brought on a rush of leaf, and pros- pects at present point toa bumper crop for quantity and quality. ‘hero haye been some changes in the management of the two largest concerns in the district, the Holta and Hassan Tea Companies. Mr. Compton, a foriner Manager of Holta,has retur- ned from England after an absence of six years, to superintend the two concerns, and thus these plan- tations—rivals of nearly forty years’ standing—find themselves now for the first time facing the tea market arm in arm, instead of each trying to get a bulge on the other. Our local society bas been fur- ther augmented by the arrival of two young gentlemea from England—we do not call the buad- ding planters Kangra creepers in this district, what- eyer they may doin Ceylon—and the European com- munity within ten miles of Palampur town numbers not less than twenty souls, Civilisation in the shape of tea manufacturing machi- nery has made wonderful strides in the Kangra district duriog the last few years and some of our local factories would surprise those whose memories travel back to the old days of manual and pedal manulacture—for the foot was often used to accele- rate the weary process of rolling the leaf. Nous avons change cela, and the visitor invited to inspect any of our factories now will find us quite up to date. The larger factorics are each fitted with a couple of engines and boilers, driving two or three rolliog macbincs, and as many sifting, equalising and firing machives, whilst the eye and ear are be- wildered with the motion and buzz of shafting and belting and the speculative mind is surpised to find how accustomed the native seems to it all. God bless him, and so he ought to he, for he is a gentleman at large in comparison to what ho was. In the o!d days of hand manufacture three coolies were allowed to each huudred pounds of leaf (say 25lb. tea.) Thus with a daily gathering of 10,000]b leaf 300 men were required in the factory. Now our ma- chinery performs the same work—and infiuitely better too—with the assistance of only thirty or forty hands, whose duties simply consist of shifting the leaf from one machine to another during the process of manu- facture, And as each operation -is beguu or ended, the engine’s Steam whistle shrieks out defiance, or bellows forth a pzeon of joy, which Himalayan kloof and khud re-echo back whilst those who haye not yet got machin«ry protest against our making night and day unlovely with such hideous and irritating notices. —Pioncer. -—_-—_—_ —_—- DURBAN (NATAL) BOTANIC SOCIETY, TimpR TREES AND Foppur GRAssEs. We have received a copy of the Report on the Natal Botanic Garden for the year 1893, by the curator Mr. J. Medley Wood, A.L.S., Oorresponding Member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, In presenting his report which is bis twelfth, Mr. Wood says that the past season has been one especially favourable to the growth of plants, and that the condition of the trees and shrubs in the Gardena is all that could be desired. The rainfall for the year has been quite an abnormal one, amounting to 71°27 inches, which is 31°54 inches above the average of the last twenty years, the heaviest fall during that time being in 1874, when it reached to 55°06 inches. On the night of September 28th they wore visited by # heavy hurricane, which caused considerable damage in the neighbourhood, but the Gardens being somewhat sheltered by the Berca hill, they escaped [June 1, 1894. with but little loss. A tree of Buclea natalensis mear the main walk camedown, and in its fall took off the complete head of leaves of their finest specimen of Cocos plumosa, and also destroyed a light iron archway covered with c'imbrre near the out-door Fernery ; the palm, however, was slowly recovering, though its beauty was gone for the present. A large Acacia tree also came down, and in its fall destroyed their only specimen of Tectona grandis. Saveral Buca- lypti,a Lowostylis and a few other trees and sbrubs Were more or less damaged. Details are then given regarding various works connected with the upkeep of the gardeus; snd lists are next giyen of those from whom seeds and plants and publications were received during the year, and of plants that have flowered or fruited for thefirst time in the Gardens. Of a few of these plants epecial mention is made iucludiog the following:—Dammara australis, “ Kauri Pine.”—This tree, which has been for many years in the Gardens has this season for the the first time borne conep, from which a few seeds have been obtained for plant- ing. It appears to thrive in the coast districts, aud we shall now, I hope, be able to give it a trial in the uplands, The wood is valuable, and the tree yields the gum known as * Dammar.” Polygonum sacha-~ linense. A root of which had been received by the kindness of Mr. R. Jameson, from which they had now two plants, both growing vigorously. Its rate of growth has been measured in late spring or early summer to be 3} inches per skcot per day, and, a6 one friend said, ‘ You mey almost stand and watch it grow.’ It hes of late been bronght into more pro- minent notice in the National Socicty of Agriculture of France, They specially commend it as a forage plant, and although it Joves the vicinity of water it proves to be a good grower inadrouglty season like the pre- seut, This is a most commendable property. x- periments are said to have given results highly eatis- factory, Tbe green sield is said to have been 44 Jb, to 88lb per square yard, or 95 to 190 tons per acre Bees are very fond of the flowers, and cattle ex- tremely fond of the foliage. Doubtless, more will be heard of the plant ere lorg. It does not yield seed, avd therefore has to be planted by pieces of root, every skort picce cf which will make a plant end gvow strongly the first year, The new shoots or sprouts in spring are stouter than the thickest asparagus, and much resemble that vegetable ; indeed the shcots have been used im a@ timilar way to asparsgas. *~ * * *” “In well kept gardens is sbouli be planted judiciously or owners may haye to spexk bitterly of it, as Mr. Jos:ph Buckton does who aptly describes it as ‘original sin,’ Notwith- stauding the tropical appcarance of the plabt, it is capable of enduring our worst and coldest winters, and once it gets possession of good light soil, it grows amazingly, and indeed in the worst soil in which vegetation can live st all, it thrives in a degree beyond comparison with most vegetation.” Sand Stay Plants.—In May last, says the reporter, I received a letter from the Secretary to the Har- bour Board, asking for information as to certain plants used in Australia for fixing drift sande, and enclosing a specimen of one of them, which however, not being in flower or fruit could not be identified hera, I therefore forwarded it to Baron F. v. Mueller in a separate euvelope, together with the information I had received about it asking him for his kind assistance in the matter, and in September I received from him a closed case containing plants and also a letter, from which the following is an extract :— “This day, dear Mr. Wood, I despatched to yeu a case containing plauts of Psamma arenaria, the ‘Marram’ grass, for your sand coasts as you may not yet have this the best of all sand-staying grasses. Your letter indicated a sample of plant of similar utility from West Australia but no specimen was in the envelope. But I am quite sure, whatever it was it could not compare with the Psamma, nor the Elymus arenaria. Both were introduced by me, and the plants of Psamma now forwarded were reared on the sand dunes of Port Fairy by Mr, Amory, the JUNE 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 821 Superintendent. * * * * Into the box I put also some roots of Spinifer hirsutus, a8 this species and the few other congeners are not natives of any por- tion of Africa and all help to bind coast stnds. Tuto the same box I put roots ot Panicum spectabile, here called the ‘ Wonder grass,’ for pasture. On arrival of this case however, only one species of these plants were living, and as they were not labelled I can only as yet conjecture which it is. I think, however that it will prove to be the Spinifex. Several plants of it are growing, and will be planted in the sandy soil of the lower portion of the Gardens, and we shall propagate them as quickly as possible. An- other attempt will thorefore have to be made to introducs the ‘‘Marram grass,” Psamma arenaria. Appended to the report is an abstract of metecro- logical observations for 1893, taken at Natal Obser- vatory, Darban; a st-tement of the receipta and expenditure, showing abalance in the Natal Bank of £217 167, ateport on “ Field Experiments with Super Cane ”; and a report on the OVolonia] her- barium. ———___——__-. TEA AND SCANDAL. THE BALLAD OF SIR IT. THA-LBAP. It was three gallant Chinamen, With long tail and pig eye. And they have sworna solemn oath Sir T. Tea-leaf must die. And they have taken and flung him down Upon an iron bed, And underneath with cruel hand Have heaped the ashes red. They’ve spread him out and press’d him down, And turned him o’er and o’er ; They’ve dried him up, until he curled, And writhed in suffering sore. In vain he twisted and he turned, In vain he cried for grace: : : They kept him so and scorched him till He grew black in the face, But finding he was still alive. Their malice waxed more keen ; They dosed him first With Prussian blue Till his poor face turned green. - What gparks of Jife might still remain Determined ta foredo, _ They gave him next a bitter draught Of gum and catechu. And on his death his name they changed, Lest men their crime should know, And when men asked ‘‘ who’s that lies there >” They answered “Young Pekoe.’”’ Whereas his name and family, It really was Souchong, Relate! tc the old Congous, A race both rough and strong. Lest men should recognise his dust, To dust when passed away, His calcined bones they kneaded up With Iumps of China clay. Their pois ned victim then they wrapped In lead, with well-feigned grief, And wrote the epitaph ou'side, “ Here lies Sir T. Tea-leaf.’ And though their grief Was all x sham, 7 The epitaph was true, s (2 For ‘here’ it said a ‘Tea-lcaf lies, And ‘lie’ such Tea-leaves do. Now ‘Tea-leaf's name s in repute In lands beyond sea, . Where maiden ladies love him much Under the name Green-tea. - Ah! little dream these ancient maids Of Chinaman’s vile craft, : Nor think while chattering o’er their cups, There’s poison in the draught. And little know they of the fate Poor Tea leaf had to dree, Or in their tea-pots they would weep Teara bitter ag their tea; Till with the waterof their woe Ben the first brew was spoiled, And the presiding maid would be Obligel to draw it mild. Then to poor Tea-leaf drop a tear, Hy poison doom'd to fall, And when there’s green-tea in the spot, May L not drink—that's all.—Pwrch, Noy. 29th, 1851 a very palitable and harmless nsatul restorative when 4 person “Tea, T consider drink, and a most is fatigued. This is due to a substance called theine which it contains. There are very few people who cannot take Tea with benefit (when taken in moder- ation) to the digestive system Of course the abuse of Tea (like the abuse of avy other food or drink) brings on many diseases, more esp°cinily those of s nervous order; also flatulency, palpitation of the heart, constipation, &e. These latter complaints are caused by its being improperly made, the tanniu being consamed with the infusion. Tons upon tons of the Tea which is imported into this country are absolutely thrown away and the virtne destroyed by honsewives not attending to the making of it. Why sheuld people when entertaining you at afte-noon tes, give you a cup of black, bitter etuff, which, if you drink, will most surely make you ferl ill? or again, why should the pleasure of the breakfast table be entirely spoilt by the presence of this black Jiquid ? People will persist in keeping the hot water cn the leayos avd adding to it, instead of pouring on the leaves boiling water snfficient for the table, and after it has stood for between 3 and 5 minutes (according to whether China or Iniian Tes, is used) pouring the infusion into snother hot teapot leaving the leaves in the first teapot. A second lot of water should never be added to the leaves, they are finished with, and only contain the harmful tannin, and are of use only when the carpet requires sweeping. The method is so simple that it is unintelligible to me why it cannot always be made properly, and thus instead of causing it to produce injurious effects on the drinkers make it a drink which would bring comfort and jcy to the tired and wearied. The water should be soft (if hard, a little carbonate of soda thrown in will remedy it), and allowed to boi!, and es I have already stated, the gusntity of water required should be poured on at one time. The great drawback to tea is- its constant adulteration with all kinds of things, and the frequent substitution of leaves, such as sloe, hawthorn or beech leaves in the place of the pure leaves. ‘This substitution can, however, be easily detected, ‘‘Lhe pure Tea-leaf when unfolded has its whole length like the edge of a saw (serrated), The veios run ont from the tendrils. The leaves are odourless when freshly gathered, the taste and aroma being developed during drying. The colour in Tea is often produced by the use of Prussian blue, indigo, and burnt gypsum.” Corrrer,—The remarks just previously made by me as to the making of Tea apply with equal force to coffee, for the greater proportion used in this. country is literally wasted through being impropsrly made. I know no method better than to take 4 table-spoonfuls of freshly ground coffee, place it in a clean muslia bag, aud throw itinto a piot of hot water just upon the boiling point, and then let it boil for a minnte or 60.* Coffee is a pleasant beverage for paople with whom it agrees, but there are a great number of people who cannot driok it without its causing palpitation of the heart, indigestion and biliousnes:, and these should carefully avoid it. It isastimulant, and increases the action of the pulse, and relieves the sensation of hunger. and fatigue, and cures headache in thoss with whom it agrees. The bene- ficial ingredient in it is caffeine. Coffee is a much older beverege than Tea, Dr. Pavy says it was used in Abyssinia-as far back as A.D, 875. Cocoa,—I shall now conclude this article on non- aleoholic drinks by dealing shortly with coco3, which iaa drink and food combined. It isextremely nourishing but unfortunately agrees with very few people, the oil it contains being too rich for weak stomachs. When the stomach is able to assimilate this oil, itis a food of very great value, particularly for the growing child and people who are suffering from debility, cither the result of some fever or due to consumption. A cup of hot cocoa taken before going for a long walk or retiving to rest, is of very great benefit and sus- tenance. Cocoa is alto the subject of atulteration, and we find it mixed with starch, sugar, and fari * We should make an infusion of tea, but a de- coction of coffee. 822 naceous substances, which are very often the causes of heat, acidity, &c. To insure its purity I should advise the reader to buy the nibs, and grind them when required. Some of the manufactured article is very carefally prepared only from selected nibs. and can be used with perfect confidence as to its purity. (Digestion and Diet rationally discussed. By Tho. Dutton, m.p., Univ, Durham, Loudon, 1892 p. 102-6.) TEA, SWEET THA. > Midst mansions or cottages, where’ er we may be, Be it ever so feeble, there’a nothing like tes, A balm that restores seems to perfume the air, Which, seek throughall comforts, is not met elae- where, Tea, tea, sweet, sweet tea There’ s nothing like tea There’s nothing like tea. 4 ‘ Forbidden my tea all else tempts me in vain, Ob give me my Chinese infusion again, ~ The urn singing gladly, responds to my call, And brings back the soothing draught, cheering to all. Ten, tea, sweet, sweet tea There’ s nothivg like tea There’s nothing like tea. —Edra, A, M. FERGUSON. > — PLANTING AND PRODUCE. An Oxp Story.—We have often pointed ont the inquiry inflicted on the tea indastry owing to the stupidity with which ignorant consumers set about the task of brewing tea, and the recklessness with which they drink it at cdd timesafter the leaves have been stewed for hours. While we have deplored the injury to the industry, we have felt sorry forthe depraved tastes of the consumer. The injury to the trade is caused by the opportunity this abuse of the tea drink- ing habit afforas to dietetic experts, so called, for attacking tea. Instead of pointing out that tea drink- ing under reasonable conditions is not harmful but veneficial, and that, like other goods, the tea leaf was never intended to be abused, these dietetic reform- ers railat the habit as if it were a vice, and talk of tea as though it were opium: fine Tra DRINKING IN WALES.—Attacks on tea-drinkiog come from unexpected quarters, For instance, Miss Winifred A. Ellis, of Oynlis, Merionethshire, and sister of Mr. T. B. Ellis, M. P., first Ministerial Whip, has been giving evidence at Uorris, Merionethshire, during the past week, before the Depirtmental Committee appointed by the Home Secretary to enquire into the ‘working of the underground slate quarries at Merio- neth. Miss Ellis saidshe had been giving lectures on plain cookery at four centres in Meriooethshire. In- cessant tea drinking, she said, was undoubtedly becom- ing o real calamity to the physique of men and women, ‘The neglect of porridge, oatmeal cake, “ bera llacth,” “oawl,” and “shot,” in favour of tea thres or four times a day is, the witners continued, to destroy the staming to induce indigestion and dyspepsia, and to briog about enfeeblement of body aud mind. Tea has such a charm for some. people that they are sensitive about putting away the cups and saucers when they are not actuallyin use. Tea often serves as breakfust, dinner, and supper, the only accompaniment being bread and butter, and sometimes tinned meat. This was insufficient for a .hard-working man or woman. “J regret,” Miss Lewis said, “that as a rule the women at any rate prefer pancakes swimming in butter, with tea, to a good dinner. Miss Hillis makes the attack on tea drinking, so iar as we know, without any statistical facts im support of her statement;, but allowing that all she says is borne out by the real facts, totalk of tea drinking as a “real calamity’ is strong language even from a lady lecturer on plain cooking. If these unfortunate people,were told how to make it and when to deink tea the evil would be remedied. As evidence of the effect of statements of this kind, an evening paper quoting Miss Billie's speech asks how oon will tea have to THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1894. be added to the “drinks” which temperance re- formers glace on their list of thinge to be avoided adding that a strong case against tea is presented in the curious and interesting evidence. This is how ‘strong cases” are built op.—H. and UV, Mail, April 13. —_——___~>___——_- FIRE-PROOF TEA FACTORIES. Oar Ceylon friends have been discussing the very important matter of having all factory buildings con- structed of fireproof material, end Assam proprietors could testify to the advantages of this. The prime causes that caused the N.-Eastern planters to adopt kutchs in lieu of pucca, buildings were first the danger from earthquakes as experienced Oa the memorable afternoon of the 10th January 1869, and that, when gardens were being planted solely for speculation, it was not deemed necessary to go to any great expense for housing either the managers or coolies ; in fact, a good deal of the mortality and iavaliding in the early days of planting was undoubtedly due to the wretched hoveis considered fit for habitetion by the projectors of Companies, for their employes. Things have altered since then and as Ceylon is not exposed to the same violent seismic disturbances es Northern India, we are strongly ofopivion that sub- etantial buildings ehould form the rule; thus getting rid of the intermpiable expense of annual renewals and repairs.—Indian Planters’ Gazette, ee A NEW TEA ROLLER. The Patent Journal of the 4th ult. has a draw- ing and short explanatory notice of a new tea rolling machine by that indefatigable inventor, the late Mr. John Brown, The patent relates to machines in which a box containing the tea and an under rolling surface receive a circular translating movement from crank-shafts ; and it consists in adding an upper plate or lid, carried by a shaft and counterbalanced by a lever and weight. The shaft is driven by an extension of one shaft and another shaft through bevels which drive the lid in the same direction as the tea, but at a greater speed, One of the bevels may be loose, so that when the sliding clutch is out of gear the lid may be driven merely by friction with the tea. a INDIAN TEA: THE ENSUING SEASON. Despite the drought and subsequeot storms in the early spring, the tea season may be said to have com- meneed under fairly promising auspices, in so far as the prospects on the gardens are concerned; and if fine pluching is more generally adopted it may be possible to curtail the out-turn soas to maintain some equilibrium between the demand and supply which would mean better value. It would be far better to turn out nothing below moderately good pekoe souchong; (we write quite as much in Oeylon’s as in India’s interests) and were this adopted we believe the rise that would result from diminished supplies, would more than compensate for the greater weight in the bulk of the year’s out-turn. But in order to accomplish this, co-operation must be thoroughly and loyally ovserved, or the tea industry at the close of what may be called an extremely critical season, will be very likely to prove the truth of the adage about ‘a house divided against itself.” The gist of our advices from England, America and the Colonies all tead to shew that the trade are reckoning upon increased supplies, or in Stock Exchange parlance, operating for a falland unless measures are at once taken to frustrate this many estates will close the year with losses that will land them on the brink of insolvency. Many devices no doubt will be resorted to in order to tempt the planters into increasing their out-turn should restriction be agreed upon, but it will be the duty of the Tea Association in London to keep the communiiy constantly informed of these trade manipulations. Indian Planters’ Gazette. JUNE 1, 1894. ] THE FIXATION OF NITROGEN BY PLANTS. English, American and German chemists and biologists are now scientifically investigating an important fact in plant life and culture which may, aod probably will, soon be “fraught with consequences the full significance of which,” says the London Times, ‘‘is hardly yet grasped, sand the economical application of which belongs to the future.’ Alsoour old friond Mr, ‘“‘H. Marshall Ward,” writing simultaneously andindependently on the same subject ia Nature, concludes an able review of the present positioa of the enquiry in thoce remarkable words: “ Such, then, ara some of the chiof ideas, &c., &ec.’’ This full and weighty article is reproduced at length on page 802 of this issue ; but here we can only direct the attention of our readers to what they will see is likely to end ina new doparture in economical agriculture, whether the pl.nt cultivated be wheat or tea, or any other staple. The value of the rotation of crops, already too long practised by tillers of the soil all over the world—one crop being grown as the best fertilizer of the one to follow—proves that the practical observation of the cultivator long foreran the explanations of modern gcience, which neces- sarily moves slowly to its conclusions in face of the stupendous difficulties of proving its hypotheses as without positive proof, science lags in doubt. ' But new discoveries daily put new powers into scienti- tio hande, which scientists do not fail to employ, and the light of recent discoveries in bacteriology is at once turned upon previously knowao but little understood phenomena, and, lo! a new truth is unveiled. in the secrets of nature, and manig the gainer. At present much has yet to be done in the way of experiment, ideas exchanged, and differences of opinion reconciled, before a new law oan be definitely established; but the scientists already know for certain that they are on the right track. And it may yet ba discovered, in the very near future, that tea and other plants, either by association in growth with other kinds, or by some system of inoculation of roots or leaves, may be led to absorb their nitrogenous food direct from the ocean of the atmosphere, as they do tboir carbon, and thus the application of correspond- ing manures to the soil beforever superseded. This pozsibility (che most important of all) turns on the faot that the roots of certain leguminous plants ‘ are lavaded by a microscopic and essentially parasitic organism” possessing the power of ‘‘ fixing and assi- milating tue free nitrogen of the atmosphere,” resulting in ‘‘ nodosities or swellings on their roots.’ And Mr. Marshall Ward thus sums up the possibilities to economic agriou.ture this disoovery may bring about: ‘At the expense of carbo-hydrates so richly furnished to it by the host plant, the fungoid organism alone supplies the machinery for forcing the nitrogen into combination, and then, when it has. stored up relatively large quantities, owing to ifs activity in the inoubators—tbe root nodules— provided for it by its host plant,—and is diminish- ing in resisting power—the latter at length turns round and absorbs the stores ” ! SS See COCONUT CULTIVATION IN THE WEST OF CEYLON: THH PALM-GROWING COUNTRY BETWHEN OHILAW AND PUTTALAM: NO. f. We have just returned from a visit to the district beyond the Deduru-oya, North of Chilaw, Ceylon, and feel more impressed than ever before with the 104 NORTH- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. so that the change is most promising 823 importance of the planting industry, fast developing over many miles along both sides of the mais road to Puttalam, This makes our fourth visit within seven yearg, and each time we have had ocaasion to be more and more struck with the fitness of the soil and climate for coconut palms. Our last visit took place so far back as December 189y, witnessed on the present occasion in over three years’ growth on planted fields was, of course, very marked. It is no new story to speak of successful palm cultivation along _the coast North of Oolombo: tho Negombo district has long been regarded as ‘ good’; the Maravilla division of Ohilaw as ‘better’; and the Madampe- Ohilaw section as ‘best’; of tho three. It would be a difficult matter to beat Madampe in the luxuriant growth of its palms and theearly age at which the trees there come into bearing. Sueh shrewdly successful native capitalists as Meesrs. De Mel, De Soyza and Jeronis Peris have long ago proved to their own satisfaction the advantage of invs:- ments in Madampe; but we believe, we shall have the support of some of thece gentlemen, at least, in saying that where the land is weil- selected, carefully planted and attended to, planta- tions north of the Deduru-oya are likely to beat even those of Madampe, Messrs. De Mel haye proved their faith in the region we speak of, by investing and planting very freely, Their young plantation about six miles North of Chilaw in its growth, and it was this promise doubtless that led them very lately to purchase another block of land atill farther north (though within Mr, Noyes’ Ghilaw dis trict) notwithstanding that keen compotition raised the price to R100 an acre at which the Assistant Agent knocked it down to Mr. De Mel. Since then several other investments haye been made by Ceylonese, and one by the Messrs. Sston who are opening forthwith. And no wonder, if the ap- pearanca of the young palms on the existing plantations is to be taken as a guide. Unfortunately, ~ the pioneer plantation—opened by the late Mr. G. D. Miller—has fallen on eyil days, though the native lessee will, we hone, begin to do justice in clearing jungle growth from this fine property. The adjacent estate, which also got neglected about the same time, is being rapidly put in order ; but the wonderful thing in both caseg is, how the palms have grown even where beset with a crowd of rivals for the advantage of both soil and light, In fields taken care of all along,as on the fine property of Polgaswella, and on that of Mes ra. de Me!, there has been the fullest response. But our tests were applied on fields which had suffered tempo- rary neglect and yet trees with a circumference of 6 feet (24 inches diameter) were measured under five years old, and quite a thousand of such palms in 160 acres were blossoming, or in bearing, some with big nuts, at the same early ape. Vhe fear may naturally be expressed—as we did not fail to express it to the experienced Ooconut planter who accom- panied us—whether coconut palms coming into bearing at so early an age, was a good sign; but in the face of such growth of stem, our companion had nothiog but satisfaction in contemplating the first fruits. There is, moreover, the fact that the most flourishing Madampe plantations came into bearing at a very early age, and have gone on pros- poring. Of course, it is not to be supposed that there are no drawbacks: both beetle enemies of the coconut, the big black one and the much more deadly smaller red one, find a splendid field for their depredations, especially while neglect of decaying timber and jungle growth has given the beetles admirable breeding scope. We saw beetle- 824 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1894. " hunters bringing in 20 to 30 ‘‘ Kuruminiyas” and several of the red “ Kandapanuwas” as the result of a morning’s hunt; while it was traly tdournful to see the effect of the latter's attack on some of the largest palms, through burrowing in their side and the larve penetrating to the vital core of the palm. At the same time, the ingenuity with which, uoder experienced direction, a sharp cooly was eogaged in the attempt to save some of the trees 80 attacked, was very interesting to watch. There ia another great drawback, in the fact that this region alongside or Notth of the Deduru-oya —so fayourable to the growth of the coconut, in the mixture of sandy-alluvial-brackish soil if we may so term it—is by no means congenial to human beings, at any rate during several months of the year. No doubt amelioration may bea anticipated here, as has been the case in the Maha-oya Valley, as clear- ings extend, and more care is taken about residences, cooly lines and the water supply. The benefit already conferred on the villagers by the money of the planters distributed amongst them for felling, clearing and other work, is very considerable, and we: look for extended operations until all the way from Ohilaw to Puttalam and for a good many miles off the road, there is one continuous scene of cul- tivation with the palm which already so especially Mistinguishes and benefits Ceylon, )HE LAND OF COCONUTS AND TOBACCO. THREE DAYS IN THE NORTH-WEST: NO, Il, When we say three days, we mean one day getting to Chilaw; the next day inspecting beyond the Deduru-oya,; and the third day returning to Colombo. Still, the greater part of the travelling was done in the North-West Province. Now of all our provinces, this is scarcely the one to be associated with “prosperity” and yet in this respect, the Acting Government Agent (Mr. King) whom we met with the District Assistant (Mr. Noyes) at Chilaw, may challenge any native district in Ceylon in competition with the Marawila division of Chilaw ; while in regard to ‘‘revenue’” where have the Government such a deposit of wealth as in the Salt Depot at Puttalam! — It is thecorrect thing to speak of THE DRIVE TO NEGOMBO as through one longayenue of palms; but there are considerable intervals, and after leaving the river, the road being rather narrow, we were most con- scious of continuous rows of plantain shrubs, whose great flapping leaves met almost across or above the coach.. Phe temptation to cultivate plantains as wellas other fruit, for the supply of the ready Colombo market must be very great in the neigh- bourhood of the Municipality. Our impression is that after a few miles out on the Negombo road, native coconut gardens are far more regularly planted and better looked after than they are slong the roadside south of Colombo. How great a blessing to the ownersof the latter if an “ Agri- cultural Headman” had the power to go over all native palm and fruit-gardens im order’ practically, to prevent the overcrowding of palms or other fruit trees, Villagers too often think that the more plants and trees they cram into a tiny plot of soil, the better off they are, the consequence being that there are many equare miles of good occupied land in the lowcountry not giving half or one-fourth the | quantity of food or other produce it would yield under a system of proper cultivation. The road is in good order along our Negombo- Ghilaw route; we notice the many admirable cross and branch roads; the neat little Jayella resthouse, nestling by its sluggish stream, and by ; and bye the first of the regular cinnamon planta- | tions—once so famous, now s0 low in the scale of profit | The nearer we get to | jelders—attract attention. le egombo, the better the cultivation and growth, and the more frequent the signs of a well-to-do people. NEGOMBO itself is a wonderfully busy town; such crowded bazaars; such a multiplying of boutiques since we were last there, andsure signs of prosperity, two great new Roman Catholic churches—or cathedrale— rising up within very short distance of each other ! We have sometimesepeculated ss to whether Palm branches and leaves are as fr: ely ured in Ceylon as in ltaly and elsewhere by Roman Oatholic ¢ xemunities on Palm Sunday? The Date Palm is to ntilieed in Italy and in parts too far North for it ever to bear fruit, this psalm is cultivated because of its leaves and branches in which a regular trade takes place, for ceremonial uses, Farther North in Europe the Jeaves and branches of other trees (for the nonce, called palms) are used, specially those of the willow. This is noticed by Dr. Seeman in his inter- esting “ History of the Palms,” and he quotes the charming lines from Goethe :— “In Rome upon Palm Sunday, They bear true palms ; The cardina!s bow reverently, Aud sing old psalws : Elsewhere, those psalms are surg "Mid olive branches : The holly branch supplies their place Among the avalanches : More northern climes must be content With the ead willow.” From Negombo northwards to the Toppur village (with a crowded bazasr ecarcely inferior to that of the district capital) we have a denee population. The very neat as well as stropg Toppor iron bridge (across the Maba-oya) sas made in the Government Factory and 4 trip over it always meke us regret that it should be to narrow: no two vehicles oan pass each other on it; while two or three feet more in width would have made all the difference. We are vow in the NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCE, and at first the change does not strike one as much for the better; but later on as we pass into the fertile Marawila district, with its deep chocolate- coloured soil, its grand avenues of palms with such loads of nuts as are seldom seen anywhere else, we note a difference. Hence, right on to Chilaw we are in a land of plenty, so far as the traveller can jucge. The people all look sleck and prosperous; their gar- dens well taken care of and properly planted. We can- not spesk of the large plantations whieh lie off the road including some highly spoken of belonging to Messrs. Scbrader, De Soysa and others before we get to the en- ‘tranee to Horekele. The late Mr. De Soysa has left his name in the Marawila district by the erection of the very neat-looking and useful Hospita!: Mara- wila resthouse seems a quiet little p'ace, standing back from the road and seldom used, perhaps, save by the Chilaw Magistrate when he holds Circuit Court there. On our way back, we had the opportunity in a garden near the road of seeing a veritable curiosity in a coeonut palm with four distinct heads, all bearing froit. At Mount Lavinia there can be seen one with d the Mara- two arms ee Belted: but | Seats wila one is doubly curious aud ought to be spe cially photogra ghee and the result sent toKew. The native coconut gardens here are very valuable ; some of 15 to 20 acres were pointed out as for sale—upset price R800 per acre ! MADAMPE. As we pass Horekele and approash Madamps we ‘come on further properties of the Messrs. De Soysa, De Mel and Jeronis Peris. From Madampe, : ; - ALL THH WAY TO CHILAW, the cultivation becomes more diversified, and stray specimens of the Palmyra indicate our entrance intos Ja a] JUNE 1, 1894.] drier zone * and also that we are drawing near to the Tamil division of the island ? But so far as race is con- cernei, we have been noticing a remarkable change in the features of most of the people ever since we crossed the Maha-oya. Is there not a tradition of a Tamil settlement in one of the Sinhalese Korales—but that was, if we remember rightly in Alutkuru Korale North, while even in Pitigal Korale South, we are errested by what seems to us a BLENDING OF TAMIL AND SINHALESE FEATURES, the forehead and eyes sreem especially of the Tamil order, ani some of the women remind us of the peasant class on the Hast Ooast of Italy, between Brindisi avd Ancona. There is a more animated, piquant expression in such cases than is seen in South Oeslon. Which is the more attractive in appearance the Coconut or : PALMYRA PALM ? Possibly, it is because of the greater povelty that we are specially attracted by the latter. With its well-developed, erect stem and compict as well as ornate head, the Palmyra more than the Coconut seems to us to justify Miss Jewsbury’s line, A column and its crown a star! We never see & Palmyra that we are not reminded of a venerable and learned Botanist, Dr. Prior (a great friend of the late Sir J. F. Dickson) next to whom we had the honour of sitting at a Linnzan Society’s dinner. The conversation ran on palms : he had been in the West, but neverin the Hast Indies. We mentioned the Palmyra; Dr, Prior eeemed puzzled—he could not recall the name—‘‘Do you happen to remember the scientific name 2” he said. Fortunately we happened todo so andas ‘‘ Borassus flabellilormis ”’ was rolled out, the old gentleman’s eye brigbtened—‘‘Oh, I know perfeotly what you mean bow.”’—It is a creat pity the Palmyra takes go much longer than the Coconut to mature; there are many thousands of acres in the drier parts of the islanil that’ ought to be covered with this most useful palm. The late Rey. J. Kilner, when head of the Wesleyan Mission in the North,—during the carly “ sixties’—hud a splendid idea, which however, he tried in vain to get the Rajah, Mr. Dyke to takeup. It wasthat every traveller down the North road should pay toll by having to carry with him a certain number of Palmyra nuts—they are comparatively smal!l—to be planted alongside the road and marked by stakes, s> that othera would follow on, the result in time being one long avenue of Palmyras from Elephant Pass to Anuradhapura, The idea was by no means chimerical or impracti- cable; the palmyra ceed is very hardy and will hold its own when once it germinates and takes root even in the midst of jungle and that it readily takes root on ifs own account may be seen by the follow- ing experience, Along = good deal of the two miles of road between Chilaw town and the Deduruo-oya we observed what seemed to us a fairly regular series of young Palmyras growing in the reserve on each side of the macadamised portion, We were giving the Assistant Agent credit for planting an avenue, perhaps with prison labour; os an improvement on the avenues of young rain-trees (Pithecolobium saman) sadly in need of lopping, which overshadow come of the Chilaw streets. But Mr. Noyes speedily disabused us of this idea, any palmyras were solf-sown—a most growing as we deacribed, Geccurpeing fact as showirg the suitableness of climate and roil end the bardy character of the palm. An avenue all the way from Madampe to Pattalam might readily be started in the midst of the road * Here too the stately leafy Tamarind and the useful Margosa tree as well as more than one species of Ficus become common. ‘The country is a splendid one for fruit trees: mango trees are numerous and lcaded with fruit, North of Negombo; while from North of the Deduruoya, great supplies of plantains are carried eyen to the Colombo market, sand this region has just the climate and soil in whioh oranges and Jimes could be freely produced. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 825 reserve at the merest trifle of expenditure end far enough to the eide not to act as a shade for the macademised thoroughfare, such as practical Road Officers detest. We were just too late to see on the fields before harvesting, ove of the finest CROPS OF TOBACCO that the Chilaw townsmen have ever harvested. The profit is said to average at the rate of R1,000 an acre—and there is no excise! How thoroughly the Revenue Officers of experience must feel that in place of dropping the immemorial paddy rent (save in granting liberal exemptions to meet hard cases) the principle of such LAND REVENUE should be gradually but surely extended, until as in India, it embraced all crops and superseded other unscientific forms of revenue oollection. It will come by-and-bye of course; but how the rash, imprudent action of 1892 will be blessed in that day! ‘After a good tobacco crop, comes a crop of litigation,’’ we found to be the proctor’s experience and saying in Chilaw: that is money abounds and quarrels sre revived! All round the little town and in nearly every garden, compound or backyard—in every waste field,—nay up to the very stepsof the great entrance to the Roman Oatholie Ohurch, TOBACCO has tbis year been cultivated. Chilaw looked like one great cabbage garden as we saw it; for, while the long top leaves of tbe tobacco plants are taken off, the stalks and lower leaves are left as they stood and we found them with quite a verdant appearance, The osdjan drying sheds for the harvested crop were also all over the place, and men and women, chiefly Tamils—were busy handling and drying their bundles of leaves. The wholesome flavour pervaded nearly every street or Jane. It must have a good sanitary effect in two ways: first, in. the care with which the scavenging and refuse of the place are used up for manurial purposes; and gecondly in the powerfully odoriferous leaves (while drying) driving away insect pests inoludiag possibly mosquitoes. Our coast journey terminated at Chilaw: thence to the heart of the new coconut district, four to six miles North of the Deduruoya, we had to manage as best wa could. There was nothing to hire appa- rently in Chilaw. Fortunately, Mudaliyar Samarakoon was able kindly to place his spring-cart at the dis- possl of the experienced Manager of GoJluapokuna (coconut and cinnamon plantation in the Negombo district) and ourselves. The ferry is, of course, at present the great obstacle, but in another year of 18 months, the new IRON-GIRDER BRIDGE may be expected tobe available. Four out of 16 piers are in their places, and Mr. Simmons (who has succeeded Mr. Gregeon) after one experience of the fever, has lesrned the advantage of sleeping two miles off in Chilaw town, while engaged all day on the river. THE NEW COCONUT DISTRICT. We have already described very fully, in our editorials, the character of the Deduruoya—or Rajakadaluwa—Coconut District. The section of plantations owe Visited has a varied and thoroughly representative proprietorsbip—Sinhalese, Moormen, Chetties, as well as Europeans of different nationalities have their clearings close together and buying land and planting is likely to go on until from the Dedurnoya allthe way to Pattalam for 30 miles, here will be a continuous line of coconut palm lantations. A great part of thedistrict must be the ed of ar old lagoon or backwater filled with sand from the sea and alluvial débris brought from the hills. In digging for wells, brackish water is en- countered and also smooth pebbles as if from a river bed. A good deal of ebony and other good timber was found in the jungle; but the pre- dominating tree is that which bears the ahone er —Feronia elephantum—the favourite fruit of the ele- phant. The native name “ Rajakadaluwa” would 826 THE TROPICAL AGRICUL TURIST. {JUNE 1, 1894. indicate a royal residence in the village | palms: The publishers of the Agriculturist long bave ER Se oa a for hunting or kraal | been personally interested in the development of the lanting enterprise in Ceylon and from the beginni 2 plavting P y ing Ae one with whom we spoke on the subject | they have regarded rubber as one of the products which realized the immense advantage might be cultivated with success in that colony. They RAILWAY COMMUNICATION have appreciated, bowever the fact that under any cir- ith Colombo would be to the Ohilaw and Puttalam | cumstances a pumber of years would be necessary aistriaist No possible system of canal boats or even } for making any satisfectory test,for the reason that steamers can give such regular and easy trans- rubber-trees cannot be tapped before they have reached t-:‘while if, at the same time, dizect communi- | some degree of maturity. : armies rail with India were established, the A correspondent (interested in the Para trade advantage would be doubled. There is an im- | doubtless) does not offer much encouragement to mense local passenger as Ve pe enone etic rubber cultivation :— ready to be thrown on the railway, whenever 1b : : s eouiee With the Government Agent, Mr. King, we 4 BRAZILIAN VIEW OF BOBBER-CULTURE, did not talk on this subject. He, no doubt, regards with To the Editor of the /ndia Rubber World. The argu . favony Extension Northwards from Kurunegala; but | ments published in favour of rubber tree culture are when ond where are passengers and traflic tobe | very plausib'e, but many seem unaware ol the fact that t rue? even the oldest rubber-forests are constantly repewing pepohed) OnNEEE s! themselves. Worn-out trees sre substituted naturally Sal diltne aes by new ones. = prom i Ors i the Mm “yee , \py increasing supply of rubber from the etate of Paré TEA PLANTING: INDIA VS. CEYLON. alone, from the same districts. New trees in s few 5 tention to the ver years begin to yield rabber, and, when carefally taken He makes some points in his comparisons ; but he ee ae og ary pel pa eon — Tey aot overlooks a variety of circumstances which tell | Amazon valley as there is of ccals doing £0 in against his rather extreme views. For instance, England. Consequently, there is po need of cul- Indian tea districts are very different in extent to | tivating what nature yields so spontaneously, what we call a “ district in Ceylon. A District In- | as was similarly remarked by a gentleman writing spector in India might possibly have to travel | on the subject in the last numberof The India Rub- over more ground in actual mileage,—although | ber World. Better let well enough elone—M. F. within one large so-cal.ed district,—than a SESSELBERG. “ Visiting Agent’ in Ceylon, SBesides we Para, Brazil, February 12th 1894. haye always regarded as one of the ad- But snother authority writes very differently: — vantages of the JIatter that he brought ‘In spite of frequent discoveries of new reserves, in new ‘wrinkles’ from other districts, and | which temporarily sustained the uenal volume shipped enabled comparisons to be made between the to market, it is apparent to any one who bas gone working of plantations far separated in situ- beyond the port cities into the wildernesses of South ation, and yet under yery much the same America a Central America that the rubber-trees “pt ian Lea Oormpanies have all their | 8 being destroyed at an alarming rate, and that seats a ng hes ally oe farce district. What | the world will feel the shortage ‘before many years ‘is said about training ‘‘ creepers” as engineers and have passed,—in_ fact before zabbes prenamiaguanied 3 u h akoay! wetaied! ae anake tol Liner will come into service. To see river after river, only sending t the OG 1 q 5 a lated like | 22¢° occupied by hundreds of rnbber-cntters, onoe ioe ea ta lee ay a aa dana bt Rano deeinenk fepsing poate slong (ele beaks, tet jam, , now abandoned, te e tale of exhaustion of the the Kartern World and a great school for tropical | rubber-forests in no unmistakable manner. Each cultivators. year’s delay in establiching orchards is endangering the future of this industry, and inviting hardehip for the governments and people of these rubber-producing countries, and the state which offers the earliest and -toost liberal inducements to rubber cultivation will witness the most rapid increase of colonization in those regions which are today little more than a howling wilderness, and will enjoy anu immensely larger meacure of prosperity in the future. “ Tt is interesting to note that Honduras has recently taken this matter in hand,and has attempted to sti- mulate rabber-growing by offering a cash bounty of ten cents per tree to all farmers who shall set ont 2,000 trees. This will doubtless produce good results tosome extent, but it offers no incentive to careful cultivation, and protection of the health of the treer, —to that good busbandry, in short, which is Jacking to such & serious degree in Spanish Americs, and par- ticularly in those regions where the inhabitants have come to depend largely uponthe uncultivated produce of the earth. If the rubber-exportiug countries of Latin America would offera bounty upon all rubber extracted from cultivated orchards, the increase of datiable importations as a result of any exportations of cultivated rubber not only would repay the bounty, but would more than indemnify the government for the loss of revenue from the export duties on that amount ofrubber. It would not decreaseatbhe amounts obtained from the wild trees, but would add just so much wealthto the nation, which does not exist today, and would insure e continuons production of the prea- cous gum, thusogiving rise to a steadily-growing commerce that wou!d provide a revenue which could be depended upon from year to year.” ; — RUBBER CULTIVATION : IN THE FAR EAST AND WEST— OEYLON LEADING THE WAY IN EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION. The Editor of The India Rubber World—an important periodical published in New York—takes s special interest in the cultivation of rubber- yielding treee, and in an editorial note on a communication from ‘' Professor Henry Trimen” he says :— ! The experiments in rubber-culture in Ceylon must be regarded a3 the most important yet made outside the natural habitat of the trees here discussed, and upon the results there attained must rest to a Jarge degree, the question of the further development of this industry except, as Mr. DeKalb suggests, in the countries where rubber-producing planta flourish ‘natorally. The Ceylon experiments cannot be said, however to have been completed. a The Editor pays a high compliment to our Tropical Agriculturist :— _ One of the most interesting exchanges received at this office ia Zhe Tropical Agriculturist, published at Colombo, Ceylon, devoted to information regarding products whieh in America are scarcely regarded as pertaining to egriculture, prominent among them be- ing tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, oinchona, rubber, and June 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 8297 SMALL BREAKS OF TEA. ~ The information given in our London Letter (see page 828) evidences that there is thorough discontent at home with the existing system of dealing with - small breake ; and, the statistics afforded, materially strengthen the probable good result of the pro- -posal, emanating from the brokers,—a _pro- posal however, that was rejected both by the Tea. Committee of the Ceylon As- sociation in London and by the Wholesale Tea Dealers’ Association. A member of the tea broking community, Mr. Long, writing on ths subjest of the difficulty and of the methods recommended for its removal, has analysed the effeat the brokers’ proposals would have had upon the sales effected - 00 8 particular day at the Mincing Lane sale rooms. - When we formerly- commented upon the suggestion of the brokers that a re-classification of what constitutes a small break might go far to rcdress present causes for complaint, we remarked that we could not see any other effect from it than an iverease of the _ difficulty. We confess, however, that Mr. Long’s figures as given by our London Correspondent have materially modified the impression we then stated. It appears that the proposal of the brokers is that 18 chests, or 24 half-chests, or 40 boxes, or less, should for the future be beld to come under the heading in the sale lists of small breaks, and that all such breaks should be offered for sale on a Thursday. Now buyers attend mainly the Tues- day sales. Consequently the lists of these auctions are always full. The attendance on Thursday is always small, little beyond the small breaks being in the list to atiraot buyers. The argument of the brokers ig:—‘‘Iucrease the quantity to be dealt with on the Thursday, and the buyers will attend that day’s sales.” Therefore it is that they propose to widen the classification of the small breaks and to relegate them to Thursday’s auction. Mr. Long, taking the sales of the 10th April as a datum, points out that there were 762 large breaks and 281 emall breaks up for sale on that day, a total of 1,043 lots. The sale was therefore over- crowded. Now if the wider classification suggested hed received adoption, there would have been but 568 large breaks and 475 small ones to be dealt with; and the amount of the small breaks, if postponed till Thursday’s sales, would have been sufficiently large to have attracted a good attendance of purchasers. ‘There is one reason always advanced why Thursday’s asles are disliked by the London agents, Their constituents in . Ceylon desire to receive account sales by the Friday’s mail, and some difficulty is felt in obtaining the ‘prompt’ in time to enable this to bedone. But Mr. Long and Mr, Alec Roberts both agsured our Correspondent that any difficultyas to thie, need not exist if both buyers and brokers do their best to expedite mattere. Their willingness being assumed, tke proposal of the brokers seems to have a commonsense basis. As matters at present stand, none of the London agents like to have their lots put up on the Thursday, as these are fore- doomed in such an eyent to meet with lessened competition. Meanwhile the Wholesale ‘lea Dealers Association has made no sign of stirring Appa rently it is thought at home that this want of interest is due to the fact that its members buy cheaper at the Thursday sales than at these of Tuesday. If the bulks offering on both days were more equalised, as they would be under the brokers’ proposition, they would sacrifice this ad- veutage. It is certain, however, that a remedy must be, somebow found, and perhaps it will be bettor to take steps without further consultation | of the Buying Trade? Is this, in fact, not a practical matter upon which the Ceylon Planters’ Association and Chamber of Commerce should take action ? aeerieeal SONS OMe OPENING OF THE NEW CHINA THEA SEASON: Last Season’s Exports; AND Importanr News ABpour Tra BEING UprooTeD IN OERTAIN Dratricts. In the Hongkong Weekly Press of 26th April we find the first market report for new season’s tea: it only refers to emall parcels from Canton s» far; but no doubt the rush will speedily com- mence. Meantime we quote as follows :— Canon, April 24.—During the last month about 4,700 boxes have charged bands, making the total to date 5,700 boxes, all of which have gone forward. Prices range from Tls. 15 to 17 per picul, laying down at 5id to 64d per lb, which compare favourably with last year’s opening rates. Althongh the Teas show a falling off in appearance, the liquors are good, and the quality, on the whole, may be described as being equal to last season’s early shipments. A moderate quantity of 4-chests have been taken for the Colonies, but the demand from that quarter isnot equal to that of previous yeira. Considerable contracts for common old-leaf Teas have been placed for the Continent, but as yet no shipments have gone forward. Jn the same journal we find the final figures for the past season to the different countries which we may as well put on record :— EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO GREAT BRITAIN. 1893-94, 1892-93, Ib. lb. Canton and Macao 8,178,734 9,767,927 Foochow nee " 21,336,687 15,165,743 Hankow and Shanghai 25,514,030 30,125,338 Total todate ... 55,029,415 55,059,008 EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 1893-94, 1892-93, Ib. lb. Oanton » 1,356,152 3,225,358 Amoy Sc « 21,291,281 17,545,672 Foochow onc - 6,392,610 5,183,323 Shanghai 24,176,826 23,162,255 53,216,869 49,116,608 EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO ODESSA. 1893-94, 1892-93, lb. Ib. Hakow.and Shanghai 22,057,162 15,577,999 EXPORT OF TEA FROM JAPAN TO UNITED STATES AND CANADA, 1893-94, 1892-93. Ib. “Ib. Yokohama 28,623,687 28,488,881 Kobe 17,213,605 19,295,629 Total to date ... 45,837,292 47,784,510 It will be observed that to the United Kingdom, there has been a slight deorease; to Russia, through Odessa, an increase of 64 million Ib, apart from the quantity sent overland as well as through other ports than Odessa. To America, there was & comparative increase of over 4 million of China tea, but a falling-off of nearly 2 million }b, of Japan tea. The grand total of the exports as above given, becomes :— 1893.4 1892-3 Export of China and Japan tea to U. K, America and Ib. Ib, Odessa 176,140,788 167,538,125 Increase 1b. :—8,602,613. 828 We shall’ now be on the gui vive to learn what the present season is to bring forth and we may expect our Special Telegrams of shipments to be renewed very shortly, Meantime we have some important news through the medium of a Church Mission Medical Missionary, Dr. Rigg, who has just passed through Colombo on his way home. Dr. Riggin the Fuhkien district, has been on the borders of a large tea-growing district and he distinctly reports that he has seen very con- sider able areas of tea within the past few years up- rooted and the ground utilised for other culti- vation, chiefly cereals and vegetables. How far this process has gone on throughout the China tea distriots generally—covering as they do so wide an area and in different provinces—it will be hard to say; but. it is comething to have authen- tio’ intelligence from an eye-witn«ss, as to the actual fact of tea being supplanted by other cultivation in any one district of Ohina. ————<$<$<$_~_____. BREAKS OF TEA. ~ April 20. ‘Fresh agitation is taking place with regard to THE SMALL BREAKS OF TEA QUESTION. Finding that Mr, Roberts, of the Colombo Com- mercial. and other Ceylon Oompanies, had been to see Mr... Leake on the subject, an early call was made by me on _ that gentleman. At his office I met Mr. Long of Messrs. F. §S. Long & Co., Brokers, of 10 and 11 Mincing Lane, and was intrcduced to him, as a gentleman then calling on Mr, Roberts relative to the very matter respecting which an interview had been sought by me, Mr. Long said that.-all the brokers felt the position with reference to these small breaks were becoming every day more intolerable, that they, the brokers had months back submitted propositions by them on the subject to the Ceylon Association but had received -no reply. When it was told Mr. Long by me that the Tea Committee of that Association had con- pidered and, rejected those propositions and that it had communicated fruitlessly with the Wholesale Tea. Dealers Asscciation, he expressed the greatest surprize, for, he said :—‘‘ We have never received any reply to our original letter.” Mr. Roberts said they as agents did not know how to act in the matter, for the fact that better prices were obtained at the Tuesday sales as compared with those of Thursday, made all their clients demand that their teas should be included in the lists of the first-mentioned day. Mr. Long said that the brokers’ proposition was that the defini- tion of a small break shou'd be extended to 18. chests, or 24 half-ohests, or 40 Boxes, and. that the sale of such breaks should be exclusively confined to ‘Thursdays. ‘Let me,” he went on, ‘‘ show you what the effect of this would have beenon the sales of April 10th, a Tuesday. There were offered, cr rather included in the auction list for that day, 762 large breaks and 281 small breaks, a total to be dealt with of 1,043 breaks. As a matter of course the auction wan overcrowded and small prices resulted. Now had our proposition been adopted the sale would have consisted of 568 large breaks and 475 small ones. It is complained that Thursday’s sales offer so little that it is not worth the while of the trade to attend them. It gets all it wants at the large Tuecday sales. But if the 475 small brea ks were included in the Thursday list, the bulk of these would have sufficed to attract the trade, fair competition would have been secured, and the glut of Tuesday would have been relieved, We feel THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1894. sure this course is the only one practicable. Ag for the proposal you tell me of by the Tea Com- mittee of the Association, of which I now hear for the first time, that small breaks ehould be soldon Tuesday but in o separate room, I feel sure the trade will never consent to it. It would necessi- tate its having the attendance of two buyers instead of one, the sales proceeding simultaneously. The purchesing firms will never consent to their incurrence of this experse. And, indeed, it is to be feared that the purchasing trade ere far from anxious that a way out of our difficulty sbould be found. At present the system enables them to pick up bargain at the Thursday sales when come of the emall breaks may suit their convenience or requirements, No, this matter cannot be settled by the Tea Dealers’ Ascogiation. It will do nothing to help ue. The Ceylon Asso- ciation and the brokers must agree on some course or other, end having done so the trade will ere long be forced to follow it whatever it is. You say that there are difficulties raised in settling Tbursday’s accounts for prompt so as to dispatch them by the Friday’s mail. As a broker I can assure you that this difficulty need not exist, Where it does, it is due only to want of proper exertion in the broker's offices, and if the steffi of some of these is not large enough, why they must increase it.’’ Mr, Robert fully concurred with Mr. Long as to the necessity for some early revition of present arrangements, and said these now give rise to immenee inconvenience and fivangial lose. We could none of us understand how it wae that that the brokers had rescived no intimation of the resolution of the Tea Committee of the Ceylon Association, for it is known to me, on Mr. Leake's assurance, that the information was sent to them, and I believe that when Mr. Leake received the reply of the Wholesale Tea Dealers’ Association he communicated this aleo to the brokers. Now that the facts are known, probably more harmo- nious action will soon be assured, —London Cor. — --- > COLONIAL FRUIT. Reports as to the paying character of the crop of frnit principally Apples, sent from the Antipodes last year . were iu the main favourable to the prospects of the various fruitgrowers’ associations, and the first arrivals of the fruit shipa carrying the harvest cf 1894 are now upon us, one of the P. & O. steamers having we believe, already deliveredits cargo: The steamers of that company to follow are the “ Britangia” due April 21; ‘* Massilia” May 9th; “ Australia” May 23rd; Ballaarat ” June 6th; “ Victoria ” June 2st; and another on July19. The steamers of the Orient ' line due to call at Hobart are, we believe tle “-Opbir” © Orizaba, ” * Oroya,” and “ Orient.”—But the in- fcrmatiOn is not quite definite; at any rate « weekly steamer may be reckoned upon during the season— tue Orieot ani Peninsular and Griental ships alt. r- nately. Jost before gcing to press, the Tarmsnian Agent-General sent us a notification to the effect that “The shipments of Tasmanian Apples to th’s ecuntry this season will be about 100,000 cases; the first shipment is by the steamship ‘ Britannia” due eb ut the 21st inst. and will consist of 9,100 cases all picked truit.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. es An Erctric Ptovucu.—The firm Siemens & Halske is experimenting practically with an electric plough on the cstate of Biesdorf, the property of Mr. Arnold von Siemens. A great success is looked for with the electric plough in Jaya, where large tracts cf lands lie fallow in consequence of the destruction of draught avimals by the cattle plague, JUNE 1, 1894.] A STAFF OF ENTOMOLOGISTS WANTED FOR INDIA, Sir Arthur Havelock and his advisers can scarcely hesitate to grant the Tea and Cosonut auitivators in Ceylon, the advantage of one Entomologist, when he reads the following im- portant paper showing that a ‘‘ Staff of Entomo- logists ”’ is bespoken for the benefit of Agriculture in India. We trust there will beno hesitation, therefore,in acceding to the request of the Planters’ Association—a request really made in the interests of Agriculture throughout the island. The following official correspondence is deserving of careful perusal by all planters as well as by the Government :— PREVENTION OF INSECT RAVAGES IN INDIA—OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE. To Srr E, C. Buck, Kt. C.S.I1., Secretary to the Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department. Calcutta, 2nd April, 1894. S1g,—I have the honour to forward for the con- sideration and orders for the Government of India, 20 copies of a Memorandum on the Mitigation and Prevention of Insect Ravages in India prepared by the Hon. J. Buckingham, C. 1. E., of Amgoorie. 2. The General Committee can add but little to the suggestions contained inthe Mcmcrandum, which they consider a most valuable document in every way, but they desire to impress in the strovgest manner possible upon Government the great im- portance of having a strong staff of entomological officers, for the organization of which a scheme which appears of a practical nature is suggested by Mr. Buckingham in his Memorandum, and the Committee trust this will have the careful attention of Govern- ment. 3. There can be no doubt from the facts detailed in the Memorandum that this country is very far behind the rest of the civilized world in thisimportant branch of science.—I[ have the honor to be, sir, your mostobeditntrervant, (Signed) S.H.J.OLARKE, Secretary. Mermoranpum by the Hon. J. Buckingham, C. I, E., on the Mitigation and Prevention of Insect Rsvagen in India, submitted to the Indian Tea Associalti nfor transmission to the Goverament of India, Department of Nevenue and Agriculture. 1. The Indign Tea Assciation has recently sub- scribed R750 supplemented by R250 from the Assam Government, and R250 from the Government of Bevgal, towards certain prizes for the en- conragement of the study of the inseots which at‘ack the tea plant in India. It is hoped that these prizes will bave a beneficial effect in the direction of adding to what is known upon the subject, but they are only a first step towards placing this important matter upon o proper footing. The question afftcts not only the tea industry but-also every agricultural and forest crop that is grown in India, and jit requires to be dealt with far more comprehensively than is within the power ot any single Association. The tea plant is known to be attacked by more than thirty distinct dpecies of inseots each with a complicated life history of its own, and each liable to do more or iess con- siderable damage by itself. To take a single example, the fact that mosquito blight frequently stops pro- duotion over a large portion of a garden for months at a time, is sufficient indication of the serious usture of an evil which too often turns what would otherwise have been profit into actual loss, andit is well known that red spider, green fly blight, and othe insccts, though less genorally prevalent, are sometimes «lmost equally destructive over more restricted areas. 2. The case with other crops is very much tho same, Sir Edward Buck has recently estimated the loss occasioned in India by the wheat weevil, which is only one of & number of insects which attack wheat, at five millions of rupees annually. Sorghum, which forms the staple food of a large portion of the population, has been estimated by another THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 829 authority to suffer on an average annually from insects, to the extent of one per cent. of the total yield. In its early growth, cut worms often injure paddy to the extent of making it necessary to replont whole fields at a time. At 4 later stage supposing it escape3 the rice Hispu, ani the numerous grast- hoppers which slso attack it, paddy is in danger from the /ice-sapper, which ia said sometimes to render the crop over large areags hardly wo th the cutting. A tenth ef the maize crop around Amritsar is eaid to have beeu destroyed by the stalk borer in 1890, and this is merely an example of the extent to which this cropis liable to be attacked. A quarter of the whole sugarcane crop of a neighbourhood is no uncommon proportion to suffer; indeed not so very mapy years since the cultivation of a specially profitable varity of sugarcane is said to have been practically driven out of several districts in Bengal owing to the attack of one particular inseot, the sugarcane borer. Jute fields are often completely stripped by caterpillars. A teak forest in Burma has been described as attacked by an insect which does as much damage as a ferest fire; whi'e it is notorious how large was the part played by green bug and stem beetles in the almost annihilation of the coffee industry of Ceylon and in the prolonged decadence of that of southern India, Again, indigo, ground- nuts, oilse2ds, opium, and almost every other form of agricultural and forestgrowih suffer trom insects to an extent which seriously affects their cultivation. Indeed itis not too much to say that hardly a year passes Without a very appreciable portion of the labor of planters, cultivators and forest officers alike, being simply thrown away owing to the attack of come or other of the hosts of the destructive insects which thrive and multiply in India. 3. Iu co yast a country depending as it does for its material welfare almost eutirely uvon agriculture, the total loss occasioned by insects is simply appal- ing to contemplate. In the United States waich, when teken colicctively, are to come extentcompar- able with India in area, the damage due to insects has been caleulated as amountirg to an average of more than threc hundred millions of dollars annually, and figures approaching these in magnitude would have to be «mployed to represent anything like the true state of the case in India, 4. Inthe United States, as also in Cansda and parts of Australia, the matter has been sericusly taken up by the Government, with the rerult of the introduction of ucw methods of treatment which in tome cases have already effected an enormoussaving, It is sufficient to refer to the numerous insecticides, both liquid ond gaseous, and the apparatus for apply- iag them, designed to meet the var.oug requirements of different crcps and different species of ivsects, which are now widely emp!oyec with the best resuits, to-h by the agriculturists aud fruit-growers in all parts of America, a!so to the general adoption of the system of lite sowing agains: Hessian fly, the feeding otf the firat crop clover early enougod to catch the clover seed midge before it is sufficiently matured +) leave the heads and hide itself in the ground, the adaption of the band aystem against canker worm, aud the iutroduction of the Australian Vedalia beetles which have proved so beneficial in Ca'ifornia ageinst tho destructive fluted scale insect. 5. It is true that most of the methods of insecti- cide treatment, though very promising for adaptation to the requirements of sucb valuable crops as toa and coffe, which are cultivated onder Kuropeas supervision, sre too costly to be litsly to be appli- cable to the imperfect methods of agriculture which exist amongst lodian villagers, This is not the case bowever with such systems as that adopted against the clover seed midge, which depends solely upon improved knewlodged of the habits of the insect. Suill less does it apply to the importation of the Vadalia beetle, for this benefit has been sonterred upou the United States almost entirely independently of any action upon the part of the cultivators. 6. It would of course be out of the question to sup- pose that any action, whigh gould possibly be taken 830 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1894. at the present time in India, would result in the discovery of a remedy for every destructive ineect at a-cost which would make its adoption practicabie. But it is not too much to hops that careful investi- gations of the lifo histories and habits of the various insect blights, conducted by specislisis fully ac- quninted with local requiremente and able to compare tne experience of otber parts of tle world, wuero very similar insects are often being successfuly com- bated already, would result in many cases in improved methods of fighting the evil. 7, In the United States, besides entomological adverses attached to individual States, a strovg sec- tion of entomology is kept up as a branch of the Agricultural Department of thy Central Government. Attached to the entomological section are some four- teen trained entomologists who visit all parts of the country in order to study and report upon de- structive insects. The great importance of c_llecting information personally upon the spot is so fully re- cognised tbat the travels of the investigators are not contined to the limits of the United States, but re- presentatives are even occasionally despatched to far distant porte of the world. For instance deputa- tions have been sent to Brazil to study the insects common to North and South America, to Austrelia to make the invesligitions which resulted in the importation of Vedalia beotle, to Hurope to confer with other entomologists upon the joiut interests of the Science, and s» ov. ‘That the resulis obt»sined have been commensurate with the expenditure involved seems to be admitted upo- alls des. In one of bis An- nual Reports,the Oommissioner of Agriculture writes— “Tne importance of the study of economic entomology becomes every year more aud more apparent. Soar- cely an Agricultural or Horticultural Meeting takes place but that the subject of injurious ivsects avd the best means of counteracting their ravage’, occupy s large share of attention. The losses occasion: d by destructive insects to the farmers of the country aggregate an epormous sum, and there are few «ir- ectious in which the Department con do more good than in researches, having for their object the pre- vention ofa portion of these immense losses. 8, In India all that has yet been done has been to empower one of the officers of the Indian Museum in Calcutta to report upon insects that are submitted by planters, officials and others end to pubtish the results. In this way 8 consid.rable amonut of in- formation has been collected ani the nature of a large nomber of the more destruc ive species of blights has been ascertained. Beyond this however, little has been possible, for to expect practical advice from an investigator who is tied to a Museum and is consequently unable even to Fes for himse:f the fields where the insects are at Work is like demanding medical treatment of the doctor of a Turkish harem, qho is only permitted to see the tips of his paticnt’s fingers thrust from behind a curtain. 9. What is wanted for entomology is very much what has already been created inthe case of chemistry viz.,® specialist himself free to move about the coun- try and supported by Isboratory assistants in some fixed place. To render the work of practical value, it is essential that it should be carried on continu- ously from year to year, so that the observations made in.one season may be supplemented and verified by those made in the next, and that a record may be kept up of the increase or decrease of particular blights so that the planting and agricultural commu- nity may be warned in time of impending danger. Itis a sine qua “on also that the investigator should himself be in-persopal touch with agriculturists in all parts of India and that be should look, notto a purely scientitic institution like a mussum for his instructions but to that section of the Government which concerns itself with practical agriculture. No doubt it is necessary to have collections of insectsand a consi- derable library of entomological works for reference, but it is absurd to suppose that am entomologist should ke tied.to there ; and to saddle as is now done the whole work upon-a museum which is primarily engaged in makiug collections of zoological and mor- 5 Phological epecimens, and which looks to the elaborate exhibition and cataloguing of these treasures as its chief end and object wus: obviously be fa'al to prac- tics] results so far as agriculture is concerned, 10. Inthe United States tne scientist who is at the head of the entomological section of the Agri- cultural Department of the Central Government, is also honorary curator of the department of insects in the United States’ Natiooal Museum at Washing- ton, and nmongst hisascistants, one man ig specisliy detailed to attend to the collecticns. In every thieg el-e the entomologists directly belong to the Agri- culturel Department, their reports being made to the Commissioner of Agriculture, and they work in concert with the other scientific branches under the geveral direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. The same system is perfectly practicable in India, under the Revenue and Agricultnral Department, and ought undoubtedly to be adopted. 11. The question of expense is by nO means 6 diffionlt one, Already a permanent annual grant of five thousand rupees is made by the Government to the In ‘ian Museum for the express purpose of Economic Entomology and this amount is supplemented by an annual contribution from the Forest Vepirtment for a series of lectures delivered in the Imperial Forest School at Dehra by the officcr in chaige of Museum on entomology. If, ther fore, the Indian Mureum were relieved altogethcr of the work and with it of the nececsity of paying a epecial member of its staff for tle purpose, all that would be necessary would be to increase the amount devoted to the subject snfliciently to maintsin « somewbat stronger staff and to defray the cost of travelling expecses. This a4- ditional expenditure could probably be met without any further call whatever upon the straiten d finances of tbe Central Government, parUy by con'ributione from Local Governments, and partly by grants from the budgets of the Provincial D rectors of Land Records and Agriculture, who would no doubt gladly tak» advantage of the entomological assistance that would by this means be rendered available, in order to obtain reports upon the insect blights incidental to the principsel crops in the various provinces for which they are respocsible. J. BUCKINGHAM. Amgcorie, 9th March 1894. — > MANURING EXPERIMENTS. The complete chemical. manure in the War- minps‘er experiments was a mixture ol sulphate of ammonia, superphosphate, and kainit. It was applied on the plots which yielded the greateet crops at the rate of 12 owt. per acre, and gave better results than 32 tons of farmyard manure. The proportions of the mixture of the thres manures are not stated, but the mixture contained 5:37 per cent of nitrogen, 4'2 per centof phosphoric acid, and 4 per cent of potash. But when the sulphate of ammonia was omitted, the yield was no greater than on ths unmanured land, and this was the case aleo in the preceding season. Trials were made with different quantities of manure, winter and spring planting, close and -wide planting, different varieties of potatoes, cut and uncut seed tubers, deep and shallow cuitivation, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture.—Jndian Agriculturist. Ga Te ae CoFFEE ProspEects 1n Uva.—We learn from Mr. T. J. E. Johnson that native coffee between Badulla end Haputale is looking better than he ~ has geen it for msny years back, and coffee that has already given a small Spring crop on the Naravgalla range, is looking quite healthy and fit for an autumn crop—already three blossoms having set. This, we need scarcely say, is an unusual experience of late years. Altogether we trust that coffee in Uva is going to add appre- ciably to our exports of the old staple this year. As for tea, the report everywhere in Uva seems to be most satisfactory, ON hag gy JUNE 1, 1894.] Enrrespondencs. SS To the £dstor. THE PRODUCTION OF CARAMEL. Georgetown, British Guiana, April 3rd 1894. Sin,—Herewith I have the honour to forward a copy of a resolution of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana, refer- ring to a Premium for improvements in the pre- paration of Caramel for colouring rum which the Society willbe glad if you will notice in your magazine,—I have the honour to be sir, your obe- dientfservant, THOMAS DALY, Honorary Secretary. ROYAL AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL SOCIETY. Georgetown, British Guiana, March 1894. At a meeting of the above Society, held on Thars- day, March Stb, 1894, the following resolation was sdopted :— ‘ “That the sum of two hundred dollars be paid from the funds of the Sosiety, on the award of its Agricul- tural Committee, to suck person cr persons as shall by the 30th of September next, inform this Society of some improved way of producing Coramel,—com- bined wi:h its economical manufacture, for colouring rum for market and producing the least degree of obscuration.” In accordance with the above resolution the under- signcd invites communicatious, to be addressed to him not later than the 30:h of September next.— Tuomas Day, Hovorary Secretary. [CaRAMEL.—Burot sugar; @ blaok, poroue sub- stance obtained by heating sugar. It is soluble in water, forming a dsrk brown colution, and is used to color spirits, gravies, ete.—Ep, 7.A;] TEA MAKING AND HIGH PRICES. Lonpon, April 11th, 1894, Dear §1n,—The letter on the above, written by the London Correspondent of the ‘ Ceylon Times” and copied intc the Tropical Agriculturist, page 691, has iot-rested me very muobh, be- cause it lays special stress upon the fact that the successful manufacture of tea depends largely upon the careful obs*rvation of chemical principles. Until it ig recognised that the manufacture should be carried on with certain definite objects in each stage, and that each process of the manu- facture shou'd be regulated upon some scientific basis, it will be quite useless to expect uniform and satisfactory returne. ; : With a variation of climate and coil, there will naturally be a variation in the quality and strength of the tea made. ‘ But in what respects does the tea differ, and how far is the difference due to the soi/, and how far to the climate; or still more how far is the difference due to the mode of manufacture ? These are the points which I have put forward from time to time in your paper, with a view of exciting the interest and support of your Planters’ Association. : 3 The manufacture of tex involyes ohemioal; phy- gical and mechanical principles and, as the writer to your contemporary, truly remarks, though no one suppo3es that the Ohinese tea makers have any special scientific training, they are neverthe- less following, though perhaps of late years in an imperfect manner, the rules impressd by ages of past experience. 105 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 83r The climate ard soil of Ceylon doubtless vary considerably from those of China and it therefore by no means follows that an experienced Chinaman would make the best Ceylon tea-maker, but his pre- vious training would probably soon direct thim how far to modify his process of manufacture, It is therefore a matter of regret, and possibly of distinct pecuniary loss to the Ceylon tea enter- prise, that, up to the present time, the Planters’ Association have not considered it desirable to pro- mote scientific investigation into the principles of tea manufacture. As was pointed out in my Report upon the Tea Analyses made last year in London, the market price of the samples examined, varied according to the amount of the soluble ash contained, and the results certainly suggested further research as being likely to yield useful as well interesting results, It is probably only a question of time ; and very likely a large Tea Company will first lead the way in scientific research and attach an experienced Chemist to the Factory staff, who, if a good man, would soon be found most useful, for instance in reporting on the quality of the green leaf delivered from different estates. In esying this I feel sure I am not simply expressing an opinion, but predicting a fact.—Yours faithfully, JOHN HUGHES, LIBERIAN COFFEE IN MATALE Kandy, April 27. Drag S1r,—I cend a Liberian coffee cherry picked at Wiharagama Hstate Matale, and which, I think, is a very remarkable specimen. It is & double-triplet and contains 6 beans and the cherry is nearly 14 inch long. I send it to you as you have always shown much interest in Liberian coffee, and I cannot recollect ever haying seen or heard of such an abortion. It may be useful as the big gooseberry, if your ‘‘ cilly season” igs on, THE RAVAGES OF BEETLES NUT TREES. Haldummulla, April 27th, Dear S1sB,—A letter from Puttalam on page 725, complains of ravages committed by the beetles on coconut trees, If these insects crawl up the stem, I fancy we can master them; and the same will apply to rats. The latter I believe cause & lot of mischief when the trees are young. My remedy is to hoop the tree with thin sheets of ‘* Mioa” say from 4 to 6 inches in width: one such band would be a sufficient preventative if attached to every tree. ‘' Mica”’ is impervious to heat, cold, rain or drought; neither can any living thing crawl over its- polished surface, [ would wish to mention that altbough I could not guarantee success, I will be glad to send your correspondent a small quantity of Mica bands for trial if he will kindly write me. I would also suggest the same remedy to prevent equirrels attacking cocoa pods.—Yours truly, EDGAR HEANLY. ENCOURAGEMENT OF NATIVE LABOUR, Nawara Eliya, April 28ib, Six,—Allow me to suggest to Government to call upon the Mudaliyars and Ratemabatmayas to keep 6 register of people in their Koralee, who are willing to go and work as labourers on estates, ON COCO- 832 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1894. The Government should publish in the Gazette, monthly or quarterly, for the information of the planters, the number of such people in each Korale, This would enable the planter to get his labor supply from the island itself. If the unemployed, specially in the villages of the maritime district, could be got to work on the estates, there would be less crime and it would do much good to the country. The Government should obtain from the different Planters’ Associations the rates of coolies’ wages in each planting ‘district and ‘this information shouid be made known in tho villages.—I am, &., SPEOTATOR. PRIESTMAN’S OIL-ENGINES: 1NTEREST- ING INFORMATION. Hatton, Ceylon, 28th April, Dean Sir,—Our attention, has been called to your leader (cee page 813) re Priestman’s Oil Engines. You ask in your leader for information regard ing these engines, We being the sole agents in the island are pleased to be ableto hand you the latest information we havo onthe subject, and enclose same for your perusal. You will see by the circulars that Priestman's Qil-Engine is steadily gaining ground and there is no doubt that a better oijl-engine cannot be procured up to date. As regards Ceylon, wa be- lieve that gas engines out of Oolombo are of no good, in fact the only one we have heard of upsountry has been superseded by a steam- engine, There are at present 4 oil-engines in the iceland used for tea manufacture, Mr. Egan of Fern- lands has worked one regularly and we are sure he will be glad to give you any information as to the working of same. Mr. Buxton Laurie has had one at Claverton for some years supplied to Mr. Skrine by ourselves. This one is worked during the dry season when there is no water. We have an 11 H. P. Engine here which we keep asa stand-by and use as an auxiliary. The above are all old-type engines ; great im- provements have been’ made since they, came oat. Mr. Roberts of Dartry imported one which we are about to erect. The iniquitous cil tax has damped the ardour of many who might have gone:in for this: type ‘of engine, but when oil tanks are erectéd all over the island and oil can be brought in bulk, when also firewood becomes more expensive there will very likely be a much. greater demand than at present. We: willsbe very pleased to give you any fur- ther information and will be glad to answer any queationsany of* your’ readers may ask on the subject.—-We ‘are, dear sir, yours faithfully; BROWN & Co., LIMITED, JouN Grieve,’ a: ii Manager. AN INDIAN PLANTER ON THE TRADE’S TREATMENT OF INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA, Dear Srzx,—March 19th Report by Messrs. Geo. White & Co., on ‘Oeylon tea (Supplement to the May issue of the Tropical #griculturist) unce* head- ing of Manufacture, 1 see:—“It is hoped that the weather will enable planters to snd teas with more strength and flavour, so that these growths may uot fall in the estimation of the public,” What “public” is referred to, and. haye they (or it)’ @ chatice’ of forming any “estimate” of your growths ‘whether good, kad, or indifferent. One might be led to imagine the public in search of such and such « growth? ‘‘ Please let ms} ave a pound of Ceylon 9s tea.”” ‘* Koochparwaraewatte pekoe,”’ ‘‘'That is scarce sir, now, guinea a pound sir!’ Yes sir! good day sir! We must ‘‘campaiga” America and Cavada and Australia why not ‘‘Home” first of all? Why not ask Zit Bits to get up a priz3 competition ?—each subscriber to send in a report as to whether he or che prefers Indian to Chinese tes, and to guess the number of people who prefer China lst prize—2nd prize for nearest guess to the number of people who dont know that tea is grown in Indis; and 3rd prize pearest number of those who declare solemnly that they know the difference between tea and coffee without being told. ‘‘The Missionaries want to oust their enemy from foreign parts leaving him fairly w«ll in possession at home, and Indian tea apparently is adopting the same line. Do Messrs, Geo. White really want tea thet will be appreciated: by the public or by the leaders of the public. Is it good drinking tea that they honestly. ask for, or is it tea which will bolster up the China trade at home? A good priced “market” tea will make your teeth curl—is that the tea that the public hawker for and appreciate ? There ts a ‘bitter cry’ for that tea; but there would be a worse cry if none of it was sent and China tea had to be sold alone. Can China keep ita hold on the market without the eupport of strong undrinkable Indian tea. Can they pat down tea in London ata profit, as good as cheap as our low-class Iadian and Ceylon tea? [ know that in parts of Ireland medium Sylhet teas are very much liked and paid for readily at 1s 6d per pound and this leaves the dealer a good profit, The weakest must go to the wall. If we can oust China from Home and everywhere the weakest will baye a few years more run then must the wall beapproached again ! PRESS; AN INDIAN PLANTER ON THE PROS- PECTS BEFORETE A PLANTERS. May 2ad, 1894. Dear Siz,—Every man has his infallible test of a “ good, leader.’ No manwill listen for long to any one whose opinion does not in the main agree with his own. We. tea planters have now come to ga stage where we find that our old leadere are not with us and we want a ‘ Prophet ’’—one to tell us of good days to come and how to hasten them. Going back to my proposition (with which I begen) Inow proclaim a ‘ Prophet” and his name is *¢ Siward”’ and he wrote in the Indian Planters’ Gazette of April14th, 1894. Let me for the sake of brevity emunerate what is to me the cream of his words :— 1. New markets for Indian Tea, 2. Indian and Ceylon tea did not gain a footing in England or Australia through the aid of any big self-advertising retailer, 3. Keen enough to seize the introduction through the auction room of Indian and Ceylon teas. 4. Thisis done not by one grocer, but by thou- sands and tess of thousands of travellers and agents through innumerable channels, and the money epent must be a3 tha Ganges to a bottle of roda-water as compared. with» any money the Indian Tra Arsociation, can. ever spend in: advertising. 5. But. there are varied tastes in tea and it ig no good rushing all sorts and conditions of tea into the market... There are mean who Enow what the ~ Americans will take and what they won’t take. ,. 6. Choosing the right sorts and having the right sors made in the gardens. : Gye June 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 033 7. Every year, every month and week since tea was grown, fresh advice and fresh experience have been gained asto what sells best. 8. But tastes vary and changes come over fashions inexplicably, and the near future may see London Brokers ciying out for flayor and delicacy, 9. Whilethe London warehouses were ‘* chock- a-block’’ with low China teas, Indian teas were wanted with strength and astringeney to mix with them, but this may not be so when low China teas are no longer in supply. 10. ButI have seen samples made in Indig quite equal to China tea, but then it was made with a view to delicacy and flavor, not to astringency and strength. 11. Make such tea and millions of rounds will go at 50 per cent higher rates than rule for strong teas, into Russia and America. 12, Let us ignore small measures, small men and small things in conjunction with such a big trade as the Indian Tea industry, and co big a country as America. ivak * x Now then to work—the ideas are not new to me, but I have not seen them openly advocated. Did not some one in your own psges sneer at the thought of consulting American tactes? A few words on each of the numbered quotations :— lst. See No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, No, 10 and No. 11 as applied to “‘ new markets ’ not only for America and Russia, but for the Continent and for the great numbers in England who will not take our Blrong tea. No. 12 comes into each and all of the points under discussion. Let us ignore everything but our own interests as Planters. Our own interests run with the likes and dislikes of our customer's. Let no small men or things oome between us, 2, India bas not advertized much, Ceylon has done more—her gmall retailers have advertised ; but they have gone the way of the trade and they have joined hands with China and other rivals, Dont blame them, they are justified in getting rich ; they owe you nothing ; they are not your servants; but don’t depend on them, don’t subsidise them. Here repeat No.12—let it be the refrain to the song. , No. 3. See No, 7—emphasise the last two words. See No. 9, note the word ‘‘ to mix with them,” What advice have we had from the auction room— ask Philpot ! : No. 4. Points out the ‘‘grocer.” Here is our ally, our agent: ask his opinion, raise him if possible in the line of go-between, let him make more profit. Give him shilling tea which his customers will buy more of than their present shilling China tea, and the grocer will be our friend. Let us embark our boat on the ‘‘ Ganges”’—leave the soda water to the small men, x No. 5. Very true; please introduce us to the men who know what the Americans will take, We now run the old danger, that we shall supply tea which will improve the Amerioan China tea. So that we shall not oust, but we shall establish our rival in the ‘‘ New Market,’ No.6, Nothing easier when we know what are the right sorts—'* What is good Tea,” No.7. Ho! Ho!!! What sells best; ‘“ Buyers to sell’ ; ‘* Made to share.”” No! they are made to sell one shilling dozen’’—évory year every day, we have attained such perfection that we get a shilling a gross, By all that is good and true let us forget the experience gaincd. Hore repeat No. 12, No. 9. Let mo change the werds into “But this may not be so when /ndian teas are no longer undrinkable.”’ No. 10. Of course we all know that—why make samples ; why not here repeat No. 12. No. li. Iwou'd make you our yrophet for thece words and I would add to ‘' Russia and America” the whole world. : No12. Kindly have this printed in gold and colours and many pleasing flourishes as na text and rend one copy to each of those interested. Substitute ‘*‘ The World” for ‘‘America.” There is time to retrace our steps, there are good times before us or the big men would not bs joining our rapke. Hold on like grim death to every tea bush you own. 1874. TEA PLANTING IN INDIA AND CEYLON : WHERE INDIA IS AHEAD OF CEYLON. May 3. Dear Si1z,—There are many matters connected with the tea industry about which the Planterg of India and Ceylon might well exchange ideas, with mutual advantage, and I purpose writing on two of them in this let er where India is ahead of Ceylon. : Ist. With regard to the system of European Supervision. 2nd. With regard to the Management of Machin- ery and Construction of Buildings. Firet, then with regard to Supervision. We have in Ceylon an ubiquitous individual rushing about ‘like s bull at a gate,” or flitting over large areas of tea (sometimes two or three estates in one day), finishing up with a long-winded and frequently diplomatically written Report to the Proprietor, who too often cannot make head or tail of it, except that it is a series of sentences in well-thought-out English, which might be read to mean several things. This gentleman is called a © Visiting Agent,’ What are his qualifications? I fear the answer to this in too many oases is that ‘‘kissing goes by favour” or rather hag gone by favour. How many among the Visiting Agents of Ceylon estates today haye had practical know- ledge of tea estate management? or could take up 6 billet on a property and do the detailed work, as well as the Managers they visit? And even if the Visiting Agent was a man who had gone through all the practical work in one district, he would indeed need to be a veritable genius, to advice men in other districts, with entirely different climatic and other conditions on their work, a3 these men bring the accumulated experience of years of patient labour and investigation to bear on it with the result that in many, very many cases, they could and ‘‘do teach their visiting agent all he knows," Looking over the past planting history of the island, we can recall the Dames of many a Visiting Agent like R. b. Tytler and Sandy Brown, whose advice was welcome, and whose intimate knowledge of what they reported on contrasted strangely with some of their latter days followers, When we finda “OCreoper "’ one month, blossom forth into a full-fledged Visiting Agent the next, and yisit the man (of many years standing) with whom he had been oreeping! When we find the tea from the properly on which a Visiting Agent is resident, fetching the lowest or nearly the lowest prices of the distriot, in which it is situ- ated and when we find that men paid for ‘: yisiting and inspecting " estates manage to interpret this into rushing over 200, 300 and sometimes 100 goreg 834 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1894. in a morning; for which they are paid good fat fees, I think it about time for Proprietors to give heed to the Indian system of District Superintend- ents, a8 infinitely more efficient and calculated to produce much better results so far as the pro- prietor’s pocket is concerned. The District Super- intendent in India is a planter of great experience in his district. He takes the place of the Oeylon Visiting Agent and by his intimate knowledge of the work in that district, is of immense help to the Managera he advises and as the gardens he supervises are all near his headquarters, ‘ very little of his time is wasted on the road” and when any Manager is in doubt or difficulty, he oan get the advise or assistance he requires at once. There can be no comparison in the inevitable results of the two systems. ‘Take Rakwana for instance as a good cxample of waste of time in this matter. About half-a-dozen different V. A’s used to go to this district, mostly visiting one or two estates ; time—going 2 days, coming 2 days, say 6 visiting agents, 4 times a year = ‘‘ 96 days on the road,” when one good District Superintendent would have saved all this time, and done the work more efficiently. Then as to Superintendents in India the men are paid to recompense them for hard work ina tropical climate; in Ceylon they seem in many cases to be paid tod exist, and it is a notorious fact that while Ceylon is producing heavy profits for the benefit of its proprietors, large numbers of Managers are so badly paid, that they have no chance of taking a trip home to recruit their health, the salary only being sufficient to live on. In the name of all that ia just and honest the Buperintendent by whose energy and care the fortune of the Proprietor is being amassed, is surely entitled to a percentage on the profits, atch are very large in many oases, ~ When profits afew years ago went down till they reached the vanishing point, the Managers of Ceylon estates allowed theirsalaries to be cut down ruthlessly, and indeed I could point out instances where Superintendents in their sympathy for the straitened circumstances of the Proprietors, of the gardens they managed, ‘‘ reduced their own salaries ;” and so far as I can learn, such kind- ness has been badly requited, No doubt the fact that many gardens are managed through Colombo Agents now-a-days, and the Superintendents are unknown to the Proprietors, unless it be as working machines partly accounts for this, but give me back the days of old, when the kindly Proprietor used personally to acknowledge his obligations to his Manager, and the Christmas cheque or present of stores was common. If we oan’t get this, let us have the ‘‘ mechanical equivalent’ (although I trow a little ‘‘personal’ interest in the Manager, would well repay itself) by which I mean a division of profits, say 5 per cent or more to the employees and it will give them something to look forward to, in old age other than being a burden to their relatives which is certainly the destiny of many Managere now in the Island unless some means are adopted for ‘ improving their prospects. We come now to that class known as ‘‘Oreepers.” Of all tho frauds perpetrated on o community whose ranks ate already far overstocked wi.h labour, the jatroduction of the Oreeper is the greatest. If the facts were clearly stated at home—(l) that in the island there are numbers of men out of billets, and in temporary ones who will thankfully accept any pay almost; (2) that the climate in many parts gf the island at Jeast, ie fay from healthy; (3) that that wonderful elephant shooting and other sport we have all heard about are only for the wealthy and are not participated in by one in twenty planters as they have neither the time nor means to indulge in them; (4) that for each billet going of B1,000 and upwards there are often more than 100 applicants; (5) that the average planter of 10 years’ service is cot drawing R3,500 or say £200 a year stg., end lastly that » number of Creepers when they have seen the actual state of affairs have left the country and their pre- miums behind them in the hands of their teachers greatly to the discredit of the latter io my opinion. I say if these facts were known we would see a whole- some reduction in the arrivals of those unfortunate young fellows whose future is pitiable. From the social point of view I strongly object to have the country filled with useless ne’er-do-wells of the class of Mr. Sincluir who now is (or was ) doing hard labour in Australia, or Gordon in Madras recently convicted of forgery, now in jail even if my neighbour Jones imagines he has @ divine right by misrepresentations, to make a handsome income out of them, by charging them first an exerbitant premium, and then equally exorbitant boarding feee, for badly cooked food. No, sir! Oeylon is taking to a species of babyfarming of the worst type, and parents desirous of getting rid of utterly bad grown-up babies, Isunch them on the Oeylon community, (which so far has not resented it) by paying one of the Babyfarmers £100 to £250 to take them over. N.8&.—Some of those babyfarmers have added substantially to their incomes by carefully playing nap, poker and a few equally innocent games with their ‘‘creepere,”’ (parents take note.) In my remarke on oreepers I want it to be clearly under- stood thatit is the class of useless “ giraffe necked chappies"? who sre brought here in most cases by false pretences, that I object. Thank God, there are a lot of fine young fellows coming to Ceylon from time to time, who will make the future bone and sinew of our planting community ‘© and who are being discredited by theneer-do-wells imported along side of them.” In India the Proprietor as a rule sends out the young fellow under agreement,and pays him sufficient to cover his food and clothes at once, generally R2,000 to begin with, hoping after he becomes efficient to get good returns for his money from the well paid services of the youth. In Ceylon, Creepers areas a rule imported under false pretences after paying a heavy premium, and the object of the importer is to get rid of him as soon as he can to make room for another “ premium” with an equally unfortunate youth attached to it, Which is the better system think you? ?!—the Qeylon or Indian ? We now come to the question of machinery and buildings in Osylon as compared with India. In Ceylon in addition to the many ordinary duties of the Superintendent he is expected to be Archirect, Builder and Engineer, all rolled into one with the result that unless he has bad previous training, the buildings cost far more than is necessary, and are built either copies of other buildings near, or often of a type quite unsuit- able for the work: and still more frequently with bad material in them especially bad sorts of timber and before many years are over Proprietors in Oeylon will learn their mistake practically by expensive renewals, in their buildings that would not have occurred if they had employed a compstent Engineer to supervise the work. I recently saw the end of a 5-year old store: weather-boards, &c. falling down bodily all rotten, made of Malabodde, Etiheraliya meier5' 4) rea June 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 835 and other bad timbers; and another 3 storied building with 4 brick walls which were really suppored by the window frames in a state of semi- collapse, as the window frames had been eaten up by white ants, being made of rubbishy timber ; and instances of this kind could be multiplied all over the country, where -Proprietors will suffer heavily in the long run although at first no doubt a few rupees were saved. With machinery matters are even worse and engines, and rollers, sifters, and fans, can be heard all over the country knocking themeelves to piec:s, through want of little trained attention to the bearing surfaces. Heated bearings are common, and thousands of gallons of oil are needlessly wasted in lubricating the machinery in factories; (often too, oil of the most unsuitable kind). Priming in boilers under the circum- stances must be common, and I will be very surprised if we do not hear of boiler explosions over the country with fatal results before long, as the machines get older and weaker. On a well-known estate not long ago, with an engine below the power of the work required, the energetic Superintendent used to hang a 56 1d, weight on the safety-valve to increase its power!!! Aud it was a perfect miracle that the Engine Driver was not blown into eternity and this went on for over one year. Anotber case that came to my notice was that of a boiler, where on inspection the whole of the fire bars of the back were melted into a solid mass; and of oourse it did not work efficiently; and quite recently I heard of two dowu-draft Siroccos. with all their trays and tea, being converted into furnaces, and the whole of the trays and tea being burnt to oinders, all through want of ordinary knowledge and atten- tion. But how can we expect otherwise when sets of expensive machinery, costing from R60 to R100 per acre, for the area of tea in bearing are placed in the hands of Superintendents who have had no previous training whatever, and have numerous other duties to perform and who are too often assisted by a Tamil cooly only (of pro- found ignorance on 37 cents a day) in the super- vision of this valuable machinery. You cannot exp3ct local Engineers to complain when every worn-out (I should say torn-out) bear- ing, or break-down means handsome profits in repairing. Mean and ignorant parsimony is at the bottom of it all, In India each concern of considerable size has its own European Engineer who attends to the erection of the buildings and machinery and the proper-working of the latter, If one estate alone cannot afiord it, two, three or six estates support one man, between them; and the Superintendent knows his machinery is being properly looked after while he devotes his time to legitimate estate work, Add to this the fact that some Indian Firms send their ascistants to get & proper knowledge of machinery at Gainsboro’ or somo other Engineering centre, before they start for India and we see how far ahead of us our Indian neighbours are in this matter. I commend these remarks to the unbiassed at- tention of proprietors of Ooylon estates. Pay your men. well, and they will work for you well! And put men over them to report to you who know practically what they are writing about, and how to advise those under them. Do not allow creep- ers on your property, unless you are certain they are likely to be usefvl in thefuture to you, and the community at largo ; and in any oase do not be party (by doing it, or allowing your Managers todo it) to extracting extravagant premiums, from youths about to start in life, by any false pretences See that your machinery and buildings are pro- perly looked after by men of professional knowledge. ‘“ A stitch in time” often saves the whole machino, and if we endanger the life of the employees by want of proper supervision, rest assured it will result in some frightful accidents before long, and Government forced supervision, a3 they have in England, which will be found ten times more irk- some than was the forced Medical Inspection of our labourerg.— Yours obediently, EUROPEAN WHAT CONSTITUTES GOOD TEA. Dear Sir,—In your last issue, on page 774, you were good enough to oall attention to my letter and you did so under the heading of ‘“ Improved Tea-making and Better Prices.’’ You invite wide discuesion under this heading, and naturally it should form the banner and warcry of all tea planters, of all tea proprietors—of all. concerned. But as a small beginning let us know what is “‘gcod tea.” Invite definition of the term ‘good tea.” There is no use ia discussion unless all start from one defined and fixed point. In yours of 17th April you have commented on and favoured us with a lecture by Mr. Ernest Hart, and seeing that he so clearly expreeses his liking for “ Japanese ‘green’ or unfermented and unfaced tea,’ you still advocate that he shouid be presented with some finest Ceylon broken pekoe. He may be brought to change his opinion, but is it really better that he should do so, than that the Oeylon planter shou'd try and humour him and send him some tea as gocd or better and of the same sort ag his favourite Japanese tea. But that is not my point. Mr. Hart gives you clearly his definition of gocd tea, and as he is a leader of medical opinion, he will have the doctors on his side, and their patients no doubt in great uumbers, altogether a most important class. Shall we then gtart with Mr, Hart’s definition of ‘‘good tea,?” It isno use asking the planters themselves—they are trained to EMPLOYER. consume tea that would tan the hide of a bullock -—-and those few who have to buy their own tea don’t buy best Broken Pekoe. Let us ask ‘ Philpot'’—he of the Bitter Ory (and by the same token his cry was for mora bitter tea). I expect that rasp, strength, body, fullness, would predominate in his definition, Whatever it is let is go on the list. Is there anyone else whose opinion should be asked ? A planter gent some tea to his mother who was profuse in her thanks, bud she had to confess that it was too strong and that it was simply delicious when mixed with her usual China tea. Is her opinion worth putting on the list, as follows ? ‘““Good Indian tea is one which jis delicious when mixed with China Tea,” Thinking of authorities whose definition of “good tea’’ will be of value, I can hit on nono better than ‘‘ Lipton;'’ he knows what good teais. He sells tonsof it, none higher than 1s 7d. Evidently he has discovered what is ‘‘ good tea; perhaps the yerdict may be ‘‘a tea which you buy for 6d and cell for eighteen pence” (this would be a penny short of the ves¢ but still near enough). It ig wrong, however, of me to try and anticipate a “verdict.” But seriously, will he tell us what sort of tea is best liked ? Tea planters long ago used to send home for samples of ‘' Horniman’s” best tea and they couldn't tell it from their own fannings and red 836 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘fJune 1, 1894. leaf, and could make no attempt for very shame to imitate it. And yet ‘‘ Horniman” sold a good deal of tea. ‘‘ Cooper-Cooper ” had a huge tea choot as their advertisemsnt with great flowers on it—a “ Banjy ” shoot with no tip. And I used to think that good tea was only made of the flowers (00 branches or roots you know). Kindly look back to page 48, July Ist, 1893, of the Tropical Agri- culturist, aad letter No. 18 signed D. :—‘‘ lt was candidly admitted to me in the Lane, when I was last in Bogland, that ordinary Ceylon pekoe cou- chong was 50 per cent better for drinking purposes than ordinary China songou and that the only advautage the latter had was in its appearance.” When we have a fair consensus of opinon, we can take the majority—that of the greatest number of those who drink our tea—and when we know what ‘‘good tea”? is wecan make ‘improved tea,” Good. green tea used to be made in India; why has it. been dropped so entirely? Do you think the London buyers will be bothered to buy tea to please the customers of the -grocers who are removed, gay, three places from themselves in the deal. ‘‘If they want green tea let ‘em go to Japan or Hongkong ; these Indian chaps can make good strong mixing tea.” The Continent, I hear, is refusing our strong ten, and yet have we hada sing’e word of warn- ing? Has the market found out what is wanted on the Continent and advised us to try and make some tea to suit that taste? And if this is a fact and we are losing, the Continental Market is not the ‘‘ Market,” a traitor to the hand which has made it, and fedit and keepsit alive. Are we to be monopolized for mixing? ‘Ach! dat ish too bittorr,’’ said a German gentieman when offered a cup of weak toa say about half the strength of Assam 1s 6d tea, and he insisted in reducing the strength half again with hot water. And yet we have to strive to improve even Ascam tea for him. Would it be heresy to say that people drink tea not for the taste but for the properties con- tained in the tea ; and, alas, if we find out that the | necesscery ‘ properties’ consist of strength and body, then indeed we are at the end of our tether, for have we not come to the 3rd leaf as the limit of plucking? Shall we have to drop the second leaf in time and only pluck Pras COCONUT PLANTING—AND THE DE- STRUCTIVENESS OF BEETLES: Leci:LATION NEEDED. May 7. Dear Siz,—I am glad you have called-prominent attention to the mischief done by coconut beetles (see page 818). If their destructiveness in the Chilaw and Puttalam districts is anything like that represented—40 trees I think it was stated out of every 120 planted—it is certainly time’ the Government intervened: with legislation to stamp out the beetle pest, or at least to arrest their spread, The coconut industry is a great deal more to the people of the country than tea is to the European Colonist, or than even coffee, with its far-reaching influence and benefits, ever: was. And for this reason. The nut is more than an articleof commerca to them. It is their foodina | variety of ways; it gives them: light, and the product of the tree is to them shelter :and many things beside. We need not be alarmists while we recognise and press. obvious facts on the atten- tion of the Government, Jt would be absurd exaggeration to say that the industry isin dauget ; but under easily conceived cireumstances it may rapidly be endangered, andin the meanwhile work cerious, if not irreparable, loss. Happily, the pests are insects, and not, as in the fease of coffee, fungal, and cen therefore Le more easily attacked and overcome. It may be true that as Jong as there is a coconut plant to attack, beetles and weevils will thrive; but they can thrive only if sllowed to live, and their extermination is possible; while that of ‘‘ heme- leia vastatrix’’ was soon proved to be impracti- cable. Still, the operations of the enemies of the coconut havetheir chief danger in their cbacurity, while the fecundity of the ingccts is something marvellous. The danger is that the insects may, through neglect, spread from tree to tree, from ficld to ficld, and from estate to,estate until whole districts become involyed; and that thisis no fanciful picture or contingency is proved by the sad experience in British Honduras where the injury done to coconut plantations threatened the prosperity of the whole colony. There 30, 40 and even 50 per cent were attacked and lost, and ss the attacks were not confined to planter, but ex- tended to bearing treer, the loss was most céverely felt. The first step should then be to bring home the dangers of neglect to the minds of proprietors, large and small, and then to compel them to apply the ncedful remedies by more immediate penalties than the gradual lose of their profits and their plantations. In this district, 1 euppose I don’t lose half-s-dozen plants a year from several thousands I have over 250 seres; but my experience within the last 12 months of the manner of the loss, through close observation, has convinced me that the danger is a real one; and that without careful and thorough extermination of insects and grubs all plants are liable to attack. Let me explain. There is on idea that the plants attacked are those which have just come into bearing, or those about to blossom. That is a mistake, The plant is often attacked when much younger, and the mischief becomes apparent just when hopes of returns begin to be entertained, I became alive to the real danger which beetles and especially weevils threaten, after examination of the remains of a plant which an experienced kangany had destroyed as usual and as l thought effectually when I saw the heap of cinders and ashes. I had the curiosity to take up a petiole or leaf-stalk which the fire had not con- sumed, and which had a hole at its thickest end. I had it ripped. The larya which it had accom- modated was shrunken and dead, but as the stalk was ripped farther on, a network of hollows was discovered, each with a cocoon of fibre in which was live grub of diminishing size as you went further from the thick end of the petiole which half-encircles the stem. This brought to light two faets—that thse fire cannot reach the grubs set in the deeper parts of the tree attacked, and that the damage is not confined to the heart of the tree. Search should be made for the eremy in eyery leaf stalk as well, and also in every convolution of. the heart and head. Ina word the, tree and its leaves must be thoroughly dissected before burning, or you will leaye behind your enemy to develop in.a few days into ¢ full- winged inseot to. carry its destructive mission into the next plant available, Another point-is that it is not the diseased plant which is attacked, as is generally the case with ° plants and their enemies; My experience is that the stoutest and the healthiest are the chief victims. Mr, De Mel is quite right to warn planters JUNE 1, 1894.5 against.stripping the tree of leaves and exposing the tender bark, It isa most mischievous opera- ticn and invites to attack; but you will find these are not the principal sufferers. I have had plants attacked enveloped in a mass of leaf stalk and their almost impervious matted fibre. Whother oviposition was fitst at the root of tho leaf-stalk or in’ aecreck io the stem it is difficult to say. The absence of astem in one case suggested the former; while the evil in another began in a crack in a stem of splendid girth. Quere, may not the fat bulky stems which are the outcome.of the free rich goil in the Chilaw district- explain the spread ot the enemy ? They crack readily, and at once afford him lodgment and succulent food! Of course, you know the Kuruminiya: or black beetle is not considered fatal to atree. Ihave heard it even spoken of as a blessing in that it gives the tree a shook by its excavations and hastens fruit bearing, before its departure for another feeding ground, The natives say that it prepares the way for the Kandapanuwa, or red weevil, which has a most formidable pointed snout, and that the latter takes possession of the hollows vacated by its black friend. ButI have known them work to- gether, as I have discovered them in the same host, and their larve too are different—those of the beetle being white and oylindrical like the ordinary dunghill grub, while those of tho weevil are, I believe, the yellowish baggy fellows which taper towards the ends, The scientist might find abundant miaterial for’ investigation in the life history and habits of the Enemies of the Coconut Tree and his aid cannot but be helpful in car- rying war into their camp ; but you have done well as a preliminary to cound a note of alarm. It must be followed up, as only active determined measures oan check the plague.—Yours truly, PROPRIETOR. ——= MICA SHEETS AS PROTECTION FOR PALM AND CACAO TREES. Hatpummubua, May 8th. Dear Sir,—Many thanks for so kindly noticing my letter ve ‘'Mica’” (see page 831). I fear you take rather a doubtful view of my remedy regarding the enemies of coconut trees; I candidly admit as regards beetles ‘‘ mica’’ would prove futile. Referring to squirrels and rats I think it would prove successful. I post herewith one pound of mica sheets 6 inches in length by 3 to 4inches in breadth. This quantity, I think, would be sufficient for say 18 trees and would cost about Rl 120 delivered in Oolombo. The mica should be fixed on the tree with tin-taoks. To illustrate my meaning more clearly we will suppose the girth of a tree 4 ft from the ground measures 3ft and the mioa is fixed there, allowing say 6 pieces for each tree which would cost about 7 cts. The cacao tree would not require more than two pieces of mica, and would cost about 3 cts. but in no case must a band be fixed near the ground as rats and squirrels invariably take a jump—more especially when frightened. It is true that cquirrels often live in cacao trees leaping from one tree to another in search of ripe pods, but surely it would pay to put on a large force of ccolies for one day driving away the animals, and fixing the mica cn the trees. Once rid of these pests I do not think they could return. As regards shooting squirrels being cheaper 1 doubt it; but of course a trial wou'd preye,—Yours truly, EDGAR HEANLY, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 837 TEA PLANTING .IN INDIA AND CHKLYLON, May 11. Dean Sin,—My attention has only today been drawn to a letter appearing in the Ceylon Observer of 7th inst. signed ‘European Employee,’ (see page 833), in which he draws comparisors betwixt India and Ceylon in the matter of management of tea properties. With a good deal of what. he writes I quite concur, but I cannot help thinking that he has an ulterior motive in starting such a discussion, That, in fact, he has an.eye to a probable District Superintendentship, or, at least, to an appointment as exeminer of engines, boilers, &c., attached to tea factories, His remarks on the so-salled ‘‘ Visiting Agent” are very much to the point, but I submit that they are in a great measure applicable to his go-called District Superintendent. I have always maintained that it is—or ought to be—highly satisfactory to both the Proprietcr and the Superintendent that a report on the estate should be given once or twice a year by an Agent appointed by the Proprietor, but I have equally always maintained that there the duty of a Visiting Agent should cease, I quite appreciate the fact that a District Superintendent's services might, and would, be very useful in cases where “ creep- ers,” after afew months’ exporience, were ‘‘shunted”’ on to. a garden to manage or mismansge, on a salary barely enough to pay for an honest dish of curry and ries whilst the said District Superintend- ent draws a handsome salary ; but otherwise I should prefer:to leave my garden in full charge of one responsible, experienced man on the general plea that “too many cooke,” &o, As I have hinted above, I do not quite grasp whet ‘European. Employes” is driving at, but it seems quite evident that he hes a great antipathy to the modern ‘‘creeper’! So have I—a very strong antipathy—so much so that I have, on three occasions, absolutely refused to be burdened with them, although I had the opportunity of pocketing £500 sterling had I taken them under my care. IT am glad to find that ‘HE, EH.” and Iagree on this .question. The question ‘EH. H.” raises with regard to the management of machinery and construction of buildings is a large one ; and it is truly wonderful how the average planter adapts himself to be almost “‘a jack of. all trades.” Presumably he “EH. BE,” is & very competent man, but his tone is too sneer- ing altogether, and detracts from his otherwise yery sensible letter. He writes in too sweeping condemnation of our ordinary factory which, in very many cases, is the oid coffee store converted into present requirements, and as regards machin- ery, &c., well, wo have not yet been treated to an account of the jist boiler explosion. Lest us hope that ‘‘E. KE.” always. has his safety valye3 in proper working order, and that he may never fiud it necessary to hang a 56 Jb. weight on the lever, to increase the power of his engine, I really think that his remarks re creepers should be given promirence to in the English papers as a warning to’ parents and guardians who contemplate sending out freeh drafts of * giraffe- necked chappies.’’—Yours truly, D. L. —_——______ 2. BANDARAPOLA CEYLON COMPANY LIMITED. Extracts from report for meeting on th April 1894, The Directors have now the pleasvre to submit to the Shareholders the Acconnis and Balance Sheet representing the working of the Company's Estates, for the year ending 3let December, 1893, the Pro- pertios haying been faken over from Ist January, 1893, 25th 338 — Ot the Capital authorised, viz, £50,000 in 500 Shares of £10 each, there has been issued— 650 fu'ly paid Vendor’s Shares £6,500 1,800 Shares, £3 paid He «. 5,400 £11,900 and the remaining 50 fully paid Veudor’s Shares, es named in the Prospectus of the Company, will be jesued to the Vendor when the transfer of the Muendeniya portion of the property has been duly made t> the Company. Mr. Hugh Fraser, the Managing Director, is now in Qeylop, and as lie has exerted every ¢ffort to have the transfer daly completed, the Directors hope shortly to learn that this portion of bis m’ssion has been brought to » satisfactory issue. Pending the completion of the transfer of Muendeniya, the Di- rectors a8 arraiged with Mr. Fraser have withheld £1,500 as representing the purchase price, viz. £500 fully paid Shares, £500 Debentures, £500 Cash, and these amounts will be dealt with when the necessary transfer has been duly executed. The Oompany’s acreage as shown in the December Estate Report consisted of the following :— Tes in. full bearing 310 acres, Tea planted in 1890 3 acres, in’91 12 acres, in ’92 82 acres, and in ’9399 acres. Aores Total in Tea aivieis 456 Cicom A55508 cae 37 Grass ASH AB sone 6 Total cultivated.... 499 Forest sestees aaa 925 Motel sia. 1,424 Mr. Fraser arrived at Bandarapola on the 10th December, 1893, and the following is an extract from his letter addressed to the Company on the 12th of that month: ‘ Since my saesl I have occupied all the time available in inspecting the Tea Fields, Factory, &c., here, as well as the young tea, aud cocoa clearings and the tea clearings on Muendeniya, and I have much pleasure in saying that I am greatly pleased with the vigorous appearance of the old tea which I have never seen present a greener appearance or shew a better cover, while the young clearings are promising in every respect. The cocoa is growing most satisfactorily and its extension deserves every encouragement.’ ‘Lhe estimated crop of tea for 1893 was 200,000 Ib. and the Directors regret that owing to the un- precedentedly small rainfall, viz., 58°83 inches against 105:05 in 1891, and 83°08 in 1892, the crep secured only amounted to 175,107 lb., or a shortfall of 24,893 lb.; a deficiency which renders the accounts, as presented, not so satisfactory as the Directors had anticipated. The Shareholders will learn with regret th t Mr. John Anderson, the Chairman of the Company, has found it necessary to resign his seat at the Board. ) The Company’s net profits for the year amount to £803 8s 1d, and this it is proposed to appropriate as follows :— 2 Amount as per Balance Sheet ae £803 8 1 Tnterim Dividend at 3 per cent paidin September, absorbed £357 0 O It ia proposed to pay a final Dividend of 3 per cent, (free of Income Tax), making 6 per cent. for the year 357 0 0 ——-—— 714 0 0 £39 8 1 od QUANTITY AT THE EXPENSE OF QUALITY: INDIAN TEA. Referring to the Indian tea crop £r 1893-94, the Grocer says:—in the present season it seems to have been the aim of planters to prodace ‘‘ quantity” at the ex- pense of ** quality,” and it is notorious that the differ- ence in ¢he character of the ‘trees forwarded trom the | gist, April. 23.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1894. same estates in Assam and Darjeeling bas been very marked, month after month. Fise and inferior in- voices bave alternately succceded each other from the same gardens, often creating much difficulty aud confusion smovg the wholesale dealers in seleoting the favourite murks on which they could rely for uniform strepgth aud fisyouor, and leading to wide and almost ruinous fluctuations in value. It was not until Jast autumn that the London market began to steady itself, when it was arcer- tained beyond a doubt that the proportion of fine and finest teas in the sbove huge crop wes very small, aud every time they were competed for @ fresh advance was estabiished; but thie did not always imply higher prices, only relatively better rates than hed been previously obtain- able, and the average quotations that have been realised at public sale in 1893-94 have been 2d er Ib. onder those in 1892-93. Whi'st there ave been deficient supplies of choice and carefully prepared teas, there has, on the contrary, been an : extraordinary abundance of low and common grader, portions of which have been so poor aud trashy that at times hardly and buyers could be found to tate them, and they had to be either put back out of sight or be sacrificed at unheard of cheap rates. This and weak liquoring qnalit’es have invariably been et 8 discount, and where large parcels have been placed simultancously on offer the greatest difficulty in dia- posing of them has been experienced. It reste with the growers of tea in India, therefore, to bestow more care upon the cultivation of the plant there, and give special attention to the preparation of their tea for the British market, which requires and must Lave a full-flavoured and pongert kind of liquor in the cup, aud not a faint steamy decoction that is un- driukable without it is blended with a class of tea that ia brisk on the palate, rich in colour, creamy or rare in fragrance. By a constant adherence to these rules, consumption ie stimulated. and the finer the teas come here, the more active is the demand and the stiffer the price. As one of the satisfactory reeults of an abnormally big ciop this season, the deliveries of Indian teas at the port of London have been exceptionally heavy, and for the last nine months they have amounted to 87,193,600 lb., in comparison with 81,729,000 1b. in the ssme period of 1892-93, and 82,673,000 lb. in 1891-2. The landings bave alco been excessive, reaching in the first three-quarters of tke season 111,705,500 lb. instead of 105,006,000 Ib. and 106,300,000 lb. in the two former ones; and the stook remaining on hand onthe 3lst ult. wasof gooi dimensione—yiz . 47,912,600 lb. sgainst 46,276,500 ib, last year, and 45,089,308 Ib. in 1892. ——_—>—__—_. A NEW PROCESS OF MAKING QUININE. About a fortnight ago tbe following peculiar- worded advertisement sppcarel in a London trade- list :— Advertiser who has discovered a New Process, which his been thoroughly tested, for the production of Sulphate of. Quinine at oue-third ordinary cost, needs £500 to work same. Enormous profits ce:tain. Strictert inyestigation courted. : Then followed the name of the alleged inventor and an address in Hampshire. As we were anxioas to find out what new revolution the advertiser proposed fo carry out in the quinine trade, we wrote to the address given, offering bim, provided he could esta- bligh a prima-facie caze of the geauineness of his invention, the gratuitous advertisement of an interview in our editorial columneg,as the best means by which to obtain the fnuds of which he stood in need. Our letter was returned today officially marked ‘ not known’ Un'ess, therefore, the ‘inventor,’ who appears to have been just a bird of passage in the Hampshire village he named ia his “advertisement, had already found the needed financier and departed before: our letter arrived, it ig- not likely that much more will be heard of the matter.—Chemist and Drug- JUNE 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 839 JUTE CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. We have just seen avery excellent sample of jute fibre in the hands of the Director of Public Instruction, which has been prepared from plants grown at the Agricultural School raised from seeds got from Calcutta. At the Peradeniya Gardens, a similar experiment was a failure; but here in Colombo the plants grow and mature from seeds in siz weeks, against three months, the time usually required in Bengal. The fibre sample, so far aS we can judge, is very strong and in every way superior; but we fear the state of the Fibre market in Hurop3 does not offer much encourage- ment to an extonsion of the cultivation of jute. When in Dundee in 1884, we did all we could to stir up the Jute Mill ‘‘ Princes”’ there, to form a Limited Company for the cultivation of Fibre- yielding plants in Ceylon. It was then a very small day with our ‘‘tea,’’ aud new products and new enterprises were required to revive the Colony. Here is one paragraph from a long letter of ours which appeared in the Dundee Advertiser in July 1884 :-— Turning to libres, Tcan only report an experimen- tal stage with Ceylon, although the resources of the island in indigenous or introduced fibrous plants— palms, bamboos, nettles, a'ves, plantains, &,, suitable for cordage spinning, papers, &c.—is very great. Of course I except the trade in coconut and other well- known palm fibres which has been growing for a good many years. But latterly experimental shipments have been made of aloe, Manila, plantain and pine- apple fibres. Jute, rhea, or Ohina grass, New Zealand flax, and other grow freely in the Botavic Gardens and indeed juteand rhea ara found in many parts of the island. In the low country of Ceylon there are hundreds of thousands of acres of fine land available for fibre cultivation, and a vast population of Sinhalese villagers, who as soon as they found a demand set in from European traders or planters, would speedily caltivate fibrous-planta, for which they could get a return, as they now do for their coir or coconut fibre. We failed, however; to move the Dundea merchants; or the reason that even ten years ago, there was no doubt of the supply of jute being ample and cheap enough. What the manu- factures there and in Bradford specially desired at our hands, was a new fire—something between jute and siik—and they assured ua that if this were forthcoming from Ceylon, a great industry would speedily arise, +‘ Thore were fortunes init!” The difficulty was to find the desired fibre of a silky character that could be continously supplied in large quantities at a price not much in excess of that paid for jute. Failing to get what they wanted, the Bradford and Dundee makers of cloth began selecting the very finest of the jute to mx with silk and we know how far that trade has been carried. Meantime, if as we fear, it should be found that there igs no special encouragement in the European demand for jute, for us to start in Oeylon an industry supplementing or rivalling that of Bengal, there is nevertheless one direction in which there is ample room for a local industry. We refer to the very considerable import, year by year, from Calcutta for local use of ‘‘ Gunnies, Twine nets, brushes, jute.’ We have repeatedly in reviewing our Oustoms accouuts, pointed out that some R250,000 to R400,000 a year might be saved to Ceylon if steps were taken to meet this local demand on the spot, It is, of course, also a question whether with the very cheap labour in some parts of the Southern Province, a jute- growing industry might not profitably compete in asmall way with that of Bengal. At any rate there woe no question ofthe interest attaching to Mr, Drieberg’s experiment and to the reculting sample of jute which we have seen in Mr, Cull’'s hands. Saar EInrEEEEEEEnESS = sen THE REASON WHY CINCHONA BARK IS NOT MORE LIVELY. We have had specially supplied to us the fol- lowing information from the very latest Report of the well-known firm, Messrs. Gehe and Co., Dresden :— Quantity of Quinine in Bark sold in 1893. 1892. Kilograms, Kilograms. London.. -. 100,001 128,702 Amsterdam -» 138,763 120,509 Total: kilos .. 238,764 249,211 Offered in Amsterdam : 1893, 1892, Kilos. Kilos. Quinine in bark .. 217,992 168 918 79,229 kilos of quinine were not therefore solds or in other words the offerings surpassed the de- mand by 78,229 kilos quinine or by 28 per cent. The ‘Stock in Amsterdam on Ist January last, is given as follows :— 1894. 1893. 1892, (Packages of 100 kilos or 226 1b. each.) 14,184 11,268 5,279 All this explains why bark is not more lively ; but a change is expected before the end of the year, through a more active demend fer quinine setting in, - ELECTRICAL MOTORS. The question of electrical machines as ‘‘ motors’ has scarcely yet become one of much interest in Coylon, and probably—unless it be for a tramway in Colombo—or here and there a “dynamo” worked from some convenient water- fall, no great interest will be evinced until some discovery is made in the direction so many ara now looking. We are all fond of imagining what wonderful things will be accomplished some day, when, instead of having to generate the electrisity before we can use it, as at pressnt, we shall be able to tap it from its natural sources and stores, and apply it dirastly to the work we desire it to perform! That will be the first step towards a transformation scene such as the world has never yet known, and compared to which the wonders and progress made by steam were a mere step in the dark, Many novelists, and no- tably those of America, have tried to forecast such a time, but the reality will be very different and far transcend their imaginings. All these wonders will become familiar facts when once we succeed in turning electricity ‘‘from a mere transformer of energy into a source of energy." In these few words are wrapped up the whole problem, To a. good many slow-minded people ‘‘working anything by electricity” already means the accomplishment of this as yet undiscovered problem. So it is as well to be reminded, from time to time, that the energy, or power, derived as yet, from any electric motor whatever, is only a ‘*go-between” the original source of the power and the work done by it; and that this is accomplished only at the expense of much leakage, through friction, on the way. The Nia- gara Turbines will transmit only a little more than one-third the Falls’ energy into the workshops connected with them; and yet a turbine driven by a natural fall of water is at present the most 840 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1894. efficient and cheapest ‘‘source’’ of energy we have. Avast amount of energy is stored up in coal; but of this at present we are able in the steam engine to extract only one-eighth for work done. Coal is in fact one of the stores of electric epvergy, from which we may some day find a way to extract the full power for use as we may want it, Given a “‘battery’” into which coal can be put in such a way as to cause it to give up the whole of its energy on the spot, and we should have batteries of all sizes everywhere, driving our saoips and our trains, turning our machines and lighting all our streets and houses. But that time is not come yet. When it does, a tea- house manager will say to Mutu Samy :—‘‘ Drop a lump of coal into battery A’’—being all he will want to rell a thousand pound of leaf; or, “ put a& pinch or two of coal-dust into battery B,’’ and this will light up his factory by night as if it were day ! These reflections are the result of reading an article in Nature, by E. P. Bamber, on ‘‘ Eleotric Traction.” In case this is ever to become a practical question in Colombo, it may be well to state that as regards motors for the cars, there exist at present six different systems, viz:—1. Using the rails on which the cars travel as conductors. 2. Having a special rail as conductor, either beside or between the rails on which the car travels. 3. Using under-ground conductors with an opeu conduit cr slot in the road. 4, Having an in- sulated underground conductor. 5. Overhead con- ductors. 6. Storage Batteries. All these systems sre in practical application,—‘‘ overhead con- ductors ” taking the lead so far; but secondary or etorage batteries, on account of their simplicity and immediate applicability are specially suitable - for use on existing tramways, the objection to them being their weight and the necessity of renewing them from time to time. There exists, however & special difficulty in making these batteries at the eame time light ard durable,and the weight of each is so much extra weight to be oarried by the oar. Still, it would Beem that ‘‘ present conditions” are entirely in favour of light tramway cars so driven, fol- lowing one another in frequent succession, and travelling at a moderate speed. This is the con- ‘ elusion arrived at. But what we have to bear in mind is that electrical machines, under ‘‘ present conditions,” can rarely be used with advantage and economy, and that the greatest economical difficulties are ercountered with tractioa motors. A turbine directly applied transmits ‘6 or six- tenths of the energy of the head of water, to its work. An _ intervening electrical ma- chine would cause a ‘loss of nearly half of this cnergy, and when other prime movers are used the loss is- still greater. ENEMIES OF THE COCONUT PALM ; WANTED :—‘ LEGISLATION”; AS WELL AS AN “ENTOMOLOGIST.” It there remain any doubt on the part of the Government, as to the special importance of securing the services of an Entomologist at this time, we think the letter of ‘Proprietor’? on page 836. ought to dispel it. When we find that not only is the great Tea Industry in need of such services; but that the still greater and in some respects more important Palm culture of the island, stands specially infested with insect enemies, we trust there will be no hesitation in appointing a Scientist to help both natives and colonists at this juncture. The question may be asked, indeed, as to whether the services of Miss Ormerod herself could not be secured for a year or two from the Royal Agricultural Society of England, She must have pretty well exhausted her English field of inquiry, and if her employers offered no objection, we feel sure that a trip to and limited stay in, Ceylon, would not be at all uvacceptable to this accomplished Entomologist. From the Jetter before us, as well as from some- what contradictory reports which we find in our Manual and files, we Can see that there are many points about the life-history and ravages of our coconut beetles that are by no means satisfac- torily settled, ‘Proprietor’ speaks of the enor- mous percentage of loss of 40 out of every 120 trees of certain ages, experienced in the Puttalam district. We cannet help thinking this statement, made in our columns by a native correspondent must be an exaggeration, unless the oase be one of a specially neglected garden? We spoke of beetle-catchers bringing in as many as 40 * Kuru- meniya” beetles and a few of the ‘“ Kandepanuwa,” daily in the Deduru-oya district; and certainly the destruction in that region has been heavy enough in some parts, though by no means we trust so high as 33 per cent of the growing palms. Still, the logs is very severe and warrants both inquiry and action. Our correspondent speaks of the need of “ legis- lation,” and we are most ready to back up his opinion and to support any movement in this direction; for, we think the time has fully come when the villagers—and for that matter, the larger proprietors too—should ke compelled by law to deal promptly and thoroughly with their affected palms, so as not to allow them to become breeding— places for a multitude of beetles which eventually fly over the land, far and near, and attack the palms of their more active and conscientious neighbours, We do not think there would be much difficulty at this time of day, in getting the owners of coconut gardens and estates, to understand the necessity and importance of official interference. But as a matter of right procedure and as affording the fullest justification for the Govern- ment, it would be well perhaps for the Executive, first, to be placed in possession of a Report on the question from their duly-appointed Entomologist —whether Miss Ormerod or some one else. It should not take a Scientist very long to arrive at the conclusion that the case presented, was one for legislative and executive interference eyen thongh also for further careful ecientifie inyesti- gation. The first step therefore is to secure the appointment for a certain term, of an Entomo- logist as moved for by Mr. W. D. Gibbon and carried at the annual meeting of the Planters’ Association—such appointment to bein the interests of the Agriculture of the island; but more especially in those of Tea and Coconuts. In this connection we would call attention to a further interesting letter from Mr. EK, N. Heanly (see paga 837) on the application of mica-sheathing to palms and cacao trees as a guard against the depre- dations of rats and squirrele. Who will give a trial to the proposal? We have received a packet of mica sheets which certainly are wonderfully cheap and should be easily applied, and which are at the disposal of anyone who will experiment and report to us. : —_——_-~++—— CEYLON TEA PLANTING COMPANIES. Our columns contain quite a number of Annual Reports from the Diractora of Oeylon Tea Planting Companies and the Proceedings at SVE 23 29°9F: ] f4it 2RVYELCOAL AGNICULIURISIL. o4t eee the Annual Meetings of ceveral. Among the latter will be found a summary of the Chairman's address at the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company meeting, and nothing could be more brilliant from a financial point of view, than the figures indicative of advanc- ing importance acd prosperity which Mr. H, K. Rutherford was able to lay before his shareho!ders. The growth of the capital and operations and profits of this, the premier Ceylon Tea Company, is little Jess than marvellous. Long may its pros- perity and its 15 per cent. continue, through the careful work of its splendid staff of officers and Superintendents in Ceylon and the shrewd, judicious management in the London office pre- sided over by Mr. Rutherford. Next we have the Bandarapolla Meeting, the chief feature of which was the special sympathy shown with Mr. John Andergon under his mi3- fortune and the unexpectedly good news that so strong a public man—and one now so deeply interested in Ceylon—as Sir George Pilkington of Southport and Haputale, has agreed to join the Board of this Company. This is good news for the shareholders in our opinion, There is nothing noteworthy in the proceedings at the meetings of the Panawal and fMastern Produce Companies, although in both cases, the prospects seem satisfactory if not brilliant. The Rsport of the Standard Tea Co., which comes to us by this mail, affords good reading, were it only for the record of coffee in Uda- puszellawa still making so good a show. The Directors are prudent in not giving beyond 10 per cent for the year in a dividend, and carrying & considerable sum to reserve. On the paragraph in the Report referring to the comparison between the Udapussellawa tea-leaf sold on the spot betore the St. Leonards’ factory was constructed and the balance made in the factory and shipped to London, one who knows offers the following comment — Obviously this comparison is made without taking into account cost of making the Ceylou-so!d tea. With this in account the comparative figures would be probably :—Tweo-thirds Uda Pusselawa crop sold in Oeylon realiced £3,400. One-third Uda Puss lawa crop shipped to London realised £4,000. Even with this correction the difference is markedly in favor of the factory. Meantime we congratulate the Directors and Shareholders of the Standard Co. on the very Promitivg porition and prospects of their affairs. Next we turn to the Great WrEsTERN TEA ComPANy, the Annual Meeting of which was heli in Colombo, Whilea dividend of 11 per cent. has been declared, it will be observed that the earnings equalled 14 83 per cent for the first year’s working, although some 150 acres are not yet in full bearing. When we recall the age of Scalpa and Louisa as coffee estates, now forming the bulk of Great Western in tea, this resu't is very striking; for the places must have been opened originally over 50 years ago. Of course, such results in tea could not have been obtained off old land like thie, save for liberal cultivation and manuring, and itis evident that when grass is plentiful, cattle establishments for manuripg are the right thing. On the Great Western Group, there has also been a great deal of timber-tree planting, all very thriving and not only improving the appearance of the place ; but ready to afford very valuable shelter to the tea in the exposed parts during the severe mon- soon weather. The tea at present is looking ex- ceedingly well, For the good management in the past with the means for liberal cultivation and shelter, thanks are specially due to the Manager, Mr. Mackie, and general regret will bo felt that he was not at the meating to have this tendered to him in person. REVIEW. “ BAKER AND COOK” AND ‘‘ FLOWERS AND GARDENS ’—IN INDIA AND CEYLON.,* Such are the titles of two handy little Manuals for Avglo-Indian and Ceylon residents, just published in India, the latter being a second edition and the authoress being Mrs, R. Temple-Wright who has been long resident in different parts of the Continent: They sre books which every house- keeper must delight in, and, once having begun to study them, would find it hard to lay them down, The hints and directions are so pithy and practical—tell one 80 many things that one wants to know for certain, in order to speak with authority to the cook or gardener—that one wishes always to have the books at hand. “ Baker anp Coox,”’ like its predecessor ‘‘ Flowers and Gardens,” was written, we understand, in answer to many inquiries and the key-note of its composition is to be found in the words of Sir Henry Holland, a most distinguished Physician, who had vast and varied experience in dinners and dining. In his “ Recollections of Past Life” he says :—-‘ Refine- ments in food and furniture may err from excess, but their salutary influence is not to be disre- garded. Every man is moulded more or lees by his daily surroundings ; and the vulgar eye becomes incensibly refined by the fairer forms and colours brought before it.” : So, from the baking of bread to the last detail in the preparation and serving of fresh and whole- some food, the authoress has aimed at a simple refinement within the-scope of every housekeeper, The books do not profess to be more than a sort of primer in flower-gardening and in culinary education, and frequent reference is made to books giving more elaborate recipes in various directions ; but the books contain the necessary A.B.C. of Cookery and Gardening, and with them the novice may steer safely in the mysteries-of housekeeping in the East. With the rupee difficulty ever before them, house-keepers must welcome hints that may enable them better to utilize home-grown rather than imported foods, and Mrs. Temple-Wright tells us in her preface that she hopes these notes “ will enable hostesse3 to make the best use of the cheaper and far more wholesome fresh food obtainable in the country, without having to fall back on the more expensive European tinned pro- visions.’’ She has also gone fully into the subject of bread-making and yeast. Over twenty pages are devoted to this subject and elaborate explana- tions are given under such heads as the following: —The Bakehouse, Bread Clubs, The Oven, Heating the Oyen Small-Ovens; Home Baking; Mill for Grind- ing Meal; Wheat for Whole Meal; Atta; Flour; Kiln- Dried Flour; Testing Flour; Articles for Bake- house Use; Moulds for Bread; Yeast-making—4 reocipts; Bread-making; Baking Powder; Cottage Loaves, &s., and Breads and Buns of many des- criptions, After this come a number of good receipts for cakes, biscuits, icing, &o.; and the authoress closes this branch of her subject as follows :— You will find intense pleasure in attempting and effecting the Bread-making, etc.. described in the foregoing paragraphs; the scent of the yeast, the sight of the lovely bread, fresh out of tha oven, will int pire * Baker and Oook, a Domestic Mannal for India by Mrs. R. Temple-Wright. Flowers and Gardens in India, 1 Manual for Beginners, by Mrs. R. Temp'e- Wright, Second edition 1893, Ste vos non yodis, 842 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1894 you with zeal in all your efforts. The simplest philosophy of experience. will show you the great necessity of this kind of work in Indian stations ; the philanthropy ionate in every wife, mother, and friend will lead you to love it, for you know our motto is. —sic vos non vobis. ’ The remarks on the Kitchen, Kitchen Utensils, and Pantry sre allworth studying, especially for those starting a home. Then follow recipes and instructions under the following heads:—Antepasto; Potaye ; Poisson ; Relevé; Entrées; Le Ré:; Entremets; Savoureux; Entremets Suorcs; Hors D'cuvres; Odds and Ends; and Hinta. The Hints embrace all manner of subjects, such as fattening poultry, mutton clubs, rabbit-keep- ing, testing milk, tea making, how to select meats and to clean rusty knives. But, buy the book and you will save many a rupee by- knowing what to do and how to do it. The table of Coutents j8 a8 follows :— Bread, Flour, Yeast, Cakes... i we =o 1 47 Indian Cooks and Cookery Fr ww. 48— 57 (The Relish... oa : « 58— 61 (ie Mousty...:5 taolusw, osfthah? heme@@ed 7D | The Fish .. bs Se = The Joint ... a ae . 83— 92 z, | The Side-dish aa a «+» 93—102 Z, 4°'Te Roast ... one co as ... 103—108 ra) Tke Vegetable... Ps a ... LOI—125 The Sweet .. oe oe Ap «.. 126—142 ‘! The Savoury oe me oe .. 143—148 (Tbe Sauce.. Bo 22 Ag, .. 149—158 Odds and Ends, Curry and Rice, etc. «. 159—185 Hints: Ooffee Table Linen, Dairy, Poultry, ' Mutton Clubs ae 3.4 =~ ». 186—225 English and French Names of Eatables .. i-iv Table of Measures of Liquids ie oa v Index ys ats a5 oi aa +e Vi-xi¥ _'CFnowERs AND GARDENS,” which was published first, is the most practical and easily followed brochure we have met with of its kind and it makes one wish to set to work at once at im- proving the garden, and shows one how and where to -begin to lay out the ground, make the lawn, the rosaries, take and start cuttings, fit up. seed-boxes and watering oans. Then follow many natty directions as to improvising garden stands, trays and hanging baskets. The work contains des— criptions of some eighty ornamental or useful plants, and after naming the plant and describing its appearance, the authoress gives full directions as to how the plant should be cultivated, where planted and how treated. The directions for the cultivation and handling of ferns are very full. Each plant named has half-a-page or more to itself. Take for example what is said of Phlox Drummondi :— “The indispensable ornament of an Indian gardep,”’ is what Firminger rightly calls this dear little annual. It grows Jow, so must be put in front of annuals that grow higher. Get some packets of mixed seed, and if you want a variety for table decoration, send for 2 packet of dark red and one of pink. Sow in October in separate boxes. When the plants are two or three inches high, take them up and plant the mixed colours in beds and borders, and the red end pink in patches by themselves (for cuttings) and in flat boxes of your rustic stands; also in small poss for your verandahs and porch,—a good many, so at to admit of their being changed from time to time. Phiox, like petunia, will sow itself, but you must save seed the first year, because the flowers of those that come up self-sown are not so good. In one of my gardens I had an oblong plot at the back of the house, which I grassed over and planted with a small rosary, eash rose bush at a distance of 81x feet from the other. This grass-plot rosary had a 9-ingh border of ‘ved alteranthera, against the inner side of which wasa9 inch border of mixed phlor. This plot, from January to May was a sight plearant indeed to the eye. It was watered by the hand, end the grass-cutters kept the grass clipped low (see “Hinte.’’) \ The last thirty pages of the book are devoted to hints of all corts in connection with plants, where to place them, rustic supports, hew to get rid of insects, to bronze or colour grasses, to keep flowers fresh and to pack them for travelling. Who- ever wishes to understand the management of bis own garden should study this little book. —— INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. The annual general meeting of the Indian Tea Association was held inthe Committee Room of the Rvyal Exchange recently, the Hon. Mr. J. W. Stuart presiding. The meeting was well attended, aud several matters of iwportence to all concerned in the tea indusiry in this country aud Ceylon were considered. The CuarRMAN in opening the proceedings said :-— | We quote the portion of the Obairman’s addrers of local interest—Ep. 7.A.] The most important subject dealt with this year is the Exhibition of Indian tea at Chicago. I am glad we are able to publish with our report, the report of Mr. Blechynden, together with a photo- graph of the Indian Payillion ; this Association bas already expressed its appreciation of the services rendered by Mr. Blechyaden. Mr, Blechynden’s report gives full details of the difficulties overcome, and the work he was able to accomplish ; the good sense shown by bim in bis policy towards the wholesale trade in America is one of the moststriking features of his work ; with the expenditure of less than one-third of that of Oeylon he has, I venture to think, dope #5 much work of a permanent nature as was accomplished by the Ceylon Commissioner, for the system adopted by Mr. Blechynden has resulted in 1,500 grocers throughout the States handling our tea, who are cousequently more likely to take an imterett in them than if left to discover their virtues by them- selves. It is needless to say that having spent £7,000 on the Ohicago Exhibition, it is absolutely necessary, if the money is not to be thrown away, that efforts must be continued to follow up the advantage so far gained, and it has been resolyed to send Mr. Blechynden back to America to carry out the plans he’ has sketched out in his report. by which the interest of the consumers and grocers shall be stirred to make trial of Indian tea throughout the States. The figures of shipments of Indian teas to the U. S.A. and Canada for last year amounted to 2,137,600 Ib.. against 1,482,311 lb., in 1892, an increase of 50 per cent. which is without donbt largely due to our exhibit at the Chicago World’s fair. The expenditure required to carry out Mr. Blechyr- den’s scheme is estimated at R36,000 per anuum ; in order to advertise and carry out other pro- posed means of/pushing the tale of tea, we ought to have on hand R75,000 a small sum compared with the advantages to be gained. I app-al therefore to all tea proprietors whether oelongivg to this Associa- tion or uct to give the subscription asked which is 2 annas per acre of cultivation and 3 an anna per md. of tea and if all will give that sum will easily be obtained. I make this appeal for their own benefit as unless new markets are opened even the present low prices-in London cannot be maintained. When you think that the Ceylon planters tax themselves by a special export toll besides subscribing largely to the Tea Fund, you must admit that India is far behind them in pushing its own interests. A proposal was made by Sir John Muir a short lime ago that India and Ceylon should combine for the purpose of introducing British-grown teas into America; Sir John Muir being interested in both Syed is POD4 imMf tnyurivcAbh AGRICULIURIS!L, 043 Indian and Ceylon teas was in a pcsition suitably to make this suggestion; this Association after con- sidering his proposals, quite agreed that, if possible to be arranged, such a combination was desirable. Accordingly Sir John Muir communicated our reso- lution to the Ceylon Planters’ Aseo-iation, who, on the 14th April, passed a resolution. I have read the discussion which took place on that occasion, and I was glad to notice the cordial and friendly teelings displayed by the speakers towards their fellow-planters and our Association in India; like most of us, they appeared to agree with the theory of combination between India and Ceylon, but the practical difficulties were so great, that they de- cided that while working in harmony we should each be independent, For myself [ feel sure this is the best plan, and your Oommittee has decided to carry it out, and has instructed our representative to work in harmony with the Oeylon Agent A Sub-Committee, called the Indian Tea Fund Committee, has becn appointed to collect subscriptions and oarcy on the works well begun in conjunction with- a special London Committee, feeling from what we had heard from Ceylon, that the proposed combination was not likely to go though the Sub-Committee drew up their plans, but waited until the Ceylon decision was known, before definitely proceeding ; accordingly on the 10:h April, after receipt of a telegram from Ceylon notifying the passing of the resolution they appointed Mr. Blechynden to proceed to. America, and he bas left this week, together with his attendant kbitmaghars. I wish to draw attention to these dates assome of the Ceylon newspspers, learning of our proposed arrangements, were inclined to think we were forestalling them by our arrangements which was not the case. Time enough however has been lost, and we feel that we are losing much by delay. I have every confidence that Mr. Blechynden will not let the grass grow under his feet and that it will not be his fault if Indian tea does not make strides towards the favour of the American public. Another matter of great importance to the tea in- dustry which has occurred during the year is tha publication of Mr. Bamber’s book on the Chemistry and Agriculture of tea. It is not a book perhaps, which all of us will read right through in our lighter moods, but ass text book, which brings all, that is known about tea, up to date, and explains the chemi- cal changes which takes place iu manufacture, it will, I hope, prove a useful addition to the library of every plapter, and stir up an interest in the scientific dey-- lopment of the tea plant, which will lead to improve- ments in itstreatment in the future. The question ofinsect blights is shortly entered into by Mr. Bamber ; but time did not admit of his going more fully into the subject. Our good friend the Hon. J. Buckingham has written a memorandum on the subject which you have doubtless all seen, in which he points out most forcibly how little Government is doing in the matter of entomological research, ocm- pared with America and other countries, His paper has been submitted by your Committee to - the Government of India with a strong recommend- ation to adopt the scheme proposed by Mr. Buck- ingham ; a reply has just been received from Gov- ernment that the suggestions will receive the careful attention of the Government of India in connection with the proposals of the Agricultural Conference of October last.” The past season has been a singularly bad one both as regards quality of crop ani the profits de- rived. The quantity of tea produced verified our estimates, almost fo a lb., for we estimated origi- nally for a total crop of 125,548,000 lb., and the actual reached 125,321,000 lb. After a bad season like the last, we naturally hope to see a better one this year, and if energy, fair dealing and unity of purpose can accomplish success, we may with good reason look for it.—Knglishman. ——_—_——_——————e_————_ GEYLON SEASON REPORTS. From the abstract of season reports for the quarter ended March 31st last, published in the Government Gazette we notice that the crops and prospects were good in all parts of the island, except in Udunuwara, Tumpane, Matale and Udahewsheta districts of the Central Province and Kurunegala and Puttalam distric's of the North-Western Province and Galboda and Kini- goda Korales of the Kegalla district in the Pro- vince of Sabaragamuwa. The price of paidy during the quarter ranged from Rl to R2°40 por bushel, the former in the Yatinuwara and Haris- pattu of the Central Provincs and the latter in Mullaittivu in the Northern Province; while dry grain fetched 50 cents per bushel for amu to R450 for green peas. a eS THE PALLEGAMA GRANT ASSOCIATION OF OHYLON, LIMITED, The Memorandum and Articles of Association of this Company are published in the Gazette setting forth that its objects are to purchase or otherwise acquire the leasehold interest of Messrs. Evelyn Gordon Reeves, Edward Rosling, Dalziel Ross Buchanan, and Gordon Frazer in a certain area of -land, situste in the District of East Matale, in the Central Province of Oeylon, con- taining in extent 5,014 acres and 31 poles or thereabouts, under a certain lease dated 20th August, 1891 granted by the Crown to William Gow and the said Evelyn Gordon Reeves ; to pur- chase tea leaf, coconut, copperah, indiarubber, and (or) other raw products for manufacture, mani- pu'ation, or sale; and to manufacture tea leaf, copperab, oil, poonac, coir fibre, yarp, rope, spirit from teddy drawn from coconut trees or from the water of the nul, desiccated coconut, compost manure, aud other raw products, The nominal capital of the Company is R200,U00, divided into 2,000 shares of R100 each with power to increase or reduce the oapital. The subscribers are Messre. Edward Rosling, Dessford, Nanuoya ; D. K. Buchanan, A. Schulze, H. Creasy, and Gordon Fraz r, Colombo; E. Gordon Reeveg, and Arthur H. Thomas, Madulkele. meee “Se PLANTING PROGRESS IN FIL: THA, COCONUTS, BANANAS, &c. The Chairman of the L2vuka Chamber of Commerce had not a very brilliant review to make at the annual meeting held on 20:h March, a report of which has just come to hand, He began by saying :— Iam sorry to say that my task is a comparatively easy one, a3 many products which used to be some of the principal exports have almost disappeared from the export list; I refer principally to peanuts, maize, coffee, tea, island cotton and kidney cotton. This latter produce is now ovly grown by the Government as texes, and at preseut prices, it would not pay any planter (o embark in this i: dustry, ‘he products noticed are Peanuts, Bananas, Sugar, Tea, Vanilla, Coffee and Coconuts, and as the statement is concise as well as interesting, we copy it nearly all:— PKANutTs.— There is only a limited demand for this in the colonies, and as prices ranged very high some years *g0 agreat Many p'anters were tempted to grow peanuts with the natural consequences that the market was flooded and thousands of bags were lying in the colonies, absolutely unsaleable. BaNANAs.— Owing to the disease of the plants near Suvs, andieven Navua, this industry has fellen off very much n the lest two years; the result being that one of the fortnightly steamers from Sydoey has ceased rupning—it is to be hoped for a short time only —until our banana plantations are opened up. I bave been ioformed that the banana disease io the 344 district of Tailevu has almost dissppeared, and if this is the case it is the attention of the Levuka merchants to revive tbis industry. But everything depends upon the local steamship com- panies, as it is a question whether the steamers can be induced to call at these places. Besides Tailevu, there are the districts of Savu Sayvuand Wainounu, where the dicease is is not very prevalent. Sucar.—As regards this industry, we bave had s full report jrom the Chairman of the Sava Chamber of Commerce, and little is left for me to say in this matter, except that the very extensive operations of the Colonie] Sugar Company at Labasa and Ba are of very great importance to Levuka. Tra,—This is an important industry, and although the exports hitherto bave been small and [ believe not very successful, it is to be hoped that the plantations,AlphaTea Estate and Masusa Estate would bekept going. The Masusa Tea Estate | hear is likely to be closed unless some satisfactory arrangements are concluded. Thisconcerns the Levuka mercbauts very closely. Ano attempt was made to form a syndicwte to take over this estate, but it fell through. Istill hope that the merchants and others of Levukn will be able to come to some arrangement wi'h the present energetic manager, Mr. Barrett to continue the working of the estate. Tbe local consumption of Tea is entirely derived from the Alpha and Masusu Tea Estates, only a very small quantity of some China and Indian Teas being imported. VaniLtta.—Is being tried on a small scale by several planters, and it has cen proved that a must excellent prticle can be produced here. Copra.—I now come to the export of copra, which affects the trade of Levuka more directly than any other export, andI have takeu thetrouble to go into this subject more mioutely. Tho total exports for 1893 of far as 1 am able to collect statistics amounted to 6,300 tors. In this amount I msy state is in- cluded the shipment per ‘‘ Augusta’ 1,100 tons which barque left here early in January, although the whole of the cargo was virtually on board by December dist, 1893, except a few tons. _ , Owing to the hurricane in December 1892, I csti- mate that Fiji lost fully 1,000 tons of copra. If we therefore escape the hurricane this yesr there is no reason to doubt why the co!ony should not produce 8,000 tons, as you must remember that the increase of copra is going on from year to year, as most ofthe plantations have not recovered from the injury sustained during the gales, 1886 and 1887. Besides this «a great many plantationa are not in proper bearing as yet, and if not disturbed by natural causes I look forward to a# production of 10,000 tons within a few years. While on this subject I cannot help expressing an opinion that the produce of copra could be increaced, probably by one-fourth of the whole export, if the Government would take the matter in hand. There has been some attempt ma‘e by planting trees in certain distric's, which, of eourse, is a step in the right direction, but I would propose to cut down the turperflous trees, by which means I maintain the iocrease in copra could be augmented witbio probably two or three years. This may seem at first somewhat paradoxcial but the fact is that on the Windward Island, more especially at Lakeba, there are thousands of trecs which never bearand keep others from bearing. The trees have grown up spontaneously for years as the puts drop, and the cors:quence is that groves of coconut trees cau be found where the trees are not more than five or six feet apart, and as it is a zecognised fact that trees should be at least 30 feet apart, it requires not much argument to prove my contention, In these groves I refer to, there are of course here snd there eome trees which bear; these trees having managed to outgrow the others and thus have come to spread their leaves. I have seen thousands of trees 30 or 40 feet high without a nut on them, and this on islands which are supposed to be peculiarly adapted to the growth of the ccconute. Avy one can witness the same thing even here on Ovalau on a small scale. ] am of course aware that the Fijians, especially the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1894. elder ones, have a superstitions aversion to cut down and fioish trees under any circumstences ; therefore the thinning out of trees can only be done by a certain amcuot of Goveroment sautbority, but it requires a practical man to supervise the cutting down oftree:. Itisa well-known fact that planters. who planted their coconuts in early years 18 and 20 feet apart, found it necessary to cut down a number of trees inorderto give the remsining trees A proper amount of light and room to spread their leaves. Ifthis isto how much more necessary is it to do the samc in thore islands where the trees have grown up anybow without any supervision of planting. In propocing that Government should take steps to thin out coconut palms to stand 39 feet apart, the Mercantile Chairman is making the same proposal as we have urged in Ceylon very frequently and we trust to see it acted on here bofore long. ——Ee >- | DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, April 19. CrincHonaA.—At the cinchona-auctions om Tuesday a very moderate supply was offered. It was made up as follows :— Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona . 317 of which 224 were sold East Iudian cinchona... 762 do 4738 do Java cinchona La 70 do 70 do South Americancinchona 73 do 73 «do 1223 do ¢40 do The sales passei off very quietly, withovt any quot- able change in price on the last auctions. The bulk of the bark effered consisted of fair East Indian Officinalis, but a considerable portion was bought in. The wnit re- mains 4s nearly ss pcssible jd per lb.. The following figures represent the quantities pur- chased by the principal buyers :— Lbs. Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 69,598 Agents for the Brunswick works 864 Agents for the American and Italian works.. 35,808 Messrs. Howards .& Sons ie «6 28,270 Agents for the Auerbach factory a e 16,520 Agents for the Frank fort-on-the-Main and Stutt- gart works ..... ‘ 5S ae +900 Druggists and other s...... 16,800 Total quantity of bark sold.. 227,760 Bought in or withdrawn .. 107,398 Total quantity offered = 335,158 It should be remembered that the proportion of bark bought by a buyer is no indication of the precentege of the total amount of quinine in the sales represented by his purchases. : The f.llowing prices were paid for sound bark :— CEYLON CINCHONA.—Original: Ordinary woody to fair bright quilly red branch and stem chips aud shavings 13d to 134: low ditto 31; yellow stem chips 3§d per lb, Hybrid chips }Zgd per lb, Kenewed: Ordinary to fair red stem and branch chips and shavings 1d to 13d per lb. Hybrid stem chips 2d per lb, aye CIncHoNA.—Yellow branch, rather dusty 34 to 33d per Ib. SouTH AMERICAN CINOCHONA.—Seveuty-three bales culti- vated Bolivian Calisaya quill realised trom 4d per Ib. for dull broken to 63d per 1b. for fair, partly thin quill. CocaINE.—After a couple of months’ quietness, the price of cocaine bydrochlorate was suddenly redjuced on Wednesday to lés per cz. for 100-0z. parcels, 183 3d for lots of from 75 to 10C-oz., and 188 6d per oz. for smaller quantities. The reduction, which is at the rate of ls per 0Z., applies to all the ‘‘ competing bands.” QuminE.—lhe market has been very dull, 113d per oz. remaining the asking-price for second-hand German bulk on the spot. The last business done for delivery was at the rate of 113d per-oz. for July. The manu- facturers’ prices are now as follows:—Howards bulk 18 2d to Js 2d; vials 1s 2d to Is 4d per oz.; Whiffen bulk ls id; vials ls 3d per oz.; Pelletier, vials 1s 5d to Js 54d jer oz,; Fabbrica Lombarda, vials 1s 3d; bulk Is ld per oz. All German brandsin bulk Is 1d per OZ. ee INDIAN PATENTS. Specifications of the undermentioned invention have been filed, under the provisions ofAct V of 1888:— ExTRACTING FIBRE.—No. 101 of 1893.—Albert Angelo Lacey, of 116, Ripon Street, Calcutta, for extracting fibre from the agave or aloe, pineapple, and other fibrous plants. (Filed 4th April 1894. )—Indian Engineer, JUNE 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 845 TEA AND SCANDAL. The following anusing skit on the Poets may be known to some oli Cantabs in Ceylon, but as I am sure it will be as new to most of your readers as it was to me, I giveit in extenso, all but Oowper’s which unfortu- nately is omitted :— THE Poets at TEA. (Such Is the title of a seriesof short clever p1ro- dies which appeared in the Caméridge Fortnightly, February 7th, 1888,) MACAULAY, who maie it :— Pour, yarlet, pour the water The water steaming hot: A spoonful for each man of us, Atother for the pot! We shall not drink from amber, No Capuan slaye shall mix For us the snows of Athos, With Port at thirty-six, Whiter than snow of crystals Grown sweet ’neath tropic fires, More rich the herb of China’s field, The pasture-lands more fragrance yield, For ever let Britannia wield The Tea-pot of her sires! TENNYSON, wh» took it hot :— I think that Iam drawing to an end, For on a sudden came a gasp of breath, And stretching of the hands and blinded And 4 great darkness falling oa my soul. Oh, Hallelujah--kindly pass the milk. SWINBURNE, who let it get cold :— As the sin, that is sweet in the sinning, Is foul in the end thereof, As the heatof the summer’s beginning Is past in the winter of love, O purity, painful and pleading! O coldness ineffably grey ! Oh hear us, our handmaid unheeding, And take it away ! BROWNING, who treated it allegorically :— Tut! bah! we take as another case— ~ Pass the bills on the pills on the window-sill ; Notice the capsule. (A sick man’ fancy, no doubt, butI place Reliance on trade-marks, sir)—so, perhays you'll Excuse the digression - this cup which I hold Light poised—bah! it's spilt in the bec—well, lev’s on go Held Bohea and sugar, sir; if you were told The sugar was salt, would the Bohea be Congo ? (COWPER, who thoroughly enjoyed it :—omitted.) WORDSWORTH, who gave it away :— Come, little cottage-girl, you seem To want my cup of tea, And will you take a little cream, Now tell the truth to me. She had a rustic woodland grin, Her cheek was soft as silk, As she replied, ‘‘ Sir, please put in A little drop of milk.” Why, what put milk into your head ? *Tis cream my cows supply.” And five times to the chili I said: ‘“ Why, pig-head, tell me why ?”’ “You call me pig-head,” she replied; ** My proper name is Ruth, I called tht milk,” she blushed with pride, ‘“*You bade me speak the truth.” PoE, who got excite over it :— Here’s a@ mellow cup of Tea! golden Tea! What a world of rapturous thought its fragrance brings to me, Oh, from out the silver cells How it wells! How it swells! Keeping tune, tune, tune, tune ‘To the tintinabulation of the spoon, Anithe kettle on the fire Boils its spout off with desire, With a desperate desire And a crystalline endeavour, Now, now to sit or never Oh the top of the pale-faced moon, But he always came home to tea, tea, tea, tea, ten, tea, Tea to the n—lth. Rossk1T1, who took six cups of it:— The lilies lie in my ladie’s bower, on, Weary mother, drive the cows to roost! et faintly droop for a little hour ; My lady’s head droops like a flower. She took a porcelain in her hand, (Oh, weary mother, drive the cows to roost ! She poured; I drank at her command, Drank deep, & now—you understand ! (Oh, weary mother, drive the cows to roost! eyes, BurRNs, who liked it adulterated :— Weel, gin ye speir, ’m no inclined. Whusky or tay,—to state my mind For ane or ither: For gin I tak the firs, I’m fou: Aud gin the next, I’m dullas you: Mix a’ thegither- WALT WHITMAN, who didn’t stay more thana minute :— One cup for my self-hood, Many for you. Allons, camerados, we will drink together, O hand in hand! That tea-spo:n, you ’ve done with it. What butter-coloured hair ycu’ve got; want to be personal. All right, then, you needin’t. cadaver. Highteen-pence if the bottles are returned. Allons, from a!l bat-eyed formules. B. please when I don’t You ’re a stale BE. O. FP. The rabid feeling existing at the time of the War of Independence in America, is well shown in the anvexed extract from the Pensylvania and Weekly Journal of February 8th; 1775.—‘‘ Boston Janusry 23rd.—Last Weineeday evening about 60 lb. of Tea was burnt onthe prrade at Portsmouth. It belonged to a person who brought it from Salem, who was so convinced of his errorin exposing that condemned commodity to sale, that he set fire to it himself in the presence of a great number of people. We hear from Newbury that some time Isst week it was discovered that three or four chests of Tea had lately been smuggled into that place and sold to different persons, but as soon as it was known to the Committee they applied tothe person who dis- posed of it (it being impossible to come at the Tea, and obliged him to give up the profils arising from the sale thereof, amounting to about £50 L. M. for the benefit of the poor.” This also is part of o long poem in the 28th June number of the same paper :— Whereas the rebels hereabout, Are stubborn still, and still hold out, Refusing yet to drink their Tea, In spite of Parliament and me: Thus graciously the war I wage, As witnesseth my hand—Tom Gage. ° A. M, FERGUSON. = Ss PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION The Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales remarks as follows regarding Coffee leaves as a Beverage :— A decoction made from the leaves of the coffee shrub has long been used in the Eastern Archi- pelago, and has more recently been introduced to the coolies in Southern India. A few years since it attracted considerable notice, and was recom- mended as a new article of import, to become a cheap substitute for tea. There seems to be no doubt that coffee leaves contain caffeine in sufficient abundance to make a valuable beverage, but the presence of an unpleasant senna-like odour would militate greatly against its popularity. As regards price, it ia said that coffee leaves could be prepared (like tea) and shipped at 2d per Ib. as against teas at 6d to 10d. There exists, however, the difficulty that depriving the tree of its foliage damages the crop of berries and injures the tree itself. On berry-producing trees, therefore, only the leaves obtained in the ordinary pranin operations Would be ayailable, and these woul seem to yield so small a supply as not to be worth the cost of collection. Growing the shrubs for leaf alone would be a very questionable under- taking, but there appears to be no yalid reason why, in the event of the berry crop failing, a portion, at least, of the leaves might not be gathered and prepared, if any means can be found of remoying the objectionable odour. It has been urged that the product would be chiefly used to adulterate tea, but even supposing that such an adulterant could escape ready detection, the charge is no¥ a very serious one. 846 Referring to the success of the BROAD TIRE ORDr- NANCE in Placer county, the Sacramento Record Union says :—‘‘ The waggon rolled over the road should be a road maker, not a road destroyer. It ought to conserve hauling the heavier than the lighter load. The broad tire does this. In France are found the best roads in Europe, and over them “roll only wheels of the broadest tires. It is the law there that the load shall be destributed over the largest possible surface consistent with the weight carried, the power exerted and the needs of the people to wheel loadsto market. The tires of the French market waggon are all the way from 3 to 10 inches in width. The greater number are from 4 to 6 inches. There, too, the hind and for- ward wheels do not track. Hach pair of wheels tracks alone, and thus the combined width of the four tires serves the purpose of a road roller to keep the roof of the road smooth, compact and free from cut outs, or what are generally known as chuck holes.’ In Ontario the Department of Agri- culture advises that for waggons without springs the tire should never be less than 24 inches in width for a load of from 500 lb. to 1000 lb. per wheel. For loads of from 2000 lb. to 3000 lb. per wheel the tire should haye a diameter of not less than 6 inches. It is understood that this recom- mendation will be adopted. How very. seldom it happens—says the Melbourne Leadey—that farmers or orchardists study the Lire HISTORY OF THE INSECT OR. FUNGOID PESTS which annually work such an enormous amount of des- _truction. The work is almost invariably relegated to the scientist : yet it is on the farm or in the orchard that the most reliable information can be _obtained. The cultivator who exerts himself to study the diseases that may be attacking his crops, trees or vines occupies a position analogous to that of the physician in a hospital who has his patients always under his eye, and is therefore in a position to note every change that takes place and watch the effect of the remedies given. Scientific men en- gaged in studying insect or fungoid pests must ne- cessarily do a large portion of their work in the laboratory, and@ therefore have not the same op- portunities for closely studying the various diseases of farm crops or following them through their different stages. Ii the farmer could be induced to study the history of each special pest which may be commonon his particular farm, agreat deal of valuable. information would in time be gained that might be of great assistance to the scientist in devising a remedy. The microscope opens up a most fascinating field for research for all who have learned to use it, and it is extremely desir- able that it should be found on the majority of farms. Agricultural societies have a partiality for giving cups and medals that are useless, and not always ornamental, as prizes for exhibit at their ~ shows, Far more benefit to the community would result if a good working microscope and a text book of agricultural microscopy were given in lieu of articles’ which no one particularly cares about or values highly. Microscopes are now obtainable at a moderate price, and if they were more generally made use of they would become the meansof dis- seminating a vast amount of knowledge, and would place at the disposal of the scientist a great deal of information which he has now some _ difficulty in obtaining. Given a miscroscope and the means of learning how to intelligently use it, and the young farmer would be able to enter upon a highly in- teresting and important field of research, and many of the problems which now puzzle the pathologist would, in all probability, have light shed upon them. We fuel, sure that the younger generation of far- mers would eagerly avail themselves. of an oppor- tunify to become acquainted with the use of the micro- scope. We commend the suggestion. to agricultural show committees aud the doners of special prizes for shows. 7 A good deal has been said about the healthful- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. \ 1 [JUNE 1, 1894. ness of Lemons. The latest advice how to use them, so that they will do the most good, is as follows: —Most people know the benefit of lemonade before breakfast, but few know that itis wore than doubled by taking more at night also. The'way to get the better of the bilious system, without the use of medicines, is to take the juice of ome, two, or three lemons, as appetite craves, in as much water as makes it plessant to drivk, without sogar, be- fore going to bed. In the morning on rising, at least half an hour before breakfast, take the juice of one lemon io a tumbler of water. ‘This will clear the system ofbile with efficiency, without any of the weakening effects of drugs. People should not irritate the stomach by eating lemons, how- ever, as the powerful acid of the juice. which is always most corrosive, invariably produces inflam- mation after a while, but properly diluted, so that it does not burn or draw the throat, it does its medical work without harm, and when the stomach is clear of. food, has abundant opportunity to work ov.r the system thoroughly, says a medical authority. Had it not been for an accident of fashion the gentler sex would be striding their horses still, and that the sidesaddle is not an invention due to the modesty of advance civilization. It appears that one Anna of Bohemia, eldest danghter of a German Emperor and wife of an English King, introduced the custom, not from delicate repulsion to the old method, but simply because she was afflicted with some. sort of deformity that rendered it impos- sible for her to ride upon the saddle in comm n use. In those days it was imperative that a woman should ride, accordingly, the first sidesaddle was invented. Royalty had then, as now, snobbish followers, ever on the alert to adopt fashions honoured by its patronage, and in a few months every woman of position in England possessed a _ side- saddle, and the custom was established. M. Girand in his notes on ARABIAN Corres, in the Queenslander, writes thus regardivg the analysis of the bean : — Ceffeee berries contain water, cellular, and organic matter, 93°31; mineral salts 669. The mineral salts comprise potash and soda from 35 to 40 per cent phosphoric scid from 12 to 18 per cent, silica from 15 to 20 per cent, magnesia from 9 to 18 percent, lime from 3 to 5 per cent, oxide of iron and manganese, cirbonic acid and ch!orhydric acid, in smaller propor- tions. Taking the average crop to be 500Ib of coffee beans per acre, the loss in alkaline salts sustained by Oue acre of soil after every crop wil be—potash and soda, about 1801b phosphoric about 58lb; and lime about 20lb. which would have to be retursed iu the shape Of artificial manures contsiuing the raid ingre- dients in maximum quantities and the others in smaller quantities. P ro Ivory AND Bonrt.—I fanceyI could tell one from the other on inspection; or at least when sight was better Icould do so. But I have not had experience of ivory which has been in a grave. Ivory is homo- geneous, and is non-porous. Bone, on the other hand, is always porous. -—Each, however, contains phosphate of lime, so boiling would not be a test. If “ Antiquary” were to get a bone which can re- cognise as the part of the leg of an animal, and which has been exposed to the weather, he will see what I mean by its being porous. Again, if he subjects a bone to red heat in a mouffie furnace, he will get a skeleton (so to speak) of the bone com. posed of phosphate of lime, and very beautiful they are. But I believe that a piece of ivory similarly treated would only fall to powder of phosphate of lime, and be amorphous or without shape. A bone with water heated-in a digesterso as to getagreater © heat than boiling point of water 212° Fhr., leaves a beautiful skeleton of bone, Ivory so treated does not, nor fish bones.—English Mechanic. june 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 847 (tus-—SeeeT eatin aEGEDn NESE EDEL ————————————————— Koryaspondangs, as ah: To the Editor. COCONUT CULTIVATION IN CEYLON ; AND HOW TO DEAL WITH DEADLY RED (KANDAPANUWA) BEETLE, (By the Oldest Planter left to us.) Dear Sir,—Haying recorded my experiznce in Coconut Cultivation in the columns of the Tropical Agriculturist, as I acquired it during upwards of 30 years, I intended to keep silence on that subject in the future, and would not have troubled you now, but for the reports you have lately published about the ravages of the Kandapanuwa in the Chilaw district which display almost incredible ignor- ance on the part of those in charge of estatas on this part of their duty. I therefore once more take up my pen to restate what I know regard- ing this pest, which can best be done by stating how I learned to deal with the Kandapanuwa. It is now nearly forty years since I took up my first charge of a coconut field. The weevil had been quite as destructive then as it now appears to be in the new district, and great efforts had been made to combat it with the result of increasing rather than diminishing its ravages. The system was to send a couple of coolies Cattie in hand to search for the trees in which the grub was at work, This was done by hacking off leaves, in which procces wounds were made in the rind, ard the stems were opened to the weather while too tender to stand it without cracking. When the presence of the grub in a tree was clearly ascertoined; they set to work with chisel and mallet to dig them out snd they were never ata loss for a job. In my ignorance which was at the first quite as profuund as that of any modern Deduru Oya planter, | carricd out the established system for some time; but, finding things getting worse instead of better, I began to bhava doubts about its being the right thing. I then began to study the subject for myself and observe facts. I found that adjoining native gardens of the same age, but that had been left to grow up in jungie, had not lost a pleot from this cause. I next catis- - fied myself that the weevil’s means of attack was unequal to the task of penetrating the ripened rind of a coconut stem. I found digging out the grubs an utter failure, every tree so treated per- ished except such as had become already too hard, for further operations had in fact ceased to be suitable food. On those facts I aoted, I stopped the catty work, I stopped digging out, and confined operations to chopping up the affected trees and destroying every visible grub they con- tained, as well as the mature insects which were almost ag numerous as the grubs, At first the chopped up stems were left on the ground, but in a few days I found them full of young grubs. After this they were treated with fire, but even that did not deter the insect from using them for a breeding ground, so after scathing them with fire, they were buried under three feet of earth, rom the time that the old method was stoppel, he loss gradually diminished, and ion three months ceased altogether, 107 As the red weevil cannot penetrate the ripened rind of the coconut tree, it aan only effect an entrance by a natural defect, an accidental wound On injudicious interference on the part of the planter, with the natural development of the tree by way of helping it on. To guard against such fractures of the rind, we must begin at the beginning by digging holes three feet deep and placing the plant, so that the crown of the root shall not be less than two feet below the surface: Shallow plantir g—in good soil, espe cially—tforces the stem intoa bulbous form at the base; this abnor- mal expansion splits the succulent leaf stems at the bace, and those leaves afford sufficient food for the grub, till it is strong enough to eat through the fibrous rind of the main stem. Then the plant having no space under ground to throw out roots proceeds to form them above ground, thus causing a series of cracks, in the hard rind all round on the surface; of which the ever-watohful weevil at once avails itself, to deposit its eggs. Nothing of this kind occure, when the plant has sufficient length of stem underground to produce all the roots it requires, accidental wounds of the stem are then rere; but the system of trimming the trees, is the most dangerous proceeding of all, Ths imbrication of embracing leaves, that natur- ally cling most tenaciously to the stem, in the earlier stages of growth, till they rot and drop off piecemeal, protect not only the stem, but the younger leaves, till they are sufficiently hardened to stand the weather and defy the enemy. This arrangement ehould on no account be interfered with, No skill and watchfulness oan avert the loss of 8N occasional tree, if there are any weevils in the Vicinity ; but not an hour should be lost in deal- ing with the tree in which they have effected a lodge- ment, co that nota single perfect insect may emerge. A wear of extermination is the only way to security; and if every proprietor in the affected district join heart and hand in the campaign, the enemy will be cleared cut in six months. That a neg’ested jungle-grown coconut field is a breeding ground for the weevil is a mistake ;—so long as they have a cleared field to operate on, they never go into the jungle. I donot recollect & case of an attack on a tree surrounded by jungle. An Entomologist by all means; but that will take time, and immense further damage may be done in the meantime, even if he or she should show any less drastic method of combating the enemy than the destruction of every tree successfully attacked by the insect. No objection to a law on this, when the lawgiyers have a perfect kuow- ledge of the subject, when they certainly know the cause and the remedy. We have the example of the Straits Settlements in this very matter. They there made a law imposing heavy penalties on dunghills as the breeding ground of the Kuru- menia that only deals with the leaves, and left out of the measure any notice of the more deadly enemy, whose successful inyasion of the tree isa doath sentence, It is not a fact that the Kurumeniain any way facilitates the operations of the Kandapanuwa; the former feeds on the tender undeveloped leaves at the summit of the tree, the latter on the substance of the stem, and there is a space of several feet between their respective fields of action, a cort of neutral ground towards which the one works downwards and the other upwards. I am slow to believe that the weevil gets into bearing trees I have never seen it except where unwarrantable liberties have been taken with the leaves. W. B. LL, 848 IMPROVEMENT IN TEA MAKING BY AN INDIAN TEA PLANTER, Dear §1z,—Mr. John Hughes is of the opi- nion (see psge 831) that ‘the successful manu- facture of tea depends largely on the careful observation of chemical principle:;’’ and that ‘the market price of the samples examined varied according tothe amount of soluble ash contained.” He recommends the services of the Chemical expert. Is the book by Mr. Kelway Bamber to be con- sidered useless ?* No doubt if his research and teport, now in the hands of all, is of value, wo shall see the quality of tea generally and rapidly ‘ im- proved.”’ Consequently we ought to see higher prices, It ig evident that both Mr. Bamber and Mr, Hughes point out the way to make, or to find out how to make, tea which will fetch a better ‘‘ market price," Assam wants no teaching; it has found out the tea to suit the market, but every other district has failed, Why not let Assam go on its way and suit the market and let the other districts try and find out other customers than the London marke’, Can it be said that the tea we send (generally a poor attempt at Assam tea), suits the consumer. If this was really the case the price of Assam best tea would be double its present range and the rest would be much lower even than at present. If Assam endeavoured only to make tea for the consumer, it would probably still lead the way, and should the whole planting community also endeavour only to suit the consumer, very much more of our tea would be used. To do this we must find out what the consumer wants. In the same issue see ‘‘Tea Drinking in Wales.” We - could supply the miners referred to with tea which they could drink five times a day without doing them any injury—how can we do this when our - endeavour is to keep in all the tannin so as to make strong astringent tea ? I may be wrong and quote from memory, but I have read that the Ohine:e never drink plain wa'er, they invariably drink tea (ic. boiled water made palatable by a weak infusion of Theine) and I hear that there is no cholera ino China. Those miners in Wales are right, there is mothing like tea. It is a bulky drink, has been boiled, and ceustains them to a great extent. Have we ever made an attempt to make ‘‘miner’s tea?” Natura!ly he does not want the delicate aroma sought alter in higher cireles at 5 o’clock daily. The Australian used to make his tea,in a pail—no expert wanted to find out -how to make that tea. Have we ever tried? We make the tea that is wanted by these men in spite of ourselves, but only because we fail in making the ‘‘market’’ tea. I think that anyone can make tea which will-be taken readily by the -bulk of tea drinkers; but in times to come the expert will be employed to make teas running up to five-and eight shillings a pound, Just as in wines the bulk is made by rule of thumb ; ths choice brands by great care and chemical know- ledge.. Ii we try to make tea for drinking, we shall succeed, and probably (as in China) tea will become the universal drink, and help the tem- perance people. If tea is bad the Chinese ought to have been killed out by now. Are they injured ? Listen to complaints and follow advice, but try and get both from the people who drink your tea. Undoubtedly, as in China, some districts—and of these some particular plantations—are capable of making better tea (whether for the market or for * Mr. Hughes had not seen this book when he wrote,—Ep. 7.4. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. _ ~ an a ie _ My es 4 (June 1, 1894: the consumer) than the other districts or plen- tations. The chemical expert will be able to discover this if it isnotalrcady known; but it is absurd to euppoce thatthe chemical expert will be able to show all of us how to, meke the teas which at present hold the highest value in the market. All that sort of thing has been threshed out by the wine growers. Everyone docs not try to make the best champagne, but still the bulk manege to make a product which ie appreciated by their consumers. Leaving out the £25 per pound Ceylon tea, do we get higher prices than China for our teas? If we do not then it proves that Ohina makes tea which is better appreciated by the consumer than our tea. Then comes the question, Is it easiers and better to find cut what the consumer wants, or to force him to adept his taste to what we are accurtomed to produce? Is it easier to change our style of manufacture than the habit and tas‘e of the consumer?” Let us settle all this before you get a better man than Mr. Bamber. 1874. {Is it not the business of the blender to suit the taste of different olazses and districts in the old countryi?— Ep. TA } TEA MAKING AND “DRY” Jz. FUEL: A QUERY? Dehiowita, 25th May. Six,—At pages 231 and 233 in Mr, M. K, Bamber’s book on Tea, the author advocates the use of dry fuel, because air heated by dry fuel is drisr than if heated by wet fuel. Of couree every one kno«s the advantage of dry fuel from an economical point of view. What I want to know is, that if, in any of our ordinary tea drying machines—desiccator, sirocco, victoria, &c. —when the thermometer is registering eay 100 deg. will that 100 deg, represent a drier drying agent when it has been created by dry fuel than when created by wet fuel? To my lay mind it seems as if air drawn from the surrounding at- mosphere and psssed through tubes, &c. acted on by heat from either dry or wet fuel will represent the same drying power ; of course given the thermometer registers the same. -I am quite aware it will take more wet ful to give the came result as dry, just as it will take more to heat damp air than dry. Will you or any of your readers kindly enlighten IGNORAMUS ? WET” + Tea In. Russta.—The Russian Government msy develop successfully one or two experiment plantations on the Caucasus where a beginning has already been made on a smali seale ; but we have no faith in this being followed by private enterprise or that an indus'ry of any importance can arise, With tea so cheap as itis now, the Russian people «s well as Russian Government, will soon find that the truly economics! as well as wise course, is to import. When M. Popoff and his staff visited Abbotsford plantation some years ago, the veteran Russian tea buyer was very inquisitive on all points touching cultivation end preparation, and there was no hesitation in sup- plying him with the fullest information. He got a set of our Manuals, to present !o the Russian Government ; but be quite admitted then that with tea travelling down in price year’ by year, there was not much enconragement to grow tea out of Indis, Ceylon and China, ~~~ - bea. JuNE 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 849 PLANTERS AS PIONEERS IN NEW LANDS: OAPITAL LEAVING CEYLON. It is tho manifest destiny of this central island-co- lony—the best school in the world for tropical agri- culturists—to see its planters go forth to try their fortune in other lands. North Borneo cr “ New Ceylon,” the Straits Settlements planting districts and Travancore district in Southern India owe their very origin and rise into importance to Ceylon ; and what has been done there, is likely to be effected perhaps with greater success in other lands. We hear that at present, there is a very appreciable outflow of planting capital from Ceylon. The object is to invest it in coffee and coconut land. For the former, I Government cannot offer any very tempting area ; but for coconuts, it is not right that euch Ceylon capitalists as we have, should be forced to look to the Straits Settlements or Hastern Archipelago. There must be a good deal more of Crown land in the Chilaw and Puttalam districts woll worth planting with the palm, which ought at once to be offered for sale in order, if possible, to at‘ract and retain surplus money in the island. But we have today to refer to a great Coffee enterprice started and fostered meinly under Ceylon auspices and that not on British territory, but in Netherlands Indis. How Mr. D. Fair- weather in the first instacce came to fix on the Bact rn division of Java es the best place in which to invest for coffee planting, involves. one of the most romantic stories of travel and ex- ploration ever told of a Oeylon planter. Mr Fairweather started from Ceylon in 1891 to visit and explore ‘‘Ibea”” (of which we have recently been writing so freely), He made his way via Aden and Zanzibar to Mombasa, secured the good offices of Mr. Commissioner Berkoley and his Deputy Mr. J, R. W. Pigott (formerly of Matale); organized a caravan and penetrated—all by himself so far ae Huropeans are concerned,—as far as Uganda and the great inland sea Victoria Nyanza. He had Stanley’s “boy” Salley with him, and travelled into the heart of Africa and back in safety at a cost of £600 without finding any warrant to take up planting land in the then unsettled state of the country and backward state of transport, He saw coffee growing or running wild in some parts ; tobacco of fine growth being trampled under feet near numerous native villages; wide areas under bananas ; splendid timbered country and elevated forest land and when the Railway and ood Government arrive—as they are now bound to do speedily—Mr. Fairweather bas no doubt of a splendid planting future for a Jarge portion of The marvel is that our enterpriting Ceylon pioneer passed through unscathed : the fever developed after he returned to Zanzibar _-where he lay stricken for many weeks ; but he recovered to travel over Mauritius and a great part of Madagascar and then in despair of getting away otherwise, he became a passenger in a sugar barque to New Zealand, and thence finding his way through the Australian Colonies, he at length ava, “All ae is no doubt an old story to many Ceylon readers ; but it may well bear recapitula- tion at this time. Indeed, it is an experience that stands out prominently in our planting annals of its kind; and we may well be proud of the planter who spends 18 months, many hundreds of £’s, and risks his life in order to find the best region in which toinvest for Coffeea Arabica: How, at length, the Messrs. Fairweather with Mr. J. H. Starey and a Javea Firm seoured 3,000 acres of fine land in Hast CEYLON we fear the Ceylon | Java and how now there are 600 acres under cultiva- tion with splendid coffee which at a year old is almost a man’s height, are results which can only be mentioned tcday. Mr. J. H. Starey has just returned from a visit to this Glen Falloch planta- tion and property, and we understand he is most thoroughly satisfied with the appearance and pros- pects. Mr, Turing Mackenzie, whom many friends wili remember in Oseylon, is the chief manager, aud he has Acsistants both English and Dutch. Mr. Starey has kindly promised to grant an interview to our reporter so soon as the hurry of the mail is over, from which we have no doubt many interesting particulars will be gleaned. We wera led to believe that labour would be a difficulty, but Mr. Fairweather assures us that so far this is not the oase, for although the weges at 60 | cents of a guilder (gold standerd) is about double the rate in Oeylon, yet the work is well done and profitable. The plantation is situated about 40 miles from the port of shipment; and there is no dreed of taxation, seeing that the only material levy by the Duch Government will be 2 per cent on the value of the produce, a very moderate tax. Are we to rejoice over, or regret such planting development in other regions by Ceylon men and to some extent Ceylon capital? Our feelings are no doubt a little mixed; but we cannot but re- joics in every sign of true enterprise, extended industry and of the subjugation of jung’e to the wants of man. For the Ceylon Government, there is g striking lesson in the circumstance that Java as well as the «tra t3 are drawing on Ceylon. Our authorities undoubtedly want waking up. They should put waste Crown land fit for coco- nuts freely into the markt and they ought to rejoice in the fact of private enterprise being ready to connect Colombo by railway slong our North-west Coast with India. A Railway through the Chiiaw and Puttalam dietricts would speedily lead to the development of a vast additional area under the coconut and palmyre palms. ee ENTOMOLOGY AS HKMPLOYMENT FOR WOMEN. Women and children have a special aptitude for entomological inquiries. They have the curio- sity, the patience, the eyesight, and the memory for the purpoce. Anywhere one woman in ten, and one child in ten, with fair opportunity and encouragement, will acquire a very large mastery of the insect world. Even as it is, without any encouragement, a village lad will often surprise the parson, and his own employer too, by his familiarity with the numerous creatures coming daily across his path or his field of vision. Whether it will ever be found practicable to substitute economic entomology for the long divi- sion sums now used to tie village lads to the desk the whole summer afternoon depends on the period to elapse before common senses resumes its old place in elucation, But nothing would be easier, if only teachers can be found with the requisite observation and industry.—London Times. Si PROSPECTS IN NORTH BORNEO. We are glad to hear that accounts from North Borneo are altogether more cheering. Tobacco prospects are improving and the low exchange is greatly in favour of planters. The oable just laid connecting Labuan with Singapore and by and bye with China will be « great benefit to the country, as & Small branch cable connects Labuan with Borneo, and itis intended to carry on a land line to Sandakan. 850 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1894. CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS CO., LTD. The ordirary general meeting of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Oompspy, Limited, was held yesterday at Winchester House, Old Broad Street, E.C.—Mr. H.K. Rutherford presided, and in moving the adoption of the report, said although the depression of trade had updoubtedly had a lowering effect on the price of their produce, they were ablo to present a statement of their affairs showing results superior to those of any previous year in the Company’s history. As they had now been in existence seven years, he proposed to compare the early beginnings of the Company with its present position. The original pa‘d-up capital was £75,090 and it was now £248,460. They started with 1,593 acres of cultivated land, standing them in.some £38 per acre, and they now had 8,318 avckea under tea, at £29 per acre. Their firet crop from ‘all sources, was 598,779 lb. of tes, and last ygar it Was vight times that amonnt, or 4,966,928 lb. The first year’s profits were £13,257 and in the year under review they were £44,481. They had paid dividends amounting to £144,073, had written off depreciation £20,445, set aside as reserve from surplus profit £35,000, and carried forward to next year £1,995, making in all a total profit on the seven years working of £201,514. The tea had been produced during the year at a reduced expenditure of £12,614. That was one of the most gratifying features in the accounts as it showed the lowest point had not been touched in the cost of production in previous years. The propeace from all sources amounted to £127,240, eing £1,920 over those of the previous year end the nett profits were £44,481, or £6,121 in excess of 1892. That profit represented 23 per cent. on their ordinary share capital, after allowing for 7 per cent. on the preference shsres. The board pro- posed to deolare a final dividend of 8 per cent. on the crdinary shares, making 15 per cent. for the year.—Mr. H, Tod seconded the motion, which was agreed to. (See also page 851.) a COFFEE AND TEA IN THE NILGIRIS. The Chairman of the Nilgiri Pianters’ Associa- tioa at the annual meetir g on May 16th, reported: — “The season, as regards coffee has been a some- what unsatisfact:ry one, unseasonable early rains being the chief cause of failure, Fox tea the season has been a fairly good one.” Mr. Hedgson read a report of the interview of the deputation of the Planters’ Association with H. E. the Governor; and we quote as follows :— ‘ Compulsory Registration of Maistrics was pro- mised careful consideration. I may say here that in addition to defining the maistry as a man who receives 50/- to supply labor, we also stipulated that the introduction of registration should, it brought into law, be introduced simultaneously in all planting districts ; this of course for our mutual protection. ‘“‘ A Definition of the word advance, meaning ad- vances to coolies after they arrive on the estate was proposed by a member of Government but was made without prejudice. 1 think this definition will meet our requirements under this head, as it will rotect us with coolies who take advances on the state, by making such advances distinct from advances of wages, which latter would not come ander Abe Act, and are only recoverable in a Civil ourt. ee LEMONGRASS AS TEA. Although in different countries the leaves of various plants have, to some extent, served the purposes of tea, their use never became popular ; even in India the poor classes sometimes infuse the leaves of the le nongrass (Andropogon), and use it as tea. A new plant has recently been introduced as a tea substitute, In the islands of Mauritius and Reunion the leayes of the orchid -breaks have stamped the Angrecum fragrans were dried and used as tea by the natives and from time to time came to the notice of travellers and others, who have testified to the fine flavour of the tes so made,— Invention, April 21. ee THE DUTY ON OOFFEE. A correspondent who signs himself ‘‘ Nota Tee- totaler,” writes to us suggesting that the duty on coffee should be removed, in order that the tempta- tion to adulterate that fragrant beverage with chicory may be diminished. Seeing that the revenue derived from coffee is decreasing so rapidly that it cn hardly be long before it will cease to be worth collecting, the suggestion may certainly be commended to ,the serions contideration of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. There are thoussnds of people who declare that coffee is all the better for an admixture of the root so often fonnd with it, but nearly all of them ere grocers. The community at large knows better, and those who have tried both beverages are aware that the coffee which makes men fee] better and more contented with their lot in life is the unadulterated coffee. if Sir William Harcourt can do anything to bring such coffee Within reach of the very poorest, the very poorest will take a more radiant view of life andbe thankfol to him witbout reference to their political opioion.—Daily Graphic, April 21. ne eee CEYLON TEA AND SMALL BREAKS. Messrs. “I; A. Rucker & Bencraft’’ in their Weekly Tea Circular, thus refer to this subject -— There is some discussion taking place about the best means of relieving the trade from the pres- Bure caused by the simultaneous issue of catalogues for 25,000 packages for one day’s sale. Attention has been called to the inconvenience of selling small breaks after along and wearying sale of large biceke, and proposals are mooted for raising the limits in the direction taken by the Indian hen Importers, who have agreed to 20 chests, 30 half-chests and 50 boxes. Itis felt that Ceylon can scarcely go as far as that, but 18 chests, 24 half-chests and 30 boxes might advantageously be made the limits for the present. As it is obviously the interest of the seller tostudy the convenience of the buyer, the ideal plan woald of course be for the Ceylon Planters’ Aszociation and Ceylon Tea Importers to instruct their brokers when printing their catalogues on Wednesdays, to ixsue two catalogues divided as fairly as possible between the Tuesday and Thursday of the follow- ing week. When there is a large quantity in one week, this would amount to 12,000 packages, let us say on each day, a broker printing 4,000 packages, would sell 2,000 on Tuesday and 2,000 on Thursday. The dealers would have ample time to yalue the samples, and the sales would be over, small breaks and all,in three hours on each day instead of gix on one day. It is objected to this arrangement that certain planters would never agree to it, and that account sales of the Thursday’s sale could not be made up and renderedin time for Friday’s mail, One or two alterna'ive schemes is that small break sales should commence at 2 p.m. in other room, while the Tuesday’s sale of large breaks is going on. But it is obviously possible that if the sale was heavy, the small breaks might be sold before the large breaks, and every one knows how much better a small break sells, if the prices of the preceding large invoice as “fine” or “finest.” The third proposal is to sell the large breaks on Tuesday and the small breaks on Thursday. If the size of the small breaks ig raised this would have much the same result as the first plan, as far as account sales went, but it would have the corresponding advantage of dividing the sale more evenly. It is evident that something must be done to prevent what may be called the ‘physical’? decline of the market eh on JUNE 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 851 caused by the strain on the tea-tasters. In a natu- rally strong position, tea might be expected to go easier when catalogues were issued for 25,000 in one week, even if divided between two days, but the market would not be knocked down 1d to 2d per lb. owing to the physical impossibility of carefully valuing 1,000 samples for one day. nee THE CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY. The usual annus] mecting of this Company was held at Winchester House, on April 12th, when the following shareholders were present:—Mr. H. K. Rutherford (Chairman), Messrs. D. Reii and H. Tod (Directors), snd Messra. J. Dudin, W.H. Whitefield, Jesse Moir, W-.G. Freeman, George White, 8. Johnson E. Tye, W. Johnstone, Georgs Seton, C. J. Scott, J. Moir, E.'T. Davies, A.G. Stanton, J.L. Shand, and H. Anderson. The SEcretary having read the notice convening the meeting. THE OHAIRMAN’S SPEECH. The CHAIRMAN said.—Ag the report and accounts have been in your hands for some days, I pre- fume, as usual, you will accept them as read. 1 notice it is customary st these times for the chair- men of companics, in addressi:g the shareholder, to make some reference to the depression of tradeas having more or less curtailed profits fcr tha past year. Although this depression has undoub ‘edly had a lowering effect on the price of our proluce, we are, notwithstanding, able to present to youa state- ment of yeur affairs shewing results superior to those ofany previous year in the Company’s history. As we have now been in existence seven years, it may not be uninteresting to compare the early beginnings of the Company with its present position. The original paid up capital was £75,090, and itis now £248,460. We started with 1,593 acres of cultivated land standing us in some £38 per acre, and we now have 8,318 acres under tea at £29 peracre, Our first crop from all sources was 598,779 lb of tea, and ‘ast year it was eight times this amount, or 4,966,928 Ib. The first year’s profits were £13,257, and in the year under review they are £44,481. We have paid dividends amounting to... 144,073 13 9 Have writ'en off for depreciation 20,445 8 1 Set aside as a Reserve from Surplus Profits O06 ats 7 +» 35,000 0 0 And carry forward to noxt year 1,995 8 10 Making in all a tot«l profit in the 7 ‘y are of.. ae Je fs .. £201,514 10 8 A OREDITABLE RECORD. This, £ submit is a very crelitable record and one which 1 »m sure must be as gratifying to share- holders a3 it is to t!ore who have to deal with the Managemsnt of your afi.‘r:. Before referring to my vist to Ceylon it wiil perhaps be more convenient - to make some remarks in elucidation of the various itoms in our balance sheet and profit and loss avcoupt. Our shares issua, you will note, bas been increased by the aicition of £20,240 to the ordinary share capital ard £7,640 itcrease on the preference shares, end this extra captsl, you will remomber, was called for in crder to purobase Gienlyon and Sta‘r estates. Tbe total issue vow stands ai £248,460, and against this you will see we have property to the value of £285,470 or £37,000 in excess of our issued sharo capital, When you consider the high-class nature of our property generally, and the value of such jJan°s at the present timein Oeylon as evidenged ty rccent sales, and tbe flotation «fnow tea companics, I think itcannot but be admit'e! that we have placed this company in an exceedingly etrong position when ourcultivated lands now standat £29 per acro and other lands at £3 15s—after sllowing for the reserve of £35,000. This reserve fund last year was made up to £25,000, and, it will be observed, half this amount has been invested in first-olass se- curities, and, *s wethink it right you should know what these investments are,I will enumerate them:— £2,500 — 2 per cent Consols 2,500 — 24 per cent Metropolitan Stock 300 — 34 per cent Glasgow Irredeemable Stock 2,500 — 3 per cont Manritius Inscribed Gaaranteed 1,000 — 3 per cent Canada Stock [Stock 1,000 — 4 per cent Victoria Inscribed Stock 1,000 — 33 per cent New Zealand Inscribed Stock _.., 1,000 — 33 per cent New South Wales Inscribed Stook 1,000 — 33 per cent Cape of Good Hope Do. It is the intention of your Directors to place the full amount of £25,000 in a similar class of investments, and we trust this money will not be disturbed for any purpose save that of equal- lizing dividends. It is proposed by your Board to add £10,000 to this reserve, and I shall now refer to ‘how we have begun to utilize some of the surplus profits, I think you will agree with mein considering that it is highly desirable that these fitnds shoald not participate in the risks incidental t> tes cultivation, but that we should fortify ourse'ves against the pos- sibility of bad years in the future by growing pro- ducts other than tea. COCONUT CULTIVATION. While in Ceylon I discussed vers fully with Mr, Talbot the proposals he had made to the Board for the cultivation of coconuts as a reserve product. After mature consideration, a:d the inapection of several blocks of land by our manager, agsisted by the weli-known expert, Mr. Jardine, he selected and purchased for us 803 acres of land lying bet- ween Mirigama and Kurunegala of which 175 acres are already planted with coconuts. There are some here, copnected with the Colony, who do not require to be told anything as to the stability of this product and of _ its safe character ag. an investment; but to those who do not know Ceylon I may briefly say it may be termed the consols of tropical agriculture. The security consists in the fact that coconut trees go on bearing for over 100 years, that the cultivation is a cheap one, involving but little outlay after planting up; that the demand for the product of the trees is steadily increasing, and further that well-planted and cultivated coconut estates at the present time give returns quite equal to those derived from tea cultivation. European enterprise has not hitherto, however, found it congenial to embark to anv large extent in the cultivation of this staple product of the Island, from the fact that eight to nine years elapse before any appreciable return can be looked for from the capital invested. With coconuts as the basis of our cultivation we intend also, where the land is suitable, to grow Liberian coffee and cocoa, from which we hope to obtain fair returns before the coconut trees come into bearing. With encouraging prospects for a continuance of good dividends from our tea properties, and a _ substantial reserve in securities to fall back upon in case of neces- sity to equalize dividends, I think we are amply justitiel in investi: g in the cultivation of this product. The policy we have decided to pursue in this matter we cousider an eminently safe one in the interests of the shareholders and to the continued stability of the company. Turp’ng to the profit and loss account, it will not, I think, have escaped your botice that, although we have turned out 300,229 }b, more tea thn in the previous year, we have done £9 ata reiuced expenditure in Ceylon of no less than £4,614 63 9d. COST OF PRODUCTION. This to my mind is one of the most gratifying and satisfactory fe:tures in the accounts, as it shows that the lowest point had not been touched in the cost of production in previous years, and is evidence, whin taken in conjunction witb the profits earned, that we have in our Ceylon manager and the estate superin- tenvente men who, while econowizing in every parti- cular of expenditure, do not sacrifice efficiency in order to secure cheapness of production. The proceeds from all sources amount to £127,240, being £1,920 over 852 those of the previous year, and the net profits are £44,481, or £6,121 in excess of 1892. This profit represents 23 th cent. on our Ordinary Share Capital, after allowing for 7 per cent, on the Pre- ference Shares, andis equivalent toa return of £6 4s per acre. You will observe from the report that we have1,151 acres of young tes from which at present weget no return, This acreage is equivalent to an increase of 16 per cent. on our present area in bearing ; so that, were our profits to continue at £6 4s per acre, we would earn 25 per cent. for the Ordinary Share Capital. THE FUTURE. The future, however, depends on the two most important factors many things, being the ex- change question and the price of tea. Of these I can tell you pat as they are practicall beyond control, Should, however, either or bot of them assume an adverse form it is not, I think, likely that they could be more than temporarily injurious to the Ceylon tea enterprise. As re- gards the other material agents which influence our profits, namely the condition of our estates and their management, I am, from my recent visit to Ceylon, in 4 position to say something. As this Company owns 21 estates which vary with each other in s more or less degree ss regards elevation, soil, climate and class of plant—ell of which contribute in affecting the quality of tea, ardes they also differ as to their natural advantages for cheap production it would scarcely be possible, even if it were desirable, for me ‘nthe brief time at my dis— posal to detnil the condition of each of these properties separately to you. I wil! thersfore, content moself by saying that I found our estates being most care- folly cultivated, and factories and machinery main- tained in excellent condition and repair, and the superintendents taking a keen and intelligent interest in every detail affecting the weltsre of the property and the manufacture of tess. The the tea bushes on our, estates were looking better and more vigorous than when I handed over charge to our present manager in 1889, and give every indicatin ot being able to yield good crops for many years to come. Our oldest tea is now 16 years from planting, and instead, of shewing signs of deterioration (as has been alleged in some quarters of Ceylon tea gen- erally), Iam in ® position to fay that no acreage under tea that I «aw while in Ceylon, of which I had previous knowledge, shewed any signs of deterioration, but on the contrary the condition and appearance of the bush generally throughout the Island had greatly improved. I may say that I have returned from my visit more than ever convinced not only of the sound nature of the tea enterprise gene- rally, but more particularly of the eminently good position of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company in its relation to that enterprise. Since the close of the year we have been unfortunate in having our Alton Factory, totally destroyed by fire, but I am glad to say we are covered by Insurance. During the recon- struction of the buildings the tea will be manufac- tured on some of our neighbours’ gardens, and any loss we are likely to suffer will, we estimate, be small. And now gentlemen, with regard to the current year. We do not know what.is before us ; but I may tell you that in the first quarter of the year we have manufac- tured 68,000 1b more tea than we did for the same pe- riod last year, and the prices realised are about the ame. : THE CEYLON STAFF: A FINE SELECTION. I would eay one word on behalf of our Ceylon staff, On my visit 1 had an opportunity of mecting all our superintendents and assistants, and it gives me great pleasure indeed at this meeting to be able to say that I consider we could not have a better selection of men_-than those who carry out our work for us under the able management of their chief, Mr. Talbot, I shall bo very pleased to answer any questions shareholders may desire to put with regard to the Company’s affairs. as far as Iam able. Meantime I have: now to move =‘ That the report of the directors and statement of accounts as submitted be received andadopted, and thata final dividend of THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 18y4. 8 percent. on the ordinary sbares (making 15 per centin all free of income tax) be declared, payable ou ani sfter the 30th inst.” The resolation, having been seconded by Mr. Tov, was duly carried. The re-election of Mr. D. Reid as a director was then esrried, as was the re-sppointmevt of the Auditors, and a vote of thanke tothe Ceslon Staff having been putand carried by Mr. J. L. Shand, for their efficient service during tha past year, the pro- ceedings were brought to & close by en un&nimous yoteé of thanks to the Chairman,—Locs! “ Times.” em THE ACME PACKAGE COMPANY, LIMITED. Caritau £75,000 1n £5 SHanes. The prospectus is issued of Acme Package Com- pany, Limited. This company is instétu for the purpose of acquiring the rights of a comparatively small syndicate which has been worked in Glasgow daring several years. lts primary object was to rovide metal packages for the caariage of tea from india, Oeylon, Uhina and oter tea producing countries. Hitherto it has been been the practice to export tea grown in these regions lead-lined boxes of native manufacture, good enough in their way, but not sufficiently strong to obviate leakage, which often led to considerable loss The new invention completely annuls, itis said, such mischances. Instead of the wooden box with Jead lining, which has been used ever since tea was imported into this country more than two-and-a-half centuries ago, a package of thin steel is provided which not only gives greater sec urity and consequent freedom from loss of weight, but has also the additional advantage of saving freight and inland carriage. A board of thoroughly practical men, several of them already users of the pockeees) and who have tested them in actual work, as been formed. Some of the largest tea producers have taken os the scheme, which it is claimed will effect a revolution in the transport of tea from the growing districts in the East to this country. —City Leader. —— eee ea THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA MARKET. Our Amsterdam correspondent writes, under date of Apri] 19th, that the cinchons-sales to be held in Ams'erdam on May 10th w.li cossist of 807 cases and 3810 bales, or about 344 tons divided as follewr:— From Government p!antations 60 cas: sand 237 baler, nbout 29 tous; from private plantatisns 247 cases and 3564 bales, about 315 tons. This quautity ccn- tains of Druggist’s bark—Succirabre, quills 105 bales, 200 cases; broken geills and chipe 208 Lales, 71 eases, root 3 bales. Officinalis, quills 36 cases. Of Manutacturing bark—Ledgeriana, quills 56 bxles, broken quil's and chips 2812 bales, root 444 bales. ‘Hybrid, broken qui/ls and chips 164 bales, root 44 bal-s Officinalis, broken quills and chips 5 baler. Chemist and Druagist. Our Amsterdam co:respondent telegraphs ‘tlis after.oon:—At our anctions today 3423 paekages of Java cinchona su!d at an average unit: f 4°30 cents per hali-kilos (equal to 4-5ths d. per Ib.) or 8 per cent below the previous auctio: price. Manuf_ctori:g barks in quills and chips realised from 64 to 452 cents (equal to 1g to 83d); ditto 100t from 92 to 35¢ cents (equal to 12 to 6$4) ; éroggists’ bark iu qu'lle, entire and br. ken from 5 to 43 cents (squ+l to Z to 724); and ditto root from 2 to 8% cents (equal to 3 to 12d). The principal buyers were the ‘Brunswick, Mannheim, and Amsterdam and Auerbach factories, and Mr. Gustay Briegleb of Ameteriam. The total quentity of sulphate of quinine represented by ‘the bark offered was 15,589 kilos, of which 14,156 kilos wero eold.— Chemist and Diuggist, May 10. JUNE f, 1894.| DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, May 3rd. CINCHONA.—At Tuesday's cinchona-auctions eight cata- logues were presented. ‘They comprised of— Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona aie 16 of which ~—were sold East Indian cinchcna.. 1483 Re 1203 op West African cinchona 510 = 444 rf Cuprea bark ore 409 A 107 > 2418 1754 The most important feature of the auctions was the fact that, for the first time, the supplies from Ceylen wore pract:cally nil, only 16 packages (all yellow bark) from that island being offered, and not a single one sold. The East Indian cinchona embraced some very nice parcels, chiefly of grey bark. This supply included 274 biles (about 14 tons) of Neilgherry crown bark, in chips and quills, which realised fair prices. This vark Was now Offered for the second time, the previous occa- sion haying teen about a year ago, when prices equiva- lent to about 4d per unit were offerei for it. In this instance, therefure, the owner has profited by having kept his gods for a twelvemonth. The tone at the auctions was rather dull, and more than one-third of the cinchona offered was bought in. There is no quctable alteration in price, but the average unit value is probably nearer 3d than 7d per lb. The following are the apdroximate quantities purchased by the principal buyers : — Lb. Messrs. Howards & Sons ae 68,659 Agents for the Brunswick factor 66,098 Agents for the Auerbach factory 48,640 Agects forthe Paris factory .. re -. 40,366 Agents forthe Mannheim and Amsterdam works.. 37,154 Agents for the American and Italian works .. 28,492 Agents for the Frankfort-on-the-Main and Stuttgart works 50 De +. 14,200 Various druggists 47,967 Total quantity of bark sol! -- 845,536 Bought in or withdrawn . 125,369 Total quantity offered - 471,955 It should be remembered that the preportion of bark secured by a buyer is no ind cation of the percentage of the total amount vf quinine in the-ales represented by hig purchase. “a Coca.—Coca-leaves are now specilically mentioned among the articles exported from Java. The shipments from the i-land from July ist, 1&83 to February 28 h, 1894 were ‘6 cases. CuBEBS.—The following figures represent the exports of cubebs from Java iv the eight-mon'h periods between July 1st and February 28th of the followlvg years :— 18-3-4 1892-3 1831-2 1890-1 1888-30 Piculs...9 3 1,837 1,172 6.4 839 QUININE.—Hardly any busine:s is reported this week. The market is dull, and it would probably _be possible to buy sond-hand German at 113d per cz. It is saidec that 1)4d per oz. has been accepted for a small quantity. ay Ere ees VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. An Iyszor Pest.—The short gra33 in Kulu last summer and autumn has been fully accounted for by the appearance recently of large swarms of a species of Tipula, or crane fly, ‘* daddy- long-legs.”’ The ‘‘ wire worms,” as the larve are called, feed upon the roots of grasses, and when they abonnd to such an extent as the numbers of the perfect insects show that they must have done last year, they doimmense damage to grasa and all other roots.—Jndian Engineer. Heavy Hatn.—A Yercaud correspondent writes : —‘‘A hailstorm of unusual severity raged here for nearly two hours yesterday evening ; over three inches of rain fell and the ground as well as walls roofe, eto., looked exactly as if covered with snow, The hailstones were as large as pigeons’ eggs and were lying still unmelted this morning. A native child who was exposed to them was killed, and a hailstorm of such severity has never been wit- nessed here. The roads and lanes are so thickly strewn with fallen leaves as to form a perfeot carpet and trees and shrubs everywhere look cut and beaten to pieces as after a oyclone on the coast. —M. Mail, . THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ee Le Fe aS ES SSUES au a 853 THE Oomine Corren Crer.—One who bas recently been through Dimbula and Dikoya writes:— The coffee is going to give a nice little crop—a welcome addition to many a plant r, and company, too, for that matter. A good deal of the blossom did not cet, but that was to be expected. lt is e really pleasant sight to see rows of strong bealthy berries on the trees. In Dimbula en! the Agras particularly the trees seem to be carrying their crop well, and those who bave kept any coffee are reaping their reward this year. I hope it will all mature.” Tue Drntsaina SHELLAC-suppLy.—The Indian Planters’ Gazette assets that the production of shellac and other preparations of its kind has fallen off in recent years on account of the diminished supply of sticklag (from which shellac is manufactured) ia the chief producing districts of India—viz., the Central and Eastern Provinces, the Ohattiegurh plateau, and the Chuttia Nagpoze territories. ‘The result i3 a considerable and, in all probability, a permanent enhancement in the price of shellac, especially of the finer marks. The opening-up of the Bengal Nagpore Railway and the! enormous clearings of jungle lands con- eequent thereon, coupled with the emigration of coolieg from the jungle tracts to the tea districts, are the chief causes of the reduced out-turn of sticklac.— Chemist and Druggist. CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1894, 3} x D2 Hoa Ate 02oO > = ~ = Blas (ScS'e2 0" A pes. SSSR as ae) = : 23 ait: . Mow sD = SHS S0oi9 ay | eet = aas GS xe wD . 5 [ 29 43 EIS NN OR Sno 28 ‘Se SSS tN re Oss sotw Scola elke aS pian a rd en -et — a4 i a a Se Oe Toons Ol Op Soh RG2(e8 | S298 Slee | eae oS5 :5S 2ige € SB :-3 23 Oowm |: 5S A AMD 5 / oF WOG HIN FeO SIN : pain ent! 5 (ers — Lol = N fat 1S) : ~ > ooo so —ate a lies SiS :82S0-:..; ERs we | BSBS alias SIS isagg -tecian:: opie Soo Shee Oo ) Stee N RES 3 a oD i | Naga S: { Sy Sat eee aia i Qintcooo tonto ss = aas2 ={!@® eA sw oD Oo 8a HERS RSS . Sass Sp ee WD ICO 1D Io a er) =| ES as 2 aA oN Oe ~~ ort Ae | 21D Oh a ae a aS SS | li = S S83 | S2sg : Ss Pa oS ARO 2 OOD o 3 & a @iriii-s 6: Sao a | a = Born § or =) es = : 2X Wom FB Noo: a Ty 3 a Se cea 0 S°R BSS8 Ss ES = Seis : : ~ He OOD o°oas = bs oe ere Seay iat eG Aran 8 ao WSHoDH DOM SGHDOD yr) = Ss S|) oe wo ma 6 BRAS alenp ia ne = SSaS 5/24 |S Ba = ESan Zlme KMS yg dP eee) ats Sifolie We! oR Shee Be aR s om DS gifs : 23 OOo alas aAN ae ee) | VIS tf te 20s : M50 NT AHN SNONG A) Bro Bede Soo Seats ass 2 | > .FtON A 12 BO 2 ro] ~ . 73 8 : aARan~ E = Aco 2 ie yA > = Pre SL | 2 = R Si. ages 2 = Sie CREP ah Sek othe 3 ; : saeN Dp eee UL ean = le SHES Scar sis 3 : =AoO CU el b= ic ‘ NS A ww a 7 >] ag m= So Co) <3 S82 Om im: = Ss = 2 > = Ag S EER Shades Wer CR i he i ey peti ial S's Vel s is sy see hr eae ae 7:2, Sa2aane j Sco co 0.00 | | ‘3 - 7 gq 2 iS Gites 2 2s. evetiaae, sus eone. Ss as a i) Sees S50 Sse ene ees cet ie! inl e ae i = % : = ae 1S 3 =) tM Loe) £ eco ° 98 Fs 84590a o ISEeoas Ca Soe553> gs s CRICK) ar | PamQRonn s~ mstrtas & 854 THB TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1804. i, A SASS Ss ST a MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS, (From S. Figgis & Co.’s Fortnightly Price Ourrent, London, May 17th, 1894.) EAST INDIA Continued EAST INDIA. , sq |East Coast Africa, Mala- Bombay, ovo. Mantas QUALITY. QUOTATIONS. [yy and Madras Coast, QUALITY, QUOTATIONS. Coast and Zanzibar. Bengal. ALOES, Socotrine ... ..|Good and tine dry liver,,.|£4 a £5 Karrachee Leaf ~ {lon to fine pale | 2s a 236d Zanzibar & Hepatic|Common and good ++ |40s a £5 10s [INDIGO Bengal Middling to fine violet ..\5s 64 a Gs 24 BARK, CINCHONA Crown|Renewed ... oe «(1d a 4d Ordinary to middling ...\4e2i.a 5s 24 Chips and shavings {ld a 4d Kurpah + «|Fairto good reddish violt|3s 3d.a 4s Red .,.|Renewed ... e wl 1$d a 4d Ordinary and middling...\as a 3s Chipsand shavings «(1d a 44 Madras (Dry Leaf).|Middling to good .-/@s 2da Bs 4d Bees’ Wax, E. I. White...|Good to fine .. + |£7 108 a £8 103 Low to ordinary ---(10d a 2s Yellow .. AS = ri +|£7 a £7 108 [VORY--Elephants’ Teeth- Mauritius & Madagascar...|Fair to fine + |£6 108 a £7 58 60 lb. & upwards _.../Soft sound £55 10a £62 10s CARDAMOMS— over 30 & under 60 lb. aa os £50 a £58 Allepee fal ...|Fair to fine clipped +|ls a 28 6d 60 a 100 lb. es 7 \£37 a £48 10s Mangalore ... ...| Bold, bright, fairto fine...|2s a 33 | Scrivelloes 4 ++: |Soft ” ” £19 10s a £38 Malabar a ...|Goodto fine plump, cliped|2sa 4s 6d is a neal EO ™ ce a £1048 £13 Ceylon. Malabar sort) Fairto fine bold bleached|2s 34 a 3s || Billiard Ball Pieces 2}a 3}in|/Sound soft... ---|£63 a £80 a », medium ,, /ls 6d a 1s 10d | Bagatelle Points .../Sli, def.to fine sound soft) £55 a £64 10s aa »» small ls a ls 6a Cut Pointsfor Balls (Shaky to fine solid sd. sft}£60 a £70 10s Small to bold brown ...|lsa 1s 6d Mixed Points & Tips...|Defective, parthard ...\£36a £49 Alleppee and|Fair to fine bold «+. |2s 3da 3s 6d Cut Hollows .../Thin to thick to sd. sft |£31 a £45 Mysore sort} ,, », medium «(ls 6d a 23 Sea Horse Teeth— | + 9, Small «(1s @ 1s 5d \ $a lf lb. Straight crked part close|ls a 33 6d Long wild Ceylon....;\Common to good + /6d a 28 4d MYRABOLANES, Bombay|Bhimlies I, good & fine CASTOR OIL, ists} White ri} dis .|2gd a 31 pale'ss a 103 Qnds| Fair and good pale ..[2hd a 2ed » UL, tair pickings|4s a 4s 6d CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...|Fair to fine bright ..|308 a 408 JubbleporeI, good & fiue Ord’y. and middling .,,.|25s a 30s le|6s 3d a 7s 6d CINNAMON, AIsts]Ord’y. to fine pale quill.../6$d a 1s 5d », IL, fair rejections|4s a 4s 6d 20ds 55s Oo 18 Vingorlas. good and fine|is a 6s 6d BEOEPiss) i sy | a esp. | SPEC AOD Madras, Upper Godavery|Good to fine picked _...|6s 3d a 7s 4ths| ,, gil paces f Pyne tien DO ae oe ms »» «(Common to middling ...|4sa 5s 34 Chips] Fair to fine plant .. 23d a 7d Coast cs (Fair... = sod ré oe hig 3d : ; a Pickings Burnt and defective ... a CLOVES, Zanzibar Fair to fine bright ...|23d a 2a MACE Bombiy ~|Dark to good bold alee its Sa mee and Pemba. } Common dull and mixed|2d a 24d y Wd oom daxkto fine tea 44 a 10d » _ STEMS Common to good yda 3d NUTMEGS, 0p oie segs Cag ets --/28 @ 28 lid COCULUS INDICUS ...|Fair sifted... ... 589d a 6s 6d 90’s a 1258... (18 4d a 2s COFFEE § « ooo +-|mid. Plantation Ceylon||03s0da10636d|} NUX VOMICA Madras|Small to fine bold fresh|$s a 10s “A wae +-|Low Middling ,, »> |988 Od a 10230d|//OIL, CINNAMON ...|Fair to fine heavy (0d a is 6d COLOMBO ROOT... + |Good to fine bright sound|;4s a 20s CITRONELLE ...(Bright & good flavour,,./@d a jd Ordinary& middling .. |g9s G1 a 12s LEMONGRASS os - Paget CROTON SEEDS, sifted...)Fair to fine fresh 208 4 27864 ll oRGueELaA | Ceylon _ ...|Mid. to fine, not woody|15s a 228 OUTCH .. .. _ «(Fair to fine dry ++|203 a 32s WEED } Zantac ..,Picked clean flat leaf ,,,/128 a 18s DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan.|Ordinary to good drop .../30s a 603 Mozambique » Wiry be we/228 @ 323 GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey |Fair to tine dark blue ...|50s a 57 6d PEPPER— Good white and green ,,,|45s a 50s Malabar, Black sifted ...|Pair to bold heavy | da 2}a GINGER, Cochin, Cut ...|Good to fine bold «1698 a 85s Alleppee & Tellicherry » good ,, oe } ces > »» «|Smalland medium «}508 a 70s Tellicherry, White ...| »- —_ +, nom/l0d a is Rough...|Fair to fine bold ..|553 a 8ds PLUMBAGO, Lump _ .,,)Fair to fine bright bold|12s a 18s H « |Smalland medium ..j548 a 60s Middling to gooi small/10s a 123 Bengal, Rough |Fair to good nom,,,.|/508 Chips ...|Sli'tly foul to fine bright|7s a4 10s @UM AMMONIACUM ...|Blocky totinecleun ,,.|20s a 50s Dust ...,Urdinary to fine bright...|2s 94 a 63 ANIMI, washed ...|Picked fine pale in sorts,|£10 03 a £12 03 || RED WOOD aby ..|Fair and fine boid ...\£3 10s a £4 Part yellow & mixed do.|£9 08a £1003 ||SAFFLOWER, Bengal |Goodtofinepinkynominal|95s a 100, Bean & Peasizeditto ...|€5 a £8 10s : Ordinary to fair --/103 & 80g Amber and red bold .../£6 10s a £8 10s Inferior and pickings ...|505 a 603 scraped,..)Medium & boldsorts ...1250sa£7 10s |/SANDAL WOOD, Logs...|Fair to fine flayour .../£35 a £55 ARABIC E.I, & Adeu ..|Good to fine pale frosted * ” Chips,.|Inferior to fine --.|£9 a £30 sifted «|07s 6da 47s 61 ||SEEDLAC 5 ; ‘ = ...{Ordinary to fine bright|30s a 90s Sorts, dullred to fair ...|273 61a 333 SENNA, Tinnevelly ...| Medium to bold green.../54 a 10a Good to fine paleselectec|30s a 45s Small and medium green|2d a 4q Sorts middling to good...|20s a 27s Common dark and smalijld a 2d Ghatti ... Amrad cha.}Good and tine pale ..|303 a 458 Bombay ...|Usdinary to good {ld a 2d Reddish to pale brown ,,,|253 a 39s SHELLS, M.-o’-P. ...| E@yPTIAN—bold clean,..|70s a 75g Madras ...|Dark to fine pale . {153 a 30s medium thin and stout|73s a 878 4d ASSAFCTIDA Fair to fine pinky block chicken, tnin andstout}75s a 82s 6d and drop 265 (50s & 903 large = ...|Bompay—good tofinethie|/57s Gla 77:5 6a Ordinarystony to midling 20s a 503 medium part stout clean part good color!77s 6d a 923 6d KINO aS -.|Fair to fine bright’ 4..|£15 a £18 chicken part stout ” ” s, [803.a 90s MYRRH, picked Fair to fine pale (£5 a £7 oyster & broken pes’ es ~~ 9y,-—:« (8983 Bs Aden sorts|Middling to good ..-/658 & 803 Mussel. _ bold sorts pe .../903 a — OLIBANUM, drop...|Fair to fine white ..- [353 a 608 'small and medium sorts/21s a 32s Be Reddish to middling ...|253 a 32s6d Lingah Ceylon __.(Phin and good stout sorts|3 a 133 6d pickings...|Middling togovd pale .,.|12s a 183 TAMARINDS ne ... Mid. tofineblacknotstony|3$8 a 9s siftings ...|Slightly foul to fine + [123 a 143 ‘Stony and inferior .../48 a gs INDIARUBBER ..._ .,./Red hard clean ball ...2s a Qs 334 TORTOISESH ELL .../Serts.good mottle, heavy|24s a 25s East African Ports, Zanzi-|White softish ditto .../le7d a2s__ ' Zanzibar and Bombay Pickings thin to heavy... is a 15s bar and Mozambique Coast) Unripe root 50 «10d a 1s 6d TURMERIC,Bengal ..,,\Leanish to fine plump Liver vee elf 4d 1g LO . , anger aw. --L1s 6da 12g Sausage, ordinary to fine|ls 3ia 231d Madras ...|Fiu. fairto tine bold begt|175 4 93, ‘| without sticks...|2s a 2s 3d » . Mixed middling... ...!153 a 175 Assam, oo .--|Good to fine ...{1s 7d a 23 2a ; =5 ..|Bulbs... + te l108 a 19s Common foul & middling]/9d a 1s 5d Cochin ...\#inger ... By 153 a 173 6d Rangoon Kn ...|Eair to good clean ..[ls7d als 11d ||VANILLOES, \ : on Madagascar, Tamatave, } Goodto fine pinky & whites 1d a 23 5d Bourbon, Ists ...|Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9in.jiosq 1g5 Majunga and Nossibe } |Fair to good black .../18 6d a 1s 9d Mauritius, Qnds..,|Foxy & reddish 5 to8 ints a 14g [SINGLASS or \ poneue (ack tofine pale .../ls 9da 2s 8d Seychelles, }3rds...|Lean & dry to mid. un- FISH MAWS “1 \dark to fair »/91a1s4i . der 6 in. l45 a 73 Bladder Pipe/Clean thin to fiae bold.../lg6d a 23 9d) Madagascar, } 4ths.,.|Low, foxy, iaferior aud _ Purge .:.|Dark mixed tofine pale|9d alsoad . , pickiugs ~|33a 63 THE MAGAZINE OF THE SCHOOL OR AGRICULTURE, COLOMBO: Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Magazine of the School of Agriculture for June : — Vol. V.] JUNE, 1804. [No. 12. COMBATING DROUGHT. Facey I is known to most cultivators of land that one of the objects of fine tilth is to promote capillary action, by which moisture is supplied to the surface of the soil, - But there is another important point which has to be borne in mind, and that is, that if all the capillary tubes are open to the surface, evaporation can proceed from them so- freely that the underground store of moisture may be insufficient to supply the continuous demand. Hence, again, it is desirable to keep the surface soil, by frequent stirring, in such a state that the capillary tubes are broken or interrupted a littie below the surface. In this case the mere super- ficial covering of earth acts as a soil mulch; and, like a layer of leaves or grass or cattle manure, if protects the moisture beneath. Hence -an occasional slight stirring of the superficial soil serves to conserve rather than to dissipate the underlying moisture. These points should be seriously considered by cultivators in the tropics, where the practice of surface stirring will be found to be of the greatest service especially in droughty seasons. The following extract from an articlein the F¥o- rida Agr wculturist on the subject of “ beating drought” helps to illustrate the foregoing remarks :— Not only in the ‘arid west,” but in many portions of the old world, ely urged by necessity, haye learned to make crops almost without rain during the growing season. This is done by selecting crops, and adopting a method of cultivation suited to the climatic peculiarities, In most arid, and in all sub-arid regions, there are, at some time during the year—usually in winter—heavy downpours of rain. The methods of cultivation are directed to the preservation of this water for the use of crops during the future growing season, and this is successfully accom- plished where the soil is not of such a structure as causes the water falling upon it to continue to descend and flow away in a pervious substratum. The system of cultivation is directed solely to the object of preventing the water from reaching the surface and being evaporated by the heat of the sun. It has been demonstrated that water in the soil rises to the surface by capillary attrac- tion, and is evaporated and passes off in the form of inyisible vapor. It has also been found that by the frequent and thorough pulverization of the surface soil to a depth of two or three inches, the capillary tubes are destroyed, the water does not rise to the surface, and is not evaporated. In parts of Southern California this methcd is practised so successfully that large crops of fruit, and even grain and corn are raised without a drop of rain during the growing season. Of course, no other growth must be permitted, for grass and weeds would consume the very moisture that should be preserved. Se OCCASIONAL NOTES. The experiment in Jute Cultivation at the School has been fairly successful. The plants grew to 4$ and 5 feet within 6 weeks after sowing, and at the end of that time came into flower. The fibre which was extracted would seem to be of good quality, but on this point the opinion of an expert is necessary. We have not yet heard the results of experiments made in other parts of the Island to which parcels of seed were despatched. In Haputale, however, where the climate and elevation are manifestly unsuitable, the experiment resulted in total failure. It is, of course, absurd to think of Ceylon competing with India in exporting Jute fibre, but the Island may perhaps be able to supply part of its own demand for the fibre and its products, jaa ahi 856 Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist.” [June 1, 1894. \ \ s ‘ -} Mr. W. A. de Silva arrived in Colombo on the 26th ultimo, after having completed his course at the Bombay Veterinary College with great eredit to himself. We welcome back Mr. de Silva, and trust he will have a successful career in the Island, where there is ample opportunity of making himself eminently useful. Thirty, head of Sind cows arrived by the S. S. ‘“Melpomene” in charge of Mr. W. A. de Silva. The animals are a well-selected lot, and will help to make the Government Dairy herd without exception the most valuable collection in the Island. The sale ofstock, drafted from the Dairy herd last month, was most satisfactory. The animals were eagerly sought after and realized excellent prices. The dissemination of the Sind calves throughout the Island should help to raise up a better class of cattle. The following isa statement of the results of the sale:— CALVES, ila AEC semis Price. Zn Mos. 6 Purchasers. 1 Male 12 Sind Mr. P. D. 8. Jayawardane 50 00 2 do. 12 do do. 47 00 3 do. 12 do Mr, A. de. Soysa Al 00 4 do. 11 Coast Mr. Geo. Mendis 9 00 5 do. 12 Sind Dr. Rockwood 76 00 6 do. 11 do Mr. John Cloyis de Silva 160 00 7 do. 11 do = Mr. J. W. Vanderstraaten os 0) 8 do. . 11 do Myr. J.H. Barber 1 00 9 do. 8 do Dr. Stork 40 00 10 do. 11 Coast Mr. B. Silva 20 00 11 do. 13 - do My. L. Vandort 19 00 12 do. 11 do Mr. B. Silva i1 00 13 do. 11 do Mr. J. Rodrigo 15 00° 14 Female11 do Mr. J. H. Barber 13 00 15) dos palien do ao 11 00 16 “iogee Wl wda ap 16 60 17 Male 11 Natiye Appu Singho 9 00 Cows. No. Purchasers, ae 1 Mr. James Nelson 69 2 Mr. Grigson 32 3 Geo. Steuart & Co. 35 4 do. 39 5 Maduanwelle R. M. ‘ 6 Geo, Steuart & Co. 66 7 Mr. Rodrigo 18 The total amount realized was R979‘:00; the average price of the Sind calves was R64. —————————— FODDER SUPPLY. =——— Apropos of the remarks made by our corre- spondent, W. A. D.S., on the subject of a fodder supply for cattle in the Island, Mr. N. N. Banerjee, of the Bengal Agricultural Department, suggests that during the settlement now in_ pro- gress in the district, large tracts may be set ‘aside for fodder and pasture reserves, so that the practise that has converted grazing into arable land may not continue, as it must inevitably do otherwise. ‘ In order that no undue proportion of waste land may be brought under cultivation, the Government he says, might reserve it, gradually converting thorny bushwood or. bare rock and stone into tracts covered with vegeta- tion edible by cattle. Under this systematic artificial carg and treatment, Mr, Banerjee thinks that the ultimate financial results may cover the initial expenditure incurred in acquiri and protecting the.land. In the face of fodder scarcity he consider it desirable that an effort should be made to improve forest Jands by cutting down useless bushwood and planting useful trees, such as teak &c. By clearing away the jungle and converting it into extensive pasture ground much could be done in the way of seeuring a perennial supply of fodder sufficient for agricul- tural and other cattle. By adopting such a course it is thought that much more would be done towards the improvement of cattle than any system of cross-breeding. The improvement of cattle will generally be followed by superior cultivation and a larger outturn of crops, necessarily leading to material improvement in the condition of the peasantry. These suggestions have much to commend them, but their practicability will have to be carefully considered and discussed. No one can haye any cause for complaint if the Government, without entailing any loss adopts measures for improving the live-stock of the country and thereby the condition of the Native cultivator. By the co-operation of forest -officers with agri- cultural instructors, there should) not be much difficulty in carrying out the idea of extend- ing the area of land suitable for pasture and the production of fodder, into practise. It will, however, first have to be ascertained whether the plan is feasible from a Government point of view before the practical details in connection with the supervision and control of such lands, ani the terms in which the fodder or pasture is to be made available to cattle owners, are considered. One thing, however, is certain, that by providing pasture and fodder (either in a green state or inthe form of dry grass or hay) the condition of live-stock as well as their owners—taking for granted that the latter will not neglect their opportunities—-will be vastly improved, and such improvement will not be without its indirect benefit to Government itself. oo RICE. ( Continued.) There are three methods of sowing: (1) Broad- casting, (2) in drills, (38) transplanting from a nursery. Of the three systems the last is by far the best, as it insures a greater regularity in the crop, a great saving of seed, and what is of infinite importance, superiority in weight and fulness of grain, hence increased nutritive qualities. In broadeasting 60 lbs. of seed is said to be plenty; in drill-sowing, 12 inches or more apart, 40 lbs. is stated to be ample. If sowing is to be done by means of transplanting, it will be necessary first to prepare a nursery, the area of which, to plant an acre from should, we are told, be 30 ft. square, or 2 or 3 such beds 10 feet or 12 feet square may be made near the field to be planted. If only a quarter of an acre is to be planted, then a bed 19 ft. square or 3 beds 6 ft. square will be sufficient. The amonnt of seed required fora nursery to plant one aere is mentioned to be about 8 lbs, and for a quarter of an acre 2 lbs. It is advised that seed for sowing should be steeped in water for 12 hours to assist germination, In making 4 nursery if June 1, 1894.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturst.” 857 is always best to use a little extra seed, and select the best plants for transplanting. The nursery will be ready for transplanting in 8 weeks. Care should be taken to have the nursery plants ready for transplanting at a time when the operation can be most advantageously per- formed, particularly when there is sufficient rain for the purpose. But on no account should the transplanting be delayed longer than a week more, for provided the field is in good tilth, it is better to put the plants out when 3 or 4 weeks old than to wait 5 or 6 weeks for rain. The plants are simply pulled up by the hand, tied in bundles, and carried to the field, where they are dibbled in, putting 2 or 3 plants in each of the holes, which are about 6 to 9 inches apart. Three men should plant an acre in a day. In transplanting it is often the custom to crop the tops as wellasthe roots of the seedlings, when pulled from the nursery, before planting them out, the reason being that it not only makes the plant hardier, but prevents their falling down and the remaining Jeaves withering, as growth begins at once. This system has a good deal to recommend it, and is advocated. In discussing the subject of irrigation by wells, the following reference is made to the capacity of the appliance known as the ‘ Piccolta”—the common form of water lift in Eastern countries ; water raised 16 feet; contents of bucket ="45 cubic feet ; number of discharges per minute, 3; dis- charge per hour, 81 cubic feet; actual discharge per hour 72:9 cubic feet, or 455°4 gallons per hour. Machinery can now be obtained for thrashing, to separate the grain from the straw and stulks; hulling, to remove the outer skin or husk; separating or cleaning the rice of thrash or any unhulled grain; and finally polishing, to remove the inner cuticle and thus complete the process of rice cleaning for the market. The machinery for the above operations can either be had in sets or separately for hand, animal or steam power. A complete set for hand-power, with a capacity of from 300 to 500 lbs. per day, will cost £53 2s, 6d. in New York; a set for animal-power of the same capacity £87 10s.; while a set for steam-power, including engine and boiler, with a capacity of 600 to 1000 lbs. per day, £225. The best known manufacturer of rice cleaning machinery are the Geo. L. Squier Manufacturing Co. of Buffalo, New York, their machinery being most extensively used, and giving universal satisfaction. A huller, which is capable of producing as finished an article, polished and all, as comes out of the modern rice mills, costs only £16 13s. 6d. Messers. Geo. Squier & Co. supply hand rice hullers with a capacity of 200 lbs. in 12 hours, for £10 8s. 4d. in America. The machine is simplein construction and durable. The Engel- burg Huller Co. of Syracuse, U.S. A., keep a combined hullerand polisher with a capacity of 75 to 150 bushels in 10 hours, costing £100; while a complete modern rice mill, automatie in action, and costing £1,230, can put through 18,000 lbs. or 300 bushels of paddy per day. The initial cost of the more expensive machines, taking into consideration the work they perform, is not excessive, but their prices place them beyond Co-operation of rice is the only means of solving this The primitive methods in vogue in the reach of small growers, growers difficulty, India for cleaning rice for the market are both slow and tedious, but in the absence of winnowing and husking machinery they are the only possible makeshifts available. Paddy loses one-third weight by husking ; three bushels of paddy when husked producing 2 bushels of rice. A bushel of paddy equals from 40 to 45 lbs. and a. bushel of clean polished rice 60 to 65 lbs. dependent on the size of the grain. As regards the question of “will it pay?” the following concluding remarks on the subject of the rice industry in connection with Queensland, are interesting :— “Under favourable circum- stances one acre under rice will produce from 50 to 90 bushels of grain per acre. Quite recently on the Clarence River, N.S.W., a crop gave 67 bushels of grain peracre. In the Cairns district the averagerice yield per acre is estimated at Z tons. Taking 2 tons or 74 bushels as a basis for calculation, we find that paddy being worth to the grower, say, £9 5s. per ton or 5s. per bushel (the price varies between £8 and £10) 2 tons per acre will realize £18 10s., and this multiplied by 2 crops gives £37. The straw should realize from £2 to £3 10s. per ton for fodder, and taking the yield at 5 tons per acre, will realize another £10 peracre, or inall, £57 per acre for two crops The cost of putting the land under crop will be amply metif set down at £9 per acre. Profit per acre, say, £18 10s., at which price it cannot but be admitted that rice growing will pay. Rice milling is also said to be a remunerative enterprise. Taking rice at the present market value, viz., £23 per ton, to produce which 3 tons of paddy would have to be milled, we find 3 tons of paddy at £9 ds. equals £27 15s., producing 2 tons rice at £23 equals £46; difference, £18 5s., or equivalent to £6 1s. 8d. per ton of paddy, from which deduct the cost of milling, amply met by, including all charges, £2 per ton. Net profit, £4 Is. 8d. per ton. Further, rice chaff has a commercial value, and is commanding a good price in Kurope to-day. It is used extensively for packing glass, canned goods, and like packages, for which purpose it cannot be equalled. This chaff realises in the German market some- thing like from £3 to £4 per ton.” SS CALATROPIS GIGANTEA. This is a shrub of two varieties, the only difference between them consisting in the colour of their flowers. It is commonly to be found in waste ground among rubbish, ruin, and such like places. But the plant has gained much prominence from the many and important uses to which it may be apphed. An acrid, milky juice flows from every part of the shrub when wounded, and this the natives use medicinally in different ways, besides prescribing prepara- tions ot the plant itself in epilepsy, paralysis, bites of poisonous animals, as a vermifuge, etc. In almost all cutaneous affections it is frequently employed, but its virtues have been largely tried in the cure of leprosy. ‘he root, bark, and inspissated juice are used as pawer- ful alteratives and purgatives. The activity of this drug is said to be owing to a principle called Mudarine, discovered by Dr. Duncan, of Edinburgh, who found the juice to possess the 858 singular property of congealing by heat and becoming fluid again on exposure to cold. Mu- darine is obtained from the tincture of Mudar, the powdered root being macerated and steeped in cold rectified spirit. After recovering the spirit by distillation the solution is allowed to cool. A granular resin is then © deposited, which is allowed to dry in order that it may concrete. If water be then applied the colour- ed solution from which the resin was de- posited dissolves, and the resin remains. This solution is called Mudarine. In taste it is very, bitter, solube in alcohol and cold water, but insoluble in sulphuric sether or olive oil. By experiments made by Dr. G. Playfair the milky juice was found to be avery efficacious medicine in leprosy, dropsy, rheumatism, and in hectic and intermittent fevers. By the Hin- doos it is employed in typhus fever and syphi- litic complaints with such success as to have earned the title of vegetable mercury. Dr. Duncan held that it agreed in every ruspect with Ipecacuanha, and that from the facility of procuring it, it might eventually supersede the latter medicine. The pulverised root made into an ointment is a very eflicacious remedy for old ulcers. The milky juice mixed with com- mon salt is administered in cases of toothache, and the juice of the young buds in ear-ache. The leaves beaten up with pepper are given internally in cases of snake-bites, and boiled in oil they are rubbed over the body in scabies. -Besides. its medicinal uses the plant and its productions are utilised in various. other ways. The root is used in the manufacture of gun- powder charcoal. In a powdered form it is used ‘to, adulterate safflower. The silky floss which surrounds the seeds has been woven into ‘shawls and handkerchiefs, and even made into paper. But the chief value of this plant consists in the, fine, strong fibres in which it abounds. To procure them the straightest branches are cut and, exposed to the air for at least twenty- four hours ; on the second and third day they are slightly beaten; the skin is then peeled, and the stringy substance between the bark and the wood taken out. The fibre is then dried in the-sun. This slow process is necessarily expensive, but if the bark is steeped in water, it discolours the fibre. This fibre is, however, strong and possesses many of the properties of Europe flax. It can be spun into the; finest thread for sewing or weaving cloth. It resists moisture for a long time. From experiments made its tenacity as compared with other In- dian fibres is as follows :— Breaking weights. Gigantic Swallow-wort Sz Ibs. gigantea) ‘ ; 652 Sunn (Crotolaria juncea) . 407 American Aloes (Agave Amer icana) . 360 Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) 346 . Bowstring hemp (Sanseviera zeylanica) 316 Deccanee Hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus) 290 Coir (Cocos nucifera) 924 The fibre, of the. gigantic swallow-wort. is thus very strong. But it is too valuable for ordinary cordage. It is said, by good judges to be. better suited for the manufacture of zloth than for cordage purposes, It is much Supplement to the “ Tropteal Agriculturist.” June 1, 1894, used in India for bow-strings, ropes, bird-nets, and tiger-traps. The fibre has never, however, been cultivated as a cordage plant. It was once described as much resembling Belgian flax, well suited for prime warp yarns and worth £100 per ton. Royle says that it yields a kind of manna called Mudar Sugar. The vis- cid juice of the plant has been successfully converted into rubber in Madras. To prepare it the juice is evaporated in a shallow dish, either in the sun or in the shade. When dry, it is worked up in hot water with a wooden kneader. It is soluble in oil of turpentine, takes impressions, and should prove a valuable product, either alone or mixed with other substances. It is strange that this handy plant with its various uses is not more widely cultivated. Among the Sinhalese Calatropis Gigantea is known as wara, and the plant is found grow- ing wild in waste places, but has never been cultivated either for the sake of its bark fibre or the silky floss in its pods. Oh THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL ON THE PERLOD OF FLOWERING. (To the Editor of the Magazine of the School of Agriculture, Colombo.) Sir,—It might appear rather strange that the jute plants grown at the Colombo School of Agriculture have run to flower and seed much earlier than expected. In India the jute is harvested, if 1 am not mistaken, about three and a half months after sowing, that is, when the plants begin to flower, of course. But the jute grown here began to flower and came into season in about six or seven weeks, that 1s to say, it had to be harvested nearly two months before the expected time. It will, I trust, be interesting to your read- ers if an explanation can be offered to this curious fact. I remember a similar instance which occurred in dhall culture when I was ‘Agricultural Instructor at Mullaittivu. A plot of clay land was first sown with dhall, and nearly three months after a plot of sandy soil half a mile away from the previous one was also sown with dhall. To my surprise, however, in little more then three months after the second sowing both came into bearing the same time, the dhall in the clay soil be- ing fully six months old at the time. It will thus be seen that the dhall sown on the sandy svil was quicker in coming to bearing by about three months. There was, however, another striking difference between the plants on the two plots. The plants on the sandy soil were rather stunted in growth, while on the clay land grew up into big high bushes with stout sterms and thick luxuriant foliage. A comparison of the dhall planted in both the places led me to the inference that a clay soil helps the full development of stem and leaf, but a sandy one makes the plants run too readily to seed. Sueh difference in development according as the soil is sandy or clayey is not confined to leguminous crops such as dhall, but has been -noticed in cereals such as paddy, although the June 1, 1894.) Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist. * 859 difference of time is not so great and striking in the latter case. The paddy on a clay soil steadily develops its stem and leaf before its ears are formed, whereas that on a sandy soil runs too, quickly to grain, even before the culm is properly grown, seeming as though it were instinctively impatient to reproduce its kind, sus- pecting that the soil on which it grows could not support it very long nor afford sufficient nutriment for the full formation of the culm as well as the grain. Now it is very probable that the early flowering of the jute grown here may be also, for similar reasons, largely due to the sandy nature of the soil. The truth ‘or otherwise of this inference may be fully ascertained by comparing the results of the experiments in jute culture that are being car- ried on by the Agricultural Instructors in different parts of the Island, carefully noting the nature of the soil in each case. Of course the state of the weather may also have some- thing to do with the flowering; thus dry cool weather is said to favour the formation of seed. But I should think the influence of the soil is much greater; and if, as I have said, it can be proved by further experiments that the relative effects of a sandy and of a clayey soil on the growth of jute are similar to those above noticed, we may well draw the inference that clayey and loamy soils are better suited for the jute than a sandy soil. In growing jute our object is to get a thick long stem before it flowers, and the higher the plant grows, the longer and consequently, caeteris paribus, the more valuable will be the fibre; and as has been shown in the case of dhall and paddy, a clayey soil favours such results, while a sandy soil produces a stunted growth. EK. T. HOOLE. ——e ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, The fifth order of existing birds is the Scansores or climbers. They are distinguished by the fact that the feet have four toes each, of which two are turned backwards and two forwards. This arrangement enables them to climb with ease and readiness. Among the Scansores come the euckoos, wood-peckers, parrots, lories, parakeets, love-birds, and macaws. In the parrots the hooked beak aids the birds in climbing. The sixth order of existing birds is the Inses- sores or perching birds. They are likewise dis- tinguished by’ the characters of the feet which are chiefly adapted for building the nest and for perching on trees; the toes are slender, flexible, and moderately elongated, with long, pointed and slightly curved claws. The feet huve four toes each, three in front and one behind, but the form of the beak varies much. The order Insessores is by far the most numerous of the divisions of birds, and includes (to mention a few good examples) the crows, jays, magpies, the humming birds, swallows and swifts. The edible- nest swift is known as Collocalia francica. Naturalists are still divided as to the origin of the isinglass-like matter that enters so largely into the composition of these nests; but the bird has on either side of the gullet two large glands, which if pressed, in a bird just shot; emit a viscid matter, whicl doubtless is the substance used in nest-building. In the caves where these nests are founda, there are generally large accumulations of guano useful as manure. The Raptores or birds of prey are characterised by the form of the beak, which is adapted for tearing animal food. The upper mandible’ of the bill is strong, curved, sharp-edged and sharp- pointed, often armed witha lateral tooth. The body is extremely muscular; the legs are robust, usually short, with three toes in front and one behind; all the toes being armed with strong, curved, crooked claws or talons. All the raptorial birds live upon the flesh of other animals, which they either kill for themselves or find dead, and their flight is generally extremely rapid and powerful. The birds of prey are divided into the two sections of the nocturnal birds of prey which hunt by night, and the diurnal birds of prey which hunt by day. Inthe former section is the single family of the owl, in the latter are the faleons, hawks, eagles and vultures. Some birds are friends of the agriculturists from the fact of their being insect destroyers, while others do damage to agricultural produce. The purely insectivorous birds of India include the crowtits, babbling thrushes, solitary bab- blers, ground babblers, loras and green bulbuls, king crows, creepers, warblers, strikes, mini- vets, flycatechers, chats, redstarts and vrobins, hedge-sparrows, swallows, wagtails and pipits, ground thrushes, swifts, goatmakers, wood- peckers, hoopoes, bee-eaters, rollers, trogons, and cuckoos. The following are the birds of mixed diet, partly insectivorous and partly fruit and grain eating, in varying proportions: tits, sibias, white-eyes, bulbuls, nethatches, orioles, starlings and mynas, thrushes, finches, larks, sunbirds, flower-pickers, pheasants, partridges, button quails, rails, cranes, bustards and warders of all sorts. The frugivorous or fruit-eating birds are the hill mynahs, weaver birds, hornbills, barbets, parrots, pigeons and sand ‘grouse. Lastly, the omnivorous birds comprise the crows and storks. As a matter of agricultural interest’ it may be mentioned that the manure of birds of all kinds forms a most valuable fertilizing agent, being particularly rich in nitrogen. <> _— THE SPONGE-BEARING CUCUMBER. Under the name of “ luffa” or “ Cucumber Sponge” the skeletons of this fruit are exported in compressed bales from Japan and Egypt. The botanical word “ luffa” is derived from the word “ luff,” by which name the fruit is known in Kgypt. From a very early period the reticulated skeletons of luffa were used by the Egyptians in their bath-rooms. Sponge- bearing cucumbers are formed growing in hot countries; the skeletons of some varieties are thick and strong, of others thin and delicate. Like ordinary cucumbers some are edible and are grown for the table, while others are more or less medicinal. As the reticulation forms at a late period, the luffa, when of an edible sort, can readily be cooked as a vegetable —_ ae 860 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.;’ (June 1, 1894. when young. There is, it must be confessed, however, rather a rank odour about the fruit which does not make it universally popular, Egyptian-grown luffas have become quite an article of commerce, being exported mainly to England and Germany, the packages contain- ing 1,000 to 1,500 each ; but a small proportion of these are of the whiteness and quality that indicate 1 proper care in preparation. When a sponge cucumber is dried whole, the nett- ing is easily separated, but its fibre will have a brownish colour, and will have lost much of its textile strength. Naturally the reti- culation is ot silvery whiteness, but this can easily be preserved by a proper method of cleaning it from the rind, seeds and pulp when the fruit is mature but still green; and the whole must be done at one operation or the sponge will change colours. When the fruit is mature it will be known by its green rind lightening im colour and becoming more dry ; it’ should then be cut off and hung in the house for a week or more until the juice, in large measure, dries out of the rind. The cucumber should then be pared and the cap at the lower end removed, to open the seed channels, It should then be kneaded and squeezed under a large pan of hotwater till the seed or pulp are washed out. When fully ripe the seeds are yet black. When the reticulated skeleton has been well cleaned, hang it up on a pin- hook and string to dry indoors, when it should become of a silvery whiteness. By ex- posure tothe air, even when kept in darkness, the whitest luffa sponges changes to a light orange yellow. The colouring matter is, how- ever, to a great extent soluble in water with soap, and much of it may be washed out. Sponges in frequent use become of a light greyish tint and slowly weaker in fibre, par- ticularly in the outer or circular layer which is not.so tough as the internal longitudinal one. The sponges are, however, quite durable com- pared with those got from the sea, and are odour- less) when well washed; no fabric when wet has as decided an effect as a rubifacient on the skin, and care must be taken that it does not take too deep a hold when the skin is young and tender. For delicate skin and chil- dren the immature skeletons should be selected, or the small end of mature ones which is much finer in fibre than the base. In Ceylon we have two indigenious varieties of luffa, viz., L. Agyptica (Sin. Neyan-veta-kolu) and L. Acutan- gula (Sin. Veta-kolu or dara-veta-kolu). The fruits are used as vegetables, and but seldom allowed to mature for preparing luffa-glones. GENERAL ITEMS. The idea entertained by some people thata brown-shelled egg is richer than a _ white- shelled one is simply a theory that has no foundation in fact. The colour of the egg, however, indicates the class of hen which laid it. For instance, the Cochins and Brahamas lay brown-shelled eggs, the Leghorns, Spanish and Minoreas lay white-shelled eggs, while certain intermediate breeds, such as the Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes lay light brown or cream- coloured eggs. It is the yolk of the egg which is an indication of its richness, A hundred pounds of sand will absorb twenty- five pounds of water; 100 Ibs. of loam, 40 Ibs ; 100 Ibs. of clay loam, 50 Ibs; 100 tbs. of elay, 70 Ibs. In the Cuttack Distriet a variety of betel is grown which has a strong scent of camphor, and the leaves are used as a sacred offering in the worship of the gods or reseryed for distin- guished visitors. These has been some discussion; in. poultry circles onthe question, whether the colour of a bird has anyiinfluence on its egg-producing quali- ties. A correspondent writes:—I hawe- made the subject one of considerable thought and study, and 1 must. admit that birds possessing black plumage (mueh as | dislike them) will lay the greatest nunnber ot eggs in a given length of time, all things being equal. My observation has been that parti- coloured birds, except those possessing a portion of white in the plumage, come next in order of proltificaey, while those possessing much white, or purely white plumage, range lowest in the scale. I have also observed that black fowls beget the largest percentage of chickens from eggs set, and of a more vigorous nature. Soot has a considerable manurial value, but is -worth more as a manure for some vegetables because it repels insects, and makes the ground warmer by absorbing the heat of the san which falls upon it. Soot, moreover, has the valuable property of absorbing ammonia from the air and retaining the nitrates in manure. The absence of sun is bad for the flowers of the tomato setting well, and the fruit is very slow in colouring, A moist atmosphere or soil is detrimental to the plant and one of the chief causes of cladiosporium fungus. eu OQ 2s te A ‘ Nee SUBS On Dd ray AK fee se ay De! oe ee x eee hor Cue = 14, ng ene alk Ca nt Ay i oes) ‘ puge BR oe We . ' RL tyded NS : apaat Vnke Hi ae ww OviEs PUAN] “oy”, i r - Bi hg q i \ jc 7 Ck dpe mek i " ak ” oy 1 pyShed « Ue - var a4 bh drake , % A i, 7 : ; - , * ey wt? my ‘mh 1) a d hi “i r A " j at - ‘ ttn y > si) ; n oP i ¥ ‘ ‘* é ¥ 5 # =' we ‘ ’ § ' " , ES K 4} ‘ = af 7 ‘ » } j j h i cit , * + s , ib pie ae Bie veLEr Th o ie THA, COFFEHK, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. _ NO. 2.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 10th Jan. the undermentioned lots of Tea (276,0331b.), which sold as under :— : Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. ibs 270: if, (0) »» 458 2 3-ch dust 180 24 2 460 1 ch unas 105 23 3 Pussetenne.. 462 3 chests brope 300 30 4 464 5 do pekoe 500 26 5 466 1 do pe sou 100 24 6 r 468 1 do dust 125 23 7] Reckside .. 470 4 ch 1 3-ch bromix 489 20 8 Marlborough 472 2 ch do 230 22 9 Blairgowrie., 474 2 ch do 230- 22 14 GMRA .,. 484 5 chests bro pe 530 30 15 486 9 do pe sou 909 24 16 Dunkeld .. 488 20 do brope 2200 56 17 490 26 -ch or pe 1300 59 18 492 22 ch e 2090 35 19 DKD -- 494 2 do pesou 194 29 20 496 6 do pe fans 900 21 21 498 5 }3-ch unas 300 28 22 BTN A Duly met do sou 56 21 23 Nilloomally... 502 3 chest dust 450 24 24 FHM,in estatemark.. 504 15 3-ch brope 810 37 25 506 12 do e 600 26 26 508 2 do pe sou 100 23 a7 5lu Q do fans 120 23 28 Munamale 512 11 chest brobe 1100 50 29 514 6 do e 540 =—s-8 bid 30 DLGme ed do pe sou 90 23 31 518 1 do dust 132 24 32 O me DA0h aed do bro mix 1050 i9 SsieE. DO 522. 5 do bro pe 500-387 34 524 7 do pe 630 28 35 Bulatwaalle 526 18 4-ch bro pe 900 = 337 36 528 18 do e 900 28 37 NewAngamana530 12 chest brope 1200 40 38 532 «9 do 1 3-ch pe 855 30 39 5384 6 chest pe sou 450 28 40 536 «1 do 1 4-ch dust 192 25 41 Wolleyfield... 538 4 chest brope 380 26 bid 43 540 3 do pekoe 270 23 43 542 4 do pek sou 380 30 50 Razeen » 556 5 }-ch bro or pe 225 38 61 558 =9 do pe 405 28 52 560 7 do pesou 315 26 53 562 1 do dust 72 23 54 564 1 do bro mix 56 20 55 Ridgmount,. 566 15 chest brope 165u 87 bid 56 568 15 do [-) 1575 29 57 570 17 do pe sou 1700 26 58 572 1 do dust 150 23 59 The Farm ., 574 1 chest red leaf 90 16 60 576 =©3 4-ch ust 225 25 61 Hunugalla., 578 10 chest brope 1150 34 63 680 9 do pe 945 26 63 582 11 do pe sou 1100 23 64 584 1 do dust 10024 65 586 «(1 do bromix 100 16 66 Alnoor »- 688 31 4-ch brope 1550 40 67 590 28 do pe 1400 29 68 593 15 du pe sou 750 27 69 694 8 do fans 520 28 40 Talgaswela., 598 17 chest brope 1700 39 71 598 18 do e 1710 32 72 600 13 do pesou 1170 79 73 602 6 do sou 640 24 74 604 1 do congou 90 22 7d 606 5 do bro mix 500 14 78 Farnmbam ., 608 41 4-ch broorpoe 237 46 17 630 81 do (3) 3888 32 78 612 57 do pe sou 2565 27 79 614 8 do sou 360 24 80 616 11 do fans 605 25 81 618 6 do dust 350 24 32 620 11 do bro teaNo.1 440 21 82 622 7 do bro tea 315 21 a4 6234 7 do broorpN,l 126 40 85 636 1 bex goldentips 4 R250 Lot No. 108 109 110 lll 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 128 ConromBo,J aNvARY 20, 1894. Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Box Marg. No. Pkgs. Atherfield .,, 628 15 4-ch 630 2 do 632 5 da Malvern A.,, 634 8 do 636 20 do 688 4 do 640 1 do Pansalateone, 642 15 ch 644 11 do 646 8 do 618 2 do 650 2 do A 652 10 box Waitalawa., 654 22 3-ch 656 56 do 658 8 do 660 4 do Yataderia .. 672 15 ch 674 21 do 676 465 do 678 15 do MW «. 680 13 do 682 2 do 684 1 do Golconda .,, 636 3 do 688 5 do G 690 5 do 692 3 do Kirrimettia.. 694 2 ch 1 3-ch EH 696 5 ch 698 4 do 700 «9 do 702) 2 do 704 5 do 706 1 4-ch Ss 708 27 ch 7lO0 235 do 712 15 do Scrubs reohpcl tic Aoench 716 25 do 718 10 do J H S In estate mark ». 734 10 ch 736 14 do 738 4 do 740 1 do NeW De... 7428025. 5-ch 7Wi4 3 ch B 746 1 }-ch 748 1 box Beaumont .. 750 1 4-ch WHR 752 164-ch 754 13 4-ch 776 24 3-ch 758 10 3-ch 769. 1 ch 762 2ch Cottaganga 766 2ch 768 6ch Katooloya.,. 770 14 4-ch Debatgama 722 3 ch 174 2 do 776 «2 do Iddagodda.,, 778 3 ch 780 2 do KB 782 1lch 784 1 do 7386061 do Kelvin ew. 788 1 4-ch 190 2 4-ch 792 «4 oe 794 2 g-ch 795 1 4-ch 798 1 $-ch Pingarawa 800 3 $-ch Bree ore) £02) 5b C Udabage 804 5 A-ch 86 «2 5 808 16 §¢-ch RAW .. 810 7 #ch Ragalla ve Sa 1 ch sl4 3 ch Harripgten 816 14 ch Wevesoda .., 818 7Tch 820 13 ch Descrip- Weight tion. lb. sou 750 bro mix 100 dust 400 bro pe 440 pe cou 1100 sou 220 dust 55 bro pe 1575 pekoe 1100 pe sou 7TeO congou 200 dust 150 bro pe 120 bro pe 1100 pekoe 2800 pe sou 400 dust 376 bro or pe 1575 bro pe 2205 pekoe 4600 pe sou 1425 red leaf 117u dust 280 dust 150 bro pe 300 pekoe 590 souchong 6500 dust 420 bro pekoe 25 bro or pek 550 bro pek 400 pek 810 pek sou 190 dust 759 dust 53 bro pek 2700 pek 2340 pek sou 1350 bro pek 2625 pek 2250 pek si:u 909 or pek 1000 pek 1330 pek sou 380 bro tea 110 bro pek 310 pek 294 hyson 48 twankay 34 dust 103 bro or pek 960 bro pek 650 pek 1200 pek sou 450 usassorted 137 dust 330 son 140 bro tea €60 fannings 700 congou 270 fannings 220 dust 240 bro pek son 210 dust 260 sou 95 bro tea 110 dust 130 fannings 60 fannings 132 dust 264 dust 120 congou 46 bro mix 63 dust 270 dust 100 bro mix 350 pek fangs. 141 dust 1125 dust 520 bro tea 70 fannings 330 broorpe 154) orpe 700 pekoe 1300 bid bid hid bid bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Deserips Weight No, Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. .>°6) 183 822 18 ch pek sou 1800 22 184 824 7 }-ch pek fans 490 22 185 826 3 ch pek dust 300 20 186 Avoca +. 828 12 ch ropek 1200 56 187 ~ 830 16 ch. pekoe 1440 37 188 832 14 ch pek sou 1260 30 199 WLM «» 834 14$-ch dust 80 24 190 Kirindi o» 836 13 ch bro pek 1300 48 1 838 16 eh peoke 850 32 1 840 6 ch eksou 390 29 j 842 ch usb 136 25 205 Monrovia .,. 866 14 ch bro pek 1385 39 206 ~~ 868 20 ch pekoe 2000 27 207 870 9 ch pek sou 909 25 208 812 6 ch bro tea 500 =—.20 209 874 lch faogs 109-28 210 876 3 ch pekoe dust 330 23 213 embawatte. . 822 30 ch bropek 3000 34 214 Macaldeniya.. 884 8 ch 1 $-ch bro pek 930 56 215 886 9chest pekoe 7197 38 216 88 8 do pek sou 720.035 217 HA T in estate nigrk +. 890 1 chest ek sou 90 26 218 ee 892 1 4-ch ro tea 69 28 219 894 1 t ch = dust 70 925 220 Harrington... 896 12 4-ch flowy pe 540 48 bid 221 893 14 chests bro or pe 1540 55 bid 222 900 8 do pek 800 38 bid 223 902 5 do pek sou 500 27 bid 224 904 2 do dust 300 24 225 D. in estate mark Are le hel bro pek 600 28 226 908 10 do pekoe 900 22 227 910 2 do pek sou 220 19 233 Ridgmount.., 922 2 do red leaf 200 15 ane St.Helen’s ... 924 2 do bro tea 200 16 35 926 9 do pekfangs 900 26 ae Dea Ella ... 928 1 do dust 128 = 21 237 830 6 do pek sou 540 26 238 St.Helen’s .., 932 27 do peksou 2430 2 239 934 15 do ek 1275 31 240 936 19 do ro pe 1710s 45 a Lankapura .. 938 1 2-ch dust 99 24 910 34-ch fangs 225 6 345 H&H 942. 3 chests bro tea 300 20 ae Amblankanda 944 5 do bro pe 500 33 916 8 do pek 720 28 216 v48 1 do pe son 90 23 237 950 1 do _ bro tea 120 26 248 Palmerston .,, 952 10 4-ch bro pe 600 59 219 954 11 chests pe 1045035 250 956 5 «co pe sou 540 28 261 St. Helier’s ... 978 27 chs pe 2700 32 bid 262 MV «. 980 8 do 14-ch fangs 500 25 263 982 4 chs bro mix 400 21 264 984 3 do dust 470 25 265 985 1 do congou 85 20 aie Rambodde ... 988 35 4chs brope 1750 54 bid 990 33 do pe 1485 38 bid a 932 26 do pe son 1170 30 269 994 16 do sou 72) 26 269R 2 do sou 90 24 270 996 2 do dust 150 27 Q71 998 4 do bro pe dust 300 40 272 1000 2 do fangs 130 26 2738 2 6G) bro tea 50 15 274 Deaculla ... 4 1t do bro pe 660 59 bid 275 6 17 chs C) 1530 35 bid 276 Malvern oo 8 10 %-ch brope 600 59 bid 277 10 17 chs ) 1530 35 bid 278 Barkindile.. 12 12 do bro pe 1200 51 CH) j 14 3 do or pe 205 37 280 16 8 do e 680 34 281 18 3 do pe sou 300 30 282 20 1 do dust 150223 283 C P M, in st- tate mark -. 22 183-ch pe 990 46 bid 234 24 22 do pe sou 1210 31 bid 985 C, in estate mar « 26 4 ch pe 398 22 286 St. Oatherine 28 7 do bro pe 639 37 287 30 6 do pe 510330 288 32. 7 do pe sou 630 26 289 34 1 do bro tea 100 19 290 MousaHlla.. 36 134-ch unas 646 = Al 291 38 7do pek sou 350 34 292 40 17 do pe 850 55 293 42 20 do or pe 900 59 294 44 47 do bro pe 2585 69 295 ME 302 Chesterford | os 303 304 305 M&O pe 305 307 308 Stistei aes 313 Bloomfield .. 314 315 316 317 RAH, in es- tate mark .,, 323 Park ons B24 325 326 335 L 338 337 = Narthupana .. 3 ay Carlabeck 312 Polatagama,. rd Wandele ° 345 Mr. E. Joun SSSSl so EEE cc ce tid SS SSSSRPRSRSSNSSY Reese & Box Faget we, Pikes Eescrighion 4 33 ae = 3463 c 62 23 de pe - 2300 64 19 do e sou 1900 65 12 do pe 1260 68 11-do pe 1100 70 10 do pe sou 1000 72 11 do 16 }-ch pe 1900 82 20 $-ch yas hyson La 84 20 do hyson 86 31 do hysonNo.2 i708 8 6do twankay 685 90 9 dust 630 102 18 ch bro pe 2070 104 25 do pekoe 2500 106 224-ch pe sou 1320 108 15 do souchong 840 126 4 ch bro pekoe 448 128 5 do koe 500 130 8 do ust 1200 132 4 ae dust 340 134 2do bro tea 130 186 5 ch pe sou 485 138 14 $-ch dust 910 140 82 $-ch bro pekoe 4920 142 +6 do Flowery pe 330 144 7 ch 1 }-ch pekoe 715 146 3 ch pe sou 270 ut up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room oo the 10th Jap., the un- dermentioned lots of tea (84,538 Jb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No Pkgs. tion. b. c. 1 PDO «-» 10 1 chest red leaf 100 20 2 ll 4 do dust 389 a 3 12 4 do pek fans 520, 2B 4 14 1 do pe 36 5 15 1 do bro pek 75 39 6 Madooltenne.. 16 33 do bro pek 3630 45 7 18 19 do pekoe 1900 32 8 20 14 do pek sou 1470 29 9 22 1 do bro or pek = al 10 23. 5 do dust 25 il 25 3 do red leaf 4 18 15 Eadella oo. 34) 20) aD bro pek 2000 43 16 34 13 do pekoe 1170 32 17 36 17 do pek sou 1360 27 18 CN 38 3 do bro tea 285 19 19 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill .. 39 25 $-ch bro pek 1500 67 20 41 20 do r pek 1000 55 21 43 13 ch opek 1170 37 22 45.1 do dust 155 30 23 WT «. 48 40 do obropek 4000 44 bid 24 L wo afte ee » de bro pek 2300 55 25. 50 8 do pek 800 34 16 52 6 do dust 1050 31 27 bai, 2 do 4a pa aan eu alagalla .. 55 40 do ro pe! 5 aa 57 14 do or pek 1260 3=35 30 59 14 do pek 1339 32 31 61 2 do peki cou 210 —-t 32 62a) iD dust 320 24 33 DND,in -. 638 14 do unas 1400 24 caren 65. 8 do dust 1200 22 35 67 5 do fans 550 24 36 69 15 do bro mix 1500 +419 17 4-ch ro pe 2 Overton ee ii ao. Moe 2200 14 50 4 do romix 400 26 20 163 1 oO pek 2000 15 52 3 ich dust 210 30 m BS Aa So, Der eoe" ("= ae 16 54 5 do con 500 23 a ee il 520 a peal $20 7R broywek “8D a0 “A Great Valley 167 17 do bropek 1890 18 58 1 4-ch pek 50 = 0 2 169 29 do pek — 25 171 8 do pekson 760 te i a ies oo al 1 -ch dust 350 Messrs. A. H. Tuompson & Co. put up for esle at the 98 Templodtows 175 33 ch_ orpek = Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 17th Jan. “4 ef s do pek 3870 - ° € oO the undermentioned lots of tea (31,1921b.), which 31 181 2 do cher = a 32 182 1 do bro mix 85 sold as under: 33 Tientsin 183 44 4-ch bro pek 2200 Lot Box Deserip- Weight +2 -p “7 = pes 1900 . 0 =) 7 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Dy: anaes 36 169 9 d-ch ete - 1 Halloowelle.. 1 6 ch sou 540 26 37 Glentilt 190 23 ch bro pek 3465 2 ee ch = dust 280 21 38 192 29 do pek sou 2900 3 Kenningten,, 3 9 ch brotea 520 19 33 194 11 do sou 1100 4 4 14 ch pek sou 1400 925 40 196 10%3-ch dust 750 5 6 4 ch dust 320 «23 46 Galkandewatte 206 12 ch pekson 1080 6 Kalkande 7 1 ,4-ch red leaf 60 13 48 Bowhill 210 3 do bro pek 410 8 6 3-ch dust 3725 14$ch bro pek 8 9 11 #-ch pesou 682 27 bid | 49 211 9% ch _ pekoe 900 9 10 28 #-ch pe 1708 36 50 213 14 do pek sou 1400 10 12 9 4-ch orange pe 558 45 pt 215 2 do sou 200 i1 13 19 4-ch brope 1178 «58 52. K, ines- 12 PB «15 2 ch unas 180 26 bid tate mark 216 15 4-ch = dust 1200 13 16 2 ch fans 210 «29 53 : 218 6 ch ccngou (600 14 Pambagama 54 PGin es- Invoice No.1 17 6 4-ch dust 425 24 tate mark 220 11 do sou 880 15 18 12 4-ch cpngou 1080 §=.20 55 ‘ 222 2 do dust 200 16 Pambagama 56 TP in es- Invoice No,2 19 2 4-ch dust 170 23 tate mark 228 6 do pek dust 900 17 20 3L 4-ch congou 1650 =. 20 57° Wewelmadde 224 1 do red leaf 18 Osciagton ...21 6 ch brope 660 47 bid 1 -ch red leaf 153 19 22 13 ch pe 1300 30 bid | 58 Kotuwagedera 225 23 ch bro pek 2415 20 24 6 ch pe sou 600 withd’n | 59 227 17 do pekce 1700 21 Ardlaw and 60 229 10 do sou 1000 Wishford ... 26 13 4-ch orangepe 1612 53 61 231 3 %-ch dust 230 22 Myraganga... 28 15 ch broorpe 1800 45 bid | 62 232 1 do red leaf 45 :. Norton... 1 ch _ red leaf 80 15 63 Dicapitiya 233 18 ch bro pek 1980 21 Woodend ... 31 1 ch _ sou ia Seas 64 235 21 do pek 2100 25 32 1 ch 65 237 19 do pek sou 1900 26 1 3-ch dust 195 23 66 Lawrence 239 24-ch dust 120 33 1 4-ch pe 50 25 67 240 1 ch bro mix 100 27 34 1 3-ch pe sou 50 24 68 Kabragalla 241 7 3-ch brotea 359 98 Vogan «. 3) 6 ch bro pe 600 45 69 WT in es- 29 37 6 ch pe 425 31 tate mark 242 19 ch _ bro pek 1900 30 38 4 ch pesou 340 26 70 244 12 do pek 1080 35 G «» 45 21 ch e 1890 32 71 246 10 do peksou 900 36 FB 47 5 Ch Congou 450 21 72 Agra Ouvah 248 394-ch broor pek 2535 37 48 5 ch dust 800 33 13 250 43 do or pek 2580 38 Ugieside .,.50 5 a one: 700 924 os oo ae ue = site 5 c¢ ro pe ot 24 sou 3 ot oe 2 16 256 6 do dust 540 a Maddagedera 258 31 ch bro pek 3410 Mr, E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber 8 s53 ar 3 Dok a = - 2 7 do peksou 1530 of {DEMEIIED Sale-room on the 17th Jan., aS un- | 3 Henegeiis 266) rade ease ee dlermentioned lots of tea (124,423 lb.,) which sold | 82 267 1 Go dust 125 83 Shawlands 268 9 $-ch bro pek 585 as under :— a 270 4 ch pek 400 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 272 5 §-ch pek sou 300 : 86 274 2 do dust 148 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 87 Verelapatna 275 14 ch bro pek 1610 1 Nahakettia 135 2 ch fan 290 26 88 277 19 do pek 2090 2 1383 8 do bro pek sou 760 26 89 279 23 3-ch pek sou 1380 3 131 12 do pek 1140 29 90 28L 16 do sou 696 4 129 17 %ch pek 952 39 91 Galkandewatte 283 3 do dust 225 5 Ferlands 136 2 ch _ red leaf 2200-17 92 Nagur’ 284 2 ch bro pek 260 6 Callander 137 19 $-ch broorpek 1064 55 bid| 93 285 @ do pek 380 q 139 19 do or peE 1064 41 bid | 94 286 1 do mix 98 ““GEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. He HORSSHORSLSRESSeRSsGoune TEA, COFFEB, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES: ————, NO. 3.] CotomsBo, JANUARY 31, 1894. { Prick oe :—125 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 17th Jan. | the undermentioned lots of ten (303,094 lb.), which | old as under:— Lot Box No, Mark. No. Pkgs 1 Dambagas- 152 5 ch 2 taawa «» 154 11 $-ch 9 Kincora valoGeen nach & 95 Joo. L 4-ch 3 160 2 ch 4 Gikiyana- 162 12 ch 5 kanda + 164 2 ch 6 Elgin ». 166 2 4-ch Gingranoya 168 5 ch. 10 WOR ae chi 1l Sia 43) 3-chi 12D C »- 174 94 ch 13 176 33 4-ch 14 Moragalla 178 4 do 15 180 3 do 16 182 5 do 17 184 6 do 18 186 3 do 19 Wewesse .. 188 33 do 20 190 45 do 21 192 17 do 2 194 1 do 23 196 3 ch 24 198 1 3-ch 25 M oC ee N, 26 202 do 27 204 2 3-ch 28 206 4 do a9 208 2 do 30 210- 1 do 3L Weoya ce talz, 42) do 32 214 42 do 33 216 79 do 34 218-12 do 35 220 12 do 36 222 6 do a Traquair ,, 224 9 do 226 4 do 30 228 13 do 40 230 1 do 41 Tangakellie ae 8 ch 42 6 do 43 336 2 do A4 233 1 do 46 Poyston 242 2 do AT 244 3 do 48 UK .. 248 1 4-ch 49 DK . 248 2 ch 50 250 2 ch b1 MP .. 252° 4 do 52 254 11 do 53 266 4 do 54 MEK e+ 258 3 do 55 260 1 do 56 N 262 1 do 57 264 10 do 58 N »- 286 8 do 59 268 7 do 60 Polatagama 270 60 g-eh 61 272 64 do 62 274 32 do 63 Abama)lla 276 4864 do Ot 278 6 do 65 Hakurugalla Eis 8 ch (6 15 do 67 384 2 do 68 286 é Ag c 69 L woo, BRAD. aeor 1c B +» 292° 11 do 72 Edinburgh... 294 7 do 73 D in estate mark o. 296 2 ch 724 N ee 298 8 ch 75 30 @do 76 Stisted .,, 302 18 }-ch it 204 30 do 78 306 10 do Deserip- Weight tion. lb. pek sou 525 dust 715 bro tea 72 c: ngou 24 dust 200 Unassorted 780 dust 220 bro pek 100 pek sou 450 peu 270 dust 255 pek sou 2040 dust 2310 bro pek 209 pek 145 pek sou 235 bro tea 290 fan - 193 bro pek 1650 pek 2250 pek sou 830 sou 56 dust 220 red iesf 50 bro pek 63 pek 64 pek sou 95 unassorted 200 bro tea 104 fannings 70 bro pek 2310 pek 2100 pekoe No, 2 3950 pekoe sou 600 pekoe dust 48 bromixed 300 bro pekoe 450 pekoe 200 prkoe sou 650 congou 50 bro pek 840 pekoe 600 pek sou 212 dust 108 dust 300 fannings 300 dust 62 bro tea 160 dust 280 sou 400 dust No.1 1540 do 2 680 bro mixed 315 red leaf 65 bro mixed 77 pek fannings 700 bro tea £60 unassorted 700 bro pek 3600 pekoe 3200 pek sou 1600 dust 284 bromixed 312 bro pek 800 pekose 1500 pek sou 200 bro tea 180 | dust 515 dust 880 bro or pek dt 490 pek dust 200 seuchong 80 durd 300 bro pek 990 pekoe 1509 pek frou 500 bid bid } Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. ‘tion. Ib. 79 Stisted als a8 21 3-ch ~—s sou 945 “80 310 34-ch Dust 210 81 312 9 4-ch congu 405 82 Wattawella 314 10 do bro pek 550 83 316 15 do pekoe 750 84 318 1 do bro mix 50 85 320 16 do dust 1280 86S C +» 322 6 do pek dust 480 87 324 62 ch bro mix 660 1 do do 110 88 326 12 4-ch = dust 960 69 328 13 do pek fans 1040 90 Munamal 330 33 ch bro pek 1300 9. TRE 332.4 do bro pek 400 92 334 5 do pekoe 500 93 336 1 do pek sou 100 Qt 338 1 do bro tea 100 93 Langdale ., 346 12 do pek sou 1( 80 99 348 2do fanning 250 10 350 3 do dust 390 10L Harangalla 352 21 do bro pek 2100 102 354 26 do pek 2470 103 356 13 do pek sou 1235 104 Dunbar 358 12 do bro pek 1200 105 360 17 do pekoe 1530 106 252 2do pek sou 180 107 364 1 do dust 138 108 GA 366 10 do do 1400 109 363. 2 do bro mixed 180 110 Court Lodge 370 404-ch bro pek 2080 lll 372 26 do pekoe 1350 112 374 18 do pek sou 810 113 376 2do pek fan 190 114 V O 378 9 ch Orange pek 900 115 Ederapolla 380 383-ch bro pek 1900 116 382 26 ch pekoe 1950 117 384 30 do pek sou 2250 118 386 1 do unassorted 75 119 E DP ee 388 256 ch pek sou 1875 120 390 3 do fannings 300 121 322-3 do souchong 189 122 394. 1 4-ch bro mixed 45 123 396 5 do dust 375 129C,inestatemark 408 6 3-ch dust 450 130 ChrystlersFi’m 410 § ch souchong &80 131 412 3 do bro mixed 315 132 414 5 4-ch dust 350 133 B& D 416 5 ch do 782 134 P DM 418 2do souchong 180 135 420 2do una-sorted 200 136 MAH 422 6 do congou 600 137 Glencoe - 424 4do bro mixed 320 138 +» 428 4do do 480 139 Baddegama 428 10 ch pekoe 900 140 Ridgmou t... 4:0 18 do bro pek 1998 141 432 15 do pekoe 1590 143 434 26 do pek sou 26-6 143 436 1 do dust 151 144 Lawelicre ... 433 55 2-ch bro pek 3300 145 410 32 do pekoe 160) 14 442 19 do pek sou 950 147 444. 2 ch dust 290 148 Esperanza... 446 22 3-ch broorpek 1166 149 418 33 do pekoe 1606 150 45) 1 do dust 97 15L i 452, 1 do ved leaf 50 152. Patirajah ... 454 65 ch bro pek 510 163 453 8 do pekoe 3800 154 458 1 do fans 100 105 460 1 do cougou 100 156 Hatale «+» 462 14 do bro pek 1582 157 464 16 do pekoe 1504 158 466 13 do pek sou 1235 159 468 ly do or pek 1188 160 Salem ee 470 6 do bro pek 630 161 472 & do pekoe 720 162 474 9 do pek sou 765 163 476 2 do Re sou No, 2 170 164 478 1 §-ch ust 80 165 Alnoor +» 480 18 do ry pek 900 166 482 33 do pekoe 1650 167 484 11 do pek sou 650 168 Es 4 do fans 280 169 1 do bro mix 90 a P,ines'te mark iso 14 do bro tea 770 171 492 3 do pek dust 5 bid bié bid Sir 'g CEYLON PRODUCE. SALES LIST. ’ Tot Box Deserip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ¢. No, Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. wb. ¢. 172 Algooltenne 494 19 do broorpek 1045 42 bid | 262 674 8 ch sou 400 24 173 496 13 ch bro pek 1200 37 bid 263 676 4 do sou No.2 191 23 174 498 13 do pekoe 1300 29 264 678 3 do red leaf 135 16 175 500 12 do Be son 1200 25 265 680 @ do dust 360 24 176 Lowlands .. 502 7 do ro pek 700387 266 632 7 do fannings Sul 26 177 504 4 do pekoe 360 29 267 BDW,A... 684 7 ch bro pe 770 39 bid 178 503 5 do pek sou 400 25 288 686 23 do pekoe 93000 =—37 179 508 1 do fans 120 «23 2€9 688 3 do dust 20. «23 180 Caskeiben.. 510 39 do flowery pek 3900 40 bid | 270 690 3 do ec dust Seo 23 181 612 29 do pekoe 2900 33 271 692 3 do ro mix 255 16 182 514 6 do unas 575 26 272 BDW,P .. 694 21 4-ch bro pe 945 239 bid 182 516 2 do pek fans 240 «25 273 695 do bro pefans 300 27 184 Dewaiakanda 518 11 boxes bro or pe 187 8=641 bid | 274 698 4$-ch dust 3484 185 520 50 }-ch bro pe 2250 = BS 275 700 1 do red leaf ns 2 1386 522 32 ch pekoe 2560 30 276 LB +» 702 10$-ch broorpek 56] 82 bid 187 524 12 do do sou 1020 26 277 704 4 ch pekoe 37228 188 R 528 7 do fannings 700 98 278 706 «64 do conpgou 233 21 129 530 2 do dust 290 86.28 2719 SY -- 78 7 do obropekfan 735 28 150 5630 2 do bro tea 220 «18 280 710 4 do congou 400 «20 wl PG 534 38 do dust 450 25 281 712 5 $ch dust 375 i 192 Moralicoa ...534 3 do pe sou 300 23 282 BAT «- 114 1 ch red leaf ~ 119 16 193 £86 4 4-ch bro tea 440 23 | 2 boxes 194 538 1. do dust 80 26 233 716 14-ch congou 4a a2 195 AWK -- 540 2 ch dust 280 28 | 284 718 15 ch unas 1359 27 196 Dromoland... 542 1 do bro tea 120 26 | 288 Castlereegh 722 18 ch bio pek 1890 55 197 544 1 do red leaf 150 16 287 724 22 do or pek 1980 41 198 ingurugalla 546 65 do pek sou 450 25 288 726 37 do pekce 2475 33 199 548 9 do bro tea 1046 25 289 KC 728 3 do dust a 200 Koladenia 560 «5 do bro tea 6-0 29 290 730 1 do bro mlx 90 21 201 Denegama 552 24-ch bro mixed 120 8620 } 291 Yataderia 722 12 do broorpek 1266 40 202 MC . 554.12 ch tro tea 1220 45 bid | 292 7T3t 22 do bro pek 2310 32 2038 656 14 do pekoe 1274 28 293 7 55 do peek 5500 26 an BEB iad, do tatirovteid 592-25 294 733 12 do pek sou 1140025 205 560 3 do dust 38418 235 Amblankanda 740 6 do broorpek 600 38 206 562 2 do congou 228 20 296 742 #7 do pekoe 630 28 207 564 1 do red leaf 5614 997 744 2 ¢o bro tea 240026 208 m9 1 do unassorted 83 26 2°08 Ouvahkeile 746 6 do bro pek 660 64 209 SSS . 5668 3 do souchong 375 27 229 748 #7 do pekoe 635 45 210 570 1 ch pe fannings 195 25 300 750 4 do pek sou 3800 BT 211 572 1 do dust 172.2 301 752 1 do dust 130024 212 574 6 do red leaf 68017 302 TB 654 3 do faunings 396 40-2 213 Peacock Hill 576 1 do bro mixed 118 18 303 756 1 do bro mix 100 22 al4 578 2 do pe fanninge 140 25 304 658 13-ch dust 88 2 215 P -- 280 7 do dust Nol £8026 805 Queensland 760 33 ch flowerype 3300 47 216 582 3 do do No 2 510-23 308 762 26 do pekoe ' 2650 28 bid 217 584 4 do sou 406 25 1 4h 218 Yoxford .. 586 11 do bro pe 110042 307 764 7 do umassorted 700 28 219 588 13 do pekoe 1170 34 308 756 2 do pee faus 294 22 220 599 9 4-ch pek sou 450 26 309 Bismark .,, 768 $ $-ch pekoe 540 36 221 592 10 do fannings 6000-29 310 770 10 ch bro pe 1000 «= 38 bid 222 594 186 do dust 1210 29 3lL 712 4 do pek sou 400 26 233 896 ...1 ch bro tea 130 as 312 774 +1 do Unes 100 30 224 Laxapanagall 598 3 13-ch sou 160 15 313 9776 1 3-ch dust 70 2 225 600 2 do dust 160 23 314 &t,Heller’s 778 40 do broorpek 2400 439 bid 226 Hangranoya 602 11 ch brope 1000 42 315 780 29 ch pekoe 2300 4630 227 604 17 do pekos you 29 316 782 7 do peko sou 700 «26 228 606 7 do. pesou 70026 317 784 3 3-ch dust 276024 229 €03 8 do dust 420 26 3.8 786 2 do bro mix 120 14 230 610 1 do fannings. 110 26 319 Pedro -- 788 19 eo bro pek 1700 = 58 bid 231 M Ainestate 612 14 do bro pa 1400 B4 320 790 14 do pekoe 980 48 232 mark 614 28 do pekce 2680 24 321 792 9 do pek sou 585 48 233 616 20 do pek sou 1800 24 322 794 4 do dust 480 25 234 618 1G do bro tea 1600 al 323 Deanstone.. 796 3 do pek sou 18 2 235 620 32 4-ch dust 2560 24 324 rf 5 do ust 325 24 236 Clyde os G22) ot Ichi» Pbro pe 1100 46 325 800 1 do bro tea 32015 237 624 10 do pek 900 3 326 -. 8022 7 4-ch dust 630 24 238 628 4 do pe sou 400 25 227 Bagdad - 804, /1 ch bro tea 106 18 239 628 1 do dust 140 24 428 BPC «. 806 7 ch sou 700 2¢ 140 Balgownie.. 620 5 do bro pek 500 «38 329 Nugagalla ... 808 74-ch bro pek 350 © 40 bid 241 632. 6 do or pekoe 600 3) 330 810 24 do pek 1200 28 2423 634 14 do pekoe 1250 28 331 812 2 do pek sou 100 25 243 636 11 do pe sou 990 25 332 §l4 1 do dust 90 25 244 688 2 do unasscrted 180 25 233 M TL, in es- 245 640 2 do dust 260 24 tatemark ... 816 3 ch bro mix 240 17 246 Liskilleen ,,, 642. 15 do bro pe 1500 49 333 4 3 ch do do 2 b 247 644 12 do pekoe 1080 31 334 818 17 $-ch dust 131 24 248 616 5 do pe sou 500 25 #35. Gongoola ... 820 12 ch bro pek 1205 od 249 648. 2 do dust 280 24 336 822 10 ch pek 10c0on 33; 250 VO «, 650 . 8 do dust 960 31 337 Woods Lee... 824 11 3-ch unas 550 aS 251 652. 3 do bro tea 3c0—s«d17 338 826 1 do fans 50 0-28 252 654 11 do or pek + 1100 40 339 pd 3 do dust 205 24 253 5f6 20 do penxoe 2000 28 bid | 340° 1 do congou 50020 254 Doomo ... 658- 1 do pesou 100 24 | 341 Frei’s Ruhe £32 29 4-ch bre pek 1450 z ; 255 Dewalakanda €60 20, boxes br or pe 3404 342° 834 34 ch pekoe — 30. 2 256 HK «- €62 2 eh pek sou 190 26 343 836 19 ch pekoe sou 25 257 3 .. (64. 27 do bro pek 2703 AZ oe 344 WA o- 888 5 ch bro pek 0 2 bid 258 J 11S in estate ‘ ? | 346 oe 8105 do unas "895 : mark . 666 10 do or pek 1000 43 bid | 346_ 842. 2 do bromix ~“" 200 15° 259 B .. €68 1 4-ch Hygon 48730 Se |) Baz 844° 1 I-oh do 5015 260 BDW,G... 570 35 dc bro pe 1750 an bid | 348 Tslgaswela,.. 845 19 ch bro pek 900 «= 39 261 672 7 do pek cou 28002 349 848 26 do pekoe 2470 = 30 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No, Pkgs, tion. lb, c, | No. Mark. No. Pkgs tion, lb. c. ae = q 47 H . 387 10 box bro pek 20 350 RonneAd. Chg ape eou BN 48 38-10 do pek 300 | withd’n 351 852 19 do sou 1710.26 é ne P 49 39 10 do sou 200 352 854 1 do sou (i) 26 = = 24 353 356 3 do dust 450 24 50 Cruden - 40 5 ch sou 450 4 334 888 4 do bromix 400 17 Sl eT alebe8 d-cl. (dust pe 355 860 1 do eougou 90 20 oe 42. 2 ch qewinent ar ae 256 Maryland .. 862 3 do fiowcrypek 290 36 Pata ates 43 4 do red lea 360 357 864 63-ch pekoe 480-25 ne mas soars acnt ee nee 369 Glanrhos 888 8 ch bropekoe 800 48 eee - 4b 42 a ro Ye a cht 370 890 12 do pekoe 1020. 3k 2 i ee a mane es 371 892 7 do pekoeson 660 26 56 aS am2>e Cows Dp eae PAD 372 894 i ch congou 10924 57 at Ue Poe ea 373 896 1 ch dusy m0 24 58 Sree pana a a 374 Dammeria.. 898 I ch sou 60 23 59 Re SSR CD. us i Ce 375 900 1 4-ch dust 100-23 bu Ayr Eamen once: 2 20l.) SDTO ek N a 376 9022 $8 ch peksou 8C0 28 61 57 a g ees “hae a0 377 DM .. 904 22-ch unas 108-26 62 59°15 do pek soa Semon 378 906 do pekoe 800 28 63 Bis 2)2 “chee congon oot os 379 908 9 4-ch bro pek 540 41 6A 62 3 ag Eat aa 380 Brunswick. 910 8 ch uoas 80030 UD SE ee 9130 /ak4d 331 912 3 do pekfans 411 25 GG EBISU ES acai ne ecoe OEE CEU Te nat 382 Middleton ... 914 682-ch bropek 3740 49 67 66 31 do nokce Ea ah 383 916 19 ch —pekoe 18.0 89 bia | 68 63 28 ae Pels sou atth oF 384 918 14 do pekeou 1330 29 oh LES a derail ase ead 885 Deaculla ... 920 17 4-ch bro pek 10:0 59 19 Lh Be Aerie. ENA ee ear 36 822 29 ch pekoe 2946 26 71 Chapelton 72 2 ch bro mix 1209 367 924 9 do peksou 675 oe 72 74 33-ch dust 270-28 Be 926 1 do bro mix 75 15 — 3. 2 tin ‘ 5 OYR 390 Palmerston ee F sah Gate ae # Messrs. Forses & WaLkER put up for sale at the 391 932 12 ch pekoe 1140 38 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 24%b Jan. 392 934° 6 3-ch peksou"© 540 29 the undermentioned lots of Tea (208,967 lb.), which 3893 936 2 do bulk unas 100 26 sold as under :—~ Mr. E. JouN put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 24th Jan., the un- (83,286 lb.,) which sold dermentioned lots of tea as under :— Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkges rhe det Wl oy cree VEEN ae an 2 Tart -. 288 5 do 3 290 7 3-ch 4 Westhall .. 302 14 ch 5 8D 60) ction Bean 6 205., 6 ch 7 3807 3 do 8 3¢c8 4 do 9 Alington .. 309 20 3-ch 10 311 39 do 11 313 18 do 12 315 3 do 138 316 1 do 14 St. John’s 317 18 ch 15 319 12 do 16 321 14 do 17 323 3 do 18 Lamelicre ... 324 55 4-ch 19 326 32 do 20 Cabragalla ... 328 23 .do QL 380 32 do 22 332 21 do 23 334 4 do 24 335 6 do 25 Bila ee 336 380 ch 26 338 41 do 27 240 13 do 28 342 16 do 20 344 12 do 30 346 4 do 31 Whyddon .., 347 12 do 32 349 15 do 33 10 35 do a4 12. 7 Go 35 14. 1 do 86 Glentilt +. 15° 29 ‘do 37 Ardlaw and : Wisbford.,. 17 18 4-ch 38 19 12 ch 39 DE «. 23 10 do 40 H, in estate mark oe 25°27 «do 41 27 1 do 42 28 1 do 43 Callander .. 29 J64ch 44 Kanangama,, 31 58 ch 45 88 55 do 46 Templestowe 35 43 do Descrip-. Weight tious Ib. dust 114 pek sou 525 dust 525 bro mix 1260 bro pek 420 pekoe 570 pek sou 270 bro tea 360 bro pek 1100 pekoe 1950 pek sou 90) dust 240 red leaf 50 bro pek 1986 peloe 1080 pel sou 105u dust 450 bro pek 3300 pekce 1600 bro pek 1300 pekoe 1600 peck sou 1050 sou 200 dus 450 bro pek 3000 pekoe No. 1 3690 pekoe 1170 pek sou 1440 pek fans 1050 dust 520 bro pek 1i4u pekce 1500 pek sou 1500 dust 1000 red leaf 70 pek sou 2900 broor pe £116 pekce 1140 sou 800. sou 560 bro mix 90 dust 160 pekoe ‘* 896 bro pek 6090 pekoe 5500 pekoce 8870 bid Lot Box _. Weight No No. Pkgs Description. lb, oc 1 P inest.mrk. 938 2 ch pek sou 195 25 3 Fooroolvogall, 942 1 ch rei leaf 100 19 4 914 4 ch unassorted 400 27 5 Munamal 245 6 ch pek 540 27 6 Meddetenne 948 11 ch bro pe 1170 37 7 952. 9. chi pek 880 23 8 952 65 ch pe sou 480 26 9 954.2 ch dust 220 24 10 956 2 ch rei leaf 180 16 11 958 1 box redileaf dust 30 20 12 969 1 box fannings 22 24 3 Meddetenne XX962 2 chl 4-ch bro pe 260 out 14 964.2 ch pek 190 29 15 966 1 ch pe sou 10 26 16 SS 963 6 ch pek 610-36 17 970 4 ch unas:orted 34 25 18 Iddagoda ... 672° 4 ch bro pe sou 320 24 19 Di4e43) chi dust 390 25 20 Udagoda 96 124 ch brocrpe 1260 39bid al 973 12 ch bro pe 1260 34 22 930 27 ch pek 2780 27 3 982 2 ch pe sou 920 25 24 §8t 1 ch bro tea 103 21 25 Eastale 286 14 ch bro pek 1400 63 bid 26 985 9 ch pex 810 34 bid 27 990 7 ch pe sou 63) 28 28 9992 2 ch dusi 260 27 29 Radella ww. 994 39 ch bro pe 39v0 52 bil 30 994 25 ch pek 2259 36 Bl 968 21 ch pex sou 1890 30 32 1000 1) ch dust 150 25 88 TRH a0) 24q 2 .Ch bro pe 200 R4 39 14, 3 ch pek 300 27 40 IG 1 ch pe so 1uu 25 41 CHinest.mk. 18 8 3-ch souchong 156 26 42 CH coe 120 2 lwch dust 80 25 43 22. 4 deh red leaf 430 15 44 A 08 24 2 ch pek 172 27 45 2o./4 eh fans 440 “8 46 28 2 ch dust 300 25 47 Mahauya 30 44 ch bry pe 2420 47 48 32 10ch pe sou 900 B4 49 Sk. 6 ch pe sou 540 29 5) 66 1 }-ch congou 33 23 51 2s 1 do dust 80 27 52 BDW A 40 7 ob bro pe 770 = 42 bil 55 € RD os, 4& 4 oh dust 360 95 Sine 45. 3 oh red leaf 800 17 67 KWD.in est.m. 60 2 }-ch dust 150 25 68 Ederapoll .,. 2 30 }-ch bro pek 1900 96 59 Middleton O419 ch pekle 1800 4t 60 BDW P- 66. 35 4-ch bro pe 1750... 41. bid 61 BDW P 58 21 $-ch — brope 945 89 bid 32 3-V 60° 2 ch bro pe 200 = 8k bid 63 62. 8 ch pek fan 850 40 tion. Ib. co 225 red leaf 150 bro pekoe 759 pekoe 990 sou 250 tea 87 fannings 300 k dust 197 mix 500 bropek 180 flow pek 675 bro or pek 1540 pekoe 700 pekoe sou 409 dust 150 dust 255 bro pek 480 pekoe 420 pek seu 336 dust 90 bro tea 56 bro pek 240 pekoe 300 pek sou 280 bropek 2220 pekoe 2099 dast 100 rei leaf 200 bro pek 1200 pek 1265 pek sou 1540 sou 200 pek fangs 450 pek sou 810 bro mix 80 dust 320 bro pek 840 pro pek 1080 pek 770 pek 1000 bro pek 784 952 bro pe 400 pe 710 bro pe 200 pe 400 pe sou 1050 bro pe sou 65600 bro tea 100 pe pust 100 bro pe 1800 2340 pe sou 270 bro pek 1875 pek 1200 pe son 1000 bro pe 630 pek 400 bek 109 pe son 300 bro pe 250 E 300 pe sou 200 sou 300 bro pe 800 k 550 pe sou 750 dust 80 bro pek 1320 pe sou 3881 red leaf 170 BEERS E @ Bessssexeyeesressss g a ~ = = BRSESRRS SSLSESEEE EXE S 25 33 bid 22 16 Messrs. BennAm & BREMNER put up forsale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the24th Jan., the undermentioned lots of tea (6,457 lb.), which sold rd > 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box No. Mark No Pkgs. tion, b. c. No. Mark No. Pkgs. 64 D 64 3 ch ek sou 250 26 1iL 278 «5 §-ch 65 C 66 6 ch Soa 350 22 172 280 3 do 66 A 68 8 ch bro tea 260 19 173 Citrns - 282 15 do 67 B 70 3 ch dust 420-33 174 26 9 ch 68 Avoca es 72 4 ch brope 408 ~—s«B4 175 285 2 do 69 74 6 ch pek 540 43 bid : 1 $-ch 70 76 3 ch pe gou 27032 176 288 1 ch 71 Killarney .. 78 5 ch pek 500 a8 bid | 177 290 8 do 72 80 22 ch broor pek 1540 64 bid | 178 292 2 do 13 82 20 ch or pek 1100 49 bid 179 H. & H. oo. 294 6 ch 74 Apningkande 83 11 ch bro pek 1210 44 bid | 180B 8. -- 296 2 do 15 83 10 ch _ pek 1000 34 bid | 18! Harrington .., 296 15 }-ch 16 £8 10 ch pek sou 1000 2 182 309 14 ch 17 90 2 ch congou 200 «26 183 508 47 a 18 92. 2 . dust 15025 “ ae s rd 79 94 13-ch unas 50 24 , é 80 98 4 ch bropek 400 44 bid | }86Anamallai .. 308 3 re 81 98 4 do ypek 400 34 bia | 187 M. BR. 310 8 82 100 4 do peksou 400 29 188 312 7 do 83 102. 1 do cougou 100-24 189 314 6 do a 104 Lieb dust 75 25 “4 a : ao 5 Aigburth .. 106 10 ¢ oranpek 1000 44 bid : 4 E 86 4 108 19 do bro bat 1900 44 192 Marguerita... 320 4 §-ch 87 110 23 do pek 2300 = BL 193 332. 5 do 88 112 15 do peksou 1500 28 194 374 5 do 89 114 4 do Cougou 400 25 195 Glenorchy ... 326 37 $-ch 90 116 6 do fannings 660 25 196 328 33 do 91 118 1 do red leaf 90 16 oT * 330 1 ch 92 Sinnapittia.. 120 15 ch Dbromixed 1500 22 pia | 1988.8. | 332 2 ch 98 Yatsderia .. 122 16 ch bro urnpek 1680 39 vid | 199 GP Min estate 94 124 14 do bro pek 1470 34 _, mark e- 334 20 $-ch 95 126 36 do peck 3600 2a 200 336 23 do 96 128 18 do pek sou 1710 38 201 338 28 do 97 Becherton .. 1830 7 ch bro pek 7000 49 202 340 4 do 98 132 7 do pek 595-33 203 P 342 5 do 99 134 10 do pek sou 850 28 204 H M Y in estate 100 326 1 do bropekeon 75 # 17 mark oe 344 9 ch 101 138 1 do dust 130 25 2 348 1 do 102 Lunugalla. ... 140 3 es red leaf 180 82) 206 348 4 i? 103 Imaru we. 142 «66 4-ch bro tea 300 20 207 Ambawella ... 350 14 §-ch 104A «. 144 7 $-ch bro tea 350 16 208 352 18 do 105 145 2 4-ch pek 100 © 20 209 354 14 do 105 Doomba «. 148 3 ch 210 356 20 do 1 $-ch bro tea 476 24 211 Ettapolla -. 308 14 5 ch 107 L +. 1£0 4 ch _ bro tea 400 17 212, 360 17 do 108 Oodewella .. 152 22 ch dust 3330 ©8625 213G in estate ML 114 Kirimettia .. 164 5 ch bro mixed 520 28 mark «+ 362 4 ch a5 0 165 2 ch bro pe dust 297 25 214 364 8 ch 116 168 1 do pek dust 116 25 218 Clova sae 372 4 4-ch 117 Toxwocd ...170 27 ch bropek 2700 48 219 374 8 do 1:8 172 25 do pek 2125-33 220 376 21 do 119 174 10 do peosou 1000 29 221 378 10 do 120 176 4 do dust 400 26 222 DEC «. 380 2 do 12 178 1 do sou 67. 93 223 Clove w» 382 2 do 127 G «. 190 3 ch sou 300 24 224 Dunbar... 384 18 ch TS 192 2 do dust z80 0-24 225 385 25 do 129 194 1 do pek iy. 925 226 388 63 3-ch 100GA «196 1 ch dust 150 25 232 Chesterford... 400 15 ch 131 Gampaha ..198 2 ch dust 190 26 233 402 12 do 132 Luccombe ... 200 1 ch pek fans 140 25 234 404 10 do 133 202 12 ch fpeksou 1200 26 235 Goraka .- 406 6 ch te4 Gavapalla ... 204 i33-ch dust 117025 236 408 4 do 135 206 4 24-ch~ fannings 260 29 1 do 136 Kirklees ... 208 14-ch dust 90 25 ene 410 3 do 137 Calsay «. 210 3 $-ch pek faning 219 27 244 Patulpana ... 424 5 3-ch 138 212 14-ch bro mized 75 26 245 426 6 do ir ae gee aR Be (Be 3 ts 140 Lyegrove .. 21 ic! ro pe 660 45 : 141 Pee 218 13 do pek Isto” 32 248 Nahaveena... 432 16 4-ch 142 220 3 do — peksou 300 37 219 434 11 do 143 222 1 do dust 11024 250 436 15 do 144 W W o. 224 12-ch pek 59 «OT 251 438 1 do 145 Patiagama ... 226 15 ch bro pek 1650 655 252 WDF +. 440 12 ch 148 928 29 do pek 2900 33 253 G@ M _ a 442 77 §-ch 147 230 2 do pek sou 200 26 255 Taugakellie... 446 2 ch 148 232 3 do bro mix 290 16 149 234 1 do dust 160 = 150 Amblakanda ... 236 9 ch bro ornpe 900 40 151 ce a a pek 1350 28 152 c. pek son 90 8622 . 153 242 1 ch bro tea 120 26 as under ;— A 154 Hethersett ... 244 24-ch pekfannings150 30 Lot ox 155 246 9 ch pek sou 675 §3 No. Marx. No. Pkgs. 156 248 1t ch pek 12n0. 54 1 Acrawatte ... 26 14 ch 167° 250 294-ch oranpek 133 70 2 28 16 do 158 252 18 4-ch broorpek 9u0 85 3 30 12 do 159 Gleneagles 254 2 ch dust 20 02a 4 Hope Well .. 32 1 $-ch 160 Aberdeen .. 256 2.4-ch duet 120 24 5 34 2 do 161 AD «» 258 7% 3-ch pek sou 352——s«d8 6 F&R we 386 4 do 162 260 3 do bro tea 150 ©8619 7 Mabanelu .. 38 18 ch 169 Moalpedde .. 274 9 do bro pek 450 37 8 40 1 do 170 276 11 do pek sou 550 = 31 9 - 42 2 do ee ““GEYLON OBSERVER" PRESS, COLOMBO, Descrip- Weight tion. bro pek pekoe pe sou bro pek moag pe sou sou red leaf dust — ——— TEA, COFFER, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 4.] Conompo, Feprvary 12, 1894. {Buce :—123 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up for aale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 24th Jan, the undermentioned lots of tea (21,429 lb.), which sold as uuder :— Lot Box No No. Pkes 1 Belgravia .. 1 3 4-ch 2 PYSOR) 3 3 at do 4 5 44 do 7 PB see 70! ag2 ch 8 O10 11 6 do 19 13 13 do 10 G 15 1 do ll 16 2 do 12 17. 2 do 13 18:.41 do 14 P, in estate 19 30 4-ch 15 mark 21 32 do 16 Warwick .. 23 2 ch 17 Rangwella ... 24 15 do 18 26 14 do 19 98 18 do 30 30 2 do 21 31 a do 23 32 1 do 23 Engura Kands 33 9 ch 24 35 6 3-ch Weight Description. lb. c dust 293 24 bid pe sou 300 29 bid pekoe 2400 42 bid bro pek 4840 55 bid unas 180 27 bro pek 660 41 bid pekoe 1300 31 sou 90 20 sou No. 2 220 20 dust 300 24 pek dust 120 26 bro pek 1890 40 bid pekoe 1670 =. 30 bid dust 160 27 bro pek 1500 pekoe 1400 ¢ withd’n. pe sou 1800 FO pe so> 195 15 dust 300 25 fans 100 25 bro pek 108335 pekoe 274 28 Messrs. Somervittn & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 24th Jan. the undermentioned lots of tea (54,875 lb.), which sold asunder :— Lot Box No. Mark. No, Pkgs. 1 Hagalla .. 1 1 4-ch 2 2 2 do 3 8 17 do 4 4 22 do 5 5 31 do 6 Woodlands .,, 6 1 ch 7 7° «de 8 8 1 do 9 9 7 do 10 10 10 do 1l Tl il do 12 Eilalndhu .. 12 1 4-ch 13 13. 1 do 14 14 3 ch 15 15 26 do 16 16 29 do 17 Depedeny 17. 2 $-ch 18 18 1 do 19 19 7 do 20 20 21 do 21 2siido 22 GAOeylon... 22 2 ch 23 23 5 do 24 Ingeriya .. 26 34-ch 25 25°-*5 do 26 26 15 do 27 27 7 do ~ 28 98 6 do 29 Chetnole .. 29 3 do 30 30 3 do 31 31 5 ch 32 32 28 do 33 83 58 4-ch 34 Hiralouvah,.,, 34 1 ch 35 35 1 do 36 3662 «ch 14-ch 37 37 12 ch 1 ¢-ch 38 38 1 ch 1 box 38a 38a 14-ch 38 a9 «63 «Gch 40 40 5 do 41 41 74h 43 42 5 do 43 43 #1 «do “6 44 3 Dox Descrip- Weight tion, lb. dust 75 bro mix 100 pek sou 850 pek 1100 bro pek 1550 dust 100 congou 95. red lea 100 pek sou 665 pekoe 1000 bro pek 1100 dust 90 fans 78 bro tea 225 pekoe 2080 bro pek 2320 dust 160 red leat 50 ek sou 350 ro tea 80 bro pek 140 pekoe . 1050 sou 415 bro tea 195 bro mix 250 peksou 720 pekoe 359 bro pek 330 dust 225 fou 150 pek sou 200 pek 2800 bro pek 3190 dust 138 bro pek dust 27 bro mix No, 2 216 bro mix 1062 fans 112 fans 40 pek sou 300 pekoe 423 bro pek 308 bro pe No, 2 225 do » L 3 bro or pex 66 bid Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkgs. 45 DMR 45 22 ch 46 RE 46 3 ch 1}-ch 47 47 5 ch 48 48 3 do 1$-ch 49 Arslena ~. 49 39 do 50 WG wo = £0%25)jdo 51 51 19 ch 52Peria Kande- kettia ... 52 26 do 53 EWS ie =G3016L do 54 Silver Valley 54 ‘J2-cp 55 55 do 56 55 64 do 57 57 21U do 58 K 58 6 do 1 tox 59 59 6 ch 60 KL see 60 1 do 61 61 2 4-ch 62 62 6 ch 1 }-ch 63 Elletenne .. 63 do 64 64 4 do 65 65 17 do 66 Diyagama .. 66 1 do 67 67 1 do 68 RVK 68 $§ ch 69 69 1 do 70 7®@ 2 do 71 Strathellie 71 16 do 72 72 34 4-ch 73 Sirisanda 13 ch 74 74 1 do 75 75 24-ch 76 78 6 do 17 77 25 do 78 78 #17 do 79 72 #17 do 80 S & R, in es- tate mark.. 80 44 do Descrip- tion. bro pek sou 325 peroe bro pek bro pek pekoe bro pkoe pro pek or pek congou sou pel oe bro pek pekoe bro pek dust bro pek dust bro tea unas pek sou pekoe bro pek pek sou Weight Ib. ¢. 2420 35 bid 24 500 26 355 30 bid 1950 1250 ©. 30 bid 1980 39 3380 41 1440 2 44 a2 262 2 192 23 53 él 306 «= 660 31 107 20 bid 148 «ss B4. «bid 693 17 140 22 bid: 240 ~—-'19 bid 850 9-25 85 24 50.s«dAS 300 23 bid. 100 27 200 34 bid. 1680 22 2720 26 303 26 17 17 114 23 bid. 300 22 1250 30 80 32 1020 5k 2420. «18 bid Messrs. A. H. Taompson & Co.; put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 31st Jan., the undermentioned lots of tea (39,185 lb.,) which sold as under :— Lot Box No. Mark No. Pkgs. 1 Nahslma . 1 6 ch 2 2 2 tech 3 Brae coon) co do 4 4 3 do 5 56 1 do 6 Sapitiyagoda 6 16 ch 7 8 15 do 8 10 30 do 9 12 +1 do 10 13. 2 ch 11 P, in estate mark 14 30 }-ch 12 16 32 do 13 W 18 23 do 14 Tallegalla Kanda .. 20 11 do 15 22 15 do 16 24 #5 de 17 26 1 do 18 Charlie Hill,. 27 do 19 28 #8 do 20 30 10 do Q1 32 6 do 22 33. 4 do 23 CH « 34 2 do 24 Ardgowan 35 21 ch 1 ¢-ch 25 37 29 ch 26 39 20 ¢ch 27: P P, in estate mark >, #i. 38 ch 28 WK 43 23 do 1 $-ch 29 AGO 45 1 ch 30 468 #2 do 31 47 2 do Descrip- Weight tion, Ib. congou 564 dust 150 dust 163 congou 150 bro sou 50 bro or pek 1700 bro pek 1800 pekoe 300 sou 100 bro pek fans 230 bro pek 1800 pekoe 1600 fans 162) bro pek 550 pekoo 750 pe sou 250 dust 70 pek fans 100 sou 400 pe sou 500 pekoe 300 bro pek 290 rei leaf 100 broorpek 2562 peroe 2904 pek sou 1012 peroe 3800 pekoe 2340 Bou 80 80u No 2 220 pek dust 250 bid bid 36 bid bid zk 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Mr. ©, Jonn ut up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 31st Jav., the un- Germentioned lots of t+a (50,048 Ib.), as under :— Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkgs. 1 Talagalla ... 75 2 ch 2 76 2 do 3 71 WW co 4 719 16 do 5 81 37 do 6G AgraQOuvah 8&3 35 4-ch 7 85 34 do 8B 87 25 do 9 Glentilt «» 89 25 eh 10 10! 12 do 21 Pallawella .:. 103 28 }-ch 12 105 16 ch 18 107 17 do 14 109 5 4-ch 45 Verelapatoa 110 41 ch 16 112 382 do 17 Daccclten 114 18 do 18 116 12 do 19 J, in estate mark -- 118 43 box 20 Eadella «- 119 2 ch 21 121 12 do 22 123 23 do 23 125 12 do 24 Kirkoswald... 127 35 ch 25 JM ». 129 19 4-ch 26 131 8 ch 27 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill .. 133 30 4-ch 28 135 23 do 2y 137 18 ch 30 1389 2 do 31 PG oe lu ch 32 1 do Deecrip-. tions dust pek sou pekoe or pek bro pek bro or pek or pek pekoe bro pe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou pek dust bro pek pekce bro pek pek sou pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou dust pek sou bro pek pek e bro pek ro pek pekoe dust sou dust which sold Weight F ce, 330 8625 250 27 950 29 1440 36 38-5 50 2272 82 2040 69 15v0 52 2625 53 120045 1568 40 bid 1600 32 1700 28 bid 400 26 4715 41 bid 3200 40 1890 44 1200 28 215 35 2500 46 1vt0 R4 1840 29 1680 27 3325 32 bid 950 37 bid 720 31 1800 5 115u 48 1620 4t 300 27 80 2 150-26 Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 31st Jan. the undermentioned lots of tes (174,926 lb.), which old as under:— Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkgs. _1 Horegaskelle 448 6 4-ch 2 450 6 do 3 452° 10 do 4 454 1 do 5 4568 1 do 6 Munamal =... 458 7 ch 7 460 6 do 8 Wssex » $62 4 ch 9 464 3 do 1 3-¢eh 10 466 4 ch il 468 18 do 12 470 6 do 138 GAS :. 472 2 do 14 474 1 do a5 476 1 do 16 478 1 do 17 480 1 do 1i8 MMS «. 482 2 do 19 484 4 do 20 SK .. 48% 29 4-ch 21 4:8 4 do 22 490 10 do 33 492 8 do 24 Jambugaha... 494 3 do 25 496 10 do 26 498 14 do 27 F HM, ines’te : mark -- 500-10 3-ch 28 ‘502 9 do 29 504 7 do 30 505 1 do 31 508 38 do 32 L, in estate ? mark -- 510 1 do 33 512.1 do 34° Sembawatte 514 29 ch 35 516 19 do 36 518 23 do 37 520 2 do 38 522 6 do 39 Asgeria -- 524 6 do 40 626 1 do Al 528 1 do pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou dust fans bro. pek pek sou dust bid Lot Box No. Mark. No. 42 AG -. 530 43 532 44 G aaa 45 636 46 538 47 F F, in estate mark - 540 48 542 4 544 50 Goatfell 546 51 548 52 A 560 53 652 54 554 55 558 56 558 67 56u 58 562 &g 564 6) Havilland ... 5°6 61 568 62 570 63 72 64 574 65 Lc oleecndura 76 66 Bismark 578 67 580 68 582 69 584 70 586 71 E ose 582 72 St. Leonard’s 596 74 592 74 594 75 Anningkanda 596 76 598 77 600 7B 602 7 604 £0 Algooltenne.. 606 81 €08 82 610 &3 Ambherst .. 612 84 614 85 616 &6 Gomalia .. 61K 67 6.0 88 622 89 Kandegalla... 624 90 ’ 626 91 628 2 Lankepvra W 630 93 “6-2 94 Malvern we 634 95 Batadoowa... 636 9% BL wo. 638 91 BFB «. 640 98 642 99 614 100 Scrubs we 646 101 €48 102 650 103 Condegalla... 652 1¢c4 C inestate * mark ae 105 Koiadeniya ... 62 1C6 Pantiya we FOS 107 660 108 Queensland ,.. #662 19 664 110 St. Helier’s... 66 111 668 112 670 113 Palmerston 672 114 674 Tides 676 116 678 117 Yataderia ... 680 118 ‘ 652 119 684 12 €86 . Y €88 122 Dunkeid 690 123. = 692 124 694 125 R A H inestate mark 696 126 Radelle 698 127 Wolleyfield 700 128 702 or ~ Koo rK Eun a wee Descrip- Weight tion. Ib. bro pek 770 pekoe 3000 Med pek 4 oe pek sou 80 bro pek 40) 400 « sou 7ee pekoe No. 1 312 pekoe 100 bro pek 100 bro pek 15 pekoe 869 pe sou 400 do 50 sou 170 pek fans 100 fans 100 bro pek 4565 pekoe 3300 sou 2160 ‘0 mix 200 dust 80 bro mix 58 bro pek 900 pekoe 1800 pek sou v0 upas 300 dust 120 pek sou 1875 bro pek 1960 pekoe 1200 kee 80 ro pek 1100 pe*oe 1000 pek sou 100 congou 200 dust 150 bro pek 1400 oe 1700 k sou 1200 ro pek 300 pekoe 360 pek sou 240 bro pek 500 pek 360 pek sou 160 a or pek 1510 pek sou 1890 pek dust 450 red leaf 108 bro pek 440 2277 broorpek 561 unas 164 dust 498 red. leaf 36 bro pek 1785 koe 1250 pek sou 835 bro pek fan 630 bro tea 200 red leaf 220 bro perou 160 dust 260 flowery pe 1900 pekoe 1500 bro or pek 2100 pekoe 2100 pekee sou 800 bropek 1140 pekoe 1710 pek sou 990 dust 240 bro pe 2100 or pek 1600 pekoe 5900 bro tea 105 red leaf 206 bro pe 1870 or pek 1050 pekce 1500 dust 607 bro pe 2900 bro pe 95 pekce Su os ae bid SYSVSSRRESSLSS ERABNSSRSSSERSSSSESSSSERSE SSENES cc BB bid bid CEYLON PRODUCE a ; SE SALEST OEIST. “ No. Mark Box Descrip- p v 129 of No. Pkgs. aoa yee Lot ee = ot 130 JO aS: c. No. Box escri P 131 Bue Ue) A ON ey ee Nose er ee 132 Mende He is 25 Arelena Oar mares Ibiaiéc 133 Cl 710.0 d ust a) of 26 si Ooe ets coe ned: : Baap cecil alowe 712 4 gos copgou Rp 1° 27 6 17 do ust 5L 25 135 Mi oo eke 9) ao pe sou 95 23 28. 7 38 do pe sou B50 30 ae Hdleton ak Wes 41 ch uss 200 a7 29D DS@ 2 “9 ao Prd pek 1909 35 718 ro pek : 30 . 1 ci 1458 5! LS TayeSsHpLutaleey2) AbEon pekoe 216388 a P84 da” Spouse | > oF 28 139 722 6° ag pe sou 300 47 32 11 6 do pak 87 33 14 . 724 4 congou , 33 TOPE 9 sou 600 2 0 WF in estate do dust 300," 30 34 DBG 13. 7 do per 6158 1 paarke 726 26 320 3t 35 Seep de tS) U0: bro pek 784 38 Ferndale 728 8 ae su Bi 27 35 EC a path do gost 450 235 143 130 ig 8 dD atnedi 60, (18 Me cca he RS Sa eee aoe : 0 rf d 7 144 Hunugalla Li 10 do paakens 400 27 39 nutsford Phy toa do bro pek 200 ee b va ie oH do bro pek ee 16 40 190% Vo aust 160 id a d 100-23 Le april In M47 Ji manila dee eee 100 38 41 2)» do mmassort 281 35 J in estate o pe sou 1 0 oR 42 21 17 do De EO 113-33 ti 740 2 100 96 mn o3),\7 .do8 ©bro 1003-28 149 Daa doe DEO De 46 Ivies sa oe aeb re crosnek } B00: OF 16 744 2 do pe scu 225 ag 4T Higget®te oon” ‘prot pek 955. 44 ie 746 2 do bro sou oo 04 48 27-5 4-ch an tea 254 = 19 eabel eniee fede 3839 90 ae aS aaiich! ook £00,525 153 PaCaMgul eu berants isa a 50 SOGaOe dete noroo h asae eae 15 a . 752 8 9 _ souchorg {18 bi 51 H H 30 15 do b e 4500. 31 4 $-ch = dust oe 150 i} 52 oe ol Tl -d ro pek 150C 43 160 WF ines- 74 2 do red leaf Ca eeey, bid | 53MM 32 1 Ae pek son 100° 21 Z tate mark .. 766 1 a 9u oF 54 B 33 2 do pekee 96 (24 iG 9 » 5 5) a 31lL 188 x ais te pee” ae | coe a EM D i A 5 37 oe 2 5 aS RUAVORIENS 9-;51702223 aceencee wo 3 Alutkelle ese Saw SERED PEE Se or bad 1 = .. 784 o bro pek Bl : Bt yal d-che 4r 00 «37 bid nes gg ich fans eoTt yoo bid at Dot Rp eee ate i o e 5 61 40 12 a omix 109 27 we pees 3 do pekienu 1490 a 62 41 10 ao pee sou 600 26 bid 73 Kuruwilla 0 3 do du 150 63 Goonambi 42 10 do pekoe 500 146 arse do weg k 150 aal 64 ambi) 43. 1 do ras pek . 500 al 5 do c 385 5 65 44 annings 38 3 : pek _ do r 23 gh Mensugoge 198918 dovbieneleiaou 65 ot 66 45 1 do CE ML 178 aGtT Re eee ek ZED as 67 45 13 do neLicod 6L 18 18 aa Ledea) 900 i 68 ee con eo bid 6 Ellekande 6 ch jek 1250 3 rer ae eng ne at arr ae oe 17 do bro ae oo ry Dropeer ya? 44 9 1 189 peo Td tdok 74 pek WOr 145 Mr. E. Jou 190 824 23 do pek No 32° 600 34 of Com Ny put up for gale 191 5 Beg eee ee a8 und merce Sale-room on t at the Obamber 192 £23 3 upas i300 2k ermentioned lot n the 7th Feb 1 830 do dust 38 as under - s of tea (74183 | eb, the 194 832 28 eo pek dust i003 as Lot Te B b.), which gold oO 2) 195 &34 cong a) No. OX Descri ; 2g aR bl Hgead ~Teawiee Tu, 1 a. No Pkgs. tion’ Weight 196 seen ao Poe oe 17044 LpSaumarer, )-./ 143) Tach ob = lb. 6. 198 840 10 do ek 1200 M44 2c roorpek 6 ek so 3L ch 6 42 a Talgaswela .. a4 Fi Hp STE TGRE SOC 4 Ane 1 toh oF pek Eel J 201 MGAG dou eee ee a = TA eee Br itar 202 &48 12 do emer iar Be int Syme aie a 1680 25 010 do gu saa a7 : quar Cop a ies p 280k a aD ‘ a3, Me c Messrs. So 8 Ee DE ater ony aaiel cee cwwniawey int Gharmhseot EYES & Oo. put up f 9 2 25 2-ch peebee 2000 = BL m S r the undermenti merce Sale-room p for sale at the 10 Kanangama.. Ls 21 ch pekoe top 68 ioned | on the 3 11 6 34 do 0) 56 as under:— ots of tea (50 Ist Jan 15 bro pek 35 Lot , ,637 1b.), which sold ig 160 13 nor pee 3200 7 N Box is 100/118 odend apel sos ) $1 bid o. Mark, No Pke Descrip- Weicht 1s Mocba 1m o ge dust A710 2 1 : Ss. i By og c 2 J's nor Slusec4 ; tion. 1b. c 16 165 24 do ere 2750 83 3 82 6 an pok! du’ a!ioope 961 17 167 36 do 5 ta 2400 60 4 83 20. do sou 300 ze i69 2 do: pe hes 1440 tk y 84 6 d pek su 1000 5 18 (packed in patent 180 . 39 8’ DMR Ba 4 .do pek 300 2 a0 as Cheeta paper) oo ; rorek 2 > ; pack 12 43 3 6 4 ch dul Gta 3 19. Great Valley.. ML eat ch’ ivopek 26 ‘ sHioE 22 ‘ 17 Dy Loe Dali pekisani an 30M” 97 2 Glenetilt .. Ea 3700 oat agama 5 do b 5 31 17 Tr) pek 331 1 + $9 3 do beh peli’ BBr).. 86 28 Templestowe RaBSS e ek en ee 15 Ronda st ¢ do Beker sos a | Hebe Sue combat hts lt a eee eee 00 29 «4. 26 GT Tee hae Iban ge—"abgeyO gs 15 ged och pekdu 560 a 27 185 9 ch sur 102-38 16 95 17 do brotea 420 22 28 Tart 187 8 do dust me Ba 17 98 20 do pek sou 1700 30 29 .. 189 7 ch — bro pe 760 «Y 18 97 19 do mekce 200 34 bid 30 ae 16 do canes ee 33 a 98 8B fch Ligne aati fe eee Sa B Mo horeE ee Sie as Strathellie 90 Be boxes br or pek 600 age "9 Hill .. 194 96 $-ch bro pel 4 ch = pekdu 27: 4: hid | 33 19 18 d onpes 15608 u 97208 19 o © ot pek os 34 98 13 ch pek 7153 55 £00 16 do a 1170s at pe sou 1440 33 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c: | 202 4 4-ch sou 38026 66 2028 1 do bro mix 117 20 37 204 1 do dust 150 27 38 w—e -» 205 48 do bro pek 4800 46 39 Bt, Jobn’s ., 207 12 ch pekoe 1092 46 40 209 32 do pekoe 1080 49 4l Qll 14 do pek sou 1050 35 42 Litt!e Valley 213 21 ch bro pek 2310 47 43 215 82 do pe” oe 2200 «= 35 44 213 3 %-ch pek sou 150 25 46 218 3 do cust 180 26 46 Bollagalla .. 219 38 do bro pek 2080 39 47 221 22 ch pekoe 1980 33 48 223 12 do pek sou 1140 28 49 225 1 4-ch bro tea 60 «15 ‘O 224 2 do dust 170 25 51 Talegalla .. 227 21 ch bro pek 2205 57 52 229 14 do or pek 1330 © 38 53 23 7 do pekoe 665 32 54 233 7 do pek sou 250-28 Messrs. BenHAM & BREMNER put up forsaleat the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 7th Feb., the undermentioned lots of tea (7,624 lb.), which sold as under :— , . Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkga, tion. lb. °C. 1 WO ». 28 2 ch dust 264025 2 Tava’amtenne 30 16 do bro pek 1600 54 3 32 12 do pekoe 1200 35 4 34 1 do pek dust 150 26 5 361 do congonu 100 24 6 Hornsey ... 28 9 ch pesou 900 33 72 40 4 do fans 300 a7 8 Elston, in es- late mark.. 42 29 do pe sou 2610 $1 : ) 44 3 do bro mix 300 333 10 46 2 do congou 200 21 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (Brom Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincine Lane, Jan. 5h, 1894. Marks and prices 0: CEYLON COFFEE eold in Minoing Line up ‘o 5th Jan. ;— Ex “Ohancellor’”—Milnathert, 5c 1058 61; 50 106 64; 30 1b'1062; 4c lb 100-6 ; 2b 962; 2c 124.; 1o lt 9a 6d; 4 bage 102s/6d. Ex “Clan Macintyre’—Kelburne. 8¢ 1b104s; 5c 100s; Se Ile; Ic"lb 95s; le 1148; 2¢ 1128; lo lb 88s 6d; 2 bags 100s. Ex<“Rewa’—(DO)OO, 1b 107s; 40 1b 1058 6d; 1c 1t 100s 6d; 1b 95s; lo 120s; 1t 91s. — Mincine LAne, Jan. 12th, 1894. Marke and prices of OKYLON COFFEE sold in Minting Lane up to 12th Jap, :— °x* Clan Macintyre’—SS&0Oo., 20 bags 88s. Ex “Sydney”—Meeriabedde, 1t'109s; 30 105s; 5c 1t aay 1t 97s: lo 1228; 2 ‘bays 102s. (MBI), 1c 1b 90s 6d. a Ex'Oity of Vienna’’—Kondesalle (OBEC), 1b 106e; 1b 105s; le 1b 998; 1b 96+; 1b 1076; 1b 89s. Mincine Lane, Jau. 19th, 1894. Marke end prices of CHYLON COFFEE sold in Minocing Laud up to 19th Jan. :— al aaa Ex “Pakliog’—Freshwater, le 1t 1083 64; 3c 103s. Ex “‘Oratava’—Kotiyay: la, 20 ib 1020 6d. Ex “Chcshire”—Norwood, 40 1b 101s. Ex “Onnella’— Belaoals 4c 1072. Ex “Cheshire’'—Ferham, 4c It 103s 6d. Ex “Oanfa”—North Matale, lt 101s; 4c 962; 1c 1t 94s: lb 106s; 1¢ 88s; 1 bag 930. | ; Ex “‘Rewa”—North Matale, 6 bags 843. Ex ‘Karamania”—Palli, 1t 98s; 30 923 6!; It 89s: 14 102s; 1o 898; 1 bag 89s. ; Ex ‘‘Dictstor”—Keensgahaella, 1c 1¢ 98s 6d; 2c 95g; Ib 95; 1b 104s; 1t 1b 87s; 11848; 1-hag 88s Ex “‘Cheshire”—Gonamotava, 2c 1¢ 1b 104s. Ex “‘Arabia”—Hentann, 40 1b 956, Ex“O:inoco”—DE, 45 begs 86s 6d. eS ee CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lanz, Jan, 12th, 1894. Ex '‘Chancellor”—W>rriapolla, 48 bege 879; 9 56s; | 10 bags 578 6d. SD, 3 hags BOs; 2 70s; 4 750; 5 71le: 2 50s 6d. Sndugangs, 6 ; A bea Bist, gangs bage 868 6d; 5 478 6d; 9 x “Rewa”—M * . bien soussve, 25 bags 82s 6d; 2 50s; 18 Ex ‘Clan Murray’—(KA H i) y’—(KA), 13 bags 55s 64; 5 bage Ex ‘“‘Ohancellor’’—Coodugalla SD, 2 b : a ags 648 6d. Asger's, 15 bage8le; 4 80s. G i bags 4 11 bags 68, 64° oe ae Ex * Beogal”—lngurugalle. 16 bays 83s 6d; 12 73s. MINcinG Lanz, Jan. 19th 1894. Ex “Yorkshire” —Kondesall bags . 17 bags 708; 8 54«. eb SO ee cs Ex “Oape.la”—C, 1 bag 535; 21 52s 64: 1 bag 4\s. Ex “Dunera”—Kon4esalle (OBEC). § bags : —— mn hOR I ae mm Me x “Legislalator’—Kondesalle (OBEO - 8 72s 6,088.83; 6 BO.: 28 83s oe ie eas x“Clan Macintyre”—Rockhill, 6 sa: we 626; 9 48s 64. aes Siar A ai x “‘Rewa”—Rockhil], 8 bage 58s. Ingurogalla, 14 bage85s; 7 73s; 1 80s i : 63 T big Boe Asgeria, 29 bags Sis; 9 78s . = Bengal” —Sunnyeide, 16 bage 878; 13 65s; 6 67e; iB. ———— CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent,) Mincine Lane, Jan, Sth, 1894. Ex “Olan Macintyre’’— Delpotonoys, 3 cases 26 11d: = 2s 6d; 126 7d; 1 16 11d; 1 1s 74; 3 le 10d, 6 2 Ex “Clan Macalister”—Vicarton. 2 : 104; 7,18 104 1 1s 74. pbs “eee ae as? Ae x ‘“Mira”—Gallantenne, 2 3 s : 3 oes 2 188d: ae ad x “Mahratta”—Gallantenne, 1 case 3: 11d; 1 2s 24; 2 1684; 2 1s 6d; 3 18 74. eee a case 2s 74; 1 256731 Is 14:2 le 10:3 186d. x “Clan Stewart”—Havilland (O case 10452 la 8d;2 18 24. rote co eee x ‘‘Moyune”—Mahallawaywatte, 16 cases 1s 9d: 8 oases le 7d; 4 1s 81; 3 monldy le 6d: 2 di d: one sg . ouldy 1s 6d; 2 ditto 1s 6d; 2 Ex “‘Capella”—Lunugalla, 2 cases 1s 9d; 3 Is 64. Mrincine Lang, Jan. 19th 1894. Ex“Paklivg”—Loonagalls, 1 case 2s 4d: 2 ; eens eed 8 185d; 1 te ‘ld. ‘ it 2 x “Mahratta”—Vedehe'te, 4 eases 8g 1d: : 2 2:14; 3 Isls 3 1s 74. : ae 3. x “Clan Macintyre’—Galaha, 1 case 3s 2¢: 10d; 2 mouldy 2a1d;i1 1s 111 is6d; 1 in gh Ex ‘‘Mira’’—Gallantenné, 3 cases 2s 1ld; 4 2s; 2 cases ls 8d. : , Ex ‘‘Mabretta”—Gallantenne, 1 case 3s 3d; 6 2s 114; | 1 262d; 2.18 ree 6d; 3. ls 7d. Lebanon, 1 case 2s 705, 1 ae Ga 1 ls J a2 1s 10d; 3 186d. x ‘Clan Stuart”— Havilland (OBEC), 2 21s 8d; 2 mouldy 1s 2d. = ( '), 2cases 1s 10d ““@EYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. Supplement _to_the Tropical Agnicitturist.” EXPORTS OF CEY JON PRODUCE from Colombo and Galle during the past Ten Yea (Published by Chauber of Commerce.) COMPILED AS FROM Isr Y TO Slsr DECEMBER IN WACH YAR. Corrke, Cwr. CRE | GuaiGna 3 Tea NPE aes lesen | - ae ECHONAN - p 2 r| bs | Ee eo | ga | Covo- | Desiented|coconut! 2 | Plum~ =| 3 | Deer 23 #5/g2) 5a | 83 JuutOil|Copra.| Coconnt.|Poonne.| 3 bago. | @ |Horns|a~|Sx/"* | SF | & tae ie | 3 | | [Repe.| Yuen. |Ribre| | I Gwt. |\Cwt. b 1 Cites || |] Cie we .| wt. | wt, Owe. lowe. | oz. on. f - | | aI — | | “1 4 | = leah >| Fal iF Total Expoits from Ist Jan. todtst Wer, 169) f 0,05 428, 21011,995,2 sf3s9,712) 44,923] 6,414,008) 183,535) 1,079,028) 337.605] 7,819| 81,801{60,40] 64381] gaa] 6,678)95,001) 2,17) }140,056 Do. do. do. 40,604) 2 372,510/1,01 204,168) 0,717,38u/ 426,761) 7,895)101,975|13,445) 5,938 to,z04 $ | 2401) 108,303 Dos do. do. 1801 | 81,22 20,532) 499, 1o9}2,31 1,116,350] 192,210] »,699,103! 400,258) to,876| 99,090137,807 || EE eee #899, 103 | 807 | Do. (lo. do. 1890 | 82,005] 4,004) § 981) 387,910)1,96,514 ; 145,083}11,907,989) 9,879) 75,030/35,067] | 2,307 hos,zsz | | | Do. do. do, 1889 | 83,300) 4,789) 35/19,054) 361,22 112,010,096) | 136, 9,178 cored 3,572 } 1,083) 1,980) | 2771) 10,283,433 |100,234 Do, ‘lo. do. ISSS [11.491] 8,172)139, 685 159) 287,72411,685,181 | 103,182 7 8,701) 82,010/23, 299] 12,77] 2,131 1,703) 10,550,485) 141,208 ( 197,704) | D f 4 , ue ch do, 5/16 901/314, 91811,081,6031 | 101,08i)10,712, 1 9,010] 70,148}23,750] 15,366) 2,208 | wy 8,828,578] 33,042 Do. ‘No. do. 1886 |176,183) 6, a7 11,855) 210,581]1, | 2] 7,159) 2,901 1,010) 1,808) 6,745,704) 187,280, To. do. do. 1885 [306,833)21,281/32 on 199,782] 9,898) 19,325] 1,7 | 8,570,192) 90,830 Do. do. do. 38} 1,00 180,012]11,715) 67,012 | sy] 104,245 * No records previous to 1887. + No records previous to 1891, ~ No records previous to 1803, Aid Wl nN Ven ° ‘ DISTRIBUTION FOR 1892-93. a 7 =z ; By | | E esiccate Joco- 2 | D - BE log) Coffee: Crt. Ginchona Cocoa) 25 || Cinnamon, Cocomut Oil. |/Gopra. PEA Poonac,) Cone WBE a Solr Gute 2 orn won. | 82 |S P 5IE Coconut | ‘ a ae |2i| COUNTRIES. — h a I—- + Le | = — ‘| S 1893 189) { Plant- oa 2 92 r Bates. | Chips. | - : yarn ac ston he (Tore [arena meee] Ame ALTE Gsts es Nine | ee ae Fame ere fies few | aa aad ieee |e are Le | | — A | | = — 4 = To United Kingdom =.) 36500 36500) 3331030, 6068627}75500077 61815075) 28707 192857) 33! 7158! 5500468) 2558) 9967533|101186]117320 ... b) 40889) » Austria 5622) 900 7190] 93708) =. |. | as(U es | seat | seat ea | wel », Belgium s peau 605) 263! =. 56 44819) 28006) out} ee oat ,, France 7992| 15874) 59) 504 on 03 eee 9 63: E ,, Germany 2 ms 225686) 123077] ... | 28062 12006 328510) 47098) 30487 2172! ADL 3467) », Holland 25239) 59240) 10818, QW am | on 21200, 85120 2000 10764) 10948) 38)... =) 200] op », Italy. ree so 9097 95700) 87524) 20 34 [ne oe 60 >, Russia on ; 09 53272) 19906, | oy », Spaio on 60 37513) 00 | oo », Sweden an 0) oO , Torkey cen », India a0 64104 wa meses y» Australia A 696 175667 esa >, America ea] 112440) 548068) cas 2602368) Ne », Africa 114857| 64728)... oo bx 580309) O05 b8 », China 188099) 103988} 244 819). 10020)... 19800)... i Rapore 5 21906) 11381] 689) | 1456) oon 0 oH ve ,, Mauritius modi 16 110079} 89617 Bp oo : on oo » Malta al] op |bon th 0 38435 18326) | 66 Me ao 5 se |e — sa | A | a jo oaieenoromne oar me alg eel nee 2 6793320 84406064 711536571 80058 428218) 1995257/667115]389712 650077) 44929, 6411908) 185588 11079025/337005 426751 7319) ial 349) ath 39004)2417 10696481 140334 to slat December 1893. | 52539/2651 55190 | 3571325) ©. ¥,H SYMONS, Ohamber of Commerce, ony Oolainbo, “loth January, 1894, Secretary. EC COMP TAOTENY tix tae oe ‘A 1 ~ aa - (FL Pak fe be hs weet aH CIP ‘4 iiettiaer taenimemtrammentemammnneces pap oe . ’ | ay Pe Be = a P i i. z ain ’ D : re scale ve { Pale oe Bu, s dssacai | 5 y t 4 Jud MALE +e Be: Boat he a SqeeT dt d bu APT ‘ 1 | dag! i . a . ue ef fe itee eDack et 00 ie. 4 a* fis a " ty Aw ‘ ‘er tds aie ies | Seiad ey ; ayes Hot ay +. WRebae ee ie ee e i > n ’ oh = ™ SOO ve ath. a ase wide ahs ht a aa etn. ee : “aor io ‘ ee ak eens Vee: z q ‘ ; : aa ’ Teeter bie ge 7: Pe “oy Se ° - ~ a ‘ ‘ ~. : ; yes ie pO | * es ace HOHE CA Yes, oa eran 4 é P | W ; fe ‘* Ay COG Pat ihe es ye re on4 & dei t i “owe n ol 2 Me cu iA i 4 ; } st Ay LR OR, Ae Ae Bihar tut. 2 rate. (Thee, | Suede : i ‘ . Fy T 4 2 + ae wef LEC HORA POY, | OBS, Fo) TE eR Ce CR 14 a f A i : ! : ¢ owt ; ) Hg Vi PPE DOM, the ; 1 Pd 20 7 Pre ge TT Pai : : : PL OE LL A Pe DE ect ara im teatime oP f sy, wt 4 : re SOV, F V2AP>ot svciverq yerort © lal PRLS oe te NR Saas iO: ‘ | $1 1h | on Se ee et nara ae Cee ee ee eset a : a: ; i 5 Hyason,y: jeans ne : wii’ ese) ae os ; 7 fi Loe ‘ ae ie * aa Gain naathnscaitl te we t ny +", of ¢ ~ ' a hae WEE. hs we) ene) ea fae a | ee os CBRE: The JOR EPES TOMOA TS a oe aie ae oa ROTEL Lia fide nae oe, thE er rit fe ae ~ DS sa oe: ‘ ¢ TeX | ; epee bubs vougl ies } a HOR; ener a | ae Abe 1 pepe” 04 oy ; : sats Ma ss te PLL Ph Cis MMMM SUNS ek tie eb ME 00GE “Wee OBR Sie 12, Sethe | fies ; i Hie oet gs 5 mi yt = hae | eae ye ON ‘Dog » Was ) eS ay (ane ¢ Ri * t o> Fai > ? J ann NPs toe 7 1 Ge SEPA OOM F | REC AN aad ad ~ iv i y - 2: i> ey > : " a ual id ~~ 4 | : : SS istic at, sehielg> J j : TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 5.] Cotompo, Fesruary 17, 1894. (eaee :—123 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Messrs. A. H. Tuompson & Co, put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on the 7th Feb., the under mentioned lots of Tea (34,505 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibisesve. 1 Vogan +» 1 58box broorpek 290 60 bid (5 lb. each.) Z 2 22 ch bro pek 2200 57 3 4 22 do pekoe 1980 39 4 6 12 do pex sou 1020 34 =) 8 3 do bro pe sou 255 Q7 6 K’Della 9 2 do bro orn;pek 200 51 bid 7 10 3 do bro pek 300 42 8 LU 7 “do pekoe 620 34 9 Charlie Hill... 13 64-ch pekoe 3C0 28 bid 10 14 4 do bro pek 200 37 11 Sapitiyagodde 15 16 ch broor pek 1700 55 bid 12 17 12 do or pek 1200 45 bid 13 19 12 do bro pek 1320 55 bid 4 21 20 do pekoe No. 1 2000 40 bid 15 23 12 do pekoe ,, 2 1200 withd’n 16 Ossington .. 25 6 do bro pek 6€0 45 bid 25 Bogahagoda- watte -. 389 202-ch bro pek 1200 36 26 41 29 do pekoe 1595 27 37 43. 4 do sou 200 22 28 44 2 do unas 110 26 29 45 3 do dust 240 25 36 Kosgahawelle 46 7 do bro pek 350 38 31 47 19 do pekoe 950 27 32 49 3 do pek sou 142 22 33 tO 3 do fans 165 24 34 51° 41 do pek dust 75 25 35 52 2 do red leaf 97 15 36 Warwick .. 53 2 do pek sou 99 33 bid 37 iL o5, 04, 2 ch unas 78 21 38 Vogan .. 55 26 do bro pek 2660 = 57 39 67 26 do pekoe 2340 37 40 69 14 do pe sou 1190 32 41 61 3 do dust No.1 180 withd’n 24 62 5 do dust.) 32 350 27 43 Wabaroka .. 63 13 4-ch _ bro or pek 650 36 bid 44 65 16 do or pek 800 30 bid 45 67 7 do pek cou 350 26 bid 46 68 1 do dust 60 25 47 69 3 do fans 150 18 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co., put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 7th Feb., the undermentioned lots of Tea (58,283 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip-. Weight No. Mark. No. Pkge. tions Ib. C, 1 Pelawatte 49 2 ch sou 195 23 a 50 11 do pek sou 1103 29 3 51 11 do pekoe 1140 31 4 52 9 do bro pek 986 40 5 DCS 53 2 do unes 176 26 6 H 54 5 do bro mix 500 15 7 55 10 do pek sou 10C0 25 8 DCS 56 2 ch dust 276 25 $ 57 2 do faus 220 27 bid 10 58 16 do bro mix 1600 25 11 59 10 do peosou 1000.25 12 60 12 do pekoe 1200 29 13 61 14 do bro pek 1400 43 bid 14 ACW 62 12 ch pek sou 1200 31 15 6% 14 do pekoe 1440 41 16 64 13 ho bro pek 1365 52 17 Polgahakande 65 2 3-ch_ bro tea 96 20 18 6 2 ch sou 170 25 19 B G, in estate mark ve BOC ab) Oh pek dust 744 26 68 54-ch fang 861 27 20 69 3 ch bro tea 266 17 al 70 1 do bro pek sou 90 17 22 71 13 do sou 1170 22 bid | 23 K 72 14 ch bro tea 1340 19 bid 24 73 26 do sou 2342 23 23 GLA +» 74 22 ch broorpek 2420 41 36 Roseneath ., 75 18 do peksou 1620 29 27 76 33 $-ch bro pek 1815 44 28 W crete el dq pek sou 68 34 bid Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 30 Mousagalla... 78 10 ch pekoe No 2 996 38 bid 31 79 3%-ch pekce ., 1 370 39 bid 32 80 6 ch bro pek 600 55 bid 33 Depedene @1 8 4-ch_ bro pek 440 42 34 Roseneath ... 82 12 ch pekoe 1080 36 35 DBG 838 4 ch fans 440 24 bid 36 84 2 do dust 300 5 37 BE 85 3 4-ch bro mix 165 21 bid 38 85 8 do dust 680 32 39 DG 87 6 do dust 450 27 40 88 6 do fans 390 28 bid 41 89 8 ch bro mix 720 21 42 ING . 90 2 3-ch dust 160 24 bid 43 91 1 ch red leaf 100 16 44 92 1 do bro mix 90 21 45 M H 93 13-ch dust 75 25 46 94 1 do sou 50 21 47 Kilandhu . 95-29 ch bro pek 2320 39 48 Rayigam .., 96 20%4-ch pekoe 1000 =30 49 97 20 do bro pek 1100 42 bid 50 Comillah .. 98 1 do _ pe dust 60 25 51 99iE 7) cht 14-ch pek sou 766 25 bid 52 100 6 ch pekoe 600 31 53 1 7 do bro pek 700 37 bid 54 Rondura .. 2 8 4-ch 10 box bro or pek 600 44 bid 66 Mapitigama.. 4 13 ch peksou 1300 23 57 5 14 do pekoe 1400 25 58 6 15 do bro pek 1575 34 59 ABC +» 7 13 do pekoe 1300 28 60 Crurie 8 §3-ch dust 255 26 61 9 25 ch pek sou 2250 32 bid $2 10 21 do pekoe 1995 37 bid 63 11 20 do bro pek 2200 47 bid 64 Diyagama .. 12 13-ch mixed 50 18 65 13 1 do dust 85 25 66 14 2 ch pek sou 200 26 67 15 4 do pekoe 400 29 68 16 5 do brr pek 500 38 69 Benveula 17 13 ch pekoe 1300 34 70 18 22 do bro pek 2200 40 71 DBC 19 7 do pekoe 665 28 72 WP sei 201167 do pekce 653 22 Messrs. Forbes & Walker put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 7th Feb,, the undermentioned lots of Tea (144,986), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 1 MAF »» 852 16 ch bro pek 1568 52 2 854 24 do pekoe 2184 37 3 856 13 do pek aou 1183 31 4 858 4 do dust 600 28 5 Harangalla 860 9 do bro or pek $90 44 6 862 21 do bro pek 2100 50 7 864 29 do pekoe 2755 32 8 865 7 do pek sou 665 28 9 &68 10 do dust 1300 25 lo’ Polatagame .,, 870 37 4-ch bropek 2220 50 11 872 37 do pekoe 1850 85 {2 874 27 do pek sou 1350 31 13 Abamalla 876 2 do dost 174 26 14 Monrovia 8i8 9 eh bro pek 900 43 16 880 12 do pekoe 1200 29 16 882 5 do peksou 4500 25 17 884 2 do bro tea 200 21 18 886 1 do fannings 100 26 19 8§8 1 do pek dust 140 26 20 AM - 890 10 do bro pek 1050 38 2. Atherfield «- 892 5 $-ch dust 400 25 22 894 13 do souchong 650 26 23 896 3 do bromsxed 150 20 24 BDW 898 7 ch bro peck 770 43 25 Opalyalla £00 2 do red leaf 220 18 26 902 2 do dust 300 30 27 904 1 de congou 118 23 23 SY 906 12 do bro pek 1200 51 29 908 15 do pekoe 1350 32 30 90 6 do pek sou 480 28 31 Ascot 912 lL do congou 100 22 32 914 1 do dust 150 26 33 Aigburth 916 10 do or pek 1000 48 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. aaa aaa a a a aaa a aa 2 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. aa MV «. 918 2}-ch bropek 200 35 TCO -» 920 1 do pek sou 131 36 Bloomfield .. 922 23 do ynghyson 1380 31 924 23 do hyson 1265 38 926 30 do hysnNo.2 1650 39 Harangalla .. 928 5 ch bropek 500 40 930 38 do pekoe 285 41 VO +» 932 4 bex pekoe 40 42 934 40 do pekoe 200 43 Udatage «+ 936 90 %-ch bropek 6400 44 938 50 do pekoe 3000 45 940 381 do pek sou 1705 46 Castlereagh .. 942 15 ch bro pek 1650 47 944 19 do or pekoe 1710 48 946 31 do pekoe 2790 49 KHL +» 948 2 do bromix 180 50 Kuda Oya -- 650 7 do . dust 1050 51 BIN «» 952 1 4-ch souchonpg 52 52 954 1 do dust 81 53 Lankapura M.,, 955 38 do fannings 225 54 958 1 do dust 90 55 950 25 ch pek sou 2500 56 962 19 do pekoe 1900 57 964 76 4-ch bro pek 4180 58 Kirklees -» 966 11 ch pek sou 1037 59 968 19 do pekoe 1919 60 970 13 do bro pek 1391 61 Uda Radella .. 972 3 4-ch dust 195 62 974 40 do peksou 2000 63 976 46 do pekoe 2300 64 978 75 do bro or pe 4500 65 Battewatte .. 980 1 ch dust 100 983 i do bro tea 70 é j 984 «4 do pek sou 400 68 986 16 do pekose 1600 69 988 10 do bro pek 1100 70 Dankande we 990 214-ch bro pek 1155 11 992 18 do pekoe 990 72 994 1g do pek sou 990 13 936 2 do souchong 110 14 A 998 2 do dust 170 75 St. Catherine... 1000 8 ch bro pek 720 76 2647 do pekoe 595 17 4 11 do pek seu 990 18 6 1 do pek fans 100 79 Alnoor 8 19 3-ch bro pek 950 80 10 15 do pekce 750 81 12 14 do pek sou 700 82 14 2 do fannings 140 83 Bismark 16 13 do bropek 780 84 18 17 ch pekoe 1700 8h 20 4 do peksou 400 86 22> 14-ch dust 70 87 Coneygar - 24 6 ch bropek 600 88 26 5 do pek 450 89 28 2 do peksou 160 90 Amblakande .. 30 6 do broor pe 6110 91 32 10 do pekoe 900 92 34 1 do bro tea 120 98 GAS T8936 2 de bro pek 200 94 Scrubs «» 38 17 do bropek 1785 95 CL -- 40 12 do bropek 1260 96 AMB -- 42 25 do bro cea ~=—- 2250 97 44 14 do fans 1540 98 46 2 do bro pesou 248 99 48 4 do red leaf 332 100 Pedro .. 50 24 do bro pe 2160 101 52 10 do pekoe 700 102 54 12 do pekoe sou 780 103 56 5 do dust- 600 10t BM -- 58 10 do bro pekoe 1050 105 Palmerston .. 60 9$ 4-ch bro pekoe 540 106 62 16 chest pekoe 1520 107 64 .4 do peksou 360 108 AO ww. 66 10 do bro pek 1050 119 Munamal .. 88 6 eh bropek 600 120 90 7 do pekoe 630 121 92 1 do pek sou 100 122 Weoya ae 94 97 3-ch pekoe 4850 123 Lankapura W 96 1 chest pek sou 90 124 98 1 do pekoe 100 125 100 1 do bro pek 100 126 Dehigalla .. 102 1 j-ch bro peo 50 127 Essex -» 104 1 ch bromixed 120 128 Goomera .- 106 20 ch obropek 2220 129 108 12 do pekoe 1272 130 110 12 do pek sou 1212 131 112 #1 do dust 151 132 Hatale «» 114 14 ch bro pek 1582 133 116 12 do orpek 1183 134 118 18 do pek 1692 bid bid bid Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs tion. ib. c. 135 120 13 4-ch pek sou 1235 29 bid 135 Scrubs «» 122 18 ch bro 1890 65 bid 137 124 13 do pekoe 1770s sa 138 126 6 do sou 540 36 139 Gordon «» 128 5 do ropek 430 4 140 130 9 do pekoe 7757 141 132 1 do peksou 8 @ 142 134 1 do souchong 85 22 143 136 2 do ost 200 «23 144 Pussetenne ., 1388 3 do bropek 300 35 l44a 1 do ) 100 32 145 140 4 do pekoe 400 23 bid 146 142 2 do ek sou 190 2 147 144 2 do usb 205 21 148 KirrimettiaL M146 17 do bropek 939 35 149 148 24 do pekoe 1200 29 150 150 1 do pekoe 47 29 151 152 2 ch . pekoe sou 180 26 152 154 3 $ch pek sou 159 26 153 156 3 ch pek fans 270 29 154 158 4 j-ch pek sans 192 29 155 160 1 j-ch pekfans 55 29 156 162 1 ch dust 136 0.26 157 164 3 §-ch do 204 26 158 166 1 do red ieaf 44 22 159 JV -» 168 3 ch bropek 310 out 160 170 3 do pek 300 28 162 172 2 do peksou 210 23 bid Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 14th Feb. the undermentioned lots of ten (249,341 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot -Box No. Mark No LD K oon, AEA 2 176 3 Traquair 178 4 180 5 182 6 184 7 Kakiriskande 186 8 185 9 190 10 Kakiriskande 192 ll 194 12 Hurstpierpoint 196 13 198 14 200 15 202 16 204 17 AOS ». 206 18 208 19 210 20 212 21 Weoya ows) Le 22 216 23 218 2t 220 25 Melroze woe 222 26 224 27 226 28 28 29 239 30 Pansalatenne 232 31 _ 234 32 Pansalatenne 236 33 238 34 240 35 North Cove.. 242 36 244 37 216 38 PDM «- 248 39 -259 40 Farnham .. 4362 14 254 42 256 43 Anningkande 258 44 260 45 262 46 264 47 Malvern A... 266 48 ; 268 49 27u 50 ORD soe) kde 5L 274 52 Silvervalley.. 276 53 L ... 278 Descrip- Weight Pkgs. tion. lb. c 2 ch congou 186 20 44ch dust 320 «426 4%4-ch bro pekoe 200 36 5 do pekoe 250 23 12 do pek sou 600 20 1 do congou 50 17 8 do bro pek 440 40 5 do pekoe 250 34 5 do pek sou 250 29 2 do dust 120 28 1 do red leaf 33 23 9 dh bro pek 40 43 6 do pekoe 300 29 7 do pek sou 350 25 1 do congou 45 21 2 do pek dust 125 28 4 ch pekoe No. 1 420 37 2 do pekoe No.2 200 32 7 do fannings 805 33 6 do dust 900 836 46 }-ch bropek 2530 5] 7 do bro peNo.238 32 46 do pekoe 2300 33 40 do vek sou 2000 30 16 ch bro pek 1760 = «BO 13 dd pekoe 1300 35 6 do pek sou 690 28 2 3-ch dust 150 86496 4 do sou 400 «23 17 ch bro pek 1785 50 15 do pekoe 1500 935 10 ch pek sou 950 27 3 do congou 300 21 2 3ch dust 150 9-25 8 do dust 640 27 8 ch congou 860 33 4 ich bro tea 240 «26 1 ch 3-ch sou 146 «= .26 1 ich red leaf 68 20 32 do bro pek 1920 44 bid 54 do pek 2700 33 25 do suchong 1125 29 6 ch bro pek 660 50 7 do pekoe 700 39 6 do pek sou 600 32 1 $-ch dusb - 7 26 18 do bro pek 715 = 40 bid 32 do pek sou 1760 26 2 do s0u 110 23 4 ch dust 400 28 3 do redleaf- 240 18 1 }-ch bro pek 53a lt ch fannings 100 24 Lot No. Mark. L Dunbar Hakurugalla Knayesmire Harripgton .. Lowland .., DC, in estate mark .. Elfindale Kirindi a6 Kuruwille .. Farm ae Wewesse .. P, in estate mark see Claremont .., 1u0 101 Airedale 102 103 Ascot 104 P- 105 106 C, inestate m. 107 Chesterford ... 108 Clyde ap 109 112 Liskileen 113 115 116 Denegams ... 117 Peacock Hill . 118 119 Moralioya 120 121 122 J HS, inest. mark ese 123 124 12 A PK 54 126 Carlabeck .. 127 128 VO on 129 130 131 132 BD V wee 133 134 Clive ee 135 136 137 Blackheath CEYLON PRODUCE SALES Descrip- Weight “ ™) WDOOH HE WO MO is) 6 j=) oe Orbs bo = Oe a ° tion. lb. pek sou 331 bro pek 1900 pekoe 1440 pek sou 180 bropek 1500 pekoe 2600 pe sou 300 dust 70 bro tea 50 bro pek 525 pekoe 581 pekoe No, 2 198 scu 237 dust 54 flower pek 855 Dro or pek 1980 pekoe 800 pe sou 400 dust 450 bro pek 1000 pek sou 1280 dust 2450 pek sou 2835 fang 400 dust 400 bro pek 60) pekoe 900 pek sou 400 dust 75 red leaf £0 bro pek 495 pex 1100 pek sou 440 dust 160 bro pek 2100 pekoe 1600 pek sou 750 sou 200 dust 240 fans 232 red leaf 50 bro tea 990 pek dust 225 congo 50 bro pekoe 3100 pekoe 2200 pek cou 2300 bro pek 4800 pekoe 1748 dust 800 bro pex 105 pek sou 95 pek 2297 bro pek 1340 bro pek 1800 pekoe 1620 pek sou 600 dust 140 bropek 1700 ek 1620 pek sou 600 dust 140 dust 120 pekoe sou F40 pek fans 210 pek sou 409 bro tea 8) dust 60 or pek 990 pekoe 1426 pek sou z85 dust 230 pek sou 440 dust 455 or pek 1200 pekoe 2185 bro tea -40 dust 1200 fans 1900 dust 210 bro pek 1945 pekoe 1067 pek sou 550 bro tea 1628 bid bid bid bid bid bid bid LIST. Lot Box No. Mark No. Pkgs. 138 448 14 ch 139 New Anga- mapa «- 450 8 do 1 }-ch 140 452 6 ch 141 454. 5 do 1 4-ch 142 456 2 ch 143 458 1 do 144 SE 460 2 do lida 461 4 4-ch 163 WHR 478 3 ch 154 480 2 do 155 482 5 do 156 484 2 do 157 Kelaneiya .. 486 33 do 158 488 37 do 159 49) 4 ch 160 492 2 do 161 RAH, inest. mark ww. 494 4 4-ch 162 RAH, inest. mark A oo» 496 3-ch 163 MAH ve 498 4 ch 164 Middleton... 500 61 4-ch 165 502 28 ch 166 504 12 do 167 Killarney 506 = 1$-ch 168 508 5 do 169 510 45 ch 170 512 263-ch lil 514 25 do 172 Bagdad +» 616 2 do 173 Queensland... 518 25 ch 174 520 20 do 175 522. 2 do 176 Amblakande 524 7 do 177 526 11 do 178 528 1 do 179 M V 530 2 do 180 532 2 do 181 534 1 do 182 Lameliere 5536 463-ch 183 538 30 do 184 510 20 do 185 542 2 do 184 Ederapolla F4t 14 ch 190 Serubs... 552 12 do 19! 654 12 &o 192 556 9 do 19% 558 4 do 194 M C 560 14 do 195 762 4 do 195 Court Lodge.. 564 364-ch 197 *65 23 do 198 5e8 17 do 199 570 1 do 200 Hethersett ... 572 14 do 201 574 21 do 202 576 11 ch 203 578 7 do 204 580 23-ch 205 Nugagalla 582 6 do 205 584 21 do 207 586 2 do 208 588 2 do 209 Waitalawa .. 590 15 do 210 592 33 do 211 594 4 do 22 596 =62 do 213 E:tapolla 598 14 do 214 609 17 do 215 VIV 602 3 ch 216 604 2 do 217 Rosendhal .. 606 6 do 218 608 3 do 219 610 1 do 230 W W -- 632 ‘1 do 231 Brunswick ... 644 2 do 232 636 3 do 233 Caskieben 638 51 do 234 640 39 do 235 642 2 do 236 Lankapura ... 644 2$-ch 237 #46 2 do 238 618 12 ch 239 650 38 do 2 852 23 do 241 Ganapalla .. 654 50j-ch 242 656 104 do 243 658 52 do 3 $d Deserip- Weight tion. lb. c. pek sou 1050 31 bro pek 854 47 pekoe 600 35 pek sou 492 31 fans 209 29 dust 154 26 pekoe 207 27 do 400 22 bro or pek 360 45 bro pek 210 46 pekoe 500 39 pek sou 190 30 bro pek 2805 58 pekoe 3700 39 congou 400 25 dust 230 26 dust 244 24 dust 124 PES congou 400 22 bro p2k 3660 69 pekoe 2560 48 pek sou 1140 38 dust 80 27 bro pek sou 325 25 pex 500.41 bro or pek 1820 70 or pek 1375 61 fannings 150 28 flow pek 2480 57 pek 2009 36 pek fans 250 26 bro er pek 70) 40 pek 990 82 bro tea 120 26 bro mix 185. 19 fannings 280 26 dust - 170 25 bro pek 2760 49 pek 1500 42 pek sou 1000 37 dust 132 26 pek 1400-32 bro pek 1260 66 orang pek 1080 55 pek 810 53 pek sou 360 37 sou 1274 25 dust 600 28 bro pek 1872 76 pek 989 66 pek sou 629 49 pek fans 90 30 broor pek 742 94 bro pek 1302 83 pekoe 1045 63 pe sou 560 49 pek fans 15¢ 32 bro pek 300 55 pekoe 1050 37 pek sou 83 26 dust 110 27 bro pek 750 67 pekoe 1650 40 pek sou 200 34 dust 180 27 bro pek 748 38 pekoe 953 29 bro pek 310 35 pek sou 210 25 bre pek 600 35 pekoe 300 28 bro tea 101 15 pekoe 99 Q7 upas 200 35 pek fans 390 97 flow pek 65100 58 pekoe 3900 39 pek fans 2860 28 red leaf 120 18 pek dust 200 27 pek sou 1200 31 pekoe 4180 35 bro pek 2330 56 pek sou 2500 = gl pekoe £200 a4 bro pek 3120 45 bid bid bid 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Weight No. No, Pkgs. Description lb. oo. 244 Heeloya ++ 660 11 ch peksou 1100 37 245 662 12 do ekoe 1200 39 246 664 13 do ro pek 1300 55 247 C, in estate ® mark .., 666 64-ch dust 375 33 248 668 2 do congou 90 26 249 Ranasinbage 670 34 ch obropek 3724 49 bid 250 672 26 do ekoe 2600 36 bid 251 Bismark .. 674 13}-ch 5 pek 780 58 252 676 17 do pekoe 1700 43 253 678 6& do pek sou 500 = 37 254 680 4 do Unagsorted 400 39 255 682 1 do dust 120 29 256 Dambagas- talawa »» 684 5 do ek sou 525 50 257 686 74-ch ust 455 941 258 Geragama .. 688 18 ch bropek 41365 54 259 690 8 do pekoe 800 34 260 692 13 do pek sou 1300 31 Messrs. SomERvittn & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 14th Feb. the undermentioned lots of tea (89,095 lb.), which sold asunder :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lbs? 4c, 1 CA inestate : mark .. 21 64-ch pek duet 468 24 2 22 5 do bro mix 300 9-25 3 28 48 do una 2150 #838 4 24 58 do pek sou 2958 33 56 RE . 26 4 ch pek son 380 22 6 26 5 do pekoe 500 26 q 27 «3 “ah bcd pek op 38 edene .. 28 2 4-c us 24 5 Dee 29 1 do red leaf 50 16 10 30 15 do pek sou 750 28 11 31 27 do pekoe 1350 32 12 32 15 do bro pek 825 40 in estate EER EEEN <. 88 #TECH om THES 700 29 bid 14 34 8 do sou 720 a7 15 35 4 ds pee sou Ace a4 -Hena ... 36 2 do pek sou 3 " e 37 5 do pekoe 450 29 18 38 64 in pe pek au a igoda ... 389 11 4-c pekoe HE ng ar 9] Woodlands... 41 ll ¢ ro pe 45 dthorpe 45 1l4-ch dust 80 25 a A a 46 1 do sou ~ 5022 21 47 1 do bro mix 50 oT 28 48 6 do peksou 30027 29 101 10 do pekoe 500 30 30 103 12 do bro pek 600 43 31 PGK .. 16 6 ch pek sou 565 25 32 G .. LOT 1 ch ppekoe if = bid elwatte... 109 2 4-c us 6 5 2 Beebe 111 5 ch pek sou 560 28 bid 36 113 7 do pekoe 770 out 36 115 9 Be He pek fan gue q i os Upp wee us) 2 Se 119 4 do bromix 400 «18 39 121 3 do unas 306 8626 40 123 10 do sou 840 925 41 125 17 do peksou 153031 43 127 7 do pekoe 672 38 43 129 6 do bro pek 600 = 49 44 3CDS...131 38 ch bro mix 375-33 45 133 9 do unas 900 28 bid 46 135 12 do pek sou 12u0 30 47 187 12 do pekoe 1200 35 48 1389 20 4-ch Dro pek 10 = 141 34 ¢ pek sou a Heldowe 3 26 do pekoe 2210 34 51 145 21 do huaipek a Fr t .. 147 17 do pek sou es Tendbas 149 26 do pekoe 2340 34 54 151 16 do -bropek 1360 ©6383 55 153 20 do bro orpek 200 45 66 Peru .. 155 6 ch pekoe © 600 37 57 157 3 do bro pek 330 = 49 58 JCP .159 16 do pekoe 1472 = -.25 bid bo 6Arslena .- 161 14-ch dust 51 2% 60 168 16 do peksou g00 33 Lot Box Weight No, Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb, «ce. 61 165 254-ch koe 1250 = 39 62 167 20 do ‘0 pek 1000 55 63 Aadneven .. 169 11 ch pek sou 990 6 64 171 22 do pekoe 1980 49 65 173 17 do bro pek 1700 71 66 KMOK ..17%5 1 do dust 60 22 70 Allakolla .. 183 l4ch dust 90 8626 71 185 15 ch pek sou 1425 81 12 187 36 do koe 360034 73 189 43 $-ch ro pek 2365 41 744 0G 191 22 do peksou 1100 32 75 WG 193 3 ch sgsou 225 25 76 195 1 do k sou 70 26 77 Goonambil .. 197 1 $-ch ro mix 35 6 78 198 1 do dust sl = 26 79 199 1 do fans 24 2 80 200 7 do pek sou 386 28 81 49 10 do koe 556 33 82 50 8 do ro pek 441 45 83 00 -. 51 Lbox golden tips 4 B5°00 84 SSS -- 52 16 ch pek sou 1600 20 bid 85 53 lt do pekoe 1140 30 bid 86 54 9 do bro pek 986 8§©630 bid 7 F d, in estate mark 21 ch bro pek 2520 843 bid 88 IP 56 26 do pek sou 2080 «382 88 OT M 57 4 do bro mix 380 18 909 RX 58 1 ch 34-ch dust 375 a7 91 58 1 ch 92 2%¢-ch sou 169 83921 Labugama 60 16 ch peksou 1440 = BL 93 61 15 do pekoe 1350 34 94 62 29%-ch bro per 1595 42 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mrxcrne Lane, Jan. 26th, 1894, Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold ino Mincing Lane up to 26th Jan, :— Ex ‘‘Ajax”—Talawakellie, lc 114s; 1t 1b 1108; lo 104; 1b 976; 1b 126s; 1b 94s. Ravenswood, lo 107s; lc 1038s; lb 953 64; 1b 117s; 1b 89s Manusagalla, lo 1b 1088; le 1b 165s; 1t 1008; 1b 126s; 1b 93s; 1 bag 102s. (DC), Lb 1122; 20 1t 1b 107s 6d; 1c 1b 102s 6d; 1b 98s; 1t 127s; 1b 93s. Caledonia, Dimbula, Lt 116s: lc 1b 112s 6d; 2c 105s 6d; 1b 101s; 1t 129s; 1b 95s; 1 bag 1088. Tillicoultry, 1t 113s; 2b 108s 6d; 2c 103s; lb 1008; 1¢127s. Lunugalla, 20 1093 6d; 4c 106s; It 993 6d;le 127s. Meddecombrs, 1t 117s; 40 113s 6d; 2c 1b 107s 6d; 1b 102s; 1c 1338; 1b93s; 1 bag 111s. Ex ‘“Ningchow”’—Arnhall, 1b 1138; 2c 1t 109s; 40 102s 6d; 1b 97a 6d; lo 1275; 1b 93s; 1 bag 1048. Thortu- gslla, 1b 111s; 3c 108s; 50 101u 6d; 2c 1028 6d; 1c 97a; le 1b 127s; 1 bag 107s" CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mrncine Lane, Jan. 26th, 1894. Ex ‘“‘Legislator’—EHriagastenne, 74 bags 84s; 14 bags 63s. : Ex’ ‘Chancellor’ —Hrisgasteane, 3 bags 638; 1 bag dls. Ex “Karamania”—Yattewatte, 149 bags 80s; 14 bags 66s. ; ; Ex ,‘Moyune’’—Yattewatte. 8 bags 80s. Ex “Legislator’—Maria, 39 bags 80s Goonambil, 7 bage 50s. 3 588. Bellagalla, 20 bags 8768; 2 56s. Ex ‘“‘Kaisow”—(KA)M, 25 bags 60s. ‘‘@BYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ; . ; ce . § Price:—123 cents each; 3 copies L 0, RUARY 2 4, 2 Prd P NO. 6.] . Conomgo, Fesruary 27, Bs 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ¢c. Messrs. A. H. THompson. & Co, put. up forsale | 34 N 1. 285 18.ch bro mix 1300 =. 28 at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the | be TSE, de ae 4 a6 geu ye 26 14th Feb., the undermentioned lots of tea (45,503 lb., | 36 Bey wey do'ob dust S505 28 avcholie as unten 2 pete (37 GB .. 239-13 ch sou 703k au He Deore Weight BS eg ua pee ED mix 960 Hs bie Ss : 7 3g 305 0 ans 665 2 No. Mark. No. Phkgs. tion. 1by ce} 40 Orange field.. 305 6 ch bro pek 600 41 é 5 41 307 6 do pekoe 6C0 33 Beeseecimgion.-. Lyowaa-ch beeel He ee 42 309 2 do peksou 200 28 3 4°. 23-ch dust 180 24 i Z 310 1 do unas 100 22 7 A 4 otuwage- GACRFNG OY os. S Bat ota? Bee alse a dera . 311 12 do bropek 1200 46 bid 9 8 do Pek sou 790 27 a5 Blan: Ody pekce ue 7 1-1 4do, corgoudust 10C6 17 46 315).4102 do 508 500 3h 8 Ugieside .. 12 2 do dust — 259... 26 F BH 999 20 mi, PEO ME so et ia | ,..Mesers. Forszs & WALKER put up jor sale at the 11 Oakland... 16 26 ch bropek 43:0 42 bid | Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 21st Feb. 12 18 17 do the undermentioned lots of ten (199,253 lb.), which 1 ach pekce °- 1748 ~=31 bid | sold as under:— . x b6 ] br 15 6 : ve Mie Be Bua gae ao ose bas dogo, zp <3! | Lot Box Descrip- Weight 15 K’Della... 24 2 do. broorpek ¢ 40 bid | No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib, Ge as Ccmar ves a #8 +o Peyoes ue oe 1 Ce ae 694 15 3-ch dust 1200 20 3 % do pee son Bon 23 | inest. mark... 693 £0 do bropek 1500 44 9 34 3 do dust 15025 3 Oreaee Wop Bek BL at 23 XXX 35 13-ch_ tea 40 18 ¢ eee Be eEA .'-/ GBOD “26 24 Dikmuka, ai 5 3 102 5 ae Geer 200 38 im e () ust 2 Ee pene fone «: BS 3; do aust wy ee | 7 Daphne 166). 9-ch; bro pek = 121046 26 Kaudalawewa 38 23 ch bropek 3410 € 9 710 4 oH bek 1% 20 27 40 18 do pekce 1800 41 bid | 10 DG 712. 7 4-ch bro pek 350 4¢ 28 Eston -. 42 19 do peksou 1710.83 ll 714. 7 do pekoe 350 39 2 wo re a de egn Bo ae 12 716 6 do pekscu 3u0 2 5 te) dust 4 : 7 > 31 Sutten .. 46 1 do fons 133 30 v1 Tee Soop Boe Bean! ee 44 ABC + €9 a ch bro pek BaD Ce 15 Downside .. 728 14 do _ bro pek 700 52 45 TL 243-ch pekoe 120082 16 724 14 Go pek 700 34 ————— We Pi 726 8 do pek sou 400 29 My. E. JoHN put up fer sate at the Chamber | 18 728 3 do sou 150 25 of Commerc» Sale-room on the 14th Feb., the un- | 18 3 a d ac oust ee 3 . 9.9 eS Z o c us 200 U Geomentcne lots of tea (42,247 Ib.), which sold aL Bite a ut co bro pek iasceaire : 2 : |) 22 : Lot Box Descrip- Weight 23 138 4 aq Per gu aco 32 Wo. Marx. No, Pkgs tion, lbs cs 24 ManangodaB uo 5 do bro pek 487 43 E 25 74: 6 do ek 570 33 1 A, in estate a - : Pp mark .. 234 8 ch fe sou 80034 26 744 3 do pek sou 30 87 2 736 8 do brotea 880-33 a 746; 1 do. reddeaf 7 £0 3 238 4 4-ch dust 320 26 28 Gouawelle B&H 748 15 4-ch tro pek 825 €3 4 239 12 ch —pekoe 1080 43 23 Dod: dai, Pek noose 5 HA a. 241-10 do dust 1300 30 752, 7 do pekscu 350,38 6 Ottery & Stam- 25 bia | 3t Lowlands 7o4 4 do propek 400 4 ford Hill ., 213 264-ch bropek 1560 69 a 76.3 do, pek 27034 7 445 18 do or pek 756 OL Meese aus, wek\egt:. (820) 780 8 247 14 ch pekoe 1260 46 a Y TE0,..) 2 de fan 120 a3 9 g19i¢ db dust 150 26 > 68 .. 762. 5 do tek fan 5EO 3 10 W—T .. 25025 do bro pek 2500 40 bia | 29 Algooltenne 762 19 3-ch broorpek 1045 to rl » 2% do royek 210 40 bid | ff AStodk chy, Ero pe 14M... £6 12 DND,inestate 776 18 do pek 1710 38 mark ... 252 24 do ‘unas 9640 28 ae erry Baked) [eb welkegy - 1600», 38 18 Tientsin” .. 254°334-ch bropek -- 1650. 76 fee SRE) eau 8h ecttias BEY = et 14 256 19 do pekve 19005 5 Malvern A 13 do, bro pek . 715) 43 18 oseloaa dG pekton 1800 37 46 Ambherst 734 6 do bro pek 600 59 16 2603 4-ch aust 240 59 47 786 6 do pek 46 43 7 261 1 ch dou 95 25 48 788 2 do Fek tou 160 Bt 18/6 Anchodin cat, 49 ; ri 790 2 do ust 260 28 mark... 282 19 do droorpek 9280 79 | 30 Gcmalia Reuters CCh «Prema "400 58 19 264 13 do pekoe 13-560 er dtkvss 90h pels EB0iha 4s 20 268 25 do — pekoe 2eoo 47" | Ba et age cee OBA esa heen nee DERE... SeAbgat So bid 54 Hderapolla 800 36 gh bropek 1800 48 23 CLN +. 272 10 }-eh bro pek S60 5B 58 §2 ny { Pek - en 36 24 214 3 do — pek sou 150 36 | 87 808 2 a i 25 Bernlands .. 275 4 ch red leaf 200 23 aa { 5 48 Bogawana, in P A feb fen 250, 39 Bitataleurk... 976 7 do. aon 685 36 58 Macaldenia 8€8 14 do bro pek 1f40 66 29 2786 do dust 51028 58 Sip dh do, kek 11005 | 49 30 2809 4-ch fans 63038 | 60 812 14 do peksou 1400 39 31 Villa ww 2-1 dobro pek '5 85 on SEA Wie cot, ee et a 120, 34 = 283-1 do! “pekoe 7 37 mark 816 3 ch pekacu 700-30 284.1 Wo red leaf 51 15 | 63 818 1 do bro tea 100 33 2 fe CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weigh Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. cc. No. -No, Pkgs. tion. _ B4 820 1 ch _ red leaf 90 19 152 996 3%-ch bromixel 345 20 65 822 2 4-ch dust 148 = (29 153 MMS .. 98 3 do pekoe 31K 32 66 Polatagama 824 62 do bro pek 8120 53 154 1090 3 do pek dust 47127 ‘67 826 45 do pek 2250 39 37 155 2 1 do ans us 30 ‘68 828 26 do peksou 1300 34 | 156 Mahacooda- 69 N, 830 14 ch sou 1400 37 galla oe 4 15 ch bro pek 1575 51 bid 70 832 2 do dust 300 28 157 6 16 do ekoe 1500 38 bid 71 Dinest mark 834 2 do pek dust 200 28 158 Chesterforl 8 24 do ro pek 2520 = 47 bid 72 Frei’sRuhe 836 2t 4-2h bropek 1200 = 50 159 10 20 do pekoe 2000 34 bid 73 838 30 ch pek 2850 35 160 12 17 do pek sou 1700 3h 74 840 15 do pek s7u 1590 33 1641 BDWP .. 14 20 do bro pek 909 42 bid 15 WA 842 7 do bro pek 875 40 162 16 16 do pekoe 72) 35 76 844 9 ch 163 18 3% do bro pek 1650 45 1 $-ch pek 958 30 164 20 25 do pekoe 1250 26 q7 846 2 ch pek 200 28 165 22 86 do bro pek fan 4% 35 78 848 1 do pek 100 35 166 24 5 do dust 43) 23 79 850 1 do 167 23 #1 ch rei ieaf 106 18 1 }-ch bromixed 163 = 21 168 BDWA.. 28 1 ch pes dust 14) 26 80 Clarendon 852 10 ch sou 800 35 169 oot ae dust 160 26 81 Deaculla 854 11 do bro pek 880 73 170 cn ant Pe GO bro mix 90 18 82 856 28 do pek 2100 51 171 DBWG .. 384 4&$-ch sou No.1 200 27 83 858 6 do pek sou 450 40 172 «»- 86 2 do souNo. 2 10u 26 84 8*O 1 do bro mixed 83 35 173 os Aa On. dust 255 23 85 852 1 3-ch dust 75 3h 174 Lucsombe.. 49 1 ch ek faos 159 2 86 Malvern 864 9 ch bro pek 720 73 175 -» 22 23 do pek sou 22u0 BL 87 866 23 do pek 725 61 176 -» 44108 do pekoe 10300 33 88 868 6 do ck sou 459 40 137 -- 46 33 do bro pek 4680 45 bid 89 870 2 }-ch dust 156 34 173 Aberdeen .. 48 24-ch dust 120 27 90 Hauteville &72 6 ch red leaf 549-3 179 -- 50 16 do pe sou 800 34 91 871 5 do fan 500 34 1¢0 -» 62 32 do pecoe 1600 42 92 BI'T «es 876 1 ch dust 150 28 1SL -- 54 52 do bry. p3k 2600 56 93 Langdale .. 878 13 do pek £ou 1170 38 182 Deanstone.. 56 40 do pekoe 2200 34 94 880 3 do fans 375 35 183 -- 68 339 do orangpek 2145 43 bid 95 882 3 do dust 390 30 184 OGAio 96 Radella .,. 834 42 do bro pek 4200 = 6L estate mark 60 1 ch dust 15097 97 £86 29 do pekoe 2610 43 18} «« 62 82 do pekoe 28390 38 98 888 19 do pe sou 1710 37 166 -- 6% 19 do bro pek 1900 54 99 890 2 do dust 26) 28 187 WDF > (7 4e, Oo bro pek 1320 41 100 Oitrus «» 894 8 4-ch bropek 400 44 188 Mousskellie 68 2 do red leaf 160 16 101 894 IL ch pe“oe 1100 Bl 183 Wolleyfiold 7 1 do bro pex 90 43 102 836 5 ch pek sou 475 26 199 ss Week ap pekve 80 32 103 893 3 do fans 300 31 191 ons Me same 10t Talgaswela.. 900 12 do bro pek 1200 44 bid 2 3-ch pek sou 225 27 105 902 12 do pekoe 1140 «41 192 os 40 2 och bro mix 95 20 106 904 17 do pex sou 1530 37 193 -« 73 1L4-ch dust 60 27 107 906 13 do s90U 1170. 33 194 Pedro wi 38 Cruden soe 208 61 ‘dp a pex 5490 eae 39 134 69 do pekoe 6210 40 136 16 do pek sou 1440 26 41 138 16 do sou 1440 28 42 VB «» 140 7 do dust 1085 30 43 142 6 do copgcu 34 44 H, in estate mark ow. 144 14 ch s0u 1120 32 45 146 1 do dust 156026 46 Deoorooma- : ; della oe 147 9 do bro pek 900 41 47 149 16 do eFoe 1600 35 48 151 3 do dust 240 28 bid 49 Meeriatenne 152 7 4-ch bro pek 420 &¢ 50 154 10 do fekoe 600 49 61 156 1 do dust 60 28 52 Maddegedera 157 35 ch bro pek 8850 48 bid 53 159 26 do pekoe 2410 38 54 161 16 do pek sou 17 33 55 Henegama.., 163 2 do bromix 280 28 56 164 1 do dust 150 26 67 BR, in estate mark 165 8 do bro pek 880 8649 58 167 14 do pekoe 1470 87 bid 59 169 9 do pek sou 855 Bl 60 SG Jit 17 do unas 1700 36 bid 6L 178 65 do sou 500 30 62 1745 1 do dust 125 31 63 Tarf 176 8 do bro pek 840 38 > 178 22 do pekoe 2200 29 6 XO 180 44-ch red leaf 200 38 66 Meedum- pitiya .. 181 11 4-ch bro or pek 660 64 67 183 10 ch pekoe 1000s 41 68 185 3 do unas 324 36 69 Agra Ouvah 186 24 4-ch pek son 1440 44 70 188 65 do pek fans 450 35 71 1909 3 do dust 264 30 72 191 2 ao bro ‘ea 92 «18 73 Glasgow 192 38 ch bro pek 3010 BL 74 194 214-ch or pekoe 1260 70 15 196 23 do pekoe 2300 55 16 198 12 do pek sou 1200 43 17 ped aa Stam- ord Hill .. 200 424-ch bro pek 2520 «58 18 202 16 ch pekee 1440 46 3 79 204 1 do sou 100 30 80 205 1 do dust 150 29 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-roomon the 28th Feb, the undermentioned lots of tea (51,0701b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. No. Pkgs tion. lb. 6. 1 Nahelma «. 1 14ch = dust 75 26 2 2: °S' ch congou 235 25 3 Ossington .. 3 11 do 1239 50 bid 4 5 21 do pekoe 2100 38 5 7 8 do peksou 800-32 6 9 1 do dust 147 30 13 AGO -. 22 2 do souNo.2 220 «#18 14 22 1 do dust 150-6 15 AK AC,in est. mark Cejlon 23 44 4-ch pe sou 2200 33 16 25 3 do dust 240 29 17 26 2 do congcu 100 27 18 Engura Kanda 27 16 do bro pek 787 36 bid» 19 Vogan ». 29 25 ch bropek 2500 3859 20 31 28 do pekoe 2520 | 39 2L 33 17 do pek sou 1530 37 22 Waraka -- 35 103-2 bro or pek 500 47 23 37 15 do or pek 75) 35 24 39 12 do pekesou 6008 25 41 1 do dust 50 26 26 42 2 do red leaf llu 20 3l Charlie Hill... 50 4 do pek fans 200 8l 32 51 7 do peosou No, 2350 26 33 52. 7 do Pek sou 350 29 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark jo. Pkgs. tion, b. ; No. Marx. No, Pkgs tion. IDSs ec: 34 : 53 6 3-ch pekoe 300 36 64 Wahakula .., 72 1 do dust 130 15 35 54 do bro pek 250 45 65 73 2 do cougou 200 2 36 OH oie aD Dmeonen dO! red leaf 50 15 66 74 8 eo bro tea 800 16 37 Kalkande .., & 6 do bro pek fan 260 42 i 715 22 do pek sou 2200 £3 bid 38 57 18 do sou 1(80 32 68 76 21 do pekce 2160 25 bid 39 59 18 do bro or pek 1080 54 69 77.19 do bro pekce 1900 20 40 Hornsey °... 61 6 do Tek sou 600 40 70 HHH preety oliedd O pek sou 160 20 41 63 2 do fans 240 25 71 79 1 3-ch pekoe 27 £9 42 RA, in estate i2 DMR » 80 TFoch*” dust 120 9g mark +» 64 £3 ch bro pek 2710 33 73 81 1 do fannings 120 37 43 “ Oaklands” €6 28 do bro pek 3360 48 bid | 74 82 3 do scuchong 250 25 44 68 38 do pekoe 4180 38 75 83 28 do pek sou 2520 34 45 70 13 do peksou 130032 76 8418 do pekce 180043 46 72 12 do _ pek dust 1104-29 17 85.17 do bro pekoe 1870 ~ 55 41 VX o» 74 26> ch — bro pek 3100 38 is MM >, 83° 13-ch dust 49 98 ig 87 56 do pek sou 250 9g. bid 80 88 4 do bro pekce 200 9g bid Mesers. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the 5 aa «, 89 9 ch pekce 900 = g7_ bid Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 7th March, | 33 y- an 20 ae PES or pek 3900 ous the undermentioned lots of tea (70,857 Ib.),whioh sold | g4 ) aoiaig Moh oaiteoke aa at as under :— 85 93 5 do souchong 225 7 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 85 94 4 do red leaf 180 23 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. sc. ae REE 1 Strathellie... 8 10 ch bro tea 1000 27 3 9 94ch pek dust 720 29 Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for sale at the 3 Walahanduwa 10 1 ch dust 145 28 Chamber of Oommerce Saie-room on the 7h March 4 ll2 do sou 200 25 the undermentioned lots of ten (175,642 1b.), which 5 1221 do peksou 2100. 28 bid | gold as under:— i : 6 13 19 Be Rekoe ‘ 1100 ae Lot Ll 1410 do ro pe 1000 0 te) Box Descrip- Weight gs ANI +. 15 23-ch red leaf 80 15 Ne. M i . 5 TP SUBe Matas Bry SER : ark No. Pkgs. _ tion. lbs Yeh 10 17 5 do dust 375 29 1 KS 554 10 ch bro mix 950 18 11 Keloni -» 1815 do scu 675 = 81 2 556 2 do fans 230 18 bid 2 19 25 do pekoe 112541 3 558 2 do dust 270 27 13 2043 do bro pek 2365 952 4 Hasdale .,. 560 15 do bropek 1,500 €2 bia 14 Salawe , 2114 ch pek sou 1260 35 5 562 12 do Fekoe 1080 46 15 2213 do pek 1235 42 6 564 12 do pek sou 1080 4l 16 23 12 do bro pek 1200 57 7 566 1 do dust 130 27 17 Hiralouvah .., 24 1 ch fans 109s 81 8 Munamal .,, £63 4 do bro pek 400 47 18 25 1 do bro mixed 99 ~§=20 9 i. 570 4 do pekoe 360 34 19 SC sea) Ooch pek sou 800 24 10° XX X «+, B122"2 do pekce 150 28 20 AN ww. 27.12 do bro tea 1260 19 ll 5 574 1 do bro mix 100 20 21. Udatage .,. 28 9 3-ch bro mix €30 20 12 Kelaneiya 576 20 do bropek 1700 62 22 29 9 do dust 660 27 1d 578 20 do pekoe 2000 4. 23 30 1 do _ pek fang 55 30 14 Esperanza 5£0 20 4-ch pekoe 1000 35 24 31 32 do pek sou 1760 30 15 Wewessa .,, 582 18 do bro pek 900 59 bid 25 3246 do pek 2760.38 16 68k 18 do pekce 900 43 bid 26 33 80 do pek 4800 55 17 586 16 do pek sou 800 37 bid 27 Pantiya BS IBLY Pets dust 260 29 18 688 4 do pek sou No.2 200 30 28 G, in estate 19 590 1 do souchong iz) £9 mark 85°°7-~ch bro mixed 665 20 20 Wewessa .,, 592 1 do dust 80 28 29 36 2 4-ch pek sou 80 92 2. 594 3 do fans 180 31 30 Benvevla .. 3715 ch bro pek 1500 36 32 Hunugalla 596 12 ch bro pek 1380 out 31 38 20 do bro pek 2000s 44 23 598 8 do yelkoe &80 33 32 MGA, inestate 24 600 9 do pek sou 9:0 26 mark Bo eat ny tee @) do 206 45 23 602 1 do dust 1c0 26 33 New Tunisgalle 40 2 3-ch dust 190 29 26 SAN inestate : 34 41 8 ch pek sou 720 36 mark .. 604 8 do bro pek 840 46 BD 42 17 do pek 1530 43 27 €05 14 do pekce 1260 $2 36 43 21 do bro pek 2205 59 2 608 1L do pek sou 935 84 37 EHJ oo 449.3 ido pek sou 270 26 bid 29 S10: 5. do pek sou No,2375 30 38 45 8 do pekoe 720 34 30 612. 1 do dust 80 29 29 4610 do bro pek 550 = 40 31 Alnoor +» 614 21 3-ch bropek 1050 56 40 Roseneath .,, 4718 do pek sou 1620 29 32 616 19 do pekoe 950 41 41 49 30 4-ch bro pek 1650 50 33 618 17 do pek sou &50 34 42 Depedene .. £0 3 do dust 240 28 34 620 3 do fans 210 30 43 51 1 do red leaf 50 18 35 Queensland... 622 21 ch flo pek 2100 57 bid 44 52 25. do pek sou 1250 29 36 624 17 do pekoe 1700 38 45 53 45 do pekoe 2250 36 87 Polatagama... 626 46 43-ch bro pek 2760 57 Ab 54 23 do bro pek 1265 48 38 628 40 do pekoe 2000 37 47 DG .. 6& 5 ch bro mix 450 18 bia | 39 €30 19 do pek scu 950 35 48 ING .. 566 1 do red leaf 100 17 40 Abamalla .,, 632 2 do bro mix 100 24 57 23-ch duat 180 29 41 634 8 do dust 952 28 50 GH -. §8 3 ch pek sou 285 25 42 SY -. 636 28 ch tro pek 2200 43 bid 51 59 4 do pekoe 400 29 43 638 23 do pekoe 2070 36 52 60 2 do bro pek 210 41 44 640 9 do pek sou 765 32 63 HP «. 61 2 do do 216 «46 45 MalvernA,.,. 642 18 4-ch pekoe 990 «87 54 Elletenne .. 62 2 do bro sou 1594 20 46 644 3 do pek sou 165 25 $5 Sirisanda ... 6311 4-ch bro pek 660 57 53 AOH -. 658 1 do pekoe 100 30 56 6112 do pekoe 600 35 54 €60 3 do pek sou 330-20 57 65 14 do pek sou 700 380 55 662 4 do red leaf 395 16 58 66 1 do bro pek fans 40 20 56 664 1 do dust 160 43 59 67 Ll do fanning 45 28 57 SK «» 666 15 do bro pek l4c5 out 60 63 2 do unassorted 100 30 58 Dewalakanda ¢€63 58 do pekoe 4930 39 1 ch 59 PDE » 670 IL do acuchong 990 25 61 69 1 4-ch du-t 236 29 60 W’bedde 672 8 do bro pek 8u0 65 tid a Ww 1 ch bro mixed 101 19 61 674 10 do pekoe 900 51 bid 63 GW Tin 7e-0o' bro sen 665 22 bid 62 SSS 66 38 do dust 492 27 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot: Box Descrip- Weight No. || Mark: No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ©. 63 Conitegalla .. 678 5 4-ch bropekfans350 48 bil 4 Labukellie ... abo 6 do bropekfans420 389 bid i, Scrubs .. 682 28 ch bropek 3080 58 bil 66 684 32 do pekoe 2380 © 47 ~bid 67 .» 686 8 do pekgou 720 68 Yataderia .. 638.12 do broorpeY 1260 48 bid 69 690 17 do bropek 41785, 36 bid 70 692, 37 do pekoe 3700 = 3L_~bid a 4 12 do peksou 1140 29 72 Goometa , .. 6 24 do bropek 2649 = 49 73 srderagentva 8 4 do bro pek 4000s 47 bid 80 DK + plea cme ey 1 $-ch bro pek 638 35 bid , Bismarck .. 714 13. ch pekoe 1300 45 bid | Palmerston... 716 10 4-ch bro pek 600 83; 718 15 ch pekoe 1425 = 4 bid 84, 72 8 do pek sou 720 43 89 St.Helier’s.. 722 194-ch broorpek 1140 62 $6 724 17 ch pekoe 1700 = 42 87 726. 6 do pek sou 600 38 83 Stisted «» 728,19 4-ch bro pek 1045 ‘7 £9 720 22 do pekoe 1100 37 90 732 15. ch pek sou 675 33 95 UdaRadella.. 712 21 do bro or pek 1470 70 bid 93 744 45 do bro pek 2700 60 bid W7 746 50 do pekoe 2509 48 98° 748 37 do peksou 1850 8639 99° ‘ 750 3 do dust 255 20 100 Luccombe .. 752 23 ch bro pek 2760 40 bid 101 754 39. do bro pek 4680 40 bid 102 756 65 do pekoe 6500 30 bid 13 . 758 12 do pek sou: 1209 104 760 1 do pex fans 150 25 108 K jn) COB iD dust 170 25 109 Deanstone .. 770 394-ch orangepek 9145 42 bid 110 Gordon we ME a eh, bro pek 720 41 1 714 #7 do peroe 630 Bl 112 776 1 do do No.2 90 BL 113 778. 3 do pek sou 240 26 114 780 1 do dust 100 3L 115 Airedale ... 782 48 do bro pek 4890 45 bid 116 784 14 do pekoe 1610 39 bid 117 786 15 do bro pek sou 1350 24 bid 118 , 788 9 do ans 990 24 bid 124 Castlereagh 800 13 ch bro pek 1430 79 125 802 18 do or pek 1620 60 126 | 804 29 do pekoe 2610 45 127 KC <.) (SUB emo) Och. : 13-ch dust 715 25 128 808 2 ch bro mix 190 25 129 Carlabeck .. 810 5 do pekson 560 BL 130 812 8 3-ch dust 520. 42 131 MC Sltzay ich, pe dust 1050 28 132 ; , 816 9%3-ch sou 819 31 133 Chesterford... 818 24 ch bro pek 2520 51 134 820 21 do pekoe 2100 37 135 — > 822 13 do pek sou 1390 30 138 Goroka .. 82£ 6 do bro pek 525. 49 137 : 826 4 do Pekoe 400 37 188 ( 838 3 do pekscu 300 89630 139 GEC, io est. mark «. 830 74-ch bropek 335 54 140 8382 5 do pekoe 235 45 14. 834 5 do peksou 235 39 142 86 1 do fau 57 30 143 Meemoraoya 838 11 dc. bro or pek 499 55 144 810 31 do pekee 1395 40 145 842 1 do sou 40 27 143 ne 844 2 do dust 150 27 147 Bismarck .,. 846 6 do bropek 550. 70 148 848 11 ch ekoe 110051 149 830 2 do pek sou 200 3 150 © 852. 14-ch sou 50 30 151 .. 84 1 ch pekdust 150 32 bid 162, DK V -. 836.2 do bro mix 224 25 153 CSK .- 858 14-ch dust “60 28 Messrs. Bennam & BREMNER putiup forsaleat the Chamiber of Commerce Sale-room on the 7th March, the peg yam lots of tea (8,551 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot. Box Descrip-. Weight No. Mark. No. Pkge, tions Ib. G; 1 Hopewell .. 24 U4-ch bropek Gf pages) & 2. 26 2 do unas 165 30 8 Elston, in est. ; : mark .. 28 25 ch Pek sou 2250 35 bid 4 Mehanilu .. 30 12 do sou 10€0 39 5 32 3 do dust 390 28 Lot Box Descri, Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 6 Old Haloya... 34 23 ch bro pek 2mOo OCB 7 36 19 do pekoe 1616 BB 38 7 do pek sou 630 34 bid 9 O, in estate mark ~.. $0 @b2x bropek . 36 & 11 42 2 do pekoe 24 689 il 44 2 do pek sou 18 aL CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial. Correspondent.) Mixcixc Lane, Feb. 16th, 1894. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold io Minoing Lane up to 16th Feb.:— Ex ‘‘Glenartney”’—Biackwood, le 1b 102s; it 95s; lb 1083; 1 896. Ex *Goorkha’’—Haputale,1b 105s; Le 1b 103s; Le 974; 1b 115s; 1 bag 101s;.2 89s. Sherwood, le 106; 4c 108s 6d; leo lb 97s6d; 26119 2 begs 1013; 4 89s, Ex “Cheshire’”—Pittarat Malle. lb 109461; 1c 107s 6d; 30 1048; 1b 974; Lb 1176; lb 908; 1 bag 104s° Ex ‘Mira”—Sheen, lo 114; 5 1tls; 6 103s 64; 1b 95s 6d; le 132s; 1c 94s 6d; 2 bags 106s. Thotulagalle, lc 114s; 20 108s; 5a 1t 100; Lb 978 61: le 1b 129s; le 92s; 1 bagi10ls. PDO, 1t 117s; 3c 116s; 2: 1068; Lb 94:; 1 1293; 1b 92s; 1 bag 106s. — -— CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Commercial Correspondent.) Muincine LAng, Feb. 16th, 1894. Ex “Dalmatia”—Rockhi'l, 50 bags 823; 8 723; 8 47¢ 8 bags 50832 79:3 64. Ex ‘ Oolong”—Yattowatte, 87 bags 80.; 6 643 64. Ex “‘Dalmstia”—Lower Haloya, 1 bag 55s. Ex “Mauora”—G rove, 2 bags 57s 64. Levyelle, 6 bage 47s 6d. “Ex “Qceana”—Warriapolla, 42 bags 85s; 22 87s (64; 8 bags 65864; 6 8039 49s 61. Ex “Dalmatia”—Maousava, 20 bags 88360; 25 82s 6d; 19 bags 793; 8 40s; 3 61s; 17 82% 61. _ Ex “Oceany’—Mababeria (OBEC), 30 bag 698; 4 bags dls. (From Our CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN. LONDON. — —— Gommercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, Feb. 16th, 1894 Ex “Volute’—Warriagalla, Mysore, 3c 23 21;5 2 3d; 3; 2 1e5d. ; . Be lo nibn_—Eyeetiae Mysore, 3¢ 13 11s. Nahal- laway Watte, Malabar, 6c 1s 7d; 4.18 5d; 2 1s 33; 8c slightly mouliy 18103; 2d tto 1s 11d; 2 ditto 1s 81; lb ts Gd. , i Ex “Manora’’—Duckwari, 1c 3s; 1 2s 9d; 1 28 6%; 2 18 10d;4 1s63; 1 185d. Nawanagalls Estate, 1c 2s 103; 1 2s 4d; 1 28 3d; 2 2s; 3 Is 10.1; 1 13 613.4 Is 54; L 1s Gd. Kouckles Group, le 23114; 1 2s 4d; 1 2s; J; L seeds 1s 61. 3 Hee-uae-viearton Estate,3 2851; 5 1891; 1 half- eeds Is 51. ae “Volute”—N aw Peacock. Mysore, 4c Is 21. Ex “M>yune”—Mahallaway Watte, Malabar, 23rb mouldy 163 1s 94; 8 187d; 4¢1381;.2 ls 33; 2 1861; mouldy 3c Is 6d. (From Our ““QEYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES: — NO. 8.] CotomsBo, Marcy 17, 1894. {enice :—123 cents each; 3 copies- 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co; put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 7th March, the undermentioned lots of tea (51,548 lb.), which sold a3 under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. _ tion. lb. Ce 5 Ardgowan .. 8 30 ch bro or pek 3300 40 bid 6 10 31 do pekoe 3100 35 bid 7 12 25 do pe sou 25u0 28 bid 8 14 18 4-ch fans 1080 28 bid 9 Dehiowita .. 16 6 ch congou 540 26 0 17. 4 do dust 640 28 jl St, Oawald ... 18 34 4-ch broorpek 2010 46 12 20 24 ch bro pek 2400 47 bid 13 22 36 $-ch pekce 180 37 14 24 28 do pek sou 14U0 30 bid 15 23 14 do bro pek fan 1142 30 bid 16 Pambagama 28 2 ch dust 170,26 17 29 10 do congou 90 25 18 Brae .. 3l 38 3-ch = dust 150 18 19 32 3 do congou 150 24 20 Oaklands 23 28 ch bro pek 3350 45 bid 21 AGC 35 1 do sou 9) 23 22 386 3 do sou No. 2 330 2. 23 37 1 do dust 150 24 24 38 1 do pek dust 125 28 25 Glenburn .. 39 804-ch broorpek 4389 49 26 41 18 do bro pek 1193 3a bid 27 Vogan 43 23 ch bro pek 2300 53 28 45 30 do pek e 2700 41 29 47 17 do pek sou 1530 33 bid 30 49 8 do sou 680 29 31 6l 7 4-ch dust 490 BL 32 Sspitiyagoda 52 22 ch bro or pek 2120 53 bid 33 54 34 do bro pek 3724 49 34 56 16 do or pek 1€00 48 35 58 35 do pekce 3500 Al 36 60 3 do fans 450 29 37 61 1 do sou 1u5 24 38 Porlswood Estate 62 19 ch sou 950 42 39 FEW w. 64 L4ch dust Su 26 40 65 2 do ted leaf 1.0 17 Mr. ©. }Jonn put up fer sale at the Chamber of Oommerc: Sale-room on the 7th March, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (71,070 lb.), which sold as under :— : Lot Box Deserip- Weight No, Mark No. Pkgs. tion. bag tc 6 Kile 214 21 do bro pek 2100 53 7 26 30 do yekoe No. 1 2700 40 8 218 16 do pekoe 1440 3) 9 Agra Ouvah 220 54 4-ch broorpek 3510 78 bid 10 222 58 do or pek 3480 64 il 224 45 do pekoe 2700 5) 12 Madooltenme 226 12 ch bro pek 1260 = 53 13 228 14 do pek su 1400 34 14 Mocha 230 24 do bro pek 2540 65 15 232 22 do pekoe 2220 59 16 234 12 do pek sou 1140 51 17 Ccslanda ... 236 31 4-ch 1 ch bro pek 1650 —8 bid 18 238 17 do ypekoe 1600 48 19 2:0 14 do pek sou 1400 35 bid 20 242 3 4-ch _ pek dust 210 = 39 21 Allington 243 23 do bro pek 12¢0 47 22 245 48 do pekoe 2400 37 23 247 23 do pek sou 1150 31 24 249 1 do red leaf 50 19 26 2350 3 do dust 240 2 26 Tientsin 251 23 ch or pek 2300 62 27 253 14 do peksou 1400 4 28 255 2 4-ch dust 160 3) 29 256 1 ch scu 117 32 30 Ager's Land 257 @¢-ch peksou 90 30 31 PG, in est. mark «», 258 12 ch soul 960 29 32 230 2 do bro mix 252 16 33 261 4 do dust 580 28 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No Pkgs. fon! ib & 34 Verlapatna 263 24 ch bro pek 2760 45 bi 35 265 28 3-ch anaes 2100 28 bie 40 PTE 267. 1 ch dust 150 239 37 Ayr 268 25 3-ch bro pek 1250 56 38 270 20 ch pekoe 1600 41 39 272 15 do pe sou 12C0 33 40 274 22-ch congou 36028 41 275 2 do fangs 100 3L Fe a 216 ar oo pek dust 150 23 G Be -c ek sou 2 i “a K, BT inet. 2: p 0) 720 24 bidi v mark a 260m ora ae) bro tea 150 10 45 Ritnageria ... 280 2 ch peksou 200 42 46 1 281 6&3ch dust 3°0 = 30 bid 47 Glentilt soe. 282), 22,ech bro pek 2310 66 48 284 12 do pek sou 1200 49 49 W—T ». 286 38 do bro pek 3800 46 bid 50 RK, in estate mark ee 238 14 do ekoe 1470 5 51 SG 290 17 do Se 1700 fe oa 52 Talagalla 302 34 ch bro pek 3570 60 53 304 20 do or pek 1900 49 54 306 14 do pekoe 1330 40 55 3:8 2 do dust 320 27 Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up jor sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 14:h March the undermentioned lots of tea (260,500 lb.), whick sold as under:— Lot Bor Descrip- Weigh No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. e- 1} UK. 860 2 ch congou- 180 25 2 862 34-ch aust 24) 27 3 °N .. 864 16 ch pek fan 1120 23 4 TRERR 865 6 do bro pek 600 50 5 868 5 do pexoe £09 3L 6 870 3 do pek sou 300 a5 7 872 1 do bro tea 90 22 &’ DC in estate 9 mark .,, 874 24 do gouchong 1900 38 10 873 43 4-ch dust 2795 23 Ly) BDN seo 88 1 do souchong 6 25 12 Bellwooi et COORG ch bro mix 61 16 13 Nilleomally.. 882 4 do psk sou 440 32 14 834° 1 do sushong 100 24 15 836 1 do bro mix 120 22 16 Park 885 9 do bro pek 1035 43 bid 17 890 14 do pekoe 1400 40 18 92 -7 do pek sou 700 BL iit 19 894 1 do Souchong 100 25 20 896 13-ch dust 159 26 21 Melrose ww» 898 21 ch bro pex 23810 56 22 900 18 do peboe 1800 4b 23 $02 9 do pek sou 909 33 24 R-mbodce 90% 23 }-ch bropek 1150 63 25 905 23 da yekoe 1035 46 26 98 16 do pek sou 720 42 27 910° 10 do soucbong 448 40 28 9:2 2 do bro pek dust 150 56 29 9ik 2 do fannings 130 30 31 Ederapol'a .. 916 314-eh bro pek 1550 46 32 920 35 do pek sou 28°0 29 33 22> 7 do souchong 620 26 Ba 24 3 do fannings 390 34 35 926 5 4-ch dust 37d 29 86 Algo:ltenne... %28 14 ch bropek 140) 52 37 930 22 do pekoe 1980 28 38 932 24 do pek sou = 2400 33 39 Demodera 934 1 4-ch bro pek 50 48 40 936 2 do pekoe 100 37 41 958 3 do pek sou 150 25 42 940 | do red leaf 5) 16 43 CRD 912 2 ch red leaf 200 21 44 944 4 do dust 400 39 45 Shannon 916 36 4-ch bro pe 1980 67 45 Midleton 948 51 do bro pek 2805 67 bid 47 Ambawella .,. 950 11 do bro pek 660 67 48 952 11 do pekee 605 48 49 954° 1 do dust t5 PS D in estate 50 mark t «©6990. Qhidh pek dust 200 26 51 N e 958 9 do bro tea 1080 re 52 960 32 do inasso 3200 30 PRODUCE SALES LIST. ee ee Descrip- Weight 2 CEYLON Lot Box Dercrip- Weight No. No, Pkgs. tion, Ibis ‘oc; 53 Ccurt Locge.. 962 482-ch bro pek 2496 70 5t 964 32 do pekoe 1504 58 55 966 11 ch pek sou £80 42 56 968 1 do dust 159-30 57 TREOLM.. 970 38 do bro pek 300 40 bid 58 972 3 do pekoe 300 28 59 974 2 do peksou 200 27 60 916° 1 do bro tea 95 | 22 6) FElfinda'e 978 294-ch pek sou 1305 28 6y 980 4 do dust 20 8626 63 982 5 do fanvings 250 18 g4 Kelaneiya 984 18 ch bro pek 1530 81 65 986 18 do pekce 1800 45 €6 988 2 do congou 200 «28 67 890 2 do dust 230 06-26 ¢g St. Helen’s 992 20 do bropekee 1800 52 69 99418 do pekce 1530 935 70 998 30 do eksou 2700 39 bid . Weoya 988 522-ch ro pek 2860 53 2 1000 42 do pekce 2310 «88 Bs 2 43 do peksou 2150 33 2 4 12 do pekdvst 840 27 ™% Box 6 173-ch bro pekce 9385 55 7 8 38 ch pekce 3420 39 36 10 i3-ch bromix 45 18 a7 12 2 ch pekfans 140 27 78 Horagakele 14 73-ch bropek 434 out 79 16 8 do pekce 4ig 3h 80 18 9 do pex son 526 28 SI 20 1 do congou 57 23 82 Citrus 22 9 ch bropek 880 49 4 do 83 24. ‘ch bropNo2 451 37 64 26 12 ch pekoe 121730 rd 3 do $3 28 14}-ch pekNo2 332 27 3 ch BE 30 14-ch pek sou 320 25 2 ch 87 32 lich fannings 259 29 -pegaoeh 88 e4. “E anh bro tea 225 25 2c 89 36 14-ch dust 378-27 90 Geragama .. 38 11 ch bro pek 1155 50 91 40 8 do pekoe 800 36 3 42 9 do peksou 900 ©30 93 Avecca + 44 20 do bro pek 2970 94 94 46 25 do pekoe 2500 71 ‘35 48 4 do peksou 440 52 96 50 44-ch dust 260 40 9y Hakurugala 52 15 ch bro pek 1500 46 38 54 29 do pekoe 2900 30 99 56 8 do pek sou 300 27 100 58 38i-ch =brokentea 180 21 201 60 1 do dust 60 25 ‘102 Lameliero .. 62 604-ch bro pek 3600 © 60 103 64 43 do pekoe 2150 52 ate 66 28 do pek sou 1400 44 105 68 1 do dust 95 28 106 Hatale © oot 70:3 weh bro pek 1469 52 107 72 12 do orange pek 1188 45 108 74 17 do pekoe 1598 38 4109 76 15 do peksou 1425 3l 210 Wewesse 78 27 4-ch bro pek 1350 «8658 iil 80 27 do pekoe 1350 47 112 82 22 do pek sou 1100 39 3 84 10 do do No.2 500 34 we 86 5 do fans 300 83934 115 88 1 do eou 50 29 116 90 1 do dust £0 26 417 Talgaswela 92 7 ch bropek 700 = «57 we 94 13 do pek 1235 61 119 96 20 do pesoe sou 1800 39 290 * 98 9 do sou 810 35 12) 100 3 do dust 450 26 122 102. 38 do con 255 29 123 Farm »» 104 24-ch dusd 160-27 224 Varnham .,, 106 634-ch pekoe 3024 9-335 125 108,28 do peksou 1260 30 426 Ascot 110 1 ch con 100 S338 427 112 2 do dust 300 26 128 Pansalatenne 114 15 ch bro pek 157554 129 116 15 do pekec 1500 = 37 420 118 10 do peksou 950 34 131 1201 do con 100.29 432 122 1 do dust 175 26 4135 128 15 do pekce 142 «454 bid 341 Ingurugalla... 140 8 do pek sou 270 ~=.30 442 Asgeriya .. 142 3 do fan 312. 46 Lot Box No. Mark No. Pkgs. ‘48 APK « 144 6 ch 144 Condegalla ... 146 2 do 145 Torwood ... 14811 do 146 150 1 do 147 152 3 do 148 Labukelle 154 5 do 149 Linestate mark 156 8 do 150 EH «+» 158 2. do 151 160 5 do 152 162 1 $ch 183 Clyde +» 16418 ch 164 166 24 do i565 168 6 do 156 170 2 do 157 VO «» 17220 de 158 174 33 do 159 176 4 do 160 78 1 do 161 Micdleton ... 180 144-ch 162 180 15 do 163 184 16 ch 164 186 13 do 165 188 2 do 166 v DM .. 199 2 do 167 (2 4 §-ch 168 K S 194 2 ch 169 RAH inp estate mark «« 196.1 do 170 198 19 do 171 MMS 200 56 do 172 202 1 do 173 204 2 do 174 206 2 do 175 208 1 do 176 210 3 do 1i7 2)2 4 do 178 214 9 ch 183 Dambagas- talawe «. 224 4 do 184 226. 5 }ch 185 Fred’s Ruhe... 228 21 do 186 230 29 ch 187 232 15 do 188 WA 234 6 do 189 236 6 do 1 4-ch 190 238 1 ch 2 191 DPR we 240 ioe 192 Amblakande 242 6 do 193 244 12 do 194 246 3 do 195 218 1 do 196 Queensland 250 15 do 197 252 13 do 198 254 2 do 199 Buroside ... 256 12 ch 200 258 21 do 201 260 6 do 202 262 1 do 203 Pedro -» 264 28 do 208 266 19 do 205 268 20 do 206 270 4 do 207 Polatagama 272 32 4-ch 208 274 27 do 29 z 276 10 do 210 Abamalla,, 273 1 ch 211 280 3 3-ch 212 Polatagama 232 do 213 W, in estate mark oo. 204 5 ch 214 286 6 do 215 Ingurugalla 288 1 do 216 Lowlands .. 290 4 ch 217 292 3 do 218 294 5 do 219 296 1 do 220 298 1 do 221 Marguerita 300 10 4-ch 222 GEC, in est. mark ». 302 5 do 223 Scrubs «. 3804 9 ch 224 306 10 do 225 308 23 do 226 310 11 do 927 312 11 3-ch 228 314 10 do 229 Peacock Hill 316 5 ch | 230 318 1 4-ch tion. Ib. dust 840 pek sou 194 pek sou 1045 fan 100 dust 360 pek sou 485 bro tea 300 pek sou 136 dust 725 dust 72 bro pek 1800 pekoe 2160 pek sou 600 dust 280 or pek 2000 pekoe 3410 dust 430 bro tea 110 bro pek A 770 bro pek B 825 pekoe 1600 pekoe 1300 fen 210 en 180 fan 260 do 2 dust 108 bro pekoe 1995 bro pek 500 pek No, 2 95 con 164 red leaf © 152 bro mixed 100 fan | 366 pek dust No 1 580 pek dust 1350 pek sou 480 dust 325 bro pek 1050 pekoe 2900 ekoe 1300 pek 600 pekoe 655 bro mixed 210 bro pek 1330 bro or pek 600 pekoe 1080 pek sou 270 bro tea 120 flow pek 1500 pekoe 1300 pek fan 260 bro pek 600 pekoe 1050 pek sou 320 dust 60 bro pek 2520 pekce 1330 pek sou 1300 dust 480 bro pek 1920 pexce 1350 pek sou 508 bro mixed 95 dust 270 240 bro pek 550 Koe 610 Tro tea 129 bre pek 400 pekoe 270 pek sou 490 fans 120 dust 140 pekoe 600 pek sou 235 bro pek 990 bro pek 1100 pekoe 2070 pek sou 1045 fans 660 dust 800 pek sou 450 bro mix _ 45 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion, lb. C. 231 320 14-ch pek fan 280 25 232 Aberdeen ,, 322 66 do _ bro pek 2600 51 233 ; 324 40 do pekoe 2000 38 934 326 27 do pek sou 1350 33 235 328 2 do bro tea 120 30 236 330 1 do dust 60 26 287 Blackwcod., 332 24 ch bro pek 2400 58 238 334 25 do pekoe 2500 43 239 38c6 14 do pek sou 700 34 340 338 4 do fans 320 29 1 do 80 28 241 Killarney ... 340 32 do or pek 1760 56 242 342 31 do bro or pek 2170 68 243 344 6 ch pekee 600 47 247 Caskieben .. 352 37 ch flow pek 3700 58 248 354 30 do pekoe 3000 37 249 256 2 do pek fans 230 30 250 Brunswick... 358 3 do unas 809 40 251 360 4 do pek fan 520 27 254 Monrovia .. 366 20 do peksou 1000 = 25 955 368 5 ch bro tea 500 18 2356 370 3 do fans 300 27 257 872 8 do pek dust 405 25 258 MT L, in est. merk 5. off 3,¢h bro mix 240 14 bid 259 376 84-ch dust 640 25 260 Barkindale... 378 13 do bro pek 728 67 261 380 25 ch pekoe 2575 44 262 3&2 1 do bro mix 75. 24 271 DEK as 400,.1 .ch bro tea 100 a7 272 402 24-ch dust 170) ame 273 Fred’s Ruhe 404 2 ch pek sou 200 25 274 Hethereett.. 406 19 3-ch broorpek 1235 99 275 408 37 do bro pek 2294 81 “6 410 19 ch pekoe 1895 65 277 412 12 do pek sou 960 48 278 4i4 23-ch pek fans 160 89638 279 Wellesly ... 416 20 ch Droor pek 2400 62 280 418 30 do bro pek 3600 41 281 420 13 do pekoe 1267 35 bid 282 B, in estate mark -. 422 100 5-ch bropek 5500 45 bid Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co., put up for sale at the Chamber of Conimerce Sale-room on the 14th March, the undermentioned lots of Tea (66,195 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. LDP mine. 1 Diyagama .. 1 13-ch~ dust 85 = £6 2 2 do mixed 46 17 3 ona chi pek sou 400 25 4 4 4 do 13-ch pekoe 450 29 5 on. Siich bro pek £00 36 bid 6 Wattagalla, KV ae Gt a do? dust 150-25 7 7 1 do scuNo.2 110.16 8 8 10 do pek cou 900 2 9 9 6 do . pekoe 480 22 10 10 9 do bro pek $10 37 11 Navargoda., 11 12 do pekscu 1080 = 98 12 12 9 do _ pekoe 810 34 13 13° «5 do bro pek 500 39 414 Mousagaila.., 14 15 do 13-ch pekoe 1558 43 15 15 10 ch bro pek 1000 ~=-50 bid on W -» 16 12-ch_ red leaf 47 15 17 17-1 ch dust 105 97 18 18 1 do peksou 100 29 bid 19 KU .. 19 14-ch dust 80 93 2) 20° 7 ‘ch sou 70028 al Ql 12 do pek scu 1200 34 ©2 Neuchatel, Ceylon ., 22 12 ch pek sou 1080 30 z 23 24 do pekce 2280 36 4 24 27 do bro pek 2835 57 25 Natal, Ceylon 25 1 do broken 90 16 26 26 24-ch dust 170 26 27 27 2 ch pek sou 180 28 28 28 2 do ekoe 80 28 bid 29 99 2 do ro pek 220 32 bid 30 Roseneath .,, 20 14 do pekoe 12t0 36 bid BL Allakolla .. 31 Ich = dust 95 27 32 32 15 ch pe sou 1425 33 33 33 35 do pekoe 385.0 85 Ro) 84 43 3-ch bro pek 2365 48 35 Iddagola ... 35 2 ch dust 260 «(OT 38 36 2 do bropek son 160 23 LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mars. No, Pkgs tion, Ibs. c: 31 Kelvin » 387 5 3-ch dust 380 26 38 88 5 do fans 330 =. 82 1 do do 66 27 39 K * | oOmelom: Chi sou 1350 16 40 Arsiena » 40 13-ch dust 51 7 41 41 21 do pek sou 1050 33 42 42 51 do pekoe 2550 39 43 43 41 do bro pek 2050 54 bid 44 Hilandbu |, 44 37 ch pekje 2980 32 45 45 29 do bro pek 23:0 37 bid 46 KD +» 146 (7 do sou 630 17 47 Hatdowa .,, 47 29 do pexsou 2465 30 48 48 21 do pekoe 1785 34 49 49 23 do bro pek 2300 41 50 RE »» 50 2 do 4 3-ch pek sou 880 =. 24 51 51 4 ch 1 3-ch pekce 420 26 52 52) * 3" ch 13-ch bro pek 350 €5 53 T, in estate mark on) O3caip Cl dust 299 27 54 64 1 do fars 125 29 55 55. 2 do bro mix 224 26 66 56 8 do sou 720 28 57 57 8 do Fek scu 800 29 58 M se 58 «4,5do pekoe 400 29 59 S »- 99 3 do pek acu 285 out 60 Peria Kande- kettia +» 60 4 do pek sou 400 31 bid 61 61 24 do pekoe 2° 60 57 62 62 21 do bro pek 2750 45 63 Lyndhurst. 66 4 ch unas 360 26 6s 64 5 do sou 425 26 65 65 13 do pek sou 1170 23 66 66 9 do pekoe 720 31 67 67 9 do bro pek 720 35. 68 68 8 do bro or pek 880 42 69 Wilpita & €9' sido rei leat 100 16 vi 70 2 do bo tea 219 20 71 71 2 do ccngou 186 21 72 72 3 do fans 390 31 73 73 «lido sou 95 23 74 74 3 do pek fans 309 27 75 75 6 do unas 550 27 76 76 4 do pek sou 414 96 iT 77 3 do pekce 300 = as 78 78 6 do bro pek 615 35 bid Messre. A, H. THomeson &Co. put up forsale at tbe Ohamber of Commerce Sale-rcom on the 14th March, the undermentioned lots of tea (36.8691b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion, Ibs aeac: 1 B&D >». Lged-ch dust 460 26 2NE aie) aac BOmGO bro pek 540 45 3 4 5 do pekoe 425 33 4 5 8 do pek sou 720 27 5 @ aka.do fans 80 25 6 Bogahagoda- watte .» 8 74-ch bro pek 420 35 bid 1 10 17 do pekoe 935. 30 § 12 6 do sou 300 24 9 13° 2 do dust 160 28 10 14. 1 do bro mix 60 a9 11 15 2 do red leaf 110 19 12 AK AO, in est. mark Ceylon 16 23 do bro pek 1150 61 13 18 30 do pekoe 1500 37 17 Belgravia .., 23 3 do dust 300 26 18 24 1 do su 72 26 19 St,Leonards 25 15 }ch _ bropek 1050 47 2) 27 11 do pekoe 660 Ql Portswood .,, 29 22 do bro pek 1100 86 bid 23 31 22 do pekoe No, 1 1160 72 23 33 19 do do ,, 2 950 58 ou 35 27 do pek sou 1350 46 28 Glenburn ... 42 18 4-ch bro pek 1193 80 bid 29 Engura Kanda 44 18 do bro pek 787 36 30 Comar .. 46 29 $-ch bro pek 1450 36 bid 3L 48 16 do pekce 800 80 bid 23 50 10 do pek sou 500 27 bid 3 52 38 do dust 160 27 34 53 3 do pekrou 15u I4 35 Sapitiyagodde 54 37 ch bro or pek 4070 55 bid 36 56°16 do bro sou 1500 47 37 58 20 do pekoe 200 45 38 60 3 do fans 450 27 4 Lot Box No. Mark. No 39 WH ow 862 40 A,in estate mark 64 41 JD, in estate mark gs (66) 42 68 43 69 Mx. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Descrip- tion, bro pek bro pek bro pek pek sou pek fans Weight lb. 2948 4025 446 246 892 BE. Jonn put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 14th March, the undermentioned lots of tea (113,001 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkge 1 St. Catherine 369° 7 ch 2 311 6 do {3 213. 9 do 14 315 2 do 5 316 1 do 6 A, in estate mrk 317 14 do q 319 16 do 8 321 34 do 9 323. 3 do 1o Ottery and Stam- ford Hill .. 324 27 4-ch 11 326 15 do 12 328 26 ch 13 330 2 do 14 W—T ». 231 32 do 16 » 382 do 16 333 12 do 17 3385 15 do 18 T T &Co., est. mark ww. 337 29 $-oh 19 339 25 ch 20 341 11 do 21 M 4A, in estate .. Inark «- 343 18 do 22 Anchor, in ect. Mark «, 845 13 ch 23 347. 19 3-ch 24 349 17 ch 25 10 13 do 26 L &. 19 glpch 27 14 #1 do 33 Mocha 25 22 do 34 27 16 do 35 29 6 do 36 Lameliere ... 81 60 3-ch 37 33 43 do 38 £5 28 do 39 37. 1 do 40 Fordyce .. 88 3 ch 41 Hadella .. 39 24 do 42 41 21 do 43 43 29 do 44 45 2 do 45 46 1 do 46 Bittacy 47 47 3-ch 47 49 47 do 48 51 56 do 49 538 6 do 50 £4 20 do 51 56 6 «3 «do 52 N i Be? '6l (ch 63 TP w. 09 17 3-ch 54 61. 21 do 65 63 6 do 56 Kanangama.. 65 384 ch 57 67 © 30 do 58 69 11 do 59? 71 1 do €0 Glentilt 72 15 do 61 74 12 do 62 Templestuwe 76 20 do 63 78 48 do 64 80 12 do 65 82 3 co 66 838 2 do Descrip- tion. bropek pekoe pe sou ek fan ro tea rek sou copgiu pekoe bro pek bro pek or pek pekoe dust bro pek do pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pe bro or pek or pekoe pekoe pek sou dust ~ red leat Lro pek pekoe fans bro pek yekoe pe sou dust dust bro pek pekoe pe sou fans dust bro pek pekoe pek sou dust copgeu red leaf bro mix bre mix Weight lb. bid a ——_ Lot Box Descrip-. Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tions lb. og, 67 Great Valley 84 34 ch bropek 3740 ~=—s 61 bid 86 40 do poupe 4000 44 69 88 1 do ro mix 95 16 70 89 14-ch congou 36 28 71 90 2 do dust 160 26 72 Overton 101 39 do bropek 2340 65 73 103 27 ch pekoe 23300 46 74 105 17 do peksou 15g0 38 Messrs. Bennam & Bremner put up forsaleat the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 14th March, the undermentioned lots of tea (3,745 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs tion. lb. c. 1 Sutton 26 1 ch pek sou 92 «38 2 28 3 do fans 333 27 3 Tava'amtenne 30 1 do dust 150-28 4 32 8 do pekoe 609 33 5 34 12 do bro pek 1200 55 6 Elston, in est. mark -. 87 18 do _ pek sou 1170 35 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mrxcrxe Layne, Feb. 23rd, 1894. Marke aud prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Minciug Lane upto 23rd Feb.:— Ex ‘‘Da)matia”—Kelburne, 2c lb 1048; le 95s; 118s; 1t 1b 112s 64; 2c 878; lbag 93s. Ex “‘Pindari’’—Meeriabedde, 1t 101s; 2c lb 1026; 40 98s 6d; 1697s; 2b 110s 64; le 1b 878 6d; 2c 1b 84s; 1 bag 938; 1 78s. Needwood, 1t 112«; le 1t 1085; lt 108s 6d; 1t 976; lo 127s; 16 90=; L beg 100s. Ex “Shropshire’—Henfold, 1c 112; lc 1b 106s 6d* 1b 97+; 1b 118s; 1b 89.; 1 bag 1€2s. Ex ‘‘Mira”—2olbrook, 1b 118s; 3c 114:; 2c 1b 109s 6d; 1b 98s; le 134:; 1t 948 63; 1 bags 109s. Ex “Pindari”—St. George. 50 112s 6d; 5c 108s; de 108s 60; 1c 983; lo 1t 131s 6d; 1c 1b 1203; 1c 94s; 2 bags 100s. STG, 2t 83s; 1b 76s. 1 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincinc Lane, Feb. 23rd, 1894. Ex “Goorkha’—Rajawelle, 9 bsge 65s. Isabel, 2 bags 603. - Ex “‘Palamed”—Hylton, 94 begs 82:, Ex “Volute’—Udspolla, 2 bags 67:; 2 55s. Ex “Oolong”—Victoria, 2 bags 283; 1 pocket 65s. Ex “Senator”—Monerakelle, 2 bags 39s;2 52s, Ex “Bezwada’”— Monerakelle, 2 bigs 3938; 1 52s, Ex “‘Ningchow”’—Palli, 1 bag sweepings 62s. Ex “Goorkha ’—Nibs, 1 big 47s. Ex “Orient??—Havilland (OBEC), 2 bags 51s. JS eS eee (‘GEYLON OBSERVER ’’ PRESS, COLMBOO- TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 9.] : Conompo, APRIL 3, 1894. Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. __ | Lot Box Decors). weiaut No. Mark No Pkgs, tion. lb. c. Messre. A. H. THompson & Co. put up forsale at the | 41 Dickapittia.. 175 123-ch bro pe 1320 69 Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 20th March, | 4? 177 13chl}-chpekoe 1870 = 43 bia the undermentioned lots of tea (48,9701b.), which | {3 179 HAASE! URIS IM a ln iad! sold as under :— 45 Oo «sou $624 : ; h 182 2 do pe dust 229 <8 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 46 Tarf . 183 4 do pe son 420 45 No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 47 184 6 i-ch dust 480 £9 1 Kennington.. 1 84-ch bro tea 480 «18 48 K w» 185 2 ch bromix 200) sl; 2 8 5 ch peksou 500 = 24 49 MR .. 186 2 do dust 300 3=-.26 3 5 3 do dust 1008 50 T&T Co. in 4 Ugieside .. 6 2 ch dust 260 26 : estatemark., 187 29 4-ch bro pek 1595 40 bid 5 7 2 do bro mix 180 17 51 189 25 ch pekoe 2259 =: 80 -bid 6 8 2 do bro tea 200 28 52 191 11 do pek sou 990 27 bid 7 Glenburn .,.. 9 18 4-ch bropek 119335 33 PG vet 193) eb dor: {SOU 425 26 6 WK 72 Ale 53) do bro pek 2948 45 bid | 54 194 2 do dust 300 26 9 A, in estate 55 DE tee JOS. 24 dO sou 168) 33 bid mark so) Hees 56 Little Valley 197 24 do bro pek £610 50 bid 1 4-ch bro pek 4025 38 bid | 57 199 32 do pekoe 3200 42 bid 10 D,in estate 58 201 22-ch pek sou 100 =. 31._ bid mark 66 ol fonehs bro pek 446 32 bii | 59 202 3 do dust 160 27 il 17. 5 do pek sou 245 «27 bid | 638 D ND inestate £7 12 18 11 do pek fans 892 26 bid msrk -- 209 17 do unas 1700 13 Bogahagoda- 64 211 12 do bro mix 1220 18 watte an! BOE Gee bro pek 420 35 65 2138 5 do fang 690 29 14 Myragavga... 22 33 do bro or pek 3630 49 bid | 66 Fernlan’s .,. 215 2 do red leaf 200 au 15 24 27 do orpek 2430 50 67 Nagar -- 216 1 do bro pek oO) 44 16 26 49 do bro pek 490 50 bid | 63 217. 2 do pekoe 186 28 17 i 28 77 do pekoe 6930 42 69 2182 91) do pe suu 100 2 18 30 16 do pek sou 1280-338 70 Ottery & Stam- 19 Sapitiyagodde 32 37 ch brocr pek 4070 55 bid | ford Hill ., 219 60 4-ch bro pek 3600 61 20 Bapitiyagodde 34 28 do broorpe 3080 £9 bid | 71 Q21 29 do or pek 1450-50 did QL 26 26 do or pek 2600 48 bid | 72 223 31 ch pekoe 3790 40 22 28 45 do pekoe 4500 42 73 225 & do pek scu 5-0 2 23 40 5 do fans 750 27 ve) 227 3 do sou 300 5 24 42 1 do red leaf 100 86.17 75 228 2 do dust 3u0—s-26 2 Comar ws» 43 29 4-ch bro pek 18 ey bid | 45 16 do ekoe 0 lbid | Messrs. : 7] AGC . 47 2 ch sou 120, 9 20ibtd | Greets BENHAM GU BREINEE put,up forjealsiata the 28 48 2 do pekdust 250 26 bid avaber of Commerce Sale-room on the 20th March, 29 490) ab aust 15024. the andermentioned lots of tea (4,238 1b.), wh'ch sold eRe ee as under :— Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber foot Box Descrip- Weigh of Commerce Sale-room on the 20th March, the NoneManks No. Pegs. tion. th. > <¢. undermentioned lots of tea (85,156 lb.), which sold | 5 zB ome 28 A ach pek eon 150 26 as under oe 3 Hornsey Oo. at 4 ch Fak sou an 23 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 4 34.2 do fans 180 37 No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Iba oe: 5 Panapitiya.., 36 44ch bro pek 200 «44 1 W T in estate 6 388 1lL do pekoe 70 30 mark vappO%s 1 6 ch pek sou 540 e 7 40 1 do bro mix 46 32 2 109. 5 ch sou 450 38 8 : 42 1 do dust 42 QT 3 Calendar .,, 111 24 43-ch broorpek13i4 61 | 9 Elston, in est. 4 113 14 ¢o or pek 770 45 mark «. 44 14 ch Pek sou 1260 31 bid 5 115 8 do pekoe 4c0 43 10 46 5 do bro mix 600 3L 8 117 17 do pe sou 816 42 11 48 34-ch dust 210 36 7 119 3 do sou 1650033 12 50 5 ch congou 500.25 B8N e013) ch bro tea 300 13 Lauderdale.., 51 12 do fans 144031 4 Agra Ouvah... 121 403-ch bro orpek 26(0 79 : ek 325 aT oH Be He pee pek peo ihe Messre. Forbes & Walker put up for sale st tha 12 197 22 do pekoe 1320 © 51 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the20th March, 18 Galkandewatte 129 7 ch peksou 630 35 the undermenticned ots of Tea (155,953 1b.),wbich sold Hf aes 131 3 sh cust 285 a a under :— gslandja ., 182 25 do bro pek 1250 £ ot Box acrip- i 16 134 12 ch yekoe 12c0. 47 No. Mark. No. Pkgs Peep Mie 1A a he pek sou 1200 ag 1 FHM,inest. _ k ; “p= 3 -c ex dust 160 28 19 Madooltenne.,, 139 12 ¢h tra pek 1200 87 2 ah “a re a teh brarek ee 20 141 12 do pekoe 1200. = 33 3 498 12 d ea 1450 32 21 143 14 do pekeacn 1400 29 | & els dak Seep. Seo yes 22 145 2 do dust 290 25 5 KA gu) 9 Men! hatek sho Gon 23 Bila w 146 30 do bro pek 3000 58 6 Shag a eee. CNS ese 24 148 40 do pekce 3sc0. 31 DIL | 7 Waitalawa 426 19 4-ch ee) pek Soutace a5 150 35 do pekoesou 3150 26 bid | 4 Bf doa gga Ra 95066 26 182 3 do pek fan 270 a3 9 MO 6°! AE con 7300 st 53 56 do dust FEO 7 ‘ a8 Great Volley... 155 34 do bro pek 3740 62 BI | 1) x 1 aM aeaont, Bee ee a OK 165 10$ch peksou 400 23 1 Nugagalla .. 444 9 do ~ brocr pek 450 55 35 K BT in es.” , 13 Maes Ho8! Ween tee. oe tate mark ... 166 2 do bro tea 100 86:12 Soho men cou 8 = a8 See ceiiseeeh) 2a) ctropek 9:00 6 | 16 Gangpelia’.. 46a 80 sch yeeeeee ot Oh Seiya Ey, 8 do pekce 2185 ‘a | 16 454 98 do pek 900 33.0! a8 W1/12.do peksou 10:0 34 | 47 He colle eeer 9 33. bid 30 Henegama «. 193 1 do. bromix 15 22 | 18 GM RA .. 48 8 ma brosee 690 W4 tL do dust 1i0 26 19 600 8 (do pe®s.u 300 26 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box D i i } escrip- Weight No. f No end tion, a c. No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. 4 tb. ~ c. 20 8 «. 462 314-ch pekoe 1240 59 bid | 111 JH8,ine 21 464 6 do 8.u 300 43 a scare 5 ch or pek 22 466 9 do pek fans 675 51 bid | 112 646 8 do e es 23 468 5 do dust 315-83 113 648 1 do on woe 24 Duobar we 47019 ch bro pek 19.0 60 bid 1l4 650 1 do oe a = 25 472 19 do pekoe 1710 35 bid | 115 Cleve «» 652 15 do i = a0 HH 26 474 3 do jek sou 270 26 116 654 10 a ro pek} 1560 65 27 Knavesmire.. 4736 17 do bro pek 1870 44 117 658 4 ya Pe spe 1039 37 28 478 41 do pekoe 3390 =. 34 118 Moralioya .. 658 3 ch ag Seaver 23 480 7 do pekNo.2 700 27 119 4 oe eee tas aha 30 482 10 do gou 800 27 120 $63,080 doa ee 3L Deaculla .. 484 33 4-ch bro pek 1980 65 121 Ingurvgalla 684 2 ch oe, ~4 27 3 485 65 ch pekoe 487546 122 Kirrimettia 666 2 do ‘rom pe 33 483 13 do peksou 975 = 40 123 Koladenia.. 668 2 do a = RS 34 490 14-ch bro mixed 60 27 124 MW Gere ao” tela i s 35 492 2 do dust 176 31 125 * @7se4! dine! anal > eam 36 Amherst .. 494 10 ch bropek 1000 59 ‘| 331 V . BMW ack” Be os 140 26 37 495 7 do pekce 630 4s 132 Uda Radella 686 21 do s0u 500 84 38 498 2 do pok son 160 37 133 oa a ae es 39 Shannon... 50 15 $-ch ro pek 825 58 bid | 134 690 42 ap oh aae0 6s 40 502 20 ch pekoe 1800 44 135 pe i se to” 2 41 504 20 do pek sou 1800 36 136 694 3 do es oe 1100 40 42 £03 3 4-ch bro tea 160 18 137 Battgodde.. 698 7 4-ch iene rt Sen 43 £08 3 do dust 240 27 138 "age ig naa = = 44 Ellekande .. 5)0 22 ch bropek 1989 53 7 pepe sie 3 a ag 45 512 5 do pekoe 450 39 mark 700 9 ch 46 6i4 40 do peksou 30 32 140 OY <” S08 OF ao®” uae at - 47 516 8 do redleaf 640 23 141 W = 01 278 gon” Dek S16 16 bid 48 518 7 do dust 910 28 142 N ae 706 11 ch pek fens 390 20 bid 49 TR EOLM 520 3 ch bropek 300 41 tag mat! aot? ne a a | BO Horagnuelle 542 7 4-ch bro pek 434 41 144 HM Y, in est o nat 160 28 , In estate, P : - mark .., 624 1 do bropek 39 46 ee ty ee ee be ee 1 us ee 5928. 146 714 3 }-ch Sone 4 240 ~ 528 1 do pek sou 55 : 54 530 1 do bro tea 6421 50) Delay +5570 ay ayio See Sake 55 532 1 do dust 3525 iba Le er es = 66 R AG, in est. 153. K 708 1 o pek sou i170 36 mark .. 534 9 do dust 1QL 23 154 Langdale [. 730 23 * ig 46 5y Kuruwille .. 536 20 do bropek 1109 43bid | 455 oe oes ae? Cee en 58 538 47 do pekoe 2585 33 M1 | Ace) cmestertord.. “SSKBMaiby. di pew a a 69 540 9 do peksou 495 26 bid | 463 de ata sae 60 Aigburth ... 542 11 ch fans 1210 28 bid | 1¢4 RE Sot eee 2000-34 bid 61 544 7 do congou 70026 165 Wellesle 752 20 a6 iy a pox wae ee 6@ Malvern .. 546 184-ch pekoeNo.i 990 30 166 G Y ite ae Loe ee 63 548 2 do pe sou 110 «23 1675"B, intktate ; Ue RO, 200 «18 64 Park .. 550 9 ch bro pek 1035 8942 mark 756 100 }-ch 65 552 7 do pek sou 700 29 bid |-468 DB, inestate deh "tro pek | 5600 "48 id 66 BDWA .. 554 1 do dust 160 26 Se 758 19.5 tech out 67 BDWP ... 556 444-zh bropek 2200 42 “aed ¢ bro pek 550 68 558 2 do pekoe 90 38 Wasars 69 569 4 do dust 348 28 essrs. SOMERVILLE & Co., put up for sale at the 70 BDWG .. ou 4 do aust ‘ 48 8626 pane 8 of Commerce Sale-room on the 20th March 4 1 do red lea Boss 16 the undermentioned a 7 KS . 566 2 ch fans 230 16 Sain ie ata Tots ofuiee (76,251 EET aeaiaee 73 WA .. 568 5 ch - brope 600 35 Tay B Deieri . 74 OH, in estate OM bs escrip- Weight i ommk 879 10 ech sou 500-29 No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. cz a. 572 12 do ust 960 26 3 76 574. 8 do red leaf 760 21 qn ry 14 ote pers = ae 977. Palmereton.. 576 9 do _ bro pek 540 = 89 ZEA. 81 3 do _ bro te fall 78 578 15 ch pekoe 1425-58 4 aes Sah kane "Fe pinged 79 _ 580 7 do pek sou 630 48 5 Hatton 83 2 do bro te i 80 Bismark .. 582 144-ch bro pek 840 69 6 81 3 do dust ‘ ie, 81 5@4 23 ch pekoe 2300 51 7 Kudaganga 8 3 ch brotea Ee 82 586 6 do ek sou 600 39 8 * amo 1. db. Bieceas ee 83 St. Helier’s... 588 25 3-ch broor pek 1740 57 9 06 ab hr 7% 19 84 590 25 ch pekoe 2500 40 10 88 26 do unas N: ee ad 85 592 10 do peksou 1000 33 11 89 5 do bro ge ee 86 - 694 1 do bro mix 114 16. 12 Lyndhurst 90 6 do ek a3 £3 atl 87 598 3 4-ch dust 274 26 13 rs fe eee. AU ee 88 TB ¥. 5881 ch 14 oa, 6 do etek < aay oe : 1}4-eh fans 180 29 15 938 5 do ae K oe nn 89 : 600 1 ch dust 145 26 18 Ivies $60 #61 ch dus’ eS Pe & 90 602. 1 do bro mix 90 23 19 “97. 2 do — bro tea 3 1s 7d; 3 1s Gd: Mincing Lane up to 9th March:— y Ex ‘“‘Senator”—Leangawelle, 1c 111s; le 100s; ~¢ 106s 6d; 1t 1218; 1t 938; 1b 101s. lo le 11d; 2 1s 7d. Ex "Palamed’—Knuokles, lo 23 10d; 2 23 44; 2 2e 1d; 1 Je 4d; 2 le 8d. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON CINNAMON SALES IN LONDON. London, 26th Feb. 1894, Monday Afternoon. _ Tha quarterly sales today comprised the following as sortment :— Bales. Bales, 251 lst sort against 154 Ist sort Ceylon last year, 208 20d do 544 2nd do do 99 3rd do 162 ma do , do 4th do 4th sort an 710 and angomlir 107 { unworked. 1268 Ceylon, against 967 Ceylon. Bage. Bags. 679 chips do 9 chips. Since the last sales some business has been done for arrival at 5 7-81, cif terms; but not much inqu‘ry @» the spot. . The sales today went slowly at previous rates to wather under. Part of the fine was withdrawn, very low bids being made. Some sold at 4d to Id per lb. reduction. About 700_bales found buyers in the room. Quotatious as follows :— Per Ib. @Osylon. s, d. gs, A, Ast sort, fine and superior .. 0 8 @ 11 dio do common to good O 6h yy Oo FA 20d do good to tine eae eg, OS UE do do middling to fair .. 06 , O 7 rd do do fine 0-53) 7,7 0 18 Ath do su Oh 4 paren Oped Unworked at above rates to rather less. Chips were chiefly bought in. A few lots sold at 2d. Quilliogs and Cuttings 44d to 5d per lb, ‘The next sales are to be held on the 28th May 1894. Wm. Jas. & Hy. Tuompson, 38, Mincing Laos. | LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVAN- CORE PRODUCE. (From Patry d& Pasteur, Limited. Report of the Colonial Markets for the week ending February 28th, 1894.) TRAVANCORE TEA. The best quality of the teas efferings continues poor, and prices remain unaltered. Merchiston and Invercauld orange pekoes were of useful quality. Merchis- ton 9d, — — — — 25 4-ch. 934 (or.) Invercauld 83d, — —- — — 21 do sd (or.) TPC 8d,73d, 53d 5d — 54d, 41 che. 6}a 4d Granby — 6%, — 43d 4d 244-ch. 5fa (unas.) Brighton 9d 53d — — 5}d 22 chs. 53d Atchencol 74d 54,54d — — — 794-ch. 53d (unas,) Rockwood 53d, 5d — 43d — 838chs, 5hd (bid) EG —- — 54 — 44 30do 5d Total 280 packages, averaging 6d per lb., againg 9d for corresponding week last year. a RCO = “CCUYEON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLMBOO. °~ . THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES: — NO. 10.] CotomBo, APRIL 10, 1894. Prich:—124 cents each 373 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES. OF TEA. Messrs, BenoAm & BREMNER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on thé 4th April, the under mentioned lots of Tea (9/456 1b.), which sold as under : = Lot Box’ Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No, Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 1 wo ». 80° 5 ch dust 650 26 2PA .. 32 4 do brotea 440 18 3 WoO eo. 34°92 do pekoe 224 89-35 4 865 1 do dust 142 27 7 Mahanilu.. 42 12 do pe sou 1080 37 con ee aera Ireb; .. 46 13 ¢ pro pe j “0 Sie 48 12 do pekoe 1320 46 1 4 63 3 do dust 336 27 Iston, in est. sa Wis 62 siuich @pe'zou 2790 35 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up forsale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room jon the 4th April, the undermentioned lots of tea (118;729 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip-, Weight No. Mark No © Pkgs. tion. lb. ¢c «» 1 18 ch bropek 1800 . SS 3 49 do pekoe 1300 | withd’n 5 26° do pe sou 00° 4 7 1 ‘do dust 122° 95 5 8 ‘1 do _ fans 100 =—:18 bid 6 9 8 do sou 300 «15 9 ‘ch 7 Qoloowatte.. 10 1 4-ch ¢ bropek 1045 949 1 box 15 ch d 8 12 1 4-ch } pekoe 1045 39 lbox ) 9 14. 1-ch 1 box bro mix 81 22 10 15 1 oh eee A pat to So raka .. 16 7 ¢ ro pe 36 bic - vere 18 9 do pekoe 900-29 bid 13 20° 4 eo pe ote ae 26 bid cee .. saperohte us 28 ate Panel! 8 a .. 23007 Fc us i i Saray ad 24 5 do bropefan 300 33 bid 18 25.18 do pe sou 1080 = -28 19 27 24 do pek No,2 1320 31 bid 20 29 18 do pekoe 990 39 bid 3 Sroldsemie clbra pens? 9800. 67 .. 419/23 oxd0 ro pe 7 a Va 43 25 do pekoe 2375. 44 29 4516 Ho pe sou 140 & iowita ». 47° 5 ¢ pe sou 7 aH cre 49 2 do cengou 180 23 32 50 1 en au +e 2 g & « 651 2 4-C us Or aasale 52 4 ee eee Pt 2) Sia wan .. 53 87 do roor pe ‘48 bi ae sae 55 27 do bropek 3240 41 bid 31 57 28 do pekos 2600 36 38 59 13 do 1 4-ch = pe sou 1348 28 bid 39 6l 24 ae me aan 28 ama 63 4 do us * 26 “ ee 64 17 a pan ih ie at Ouyah.. 66 8 do ro pe 1 57 a a 68 15 do pekoe 1500 43 44! 70 o do sou pit 35 ous ~ Oswald ... 72 ° ro or pe D 40 b re gas 74 24 do bro pe 2400 40 bid | 47 76 23 $-ch pekoe 1165 29 48 AGO .. 18 29 do bro pek 1450 35 bid 49! | 80 3 ch sou 27024 50 81 6 do sou No, 2 550 WW 61 83 2 do dust 300 26 52 84 2 do pe dust 250 a7 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark Nov Pkgs. tion, lb. cc. 53 Sapitiyagoda, Invoiee No.11 86-39 4-ch broor pe 2340 56 87 .B1 ch or pek 6140 49 bid 55 89,30 do pekoe 3000 36 56 9L. i, do fans 100 29 51 Myraganga... 92 28 $-ch broorpe 1650 40 bid 58 94 25. 0 or pe 2250 40 bid 59 96 77 do pekoe 6930 36 Did 60 Sapibiyagods, Invoice No.12 92 26 do broorpek 2860 658 6L 100 36 do or pek 3600 50 62 102 30 do pekce 3000 44 63 104 4 do fans 600 29. 64 Vogan +. 105 25 do bro) pek 2500 65 bid 65 107 28 do pekoe 2520 40 bid 66 109 16 do Pek sou 1440 36 67 lll 4 do sou 420 26 68 112 6 do dust 420 2 69 Dikmakalana 1138 40 4-ch bropek 20009 «= 43 bid 70 115 19 do pekoe 950 33 71 117 21 do peksou 1050 4s. 26 bid 72 119 3 do dust 150 26 73 Engurukande 120 42 do bro pek 2517 36 74 122 .26 do pekoe 1280 75 Glenburn 124 74 do bro pek 2400 40bda@ 6 125. 30 ch pek sou 3000 27 77 RAT 128 42, do bro pek 4620 30 bid 78 130 20. do pekoe 2000: 26 bid 79 Bogahagode- wattea .. 1382. 34-ch bro pek 180 45 81 133 16 do pekoe 880 27 bid 82 135 2 do sou 100 22 83 136 1 do dust 80 26 83 Charlie Hill 137, 2 do fans 100 a7 bid 8 138 6 do sou 300 24 85 139. 8 do pe sou 400 26 86 140 10 do rekoe 5co 3h 87 142 6 do bro -pek 309 41 Mr. E. JOHN put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 4th April, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (131,357 Ib.), which. gold Lot Box Descrip- Weigh No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ec. 1 Sumatra .. 229 3 4-ch bro pek 165 42 2 230.3 ch pekoe 165 30 3 F 231 I do pek sou 90 27 4 St. Catherine’ 232 9 do bro pek 810-4 5 234 9 do pekoe 765 32 6 236 11 do pe sou 999 26 7 238 1 do pe faus 100 18 bid 8 Agaer’s Land 239 96 4-ch’ bro pek 4800 §=50 9 241 25 do pekoe 1230 33 bit 10 243 24 do pek sou 180 32 didi 11 245° 3 do dust 240 15 12 2146 4 do-— pek dust 240 30 13 247° 1 do unas 55 26 14 Glasgow .. 248 27 do bro orpe 2160 88 15 230 20 }-ch orpek 1200 74 16 252° 29 ch pekoe 2900 5£ 17 254 65 ch dust 500 32 18 Agra Ouvah 256 63 4-ch broorpek 4095 83 19 258 6U do or pek 3600 65 20 260 43 do pekoe 2580 49 21 W—T «. 262 40 ch bro pek 4c00 40 bid 22 T & TCo.,in estate mark 264 12 $-ch bropek 650 40 bidi 23 266 11 ch pekoe 990 43 via 24 268 4 do pek son 360 26 25 Talagalla 269 20 do bro pe 2100 66 26 37L 13 do or pek 1235 42 27 Great:Valiey 273 82 do bro pek 3520 44 bid 28 275 38 do pekoe 3800 32 bid 29 277 1s do pek sou 1140 31 30 279 3 }-oh cust 2400.29 B31 Cabragalla ... 280 30 do bro pek 1500 52 bid 32 282 44 do p*koe 2200 43 33 284 23 do pek sou 1150 31 bid 34 286 «5 do sou 250 28 3 Cw 287 4 do fan 300 28 33 Tientsin 288 23 do bro pek 1380 7 | 87 290 14 ch or pek 1400 t2 65 302. 15 do pek sou 1800 3 No. Mark. 39 Kanangama.. Mocha .. Negur oe Meeriatenne Oruden . Bollagalla .. 63 . Kotuwagee deraa oo Tarf ous Blackburn ... BB ag Patulpana Glanrhos oo. mark oes Ayr ee Overton a. Whyddon ... 7 98 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill eo Bton ae K,BT in est. Messrs. ForBEs & CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Descrip- Weight tion. Ib. dust 92 sou 118 bro pek 3465 pekoe 3300 pek gon 1615 Bio pek 3190 pekoe 2800 pek sou 1080 ekoe 200 pek sou 200 bro pek 540 pekoe 600 bro mix 52 sou - 630 bro pek 2530 pekoe 1980 pek sou 1235 ust 90 bro pek 1400 pekoe 1100 sou 1100 bro pek 150 pekoe 100 pek sou 50 brojpek 770 pekoe £000 pek sou 40u tro pek 1815 pekoe 2:10 pe sou 180 dust 200 bro p2k 350 pekoe 450 pek sou 350 sou 400 bro pek 1710 pekoe 1870 pe sou 1280 bro tea 200 bro pek 1250 pekoe 1€80 pek sou 1360 congou 80 fans 100 pe dust 150 bro pek 1260 pekoe 1800 pek sou 1350 dust 8350 bro pek 1200 pekoe 1200 bro pek 2700 or pek 1250 pekce 2070 dust 200 bro pek 345 pekoe . 400 pekoe 200 pe sou 200 WALKER put up for sale at the @hamber of Commerce Sale-room on thé 4th April the undermentioned lots of ten (424,582 lb.), which gold asunder:— Dot Box Ne, No. Pkgs. 4 Traquair .. 760 173-ch 2 762 1 do 3 AOS ve 764 5 ch a 766 3 do 5 768 4 do 6 770 2 do rf 772 5 do 8 774 1 do 9h 716 14 do 10 "78 1 do Ai Hothersett.. 786 11 4-ch a2 782 20 do 13 734. 10 ch 14 786 8. do 16. 188 24-ch 16 KS ao» 499 21° ch a7 792 8 do 18 794 1 do 19 7296 1 do 2D i 798 5 do Descrip- Weight tion. Ib. souchcng 9850 congou 50 bro pek 500 or pek 330° pekoe 400 pek sou 200 fans No. 1 600 fans No. 2 117 dust No. 1 2240 dust No. 2. 166 bro or pek 715 bro pek 1280 pekoe 1000 pek sou 640 pek fans 150 pek No.2 100 conpgou 300 bro mix — 1C0 fannings 100 dust - 740 Lot Box No. Mark, No, Pkgs 21 KA one 3 ch 22 802 1 do 23 60¢ 1 do 24 Kirrimettia... 806 184-ch 26 806 35 do 26 810 1 ch 27 612 2 do 28 Essex «» 814 10 ch 29 616 7 do 30 Crathie -» 818 20 ch 31 820 39 do 32 822 13 do 33 824 2 do 34 826 3 do 35 Osborne -» 828° 2 ch 36 830 1 do 37 New Angamana 832 6 ch 38 834 5 do 39 836 6 do 40 838 2 do $-ch 41 810 2 ch 42 Patiagama .. 842 11 ch 43 844 18 do 44 646 2 do 45 848 1 do 46 Lyegrove 850 10 ch 47 852 19 do 48 854 5 do 49 856° 1 do 50 MAH «. 858 3 ch 51 KWD in est. mark., 860 24-ch 52 862 1 ch 53 864 1 do 64 Atherfield 866 8 ch 55 868 20$-ch 56 870 8 do 57 Shannon 872 15 3-ch 68 Havilland 874 46 59 876 39 do 60 878 31 do 61 880 1 do 62 882 24-ch 63 Dangkande.. 884 344-ch 64 8&6 27 do 65 888 24 do 66 Katadola .. 890 5 ch 67 892 6 do 68 894 6 do 69 896 1 do 70 898 1 do 71 Tepudeniya.. 900 6 ch 72 902 7 do 73 904 6 do 74 906 1 do 75 6:8 1 do 76 SK +» 910 80$-ch 77 Manangoda.., 912 1 box 18 914 4 ch 79 916 5 do 80 918 3 do 81 920. 1 do 82 922 1 do 83 Kelaneiya .. 924 18 ch 84 926 18 do 85 Knavesmire.. 928 25 ch 86 930 34 do 87 932 10 do 88 934 11 do 89 936 2 do 90 Radella 933 47 ch 91 940 40 do 92 942 30 do 93 944 4 do 94 -Rosendhal 946 5 ch 95 948 3 do 96 Macaldenis,,. 950 444-ch 97 952 17 ch 98 954 17 do 99 956 4 do 100 St, Helen... 958 27 ch . 1601 960 24 do 102 - 962 35 do 103 964 9 do 104 -Bloomfield 966 8 ch 105 Maha Oya.. 968 494-ch 106 970 14 ch 107 972 10 do 108 974 14-ch 109 976 1 do Descrip- at tion Tb. c. dust 443 15 bro tea 90 16 red ieaf 77 la bro pek 906 42 pekce 1575 Bt pekce 9 8 27 08 264 a7 ro mix 1800 26 du:t 1050 28 bro pek 2000 61 bia pekoe 3900. 40 bid pek sou 1300-80 bid souchong 200 496 dust 300-38 —— 210 28 ro tea 120 35 bropekoe 550 46 pekce 500 36 pek sou 540 36 fannings 253s on dust 139 087 bro pek 1210 63 pekoe 180041 pek sou 200 «gg dust 100 27 bro pekec 1100 59 pekce 1900 ge pek sou 508 30 dust 150 97 eongou 300 ag dust 160 = 3 rei leaf 100 16 bro tea 124 95 dust 640 «95 souchong 1000 26 ae mix 1502 ro pek 825 68 bid bropek 5060 56 - pekoe 3900 = 37 keou 2790 gL ro mix 100 47 dust 160 27 bropek 1870 65 pid pekoe 1485 43 ae son §=61320—s 2355 Tro pek 560 44 pekoe 630 29 pek sou 600 27 acuchong £0 8693 dust 150 20 bro pek 672 44 pekoe 735 29 pek sou 600 96 sSouchong 90 22 bro pe fens 143 265 pekoe 1200 57 golden tips 5 R105 bro pek 400 43 pek 500 3L pek sou 315 8=a7 dust 125 26 rei leaf 70 17 bro pek 1530 60 pekce 1800 «44 bropek 2750 42 bid pekoe 3060 32 pe No. 2 1000 =99 sovchong 880 933 dust 3207 bropek 4700 6) bid pekoe 3600 44 pek sou 2700 34 dust 520 29 bropek 500 25 bid pekce 300 8=25 bro pek 2200 69 ~ pekoo 170043 pek sou 1700 35° fanvings 240 29 bropek 2430 43 bid pekce 2040 «34 pekeou 3150 27 pek fans 900 25 twanhey 686 95 bropek 2695 61 bid» Pekoe 1400 45 Pek sou 950 8638 congou 50 6 dust 80 28 . Mark Kirklees ,. No. Lankapura W 978 Battewatte Lackapura M 1 Deanstone 2 Heeloya ... 6 Ganapalla .. Dea Ella .. Luccombe,. Uda Radella Algcoltenne,,. Agcot oe ORD Farnham .. Stisted G0 G P M, in est. mark os D B, in est. mark < Hatale Yabalakelle Ridgmount Marguerita Wewesse Kuruwilla ... Anamallai ,, Esperanza .. Etga'a os CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Tescrip- Weight tion. Ib. cs bro pek 3190 49 pekce 6720 35 pek sou 1200 30 bro pe 880 61 pe 1100 38 pe sou 200 30 dust 100 28 bro pe 2255 47 pe 120 38 pe sou 2000 80 dust 90 29 fans 225 28 or pe 2530 47 re 2695 33 bro pek 1600 48 bd pekoe 14.0 39 pek seu 1300 29 bro pek 8000 46 bid bro pek 1920 44 bid pekoe 4100 35 pek sou 1750 29 bro pek 1870 45 pekoe 1090 33 pek sou 270 26 bro pek 2760 34 bid pekoe 6500 26 pek sou 1500 23 pek fans 5) 24 bro pek 1920 68 pekoe 2000 47 pek sou 1500 33 pe fan 150 23 bro or pe 1400 16 bro pek 1980 63 pekoe 1650 53 pek scu 1150 = 41 dust 190 30 bro or pe 1100 63 bro pek 2000 56 bid pekoe 2160 38 yek sou 9100 33 ust 150 28 congou 100 28 dust 400 28 red leaf 220 17 bro pek 1218 50 pekoe 2928 36 pek sou 810 33 fans 496 31 congeu 270 23 bro pek 990 60 pekoe 495 43 pek sou 1750 Bh scu 810 27 dust EO 28 copgou 450 25 bro pek 1320 84 pekoe 1430 68 pek sou 1815 56 bro pek 550 out or pek 1287 41 bro pek 1469 49 pekoe 1786 =, 35 pek sou 1285 28 dust 160 27 bro pek 2331 40 bid pekce ‘ 1802 34 pek sou 1415 30 dust 300 26 bro pek 1200 ~=57 bid pekoe 1200 55 pek sou 896 40 bro pe dust 300 48 bro pek 1750 58 pekoe 1500 40 bid pek scu 1950 84 bid sou 60 24 dust 180 23 fans 520 34 pekoe 2585 99 bid dust 255 a7 pekoe 1600 33 bro pek V9 3 sou 1858 18 bid fans 347 out bro tea 785 14 bid dust £0 18 bid Lot No. 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 Box Mark, Algooltenne OLM ve TRE ae IK V nee Rockside 299 ° 210 W11 Kakiriskande Meemera Oya Queensland 8t. Helier’s Bismark Tonacombe Ouvah M A in estate mark Serubs 50 Liskillen ,, BD W,P BDW,A .. BFB any Demodera ... Anningkande Middleton .. Ambalakande D, in estate mark YBK +e No, 152 H G. in estate mark oe aou WwW vee K, in estate mark ve 3023 304 306 398 #10 342 Bla 318 318 320 — ORR RAOWNOR RD eee Wd a fo} Descrip- Weight tion, lb. bro pek 1390 pekoe 1980 bro pek - 200 pekoe 300 bro pek 100 pekoe 90 pe sou 109 unas 180. bro mix 113 pekoe 1109 pek sou 800 bro mix} 220 dust 450 “bro pek 440 pekoe 330 pek scu 200 dust 60 bror pek 270 pekoe 630 flow pek 2100 pekoe 150) bro or pek 1410 pekoe 1800 pek sou 500 bro pek 780 pekce 2100 pek sou 500 bro pek 2310 pekec 5900 pek sou 1300 dust 300 bro pek 106 pekoe 190 pek sou 90 bro tea 1709 dust 1820 bro pek 1760 pekoe 1£95 pek sou 990 bro pek 1500 pekoe 1800 Fek sou 510 dust 140 red leaf 175 bro pek fans 510 dust 348 sou 100 dust 160 bro mixed 100 dust 340 bro pek 100 pek sou 50 bro pek 1100 pekoe 10C0 pek sou 1300 ust 150 congou 200 bro pek 2695 pekoe 12:0 bro or pek 700 pekoe 1080 pek sou 18) bro tea 120 red leaf 90 eo 340 dust 2880 bro pek 2280 pekoe 1000 42) dust 160 pek fans 520 congou 46 pek scu 979 sou 1026 pek sou 841 bro tea 132 pek fans 390 bro pek 380 or pek 183 pekoe 105 Pekoo 100 pekoe 337 bid bid 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Desecri Weight No. Mark: No. Pkgs. tions lb. c. No. Marx. Neo: Pkgs tion. if c. ae ope 1) an a merit 1D “ 285 OF x. tment. oy de 283. 1, do ro pek fans mar «» 528 bro 2400 284 326. 1 do fans bs ale 386 536 17 do er 1700 31 aa 235" 328° 1 do pekdust 155. 26 387 632 11 do’ peksou 1100 ag 286 Hurstpierpoint 330 9 %-ch bro pek 450° 41 383 534 1 do sou 100-38 287 322 6 do pekoe 300 28 339 636 1 do dust 150 +26 = Sa] die. tah Mar 1° atte 289 0 ust No. -. 538° 7 do bro 990 338 1 do dustNo.2 40 15 391 540 6 do pek S 300 2 * 291 Dunkeld... 340 25 ch bro pek 392 542 3 do pek sou 386° 26 292 ; 312 29 4-ch or pek 1450 67 bid | 893 544 1 do 293 344 18 Cc pexoe 1710 7 1 $-ch sou 1400 28 294 Clunes ww. 346 42 do ropek 4200 45 bid | 394 546° 3 do red leaf 267 4017 295 348 46 do pekoe 4140 4 895 448 «1 «do dust 40 «24 296 350° 14, do bek sou 1260 aL 896 Monrovia .. 550 23 do bro pek 1300" 43 297 Pedro. «. 352 33 do bro pek 2970 70 397 562 17. ch pekoe 170030 298 354° 22 do pekoe 1540 55 398° Kirrimettin 554° 3 do bro pek 308° 35 299 856, 18 do pek sou 1170 37 399 556° 7 ~«do 08 630 «28 200 358 5 do dust 600 = 26 400 Gordon -. 558 16 §-ch te pik 750 «649 301 Kosgahawella 360 4 4-ch bro pek 1930 42 491 560 6 do pekoe 6500 «a7 30? 862.10 do pekoe 500 29 402 562 2 do sou 165 25 303 364 1 do peksou 50° «22 403 564 1 do dust 110 35 304 366° «1 Abe We 50. 26 404 566 1 do pek dust 560 0 a5 305 Aberdeen .. 368 55° do~- ik 27500 «43 405 Glenorchy ... 568 39 do bropek 2340 76 306 370 35° do = pekoe 1750 =33 bd | 406 570 54 do pekoe 237047 307 372 23 do pekson 1659 407 572 1 do dust 100-25 38 374 1 do dust 60° «25 408 Burnside .. 574 21 do pekoe 1050° 35 323 Berragalla... 404 14 ch pek sou 1400 30 409 576 80 do bro pek 1000S s«BO 394 a‘ 1 pes Ei ae a at Bas 20 nil 410 578 29 do pekoe 1450 883 bid 395, Airedale. .. 4 o ro pe : 411 ‘ 328 410. 40 d-ch orpek 2400-31 bid 580 9 do’ pekeou 450 4 327, 412 23 ch lich pekoe 2344 += 26 bid | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, AOP 416 19 ch sou 1880 15 bid From Our Commerci Pres oe 418 104-ch pekdust 600 18 bid ( ree (ayretas) 331 W we A 420 1 do Pek on ees 25 Maxeme Lane, March 16:h, 1894, 322 Blackwood .., 422 22 ¢ ro pe 2 Marks and . f CEYL Z $ 4 K 2200 3 a6! prices..o ON COFFEE sold in on 126 % ae Dek bn en 3L Mineing Lyne up to. 16th March ;— 335 428. Gch fannings 4 Ae Ex ‘“‘Nubia”—Mansagalla, lo 108%; 2c 102*; 1b 976; 336 Danbafy £90.28 ch bro pek 1000. SU:id | It 108s. Talawakellie, 1% 116s; le 1t 106s; le 1b 338 Narthupana... 434 14$ch dust 85 28 Ills 6d; 1b 99s; ltdlbs Ee 4364 do pekoefans 820 27 Ex “Manila’”’—Oaledonia, Dimbula, 1t.120s; 35 111s 340 Denegama .. 438. 2 do dust 140... 25 6d; lo 126s} 1b 95a;“1b 85s; le 9t 117s5'6d; Lt 103<; 1t lb 341 Bogahawaite. 440. 4 ch dust 640 25 | 953 6d; 1b 92s; 1b 101s; 1t.83s; 1b 81s; 1b over- 342 V.0. w» 447 do oren pek ae ee taken 103s. en ‘ ate fasts ag? broth “sea Sgt Ex “Mombassa””—MECo., Ambragay, 20b 101; 16b 345 448. 7 do dust 840 26 10ls.: Mysore, 9b 978; 13b 945'6d; 4b 113s 64; 346 Udabage .. 450 724ch bropek 4320, 47 bid | 2b 87s. 547 ; 452 39 do pekoe 2340 32 bid Ex “Port Pirie’ —Braemore KO, Ic 1133; 1b 98s; lb 318 _ , 4 80 do pek sou 1650 26 Did | ole; 2b 112s 63; 1t 99s 6d; Bo 1075; lo 119+; 1b 103s; aia Calefornia .. pon ; dc poke ' O75) 98 5o 105s. Belgravia 1 PB, 1b 118s; 1t 91s; 1b 97+; 1t 331 4602 do pekeou 110 26 115s; 1b 104s. 352 462 _ a do fannings 120 26 Ex “Lancashire’—Hantane A&J, 1b 978. Cc 358 Citrus , ue 468 13 chbro pek 850 41 aoa . 354 8818 eh” pekoo ©1300 38 ~— | CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 355 468 lich pekdust 200 24 ; 356 aoe in esti. iene on a a ee {From. Our Commercial Correspondent.) 5 a mark, 3 O78 ad vk 2 6493 bid Mrincinc Lanz, March 16th, 1894. 353 ee red leaf 688. «16 bid | Re “Senator” —Kumaradola, 6b 67s 6d. 3984 ‘1$ch bro tea 466 20 bid Ex Ixion”—Kumaradola, 20b 61s. 330 Moalpedde.. 478 14 ch bro pe 1400-- 49 Ex ‘‘Golconde’’—Kaumaradola, 17b 63s 6d. 361 480 18 do pe sou 1860 »=-28 Ex“ Verkara”—Mahaberia, 19b 64s. a anus ae 8 | Eee ee : f Ww z x-“Senator”—War iap lla, 20b 86; 20903 0d; 5b - ip 2 Go sedlet., 220 18 | go aah by Gb Ble 9oaTa 6S; 205 Os Od: 9 Ode ” Oastl nh 490'10 ch bropek 1000 67 bid.| VUdugauge Bee JUS; 8; H s. North 366" Onstlereagh 49) 3 do. orper, ©1200 «-5s | Matale, 14’bags 695d.’ BB SD, 1 bag 57s. 368 ae a ae PekoR ~ aot 36 bid Ex SOEOE PIES eee S ane 63<. 396K C oo 495 ¢ ust ‘ Ex “Nubia’—Pondappa, Yellangowry, 7 bags 77s. S70 pee a i os pre ar ie Ex:‘‘Port) Pirie” —V-ctoria. A, 21 bage 80s; 1 5le; 2 378 "$02 gt do pekoe- 1050 38 bage 46s6d. 373. 504-16 do, pek sou 800 86 -ExQolong”—Victoria A, 15 bags 80s. 314° ae a ge ae 350, a 1 He eee, —Hunasgeria A, 7 bags 88s 6d. SD, 317 0 C) an. b ag 568;1 67s. 0 AGP... 518 31 ch. bropes 3374 27 bid ; 39 a ea 4 aoe ee W., .° bidg 2 dqpe; broek (900. 43 bid b ees Nayapane A, 3 bags 86864; 1 60s 2 332 52210 do. pekoes 1009 26bia-| DSRSCSS | 3 383 Golconda .. 524.7 do bro pek 720 49 Ex*!Shropshire”—Hyltop, 11 bags:85s; 4 52s 6d: 6: By 528.13 do pekoe: 1309 35 bags 453 63. ‘(CEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS , COLOMBO. THA, COFFER, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. —_ NO. 11.] CotomsBo, APRIL 14, 1894. Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Mesers. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-roomon the 4th April, the undermentioned lots of tea (85,758 lb.), which sold 8s under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 1 Polgahakande 71 2 ch dust 200. «25 2 72 9 do sou 810 28 3 73 12 do pek sou 1140 33 4 74 23 do pekoe 2300 38 5 75 13 do bro pek 1436 50 6 Wevsegoda .. 76 38 ch pe dust 300 15 7 77 6 -ch pek fans 420 23 8 78 13 ch pek sou 1300 24 9 79 9 do pekoe 900 25 bid 10 80 4 do or pek 440 45 11 Wevelmadde 81 4-ch dust 360 25 12 Walahanduwa 82 3 ch red leaf 309 16 13 83 1 do fans 105 22 14 84 1 do dust 143 25 15 85 1 do sou 105 24 16 86 22 do pek sou 2200 28 17 87 12 do~ pekoe 1200s 38 18 88 11 do bro pek 1100. 46 19 Kelapi «» 89 33 3-eh pekoe 1485 33 20 90 53 do bro pek 2915 40 bid 21 HJS ee es dO red leaf 150 16 22 92. 2 do dust 150 26 23 93 6 do sou 3¢0 25 24 94 18 do peksou 900 ©8629 25 95 5 do pekoe 250 30 bid 26 96 5 do bro pek 250 48 27 Woodthorpe.. 97 1 do sou 50 24 28 98 4 do pek sou 200 26 29 99 10 do pekoe 500-8 30 100 13 do bro pek 650 41 31 GA, Ceylon 1 2 ch _ sou 180-23 32 2 2 do bro tea 200 16 33 Narangoda.. 3 11 do pek3ou 990-28 34 4 9 do pekoe 810 31 b 35 5 6 do bro pek 6.0 35 bid 36 Depedene 6 1 4-ch_ red lcaf 50 16 37 7 #3 do dust 240 26 38 8 28 do pek sou 1400 28 39 9 47 do pekoe 2350 32 bid 40 10 41 do bro pek 2255 40 bid 41 Ukuwela .. 11 39 ch pekoe 3900 32 bid 42 12 82 do bro pek 3200 38 bid 43 eee do 3200 38 bid 44 RVEK pte 2a GG pek sou 195 22 45 14 1 do pekce 95 2 46 15 -°1 do bro pek 100 85 bid 47 Roseneath ... 16 20 ch pek sou 1800 27 48 17. 13 do pekoe 1170 30 bid 49 18 39 %-ch bro pek 2145 41 bid 50 Benveula 1952 )icht dust 200 25 51 20 3 do congou 330 23 62 21 4 do pek sou 400 27 63 22 20 do pekoe 2000 30 bid 4 23 10 do bro pek 1000 35 bid 55 24 10 do or pek 800 34 bid 566 L ae te CL dust 1085 3 57 26 16 do bro mix 1520 18 bid 58 Glenalla 23...2 dg red leaf 180 15 69 28 44 do pek sou 4400 24 bid 60 29 81 do pekoe 8100 ~—s 8 bid 6) 30 28 do or pekoe 2800 85 bid 82 31 9 do bro or pek 990 50 bid 63 LN G, ino estate mark se, 62. 1 ¥eCh,, dust 90 26 Od P 83 10 do dust 800 26 65 34 30 ch pek sou 2250 28 bid 66. EO 36. 4 pet dust 800 25 67. Chetnole .. 86 2¢-ch dust 150° 25 48- 37 3 do congou 150 | 25 69 Hopewell ... 38 1 do dust 50 - 26 70 39.6 do pek sou 246 a7 bid ibe 40 6 do pekoe 268 35 bi 72 41. 6 do broorpek 380 436 973 Hiralouvah ... 42 3 do bro pedust 229 26 14 43.4 do dust 298 = 25. bl 16 44 3 ch bro mix 262 Lb bell 16 465 1 do bro pek 62 =.20 bid Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. — tion. Ibs 4c: 77 Weddigoda ... 46 72-ch pekoe 350 26 78 47-3 do bro pek 150 9 45 729 SS -. 43 ~'5) ch uDass 458 24 80 49 4 do pekoe 419 30 81 Avisawella F F Ceylon in est: mark +. 50 14-ch bropekfan 60 26 82 51 do sou 100 25 bid 83 52 9 do pekseu 450 38 bid 84 53 11 do pekoe 550 30 bid 85 54.10 do bro pek 500 41 -~Did 86 Knutsford .. 65 1 do fans 81 25 87 56 18 do pekoe 1046 26 bid 88 57 8 do bro pek 462 30 bid 89 68 5 do or pek 336046 90 Alutkelle ., 59 14ch bro mixed 60 §=:19 bid 91 60 3 do red leaf 150 «614 92 61 12 do. peksou 600-46 9 62.8 do pekoe 4000 28 bid a 63 7 do bro pek 350-45 95 64-1 box golden tips 7 R1:00 bid 96 Allakolla ... 65 1i-ch dust 95 30 97 66 12 ch pek sou 1140 = 25 bid 98 67 35 do pekoe 3500 31 bid 99 68 48 4-ch bro pek 2640 41 did 100 GW 69%22 ch dust 240 26 lol 70 2 do red leaf 190 ©6198 bid 102 101. 6 do souchong 450 25 bid Mr. ©. JoHz put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 11th April, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (73,583 Ib.), which sold as under :—= Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs tion. Ib. & 1 A, in estate mark 69 4 ch eongou 420 24 2 70° 3 3-ch = = dust 240 26 3 71 23 ch pekoe 2070 33 did 4 73°12 do pek sou 1260 31 5 Allington 75 264ch bro pek 1430 50 6 77 30 do pekoe 1500 34 7 79 17 do pek sou 850 29 8 81 2 do dust 160 24 9 Templestowe 82 25 ch or pek 2500 67 bid 10 84 45 do pekoe 4050 41 1l 86 12 do pe seu 1020 3 12 88 3 do bro mix 3800 23 13 89 2 do dust 280 27 14 Madooltenne 90 12 do bro pek 1200 45 15 102 12 do pek sou 1200 27 bid 16 Glentilt 104 33 do bro pek 3165 62 17 106 26 ¢o pek sou 2600 35 bid 18 1€8 11 $-ch dust 825-28 19 Bila 110 25 do bro pek 2500 50 20 112 60 do pekoe 54 30 bid 21 114 27 do pek sou 24 27 bie 22 116 4 do dust 620 28 28 W—T 125 40 ch bro pek 4000 45 bid 29 127 13 do pekoe 1176 41 30 129 11 do pek sou 990 38 31 L 13L 5 do 1 g-ch dust 986 30 32 133° «1 ch red leaf 72 id 33 Eadella 134 18 do bro pe 1880 45 3t 186 14 do pekoe 1260 3) 35 188 19 do pek sou 1520 2g 36 Tarf 140 «68 ch bro’ pek 810 3L 37 W220 «do pekoe 2000 29 bid 55 y44 25 do pekos 2500 28 39 m6 063—sCodo pek sou 300 25 40 GK as M7 12 $-ch-— dust 1020 27 4. K, in estate mark 149 6 eh congou 600 20 42 151 14 g-ch = dast 1120 27 43 Kataboola 163 3 oh son B75 23 44 15t 1 do dust 150 27 45 P G, in estate mark 155. 7 do sou 560 24 46 187 «4° do dust 600) - 26 47 SG 158 1 do bro mix 100 25 48 WP 59 «2 ch bro mix 150 23 49 Blackburo 160 16 do 1 }-ch bro pek 181s 2) 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descri i scrip- Ww No. Marr. No. Pkgs tion. Ib. Bac, No. Mark. No. Pkgs — en c. 56° 29 & 162 91 ch Sadly 2 73, KB oe 726 1 ch sou a 51 Anchor, in est. ii ie 4H a : os — ito ® vid mark ... 164 17 do broorpek 2040 70 bid | 22 yy. oe a 2 160 -1t-do orpek. 1400 go bis | 22 Midlands... S28 de gel leat CBD one 33 163.17, do pekoe. 1700 51 Ra ee i 6s 170 12 do peksou 1200 42 78 Regie) (oe ae Ame 2 + 55 sealing pct? Bo sams = 1600" yyy || 78 Pateslatenne Te Soe 56 BPB. .. Ibs ch bro pek 800. 35 i ae ea <9 ~ —- te 57 176 7 do pekoe 630 «(a7 5a 10 Co, oa ee 58 178. 3 do. pekeon 270 19 4! oti Plage = ne Ng 59 Patulpana .; 179 10 4-ch bro pek 50030 - K = : hb = 4 - Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for sale at the +4 yen gee 162 “4 a arty : i738 al Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the llth April | *2 761 23 do pek sou 1965 24 the undermentioned lots of te» (279,502 lb.), which | % 765" 2 do") 80u 17046. bat under :— . po : 40;, Gut 20. 0 x - 5 “ do unas 170 Ne ant — Deserip Weight 96 Sembawatte 772 19 ch bropek 1900 3 o. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 97 774 18 do pekoe 1710 = 9 = 1 @ .. 588 2 ch on 20017 98 776 15 do keou 1350 95 2 H&H .. 584 9 do bro mix 900 = 30 99 4738 63 de ro tea 300 3 ‘8 3 de dust 510 25 100 7 3 do dust 390 4 . MP ow oa - as a - 23 101 M A inest. 2 oO as 20 Pe | . Hwhurst .. pies s on Pa pek 158 wien an, | 102 = 36 1 % os a 100 a o pekoe 420 g 5 7 é ’ & Daphne .. 596 20 4-ch bropek 1100 42 ine P 88 So =o ss 9 598 19 ch pekoe 1805 97 105 "790 8 do dust 930° 28 li DH » 600 '4 do bro tea 420 20 106 Dromoland 792 #1 ch or pek 100 35 i 602 2 do ‘dust 255 = 95 107 794 3 do koe 3702 12 Avoca -. 604 11 do brojpek 1100 87 108 796 45 do Fok 80u 2 Fy 13 66 12 do- pekoe 1200 73 109 798 4 do + “ee 4 608 2 do pek sou 174 54 110 Beausejour... 890 10 do bro pex 1000 a4 15 : 6 3 4-ch dust 180 50 111 Carlabeck .. 802 3 do yek on B15 55 ue 16 Knavesmire.. 612 12 ch bropek 132043 112 604 7 4-ch ust “ 51 17 614 18-do pekce 1620 34 113 Cleve .. 806 17 ch bro pek 1734 40 18 616.9 do . pskoe No. 2,900 25 114 808 9 do pekoe 945 30 19 618 11 do sou * 880 22 115 810 3 do ksoc 330 24 20 Maha Oya .. 620 474-ch ‘bro pek 2585 62 116 gig 1 do ‘dost. 170-5 2 622 ‘11 ch peroe 1100" 47 117. Clyde -- 814 21 do -bropek 2100 5% 22 624 9 do sou 655 36 118 8i6 20 do koe 1800 34 23 Weoya .. 626 40 4-ch a pek 2200 838 119 818 6 do ook 60u 500 = 30 24 628 30 do pekos 1650 30 120 820 1 do ast 140 28 26 630 24 do pek sou 1320 329 121 Doomba ... 822 7 ch bro tea 82 032 26 632 8 do fan 440 27 122 824 3 do rei leaf 300 15 2% Hasdale -- 634 13 ch — bro pek 1300 64 123 _Ingurugama 626 5 do pek sou 450 26 28 636 12 do pekoe 1080 50 124 823 3 do bro tea 340 15 29 33.12 de peksou 1080 40 125 830 3 do red leaf a7 =k 30 640. 1 do dust 130-28 127. Kirrimettia 834 2 ch bro mix 208° 23 31 D, in estate ; 128 836 2 do unas 212 «31 mark . 642 4 do — sou 360-38 123 Koladenia... 838 3 do brotea 318 26 32 644 8 4-ch dust 680 27 131 SSS «. 842 5 ch red leaf as 16 33 Inckstelly ...646 1 ch bro pek 86838 132 844 4 do sou 483 25 34 648 1 do pekoe 54 27 33 846 3 do dus 570 25 35 : 650. 12-ch rou 26 «9 134. Sandringham 848 49 do bro pek 5390 = 60 36 652. 1 do red leaf 32 15 135 850 44 do pekoe 5960 43 37 Ettapolla ... 654 13 do bropek 728 ©30 136 ; 8352 11 do peksou 1100 38 38 656 <3 do pekoe 1288 24 137 Dammeria 854 72 4-ch broorpek 4320 65 39 Chesterford.. 658 33 ch bropek 3465 44 138 "* 856 66 ch pekee 6600 48 40 & 660, 27 do — pekoe 2700. 31 bid | 139 858 14 do peE sou 1400 38 al : 662.15 do pek sou 1500 27 140 860.2 do sou 200-28 _ 45 Frea’s Ruhe 670 26 4-ch bro pek 1439 ~~ out 141 862. 4 do dust 400 26 46 672 27 ch © pekoe 2700. 24 142 Killarney ... 864 3: §-ch or pex 1705 4556 47 2 674,17 do peksou 1700 22 143 866 30 ch broorpe 2100 71 : * W ARSE os au: 3 do bro pek 330 8=— 40 144 $68. 6 do ‘pekce FE 600 41 Nee ce eee a a ae : 13-ch bro mix 162 «15 147 Deanstone.. 874 48 do pekoe 2640 30 bid 5t e 682. 1 ch dust OL) 125 148 87E 35 do ‘or pex 1925 31 bi 62 A, in estate ' Ef 149 878 5 do pek sou 25 8B ae mark -» 684 1 ch bro pe 100 38 150 880 5 do dust 350 26 53 ey 636 2 do pekoe 190 9-24 151 882. 1 do bro tea 60 416 64 688 3 do pesou 270 22 152. Rambodde... 884 19 do bro pex 950 70 Bb 690 14-ch pe fans "608 3 886 19 do pekoe 835 51 6 SK -. 692 19 do pekoe 855 54 bid | lo4 . 888 20 do pek sou 900 33 57 (694 5 dv» dust 375 39 ~ 155 890 14 do sou 630 26 56 /696 7 do © sow 31541 155 ' 892° 1 do dust 75 29 50 698 13 do pek fans 780 56 157 394 1 do bro pe fans 75 50 60 Hethersett ...2700 12 ch broorpe 1380 62 bid | 158 896 1 do fann kc ie 6) 702 22. ch bro pek 2420 55 bid | 159 Algooltenne $98 19 ch bro pek 1800 62 04 23 do pekoe 2139 48 bid | 160 900 22 do pekce 1980 f Withd’n. - q06 u et pe json. 7h 4g” 161 HG,inest. “. ) | , ‘ -$-¢ ek fan ic rk 2 ; logh ~ 65 Polatagama.. 7)0 44 do bro pek . 2640 as ae ee Se —7 66: 712,17 .ch brope 1700 = 34bid | 163 0 |. .. 908 13 do sou” 1026 17 bid 67 714.7 do peksou, -- 760 +28 -K6in Cs .-, 908. 34-ch bro-tea W832. “16\bid 6B 26 5 yech fans © 275. £8 ‘165. W > ‘. 910°! 8 “do” pe fan 390 17 bid 60 AOS +. 8 4och) pekce 400 24 bid | 166, Knavesmire 91225 ch bro pex 2750 36: bid 10 KS #120, 3.do. pe sou 300» 20 167. Harrington (914 13 3-ch flowpek 585 67 i g ’ (22 2 ;do bro mix 210 |-12 d6B2° Bae 9 pater? 7990 56 bid 724 2 do. dust 300. 16 169; 99 918 9 do — pekee 900 i CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Box Mark, No. Pkgs. 920 3 ch 922 1 do 924 3 do St. Helen ... 926 27 do YBK . 928 38 4-ch Middleton .. 930 49 do 8 .» 9382. ..%- eh 934 4 do 936 5 do RAH in estate mark 938 8 do 940 1 do Gonawella 912 19 3-ch 944 13 do 916 8 do 948 2 do 950 4 do 952 2 do MMS 954 3 ch 956 5 do 958 6 do UiK 960 4 do 962 9 }-ch Clunes Division 964 20 do 966 32 ch 968 13 do Erracht Divi- sion 970 20 do 972 51 do 974 20 do Shannon ... 976 37 4-ch 978 57 ch 980 43 do 982 — 2 4-ch 984 4 do Palmerston 986 10 do 988 13 ch 990. 5 3-ch Dangkande 992 34 do Scrubs 994 28 ch 996 29 do Craigie Lea 998 14 3-ch 1000 16 do Sinnapittia 2 10 ch Claremont .. 12 49 do 14 30 do 16 41 do Talgaswela.. 18 20 ch 20 14 do 22 6 do 24 +1 do Wewesse 26 £6 4-ch 28 58 do 30 34 do 32 18 do 84 22 do 36 «1 Odo 38 4 do 40 18 do Salem 42-9 ch 44 18 do 46 6 do 48 4 do 50 1 4-ch Esperanza .. 52 14 do 54 40 do 56 5 do 58 1 do Hatale .. 60 15 ch 62 14 do 64 26 do 66 17. do MMS 2 10) dip 72 #3 do Ewhurst .. 74 13 do 76 22 do 78 +1 do 80 2 $-ch K in estate mark .. 82 2 och a «3 aa K %. 2 0 ro R 96 1 do Wolleyfield... 98 1 4-ch wo 01 do : 102. 2 ch Denmark Hill 104 6 $-ch 103 12 do 108 6G. oh 110 «4 «do Descrip- Weight tion. bse c: pek sou 300 37 sou 90 29 dust 450 39 bro pek 2430 out bro pek 2280 ~— out bro pek 1925 66 bro-pe 770 44 pekoe 260 30 pek sou 500 24 dust 768 22 dust 164 18 bro pex 1045 58 pekoe 650 37 pek sou 400 30 sou 90 7 bro tea 280 20 dust 160 26 pek 330 ) fans 639 + withd’n dust 90. peksou =60 QI dust 720 23 bre pek 100 42 bid pekow 2680 30 bid pek soll 1170 26 bid bro pek 2000 49 pekoe 4590 30 pek sou 1820 26 bid bro pek 2035 58 pekce 5130 88 bid pek sou 3870 31 bro tea 100 17 dust 320 25 bro pek 600 90 pekoe 1235 58 pes su 450 43 bro pek .870 43 bid bro pea BO8U €2 bid pe+oe 2755 50 bid rou 760 27 red leaf 800 19 bro mix 1u0gu 19 bro pek 2450) 38 pekce 1500 34 pek sou 20.0 26 bro pek 2000 55 pekoe 1260 34 bid pek siu 450 28 bro mix 100 16 bro. pex 3.80 50 bid pekoe No.i 1900 30 bid pekoe No.2 1760 31 bid pero No.l 900 31 ye so No. 2110. 28 sou 50 22 dust 34u 25 fans 1:70 35 bro pe $8h 43 pekoe 1620 34 pek sou 510 28 peseno.2 3Cv 23 dust 8u 45 broorpek 746 43 pekce 1840 34 red leaf 225 15 dust 87 26 bro pek 1695 45 orange pe 1385 45 pekoe 2441 3k pek sou =-1544 25 fans 125 | 5 , fans 495 bw ithd’n bro pek 14:6 39 bid pekoe 2310 29 bid congou 160 21 dust (Acme chests) 140 26 org pe 192 95 bro mix 210 i4 dust 180 25 bro tea Tu 23 bro pek 45 410 pek 45 30 pe rou 200 a4 bro or = 390 67 bid bro pe’ 768 5H bid pekoe 609 47 bid 820° 4h pek sott a) Lot Box Descrip- Weight No, Mark. No. Pkgs. - tion. Loewe: 236 Denmark Hill 112 7 ch bro or pek 805 71 bid 267 114 .14 do pek sou 1540 54 263 116 14 do pekoe 1302 50 bid 269 118 9 do pek sou 720. 38 bid 270 120 1 4-ch = fans 75 26 bid 271 Kirklees 122 324-ch bro pek 1920 67 272. Kelaneiya ... 124 25 ch bro pek 2125 67 273 126 2L do pexoe 2100 4) 274 128° 1 do red leaf 100 15 275 130 2 do eongou 200 23 276 132 1 do dust 115 25 277 SE 134 2 do bo pe No. L 200 32 278 136 5 do do No. 2 550 21 279 1388 9 do pekoe 870 15 280 Rilgmont ... 140 21 ch oro pek 2331 38 bid 281 Waitalawa.. 142 3! $-ch bro pek 1550 63 232 144 90 do pexoe 4500 33 283 146 15 do pe sou 750 26 288 Horagaskelle 1568 6 do bro pek 360 37 agg 158 6 do pekoc 334 25 290 160. 7 do pe sou 397 25 291 162. 1 do congou 42 29 232 164 1 do bro mix 64 12 300 Dunbar 180 12 ch bro pek 1200 50 301 182 9 do pekoe 810 3t 802 184 1 do pe sou 90 25 303 Kuruwille .. 186 47 2-ch pekoe 2585 = 28 304 Udabage 188 72 do bro pek 4320 44 bid 305 190 30 do pek sou 1650 26 bid 306 Burnside 192 10 do bro pek 500 44 307 194 29 do pekos 1450 34 308 i196 16 do pekoa 500 34 309 198 66 do pesou 300 26 310 209 1 do dust 60 25 Messrs. A. H. Toompson & Co; put up for sale the Ohamber at of Commerce Sale-room on the 11th April, the undermentioved lots of tea (57,232 lb.), which. sold. as. under :-— 1 Summerville 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 5 Portswooi 7 7 9 8 Clarendon... 11 9 18 10 15 11 17 12 18 13. St. Leonards 19 lt 21 15 23 16 B& D 24 17 26 18 Bogahagode- watte 27 19 Woodend .. 29 20 30 21 3L 22 Myraganga 32 23 34 Qt 35 25 Sapitiyagodde 38 26 40 27 42 28 44 29 46 30 HF 47 BLA GC 48 32 RWT 50 83 St. Oswald 51 34 53 35 RW 55 36 57 37 59 *8 B 61 39 63 40 55 41 K Della 87 42 69 43 CH 71 44 Dikmukalana 72 45 74 2t 4-ch dust 1680 4 ch bro mix 400 4 tech pek fans 200 3 ch fans 300 1 ch unag 100 26 4-ch = sou 1300 10 4-ch = dust 800 17 ch bro pek 1956 lf do pek 1450 2 do pe*x sou 1178 1 $-ch = dust 81 1 ch con 93 20 4-ch ~~ bro pek 1400 18 }-ch pek 1125 29-ch bro mix 120 7 ch bro mix 903 2 do dust 326 16 4-ch = pek 880 6 ch con 545 3 ch 14ch dust 475 1 ch red leaf 85 48 4-ch broorgpek 1650 25 ch org pek 2250 77 ch pek 6930 20 ch bro org pek 2200 45 do bro pek 5400 20 do org pek 2000 18 do pek 1800 2 do pek fans 300 1 ch bro mixed 7 29 4-ch bro pek 1450 1 ch fans 100 23 ch bro orng pek 2780 23 ch = pek 1165 92 ch bro pek 2420 25 do pek 2500 10 do pek 1000 20 ch bropek 2200 40 ch a 4000 6 }-oh ro pek sou ‘aT5 5 ch broorg pek 500 6 ch pek sou 540 Q4-ch fens 100 40 }-ch ‘bro pek 2000 21 ¢-ch = pak sou 1050 4 CEYLON CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mrxeme Lane, March 28rd, 1894, Marks and prices of CHYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 23rd March:— Ex “Capella’—Mahadowa (MCCCo.), le ct 1126 6d; 1c 106s 6d; 1b 1128. Ex “Bohemia”—Kelburne, Lt 1083 6d; 1t 928 64d; 2b 109s; le 1t 1b 98s 6d. Ex ‘“‘Nubia”—Ferham F, 2¢ 112s 643; 2c 105s; 2b 103s; 16 118s; 1b 1116; lb 865s; 20 1t 108s; lo 1b 998; 2b 92s; 1b 103s. Ex “‘Bohemia”—Agra, 1b 105s; Ib 978; 2b 107s 6d; lo 1b 102s; 1b 858. Pingarawa, 3c 1b 1138 6d; lo 1t1b 1226; Gc 106s; 1t 963; 10 1b 92s; 2bovertaken 104s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, March 23rd, 1894. Ex “Port Pirie’ —Delgolla, 70b 80s; 6b 50s; 7b 60s; 22b 60s 64; 28b 80s; 1b 50s. Ex “Volute”—Anniewatte A, SD, 1b 58s; 6b 85s. Ex “Port Pirie’—Goonambil A, 12b 83; 12b 83s; ab 65s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES b bid IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent,) a c Mincine Lane,’ March 16th, 1894. _Ex ‘Nubia” - Galaha, 3 cases 3s; 8 286d; 1 1s 11d; le 9d; 2.1884; 5 1s 6d. Delpotonoya, 5 ‘ences 25 10d; 11s 9154 2s 34; 1 185d; 11s 10d; B° ls 11d. Loolecondera OBE, 3 cases 253 2d; 5 1s: 1d; 1 1s 10d;.2 1s 8d, Narang- hena, 7 cases 23 Qi; Lis 9d; 1 1s 8d; 2 1s 51. Havilland, 6 eres 16 26a; YT AB Bos 4: 22 ' Ie gayeay Be EA. 2 ‘cases Qs. 2 AWewelmaade, 4 cases ls ABE 6 Js 1ld; 2 le 8d; 2 Is 7d;'5 1861; 1 le. 6) (Bx “‘Sena'o”—(A&C), 1 case 2° 4d; 1 16 2d;1 18104; asec Gi, 1 case 28 3d;- 1 28 1d; 1 1s 104; 1 Va 84;.1 187d; 2 1e6d. Duckwari, 1 232d; 1 2s Pais & Q511d;1 1s 8d; 1 1s 7d;1 186d. © ax “Mombagea”—Wariegalla, 5 caves 2s 3d; 5 le 94; 2 enscs le 6d: PRODUCE SALES LIST. LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVAN- CORE PROD UCE. (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report of the Colonial Markets for the Week ending March 21st, 1894,) TRAVANCORE TEA. The considerable quantity offered in public sale this week had the effect of attracting the attention of the most important buyers, who, as a rule, give little attention to this class of tea, Considering the weakness in the Indian market for low medium kinds, prices were satisfactory, ‘and competition for all grades was keen. Estates showing decided quality or strength realised full Prices, the most noticeable of these being a fine liquoring invoice from Arnakal. a = 7] 2 a 8 = 3 rg Ee Ay P 2 © Figs os = 2 ee eee we aS GOB eet B Amakal is0}d 94 Ga — 43d 62chs. 84 Fairfield 103d 8a 7d — 43d 73 do 72d Bon Ami 10d 834, 5gd -— 7d, 100 g 64d 5d Mn Oe Vembenard 93d 834, — — 4 sid #4 92 do 74a Kuduwa Kar- num Sdasyek = — 5. ea oy 132.-do 74d Penshurst 93d 73d, 54d 53d 53d 126 g 6k ere: Stagbrook 8d 73d, — 5a — a7 | | | ed 7 do 7d Kinmylies — fd — 53d 43d 49 z-ch. 7d Bamencra 82d. 6d — — 54d,4d 198 d Caray Goo- a ; *= y — %3d,6id —- — 5d g1 Gene = pkgs. 634 Poonmudi 734 6d 53a — 67d, 157 chs. 63d ai bes ob 2 3d Mount 83d os ae u— 7» 53d = 76 da CMR = — 4a 32 a Se Gl come) ‘eee > enmary — 6% bt = Rockwood 8d,74d, eax a “6d, Bt Pi 3id 106 a Ba. Maria ee ad 5 pal Se Be rchiston — -~ +e ited "ga jana ss = 282 So i 3 3id % peace 8id 6 5: 5 Be Invercauld 8d ‘6d, " 3 aad saa 53 oa a Granby \ — “sq6ad — 52d — “26. _do eg (unas.) of | 5 = Seenikali: oe 2 5a sad, 92 “do 53d eae «2 53a = 5a 3 5a Atchencoil ae oa a = a i aa Be Gleubrittle 744 53d 4a Pe “12 “do 53a MGt. Valley, Home and cs unassorted 6d, Mai alli 54d, and OK 43d rer Ib Total 2,472 packanee averaging 63d per Ib, SS ““CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEK, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES ——— Prick :—124 cents each; 3 copies. .12.: Cotompo, ApEn. 24 NO. 12.] i 9 OES 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Deacrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c 77 IP ~» 77 30 ch pek sou 2250 30 bid 78 PG «». 78 Q2i-ch pekoe 100 26 Bid Messre. SoMERVILLH & Co. put up for sale at the | 72 DG (79 & ch) dust B00. a Chamber af Commerce Sele-room on the llth April, | 8? 60. Sich fans 500 ae bid the undermeentioned lots of tea (104,751 Ib.), which | g2 yB oho eptone ibeoumix: iccieeeact oF sold as under, a Ingeriya . 2 seh bro tea 128 = 16 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 4 6 do romix 250 16 5 85 8 4 do unas 208 24 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion, ib: es a6 86 18 do pek ae giz a4 1 Wewelmadde 1 2 ch dust iso 24 7 7 pekoe 450 ous 2 Diyagama ,, 2 143-ch mixed 95 4 15 88 88 7 do bro pek 385 = 40 3 3 1 do dust 85 24 89 Hatgoda ... 89 i ch duet 115 2% 4 4 38 ch peksou 280 28 90 90 30 do — pek sou 2550 49.28 6 3 38 do peKkoe 300 26 91 91 18 do pekoe 1530 0-333 6 6 6 do bropek 600 = -33 93 92 18 do bro pek 1360 38 7 Arslena . 7 542-ch pekoe 2700 32 93 Ukuwela ., 93 39 do pekoe 3900 = 30 bid 8 8 46 ch bro pez 2300 50 94 BR ., 94 4 do pekoe 419 out 9 Blairayon .. 9 12 do pek sou 1020 28 95 Knutsford ., 95 18 g-ch pekoe 1046 out 10 10 12 do pekoe 1140-38 96 96 8 do bro pek 462 ont 11 11 12 do bro pek 1209 43 97 K «. 97 4 ch_ red leaf 250 out 12 Kelani . 12 44-ch dust 280 25 101 Benveula .,, 101 20 do pekoe 2000 26 bid 13 13 4 do fans 200 25 102 103 10 do bro pek 1000 35 14 14 9 do peksou 450 24 103 105 10 do ora pek 6800 = al bid 15 15 52 do pekoe 2340 39 104 E HJ .. 107 1 do peksou 90 out 16 - 16 66 do bro pek 3630 37 105 108 5 do pekoe 450 pus 7 17 +58 do bro pek 2915 33 bid 106 110 5 4-ch bro pek 275 = bid 18 Sirisanda ., 18 12 box pek gou 144-80 107 Hagalla ..112 9 do pek son £500), (20,biG 19 19 9%-ch bro pek 540 44 108 114 12 do _ pekoe 606 7 ic 20 20 9 do pekoe 450 29 109 116 29 do bro pek 1450 40 bi QL 21 8 do pek sou 402 26 110 Bombra ., 118 3 ch peksou 300 23 bid 22 22 104-ch unas 500 28 Lie 120 3 do bro pek 300 35 bid 23 23 #1 ch 112 Narangode ., 122 9 do pekoe 816 27 bid 12-ch dust 317.24 113 124 6 do _ bro pek 60020 bid 24 24 1 ch congou 113 23 114 Depedene .,. 126 47 4-ch pekoe 2350 33 25 Roseneath ... 25 394-ch bropek 2145 25 bid | \18., . 128 41 do bropek «285538 bid 26 Avisawella 11l@GSA «a» 130 25 do pekoe 1250 3-28 bi . VFR » 26 2 do sou 100 © ©.23 117 132 13 ch peksou 1300 23 bid 27 271 9 do peksou 450 §=25 111M K .. 134 14 do pek sou 1400 , out 98 98 11 do pekoe 5509 119 Hopewwll .. 136 6 }-ch pek sou 246 22 Hin 99 29 10 do bropek 500 43 120 138 6 do Benge ace a a 30 Allakolla .., 30 12 ch pek sou 1140 24 eh Penne TAD 8 GO. oy DRONE Sten 31 31 256 do pekoe 3500 28 bid 122 Kuruwitty .. 142 1 ch ro mix 08 ; 32 32 48 do bropek 2640 38 bia | 123 Taig e (00h AO Beat Seater 38 Polgahakenda 33 1 do dust 120 95 126 145 13 do pek sou ie 34 34 2 do 800 180 25 125 147 3 do DeKOO ae rn 35 35 12 do pek sou 1140-28 126 149° «9 fe pro‘be Ce a 86 36 3L do pekoe 2945 35 | 127 151 1 }-c ust _ : 5 128 152 5 ch bromix 530 15 bid 37 37 19 do bro pek 1995 53 7 19 bid 38 M 38 2 do dust 303 25 129 164 4 do sou 37 33 39 39 34-ch fans 183 15 130 156 17 do pek sou 1530 op 40 Debatgama.. 40 1 ch congou 99 490 sal 158 7 do pekoe 644 aa 41 41 1 do bromix 106 25 oe 160 8 do bro pe $32 42 Kelvin » 42 2 4-ch dust 132-35 43 438 2 do fans 132 Messrs. Forsus & WALEBE put up for sale at the 44 432 ch red leat 160 15 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 18th April a Pantiya Bota aa wepERou at a the undermentioned lots of tes (319,733 lb.), which 47 47 3 do bropekson 255 20 sold as under:— ; : 48 R +» 48 12-ch brotea 37. «12 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 49 49 3 do fans 180 12 No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. 0. 50 50 1 do pek sou 44 19 1 Bonaccord .. 202 6 4-ch dust 54024 51 51 4 do pekoe 216 23 2 P ". 204 1 ch bro pek 10044 52 52 3 do bropek 180 27 3 206 1 ch pekoe 100 28 53 JODS ., 68 8 do bre mix 960 47 4 208 2 do tannings 280 429 54 54 10 do pek sou 1000 25 5 210 #1 do dust 150 25 55 55 12 do pekoe 1200 ay 6 D, in estate 56 656 24 3-ch bro pek 1200 45 mark .. 212 5 oh peksou 425 31 57 Wa »» 67 @ ch _ pek dust 229 «36 7 214 20 toh dust 1500 oT 58 58 94-ch bro tea @30 15 bid | 8 Ederapoila .. 216 43 4-ch bropek 2150 40 bid 59 69 3 ch congow 800 23 9 218 26 ch ek 2080 30 bid 60 GLA .» 60 17 do peksou 1530 21 bid | 10 220 21 do pekson 1680 28 6. W »» 61 9 do pekoe 90024 ll 222 4 do sou 360 20 62 HJSB +» 62 6 4-ch fekoe 250 28 12 224 lch = dust 15 2 66 K «+» 66 1 do pekoe 100 =. 30 13 Anningkande 926 7 ch _ bro pek 110 45 87 Gallawatte... 67 4 4-ch dust 200 46 14 238 #7 do pekoe 700 = 32 68 68 4 do bro tea 200 15 16 230 9 do 900s @s 69 69 5 do pekson 250 our | 16 232 3 do 300 2 70 70 18 do pekoe 900 «= 28 17 Lyegrove .., 234 1% oh bro pekoe 143u 47 71 71 10 do pekue 500 26 18 2386 22 do pekoe 9200 20 bid 72 7a 9 do ro pek 450 28 bid |} 19 2 5 do ek sou 500 25 73 Allutkelle ., 73 8 do pekoe 400 out | 20 210 1 do ust 150 25 7 74 1box goldentips 7 B2'00 ai CRD we 825 ch dust 500-5 m6 aw «» 75 2 ch red leaf 190 17 22 244 2 do red leaf 20 15 76 7% 6 do sou 450 16 bid | 28 Algooltenne 246 19 ch bro pek 1900 47 bid 2 ‘CEYLON. PRODUCE, SALES LIST. Lot likes x _.. Descrip- Weight t Box No, Maxk,. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib.” c. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. 24 ‘ 248 22 do pekee 1980 32 bid | 187 474 24 ch 265 250.22 do peksou 2000 25 1388 BDV 476 13 do 26 North Cove.. 252 8 4-ch dust 640 89-28 139 478 9 do 27 254 7 ch congou 790 29 140 MO 480 «3 ch 33, Hakurugalla 266 22 ch bro pek 2200 out 141 482 6 do 34 268 22 do pek 2200 25 142 484 9 do 35 270 5 do pek sou 500. 20 143 486 12 do 85 272, 24-ch bro tea 120 «(18 144 V0 «» 488 12 ch 37 274 1 do dust 80 22 146 490 27 do 38 Nilloomally 276 14ch sou 110 = 2 146 492 2 do 39 Broughton .. 278 1¢-ch sou 66. 25 147 494 64 do 40 280' 1 do do 60 23 148 Torwood .. $96 4 do 4} 282 1 do dust 90 25 14 498 4 $+ch 42. Brunswick ... 284 10 ch unas 1000 28 160 Dewalakande 500 30 bx 43 286 6 do pek fans 650 24 151 502 40 ch 44 Caskieben .. 288 30 ch flowerypek3000 58 162 504 €6 do 45 290 23 do pekoe 2300 34 bid | 153 506 18 do 46 992° 1 do pek fans 130 154 BR, 508 2 do 47 Radelle we 294'50 ch bro pek 5000 60 bid | 155 610 7 do 48 296 36 do pekoe 3240 44 156 512 8 do 49 298 27 do nek sou 2430 = 3 157 JH 8, io est 50 300 4 do ust 620 27 mark «. 614° 5 do 561 TB 302 2 ‘ch fans 260 26 158 616 8 do 52 304. 1 do dust 146 25 159 518 2 do 63 MV 306. 3 ch fans 405 «26 160 Liskilleen.,. 620 21 do 54 4 308 1 do dust 148 24 | 161 522 21 do 55 310' 1 do bro mix 100 17 | 162 524 4 do 56 St. Heliers .. 312 29 %-eh broorpek 1560 66 143 526 2 do 67 314 19 ch pekoe 1900 36 164 Yoxford ... 598 14 4-ch 68 316 6 do pek sou 600. 29 165. N, .. 580 6 ch 69 Palmerston... 318 11 3-ch flowery pek 700 72 | 166 532 23 do €0 320 4 ch pekoe 870 = 41 172 Augusta ... 544 6 ch €1 822 1 do soll 100 30 173 546 «6 «do 62 324 1¢-ch dust mame | 174 518 & do 63 Queensland .. 326 24 ch fi pek 2400 «49 175 560 «1 é-ch 64 328 2) do pekoe 2000 36 176 552 «1 «eh 65 330° 2 do pek fans 260 25 177 Deltotte ... 554 19 do 69 H 338 1 ch_ red leaf 75. ep 179 GEO,in est 70 Don 310 1 do bro pek 100 25 mark «. 558 4 do 1 PHI weugha™ Yoh pek 90 21 180 660° 4 do 72 Lameliere .,, 344 59 4-ch bro pek 3540 49 181 560 2 do 73 346 38 do E 1900 47 182 564 1 $-ch 74 348 23 do peksou 1150 382 183 Macaldenia 566 16 ch 15 350 2 ch dust 200 25 184 568 15 do 80 Alnocr 360° 25 ¢-ch bro pek 1500 44 185 570 15 do $1 362 21 do pek 1155 35 186 672 2 do 82 364 168 do peksou 750 29 187 Lowlands .. 574 7 do 83 366 7 do 500 350 24 188 576. 6 do 84 368 5 do fans 325 32 189 578 7 do 85 Farm 370 3 $-ch dust 240 25 190 580 1 co 86 372 6 ch bro tea 660 36 191 582. 1 do 87 741 do red leaf 80 16 192 Scrubs 584 2 §-ch 68 St. Mary 376 28 $-ch bro pek 1680 39 bid 193 586 8 do 89 378-17 ch pek 1530 28 bid 194 588 11 do . 90 380 18 do pek sou 1800. 25 bid | 195 Moralioya .. 590 5 ch 92 aOs 384 1 ch’ org pek 100 30 196 592 3 4-ch 93 386 2 do pekoe 170 23 197 594 1 do 94 388- 1 do uns 110 19 bid | 198 Yataderia 596 15 ch 95° 390 3 do fans 22031 199 598 20 do 96 392 2 du dust No.1 320 25 200 600 12 do 97 394. 1 do do No> 2 160 18 u 201 602 39 do 98 Nugagalla .. 396 33 %-ch bro pek 1150 41 bid | 202 Box 604 19 do 99 398 72 do pekoe 3600 29 bid | 293 606 37 do 100 400 9 do pek sou 450 25 bid | 204 608 2 do 101 402 4 do dust 320° «25 205 B 610 14 do 102 Hakurugalla -404 15 ch peKkoe 1500 G5 ++ 206 Pedro - 612 30 do 103 Kandie a, 406 6 $-ch°. bro pek 360 45. 207 614 34 do 104 Melrose -. 408° 33 ch bro pek 3630. 39 bid | 208 616 32 do 105 410 29 do pekoe 2900 34 209 N . 618 6 do 106 412 14 do pek sou 1400 26 bid | 210 620 2 do 107 414. 6i-ch dust 480 26 - 211 Ambawelle .. 622 17 §-ch 108 _ 416. 4 ch sou 400 20 212 624 22 do 109 Coloroma ... 418 22 ch pek 2310 30 213 D,inestatemark626 3 ch 119 Biemark .. 438 11 $-ch bro pek 600 «. 78 214 B, in estate E 120 440 18 ch 939 678 15 do pekoe 1495’. 33'bid | 15 W Tinestate294 40 do bro pek 4000 44 240. * 680 8 do pek sou 720 25 16 mark ... 206 16 do pek sou 1400 37 241 682 24%-ch -seuchong 170 24 Uy foe 208 8 do sou 720-32 242 Blackwood .. 684 6 do bro tea 360 26 18 210 6 do dust 900 8629 243 686- 3 do fannings 240 Q7 19 Coslanda.,, 212 20 do bro pek 2000 66° 244 Uda Radella 688 21 do bro pek 1470 74 bid | 20 214 19 do pek 1900 43 245 690 34 do or pek 1870 66 21 216 17 do pek sou 1700 35 246 692 30 do pekoe- 1500 47 22 218 2 do bro mix 190 17 247 624. 22 do pek sou 1100 35 23 219 4 hch pek dust 320 28 248 - 696 3 do duet 245 29 24 Mocha -» 220 26 ‘ch bro pek 2860 70 bid 949 Sandringham 698 50 ch obrojpek 5500 658 bid | 25 222 23 ‘do pek 9300 50 bia 250 7co 87 do pekoe 3330 47 26 224 17 do pek sou 1530 35 bid 261 A D, in estate 27 226 6 do fans 840 82 bid mark ». 702 35 4-ch bropek 1760 out 28 Glentilt ... 228 22 do bro pek 2310 50 bid 262 704 20 do pekoe 1000 §=25 bid | 29 230 12 do pek sou 1200. 33 253 706 15 do pek sou 950 20 bid | 30 Madooltenne 232 15 do bro pek 1560 4% 254 708 4 do pek fans 240 27 31 234 12 do pek 1200 30 bid 355 Ganepalla .. 710 50 do bropek 3000 =. 36 32 236 12 do peksou 1200 26 bid 256 712° 32 do bro pek 1920 36 37 Tientsin .. 245 18 4-ch bro pek 1080 63 Dia 257 Heeloya oe C14 16 ch bro pek 1600 41 bid | 38 247 27 ch or pek 2700 49 258 Lankapura,M 716 82 %-ch bro pek 4510 41 bid | 39 249 23 do pek sou 2300 33 259 718 17 ch pekoe 170033 40 351 1 do souchong 106 «3 260 720 26 do pek sou 2600 26 41 252 2i-ch dust 165 25 261 722 .1 do red leaf 95 17 42 233 +1 do red leaf 53 15 262 724. 3%-ch fannings 925 26.7 43 N +» 3o4 21 ch bro mix 2100-26 263 726 1 do dust 90 «24 44 Maddagedera 256 12 do or pek 1280 946 264 Kobo w«. 728 1 ch ~~ dust 80 825 45 258 18 do bro pek 1430 46 265 730 8 do pek fans 600 29 | 46 250 22 do pekoe 2090 §=31 bid 266 Springkell ... 732 11 do dust 880 a4 47 262 14 do pek sou 1260 27 bid 267 734.8 do pek fans 640 25 48 Henegama 264 2 do _ bremix 230 22 268 Traquair .,, 736 8 %-ch bro pek 400. 23 49 + 65 2 do dust 30025 269 738 8 do pekoe 400 18 50 Westhall... 266 16 do bro mix 1440 18 270 740 11 do pek sou 550 16 51 KBT, in 271 742. 1 do congou 49 16 estate mark 288 4 §-ch bro tea 200... «14 2374 Harrington... 748 164-ch fly pekoe 720 60 52 Bogawansiin 269 8 do dust 720)» 331 275 750 13 ch bro or pek 1430 56 53 _estatemark 271 12 do fans 840 34 276 752 7 do ° pekoe 700 47 54 Dickapittia 273 19 6h bro pek 2090 56 277 154 3-do pek sou 300 30 55 274 25 do pek 2500 39 278 756 2 do dust 300 26 56 f 277 20 do peksou 2000 30 279 Denmark Hill 758 7 4-ch broorpek 655 3 bid | 57 Meeviabedde 279 34-ch bro mix 315 18 280 760 13 do bropek 832 § 72 58 280 1 ch. unassdrtad 80 20 281 762 97 ch pekoe 665. 57 59 TP 281 2%-ch souchong 124-25 “bla 282 764. 6 do pek sou 498 43 60 283. 8 do dust 640 28 283 ’ 766 1 do _ pek fans 75-28 61 Galkandewatta 284 41 ch bro pek 4100. 66 285 Langdale . 770 18 ch broorpek 2070 62 bid | 63 286 49 do pekoe 441) 44 286 772 23 do bro pek 2530 60 bid | 63 Galkandewatte388 13 do ek Sou 1170 33 287 7:4 58 do. pekoe 5800 43 bid | 64 290 3%-ch dust 225: 32 288 776.16 do peksou 1440 3935 65 301 6 do fannings 360 41 299 778 2 do fannings 260 31 66 302 2 do unassorted 1288893 290 780 4 do dust 560 8925 67 Kanagama 303 83 ch bro pek 3780 38 DIA 291 L K V ~. 782 42-ch bromixed 224 19 bia | 68 305 28 do pekoe 2800 29 bid 292 G .» 784 18 ch pekson 1235 38 69 307 18 do pek sou 1710. 26 DIA 293 786 12 do souchong 1140 27 70 309 1 do dust 150, 25 296 788 2 do dust 240 24 71 Tarf .. 310 3 do pek sou 315 36 295 Golconda . 790 5 ch _ bro pek 500 45 bid | 72 311 5 do dust 400-26 298 7932 10 do pekoe 1000-36 73 Verellapatna 312 24 do bro pek 2700 49 bid 297 794 1 do dust 100 24 74 814 57 do pekoe 5700 35 298 X X +. 796 18 4-ch gouchong 1026 15 75 316 2 do dust 300. 95 299 H R, in estate 76 Otteryand: 317 18%4-ch bropek 1080 = 45 mark +» 798 5 do | dust 420 | 22 77 Stamford 319 6 ch pekoe 830 ©. 30 300 WH ,. 800 3 do bro mixed 132 15 78 Hill 321 14-ch bro mix 32 18 3010P K ». 802..8 do — faun ngs 340 = out 81 A,in estate 303 ClunesDivision 804 20 do obdro peok 1000 = 42 mark .. 325 23 ch pekoe 2070 30 bit 304 86 32 ch pekoe 2880 29 bid | 82 Ythanoide.. 327 3 do red leaf 270 ie 305 808 13 do pek sou 1170 26 83 8S -. 3238 10 do pekoe sou 950 23 bid 306 Hrracht Divi- 84 Otteryand 828 323 ch bro pak 2530 49 bid sion vw» 810 20° do pek sou 1800 26 85 Stanford 330 18 do or pek i620 55 86 Hill 332 25 do pekoe 2350 88 2 Ss 87 334. 2 do dust 300 23 Mr. E. Joun, put up for eale at .the .Ohamber wil ee of Commerce Sale-room on tho 18th April, the ‘Messrs- BRNuAM & BreMNer put ap for sale at tho undermentioned lots of tea (90,187 Ib.), which sold | Ohamber of Cammerce Sale-room on the 1sih April, asunder :-— the undermentioned lots of tea (10,112 1b.) which Lot Box Descrip- Weight sold as under :— No. Mark, No. Pkgs. _ tion. bua OX Lot Box. Desorip- Weight 1 Fernlands 181 2 ch _ red leaf 210, 19 No, Mark. No, Pkge. tion. Ib. ot. 2 Dartry ., 182 2 do obrotea 310 ‘165 1 Hope Well .. 30 1 ch bropek 83 38 3 1838 4 do dust 600-25 2 32 1 do ek sou UM 4 Osllander... 184 20 4-ch bro or pek 112061 3 QOolopane ... 34 38 }-ch ust 213.025 5 186 21 do or pek 1155 7 4 Hornsey . 838 6 ob . peksou 500-32 6 188 18 do pek 900 39 5 98 2 do fans 130-26 7 190 11 do pek sou $28 37 6 Yu ton . 40 1 do pek sou 90 #8632 8 Sb, Catherine 192 8 ch bro pek 720-48 7 42 2 do fans 304 = 28 9 194 7 do pek 585 30 8 Blston, in estate 10 198 2 do pek fans 200 O85 | mark .. 44 97 do peksou 2430 28 bid 4 Mesers. A. H. Tuompson & Co.; put up forsale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 16th April, the undermentioned lots of tea (90,187 lb.), which sold as under :— Taot. Box. Deserip- Weight. Wo. Merk. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c i Kennington. . 1 8 ch pesou 800 = 20 2 6 3 5ch obrotea 3200 «— «15 3 4 2 ch dust 166 825 4 K Dells 5 6 do orpek 600 = 41: bid 6 7 6 do pé sou 540 632 bid 8 Brae 12 10%-ch dust 500-26 g 14 7 do congou 350 23 10 15 4 do brosou 200 «15 11 AKA O, in est mark Ceylon 16 29 do bro pek 1450 «= 40 bid 1% 18 31 do pekoe 1550 37 18 20 35 do pek sou 1750 25 bid 4 22 5 do dust 460 wb 28 6 do congou 300 20 bid 16 Sapitiyagodde 24 20 ch bro orpek 2200 50 bid UW 26 45 do bro pes 5400 with’n 14 SPE, .. 98 30 4-ch bro pek 1800 out 10 Sapitiyagodda 30 14 ch bropek 1540 55 bid es} 32 13 do orpek 1300 = 45 bid Bk 34 32 do pekoe 3200 37 bid 22 36 8 do pek fans 450 30 28 37 1 do red leaf 106 15 24 Comar 38 504-ch bro pek 2600 32 bid 98 A 29 do bro pek 1450 out 20 40 25 do pekoe 1250 out 26 42 18 do ek sou 900 238 bid 27 44° 8 do ro s0u 400 out 26 45 4 do dust 200 25 % D 46 2 ch peksou Az) a 30 47 4 do souchong 360 16 al 48 1 do fannings 103 out $2 49 1 do 1#-ch bro tea 131 12 3 50 @ ch_ red leaf 322 15 a4 51 1 do sgsouchong 100° 14 86 Waharake 55 47 do bro pek 700 35 bid 32 67 8 do pekoe 800s «46 bid 4) 59 6 do peksou 600 21 bid 41 V 61 1 do dust 100-23 45 62 1 do red leaf 100 17 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put upfor sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 18th April, the undermentioned lots of tes (86,131 lb.),whioh sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Phge. tion. lb. c. i © Arelena 1 25-ch dust 102-33 y- 2 37 do pex sou 1850 28 3 3 17 do pekoe 850 38 4 4 16 do . bropek 80048 & DMR, in estate mark 5 16 ch pek sou 1350 26 ¢ 6 17 do pekoe 1700 =. 30 q 7 17 do bro pek 1870 =. 38 bid & Rilandhu 8 34ch fans 225 24 r) 9 18 ch pekoe 1440 39-27 10 10 17 do bro pek 1360 35 bid ii GB K, in estate mark wll 5 do , red leaf 470—s «15 Re : 12 4 do brotoa 4co. 83—.:18 13 1384 do souchong 400 20 vA 14 8 do .peksou 800 23 15 Gallawatte.. 15 14-ch bro tea 50 3«6(15 16 146 6061 do dust 50 24 17 17 5 do peksou 250 923 18 18 7 do ek (B&H) 350 26 19 : 19 7% do rpe (B&H) 350 29 bid @0 S,in estate mark 20 4 ch bro tea 420 17 QL ‘ 91 12 do peksou 1140 25 22 22 24 do bro pek 2640 32 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip-. Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tions Ib, 6, 93 Walahanduwa 23 2 ch dust 236 0«=— 5 24 24 1 do redieaf 13 0Ci«dSG 25 % 3 o souchong 300 22 26 2 10 do pek sou 996 26 7 27 12 do pnee 12800 28 28 9 do pek 9000s 29 Ukuwela 29 #1 do 8 dust sO 30 30 6 do souchong 500 £ 31 81 11 do pek sou 1100 3a 32 12 do 1200 33 33 16 do pek 1600 34 Lyndhurst 34 % do souchong 800 35 35 34 do pek sum 3890 27 36 36 36 do 3a0G—isé4L 37 87 23 do ro pek 2300s 4 38 Hopewell 38 9 ¢-ch pek sou 246 0«=—- 25 bid 39 39 «6 do koe 288) 8=-29 bid 40 40 6 do orpek 360 41 44 Wabakula 44 12 do sou 1300 26 bid 45 45 16 do oe 1606 2 46 46 20 do ro pek 2000 40 bid 47 W .. J Ri Oe copgou 200 20 45 88 « #8 4 do koe 419 24 49 Crurie .. 49 2 }ch ust 170 26 50 50 & do pekfans 400 21 51 51 24 ch pek sou 2040 «87 52 52 30 do cong 2650 35 53 53 26 do pek 2600 48 54 DBG 54 5 do dust 750 26 55 55 3 do bro mix 300 «20 56 EHJ 66 1 do pek sou 90 24 57 57 6& do pekoe 450 8628 58 68 5 ch bro pek 275 out 59 Comillab 59 7 ch pek sou 700 062 60 60 8 do pekoe 6008 61 61 9 do _ bro pek 900 «46 62 Hagalla 62 1 §-ch dust ne | 63 63 10 do bro mix 5000=—s 16 bid 64 64 19 do pek sou 950 48625 65 65 36 do pekoe 1800-8 66 66 651 do bropek 2656 8638 67 Peria Kande- kettia ; 67 9 do dust 630 24 68 68 12 ch peksou 1200 25 69 69 54 do pekoe 6210 29 70 70 44 do bro pek 5720 89 bid Tl NGA 71 2 do bropek 200 «= 83 72 Depedene 72 #5 $-ch dust 400 «6 13 73 33 do peksou 1650 25 74 74 46 do pekoe 2300 20 76 75 41 do bro per 2255 38 76 76 56 do bro pez 3080 36 7 HHH 77 #1 box dust 30 23 78 78 #1 ch peksou 95 869 “79 79 1 do bro pek 84 0 22 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON (From Our Commercial Correspondent): Mixcixe Lane, March 30th, 1894. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 30th March : — | Ex “Nubia”—Ranghbodde, 1t 1148; 1b 97s; lb 868 64; 1b 18 1060; 2b 166s 64. Ormiston, 1b 97s; lb 96s: lb 90s. Bx “Port Pirie’—Newton, lc 115s; 1b 100s; Ib 92s: 1b 859; 20 1092: 1 109s; 1b 109s; 1b 107s. = ‘(CEYLON OBSERVER"’ PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALKS. Nee eee ee ——————————aEEESEoE oe NO. 138.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. ConomBo, May 7, 1894. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 25th April, the undermentioned lots of tea (73,415 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. 1 Wewetenne... CA, in estate inark Inchestelly .. MC AO Mousagalla .. GK Pelawatte Peru ae 4 Chetnole Allakolla Kelvio Pantiya one 4 Ag Ragalla . 8 a T, inestate mark 26 48 37 Forest Hill ., Mapitigama... Roseneath ‘Dahanaike ... Forest Hill .. QLA GW L - Hapugasmulla 28 2 4-ch Descrip-. Weight tions Ib. pek sou 900 pekoe 350 bro pek 250 unas 153 pek sou 3350 sou 365 pekoe 6U0 bro pek 3800 dust 85u bro tea 560 sou 100 pekoe 3300 bro pek 2440 dust 140 ted leaf 250 pek sou 191 congou 83 fans 100 dust 115 pek sou 900 pekoe 450 bro pek 600 sou 102 pek sou 1204 pekoe 1872 bro pek 1382 pe dust 200 pek sou 200 pekoe 830 bro pek 770 pek sou 95 pekoe 300 bro pek 200 dust 390 congou 100 dust 95 pek sou 1710 pekoe 3808 bro pek 2200 dust 264 sou 60 dust 760 dust 130 fans 212 red leaf 160 dust 1050 fans 140 fans 240 sou 990 pek sou 1045 bro pek 3024 pekoe 2205 do 2205 pek suu 1800 congou 100 dust (Acme packages) 350 pek sou 1200 pekoe 1900 bro pek 2205 pek sou 1980 pekoe 1260 bro pek 1925 dust 280 sou 275 bro pek 112 pekoe 105 pek sou 100 ek sou 1530 ust 300 red leaf 340 sou 1050 dust 150 bid bid { Price :—123 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Lot No. Mark. 72 Labugama ... Benveula Sirisanda Pkgs. 20 ch 52 25 do 43 4-ch 12 ch 15 do 8 g-ch 10 do 13 do 6 do 2 do Descrip- Weight tion. lb. G: pek sou 1800 27 pekoe 2250 33 bro pek 2335 42 pekoe 1200 with- bro pek 1500 f drawn bro pek 480 47 pekoe 500 31 pek sou 650 28 unas 300 28 dust 166 26 Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for saleat the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 18'h April the undermentioned lots of tea (299,464 lb.), whioh sold as under:— Andraieniya C$ K in es- tate mark... YE H KHF CH Maha Uva eo Malvern an Middleton Wewesse 50 TCO LW Hunugals P F H Min es- tate mark... Kananka Box. No. Pkgs. 812 13 ch 814 12 do 816 6 do 818 12 do 829 3 do 822 1 4-ch 824 15 ch 826 18 do 828 10 do 830 1 do 832 1 do 840 5 ch 842 10 3-ch 844 8 do 846 1 do 848 1 ch 850 5 do 852 16 $-ch 854 46 do 856 12 ch 858 8 do 860 1 3-ch 862 1 do 874 18 do 876 32 do 878 7 do 880 3 do 882 1 do 884 27 do 885 43 do 888 11 do 890 1 do 902 51 4-ch 904 12 ch 906 9 do 908 30 4-ch 910 19 do 912 18 do 914 13 do 916 14 ch 918 6 do 920 9 do 922 21 do 924 17 do 926 20 do 928 1 do 930 2 do 932 17 do 934 5 do 933 16 4-ch 938 15 do 940 8 do 942. 4 do 944 34 ch 946 81 do 948 18 do 950 3 do 952 1 do 954 1 do 956 5 do 2 &ch 958 1 ch 960 | do 962 2'do 964 1 bch Desorip- Weight tion, Ib. ot. bro tea 1118 19 fans 1296 20 bro pek 600 44 pekoe 1080 33 pek sou 270 27 dust 50 25 pekoe 2160 = 40 pekoe 18008 pek sou 1000 26 dust 150 24 pek dust 150 24 dust 750 27 bro pek 600 out pekoe 480 24 dust 80 24 pek dust 150 25 dust 7350 17 dust 1280 27 bro pek =. 2530 62 bid pekoe 1200 43 bid pek sou 760 8632 congou 60 2) dust 80 27 bro pek 1080 84 pekce 2400 42 pek sou 525 30 ust 210 29 bro mix 80 25 bro pek 1620 68 pekoe 3225 41 pek sou 825 30 dust 70 99 bro pek 3060 6L pekoe 1200 42 pek sou 855 34 bropek 1650 47 pek No.1 950 36 pek No.2 920 35 fans 845 36 bro tes 1400 17 dust 840 25 sou 990 14 bro pex 2310 34 pekoe 1785 2 pek sou 2009 24 dust 100 24 sou 200 16 bro tea 935 15 pek dust 375 Qn bro pek 960 28 pekoe 760 826 pek sou 400 21 fans 280 16 bro pek $8038 38 pekoe 8100 29 pek sou 1670 36 dust 300 17 bro pek 85 38 peroe 90 23 pek sou 545 30 fans 95 ws red leaf 105 138 sou 170 16 pekoa dust 60 %# ¥ we aoe to a hy 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weigh No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 78 Beddegama... 866 24 ch bro pek 2520 171 152 14 ch pekoe 1260 33 bid 79 968 19 do pekoe 1710 34 bid 172 154 14 do pek sou 1120 7 80 970 10 do pek sou 900 27 173 Razeen ... 156 8§-ch bro pek 440 38 bid 81 972 24-ch dust 190 26 174 158 26 do pekoe 1248 29 bid 82 974 1 do bro pek 41 36 175 160 16 do pek sou 720 23 bid 83 976 “18 ch yek sou 108 25 176 162 2 do fannings 124 27 84 978 1 3-ch dust 48 25 177 164. 1 do congou 45 22 85 Hethersett .. 980 23 do bro or pek 1495 65 bid | 178 166 1 do Gust 85 4 86 982 43 do bro pek 2752 64 179 Hakurugalla 168 22 ch bro pek 2200 36 bid 87 984 23 ch pekoe 2185 5A 185 Patiagama 180 14 ch bro pek 1760 63 88 986 17 do pek sou 1411 38 186 162 28 do pekece 2800 38 89 ZZ Z io eg- 187 184 4 do pek sou 400 23 tate mark,.. 988 1 do pekoe 80 24 188 186 1 do dust 150 25 90 990 24-ch peksou 94 19 189 188 404-ch bro pek 2000 40 91 lLiskilleen .. 992 1 ch bro pek 100 44 190 190 37 do pekoe 1850 8935 92 Dunkeld , 994 weds ae bro pek 109 55 191 192 23 do pek 8ou 1150 28 93 Geragama .. 996 19 do bro pek 1995 43 192 194 2 do dust 120 25 94 998 16 do pekoe 1600 32 bid 193 Yarravele 196 49 ch bro pek 5380 71 95 1000 12 do pek sou 1200 28 194 198 46 do pekoe 4140 52 95 2.4 do dust 560 25 195 Lankapura 97 Dunkeld ... 4 18 do bro pek 1980 68 Ww .- 200 49 do bro pek 5390 3§=s 43 bid 98 6 28 §-ch or pekoe 1400 59 196 202 75 do pekoe 8250 Bl bid 99 8 14 ch pekoe 1400 46 197 204 22 do pek sou 2200 27 100 DK D ca 210 ops. cdo pek sou 285 37 198 206 9 do dust 900 25 101 12 10 do pek fans 1500 25 199 208 1$-ch red leaf 63 16 102 14 13 do unas 1430 30 200 210 1 do red leaf dust 71 17 103 Wilpite 16 5 do bro pek 500 39 201 212 3 do bro mix 165 24 104 18 4 do pek 440 24 202 A 214 13-ch Extra choicest 40 105 20 6 do fans 660 25 Hyson No.l 15 = 30 106 22 § do unas 480 24 203 B . 216 24-ch choiest byson 297 107 Cottaganga 24 2 do sou 130 28 No.2 100 27 108 26 7 do bro tea 770 28 204 D 218 14-ch hyson 16 27 109 28 3 do red leaf 240 «(16 205 C 220 38 do choiceimperial72 07 110 Udabage 30 24 }4-ch bro pek 1440 49 206 E 222 1 do twankay 16 64 111 32 15 do pekoe 900 28 207 F 224 +1 do twankay No. 2 ll 57 112 34 18 do pek sou 990 24 208 Uda 113 RA W wapbee) do dust 420 25 Radella.. 226 23%4-ch bro pek 1610 64 114 WestHaputale 88 10 do or pek 500 &3 2.9 228 39 do orange pek 2145 57 115 40 9 do bro pek 504 33 210 230 26 do pekoe 1800 45 116 42 94 do pekoe 350 29 211 UdaRadella 232 33 do pek sou 1650 35 1 ‘do pekoe 50 2k 212 234 2 do dust 180 29 117 Becherton 44 13 ch bro pek 1300 56 213 Koorooloogalia 236 15 ch pekoe 1495 33 bid 118 46 34 do pekoe 2830 33 2144 D inesiate 119 48 10 do pekoe sou 850 25 mark .. 238 3853-ch bropek 1750 30 bid 120 50 2 do bro pek sou 150 19 215 AOS eo, ST unassorted 110 20 121 52 1 do dust; 130 24 215 Rambodde ... 242 9%-ch bro pek 450 68 122 Dromoland,. 454 1 ch or pek 100 42 217 244 8 do pekoe 2360 47 123 56 1 do pekoe 90 27 218 216 9 do pek sou 405 40 124 58 4 do peksou 420 22 219 Rambodda.. 248 8 do souchong 30 30 125 60 4 do bro tea 480 27 220 259 1 do bro pek dust 75 47 126 Kirrimettia 62 5 do bro mix 520 27 1 do bro fans 65 20 127 64 5 do unas 530 35 221 Etga'la ,.. 252 21 ch souchong 1858 17 128 Castlereagh 635 12 do bro pek 1320 68 222 254 74-ch fanbiogs 347 Lb 129 68 25 do or pek 2250 50 223 256 8 ch bro tea 783 «14 bid 130 70 35 do pexoe 3159 43 224 Ascot .. 258 1 do dust 15025 131 KC T2ieoy ico dust 700 33 225 Malvern A.. 8 do 132 Cue teedo bro mix 90 93 : 260 214-ch pekoe 1995 30 133 Dambagastalawa 76 2 ch pek sou 240 57 226 1 ch 134 78 64-ch dust 390 38 : 262 43-ch pek sou 324 25 139 Yahalakele .. 88 ldo red leaf 107-15 227 Amberst .. 264 15 ch bro pek 1800s 48 bid 140 99 2 do dust 310 24 223 266 22 do pekoe 2200 = 36 bid 141 Sembawatte .. 92 19 do bropek 1900 35 229 268 8 do pek sou 720 =. 28 bid 142 94 18 do pekoe 1710 30 230 R 270 1 do dust 150 25 143 Ambalakande 96 10 do bre or pek 600 35 231 E, in estate 144 98 14do #bropek 1400 = 32 mark +» 272 6 do pekoe 586 27 bid 145 100 12do pekoe 1080 25 232 a74 4 do peksou 423 22 bid 146 102 4do pek sou 360 23 233 276 10 do red leaf 698 14 bid 147 104 1do souchong 80 17 234 FE -. 278 4 do 148 106 13-ch duet 80 23 238 13ch bro tea 466 20 149 Palmerston... 108 10 do bro pek 600 91 235 Farnham .., 280 24 do bro pek 1320 42 bi 150 110 13do pekoe 1235 64 236 282 62 do pekce 2976 §©631 bid 161 112 7do pek sou 620 45 237 284 29 do peksou 1305 26 152 Chesterford 114 20, ch bro pek 2100 41 bid | 238 286 6 do fan 372 99 153 116 17 do pekoe 1700 = 30 239 288 5 do congou 225 90 164 118 10 do -peksou 1000 26 240 290 3 do dust 255 33 155 Goraka ... 120 7 do bropek 735 048 241 [KV «. 2922 4 do bromix 224 @ 156 122 & do pekoe 400 30 212 Dunbar .. 294 15 ch obropek 1500 650 157 124 3,.do peksou 300 «26 243 296 19 do bromix 1900 45 bid 158 Moalpedde... 126 133-ch bro pek 715 = «48 244 298 16 do pekoe 1440-34 159 128 15 do pekoe 750 32 246 300 1 do sou 90 24 160 130 20 do pek sou 1000 29 246 302. 1 do dust 1360 31 161 132. 5 do congou 225 25 247 304 1 do fans — 120 - 32 162 134 3 .do fannings 180 826 248 Munamalle.. 306 10 ch bro pek 1000 43 163 136 2 do red leat 100 17 219 308 13 do pekoe- 1170" 30 164 138 1 do dust 65 25 250 310 2 do pek sou 160 22 165 Nahaveena 140125 do bro pek 6250 51 251 312 4 do dust 165 25 166 : 142 15 do pekoe Te 43 25 AOS we 320 38 do or pek 271 «29 167 144 42 do pekoe 9100 40 256- 322. 1 do pekoe 62 23 168 146 65 do pek sou 3250 30 257 324 1 do fans 60 «3B 169 148. 6 do dust 450 26 258 326 1 do mix 95 18 170 Ambalawa 150 21 do bropek 1260 48 259 328 7 do dust 710-25 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. IbRne! 260 Kirindi ay ob0lerL4. chi bro pek 1400 47 261 332 27 do pekoe 2430 Bh 262 334 20 do pek sou 1600 27 283 336 =1 4-ch do 23 22 264 3388 8 ch red leaf 180 17 265 340 1 do dust 140 24 2€8Wellekelle ... 346 2 do pekoe 100 25 269 GPM, in est. mark we 348 41 do pek sou 2275 50 270 330 26 do sou 1430 37 271 352 5 do bro mix 275 43 272 354 6 do pek fans 540 32 273 Btisted -- 3806 22 do bro pek 1210 43 274 358 20 do pekoe 1000 33 275 269 28 do pek sou 1400 30 276 Lil awatte.. 362 2 ch congou 220 14 2717 MTL, in est, mark .. 394 3 do bro mix 240 17 278 Letchemey... 366 1 4-ch bro mix 60 16 279 Nugagalla... 348 23 do bro pek 1150 37 bid 2380 Denmaram Hill on SHO Mie ce bro or pek 465 63 bid 281 372 10 do bro pek 610 62 bid 282 374 7 do pekoe 665 48 bid 283 376 & do pek sou 352 39 284 378 1 do pek fang 75 31 285 X «. 380 72 do pekoe 3600 31 266 St. Mary ... 382 23 do bro pek 1260 35 bil 292 Bllekande... 394 24 do bro pek 21¢0 44 293 896 15 do pekoe 1250 30 294 398 32 do pek scu 2400 26 295 400 2 do red leaf 170 16 296 402 4 do dust 540 24 297 Sandringham 404 50 do bropek 5500 63 — Messrs- BenHAM & Bremner put up for sale at the Obamber of Cammerce Sale-room on the 25:h April, the uadermentioned lots of tea (10,206 lb.) which eold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ce. 1 Elston, in esta‘e mark -- 82 4 3-ch dust 280 26 2 3h 4 ch congou 400 18 3 36 8 do bro mix 890 82 4 388 27 do pek sou 2441 28 6 Acrawatte ... 40 12 do pek sou 1200 29 6 42 19 do pekoe 1710-35 Ti 44 12 do or pek 1140 59 8 Tavalamtenne 46 1 ch congou 85 21 ¢ 48 9 do pekoe 900 29 10 50 12 do bro pek 1200 39 bid 11 F& R +. 52 12-eh dust 590 26 Mr. E, JOHN, put up for eale at the Obamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 25th April, the undermentioned lots of tea (83,689 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ips © ie: 1 Faithlie .. 845 5 ch sou 500 2k 2 347 5 4-ch dust 325 28 °3 Eadella .. 849 17 ch bro pek 1700 47 4 10 13 do pekoe 1170 33 5 12 12 do pek sou 960 28 6 14, 4 do fans 120 31 7 15° 1 «do dust : oan 25 emplestowe 16 15 do or pe 1 5 mene 18 44 do pekoe sono | withd’n 10 20 13 do pek sou 1105 . li Bila -. 22 23 ch bro pek 2300 44 bid 12 24 39 do pekoe 3510 31 bid 13 26 40 do do 3600 31 bid 14 28 23 do pek sou 2070 27 15 30 3 do dusd 390 25 16 Madooltenne 381 13 ch bro pek 1300 42 17 33 18 do pek sou 1800 =. 27 18 Mocha .. 385 26 do bro pek 2860 73 19 37 23 do ekoe 2300 50 bid 20 Meerjatenne 39 9 4-ch bro pek 504 = 46 21 41 9 do pekoe 404 31 22 43. 1 do dust 64 25 23 ETK «. 44 5 do red leaf 600 17 as 46 2%-ch congou 160-96 25 PG -, 47 Il ch _ bro pek 1100=—s 338 26 49 4 do pekoe 380 33 37 560. 9 do peksou 810 89.30 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, Node Piesawiicoss Ibe eye: 28 Glasgow +s 52 927 ch bro pek 2160 = 82 29 54 21 3-ch ox pek 1260 78 30 56 26 ch pekoe 2600 52 31 58 12 do pek sou 1200 41 32 Agra Ouvah 60 58 3-ch broorpek 3770 85 33 62 51 do or, pek 3060 80 34 64 51 do pekoe 3060 49 35 Blackburn ... 65 20 ch bro pek 2200 37 35 68 25 do pekoe 2750 31 bid 37 BB «eo G0le ¥3i-. dO pek sou 300 22 28 71 1 4-ch bro tea 50 17 39 72, 2 do dust 150 25 40 Glentilt w. 73 16 ch bro pek 1680 58 41 7 12 do pek sou 1200 35 42 77 14 do sou 1400 30 43 GT + 79 5 2ch dust 475 26 4t 80.10 ch congou 950 26 45 Ue + 82 20 do pekoe 2000 27 bid 46 Verellapatna 84 24 do bro pek 2760 50 47 Talagalla .. 86 24 ch bro pek 2520 56 48 88 28 do or pek 2660 4h 49 90 15 do pekoe 1425 36 59 102 3 do dust 450 25 51 Ottery and Stam- ford Hill . 103 14 do bro pek 1540 67 52 105 13 do or pek 1176 55 53 107 18 do pekoe 1620 40 54 i09 9 da sou 810 20 55 Tie tie- do dust 120 27 56 Nagur +» 112 2 do bro pek 190 28 57 113. 4 do pekoe 380 25 58 llt 2 do pek sou 187 20 59 M’ Uva soe Llas 10) do pek sou 950 35 bid 60 Cruden tee LUT SO} dio sou 1090 22 Messrs. A. H. Taompson & Co., put up for sate at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 25th April, the uadermentioned lots of tea (43,491 Ib.), which sold a3 under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Marx. No. Pkgs _ tion. bar ie: 1 Ranasinebage 1 16 ch bro pek 1760 47 bid 2 3 18 do pekoe 1800 32 3 5.1 do pek fan 150 27 4 Ugieside .. 6-2 do dust 260 25 5 (he BLS ako} bro tea 160 25 6 AGC 8 3 do sou 270 21 uf 9 12: do sou No. 2 1320 18 8 LieeGrdo dust 900 24 9 13 4 do pe dust 500 25 10 Myraganga.. 14 32 do broorpek 3520 39 bid LL 16 8 do or pek 720 45 12 18 51 do bro pek 5100 30 bid 13 20 28 do pekoe 2520 33 bid 14 22 23 do pek sou 1840 a9 20 AKA, in est mark Ceylon 30 6 4-ch congou 300. 23 21 Belgravia .. 31 1 ch dust 100 25 22 o20 led pe sou 100 34 23 Warwick ... 33 °6 ch dust 420 32 24 34 2 do congou 100 3t 25° T. & Co, in est. mare +» 35 12 %ch bro pek 709 25 bid 23 37. 7 do pek sou 301 22 bid 27 38 5 do sou 475 16 28 39 10 do dust 600 19 32 K coo Nhe By On or pek 500. 41 bid 35 Vogan + OF 25 ch bro pek 2500 6h 37 57 28 do pekoe 2520 38 38 59 16 do pe sou 1440 30 39 A& EL .. 61 4 4-ch ps fans 320 2a 4) 62 1 do red leaf 50 16 Messrs. SoMBRVILLE & Co. put up for eile at the Chamber of Commerce Ssle-room ou the 2nd May, the undermeeationed lots of tea (26,8544lb.), waich sold as under; Lot, Box, Dasorip- Weight. No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. Ib c 1 Hiralouvab.. 61 2 ch bro mix 180 15 2 62. 1 4-ch bropek dust 75 a7 3 DG «. 63 2 do dust 150 25 4 64 38 do fans 180 25 5 65 10 oh bro mix #00 15 6 CCTM we Oo lt ad bro mix 95 16 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkge tion. lb. c. 7 RX 67 384-ch dust 225 26 68 9 do sou 260 22 9 BF -- 69 6 do dust 498 27 lu 70 4 do k fans 220 32 11 71 5 do ro mix 285 27 12 Kelani ». 7 2 do dust 150 26 13 13 6 do fans 300 29 14 14 5 do pek sou 250 8624 16 75 21 do pekoe 915 30 16 76 72 do bro pek 3980 36 17 Narangoda.. 77 9 ch pek sou 900 26 18 78 9 do pekoe 900 30 bid 19 19 9 do do 810 9 20 80 6.do bropek 660 32 bid 21 81 6 do do 600 22 HD Wadurewe 82 14-ch dust 65 24 23 83 11 do pek sou 495 24 24 84 4 do pekoe 180 27 25 85 6 do bro pek 300 32 26 Hopewcli .. 86 20 do pek sou 1100 27 27 87 20 do pekoe 1200 29 bid 28 88 14 do or pek 840 88 bid 29 Knutsford .. 89 2 do fans 153 26 320 90 2 do pek sou 116 22 31 91 19 do pekoe 109027 32 92 7 do bro pek 416 35 33 93 6 do or pek 383 47 34 RVE oo pd Ch pek sou 400 21 35 95 2 do pekoe 163 23 36 96 2 do bro pek 200. 3 37 K’Heoa oo 985? ch pek sou 450) 38 98 ll do pekoe 990 ; withd’~ 39 99 6 do bro pek 600) 40 Silver Valley 100 14-ch dust 50 22 41 17 snip pek sou 343 24 42 2 6 do pekoe 270 27 43 3B 2 do bro pek 107 42 44 Ingeriya 4 4 do bro mix 224 21 45 5 12 do pek sou 576 = ST 46 ill fom Cc pekoe 350 30 AT 7 7 do bropek 385 45 4s T, in estate mark 8 2 ch dust 280 25 49 9 2 do fans 220 28 50 10 4 do bro mix 420 24 51 ltr do sou 595 26 52 12 10 do pek sou 950 27 53 13 3 do unas 300 25 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Minoine Lane, April 6th, 1894, Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 6th April :— Ex “Chancellor’—Tillicoultry, 14 993. Dunsinane, 1t 1145; 1b 982; 1t 1b 1082. Ex “Dorunda’’—Middleton, Dimbuls, 1b 117s; 1c 1% 106s; 1o 1198; 40 1128 6d; 1¢ 103s. Ex ‘“Rewa’’—Kathlekhan, Mysore,24b 983; 12b 115s; 27b 95s. G. R. Evans, Aalie Topoo, 29b 97s; 15b 93s: 2lb 95s; 10b 114s; 10b 946; 4b 110s 6d; 27b 94s. Chuthully, Mysore, 12b 988; 25b 945; 12b 968; 3b 113s 6d. Ex “Dorunda”—Elgipv, 2t 11le; le 18 1023 6d; 20 110s; lo 1228. Ex “Manilla”—Kotiyagalla, 1c 1b 1148; 1t 108s; 1b 99s 6d; 1b 117s; 1b 92s. Ex ‘‘Capella’”—West Faseifern, 1t 1148; lb 103s; lo 109s; 1b 1133. Ex “Kintuck”—Elbedde, 1b 1172; 30 1098; le 1288; 2c 1138; lb 1048. Delrey, lb 1183; 30 108s 6d; 1¢ 124s; 1b 106s; le 1¢ 114s 6d; 1b 99s; 1t 90s. Ex “‘Chancellor”’—Walton, 1c 106s; 2c 101s 6d; 1b 113; 1c 1b 1072; 1b 108s 6d; 10 89s. Ex “Oruba”—Kotiyagalla, 1c 112s; 1b 920; 1b 108s; 1b 108s; 1b 105s; 1b 1168; 1b 976. Minome Lane, April 18th, 1894, Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mineing Lane up to 13th April :— Ex “Ping Suey”’—Delrey, 1b 113s; 1b 110s 6d; 1b 92a; 1b 106s; 1b 110s 64; Lb 1043; 1b 91s. “ Ex ‘“‘Austral”—Oranley, le 114s; lb 112e; 3b 'e; 1b 103s; 40 1t1108; 1t 108*; 1b 108s; 1b 108s; ’ 64; le 92; lo 1026; 10 90s, ie Ex “Ping Suey’ —Holbrook, 1b 118s; 1b 104s; 26 115s; lc 130s; 4c 110s 6d. Ex “Ohancellor’—Freshwster, It 110s; Lb 110s; le ay Ib 104s, x “‘Austral”—Darrawelle (OBEC), lb1 104s; 1t 1088; 1b 112s; lo 104. Nerangbena TOBEC). 1t 1103 6d; 1b 112s; 1t 108s; 1¢ 106s 64. Ex “Obancellor”’—Luougalla, Ib 1188; lb 99«; Lb 110s; 1b 104*; le 102s. Tillicoultry 1¢ 100s; 1b 102s; 2c 99s; 1t 101s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Cemmercial Corres at). Minctne Lang, April 6tb, 1894. Ex “ Dorunda”—Wihbaragsma finest, 2b 65e; 9b 64s 6d. Ex “Port Pririe’—Udepolle, 1Cb 602 6d; lb 58s; 2b 45s. Ex ‘‘Lancashire”—Hylton, 2b 44+. Mincinc Lane, April 13tb, 1894. Ex “Oolong”—Pulli, 3b 758; 1b 60s. Ambra, 2b 75s. Ex *‘Kintuck”—Palli, 4b 63s; 3b 75s. Ex “Ping Suey”—Ambra, 3b 75s; 2b 75s. Ex “City of Canterbury”—Maoe, London, 6b 70. Ex “Ping Suey”—Kumaradols, 25b 82s; $b 60s. Yattawatte, 20b 78s; 6b 50s; 23b 78s; 12b 47s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Commercial Corres nt,) Mixcrxa Lane, April 13th, 1894. Ex “Manilla’’—Tyrells, Malabar, lle 1s 7d. : Oe McIntyre”—Tonracombe, 20 2s 4d; 70 s 5d. Ex “Kiotuck”—Malabar cardamoms, 80 1s 44; 2c 1s 8d; 20 Is 5d; lo 1s 6d. Mysore cardamoms, l4c 2a 1d; 2c 28 1d; 2c1s 9d; 2 seeds le 8d; 3 ditto 1s 6d; 2c 1s 8d; 4c 1s 8d; 30289d; 150 28 2d; Ze ls 9d: 2c. ls 8d; 1 seed 187d; 26 1a 7d; 2c 1s Sd, (From Our LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVAN- CORE PRODUCE. (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report of the Colonia! Markets for the Week ending April 11th, 1894.) TRAVANCORE TEA. The supply this week has been limited, and prices remain unchanged. A remarkably good invoice from Aneimudi so'd well, the qua'ity being far above the others. “4 tht E s a ode ve Ba Sone 3 2 a 2 2 4 ° E es) -5 =I e Coo, 2 Se Pee ee. ioe) Ay a m S < Aneimudi 114d 9d 63d .. 7d 100 4-ch 94d BonAmi 103d 64d 6d = 144, 200 chs. 7d Venture 93d, 54d, .. -- 6d 57 do %é 9d_—sibid Isfield 93d #id 54d. .5, ».. 52 -do Linwood wee 4B cee wes BAG. -do - (unas) bid ; Total 476 packages, averaging. 744° per lb., against 8d for corresponding week last year. ; ‘“OHYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFER, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAUBES. ———. NO. 14.] sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. oOo NADP wtyH DK 5b G mee GO 0 D C, in estate mark ve SK co Caiifornia ... New Anga- mane ele GP M, in es- tate mark... Harrow ais N 00 St. Heien. ... Kelaueiya Beverley . Maha Uva .. Marguerita ... Elfindale... Glenorchy .. B af Cc cS Wewesse ... Alnoor eee: Rismark ve Algooltenne.. Opsigalla,. ContomsBo, May 14, 1894. § Price :—12% cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies + rupee. ot. t COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box. Deserip- Weight No, Mark. No. Pkgs. tion, lb. 84 Ascot... 572, 1 ch pek sou 100 Messrs. Forses & WAEKER put up for saleat the | 6° 574 1 do dust 150 MAH 576 3 do congou 300 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 2nd May | 88 Theberton 580 23 4-ch bro pek 1156 : x - 89 582 28 do pekoe 1400 the undermentioned lots of tea (225,245 lb.), which | 9, eaaenssidd a peksoe 2730 91 586 27 do pekian 1350 92 588 8 do congou 400 Box Descrip- Weight 93 Palmerston 590 8 3-ch bro pek 475 3 94 592 11 ch ek 1045 No. Pkgs. tion, Ib. Cc: 95 594. 5 ch pek son 450 96 596 5 2-ch dust 425 406 1 ch dust 85 27 97. Ceylon... 598 3 eh pet oe 279 408 1 da fan 90 31 1033 BTN 610 3 4-ch souchongs 163 410 4 do sou 400 20 107 AOS 618 1 ch or.pek 90 412 5 do pek sou 475 27 108 6:0 1 do pekoe 105 414 2 do dust 200 28 109 620 6 do dust 900 416 3 3-ch fan 240 28 110 624 3 do fannings 346 16 MMS 636 3 ch pekoe 320 418 9 ch pek sou 720 37 117 638 3 do fapnings 395 420 24 4-ch dust 1920 89628 118 640 1 ch faunings 125 422 29 do pekoe 1392 6 119 642 1 ch fannings 119 424 4 do bro pek 200 41 120 644 6 ch dust 900 426 5 do pek 250 25 121 PG -. 646 4 ch dust 660 428 3 do fans 168 29 122 L «. 648 25 do bro pek 2875 123 Lenegama .. 650 4 4-ch bro mix 240 436 8 ch bro pek 750 44 124 AG « G02 5-2 ch bro pek 204 438 7. do pekoe 672 52 125 654 3 do pekoe 255 440 7 do pek sou 630 28 126 656 4 do bro tea 340 442 1 da fans 120 29 127 658 1 do dust 145 444 1 do dust 152 26 128 660 1 do red leaf 80 129 MA, in estate 446 27 4-ch_ or pek 1620 79 mark «. 662 11 do bro tea 1100 448 21 do bro pek 1155 83 130 664 14 do dust 1820 450 40 do pekoe 2200 60 131 Sembawatte 666 36 ch bro pek 3600 452 48 do peksou 2640 51 132 668 25 do pekoe 2375 454 19 do bro mix 1045 45 133 670 23 do pek sou 2070 456 7 do bropekfen 525 50 134 672. 1 do bro tea 100 468 2 ch pek sou 200 35 135 674 2 do dust 260 460 1lé4-ch dust 86 26 136 Bramley .. 676 132-ch bro pek 60 462 22 ch congou 2198 29 137 618 1 do pexoe 54 464 2 do dust 300-27 138 Gonomotava 680 1 ch pekoe 110 466 20 do bro pek 1800 40 139 Berragalla... 682 1 do dust 170 468 19 do pekoe 1615 32 146 Middleton .. 696 593-ch bro pek 3540 470 22 do pek sou 1980 26 147 698 22 ch pekoe 2200 472 2 do pek fans 200 25 152 Augusta .. 708 14-ch bropek 48 474 30 do bro pek 2550 60 153 730 1 ch pekoe 3 476 30 do pekoe 3000 38 154 21Z 2 do pek sou 176 478 48 3-ch dust 3120 29 155 7l4 1 do bro tea dust lil 480 1 ch souchong 100 21 156 D, iu estate 482 48 %4-ch bro pek 2640 60 bid mark os. d1Gpae4y do sou 3820 484 12 ch ~~ pek 1200 «47 157 718 11 4-ch = dust 880 486 8 do peksous 760 = 33 158 Stistead .,. 720 31 do bropek 1530 488 13-ch dust 180 27 159 722 41 do pekoe 1845 490 6 do bropekNo1402 50 bid | 160 724 8 do peksou 360 492 46 do bro pek 2760 52 161 726 8 do sou 360 494 31 do pek 1869 47 162 728 6 do dust 420 496 30 do pek sou 1680 36 163 Bloomfield... 730 51 do flowery pek 5100 498 11 do bro pek dut 825 43 164 732 42 do pekoe 4200 5U0 91 do sou 4095 24 171 Denmark 502 84 do bropek 5010 65 Hill «. 746 6 4-ch bro or pek <02 504 119 do pekoe 6545 46 172 748 12 do bro pek 756 506 2 do dust 190 27 173 750 6 Ch pekoe 588 503 14 ch pek sou 1400 27 bid | 174 752 3 do pek sou 255 510 3 4-ch bro pex 180 45 bid | 175 Bagdad... 754 24 do pek sou 1800 512 4 ch pek 360 34 176 Dammeria.., 756 69 $-ch bro or pek 4140 520 36 4-ch bro pex 1980 45 177 758 57 ch pekce 5700 622 22 do pek 1100 36 178 760 13 po pek sou 1500 594 43 do pek sou 2150 30 179 Aberdeen ... 762 55 $-ch bro pek 2780 526 2 do souch 100 24 180 764 30 do pekce 1500 528 8 do fan 520 31 181 766 28 do pek sou 1400 630 37 do bro pek 1620 45 bid | 182 768 2 do pek fans 120 532 25 do pek 1376 32 bid |-183 Blackwood.. 770 35 do bro pek 2100 634 21 do pek sou 1050 30 bid | 184 772 20 ch pekoe 2000 536 10 do sou 550 26 bid | 185 774 12 do pek sou 1200 538 10 do fan 650 32 186 JL 776 10 do bro pek 10.0 552 14 4-ch bro pek 840 79 187 Langdale 778 22 do bro or pek 2040 554 20 ch pekoe 2000 59 188 780 31 do pekoe 3100 556 5 do pek sou 500 50 189 Salem ws. 783 19 do bro pek 1806 658 2 do ust 240 30 190 784 17 do pek sou 1360 560 13 ch bro pek 1206 46 191 Polatagama 786 76 4-ch bro pek 4560 562 18 do pekoe 1620 38 192 788 46 do bro pek 2760 564 14 do pek sou 1400 30 193 740 S31 oh pekce 3100 568 3 ch red leaf 318 17 194 7#2 16 do pek son 1500 570 3 do dust 378 32 195 724 5 do fans 595 bid bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Messrs. Benuam & BREMNER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on the 2nd May the under mentioned lots of Tea (8,838 lb.), which sold as under: - Lot Box Deserip- Weight Wo. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 1 Battalgalla.. 34 3 ch fans 270 28 2 36 4 do pe’ sou 380 BL 3 Alwd see 68.46 dO pek sou 1400 4 Ireby oe AD “Fe "CO bro pek 1540 47 bid 6 42 13 do pexoe 1300 34 6 Mahenilu .. 44 7 do dust 580 Zt 1 46 2 do red leaf 1¢8 18 8 43 10 do sou 900 sl 9 50 13 do pek sou 1170 34 10 Elston, in est. mark oe 6ba fo (ch pex sou 1250 28 Messrs. A.H. THompson & Oo., put up forsale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 2nd May, the undermentioned ots of Tea (54,328 lb.), which sold 6s under:— Lot Box Descrip-. Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tiors 1b, > en, 1 Sapitiyagodde 1 25 ch bro or pek 2750 56 bid 2 3 16 do bro pek 1760 47 bid 3 5 1*' do orpek 1700 = 46 bid 4 7 28 do pekoe 2800 36 bid 5 9 1 do fan 150 27 6 Pambagama 10 3 do dust 270 26 14 Il 12 do congou 1080 22 8 8t.Leonards 13 364-ch bropek 2°23 44 9 15 9 do pekoe 585 32 bid 10 17°) ch duet 85 25 1) T &OCo., in est. mark ow. 18 12 $-ch bro pek 709 25 bid 12 20 do pek sou 301 20 bid 13 Kalkande ... 21 15 do pek sou 1008 2 14 23 18 do pekoe 1008 38 bid 16 25 18 do or pek 1008 51 16 S ae 23 '°4 ch pek sou 360 21 17 28 2 do sou 150 18 16 29 2 do fans 166 18 19 Engurukande 30 17 ch bro pek 1700 49 20 32 37 do or pek 4070 3t bid 2) 34 21 do pekoe 2100 3 32 86 13 do pek sou 1300 27 bid 2 DEC «. 40 3 4-ch brotes 150015 25 41 10 do dust KO | 25 26 RW T ant Ade eo chi fans 900 18 98 Myragangs.. 45 23 do bro or pek 2530 50 bid 29 47 16 do or pek 1440 51 bid 3o 49 31 do bro pek 3100 out 31 51 57 do koe 5130 36 bid 32 53 16 db peksou 1280 =. 33 33 AGC ce 5p “al do sou 180 19 34 56 13 do sou No.2 14300—s 20. 35 58 2 do dust 3u0 24 36 59 2 do pek dust 250 a1 37 Agra Oya .. 60 10 do bro pek 1050 52 38 62 20 do pekoe 2000 37 39 64° 6 do pek sou 500 +28 40 65 2 do dust 170 26 Al 67. 1 do bro mix 60 15 ABD, in est. 7 mark ww. 68 22 do bro pek 2388 36 bid 43 7u 23 do 1}-ch sou 2326 =: 18 bid 44 RE Ceylon.. 72 2 ch unas 131 26 bid Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-Room on the 2nd May, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (63,243 Ib.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight. No. Mark No, Pkgs. tion. bs oes 1 Glentilt we 119 27 ch bro pek 2835 co) 2 121 14 do pek sow 1400, 34 bid 3 Mocha .. 123°28 do bro pek 3080 71 bid 4 12% 28 do pekoe ~ 2800 52 bid a) 127 13 do pek sou 1170 42 11 W—T eee Loee ah chi pekoe 1080, 42 12 139 17 do | pek sow 1530 37 13 I4t 2 do dust 300 28 4 J,in estate : >" mark w. 142 17 box pekoe 8 383 15 Hadella +. 148 20 ch bro pek 2000 42 16 145 14 do pekoe 1260 31 bid | Lot. Box, Descrip- Weight. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib c. 17 147 17 do pek sou 126027 18 H, in estate mark ae)! a ee | su 400 25 19 15t 4 do dust 600 26 20 Ayr .. 1&3 26 g-ch bropek 1300s «55 21 155 21 ch pekoe 1680 34 22 157 16 do pek sou 1280 “2 23 159 2 $-ch fans 100 30 24 169 2 do congou 86 22 25 161 2 do pe ual 25 26 DE 162 22 do ro pek 1232 45 bit 7 I*4 28 ch pekoe ?2 bid 28 166 21 do sou 1470 29 29 TT &Co., in est mark 168 57 %ch bro pek 3135 0 bid 30 170 43 eh pekoe 3870 32 bid 31 172 11 do pek sou 990 27 bid 32 174 6 do fans 840 26 33 Agra Ouvah 176 8lé-ch pek sou 1860 29 34 176 8 do pek sou 720 29 35 KB T, in est. mark » 180.4 4o bro tea 200 14 26 AgarsLand.. 181 45 do bropek 22500 44 bid 37 183 20 do pekoe 1500 85 bid 38 185 37 do pe sou 1665 29 bid 39 i167 «8 do dust 160 27 40 183 4 do sou 200 26 41 189 2 do orpekdust 480 33 42 Eila on = 39 ch pekee 35104 witb- 43 4 84 do pekoe 3150} drawn 44 Oabragalla ... 193 244-ch bro _ $1 bid 45 195 44 do 44 46 197 21 do pek sou 1050 40 47 199 9 do sou 450 34 48 20 =«€6L do red leaf 60 18 Mesers. Forsgs & WALEER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 9th May, the undermentioned lots of tes (253,839 Ib.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. C. 1 Www -- 796 1 -ch bro ese 2% 2 798 6 ch a 618 27 3 DC, inestate mark = 1 do pek gou 80 36 4 $04. 8 4-ch dust 6400 a7 7 &K, in estate mark ... 808 1 ch bropek 10 =a 8 810 2 do 1 4-ch pekoe 295 25 9 812 2 ch pek sou l 23 10 814 2 do bro pek fans 240 23 ll 8l6 1 Po l#ch congou 150021 13 818 1k ch ‘ 95 u 13 Ketadola .. 820 144-ch bro pek 880 48 14 822 17 do pekce 935 30 15 624 6 ch pek sou 600 27 16 826. 1 do souchong Oo 3 17 #28 41.4-ch bropek fan 70 25 21 Weoya -- 836 35%$ch bre pek 2160 841 bid 22 838 326 do pekoe 2160 32 23 840 20 do pek sou 1000 28 24 Ederapolla ... 842 94 do pekoe 1990 doe, 25 844 16 do pek son 120 Withd’a 26 Melrose ... 846 24 ch bro pek 2400 «= 42 bid ove 848 <5 do pekoe 2500 30 bia 28 850 19 do pek sou 1000 = 27 _ bid 29 852 8 do sou lS ee 30 £54 64-ch pek dust a0 | withd’a 31 Park -. 856 12 ch bro pek 1380 56 32 855 47 do pekoe 4700 832 33 860 5 do duet 750 25 34 Farnham .. 862 243-ch bro pek 1320 39 pia 35 864 62 do pekoe 2976 32 36 Wewesze .. 866 do bro 1980 47 37. 868 18 do pekoe 900 37 38 870 26 do K sou 1300 33 a9 872 1 do sou 50 0-23 40 874 5 do fens 325 «40 41 876. 2 do bro tea 120 ar 42 Esp 878 2 do dust 174 822 43 880 3 do red leaf 150 «18 44 Talgaswella... 882 20 ch bropek 2009 «4553 45 834 26 do pekoe 2340 «3a 46 885 7 do pekeson 630 28 47 888 1. do congou 90 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box No. Mark, No, Pkgs 48 Hunugalla .. 890 87-ch 59 892 7 do 50 894 15 do 51 Amamallai .. 896 7 ch 52 898 6 do 53 900 6 4-ch 54 Kakiriskande 902 12 do 55 904 10 do 56 906 6 do 57 908 1 do 58 910 1 do 59- Dewalakande 9!2 20 bcxz 60 914 42 ch 61 916 €0 do 62 918 5 do 63 Topnacombe ~ Uvah «a» 920 26 do 64 ga2 65 do 65 $24 12 do 66 926 5 4-ch 67 Bogabawatte 928 4% ch 68 MC .. $30 ‘24 do 69 932 7 do 70 MW +> 4934 015 do 71 £36 2 do 72 Scruts .. 958 12 do 73 940 24 do 74 942 40 do 15 $44 23 Go 76 APK 945 +4 do 17 VO .. 943 14 .ch 78 956 34 do 79 952 8 do 80 954 4 do 81 Ingurugalla 956 4 do 82 958 8 do 83 960 2 do 81 NWD 962 Ll ch J 4-ch 85 964 6 ch 85 966 1 do 87 Lunvugalla 968 2 d-ch g8 Castlereagh.. 970 12 ch 89 972 18 do 90 974 32 do 91 KC 976 1 do §2 978 3 do 93 BDWA .. 980 25 do 94 982 10 do 95 984 2 do 95 986 Ll do 97 BDWG ..- 988 15 }-ch 98 ¢9u 40 do 29 992 12 do 100 994 5 do 101 996 5 do 102 BDWP .. 998 22 do 103 1000 21 do 104 2. 6 do 105 4 4 do 106 6 9 do 107 8 6 do 108 KB »> 10 '1L ch 109 12 2 do 110 MP Taep WEEE) 400 111 16 5 do 112 Dunkeld .. 18 26 ch 113 20 28 }-ch 114 24 17 ch 115 Meemoraoya 24 8 #-ch 116 26 21 do 117 a8 1 do t, Mary ... o aa i y 34 21 ch 1 }-ch 121 36 17 ch 122 38 2 do 123 Polatagama 40 46 $-ch 124 R aap dion: 125 ' ree 44 2 do AH, in egtate “a ye we «4600-2 ch , in estate 1 aa ii. 485 1 ido 128 50 1 do 129 62 1 do 130 54 1 do 131 66 1 do t Hapu- 12 ND 88.4 doh Descrip- Weight tion. lb. ( bro pek 880 23 pek 735 24 pek sou 1500 23 bro pek 700 32 pek 600 26 dust 510 25 bro pek 669 46 pekoe 500 29 pek sou 309 26 dust 7 24 bro mix 33 21 bro or pek 310 58 bro pek 3990 4l pekoe 1700 80 pek sou 1275 27 bro pe« 2860 81 pekoe 6500 42 bid pek sou 1200 39 dust 459 26 dast 9¢0 25 pek dust 3284 29 sou. 635 34 red leaf 450 16 dust 280 18 bid bro or pek 1200 82 bro pek 2610 72 pexoe 3600 50 pek sou 2079 42 dust 560 26 or pekoe 1400 67 petos 3230 35, dust 960 27 bre tea 440 18 pek seu 360 23 bro tea 960 25 red ieaf 120 18 bro pek 546 50 pekoe 578 32 cou 100 26 red leaf 120 7 bro pek 1320 74 or pek 1620 48 bid pekoe 2880 37 bro mix 20 22 dust 420 26 bro pek 2710 48 pekoe 1100 withd’n sou 210 22 bro mix 100 17 bro pek 750 52 bid pek sou 2000 26 sou No.l €00 27 sou No.2 250 23 dust 400 27 bro pek 1100 42 pekoe 1060 34 pek sou 200 27 sou 200. 26 bro pex fans 536 Bl dust 522 o4 8o0u 95 24 dust 280 24 bid sou 400 24 bid dust 700 24 bro pek 2750 66 bid or pek 1400 61 pekoe 1700 45 broorpek 360 46 pekoe 945 32 sou 45 23 dust 150 26 bro pek 1244 37 pekoe 2135 28 pek sou 1687 28 dust 300 24 bro pek 2760 43 bid sou 196 23 dust 320 93 dust 173 25 bro pek 37 33 pekoe 50 25 pek sou 45 24 bro tea 50 26 dust 39 23 pek sou 200 28 Lot No. 204 205 206 207 208 209 Clunes re Box Mark. No. Queensland St. Heliers... Deaculla Anniogkande Yarrow Pedro Yabalakele BG om Palmerston TB dc Kirklees .. Cc Killarney A D, in estate mark ato Lankapura, w 150 eo Ceylon BR H, in estate mark BDWEP .. Harrington Hethersett .o MY Wolleyfield N, in estate mark Clunes Ambawella SK TD Dunbar... Macaldenia HAT E] Descrip- Weight tion, lb. © congou 100 20 bro miz 195 16 dust 720 31 flowery pek 2500 64 pekosé 2000 «=. 38 bro org pe 1980 = 65 pek 1900 41 pek son 600s 35 bro yek 1020 4 pekoe 2250 btopek 1320 42 pekoe 1160 36 pek sou 1400-87 cvogou 300 3-23 dust 150 9-28 pexoe 82 36 bro pek 2250 = 76 pekce 1390 68 pek gou 2400 «= 39 dust 600 32 dust 167 22 Pek sou 1400 26 |. a bro pek 430 79 bi ‘ pekoe 950 ©: bk sou 540 50 ang 135 2t dust 150 28 bro mix 90 22 bro pek 2520 65 pekoe 2600 46 pek sou 2400-34 dust 190 31 dust 2 640 236 or pe 2090 F bro or"pek 2730 ra ra pekoe 700 46 i bro pek gou 150 23 dust 16 23 bro pek 1750 30 bro pek 3300 53 pekoe 5030 45 pek sou 1200 24 pekoe 65 fa dust 989 a4 sou €00 95 pek sou 190 24 red leat 112 17 flowery pek 450 63 broorpek 990 57 pekoe 1500 53 ek sou 400 4 ust 150 27 bro or pek 1608 pre. pek 3087 pekoe 2744 wy pek sou Logo ¢ Withd’a fans 235 fans 260 04 bro mix 90 20 bro pek 89 48 pekoe 7 a9 pek sou 90 24 unas 230 955, bro mix 65 29 pekoe . 582 28 réd leaf 694 16 bto pek 1320 45 pék Nd.1 900 97 do , 3 1620 9 pek gou 1170 a7 bro pek 3000 40 pia Rekge 519030 bid pek sou 2070 a7 bro pek 2460 65 pekoe 3135 49 dust 95 ni pekae 991 5 b-o nak 2100 rs ny pek 2160 33 braj ec 1700 73 pekoe 1500 54 Pek sou 1800 40 bro pek g00 40 pek sou 400 38 dust 370 og red lea Bt 18 $ Ki Ad hy & CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Meders: Bt xuam & Bremner put op or sale at the | No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. cc. Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 9th May, Lot Box Descrip- Weight a.m i > Pp g the __undcrinentioned lots of tea (5,589 lb.) which | 9 Chapelton .. 214 6 ch bro mix 630° a sold’as under :— ; Min. | le 216 4 do dust ans tk Lot Box Descrip- Weight | 1! Little Valley 217 31 do bro pek 3400. 56 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. _ tion. Ab... ue, | 12 29 47 do pekoe 4700s at 3 Tevalamtense 40 1 do dust 160 24 13 221 3$-ch pek sou 159 «28 4 42 11 do pekoe 11009 witha | is w zzz 5 do dusty 300-95 5 44 19 do bropek 1900 § 14 NB . 223 9 ch bro mix 855 0 48 6 Sutton . 46 2 do pek sou 162.37 TBs 225 11 do dust 1700 «3-29 bid 7 48 3 do fans 387. 28 7 NW 227 6 40 pek sou 450087 8 Histon, in esate 18 229 2 do congou 200 «(8 mark .. £0 11 do peksou 930 «28 bid | 1% 230 13 $-ch dust 780 (6 | 20 tk oa 232 8 ch red leat = 30017 2 ab.. 23% -C , Meesrs. A. H. Tuompson & Co., put up for cale | zz (priate: hammt ees fo — 4 at tbe Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the | 23 ‘ 237 51 do pekoe 3080 «62 9th May, the undermentioned lots of tea (44,302 Ib.), | 24 Allington .. 239 31 do bro pek 1705 «4 whicb sold as under :— = 241 27 do pekoe 1350 «= - 30 bid Lot, Box Deserip- Weight = ote 5 3 bek som 950 28 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. _ tion. Ib; 04°: 28 Hr fob rah 5 a lea 160-26 1 Clarendon ... 1 11 ch bropek 1246 35 bid | 29 Gientilt 247 92 ch ob 50 «7 2 7 do pekoe 767° cub 20 “<5 : ro pek 231058 Soe 5 4 do pek sou 688 be * wieanaeni 249 18 do pek sou 1300 «= 32 bid 11 Vogan .. 20 32 ch broorpek (480 78 32 coms -. @6 Bt. do) Wome: ae VER 12 22 30 do bro pek 3000 54 33 oan kl da’. aoe 340031 13 24 30 Go pekoe 2700 43 Sk Cieensbecsy “any at daca: eae 2280-28 14 26 20 do peksou 1800 83 : y.. 257 21 do peksou 159932 bid 15 28 5 do sou 425 28 Bb Templestowe... Se Se. See ae 16 29 5 do dust 350 27 37 Ne es Me 17 Portswcod .. 30 20 do sou 1600 44 48 oes a Go, aan 110582 18 82 10 do dust 8t0 35 39 ee Oo ae = ie ee aranee 34 2 do pekoe a 40 Talagalla 27 94, do rope 268058 Tivuice No.1? 35 13 do broorpek 1430 60 ‘a do 21 37 10 do pekoe 1000 39 45 Sumtr 215 ach mn 156" 26 22 “39 1 do fans 160 26 46 “ " Fe) oto ea aL Os 23 Ossingt 40 ll ¢ k 1210 52 bid - Ht Olameten ~-Sa9 G0. Gage HR BE | Ganon nat tee ee 25 44 15 do pe sou 1500 30 26 46 1 do duet 1574 i i ey ey 27 RAY Tint. ny MATE VB) Go fans a withd’n | 51 Ottery & Stam- om 300 30 ; 0 ‘ 3 Bogahageda- Se make ad i Pe << ford Hill 4 25 do bro pek 2750 55 watte) .. 49 S4}-eh bro pek 480 35 bid | 33 ee do. Se ee a 30 5L 19 do’ pekoe 1045-26 54 290 pears 3780042 31 58 4 do sou 200 2h 55 M0; of) Alpe MOH 40039 32 54 1 do dust 80° 93 i 3934 do dust 60024 33 55 1 do fans 55 24 34 M V - 56 4 ch pe Bou 3t0 22 35 St. Leonards 67 13 4-ch bro pek 910 45 36 59 20° ag beRCer 1360 31 bid CEYLON 5d 5 493 a1 US gl 5. ch trope 493 out COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, 39 65 4 oe Hoe sou fe 24 40 66. 1. do To mix 17 7 2 : 41 WE = fut dualiio BD a 358 20 (From Our Commercial Correspondent), 42 6 2 do dust 289 24 A c 43 Kera «,- 69 4U box, or pele 300 47 a Mincine Lay, April 20th, 1894, TC 71 63 ¢-ch: © bro pe 9750 7 bid arks and price J a Manickwatte ge 10" a td pek ei x bid | Mincing Lane SL Fe Rae sl COFFEE sold in o - pekoe F Z . J 47 Wharaka .. 77 7 do bro pek 700 42 ves “O.ty of Vienna ’"—West Holyrood, 3c 112s 64; 48 79 7 do pekoe 700 30 bid 1b 98s; 20 112s 6d; 2¢ 123s: 50 110s; lo 86. 49 81 6 do: pek sou 600 27 bid Ex ‘‘Keemun’”—Shreen,’ 1b 116s, 1b 101s: le 1t 50 Unambuwaee 83 23-ch bro pek 1003 112s 6d: 1¢119-; 4¢1b107s. Mari 2 ne 84 9 do pekoe 450 25 lo lb 109s 6d: 1 - Marie, 1b 113s; 1b 968: 52 85 1 do yek sou 50 20 fA 3 6d; 1b 1183 6d; 2t 1033 6d; 1b 1185. Ven- 53 V 86 1 do pekoe 50 24 bid | “UE do ts ba; le apeaae 118s 64. 54 K, inestate om aucel or’—Wiharagalla, lb 95s: 1b 91s; 1 ‘mark. 87 32° ae bro pek 1760-33 bid | ey ee 1b89-; lbllle. der 55 89 Bc J ix ‘“‘Keemun’’—Gowerakel‘1e, 2t 112s; . aA - n = pekoe 494 29 bid | 15 107; 15 923 1b 983; 1b 86s, ee Pe 1i-ch peksou 880 25 bid — Mr, E. Jonn, put up for sale at the Obhamber ef Commerce Sale-room on the 9th Mas, the undermentioned lots of tea (83,960 Ib.), which sold as under :—~* ‘ Jot Box Descrip- Weight wo, Marx. No. Pkgs;~ tion. He Wires 1 Glanrhos .. 201 24 ch bro pek 2280. 53 7] ; 203 22 do’ pekoe 1870 = 36 3 205 18 ch pek sou 1350 30 {4 207 2 do pek dust 286 27 5, 208 1 co’ dust 143° (24 6 : 209 2ch12-ch bro tea 233 21 7 Tari w. 210 8 ch ~ bro pek £80 30 bid 8 212 22 do pekoe 2200 27 bid CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincine Lane, April 20tb, 1894. Ex “Keemun”’—Warriapolla, 20b 89s. 1 ; . 9 493 6; 20b 885 6d; 14b 65s; 7b 97s; 5b 78a, Ri gapga, 20b 89s; 2b 75s; 7b 96863; 2b 46s; 7b 643 6d. Ex “Dilwara’—Sylvakande, 20b 80s; 20b 83s6d; 2b 593; 3b 622; 27b 80-; 4b 64s; 1b 58s 6d; 2b 582 6d: 9b 665 6d; 8b 80s; 4b 5886d. Cocoawatte,2b 40s. a SE ‘‘OmnYLON OBSERVER’? PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFER, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 15.] Cotompo, May 21, 1894, COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 9th May, the undermentioned lots of tea (61,695 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box. No, Mark. No. Pkgs. 1 Penrith ao ld leach! 2 Hey WG) 3 16 1 do 4 1771 do 5 C Ain estate mark »» 18 10 4-ch 6 19 10 do 7 20 55 do 8 Roseneath 21 16 ch 9 22 &8 3-ch 10 Neuchatel Ceylon 23 ch 11 ippet 53) do 12 25 14 do 13 95 29 do 14 27 22 do 15 RT in estate mark fan 25) ys) do 16 29) %2) ido 17 Udabage «eo, 80) 14 3°ch 18 31 20 do 19 32 23 do 20 23 34 do 21 Pantiya +. 34 4 do 22 25 3 do 23 ING in es- tate mark... 36 2 do 24 3 Hl, ch 2 RX, ws 88-2 3-ch 26 39 2 do 27 GB +» 40 25 do 28 $1 17 do 29 Woodlands .. 42 1 ch 30 43 2 do 3l 44 1 do 32 4x 9) dO 33 46 17 do 34 47 18 do 35 EC .» 48 42-ch 37 49 1 do 37 OH Ap uit 1 ch 338 51 4 do 39 52 3 do 40 53 3 4-ch 41 Narangoda ., 54 i2 ch 42 65 5 do 43 56 11 do 44 KD a DY otT 4-ch 45 MKM uny 95°12) xch 46 JCDS 4.7 59,1 do 47 60 5 do 48 €l 14 do 49 62 14 do 50 63 30 4-ch He FLD » 64 19 co Diyegama .. 65 1 ¢ BB Gas 66 1 3-ch 54 67 4 do 55 68 5 do 56 69 8 do 57 Beverley «. 70 6 do 58 71. 1.¢ch 59 72 15 do 0 73 23 do 61 74 19 do 62 Kudsganga .. 75 1 ch 63 76 1 do 64 7 3 do 65 78 1 do 66 79 16 do 87 80 4 do 68 ‘ 81 13 do 69 K’Hena ei 82), Sec do i 83 11 do 1 84 6 do 72 Depedene ». 85 59 A-ch Descrip- Weight tion. lb. ct. sou 92 18 pek sou 98 22 pekoe 10025 bro pek 107. 49 pek dust 750 24 unas 520 30 pek sou 2750 29 pek sou 1440 26 bro pek 2090 35 bro tea 105 16 pek jfans 240 28 pek sou 1120 28 pekoe 2610 36 bro pek 2310 54 dust 960 28 bro mix 2c0 25 bro mix 9£0 16 pek sou 11C0 27 pekoe 1280 29 bropek 2040 40 dust 520 24 bro pek sou £55 53 dust 120 25 bro mix 100 22 dust 150 25 sou 80 22 pekce 1250 29 peksou 1530 27 dust 100 23 red leaf 200 18 c ngou 100 = 3 pek sou 855 26 pekoe 1700~— sl bro pek 180087 dust 300 24 congou 44 25 fans 104 23 pek scu 320 22 pekoe 270k bro pek 848 =. 330 pek sou 1200 27 pekoe 500 =. 330 bropek 1210 33 pek dust 594 20 red leaf 1080 17 red leaf 70 17 bro mix 625 =. 23 pekce sou 1330 27 pekoe 1400 9.30 bro pek 1590 = 46 souchong 1045 22 dust 100 24 mixed PLY roped Ye pek scu 400 25 pekoe 500 27 bro pek 800 32 pek dust 390 29 souchong 80 22 peksou 1200 30 pekoe 2070 «8946 bropek 1900 6i dust 132-23 bro mix 83-43 bro tea 285 2 congou 76 23 pek sou 1280 28 , pekce 632-80 bro pek 1203 61 pek sou 450 25 pekoe g99 929 bropek 600 37 bro pek 3245 33 bid bid | bid bid bid bid bid fence :—123 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Mark. D escrip- Weight tion. lb. pekoe 2390 pek sou 1250 rei leaf 100 dust 160 Messrs. Forses & Warker put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the undermentioned lots of tea ( sold as under :-— Osborne a Rockside ., N Citrus D, in estate mark ee Algooltenne SY Lyegrove ... Malvern A .. Lowlands Aigburth Pansalatenne Farnharm KW D, in est, mark ooo Kirimettia ... Knavesmire.,. Maba Uva .. Manengoda.., Box No. Pkgs. 258 3 ch 260 1 do 262 13° ch 264 17 do 266 6 do 28 17 do 270 16 do 272 14 ch 1 3-ch 274 6 ch 276 1 do 1 j-ch 278 2 ch 280 8 3-ch 282 26 do 284 15 ch 286 19 do 288 21 do 290 45 co 293 17 do £9L£ 31 do 298 7 do 298% ats ida, 300 4 4-ch 302 29 do 304 10 do 306 38 do 308 9 ch 310 7 do 312. 9 do 3l4 1 do 316 1 do 318 13 ch 320 12 do 322 12 do 324 97 do 326 22 do 328 4 do 330 4 do 332 8 do 334 21. ch 335 15 do 3'8 10 do 340 2 do 342 2 4-ch 344 28 do 346 137 do 348 70 do 350 +3 do 352 21 do 354 21 do 356 «3 ch 1 3-ch 358 2 ch 1 }-ch 360 26 do 3862 38 do 364 14 do 366 12 do 368 2 do 370 59 }-ch 372 16 ch 374 10 do 376 «1 d-ch 378 do 380 9 cn 382 13 do 3€4 11. do 386 1, do 388 1, do 399 1 do Descrip- Weight tion. lb. ¢. pekoe 885 25 bro tea 141 20 pekoa 1300 . 47 pek sou 1700 36 bro tea 720 29 unas 1706 39 bro pek 800 47 pekoe 1450 999 pek sou 570 25 pek dust 216 95 pek sou 140 33 dust 640 26 bro or pex 143) 58 bro pek 1500 50 pekoe 1710 35 pek sou 1785 27 pek fans 515 32 bro pek 1870 45 pekoe 3100 Bd pek sou 700 28 dust 150 34 bro pek 220 Al pekoe 1595 33 pek sou 520 28 sou 165 24 bro pek $00 35 pekoa 639 29 pek sou 720 25 fans 120 29 dust 140 24 or-pek 1300 63 bro pek 1900 69 pekoe 1140 45 pek sou 2430 37 do No. 22200 32 dust 480 26 fans 420 42 congou 800 28 tro fekoe 2:0 45 pekoe 1500 = 32 pek sou 950 23 copgou 200 33 dust 156 26 bro pek 1512 49 pekoe 5336 30 pek sou 3150 23 dust 255 39 bro fek 1050-37 pekxce 1050 26 bro mix 320 20 dust 310 25 bro pek 2860 41 pekce 3210 39 pekNo,2 1400 29 sou 960 26 dust 270 24 bro pek 3245 56 pekoe 1600 42 pek scu 950 33 dust 80 27 copgou 45 23 bro pek 900 45 pekoe 1309 33 pek scu J2) 28 fans 120 $2 U 10t the 16th May, 413,531 lb.), which bid L°?" 7 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Va Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Soe 5 a 3 7 68 Kelaneiya .. 392.33 ch bropek 2805 60 No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion, i « 69 394 28 do pek 2800 38 167 Monrovia ... 590 19 ch bro pek 190 43 70 ; 396 3 do sou 300 25 168 592 31 do pekoe 3100 28 71 398 3 do dust 345 98 169 £94 20%-ch pek sou 1000-25 72 Hethersett .. 400 24 4-ch ‘bro or pek 1608 76 bia | 170 596 8 cb fans 690 31 73 402 49 do bropek 3087 64bid | 171 598 4 do pek dust 5202 74 404 28 ch pekoe 2744 «50 bid | 172 Moragalla... 600 8&%3-ch bro pek 4546 75 406 12 do pek sou 1020 45 173 602 16 do pekoe 640. Ba 76 408 34-ch fans 225 833 174 604 16 do pek sou 915. 25 77 Kotagalia .. 410 23 ch sou 2300 28 175 606 11 do bro tes 635 24 78 : 412 39 do fans 3900 26 176 Geragama.. 608 11 ch bropek 110067 19 8k ws. 414 26%-ch pekoe 1248 54 bid | 177 610 19 do pekoe 1520 47 £0 416 5 do pek sou 250 49 178 612 18 do pek sou 1440 23 61 418 4 do dust 360 33 179 614 li-ch sou 38 26 82 420 9 do fan 630 59 180 GE O, in est. 83 Havilland .. 422 65 ch bro pek 7150 | 51 bid mark «- 616 2 ch bropek 200 «67 84 424 49 do pekoe; 4900 36 bid | 181 618 4 do pekoe 320 47 85 426 49 do peksou 4410 28 bid | 182 610 3 do pek sou 240 «83 86 423 1 do bro mix 100 16 183 “2 1 do pek sou 59 2 87 430 24-ch dust 160 25 184 Kirindi +» 624 9 ch bro pek 900 60 bid 88 G +» 432 15 ch sou 1425 27 185 626 16 do pekoe 1280 45 89 434 4 do dust 520 25 186 628 16 do pekE sou 1280 32 92 Bopat «we 440 2 do dust 160 26 187 630 1%-ch s0u Ba 26 93 Shalden «- 442 26 ch bro pek 2600 39 bid | 188 Gordon .. 632 19%-ch bro pek 950 37 94 444 3 do pekoe 270 32 189 534 1 do or pekoe 42 35 95 446 11 do pek son 990 28 190 636 12 ch pekoe 1080 =—-238 96 448 10 do dust 1500 27 191 638 2 do pek sou 155 26 97 Box .. 450 324-ch bropek 1746 59 bid | 192 610 1 do red leaf 838 18 98 452 38 ch pekoe 3412 33 bid 193 642 1¢%-ch bro pekdust 74 25 29 454 3 do pek fans 210) 25 194 44 1 do pek dust 45 824 100 456 14-ch bro mix 45 17 195 Barkindale... 646 1 ch sou 1000-29 101 Angrowella 458 15 do bro pek 750. «54 bid | 196 648 2 do bro mix 150 20 102 Rambodde.. 460 20 do bro pek 1000 63 197 MTL in estate 103 462 15 do pekoe 675 51 mark -- 90 2 ch bro mix 160 15 104 464 17 do pek sou 765 33 198 652 7 é-ch dust 560 25 105 466 13 do sou 585 «a7 293 Waitalawa.. 662 23 do bro pek 1459 73 106 4¢8 4 do dust 275 withd’n | 204 684 76 do pekoe 3800 28 107 Deaculla .. 470 27 do bro pek 1620 69 205 666 12 do pek sou 600 29 108 472 40 ch pekoe 3000 46 206 668 9 do dust 610 83 109 474 14 do pek sou 1050 34 207 Ambalawa.. 679 23 do bro’pek 1380s 40 bid 110 476 4 4-ch dust . 320 31 208 672 21 ch pekoe 1890 ba 111 Algooltenne 478 15 ch peksou 1500 27 pia | 209 674 13 do pek sou 1040 ag 112 Farnham .. 480 24 4-ch bro pek 1320 86 bid | 210 Stisted +. 676 40%-ch bro pek 2000 a7 1138 Amblakande 4&2 15 ch bro pek 1500 65 211 678 7 do pekoe No.1 350 al 114 484 15 do pekoe 1350 939 212 680 87 do pekoe 1665 929 115 486 36 do peksou 3800 39 213 D, in estate 116 4&8 7 do congou 700-25 mark -- 682 3 ch pek dust 300° 24 117 Queenslond 490 36 do flowery pek 3600 54 bid | 214 Cocogalla.. 684 1 do fans 100 87 118 492 822 do pekoe 2200 3= 33 215 €86 2 do fans 200 386 119 “491 3 do pek fans 37587 216 Augusta ., €83 12 ch bro pek 12090 gp 120 St. Heliers... 496 37 4-ch bro or pek 2220 60 217 690 18 do pekoe 1530 48 121 498 22 do pekoe 2200 «= 87 218 €92 19 do pek sou 1520-82 bid 122 ° 610 5 do pek sou 500 = BL 219 694 14-ch = gou 3th 024 123 Bismark .. 502 16 do bropek 960 73 220 696 1 ch dust 1300S 33 124 04 22 ch pekoe 2200 ~=s«b 221 Cluces +» 698 80 ch bro pek 3020 withd’n 125 506 6 do pek sou 600 44 222 700 61 do pea 5490 3], 126 503 2 do dust 240 832 226 Pedro ve 708 17 ch ro pek 1530 gg 127 Middleton .. 510 393-ch bropek 2340 63 bid | 227 710 16 do pekoe 1440 57 128 512 23 ch pekoe 2300 48 228 712-18 do pekscou 1350 49 129 514 16 do pek sou 1440 33 229 Usa Radella 714 23%3-ch bro pek 1610 76 bid 130 Patirajah .. 516 25 do brtopek 250) 40 bid | 230 716 42 do or pek 2310 9 bid 131 518 27 do pekoe 2700 31 bid | 231 718 42 do pekee 2100 46 132 Hunugala .. 520 8 ch bro pek 680° 35 232 720 33 do pek sou 1650 87 133 522 7 do pekoe 710 =—-29 283 : 722 3 do dust 285 og 134 524 13 do peksou 1300 46 234 A D, in estate 135 526 42 do mixed 200. +23 mark aaa. 19 4-ch bro pek 950 31 136 Farm .. 528 4 3-ch dust 320 26 235 726 18 do pekoe 650 99 137 Wewesse ... 530 22 do bro pek 1540-57 236 728 12 do pek sou 600 26 238 532 25 do pekoe 1250 37 237 730 1 do pek fan 60 29 139 £34 19 do © pek sou 95 31 242 Glenesgles.. 740 28 ch ro pek 3080 46 140 536 1 do bro pek dust 90 25 243 742 24 do pekoe 2280 49 141 588 4 do bro tea 920 98 =| 244 744° 7 do pek sou 665 33 142 540 “1 do fans 70 «33 245 746 2 do aust 260 390 143 P, in estate ; 246 Aberdeen .. 748 55 2-ch bro pek 2750 =. 35 bid mark -. 542 10 do bro tea 650 16 247 750 32 do pekoe 1600 39 144 3 544 3 do * pek dust 225 25 248 752 29 do pek sou 1450 og 145 Hatale ... 546 29 ch — bro pek 3206 ) 249 754 3 do pek fans 180097 146 548 10 do do No2 1140 250 Sembawatte 756 17 ch bro pek 1700 8633 147 550 -18 do pekoe ' 1235 251 758 13 do pekoe 1235 29 148 552 18 do pek sou 1548 252 760 10 do pekson >» 990 95 149 554 12 g-ch duet 200 }withd’n | 2538 . 762 4 do bro tea 400 24 150 Ridgmount 556 85 ch ~ bro pek 3885 254 i644 do dust 550-23 151 658 19 do pekoe 2014 2544 . 165 1 de bro tea 1c0—s 29 152 = 560 12 do pek sou =. 1212 255 Peacock Hill 766 6 ch pek fan 42) 28 153 _% 562 2 do dust 300) 256 768 13-ch bromix 45 417 164 Alnoor “... 564 (32-ch © or pek 180 = 64 27 L .... 770 31 ch bropek 3565 24 bia 15D 566 14 do bro pek 970 «43 258 Lliskillen .. 772 18 do bropek = 1800 5g 186 568 15 do pekce 750 36 259 ase ~774 22 do’ pekoe 1980 49 157 570 14 do peksou 700 330 260 776 6 do peksou 500 9g 158 572 3 do sou 150 24 261 : 778 do dust 280 94 | 2 3 a 159 574 6 do funs 390 34 262 Scrubs 780 9 ch broorpek 900 79 5; 160 Fred’s Ruhe 576 26 do bro pek 143047 263 782 26 b 65 “ CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot B i ij : C ox, Desorip- No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion, Wisi; ici No. Mark. No. Pkgs, Tone meee e Aaa 74 eons a pekoe 3960 £0 37 2658 ch pekoe -- 5300 37 265 : 786.17 do pek sou 153043 38 Madooltepne... 2820 do bro pek 2000 35 bid 266 Beaumont... 788 3 do . dust 52525 oe 30'13' do = pekoe 1300 "32 273 Ewhurst ... 802 10 ch bropek 1120 40 LO Re Sapa 00 per souk 712000 255 bad O74 80i 21 do pekoe 2205 33 41, W-T 24 24 do bro pek 2100 38 bid 275 $05 18 do peksou 180028 a Seen, Wee 450 35 08 1 4-c ust 70-29 SS) GO US ASU Es ee an Bariaesine 810 46 do bropek 2760 38 bid | 4 Dh goons ve aoe e022 _ in estate 41 6 do dust 900 p mari 812 303-ch bropek 1800 936 bid | #8 Atdlaw & Wish- " 279 214 5 ch ; ford .- 43 203-ch broorpek 1240 74 Ri: rae ach 7; Dezoe 492 28 bid | 47 gener Renben 715 53 bid 5 2°¢ 4 4 @ pekoe 1350 é 13-ch pek sou 878 21 bid 49 Ain diamond 49 3 ch pekoe sou 30) Bs 290 DK, 336 1 ch fans 130 34 50 50 4 do congzou 400 26 292 Denmark Hill 840 6 do broorpek 402 73 bid | §1 Ardlaw & Wish- 293 Bi 1s ee bro pek 882 69 bid i ford .» 51 37 4-ch bro or pek 2294 75 294 4 ch ekoe 798i 49 bi 5318 do or pekoe 99 57 bi 295 843. 4 do Lae sou 340 re bid 53 ‘Gad 55 30 ch pétoe 2700 40 pia 296 848 12-ch pek fans 15 31 54 A in diamond 57 6 do _ bro tea 600 = 32 997 Langdale .. 350 31 ch broorpek3720 63 55 59 4 do pek sou 420 83 228 852 85 do pekoe 2500 46 AS " 60 3 do congou 270 26 854-7 do peksou F609 39 5 Troup «» 61 9 do ~ dust 765 26 300 S06: SRO fans 135) ° 35 2 Henegama 63 1 G0 ore mix 113 20 E 5 ° us 750 31 5 64 5 do ust 375 2 305 Caskieben .. 865 42 do floy pek 420 51 big | 69 Maddagedera 6537 do bro pek 4070 53 508 a8s 82 do pekoe 320 32 bid at 67 27 do pekoe 2565 36 : 7 6 unas £00 35 2 69 18 do pek sou 1620 3 308 872 2 do pek fans 26) a5 63 7110 do bro mix 1600 35 bid 308 M a 874 7 -ch bro pek 330 32 bia | 6 Shawlands 7333 ch a 68 do pekoe 400 40 2 6 3-ch bro pek 4155 out 311 878 3 do pek sou 150 32 64 75 65 - ch pek 6500 36 bid 318 Clyde .. 892 18 ch bropek 1800 61 SBhyam 77, 2 do < dust 300° 25 319 S94 24 do pekoe 2160. 42 67 Dickapittia .. 7821 do bro pek 2310 861 320 896 5 do pek sou 500 28 68 60 22 da pekoe 2200 37 321 898 2 do dust 280 32 69 8216 do pek cou 1660 30 322 Rosendhal 900 10 2-ch bro pek 500 35 70 Eadella 84 19 do bro pek 1900 28 bid 323 902 6 do jpokoe 290 28 71. $6518 do" qe ipek 16200 32 324 204 2 Ge pek sou 78 24 a en €8 24 ao pek sou 1920 26 5 6 1 do dust 57k adella 90 11 do fan 1320. 38 a Ellekande .. 908 16 ch bro pek M40 51 i T0Z 9) do) 7 dus 12805 ‘ 10 10 do pekoe 900 23 7 104 4 do red leaf 329 16 323 912 33 do. peksou 2475 28 76 _ 105 2 do unassoried 160 27 229 914 10 do brotea 800 25 77 TT&Co, in 330) 916 2 do dust 270 25 ei estate mark 106 59 3-ch bro pek 3245 38 bid 33) 918 7 do red leaf 560 17 18 ‘ 1(8 53 do pek 4770 33 bid o Glentilt 11018 do bro pek 18998 63 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Obamber | 81 itd ic ae ee 7300 33 bid of Commerce Sale-room on the 16th May, the | 82 Agra Ouvah 116 523-ch broor pek 3380 83 undermentioned lots of tea (139,5541b.), which sold | 83 118 49 do — or pek 294064 =CunGO? 6 a Ottary & Sta 120 39 do pekoe 2340 51 No, Mark. No. Pkgs. _ tion. oa Ce oa a3 17 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Be ee eager Bigs ep bia 1 FernJands .. 304 2 ch redleaf 190 ©«18 87 126 23 do pekoe 2070 38 305. 2 ch bro tea 160 17 &8 125 2 do souchong 200 27 306 94%-ch dust 720 25 89 129 1 do dust 150 6 ‘ St. Catherine 308 H ch bro pek 990 38 bid 310 do pekoe 165 33 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put f 1 $ Dr rc 16 s b Co. put up for sale at the 8 ay he es pa eos oh Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 16th, May ; EP Teitt it de tet oco ten ain the undermeentioned lots of tea (98,321 lb.), which 9 316 34 3-ch bropek 1870 38 bia | SOld as under. il ee He ee a No. atark a rae eee a see co pek E iow aa 35 bi Yaa ark, Noe Pkgs 3 tion. lb. c. ; 4-ch ust 50 27 13 323 2 ich dust 180 24 2 2 ad 100 14 Bittacy ... 324 46 ech bro pek 2515 61 3 A D 3 a ial we 1 15 326 54 do pekoe 2685 39 4 93 2 do bro tea 00 18 16 328 65 4-ch pek sou 3500 25 bid 5 Hatton 94 3 do dust 240 32 uy 330 a poh dust 490 25 6 95 2 Go bro tea 100 18 3: =C. congou 630 2 g i Anchankatte ae 6 do Paucione 600 yh Hf ite tea a7 a S38 tae 300 3 : 336 1 do dust 170 23 y 40 21 Habragalla M 337 21%-ch brotea 1650 18 bid 10 oe i ee aoe Need a tt ve oF Geant i H é 8 oO pek sou 1100 24 on we 339 32 4-ch bro pek 1920 48 bid 11 100 5 a 2 23 34L 26 ch pekoe 2310 36 12 “ert hac eben a Coeene 24 343 14 do pek sou 1260 30 13 HJS 2 34 $-ch pek rae 1700 33 _ 95 PG .. 345 6 do souchong 480 Qt 14 3 6 do Kee aC 20 26 347 3 do dust 450 25 15 4 5 do prawel a 3 aa Mocha < Beara ie Le pek 2640 a7 16 Arslena 5 20 do pek sou 1000 28 29 it 13 do pekeou 0 (| A 7 d0gtoe \rapee ae a8 13 7 do tans 980 34 2N 3 97 i 81 Lameliere .. 15 474-ch bro pek Bee 40 bid 20 aed B ia ao pen nck a 7 ber 32 731 do or pek 1705 36 bid | 21 Kelani 10) aeue. Melua ey ae 33 19 48 do. pekoe 2400 out 22 11 4 do bro tea 2 7 34 2136 do peksou 1800 out 23 12 22 a } oa 35 : 23 35 do dust 450 cut 24 13 45 5 Taka js ions a7 bid 36 Great Valiey 454 cb bropek 5940 48 bid | 25 1a 45 do bropek 2475 40 iT 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Messrs. Bennam & Bremner put up for sale at the No. Mark. No. Pkgs tion. lb. c. Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on the l6th May 23 BT .. 15 2 ch. brofmix 100 43 the under mentioned lots of Tea (9,840 Ib.), whieh 21 16 4 do unns 196 35 sold as under : Se 28 Diyagama .. 17 5 do pekoe 5CO 8 23 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 29 18 8 ch _ bro pek 800-28 No. Marx. No. Pkgs_ ‘tion. ib. ¢ @0 Allakclla ., 19 1 do dust 95 .-.34 31 90 17 ch peksou 1615 24 1 Hopewell .., 38 1 }-¢h bro pek 90 45 32 21 30 do pekce 3000 2 40 1 do pekoe 76 «8632 33 22 403-ch bropek 2200 30bid| 2 42 1 do pek sou Baad 34 DO .. 23 4 ch sou 400 35 4F&R .. 44 11 do pek sou 550. 25 35 24 11 do pek sou 1100 21 5 Hornsey .., 46 1 do fans 90. 33 36 9 4 do pekNo2 400 25 6 Tayalam- 37 26 18 do pekoe 1800 27 tenne -- 48 19 ch bro pek 1900 §=- 336 38 2712 do bropek 1200 27 age 50 11 do pekoe 1100 28 39 98 41 do bropek 4100 20biad| ® Iteby -- 52 15 do pek sou 1350 26 bid 40 sie AL dO bro pek 4100 28 bid 9 64 15 do bro pek 1650 40 bit 41 Debatgama.. 29 1 do dust 120 238 4H _., 64 5 ch pek fans 375 26 42 30 2 do dust 120. 24 15 Elston in est. \ 43 31 1 do copgou 90 8628 raark «+. 66 11 do pekscu 990—Ciss28 44 Kelvin »» 382 24-ch dust 132 23 45 Peru .. 88. 5 do pek sou 250. 24 46 34 19 do pekoe 1140 39-26 bd SS = a aes 35 14 pe oe ted 40 32 yodhurst.... 36 2 ¢ red lea’ 224 48 Sy 49 FF Wo tip ten aN CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON 50 28 28 do pek sou 2520 = 21 51 39 29 do pekoe 1800 26 pe 49 “4 do bro pek 2 2470 28 41 17 do bro orpek 1870 34 ' ; 54 ratidea tgp eel. mien. ae le (From Our Commercial Correspondent). 43 48 do pek sou 4080 17 : < 71 97 - 56 44 29 do pekoe 2465 25 _ Muromre Tans, Apel 27th, 1904. 57 45 28 do bropek 2800 29 Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE oeold in 58 Mausakande 46 13 do bro pek 1456 34 bid | Mincing Lane up to 27th April :— 59 47 22 do pekoe 2310 4k Ex “Carthage”—Greenfield, Coorg, 2b 1088 64; “4b 60 48 4 3-ch dust 280 8=34 115s: 15b 958 6d: Tb 92 : J ve 61 49 1 ch congou 10 25 aed A Padded } 2 62 GW .. 50 5 do pek sou 475 23 Ex ‘“‘Dilwara’'—Pittarat Malie, lb 114s; 196s; le 1t 63 Roseneath ... 51 12 ch pek sou qOnD" 2s... = 109s; 1c 1235; 50 104s 6d. 64 52 15 do pekoe 1350 24 bid Ex “Oruba”—Balmoral, 3c 1t 95s; 30 91s 6d; Ic 65 53 22 do _ bro pek 1210 «28 lb 100+. 66 Walahanduwa 54 1 do dust 103s 38 67 je Es (8) red leaf 100 25 —= — a 56 4 BP perk sou €00 1 57 (0) pekoe 1800 27 ~ - 70 58 11 do bro pek 1100 265 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 75 Ealston .. 638 64-ch dust 480 50 bid 76 64 2 ch congou 180 24 77 Dombra .. 65 1%3-ch pesou 50 21 78 ge 3 ea teh ek aS a (From Our Ccmmercial Correspondent). 8) Peria Kanie- 45 Mincine Lane, April 27tb, 1894 kettia ... 68 23 ch ekoe 2615 - ae " ee od 81 Reval ‘Gb PP byo pek = 2730. #0 Ex “Yorkshire”—Hylton, 5b 80s, 8 SD 633 67; 1 82 70 17 do orpek 1955 40. SD 583; 1SD 42s. ‘ ; 8 MKM ., 71 44ch dust 260 35 bid Ex “Dilwara’—Victoria, 6b 79s, Elmshurst, 14b BA 72 2 do fans 114 14 79:: 3b 58s; 5b 483. Glenalphin, 14b 78s 6d; 8b 58s; 2b 85 73 4 in eee i 13 bid | 48. 1b 58s. . = ; =C. Te ea. ‘ ” LS peGhOne ey, San 1e00 a Ex ‘Austral’ —Beredewelle COC, 3b 25s. 87 75°12 do pekoe 1140 7 Ex ‘“Yorkshire’—Gallagama, 4b 64s 6d; 3b 37s 2b 88 76 18 do bro pek is90 «30 bid. | 50s; 1SD 64s; 2 SD 58s; 5 SD 34s. 19. Bicniayan cians ono nd 079 e sii 45 bid Ex ‘‘Legislator’”—Rosg, 40b 803; 6b 55s 6d, state os -C ro pe Ex ‘‘Yorkshire”’—Lo . 7 P 90 78 12 do pek sou 600 25 bid | 9% 435 wer Haloyn, Cyigma; feb Ave 63; 91 i9 3 do dust 195 23 bid " 92 Beverley .. 80 7 ch pekoe 630 23\°* 93 81 7 do bro pek 700 37 a8 Hagalla on a 1 he dust 75 45 bid BY 3 30 co pek sou 1500 24 7 , : 96 84 27 do pekoe 1850 25 bid CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES S7 @5 55 do bro pek 2750 31 Mr. A, M. Gepp put up for sale at the Caamber of Commerce sale-room on the 16th May, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (3,702 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip-. Weight No. Mark. = No. Pkgs. tions Ib. C, 1 Burnside .. 1 23 ben bro pek 1150 =©40 bid 2 2 35 pekoe 1750 33 bid 3 8 10 oe - pek sou 5c0 2-26 4 4 1 do dust 60 30 6 G e» 8 1 ch bropek sou 7 # 17 6 6 I do unas 62 16 7 M, in estate ynaark 7 1 do pekoe 105 = 30 IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Minctne Lane, April 27th, 1894. Ex Yorkshire” —Delpotonoya, le 23 8d; 3c 2 i le 18 10d; 1e 1s 84; le 2s 94; 10 2a 5d; 50 1s 114; “a is 7d; 3c 2s 10d; 2c Os 4d; 3¢ is 10d. ‘ Ex’ “Kintuck”—Malabar cardamoms, l7c 1s 94; 6c 8 Ex ‘‘Keemun’’—Malabar cardamoms, 180 1 ¢ 6c 251d; 1c 1s6d; 2c 1s 4d. ae ge’ 2 ; Ex “Oolong” Jal, Nahallaway Watte, Malabar, 7c s 8d. Ex “Wanderer” —Malabar Kuhn, 2¢ Is 11d, Ex “Clan Macintyre’—Malabar Kuhn. Ic 1t 9d. ‘(ORYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. 4 Price :—125 cents each ; 3 copies. NO. 16.] Coromso, May 29, 1894. ; i ~ 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Descrip-. Weight No. Mark. No. Pkge. tions Ib. 0, 35 Hakurugalla 988 23 ch bro pek Ben a aes ; Mesers. A. H. Tuoompson & Co., put up forsale at ee eee ee do ren an 22 the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 16th May, | 338 99t 33-ch bro tea 180 17 the undermentioned ots of Tea (30,596 lb.), which sold ! 39 996 1 do dust 80 23 as under:— 40 California .. 998 5 4-ch bro pek 280 43 Lot Box Descrip- Weight a on Hy de Lege ane ee No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibe26 1 do te) 85 2 Messrs. Forsrs & WALKER put up for sale at the e 68 1 do dust 130.22 Chamber of Commerce Sale room on the 23rd May, | 7, 1 ‘ae e70mal dots, tea 90 25 the undermentioned lots of tea (262,332 lb.), which | 77 KB so) ee2il dow “dust 130. 24 sold as under :— 78 Pingarawa.. 74 5 4-ch dust 450 25 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 49 Ragalla oe 26 it oh bro tea 87 17 bid d ar . Pkes. ion. 80 78 (e) an 1120 2 No. Mark Ne Eke fiom Ib. e. 81 80 124-ch dust 1080-24 1 WN o» 920) 625) 90 pek fens 1760 25 82 Palmerston .. 82 13 do bro pek 780 81 Dod er cca aneOnmn 5/7090) 2527, 83 84 16 ch pekoe 1520 67 3 B, in estate 84 86 9 do pekgou 810 46 mark -, 924 10 ch pek gou 850 29 85 St. Heliers ... §8 252-ch broor pek 1250 63 4 926 3 3-ch dust 240 25 86 90 13 ch pekoe 1300 42 5 CH a. 923 12 do dust 96u 25 87 92 8 do pek sou 800 30 6 Manangoda... 930 4 ch bro pek 400 45 bid | 88 94 2%-ch dust 166 25 7 932 5 do pekoe 500 32 89 N a 2n96iGel4- ch sou 1400 28 8 ; 934 4 do pek gou 400 26 90 93 3 do dust 450 26 9 DC, in estate : 91 100 1 do pek dust 100 47 mark ... 936 5 ch pek sou 425 36 92 H M Y in est. 10 938 1U }-ch dust 850 26 mark . 102.19 do pek sou 1710-24. 11 Ss 940 11 do bro frekdu 840 Z 93 10!.:1 do bro mix 80 15 13 Fred’s Ruhe O44 19 $-ch bro pek 950 45 94 106 2 4-ch = dust 160 25 14 946 19 ch pekoe 1900 29 95 Wewesse «. 108 36 do bro pek 2160 53 15 9:8 10 do pek sou 1000 26 96 110 27 do pekoe 1485 43 16 WA .. 956° 16 ch pekoe 1600 out 97 112 26 do pek sou 1300 38 17 952 8 do pek sou 840 26 98 lli 1 do fans 65 54 18 954 1 do unas 105 21 99 Iba ido dust 80 25 19 956 1 ch i 100 11Se. 7 ‘do bro tea 420 25 : _ 13-ch fan 210 35 101 G .. 160 1 ch bropek 107 withd’n 20 Bickley .. 268 23 ch bropek 2760 44 108 Brunswick 134 8 ch unag 800 34 21 960 17 do pekoe 1700 ~=—-38 109 136 5 do _ pek fans 650 25 22 _ 962 8 do pek sou 800 a7 110 Queensland 1388 36 do flowery pek 3600 52 23 934 2 do dust 30024 111 Nugagalla .. 140 29}-ch bropek 1450 39 bid 24.8 «+. 963 7% do bro pek 680 29 112 142 87 do _ pekoe 4350 29 bid 25 9c8 15 do pekoe 1500 28 113 144 11 do pek sou 550 =©25 bid 2 RAH .. 970 22 do bro pek 2196 37 bid | 114 146 4 do dust 820 24 27 972, 3 do dust 32426 121 Horagaskelle 160 7 4-ch bro pek 424 43 28 974 2 do dus 138445 122 162 8 do pekoe 428 29 29 MA .. 976 12 ch bro or pek 1140 4l bid | 123 164 12 do pek sou 674 85 30 978 12 do bropek 1076 87 bid | 130 Hurstpier- BL 980 1 do dust ; 165 28 point ». 178 13 do bro pek 650 4t 32. D «. 962 14 4-ch pekoe 778 21 131 180 9 do pekoe 450 27 33 Bagdad » 984 6 do brotea 390 32 132 182 8 do pek sou 400 25 34 966 2 do dust 168 Q4 138 184 2 do dust 130 24 5) CEYLON PRODUCE SALES Lisv. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkge. tion. lb. se. No. Marr. No. Pkgs 134 186 24-ch red leat 100 «14 225 368 9 ¢€ 22 135 Becherton .. 188 13 ch bropek 1300 50 226 370 9 18 136 190 10 do pekoe 900 81 pyq | 227 a2 4 “3 137 192 6 do keou 510 27 228 ate 3741 23 138 194 2 do ro pek sou 170 21 229 Patirajah .. 376 25 do bropek 2500 40 bid 139 Torwood .. 195 28 do bro pek 2940 61 230 378 27 do pekeo 2700-6 bid 140 198 52 do pekoe 4420 38 231 RAHI .. 889 25 do peye 2675 32 141 200 25 do peksou 22350 30 232 382 38 do d 33623 142 202 6 do pekdust 450 26 233 Ambrose ... 384 50%-ch bropek 2750 30 bid 143 Carlabeck.. 204 3 ch peksou 330 66 258 336 19 do 1015 = 27 bid 144 206 10 4-ch dusb 650 42 pig | 235 } 388 70 do peksou 3160 28 bid 145 CB .. 208 8 ch bro pek 300 53 236 ROW, in estat z 146 210 8 do pekoe 324 37 mark «. 399 22 do bro pek 1540 = 60 147 JH Sin est. 237 392 12 ch sou 960 826 mark .. 212 6 ch or pek 600 69 238 394 il do 148 214 11 do pekoe 1045 35 238a 395 7 }-ch fan 1780 3k 149 216 3 do pek sou 285 29 259 Kada «. 896 18 do bro pek 1899 64 150 MA, in est. 240 Melrose 398 #88 do sou 800 24 mark a 218 8 ch bro pek 600 32 241 400 6¢-ch pek dust 480 23 151 220 2 do pekoe 190 24 242 Atherfield ... 402 11 ¢ch dust 680 22 152 222 2 do pek sou 180 22 243 404 27 do sou 1350 25 153 224 4 do bro tea 400 §=20 244 406 4 co bro mix 200 «23 154 226 6 do dust 780 24 245 Maryland .. 408 5 ch bro pek 400 as 155 PG v» 228 8 ich dust 420 26 246 410 8 do koe 640 25 156 Narthupana 230 44%-ch pek fan 320-26 258 Kobo 434 2 ch bro pe dust 260 95 157 | 232 1 do dust 85 25 259 435 3 do pekdust 405 24 158 Moraloya.. 234 5 ch pek sou 500 22 26) 438 2 do fans Ql4 26 159 236 «3 4-ch broj tea 180 18 251 Clunes «- 410 34}-ch bro pek 1700 45 160 238 1 do dust 80 24 262 442 50 do pekoe 2250 bid 161 L +» 240 16 ch dust 2400 25 263 444 19 do pek sou 1710 28 Ae Denegama.. 242 3 pe yd 24 g oes 1 244 1 do ro mix 18 Messré. SoMERVILLE & . put up fo 164 ras ster we a ae ~~ a T.P.C. 9d 6d 5§4 — 43d, 33d 64 chs, 6}d Bison Val- ley 6d ia — 44d — 41 do 5 Arienkow 63d 6 54d 44d — 7O0}chs. 53d Total 175 packages, avaraging 5}d per lb., against 7d Jast week, and 83d for corresponding week last year. : ; ““CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEH, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ———— NO. 17.] Cotosmo, June 9, #694. { Earce :—123 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at tha Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 30h May, the undermentioned lots of ten (346,115 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box No. Mark. No. 1 Yarrow oe 446 2 Elfindale ... 448 3 450 4 452 5 Traquair .. 454 6 New Angamane 456 7 458 8 460 $ 462 10 464 41 St.Helen .,, 466 12 463 13 470 14 472 15 Hethersett .. 474 16 476 7 478 18 480 19 482 20 Maha Uva 484 21 485 22 488 23 490 24 G eo» 492 25 Manangcda., 494 26 496 27 498 28 500 a9 502 30 504 31 Ketadola 506 32 608 33 51¢e oe 512 35 514 36 516 37 D, iu estate mark - O18 38 520 39 AOS ve 522 40 52k 41 526 42 528 43 530 44 532 45 Kelaneiya ., 534 46 536 47 Weyoa sae, 5S 4S 640 49 542 5U 544 SL 546 52 548 65 LK V a» §=550 64 Dunkeld 552 55 554 £6 558 57 658 60 ROW, in estate mark we §=864 68 Ederapolla ... 6580 69 582 70 584 7 , 586 72 Hunugalla .., 588 73 690 Ts 592 15 594 76 Talgaswela.. 6595 77 693 78 600 719 68 80 t0s Pkgs. Descrip- Weight tion. Ibe c: dust 600 24 pek sou 13¢0 25 favs 1300 19 dust 700 25 unas 561 16 bro pek 9068 42 pekoe 800 28 pek sou 900 26 bro pek fang 335 22 dust 244 24 bro pek 1500 47 pekce 110 $4 pek su 2200 Q7 pek fans 30 22 bro or pex 1005 75 bro pek 2017 €5 pekoe 1900 49 pek sou 850 43 pek fans 156 27 bro pek 2035 63 pekoe 1009 53 pek sou 579 38 dust 160 27 sou 200 14 bro pek 500 46 pekoe €00 23 pek sou 40 25 fans 110 25 dust 80 BA red leaf 1¢0 14 bro pek 605 45 pekoe 5£0 a9 pek sou Bib} 24 sou 85 22 pek fang 7L 18 unas & 2t pek sou 340 25 dust 850 28 bro pek 309 bt or pek 220 31 pekoo 400 23 congou 63U 22 fans 440 26 du:t No.1 1320 22 bro pek 2550 men OL pekoo 360U 33 ‘Oro pak 2580 40 pekee 2475 32 pek sou 1540 28 anas 23) 24 bro mix 420 21 dust 450 24 bro mir 224 18 bropex 2570 66 or pok 1700 56 pekoe 2300 42 unas 1620 33 bro pek 2649 46 teoorpek 1100 38 ‘pekoe 1°09 32 ‘pek gou 2350 25 sou 480 22 ‘bro pek 939 39 pekoe 945 28 Peksou 1000 25 dust 1cO0 2 bro pek 100 59 Pekoe 180) 38 pek sou 90. 29 congou 95 23 tro mix 106 1> bid bid bid bid bid bil bid bii bli bid bid bid Lot Box No. Mark. No. 81 Alnoor 608 82 608 83 616 84 612 85 614 &6 Salem vee §=816 &7 618 88 620 89 622 95 Esperanza .. 624 gt 626 $2 628 93 630 94 Wewesse ... 632 95 634 96 636 7 638 98 640 99 642 100 +. 644 101 Palmerston ... 646 102 6438 163 650 10t Patiagama .. 652 105 654 106 636 107 658 108 Middleton .. 660 109 662 110 664 1ll M +. 66 112 663 113 Farmhgm cp abel 114 672 115 674 116 676 117 675 118 680 120 Becherton,, 684 121 686 122 Malvern A.. 688 123 690 124 692 125 Nahaveena.. 694 125 698 127 698 128 700 129 Aberdeen T02 130 704 131 703 122 703 135 Sandringham 710 13k 712 135 7l4 136 Uda Radella 716 137 718 134 729 139 728 140 124 144 Blackwood... 732 185 734 146 736 147 Sembawatte 738 148 740 149 742 150 744 15l 748 1452 MC we =748 153 750 154 752 155 754 126 156 157 158 158 L a thet 159 Kolatenia .. 762 16) Scrubs . 164 161 766 162 768 68 $S8 oe 200 14 772 165 174 163 COasstlereagh 7736 Deserip- Weight tion. Ib. oc. broorpek 300 53 bid bro pek 800 53 pekoe 850 38 vek sou 700 33 fans 585 30 bid bro pek 525 out pek sou 1445 29 pkscuNo, 2 210 24 dust 160 bro pek 10140 64 pekoe 1656 =. 33 red leaf 144 16 dust 87 25 bre pek 1235 55 pekoe 1440 41 pek sou 1375 35 scu 1000 27 dust 160 25 bro tea 585 26 dust 300 23 bro pek 420 75 bid pekoe 810 53 bid pek sou 425 43 bro pek 2490 60 pekoe 4315 39 Ppeksou 500 27 dust 170 23 bro pek 1620 68 do 2340 66 pesxoe 1500 52 bro pek 1020 56 pekoe 800 «=. 33: bid bro p2k 175041 pskoe 2835 30 pekoeNo.2 1600 28 pek sou 2949 26 fans 1020 26 id dust 36) 25 bro pe 1300 64 pe 900 ~—s- 31: bid bro pek 1210 31 bid pekoe 1760 28 bid pek sou 110 21 bro pek 2400 62 pekoe 160) 42 pek s.u 1000 34 dust 172 26 bro pek 2609 37 bid pek 1850 30 pek sou 13.0 28 dust 240 24 br or pe 299) 65 bid bro pe& 5000 72 bid pekoe 5580 55 bid tro pek 1960 68 bid or pek 2859 48 bid pek 2400 48 pek sou 1550 out ust 475 20 bro pek 180C withd’n pek 15v0 do pek sou 1000 do bro pe 2500 32 bit do 100 29 pex 1425 28 pek sou 1440 27 bro tea 200 1s dust 2650 24 br or pe 13355 45 pekoe 1520 27 orpefan 1083 45 dus 1200 26 red leaf 310 16 con 700 23 br pe 3910 28 bid do 378 25 br pe 3u80 58 bid pe 4610 47 pe sou 13.0 37 br tea 253 2L dust 1295 24 rea leaf ais 19 rpe 1320 = 68 bid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. a ah Lot Box —S- Desorip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight | No. Mark. No. Pkgs. ton. lb. | No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 167 778 21 ch orpe 1890 497 14 Comar «. 23 4@ §-ch bro pek 2200 «= 30 bid 168 780 31 do pe 2790 8634 bid | 15 2 t%& do pekoe 1200 =. 26 bid 169 KO ae 782 4 do dust 560 26 16 zi 14 Go pek sou 700 25 170 781 2 do bromxd 180 93 | 47 29 6 do bro eou 200 «14 171 Patiraja ... 788 11 do bro pe 1100 af "> | 18 30 4 do Bt 200 «23 172 788 13 do e 1300, 28 bid | 21 Myragarga.. 35 15 do broorpek 1650 5% bid 173 Ambrose .. 790 50 $-ch br pe 2750 out =| 22 37 19 do or pek 1710 41 bid 174 | 792 19 do e 1045 withd’n | 23 39 23 do brope 2300 4940 bd 175 Bloomfield., 794 66 ch flowery pe 6600 58 | 24 41 46 do pekoe 4140 35 bid 116 176 58 do pe 580 33 bil 25 43 18 do peksou 765 25 bid 177 «Ascot .» $8 2 do con 200 ©6223 26 AGO - 4 4 do sou 360 «19 178 809 3 do dust 450 24 27 46 3 do sou No. 2 330 oi 179 B& D *. 602 .3 do red leaf 402 15 28 47 3 do ust 460 23 180 Ireby .. 804 12 do | orpe 1200-53 29 AKA, O, in eg- : 181 806 15 do pe 1500 3949 tate mark, ; 182; oe 7 808 12 do pesou 1080 9-27 Ceylon .. 48 46 do pekoe 2300 «= 8 bid 183 Bismark .,. 810 134-ch brpe 780 85 30 60 29 3-ch sou 1456 0=—s- 28 bid 184 812 23 ch p32 2300 66 31 52 38 do Tro pek 1950 46 bid 185 814 8 do pe cou 600 = 47 32 Nahaveena .. 54 24 do bro pek 1200 = 60) bid 186 816 .1 do dust 120 30 33 66 10 do pekce FOO 187 Stisted 818 23 4-ch bropek 1150 40 | 34 £8 10 do pek sou 50) 34 188 820 32 do pekoe 1440 2 25 60 1 do dust Ss 86 at 189 €22 27 do peksou 1215 28 36 ET, in estate 190 £24 3 do dust 210 «24 mark ~. 61 6 ch bro pek 634 30 bid 191 Denmark Hill 826 74-ch broorpek 469 75 | 37 63 7 do 192 828 11 do bro pek 938 65 lé-ch pekoe 733 28 193 830 8 ci pekoe 803 «49 38 65 3 ch pek sou 21 265 bid 194 832. 4 do pek sou 340 §=-. 36 bid 89 Waharaka .. 66 1 ch dust 101 1% 834 1 $-c ek fan 75 28 40 67 1 do copgou 100 «20 196 -» 886 31 do ro pek 1746 «648 bid | 41 G €8 11 do bro pek 1240 197 Polatagama 838 93 do bro pek 5580 = 40 42 Relugas «« 70 2 do sov 200 17 bid 198 840 41 ch pekoe 4109 32 43 Nagur -- 71 6 Co bro pek 500, «41 199 842 19 do pek sou 1900 27 44 13 7 do koe 671 a 200 844 15 do fans 1500 «437 45 Koegahawella 76 7 4-ch pek 358 = 41 201 Clunes +. 846 33 4-ch bro pek 1485 54 46 76 15 do 7430027 202 848 72 ch pexoe 6120 33 bid 47 78 3 do sou 147 23 203 850 20 do peksou 1800 27 bid 48 79 2 do fans 108 «16 204 852 42 do bromix 4200 23 49 80 1 do déust 6 22 205 654 10 do dust 1300 50 Chsrlie Hill.. 81 2 do pek fans 120 24 212 Thornfield., 368 75 4-ch bropek 4500 69bid | 51 82 9 do sou 450 22 bid 213 870 37 ch pekoe 070054 52 63 8 do pek Sou 400-25 214 872 2 do pek sou 200 39 53 84 10 do koe 550 27 215 | 874 34-ch pek dust 210 28 54 86 °5 do pek 24000=—s 3 216 SSS os SiGueat Clin fou 195) 23 a7 PDA .. 878 8 ce or pek 400° 42 Ba E. qoum nit np ‘for pads at the Obamber 218 Chesterford 880 25 ch bropek ©2625 41 of Commerce Sale-room on ti 30t May , the FA esteee) 882 18 do pekoe 1800 28 undermentioned lots of tea (114 883 lb.), which sold aa 684 “7 da pek Ben ae 25 asunder :-— : 221 Goeaka AT <1] o ro pe 0 40 Lot escrip- ; 992 888 5 do pekoe 500. 28 No le I oi fae 293 | 890 4 do peksou 400 2k 1 * Otter ‘Stan . 3 f 224 Jangdale .. 892 43 do broorpek 5160 57 bid ford Hill ae + at? frat a 225 £94 38 do pekoe 3800 41 = Tce a ue ae 296. £98 2 do peksou 18) 33 3 S735 Gao, oS f+ 227 898 3 do dust “450 27 : pe se 228 RAH... 9.0 22 do bropek 21938 25 3 ma°te ae! Sener as 40 bid 220 Hierapolla.. 902 64 bch bro pek © 2700 87 bid | & ears Tand... SH hah be il ay: 230 904 24 do pekoe 1920 32 7 eens « Delaee tn one = 231 | 96 16 do ~ peksou 1200 28 : Peene Sth Pelee — a 232 Lankapura.. 908 116 3-ch bro pek 6380 37 9 280 § an °. ok d t 450 4 233 910 12 ch pekoe 1200 39 nee ou 195 § Peeioet se) ge 234 “912 19 do pekson 1900 28 if ICAZO ne ae ae ORE 4 235 MA +.» 914 12 do bro or pek 1140 out 12 285 en ek oe DS 32 bid 236... 916 12 aes bro per 1075 45 ee 1p do. Pek scu 750 237 Clunes +. 918 59 23-ch pekoe 250 1 * i 238 Ninnawatakellc 920 9 ch brocrpek 900 45 5 Me re oe ch aro Pek 460 39 bid 239 922 7 do bropek 700 38 bil | 14 ~ ae go, @ekee ee ay Shoal oq mekpe 20D. ee. 16 Osk Field ...°303 "3 do or pee 300 aa 241 926 10 do peksou . 1000 30 17 304" B dg ‘Pekoe 200, 29 1b Quentin. 2) Bebee me . : , . ueensberry... ek sou 180 i Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put upfor sale atthe | 93 mocha woe O14 do = pek 3150 = 7" Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 30th May | <4 316 do pekce- 2600 66 the undermentioned lots of tea (47,975 lb.) which sold | 2 , 318 do peksou .1500 as under :— ; = | 26 Glentilt .., 320 20 do bropek = 2100_—«- 60 bid Lotis | & Box Descrip- Weight | an 5 7 304 4a a ae arts 52 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. | 29 326 do —_pekoe. 2100 40 5 R, in estate “=i 5 88 13 328 do pekscu 506 28 G0 8 mart ae 8°35 do bro pek 500 =30 | 31 .£39_39 do cust 1620 - 20 “i apitiyagodda © ‘ Oe 32 “332 “"12-ch red] 4 Invoice No, 19 10 at Be ere, pek ae “4 bid 33 “Ardlaw and - . 5 re Fed eat «id + 7 qt 12; 10 do oe : Wishford ..: 383 “26 do cr ped i é eit a 1 1 do ain fans 150 24 34 Sea . a 2 do ay. = oe ~ee japitiyagodda Pi oo" 35 Blackburn ... 3 ro pek = Invoice No. 20 15 18 do broorpek 1980° 53 bid | 3¢ ; ee cee ee 2 10 ar | 17-14 do or pek! 1400 = 47 bid 37 "Fart". ,, Sa Gas Drospek 700 «31 11 9! = Bu “19 13 do fekce 13310 36 bid | 38 43°19 do (pekoe 190 28 4Qi fe , 21. EF do® brofais © 150 24 39 it SB. do =‘ pek cou 800 20 13 22 1 do red leaf 110015 40 317 11 do dust 924 24 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. [bu Cs 41 Cruden +. 349 10 do sou 1000 19 42 Kotuwage- dera «. 10 31 3-ch bro pek 3100 33 bid 43 12 22 do pekoe 2200 30 bid 44 14 17 do 20u 1700 24 45 16 2 do dust 160 24 46 Meeritenne.. 17 9 do, bropek 540 §8 47 19 10 do pekoe 600 32 48 Troup ew, Zl 3 .ch dust 435 26 49 22 2 do copgou 220 23 50 Madooltenne 23 17 do bro pek 1700 38 bid ol* 26 12 do peksou 1200 25 52 27 3 do dust 450 24 bid 53 Agra Ouva .,. 28 64 3-ch bro pek 4160 92 54 30 61 do or pek 3360 62 55 ; 82 51 do pekoe 3060 44 56 Kadella w, of 38 ch bro pek 3300 4. 57 36 15 do pekoe 1350 30 58 38 18 ¢o pek sou 3440 27 59 Templestowe 40 20 do or pek 2000 65 bid 60 42 54 do pekoe 4569 38 bid 61 : 44 20 do pek sou 1700 29 bid 62 St.Catherine 46 10 %-ch bro pek 600 = 47 63 48 9 do pekoe 495 32 64 49 13 do pek sou 715 27 55 51 2 do pek fans 140 15 66 52° 2. do bro tea 65 20 67 D,N D, in es- tate mark... 53 50 ch unas 4000 24 68 55 17 do bro tea 1870 15 bid 69 ; Di LP 0 pekoe 400 29 bid 70 K, BT. in es- tatemark... 55 6 4-ch brotea 300 14 Mesers. SomeRvItteE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room onthe 30th May, tte undermentioned lots of tea (111,916 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip-. Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tions | Ibiyy ie; 1G Ww aw. ‘80° 4) ch” sou 800 24 2 81 3 do dust 360 25 3 82 1 do red leaf 95 17 4 D8 se 83) 4" do bro pek 220 45 6 84 3 ch pekoe 300 30 5 85 3 do pek sou 270 25 7 Arsilena «. 86 23 do pek sou 1150 58 8 87 27 do pekoe 1250 37 9 88 9 3-c pek sou 450 29 10 ‘T, in estate mark soe) OO) L2P chi pek sou 1140 26 11 90 12 do sou 1020 24 12 91 2 do fans 240 24 13 92 1 do dust 150 14 Kuruwitty ... 93 12 4-ch tropek 648 46 15 94 10 do pekoe 460 34 16 95 16 ch pek sou 1536 27 W 96 11 do £0u 1034 24 18 97 4 do fans 480 22 19 98 -7 -do mix 714 18 P') 99. 1 do dust 170 23 21 Kananka .. 1/0 50 do bro pek 5500 34 22 1 80 do pekoe 8400 28 bid 23 2, 6) do sou 540 69 24 ‘ 3 2 do dust 314° 43 25 Lonach w. 4 67 3-ch bro pek 4020 59 26 5 40 ch pekoe 3300 43 27 6 24 do pek sou 2160 29 2g Kelvin eee To aterch! dust: 198 25 29 Debatgama.. 8 1 ch congou 90 ©=.20 30 9 2 do fan 2.0 25 31 10 i do dust 120 25 32 Allakolla .. 1l 404-ch bro pok 2200 =. 36 bid 33 12 30 do pekoe 80°0 30 34 13 17 do pek sou 1615 26 35 14 1 do dust 95 29 38 Kelani we 17 3 4-ch bropek 1705 55 39 18 24 do pekoe 1030 36 40 19 24 do pek sou 1080 = 29 41 20 3 do bro tea 135 23 42 MM ae Thebes aa bro pek 2300 36 48 22 11 do _ pekoe 310) 27 bid 44 23 16 do pek sou 1209 31 AS 3416) "do bro tea 650 17 bid 46 BF .» 925 44-ch = fans . 208 31 bil 50 ING ». 29 1 do bro mix 6) 22 51 30 3 do _ red leaf} 150 16 52 31 3 do dust No. 1 225 33 bid Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. lb, (i 53 32 4 3-ch do ,,. 2 390 25 54 BX aoe ober} 70 bro mix Lil 24 55 34 3 do sou 129 21 56 3 3 do dust 225 26 67 G Meo oom LOe. ch pek sou 950 26 bic 58 Chetnole .. 37 24-ch congou 100 18 59 38° (2 *do dust 150 25 60 Labugama ... 39 29 do bro pek 1595 6L 61 60 12 ch pekce 1030 42 62 41 12 do pek sou 1030 29 63 Knutsford ... 42 3 4-ch orpek 192 5D, 64 43 4 do bro pek 235 42 65 44 18 do pekoe 1052 29 66 45 2 do pek sou 105 23, 67 46 2 do fan Le5s 24 68 TT -. 47 14 ch pek sou 1400 27 bid 69 48 6 do pek dust 614 26 70 Wehakula .. 49 23 do bropek 2900 48 71 Ratwatte Cocca Co. we 90 19. ch bro pek 1990 37 bid 72 61 15 do pekoe , 1500 29 73 52. 5 do pek sou 500 26 74 53. 2 do sou 209 23 75 54 1 3-ch dust 72 23 76 PH see 00. (03) GO unas tea 2860 26 1 do unas tea 65 25 11 GH. «» 756; sly. ch unas tea 91 27 78 Reseneath .. 57 30%-ch bro pek 1650 39 bid 79 Depedene ... 58 56 do bro pek 9800 ©. 39 bid. £0 59 44 do pekoe 2200 39 81 €0 36 do pek sou 1800 28 82 6lL 2 db red leaf 110 15 83 62 3 do dust 240 26 84 Glenalla .. 63 21 ch bro or pek 2310 42 85 Morningside 64 17 do bro pek 1700 42 86 65 5 do fans 609 23 &7 Etholuva .. 66 5 do pekoa 459 2 88 CA, An estate 5 mar «. 67102 4-ch pek sou 23 89 68 6 do unas pein 28 90 69 12 do ed tea 624 20 91 Wewetenne.. 70 4 do bropek 20) 69 bid 92 71 4 do pekoe 40) 40 63. (a 72 18 do pe sou 900 33 94 Sirisanda ., 73 15 box or pek 180 s9 95 74 263-ch bro pek 1560-61 96 75 29 do pekoe 1450 38 97 78 26 do pek sou 180) 3b 98 17 4 do unas 200 26 99 718 2 ch congon 2>0 22 100 i 1 do bro mix 108 16 101 101. 2 do dust 294 25 107 Beverley ... 113 12 ch bro pak 209 66 108 115 15 do pekoe 1350 40 109 117 13 do pek son 1040-33 110 119 4 4-th pek Dust 360 27 ‘Mr. A. M. Gerp put up for sale at the’ Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 30th May, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (1,411 1b,), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. EDSetare. 1 ME i ZOn Ch or pex 80 52 bid 2 28 1 do pekce 85 30 bid 3 kW +» 30 6 do pekoe 582 26 bid 4 32 3 do 1 4-ch — dust 552 19 did 5 oseeeench. bro tea 112 e4 Mr. E. Jown’' put up for sale at the Chimber of Oommerce Sale-Room on the 6th June, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (93,699 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs tion. Ib. G. pe) OL ance 5 3 ch bro mix 27 15 2 60 7 }-ch dust 490 23 3 61 1 ch congou 90 20 4 MR 62 4 do dust 360 26 5 DE «. 63 16 do sou 1120 25 bid 6 Ottery and Stm- ford Hill .,. 65 183 do bro pek 1800 57 bid 7 67 21 do pekoe 1890 4 4 Lot Box. No, Mark. No. Pkgs. & KS inestate mark ae Oe op. Cn 9 70 1 do 10 W-T ss, WL” 200 1l Glentiit ~ 13 17. do 12 75 18 do 138 Madcoltenne 77 31 do 4 79 12 do 15 7G .. 81 8 do 16 83 6 do 17° «Overton 85 36 A-ch 18 87 29 ch 19 89 18 do 20 101 5 do 21 Doorooma- della ‘104 GaecD 22 103 1 do 23 Ayr .. 104 20 4-ch % 106 22 ch 95 108 15 do 26 110 2 4-ch 27 Wt 2 do 26 112 2 do 29 Cabragella ... 113 25 do 30 115 36 do 31 117 19 do 32 119 1) do 33 121 8 do a4 123 2 do 35 Bila «. 124 60 ch 36 126 60 do 37 128 15 do ai Ardkaw and wisbford .. 1386 30 $-ch 42 1388 15 do 43 140 17 ch 44 A, in estate mark +> 282°" ch 45 143 5 do 46 145 3 do 4¥ Kanangama 146 67 do 46 148 ¢3 do 49 150 38 do 50 Glanrbos ., 152 17 4-ch Si 154 10 ch 52 156 26 do 58 168 21 do 54 Agars Land.. 160 19 3-chp 55 162 10 do 56 164 3 do 57 165 3 do 58 166 2 do 59 167 2 do 60 168 1 do 61 169 1 do 62 K in estate mark e» 170 21 ch 63 i 8 do 64 Glasgow .. 174 35 do 6> 176 21 $-ch 86 178 24 ch 6f Talagalla ... 180 30 ch bite) 182 16 do 69 184 12 do 7¢ 186 2 do CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Descrip- tion, pek sou dust dust congeu bro pek pekoe pek sou fans cingcu pekoe pek scu bro or pek or pek pekoe pek seu bro mix cops. u bro pek pekoe pek sou bro or pek bro pek copgou or pek dust red leaf dust congou bro pck Weight lb. ot. 270 27 15 24 450 42 1785 60 1300 40 3109 40 1200 20 649 25 480 a 2160 58 2510 28 bid 1620 32 450 23 240 22 64 Withd’n 1000 59 1540 2h 1050 29 110 27 88 21 py | 1250 61 1800 50 9F0 39 £09 28 600 31 12) «92 20.0 55 2700 33 1350 27 1:40 69 825 66 1700 40 400 29 50 23 300 25 7035 42 9015 38 3610 25 bid 953 46 900 €0 2210 40 1630 28 950 42 500 30 135 27 129.20 160 21 99 gi 60 30 50 15 1680 23 800 18 2800 2 1260 =7) 240 52 31E0 61 1520 36 1260 28 3.0 24 Mersre. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Ghamter of Oommerce Sale-room on the 6h Jane the undermevtiozed lots of tea (63,460 Ib.) which sold as onder :— Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkgs. i Panapitiya .. 1 21 ch 2 2 4 ch 3H Ss) eee Cle 4 é 4 2 ch 5 5 4 ch 6 GA Ceylon... 6 4 ch 7i a sch 5 Roseneath .» 8 26 4-ch 9 9 15 ch a¢ Allakolla «» 10 40 §-ch il ll 32 do 12 12 17 do 13 13 «1 4-ch 14 Ucatage »» 14 @8 d-ch 16 1§ 22 ¢-ch 16 16 14 4-ch 17 17-10 3-ch 18 Ivics 50 9 ch Descrip- tion. dust bro mixed favniugs seuchcng red leaf souchong tro tea bro pekoe pek sou Weight lb. Cn 140 22 409 17 156 19 145 16 460 14 280 20 665 14 bid 1430 39 1350 26 2260 32 bid 3200 < 1615 26 95 22 2880 38 1320 30 660 26 700 23 90 43 | Lot Box Nd. Mark. No. Pkgs. 19 19 32 ch 20 20 16 do 21 21 2 do 22 22 1 do 23 IP -. 23 32 ch 23 Bx - 2% 2 }-ch 25 25 «| §-ch 26 DG ao 246 Tesch 27 27 «5 h 28 28 6 ch 29 H. T - 2 2. ch 30 1 ch 30 «6 §-ch 31 SL sol §eh 32 1 ch 38 «1 4-ch 38 33 1 fech 34 PH 34 «646 j-th 35 3 4ch 36 Weddigoda .. 36 2 $-ch 37 37° 6 §-ch 44 The East Matele Co. Ld. Forest Hill 44 20 ch 45 45 31 do 46 46 14 de 47 47 4 $-ch 48 8 1 ch 49 Deniyaya 49 12 ch 50 50 12 do 51 51 12 do 52 Strathellie .. 53 25 ch 63 53 16 do 54 54 14 do 55 - 5 1 ch E 56 9 do 57 57 lw 58 Silver Valley ..58 9% $-ch 59 58 1 do 60 60 1 do 6 Weodthorpe ., 61 2 $-ch 62 62 5 do 63 63 5 do 64 64 1 do 6 MM -» & i ch 66 66 10 do 67 TT +» 67 10 ch 68 Ratwatte .. 68 19 ch 69 Gocnamtil 69 15 $-ch 7U J 4 do 71 ql 8 do i2 72 1 do 73 73.#2 do 74 4 = 2 do 75 B vw % Ich 76 Resenea'th .. 76 4 ch 0°S 1 af Bch 78 78 6 ch i 79 #4 ch tion. Ib. pek 2880 pek acu 1280 bro tea 200 dust 120 pek sou 2325 sou 80 dust 7 fan 420 dust 375 bro mix 540 bro oran pek 225 broken pek 449 I 68 pek sou 148 dust 78 bro pek 200 one ie ro 100 pek 200 bro pek 2240 pek 3245 pi! sou 1400 ust (acme pk 250 mix 1465 bro pek 1320 1200 rek sou 1165 bro pek 2360 sou 1520 tes 1470 pek sou 1425 bro tea 945 pek dust 800 unaes ed 453 congsu 47 dust 55 bro pek 200 pek 400 pek sou 4:5 sou 90 pek 1100 pek sou 950 pek sou 1000 bro a O08 pek 755 ak Si anniugs dust lla broken mixed 63 oran pek 82 lesi 360 sou 480 sou No2 660 dust 340 SEERRERSS RSVSRSScSSES SEKSS SS885 c a 22 EE EERZEZEZ BESSRIRRSSSSSRESS EEE CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincine Lane, May 11th, 1894. 4Ex “Glenorchy”—Maynetrees, 7b 62s. 6364. (K), 12b 63. Walton, 5b 55s. MRR, 5b CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. — (From wur Commercial Gorresponden t.) Mincrne Lane, May llth, 1894. Ex “Conche”—Wariegell+, Mysore, lo 2s 24; 4c Is 94; 2c 1s 5d; 1c 1s 4d. Ex “Glenorchy’—Tyrelle, Ile 3s; 20 23 1d; 80 26 2a; 8c 25 3d; 2c 21 4°; 22 1s Od; Zo 1s 100; lo ls 54. Nellsoclla, 70 2s 14; 13¢ 1s 10d; 36 Le 6d; 2c 1s 54; le 187°; 4¢ 26 26; 1o 231¢; 201s 11d; 6e 13 7d; lc Is 8d; 1¢ 1s 7@. ‘“ CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO, TEA, COFFEH, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. — Pricy :—124 cents each; 3 copies i 5 CotomBo, JUNE 5 i : NO. 16.} 3 » 1893 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. bases Messrs. Somervintn & Co. putup for sale at the 83 K oo A a8 ech bro pek 950 39 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 24th May } 95 85° 15 se P Spa th re the undermentioned lots of tea (93,312 1b.), which sold 5 a) P al ’ ’ ‘0. 86 86 21 do s0u 840 22 88 under:— 87 87 9 do dust 630 24 Wot. Box Weight 88 88 5 do pekdust 375-25 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb c. Sie oe 1 Vahalakelle 1 2 ch dust 300 21 Messrs, Forbes & WALKER put up for sale at the 2 8 do _ redleaf 640 17 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room onthe 24th May, 3 HJS .. 38 6 3-ch_ bropek 300 51 the undermentionea lots of Tea (207,929 1b.), which 4 4 6 do pekoe 300 39 sold as under :— 5 5 fe ag per pou en Lot Box Descrip- Weight 7 7 4 do- pe dust 200 39 No. Mark, No, Pkgs. tion. lb, Cc: 8 GACeylon., 8 2 do sou 144 28 1 Fred’s Ruhe,., 424 20 3-ch bropek 1000 57 9 9 5 do bro tea 225 22 2 426 18 ch pekoe 1710 40 10 CA, in estate 3 428 13 do peksou 1300 34 mark .. 10 79 do pek sou 3871 35 4 WA «. 430 5 3-ch bro pek 300 46 11 Depedene .,, 11 36 do bropek 1980 47 5 432 10 do unas — 550-33 12 12 48 do pekoe 2400 35 6 434 1 do bro mix 52 2: 13 13 45 do pek sou 2950 33 7 436 2 do dust 170 25 14 14 2 do. bro mix 100 18 8 Essex we 488 1 ch Dbroorpek 125° 52 16 15 4 do dust 320 24 9 440 3 do pekoe 285 7 16 Hatdowa .. 16 12 ch bropek 1200 48 10 442 4 do pek sou 404-33 17 17 11 do pekoe 1100 ~—- 338 11 444 12 do ovromix 1500 34 18 18 30 do peksou 2700 32 Lee 446 3 do dust 495 9-24. 19 19 7 do bro mix 770 26 13 Bismark ee 448 8 do bro pek 800 51 20 Lyndhurst... 20 56 do bro pek 5600 47 14 450 13 do pekoe 1300 38 21 21 19 do pekoe 1615 36 1d 452 4 do peksou 400 31 92 92 31 do pek sou 2635 32 16 Langdale .,, 454 48 do bro pek 5280 54 bid 23 23 2 do unas 200 © 98 17 456 59 do — pekoe 5310-37 bid 24 24 6 do brotea 510 21 18 458 17 do pek sou 1530 25 23 1 do dust 140 22 19 460 5 do | dust 650 31 26 PK, in estate 20 Marakana .. 462 143-ch bropek 710. 47 mark .. 26 123-ch peksou 592 «26 21 464 6 do pekve 480 36 27 27 20 do bro sou 880 16 22 466 1 do pek sou 70 26 28 H S, in estate 23 468 1 do dust 64 26 mark .. 28 2 do fans © 118 21 -24 Harangalla.,, 470 14 ch _ bro pek 154048 29 29 5 do pek dust 435k 25 472 29 do ~ pekoe 2755-38 30 Allakolla .,, 30 313-ch bro pek 2015 48 6 474 18 do pexsou 1710 32 31 31 23 ch pekoe B415. 37 27 Midlothian ,,, 476 42 3-ch bro pek 2520 53 BS 7 32 28 do peksou 2300 32 28 478 14 ch pekoe => 260 45 33 33 2 3-ch dust 180 6 29 480 4 do pek sou 360 «837 34 KL w. 34 33 do bro pek 1815 54 30 482 14-ch dust 80 25 35 Mouragalla.. 35 49 ch bro pek 5370 37 31 Citrus e- 484 43-ch bro pek 2306 36 X » 36 3}-ch pek sou 141-28 32 486 2 do or pek 120 44 37 Roseneath .., 37 25 do bro pek 1625 48 33 488 6 ch pekoe 4385» 37 38 GACeylon.. 38 9 do bropek 540 34 490 2 do pesou 200 27 39 39 8 do pekoe 39. ps a 35 492 2 do tans 196 9-6 40 40 7 do pek sou 280 withd’n | 36 494 1 do pe dust 100 22 41 41 i box dust 33 37 496 1 }ch_ red leaf 6 I8 42 H .. 42 2 ch red leaf 200° 15 38 Moragalla,,, 498 4 ao bro pek 2300-53 43 43 6 3-ch dust 420 23 39 500 4, ch pekoe 400 35 a4 44 3 do congou 150 93 40 502, 1 do 51 Polgahkande 51 25 do _ bropek 2000 50 2 3-ch pek sou 200 25 52 52 36 do pekoe 2520 39 41 504 2 ch bro mix 199 19 53 53 5 do pek sou 425 33 42 CSK we. 506 do . red leaf 200 20 54 Benyeula .,. 54 15 do bropek 1500 49 43 Aigburth .. 508 13 do sou 104031 55 55 18 do pekoe 1800 39 44 510 10 do ~ dust 1109025 56 Bombra ., 56 3 do bro pek 300s 48 45 ME, in estate 57 67 3 do unas 300 32 mark «. 512 3 4-ch pek fans 141 24 58 58 2 do pek sou 200 30 46 AF, in estate 59 Morshilla .., 59 513-ch bropek 2805 48 mark co ole Sy 'do pek dust 680 Q4 60 60 27 do pekoe 1350 41 bia |} 47 N es 516 12 ch bro tea 1440 39-30 61 61 13 do peksou 650 33 bid | 48 518 34 do unas 3060 93 62 62 2 do dust 150° 33 49 N ee 520 18 do sou 1800-29 63 63 1 do bro mix 60 25 50 Harrow we 02a 1 do pekoe No2 103 35 64 Crurie -- 64 43 ch bropek 3655 53 61 524 3 do congou 300-48 65 65 29 do pekoe 2320 39 bia | 52 526 3 4-ch bro tea 231 24 66 66 48 co pek sou 2850 35 bid | 53 Inchestelly .. 528 9 ch sou 853 28 87 ; 67 6 do obrotea 840 37 bid | 54 Horagas- 68 CTM « 68 3 do bromix 270 8=.22 kelle -» 530 4 3-ch bropek 240 © 08=— 50 69 Hagalla .. 69 504-ch bro pek 2500 50 55 632 6 do pekoe 2la 35 70 70 38 do pekoe 1900 37 bic } 56 534 13 do pek sou 728 a8 71 71 31 do pek sou 1550 32 bid | 57 536 1 do conpgou 41 22 72 72 7 do bro mix 350 3u 58 538 1 do bro mix 70 16 73 713° #2 do dust 150 23 59 Denegama .. 540 2 do bro mix 120 43 7JICDS_.,,. 74 20 do bropek 1200 «48 60 Beaumont .. 542 7 ch peksou i783 75 75 12 ch pekoe 1200 * 43 61 644 2 do dust 360 23 76 76 12 do pek sou 1200 34 62 APK ». 546 4 do dust 560 43 77° «~Ascot » 77 1 do copgou 100-27 64 Wellington .. 550 1 -ch dust 60 33 78 78 1 do dust 150 = «23 6 NWD .. 552 3 ch bropek 336 «= 49 72 Ingeriya ., 79 64$-ch bropek 330 57 66 554 5 do pekoe 480.34 380 80 7 do pekoe 350 40 67 Koladeniya.. 555 4 do bro tea 5U4 28 31 81 12 do pek sou 76 32 68 Schrubs ». 558 8 ch pekoe 720 «83 ; s0 25 do bro tea $250 42 s 8 eo a ° ica 3 B ” =) & B & Z 2 CELYON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descri i Le ; ; p- Weight sot Box Descrip- ‘Weight No. Mark. No Pkgs, tion. ib. | Ge Be. Mark, No. Pkgs tion. Tb. c a Castlereagh... op 7 ch bropek 1870 54 ne Gampahs ... 7 # rob ome 270 Ss ts) 2309 72.) Bechéiton .. 668 17.40! broek © 1700) 6 i 173: @ ) a0 ee 270048 a tea +e a4 sao a, ee Bie 177 Polategama 776 68 $-ch jae ba pov 4 ee 75 ‘Middléton .,, 572 29 4-ch brepek 1740 57 i rl 3440s 76 574 89 eh pekoe 3705 46 180 TB 782 1 ch See) 10 * a7 576 1 do dust 160 23 in li-ch f Lh amyieito Jewkes feb Geo 400 32 181 1% 1 'do tegis — Japon do dust 75 25 -g0 582 2 do bre pek dust150 50 oe i cn od —- os 2 sl WAT .. 584 2 ch pek sou 0 27 184: Duobar ‘aie oun. ae g2 MalvernA .. 686 24%-ch peksou 110 30 185 ” 7098 4 rome a: SS. Aah ati 5 Neo8 Msoe 250 27 186 Battewatte... 794 1 ch = “ee 8 do dust 320 22 age! 5 89 5928 do bromix 400 43 rH ae oe a” ee go B&D .. 59f 2 ch. redleat 224 18 189 mss a ele wa ee gi Auningkande 526 6 do bo pek 66047 P ‘ 8 fe) ekoe 500-36 , 9° 600 5 do ai Ou 500 32 Messrs. A. H. Tompson & Co. put up for sale at the 99 a 602 3 do congou 300 28 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 3ist May, 9% ebatgama... B04 A i i aa¢ _ ne padesmentignes lots of Tea (61,720 lb.), whieh 3 j 6 “= i 9% Dambagas- 08 4 do dust 480-25 Lot Box Deserip- Weight talawa .. 610 2 do congou 180-30 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 95 612. 1 do dust 160 23 1STNE . 1 9 ch bropek 810 48 96 SK -- 614 9 $-ch dust 720 38 2 3 6 do pekoe 510s 35 97 616 12 do congou 540 42 3 56 8 do peksou 720. 32 885s 68. 618 12 do pek fans 720 49 « ; 7 3 do x fan 300-4 99. Marguerita ... 620 27 do bro pek 1620 = 550 5 Ossington .. 8 32 do ‘opek 1320 47 bid 100 622 27 do pekoe 151247 s 10 38 do 3800 32 bid 101 624 25 do pek sou 1375 45 7 12 13 do pek sou 1200 34 102 Caledonia... 626 14 ch bro pek 1400 46 s 1462 do dust 203 «22 103 628 11 do pekoe 1045 35 9 Comillah ... 15 2 do bropek 200 +48 104 630 2%-ch bro tea 110 «18 10 16 5 do pekoe 430 80 bid 105 Ellemgowan 632 20 do bropek 1100 46 iL 17 3 do pek sou 300 © «7 bid 106 ‘634 15 do ekoe 825 35 12 18 2 do unas, 160 withd’n. 107 636 2 do bro tes 11019 13 Sapitiagoda 108 Weoya .. 638 56 do pekoe 3060 35 Iuvoice No.2i 20 29 do bropek 3190 «45 bid 109 Warakamura 640 16 do bropek 1696 48 14 22 40 do koe 4000 39 bid 110 642 15 do pekoe 1500 35 pia | 12 AGC -. 24 8 do sou No.2 800-20 111 644 9 do pek sou 85 99 bia | 18 AGC w 25 5 do sou No.2 500 «20 112. Gleneagles,. 646 24 ch bro pek 2640 653 17 - 26 4 do dust 600 22 1138 Farnham .. 648 65 4-ch broorpek 8250 54 18 XxX OT" 2 Gow Hou 185 23 14 650 96 do pekoe 38404], 19 New Corn- 115 652 69 do pek sou 2760-34 bid wi «. 28 124-ch bro pek 720 «53 120 Lankapura, ; 20 30 19 do pekoe 1045 42 M ee 662 14-ch dust 80 22 a1 32 1 do sou 50 a 121 664 3 do fens 225 27 22 332 do dust 170. 122 666 1 do_ red leaf 87 #47 23 Myraganga... 34 56 ch bropek 4760 out 123 668 9 ch peksou 900 ©6632 24 36 41 do pekoe 3280 «42 124 Heeloya .. 670 15 do peksou 1500 35 bid | 2 38 26 do © pek sou 1950. 32 bid 125 672 18 do pekoe 1800 43 bid | 32 Oollooawatte 55 10 do vropek 900-62 126 674 19 do bropek 1900 61 36 57 16 do pekoe 1280 48 127 Aberdeen, in 37 59 1 do congou 58 7 estate mark.,, 676 202-ch peksou 1000 38 60 1 do dust 53 128 678 30 do pekoe 1500 37 bid 39 MLO one, OP ek Ey or pek 3550 44 bid iM carta te ope eet eH a ee 1 anapalla see ch peksou 2500 id . 131 684 ZL do pekoe 3650 Ba D 42 66 483 do bropekfan 2580 29 132 686 Gi do bropek 3840 49 48 61° 2 do * refident loo 16 133 0G A, in estate 44 68 4 do dust 230 mark es. 688 2 ch dust 300 95 45 CO .. 69 2 ch bropek 220 30.bid 134 690 28 do pekoe 2520 © 36 46 70 223-ch pe sou 949-25 bid 135 692 17 dc bropek 1700 53 47 v2.1 ao © pekwe 70-2 bid 186 Clarendon.. 694 3 do sou 281 30 bia | 48 73 2 do pek fans 131 83 137 696 11 do pek dust 880 36 bid | 29 yf 4 Got. 382 ae 188 Hakuragalla 698 11 do bropek 1100 48 bid | 90 MH -- 75 2 ch bro pek sou 190 20:bid 189 700 27 do pekoe- 2565 36 51 Wewetenne... 76 7 4-ch bro pek 350 30 140 702 lu do peksou 1000 31 52 77 3 do pekoe 135 141 Taiagaswela 704 20 do bro pek 2000 46 dia | 92 COS tobe © 8 5. pemeon 306-8 142 708 13 do pekoe 1235 39 54 L . 729 3 do pee. 132 28 143 708 8 do peksou 720 34 55 Vogan -- 80 12 ch broek 1140-58 144 ; 710 14 do sou 7280 31 56 ; 82 17 do ~pekoe 1360 4k 145 = 712 2 do ocongon 170-27 57 84 10 do peksou 800 33)bid 62 Patulpana... 726 5 do bropek 250 46 58 363 80, | Orepekson SP > 3 153 728 6 do peksou 300 30 : - , vy ig 3 do sou 160 98 §| Mr. E. JouN put up for sale at the Ohamber re Ghee cen ie ag eae mah Fo of Oommerce. Sale-room on the 3lst May, the un- eo {¢) . +7, 7 i = 165 752 108 do. pekoe Sain! 4s ioe lots of tea (73,762 1b.), which sold 168 : ; e : dg. ek sou 2 35 bia | 28 BO ae O24 io dust 24 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 168 veo, 498 19 ch copgou ‘1520 «98 : ; = 169 Wandala ~. 760 84ch bro pek 480 50 No. Mars. No. Bes’ yon. Ib.) <¢ 170 762 7 ch pekoe 665 33 1 Garbawn « 21 2 ch _ pekoe 200 34 Ww 764 2 do 2 2 22 1 do peksou “90 «38 . 44-ch pe sou $8097 3 Allington ...23 1 do dust 150 9 172 766 1 ch i A” 24° 9 do sou 720 (97 2}-ch sou 17527 5 26 26 do pék sou 9210 27 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES) LIST. 3 Lot ~ Box Descrip- Weight Lot as earn No. Mark, ‘No: Pkes. © tion. White Nc. No, Mark. Rox Pkgs Desenp aveigite C. 6 28 9 ch pekoe 810 36 36 Ernan w. 36 13 2-ch r pek 7 30 92-ch bro pek 450 43 37 31°22 “do! Bro ren 1980 30 11 Great Valley 38 21 do bropek * 2100 55 38 38 25 do pekoe 1875 48 12 40 37 do pekoe 3700 42 ¢9 39 21 do péek sou 1722 36 bidl 13 42 9 do pek sou °° 855 35 40 Ismale ~-, 40°44 do fans 380 30 14 44.2 do bro mix 190 17 41 41 2 do bro mix ? 170 25 bid 15 45 34-ch dust 240 26 42 49" 2-ch> dust! 60 16 Mocha ants rs af ch Bro) pek “8740 60 ae Glassel -. 43> 28 “cli pekoe 2660 36 bid oO ekoe 400 55 4 a f i ay sindt do pe ae Bae P 44 23 do pek sou 1840 . 32 bid ap ee tee 58 a5 hu pek sou 2250 36 Th oh, Bi ‘oup 53 ) congou ; Ba CNaneretila 01 ea ns hen cipes ae or a gues Forsges & WaLkmr put up for sale at the 22 Balch \pekaa 171035 e amber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 31st May 33 Ottery and thegundpaontioned lots of tea (189,745 lb,), which Hill .. 59 29 2-ch bropek 174049 ; : i 24 6l 19 ch pekoe 1710 39 oy Box Deserip- Weight 35 ead edo) iduab 15024 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 26 Agra Ouvah 64 484-ch broorpek 2880 73 1 «kK a7 F 66 54 do bro pek 3240 61 i" etadola ... 802 4 ch bro pek 415 56 2g 68 44 do pekoe 2420 62 3 Bae £29) uePakce 400 7b a9 70 25 do pekoe 1375. 40 BiSg) 2 aco gucam, NG. 2 -A00 "133 30 Templestowe 72 21 ch orpek 2058 51 : S05) eon pabeagsor, 250" © 132 31 74.17 do do 1666. S51 bid | 2 Sis) 1 deh ¢ unas 40 32 32 76 21 do pekoe 1890 41 2 Ebad 2 ch) ¢. fap 240 26 33 78 13 do peksou 1170 39 Le ee poms aae ad. 8 ao pn rasce 723, Al 34 Sonam Brown 393 50 8 816. 2 do dust 300 2t 35 81 8 do auat 840 25 9 818 5 do congou 500 3L 36 Cruden Paseo flow pek sou ‘1400 37 10 Court Lodge 820 36 ¢-ch bro pek 2340 54 39 8} 8 do fou! 800 4 ll 82212 ch pekoe 1020 45 aRTKotuwa- 12 824.14. do \ peksou 1050337 : pédera -().. 87% 16 do bropek 1696 45 13. Nahaveena §26.153 4-ch bro pek 7650 50 39 89 32 do pekoe 3200 36 a Budd So uto 5 pene. BHO. 1 Ab 40 101 13 do pek sou 1235 39 15 830.72 do pek sou 3600 37 41 103 14-ch dust 75 83 Ae 832 1 do congou 66 29 42 WT _., 104 12 ch | pekoe 1080 39 ue BSsic (6. cab | ange 600 2¢ 43 Dikapitiya.. 106 22 do bro pek 2420 53 16.,G PM, in estate 108 24 do pekoe Gino; tasybia | cone CRGRh eee wae, A bpeIbek > 2k20"* 36 45 110 21 do pekson 3100 35 bid BSB7 8 100 er yDEEOS - IEO, 47 46 Nahakettla 112 12 do bro pek 1200 51 20 eA 80 60 Epp eEsod Un EUD 45 47 114 18 do pekoe 1620 37 = Seep (Api k 1S0u 200 29 22 £44 2 do red leaf 106 Bs SIR EROS G 23 846 4 do dust 360-36 Messrs. SomERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the | 2* D, in estate pushes of Carmmanss Sale-room on the 31st May | 5; Tanteiite G0 ae a ch pek dust a0 23 é undermentioned lots of tea (31,2 d i LeraRBE S ieee oe sold as under:— gene a aR Da, SD Ft an OeeT ed : ae neha 80 ps Won Boe Dasenpsnaveieht 28 Donside .., 856 1 ch dust 138 =—.23 No. Mark. No.) Pkgs: Goat. Te 3 30 Deniyaya .... 860 7 do bro pek 770 40 - ° 31 862 4 do or pek 410 v4 1 Qhetnole .. 1 23-ch -sou 96 25 ee aah A pekge 1323 3 2 a” <4 eto ‘aust 300 23 33 866 8 do pek sou 662 29 3 Wala han: 34 868 1 do pek fans 130 23 Liven 4. 3 3 ch” bro pek 300° 58 35 Agar’s Land 870 107 $-ch_ bro pek 535047 4 4 10°a0 pekoe 1000-39 36 872 42 do pekoe 2100 37 5 5! 4 do -peksou 400... 32 37 874 44 do pesouNol1980 34 bid A nt eo ad Gapead 34 38 816 17 do do .2 76 2 7 7 1 do pekfans 120 28 ep Bi See von Nene a 8 Bo a da red leat 400 22 0 Bismark .,.. 880 15 ch bro pek 1200 44 9 L, inestute re peat 1880 |; Bekpe 1520 36 mar »» 9 5 %-ch dust 3 Gijne Pek sou ee Gs 10 10 3 ch congou abe 2 Zo Dang ale —s<0iij8r5; bo 2do\,tbenoe 5810. 44 ii 11 1}-ch bro pek 45. 50 44 Weoya +» 888 48 3-ch bro pek 2886 646 12 Labugama .. 12 25 do bropek 1250 47 a SUF bs GHC, 1uehoe 2015) 436 13 1314 ch — pekoe 1260 33 bia | 28 Be) oye Og “Res sou 21540) odie 14 14.93 do pekeou 1955 31 ee Gey, Someg. nee dust (490 ae 15 15 6 box bro orpek 21 RI'IL San Wea ou. weet SO RENE ee ae 16 H S, inestate tale. 898 10 do mark «» 16 40 ch bro orpek 3200 44 bia | 50 900 8 do Diana me = 17 Rayigama ... 17 20 4-ch bro pek 1100 52 51 Moalpedde 2 2 do bro pek 110 18 18 20 do pekoe’ 1000 38 52 ea NAL aloo! t « yekoa 100 ap Ip HHH «- 19 14-ch bro pek 63 40 bia | 53 6 2 do unas 74 ce 20 20 1 do pekoe 60 29 bid | 5& 8 9 do pek sou 405 $0 21 21°53: do pek sou 168 27 55 10 11 do red leaf 495 = 22 22 ©1 do dust 65 22 56 12 3 do congou 120 = 93 AA -- 43 1 ch pekoe 10035 57 SS J, in 4 ” a Yabalakelle a 4 fs red leaf 180 20 eatate ’ Z te) a b 26 XX, in estate eH he a 58 To ag et G ae LO aa Sex Gn mark -- 26 18 do pek sou 1001 238 59 18 16 do REE to 1600 os ot as 29 do mone) 790 28 60 20 1 do a . 100 a 4 J ek fans 1 2 6 Z - 29 Sirisanda .. 29 11 }-ch Ris pek ap 35 6a ae t cn abe — ne 30 80 10 do pekoe 500 «36 63 Gonawells ... 26 26 ¢-ch bro pek 1480 57 31 31 11 do pek sou 550 33 64 28 20 do ioe 32 Roseneath ... 32 15 do ek son: 1575 32 65 30 19 do Hir3 con 4 oa #3 OR oe! 83 By AO ro mix 270 ..18 66 32 2 do a ll 3 a “3 4 do fang 420 20 bid | 67 34 1 ch s0u 14 25 1 do dust 14c 26 68 86 3 4-ch dust 194 a3 4 CEYLON. PRODUCE SALES LIST. a Sot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Bo eecrip- i Wo. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. No. Mark. No. Pkgs Deext? Vier c. 69 Castleresgh.. 38 19 ch bropek 3090 55 161 222 25 ch pekoe 2375 442 70 40 26 do pekoe 2340 38 162 224 9 do pek sou 33 94 Ederapolla... 48 65 }-ch bro pek 3250 46 166 Glanrhos .. 232 3 ch pekfens 315 82 15 50 33 ch pekoe 2640 35 167 234 1 do congou 70° «+29 76 52 28 do pek sou 4240 «= «82 168 G .- 26 2 do dust 280 48629 tld be g do por $50 26 “4 rd 1 4 coagen 88 27 ° ust 80 1 i 99 St. Leonard’s 58 434-ch bropek 2215 re 171 Waraka- y de blll 80 60 38 do pekoe 1900 30 mura .. 242 15 do pekoe 1500 35 81 62 1 do dust 70 «92 172 244 9 do peksou 655 29 $2 64 1 do congou 60 27 2 pe catege aa bE “2 by pekoe 1584 44 D galla.. io ~=3O'_—rbro tt 860 29 8 Iogurogalle’ 10 3 a0 rotons’ 380 28 | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, 2 at if 8 ae dust 1020 26 —_ D ses - 5 ; ae Rigi, eine Act a a ao (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Paes oH, 1 ae aor 133 29 Miycive Lane, May 12th, 1893. o1 ““itaggaiitag ich ag aan -d Marke and pricesof CEYLON OOFFEE sold in 92 Warwick. &% 50 do bro pok 3000 54 Mijoing ee hop ath May :-— 86 79 ad k x “Glenfruin”— : 3 94 86 79 do | pekoe = 4098. —«| 8 1b 1048; 40 It 100, G8, Ie ib Liga, "Tillizonitey, te 95 90 3 do congou 150 29 105s; 30 1b 1026; 1t 988; 1b . cg HY 96 det a'do ©) brchalx 100 96 108s. 301b 103 “8; 8; 1b 1128, Dunginane, le lt 97 Pedro .. 94.17 ch bropek 1520 82 a ee 8; lob 988; Lt 1108. 98 96 31 do pekoe 9395 59 Ex “Shropsbire”—Blaiz Athol, lb 108s; lo 1058; 1b 29 88 38 do pektou 2470 48 | ee a ie ‘ ; 1 0 dust 600 31 x “City of Canter = . : Le Dunkeld .. Me a8 Be ba pek 1980 71 1b 998. 1 tiés. ; Taos Agni MGs 50 1 ‘ . ’ 303 “ea re i go a . ace siping” —Mcddecombra, {c 1017s; 2c 104s; 405 Monrovia ... 110 7 ch bropek 700 45 E eR de 106 M2 12 do re 1200 2s id x s, osetta”—Meddecombra, 30 110s; 4c 1t 106s 6d; att ses z fe pa 300 = Ex ‘ Pindari” --Bridwell, 4c 1b 105s. “ ait ie 4 ae ae a a Ex “Golconda”—BRagalla, 1b 104s 6d; 1c 98s; 1b 113. ay Patirajab ... dy 13 i pekoe 1300 = 36 1 do congou 100 98 113 128 1 do dust 130 22 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN an Kuruvilla ... Le 16 teh br! pek $80 45 Ela. 2 SIN LONDON. 5 do ekoe 1375 82 bid . 115 io 332 2 ao ae = Ae a 1 (From Our be a+ Correspondent.) ekande .,, 134 c dust 480 24 ncrnc Lan 118 136 31 4-ch bro tea 1550 30 Ex “ hy 2 Bh 5.0% By May AA, 1888. a Clunes 138 a eh pee sou 1890 33 bid | g iss mance a Gee 15 bags 85s; 6 78s 6d O) ekoe , 6840 34 bid Cngangs B 3; . A aie zal ae aes ve 83 ah Ero pek 4150 47 " | 780 6d. im < , a noe, 12 ‘ousa a o pek sou 700 41 Ex “Keemun’’—Maonusava, 1 bag 76s; 123 146 26 do _ pekoe 1300 53 rs ; a,1 bag 76s; 3 73s 6d. 124 Tani'as (to Mt orpek 165058 _ Ex. Golconda” —Kondesalle (OBEO), 9 bags 115s; 1 125 150 49 do bro pek 2940 58 748 6d; 8 68s. Bee cepeacloo: ie ‘““Keemun”—Kondesalle (OBEO), 41 bags 120e; 24 galled EAT Bae ay eee 270 30 8; 10 753; 2 71s. 327 154 4 do. peksou 360 34 92Ex ‘‘ Manora”—Kondesalle (OBEO), 1 bag 75s 198 ; 156 5 do. pekoe 415 37 Ex “Glenfruin”—Beredewelle, OOO. 20 bi ; 129 158 8 do. bropek 800 46 bags 1 packet 118s; 9 bags 108s; 4 105 pg ae 130 West Holy- 21s; 1 748. 4 8 8 Obs; 3 883; 3 Be rom agg ado tuk Og | Be Lanensie= Mon 5 age 1s 0; 7 eo. 132. Havilland .. 164 52[3-ch bropek 2860 50 Ex “City of Canterbury”—Vietoria, 20 bags 118s 6d; 153 166 5 do pekpe Abe y re ats uae 1 81s; 1 60s. = 0 pek sou 1350 “Goleonda”—Palli, 114 bags 114s 6d 135 170 1 do bro mix 50 436.20 £ »__Palli 3 ” aon et a Saoe® ate 1 ep toe Ex ‘“‘Keemun”—Palli, 326 bags 115s 6d. ae Havilland .. ae 68 e be pek cd as bid es 0 do pekoe-- 00 bid 139 5.900 118. 34 do pek sou 1360 22 id CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES almersfon 0 ro pe 141 182-17 ch pekoe 1275 43 IN LONDON. ie ce a 143 CAZO we 6 27 do Tro pe 135! 4 - 144 e 188 58 do pekoe 2900 32 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) a 199 8 po Beynon ae 29 Mancinc Lane, May 12%h, 1893. us 24 . 147 194 1 ae fans 65 29 Ex aoe Melbourne”—Duckwari, le 8s 4d; 2 2s 4d; Ue oe ise dace a Oa | ae 150 Diatalawa... 200 643-ch bro pek 445. 40 bid Ex ‘Clan Macneil”—(SGS), 9c 1s 7d 1 2 bh. k Ty 6 ¥ : ita oo a rl 3 on Lee o “ , Saas Melbourne’—Elfindale’ 9c 1s 11d; 2 1s 10d; , in es 2 4 5 mark .. 206 1 do bropek 70 8647 Ex “Clan Alpine”—Cottaganga, 2c 1s 8d; 2 1s 6d. 454 Ukuwella ... 208 30 ch sou 9850 32 Ex ‘‘Keemun”’—Midlands, 1c 1s 104; 1 1s 9d; 1 is 455 Hunvgala .. 210 5 do bro pek © 525 49 7¢: 1 188d;2 186d. Galaha, 2 28 9d; 1 2 . 156 212 10 do pekoe 1000 «36 34:2 Is lid: 1 1g6d. G er lle, 1 38 s3d; 2 1s 187 914 10 do. pekeou 1000 30 ; ; -_ Gonawella, 1 2s 1d; 1 1s 54; 3 158 216 1 do dust 10423 Is 6.; 2 18 4d; 1 Is 5d. 159 218 2 do bro mix 500 23 Ex Olan Alpine —Gallantenne, 1c 38 10d; 2 3s 1d; 180 St. Helier’s., 220 17 ch bro orpek 1700 50 5 38; 3 20;4 281d; 3 1s 8d;3 Is 6d. TT ‘‘CRYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEEH, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. Pricz :—122 cents each; 3 copies NO. 17.] Conouso, June 17, 1893. { 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. b. Cc. Messrs. Bennam & Bremner put up forsale at the a MWB. Galle, Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 31st May, mark «» 569 144-ch bro pek 797 = 43 bid the undermentioned lots of tea (9,685 Ib.), whioh | 42 61 15 do pekoe 721 32 bid sold as under :— 43 Pusstenne... 63 18 do bro peE 900 43 5 : 44 65 17 do pekoe 840 32 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 45 67 26 do pek sou 1125-30 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 53 Vogan «> 78 10 do pek sou 800 32 bid 3 Hornsey ... 24 15 do sou 142535 54 ABS +» 79 10 do pekoe 1000 = 31 :~ bid 4 26 3 do dust 450 28 65 MH ae) OL. 2.00 65 Pannapitiya... 28 654-ch bro pek 250. 52 3 do pekoe 346 «32 6 30 15 do Ppekoe 750 32 56 82 9 do g 32 1 do bro tea 50 8628 1 box congou 576 23 bid 8 33° 1 do peksou 50-27 57 Dikmukalana 83 43-ch dust 200 20 | 9 84 1 do dust 60 23 63 CO e- 90 2 ch bropek 220 830 bid 10. G, in estate 64 91 14ch pekoe 70 ~=ont mark eo 35 12 oh pekoe 1040089. 29 66 MH «. 92 2 do peksou 190 out il 87 4 do pek sou 330 20 66 P eco) On a dO! pek fons 220 25 12 Mabanilu .. 39 2 do bro peksou 160 28 67 OOS eo» 94 843ch pek sou 3086 = out 13) 41 4 do dust 480 27 98 Vogan «. 95 14 ch bro pek 1260 50 14 Elston eo. 43°45 $-ch peksou 9250 365 bid | 69 97 20 do pekoe 1600 «40 ~ 16 49 3 ch bro mix 300 28 70 98 11 do pek sou 880 31 bid 16 47. 1 do dust 130 8=—-23 71 100 3 do bropek sou 225 25 Messrs. BeNHAw & BREMNER put up for sale at the — Mr. E.JoHN put up for sale at the Jhamber of Commerce Sale-room'on the 7th June the unier- mentioned lots of; tea (77,458 lb.), which sold as Pkgs. 3 4 1 167 20 Oh: er of Commerce Sale-room onthe 7th June, the undermentioned lots of tea (4,607 lb.), which sold as under :— under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight po Bon No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ibe c. Nose athe Ne, 1 Battalgalla,.. 30 16 ch sou 152031 1 ‘NagurFHJ 126 = op eae aie re a iis eae red lea: 300 «18 4 G, in estate ie A : 3 ey me oe marg cnn 12 do or pek 1080. out hs aie 5 38 12 do pekoe 960 27 6 128 8 40 2 do dena) 200 16 WT 12 () Ted leaf 160 ae ove out 110 OL DN 129 Mesers. A. H. THomeson dé Uo. put up for sale at the : 5 foe Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room onthe 7th June the 13 Logan oe 134 undermentioned lots of tea (69,990 Ib.), which sold | 14 Blackburn .. 138 as under :— 15 138 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 16 Tart ve 140 No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. Ib) cleo ld i 1 Ahamud e» 1 §23ch red leaf 105 14 19 Galkande- 2 2 1 do dust 58 24 watte oo» 146 3 3 3 do congou 135. 18 20 148 fs 4-2 do pek sou 80 23 21 Kirkoswald.,. 160 5 1 do pekoe 50 30 22 Madooltenne 152 6 6 1 do bro pek 50 45 23 154 7-D oa 2 4 «dd Ted leaf 460 20 24 156 § Hattenwella 3 : Pr dust 300 24 25 DN D, in estate congou 1 i Sapitiyagoda go 80 34 i mark 6 wg Invoice No. 22 10 26 ch bro pek 2860 46 bid | 27 K -» W6u u - 12 41 do pekoe 4100 36 bid |'28 K, BT inestate 2 . 14 16 do pek sou 1600 30 bid mark 162 13 Sapitiyagoda 29 Glasgow ;.. 163 Invoice No.23 16 6 do bro pek 660 45 bid | 20 165 14 18 15 do pekce 1500 85 bid | 31 Glentilt os 15 20 5 do pek sou 500° 39 bid |} 32 169 16 Myraganga... 22 66 do bro pek 4760 50 bid | 33 171 a Banitiseda 24 26 do peksou 1950 =. 96 bid | °34 j 173 Tnvoice'No.21 26 29 do bro pek 3190 41 bid a Nereus ty a9 acini 28 40 do pekoe 4000 §=36 bia | a7 179 a ssington .. 30 12 do bro pek 1320 48 bid | 38, Talagalla .. 181 32 38 do pekoe 3800 37 bid | 39 183 aa Comillah .,, a4 5 do pekoe 430 35 agen ¢ 185 oO unas 160 MAGG: .. ‘360% doo ou ao, geet || AU Whsdon, 188 -- . 3T 4 do sou No.9 400 17 48.PTE w. 190 3 38 3 do dust 450 22 44, Doorooma- 37 Clinton ... 38 1 do congou 32°89 della 191 28 Pinwatte 40 2 do bro pek 124 39 45 “ I93 10 41 2 do pekoe 200 34 48 Ayr 195 42 6 do pek sou 600 95 * 31 P 43°07 ee ; 47 197 10 4-ch = pe fan 1630 5 = Ste ++ 48 37 $-ch btropek 1850 re eye fa 201 _ awatte .. 55 40 do bro pek 2400 42 bid] 50 PHK vee 203 57 45 do pekoe 2250 withd’n I51 N 05, 200 Descrip- Weight tion, lb. bro pek 300 pekoe 380 bro tea 100 bro tea 898 bro pek 2200 pekoeNo.1 2790 pekoe 1170 pek sou 2250 bro pek 110) pekoe 1400 pek sou 20u sou 1020 bro pek 1920 pekoe 2530 bro pek 1320 pekoe 3200 pek sou 500 bro pek 3400 pekoe 3060 pek sou 6900 bro pek 1775 peroe 130 dust 300 bro pek 1300 bro mix 1200 pek sou; 200 bro tea 100 bro pek 2700 pekoe 2800 bro pek 2060 Ppekoe 1800 pek sou 2200 dust% 880 pek sou 3255 sou 1300 duet 1050 bro pek 2900 pek sou 360 dust 640 bro pek - 1800 péekoe 1200 dust 425 bro pek” 1680 pekoa 1800 bro pek 1200 pekoe 495 pekoe No, 1 1215 pex sou 1040 bro mix 1040 bro mix 1000 2 CELYON Mesars. Somenwitt & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 7th June the er lana lots of tea (76,491 lb.), which sold as under: — Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ¢. MAH oo AOL Ee! Ch congou 400 24 Ascot co 48, 2,00 congou 200 =—26 47 2 do dust 300-5 Galjawatte... 48 44-ch bro pek 200 42 44 6 do pekoe 300 «34 125 Sembawatte 494 14 ch bropek 1400 = 48 126 496 46 }-ch bro pek 2530 48 bid 127 498 35 ch pekoe 3325 32 bid 128 600 15 do pek sou 1350 28 bid 6 Kuruwitty .. 60 do _ bro pek 3360 BB 7 61 7 do pekoe 336 38 8 52 8 do pek sou 368 32 9 53 19 do unas 874 30 10 54 19 do bro mix 1026 8628 11 65 3 do dust 240 25 12 HS, in ‘estate mark --» 66 40 ch bro or pek 3200 44 13 67 47 do ekoe 3525. 32 14H «. 68 1 $-ch ro pek 63 39 15 59 1 do pekoe 60 34 16 GW +» 60 9 ch bro mix 675 23 7 61 3 do dust 375 28 18 Forest Hill... 62 16 do bropek 1792 —s«BB 19 63 20 do pekoe 2100 36 bid 20 64 1 do congou 100 «27 21 65 1 do dust , 130 = 23 27 Neuchatel, Ceylon .. 71 23 do bro pek 1956 52 28 72 30 do pekoe 2400 8639 29. 73.12 do peksou 1140 = 34 30 : 74 3 do bro tea 420 28 31 Dabanaike ... 75 2%-sh pekoe 100 26 32 76 1 do sou 50 8924 33 77°13 do dust 780 089-29 39 Allakolla ... 83 35 do bro pek 2975 46 40 84 24 ch pekoe 2850 . 33 bid 41 85 17 do pek sou 1700 29 bid 42 86 13-ch dust 75 «28 48 Roseneath ... 92 3f do bro pek 2015 45 bid 49 93 14 ch pekoe 1470 = 82 bid 50 94 1 do red leaf 108 16 51 W » 95 1 do pek sou 107 21 bid 52 Polgahakande 96 24 do bro pek 2400 48 5e 97 30 do pekoe 2400 = 33 54 98 6 do pek sou 360 30 55 I NG, in estate mark « 99 2 do dust 180 26 56 100 2 do redleaf 200 «95 57 Raxawa . 1 2 do dust 300. 38 58 2 4 do fans 400. 382 bid 59 Parusella .. 3 42 3}-ch bro pek 2520 50 60 4 34 do pekoe 1700 = 36 ‘61 6 43 do peksou 2150 28 62 6 45 do do No.2 2025 26 63 Wadurewa, HD 7 +2 do _ bro pek 104 44 64 8 3 do pek sou 150 32 65 9 1 do dust 57 22 © 66 Ivies we 10 13 %-ch bro pek 715 «= 49 bid 67 11 42 do pekoe 2100 33 bid 68 12 43 do peksou 2150 29 bid 69 1a 2 ch _ bro tea 230 18 70 14 3 do dust 375 23 71 Gilassel w 15 79 4-ch bropek 3950 48 72 16 40 ch pekoe 3800 36 | 7 17 20 do pek sou 1800 30 bid 74 GL eo 18 2 do sou 170 = 24 bid 75 19 3 do dust 300. a4 Messrs. Forsrs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Conimmerce Sale-room on the 7th June, the undermentioned lots of Tea (197.241lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ibe 7 Sex 1 H&H ee 246 3 ch bro tea 300 24 2 LPG ee 248 12 do bromix 1200 28 3 Kanangema,, 250100 box orpek 1900 48 4 252 30 }-ch broorpek 16800 45 5 254 69 do pekoe 3450 31 bid 6 258 15 ch pek sou 1425 26 bid : “ek i fa fa 141 20° 8 260 1 ch Pais 126 23 18 Glendon .. 380 24 ch pek sou 2160 28 Lot No. Mark. 19 8 G KA Duobar Chesterford .. L, in estate mark Dromoland NwoD mo vo M aculla .., Malvern, A... Cc ae Wolley field... wrFwb Torwood Liskilleen Biemark Oourt Lodge Eliekande ‘Wewesse Manickwatte St Helier’s .. Melrose - Middleton ee F, in estase mark oes Polatagama PRODUCE SALES LIST. nr rere ane onenemnenn ae enNNEenanipneastenandasensssessses=e Box No. Pkgs. SEESSESSEEE SSSEREE ao ao §§= at = SSSss BSdownwwmensd& 9 4-ch 3 ch Descrip- Werght tion, Ib. dust 300 dust 1001 bro pek 1300 petoe 2340 bro pek 2415 pekoe 1700 pek sou 1400 pekoe 72 pekoe 41 pek sou 216 dust 51 dust 1360 pek fans 960 pekoe 1375 bro’pek 1786 koe 1980 broor pek 3080 bro pek 3850 pekoe 12915 pek sou... 1520 bro pek 2500 pekoe .. 1800 pek sou 950 dust 280 bro tea 480 kK sou 360 ro tea 260 bro pek 215 pokne 190 ro tea 550 unas 900 bro pek 1200 oe 1800 bro pek 990 pekoe 1485 unas ‘180 apas 300 s0u 100 bro mix 7 pekoe 4 pek rou 760 bro mx 400 bro pek 2000 pekoe 2160 yok 9800 bro pekoe 1800 pek sou 950 dust 280 bro pek 800 qekoe 8u0 pek sou 240 unas 240 feo pak 3400 ro pekoe 1880 pek sou 2310 peK sou 750 vnas red leaf wr bro pek 4000 pekoe! 4000 . pek sou 4600 sou 150° dust 320 fans 140 Ted leaf 50 bro pek 2200 oe 2200 pek sou 1100, ust 246 broor pek 2530 pekoe 1500 pek sou 800 dust 243 bro pek 5000 pekoe — 2900 Pek sou 2300 pek dust 320 bro pek 1260. pekoe 3060 pek sou 1105 pek dust 795 bro pek 3150 pekoe 4720 pek sou 2331 dust 720 bro tea 300 srasee BRERSSARVSSRSS SMEKLSMHVVRSARBeesss SSRGRS SRS SEBS RSS SLSVESRSRRSETESRSSSSeRSsss Bessess © E EEE EE g. ¥ z s a EE CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Weight No. Mark, No, Pkgs. tion. Ib. ¢. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. Ib. 131 Koorooloogalla 506 3 ch souchong 270 8=—-29 57 §, in estate 3 p 132 B 508 2 do pek sou 180 34 mark .» 658 7 ch pek sou 660 133 510 5 do pekoe 415 37 58 660 16 3-ch dust 1200 134 512 11 do bro pek 1100 48 59 Glenorchy .. 662 43 do bro pek 2580 185 Helloya .. 514 54ch dust 400 25 60 664 106 do pekoe 5300 136 516 24 ch pskK sou 2400 32 bid | 61 666 32 do pek sou 160¢ 137 518 32 do pekoe 3300 =. 38 62). YE 638. 1 ch dust 100 138 520 29 do bro pek 3990 47 bid | 63 Gikiyana- i 145 W.G. .. 534 3 ch pex dust 300 kande .. 670 2 do bromix 160 sae cetate 6 Catia an oe 1100 Ee Ps 4-ch bro pek 2 yegrove .., ° TO mate Ca A ee ed af 66 676 16 do pekoe 1600 Messrs. BENHAM & BReaNer put upforsale at the | 34 ne te ae yok fos a Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 14th June, | 99 Ambalangoda 682 7 do bropek 770 the undermentioned lots of tea (6,550 lb.), which sold | 70 6384 5 do pekoe 550 eecandgr iT 72 SEL EcHOE inemua 60 7 7 r -C. us Lot k es Pk Deserip- ‘Welgne 73 Anningkande 690 19 ch bropek 2090 No. Mark. 0. gs. tion. x Cc. 74 62a 18 do pekoe 1800 3 Anamallia .. 44 24 do orpek 2400 35 15 694 20 do pek sou 2000 4 46.17 do pekoe 1700 = 30 76 696 5 do congou 500 5 48 9¢-ch dust 675-22 a oe i hie zea pene 49 a leat : us y aes Pe a apt Ss Mk 727 CRD .. 703° 8 do dust 480 a ee 80 704 1 ch redleaf 100 Messrs. Forsges & WALKER put up for sale at the Bu Atherfield ... a0 f zon dust oa Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 14th Juns, Oo. sou 00 the undermentioned lots of tea (218,828 lb.), which eH BD Mie yt ae 48 a9 fang rite sold as under:— ; : 85 714 3 do red leaf 635 Lot } Box Deserip-- Weight 86 K WD, inestate No. Marx, No. Pkgs tion. lb. Cc. mark an a 3 ich dust 225 é 87 7 lc bro tea 118 Dp? sane, Sette BEC feta, 00 93 Gallantenne 730 26 ca bropek 2860 548 21 do pekoe 1200 46 oe 2 5 94 732 35 do pekoe 3500 3 550 6 do pek sou 300 29 95 734 11 di fe weer ele Sa ea ae 96 6s de? bromix 300 5 554 2 do dust 110 O41 97 738 4 do dust 600 6 Kananka .. 556 7 ch bro pek 71200«(«47 98 740.1 do dust 100 q 558 13 do pekoe 1300 35 p 8 560 7 do peksoa 630 30 99 BA W, in estate 9 562 2 do bro mix 170 23 mark con 742 1 do bro or pek 80 10 PK .. 564 1 do 100 Warwick .. 744 19%ch bro pek 1140 1}-ch bro pek 150 35 10L 748 34 do pekoe 1700 il 566 3 ch pekoe 300-25 102 748 2 do pek sow 100 12 568 1 do pek sou 100.25 103 750 2 do bro mix 100 13 FH M inestate 104 6752. 1 do dust 85 mark .. 670 14 do bro pek 1400 55 105 - Sembawatte 154 49 do bro pek 2695 14 572 11 do pekoe 990 33 106 758 50 do pekoe 2350 15 574 4 do fans 400 20 107 758 14° do pek sou 560 16 Daphne... 576 7 do © bropek 680 © 46 108 : 760 4 do dust 320 17 578 13 do pekoe 1155/33 109 Harrington 762 33 do or pek 1815 18 580 7 do pek sou 590-30 110 76417 ch pekoe 1530 19 582 4 do bro tea 355-20 lll 765 8 do pek sou 800 20 584 2 dc dust 245 05 112 Beaumont.., 768 114-ch youog hygon 572 21 PC H Galle, W3 770 10 do hyson 540 in estate Me N se pe oF Ge ae 3100 mark .. 586 18 4-eh bropek 900 49 rte 4 do dust 600 22 588 31 do wabos 1550 33 116 St. Martin’s 776 10%4-ch bropek 500 23 Midlothian... 590 29 do bropek 1740 537 117 778 33 do pekoe 1650 24. 592 22 ch — pekoe 1980 43 118 730 1 do sou 45 25 594 5 do pek sou 450 32 119 782 3 do dust 210 26 596 13-oh dust 80 29 124 Kanangama 792 15 ch pek sou 1425 36 Citrus ». 618 10$-ch bropek 500 51 195 Palmerston 794 8 }-ch bro pek 489 37 618 6 ch 126 796 18 ch pekoe 1350 14-ch pekoe 660 33 127 798 1223-ch peksou 840 38 620 3 ch pek sou 300-99 128 800 2 do unas 110 39 622. 2 do-« unas 200-28 129 Clunes +» 802 21 ch pek sou 1890 40 624 2 do fans 200 20 130 Jambugaha- 41 625 1 do pek dust 125 33 Watte .. 804 14-ch bro pek 50 42 628 14-ch = red leaf 50 «416 131 i 806 1 do pekoe 50 43 Kosgahena ., 630 1 ch 132 Crathie .. 808 7 ch bro pek 805 24-ch bro pek 235 39 133 810 6 do pekoe 680 44 632 2 ch 134 812 3 do peksou 330 24-ch pekoe 340 38 135 814 lich dust 85 45 _ 634 = yah : ae : 136 Kakiris- Pek sou : 8 kande o». 816 3 &ch 46 36. 1 ch l box bro pek 172 1 4-ch gou 155 25 137 818 6 3-ch pekoe 3u0 47 638 2 do _ bro tea 125 18 138 820° 5 do pek sou 250 48 640 1 do congou 40 15 139 822 8 do sou 400 49. Jamboogsha- 149 824 1 do fane 54 watte «» 642 7 do pekxgou 350 25 14l 8&5 1 do dust 60 50 Sutton a» 644 26 ch bro pek 2830 72 142 Wewesia .. 828 54 do bro pek 2700 61 646. 21 do pekoe 1995 56 143 830 42 do pekoe 2100 52 648 6 do pexsou 510 47 lét 832 54 do pasou 2700 53 650 l¢ch dust 60 30 145 Custlereagh 334 15 ch bro pek 1575 54 Inchstelly .. 652 8 ch 146 833 19 do pekoe 1710 14-ch bro pek 89L 46 147 KC -- 838 6 do dust 780 55 654 9 ch pekoe 900 2 148 NAN 840 4 43 bro pek 409 56 658 9 do sou 838 = OT lag 2 6 do pekoe 570 SESEE RSSKSERREGRSSBRESRSEABSRLFG RRERREEN BABRRSRRGSASTRRRERBIERS bo - CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. eo 169 470 St. Hélen’s.. 172 133 Chrystler’s Farm. ooo 198 1799 AOB eae 180 381 -Carlaback ... 162 183 Beaumont .. one 217. ‘Talagaswela 218 219 5 221 222.» 223 Chesterford ww “Waitalawa... M O.C Coy. i Box No. 844 846 848 850 Pkgs. 2 do 1 do 2 4-ch 30 do -_ oo mt OS Sm CON ad pe beeRo Deserip- Weeer tion: lb. pek sou 190 bro tea 95 dust 160 ekoe 1500 ‘o pek 1705 dust 298 pek sou 1700 pekoe 2500 or pek 2280 pek ‘sou 315 pekoe 810 or pek 1035 bro pek 1860 dust 300 pek gou 650 koe 2400 ro or pek 4860 dust 240 red leaf 110 bro tea 118 pek sou 2070 pekoe 1360 bro pek 2190 sou 570 bro mix 210 dust 408 dust 490 dust 1180 dust 2240 dust 1260 pek sou 300 congou 120 dust 465 pek sou 1120 dust 720 bro pek 110 pekoe 96 bro tea 262 red leaf 100 bro tea 240 dust 480 bro pek 550 pekoe Nol 700 do, No.2 300 pek sou 50 red leaf 200 bro pek 5040 pekoe 3800 pek sou 840 dust 536 bro. pek 3045 pekoe 9100 pek sou 673 dust 300 bro pek 1700 pekoe 1710 pek sou 2400 unas 67 sou 50 pekoe 320 bro,pek 2500, pekoe 2185 peksou,, 1440. sou 990 dust’ i 450 » broimix 200 dust 1200 ‘ bro-pek 1470 pekoe 1100.) pek sou 1100 bro or pek 1230 . OF pek 1397 upas 350 bro mix 200 ‘sou 100 bro pek 104 bro pek 1100 pekoe 3350 pek sou 500. * dust 970 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (Brom Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincrxa Lane, May 19th, 1893. Marks and prices of OEYLON OOFFEE sold ia Mincing Lane up to 19th May :— Ex “City of Vienna,”—Gonamotava, Io 1t 1068; 5c 1b 103e 6d; 1c 976;1 116s. Berragalla, le 109s; 26 lb 104s 6d; 1b 948; 1 117s. Ex “City of Vienna”’—Ferham, lb le 1048; le 1t_100s 6d; 1t lb 958 6d; 1¢ [13s. Ex ‘Barrister’ —Upper Cranley, lc 1b 103s; 1¢ 95s 6d; lb 111s. Cranley, 30 193s; 1 95s 6d; 1¢ 111s. Micra Lane, May 25th, 1893. Marke and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane, upto 25th May :— Ex*Rewa”—Leangawelle, le 1078 6d; 50 105s; le lt 1058;2c 993; 1 119s. Sherwood, 1b 1023; 1c 1t 102s: lb 94s; 1 114s 6d, Ex “Oity of Khios”—Ha!dummulla, lo 1078; lo it 105s 6d; 1b 958 64; 1 1143 6d. Idulgashena, 1b 104s; 1 102s 6d; 1 958 6d; 1 114s 6d. Kahagalla, ib 104s; le 1b 104s; 2c 1b 101s 6d; 1b 958 6d; 1 11486d. : Ex “Kaisow”—Diyagama, le 1b 106s; 5c 104; It 91s; le 114s, Ex “ City of Khios”—Darrawelle (OBEC), 1b 107; 1t 805s; lo 1b 103s 6d; 1b 95s; 1 110s. Oraigie Lea, 1b 1078; 20 106s 6d; 8 104s; 1b 95s; 181185. Ex “Kaisow''—Deenakellie, 3c 1t 98s 6d. Ex‘‘Mahratta”— Maria, 1c 105s; le 1b 103s; Ib 97; 1t}116s. Bambrakelly, 1t 104s; 1c 1048; 1t 978; Lb 106s; 1112s, Morar, lb 107; lc lb 104s; 1t 976; 1b 116s. Berat, lc lt 1094; 2c 1b 1058 6d; Lb 95s; lb 118s; Rabanwatte, 1o:[b 104s 64; 20 1b 102s 64; 0 978; tt 1188. Alawiek, 2c 1058 6d: 50 102s; lo 1b 958; It Liby, Sarnia, 401078; 5 1023 6d; 1 955; 16 118s, CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincina Lane, May 19th, 1893. Ex “City of Khios”—Rajawelle, 39 bags 117s 6d; 16 or 17 bags 118s; 1 or '2 87s. Ex ‘Kee nun” and “Qity of Vienna”—Rockhill, 28 raed. 81 bags 114s; 1 bag CRs a bon 80s; 6 bage 8 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. + (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lanz, May 25th, £898. Ex “City of Vienna”—Gallantenne, lo 3s 7d; 6 Ss 10d; 3 281d; 3 le 10d; 2 2ei4d.. Delpotonoya, le 3s 6d; 1 3s 4d; 1 3e3d; 1 2 3d; tere 1s ae . Ex “City of Khios”—Naranghens (OBEC), 4c 8s 6d; 1 1s 8d; 11a 5d; 1 186d; 2 1s 7d;7 1s 3d; 1 124; 6 1g 1d; 3 1s od. ‘(CHYLON OBSERVER" PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALKS. a NO. 18.] — CoLouspo, JUNB 26, 1893. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. A. H. Tuomeson & Co. put up tor sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 14th Jane, the undermentioned lots of Tea (36,019 Ib.), which sold as under :— 1 SSSEASGESGC LER SS ESSENSE SEES SARS h Seance: Bogahagoda- watte KAS ace Pombsgame Ocmaz oe ae r See Kosgaliawella HS 09 New Oorn- wall 5, in edtate mark Vogan Box No. Pkgs. 1 3 $-ch 2 6 do 8 3 do 4 1 do 6 4 do Z 6 ch 8 2 do 9 J. do 10 38 do ll 9 do 13 6 do 15 2 do 23 #8 ch 24 37 4-ch 26 26 do a8 9 do 30 10 do 31 4 do 32 16 oh 33 12 oh 35 3 do 37. 1 do 38 2 do 39 2 do 40 1 do 41 1 g-eh 42 4 ch 43 14 do 45 1 do 46 9% $-ch 47 2 ch 8 40 g-ch 60 10 ch 67 12 ch 59 5 4-oh 60 2 oh 61 1 do 62 2 do 63 «8 $-ch 64 1 do 65 4 oh 66 1 do 70 8 ch 72, «7 do 74 «8 do 75 4@ ch 78 6 §-ob 18 12 do 80 1 do 81 1 do 84 1 ch 83 @ }-ch 69 13 ao 81 18 Uo 93 #10 do 94 9 do 9 @3 do Descrip- tion. fans or pek bro or pek congon bro pek pekos pek sou bro ten dust. ekoe ro pek bro pek pekos No, 1 pek sou pok sou bro pek pekoe ek cou ro mix dust bro pek bro psk pekoe pek sou bro pek sou dust . Weight lb. c. Mr. ¥, Joun put up tor sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 14th June, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (79,460 lb.), whioh sold as onder :— ob Ge Box , o. Mark, No. Pkgs Description. 2D ». 208 @ -ch dust 3 WwW «. 209 28 oh pekoo 4 aii 13 do ik sou r 213 22 do bro tea 6 ; 216 4B d-ch > dust 7 Ottery and Stamford Hill », #16 44 do bro pek 8 30 ch pekoe Weight be 19 40 84 80 34 64 3v oes Killin GT Bollagalla .. Ooslanda .. Tientsin 5! «oo Ardlaw and Wiehford ... Dartry Maddegedera MG Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee- Box No. Pkgs. Descrip- tion. s0u dust bro mix bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe per foe FO bro or pek Messrs. SOMBRYILLE & Co. putup for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 14th June, the andermentioned lots of tea (84,439 lb.); which sold ss under:— Lot : No. Mark. 1 OBIASHA ww RT ae HIS o- C.A,4dn estate mark Digantells ... Box No. Pkgs. Desorip- tion. dust bro mix faus bro pek pekoe pek sou sou red leaf congou pek sou bro mix red leaf pe dust dust bro -pek pekoo. pek sou pe dust dost fans bro mix Weight Ib. 2 CELYON PRODUCE SALES LIST. : Lot : Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight, No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. No. Mark. No. Pkge. tion. Dé 22 W ee 41 -1--ch 100 26 7 Lauderdale... 42 10 ch dost 1950-5 a3 , 42 1 do red ieaf 100 «18 8 _ 44 6 do fans 600 a7 24 43 4 do dust 117 22 9 46 4 do oo 4 20 25 Mouragalla... 44 27 do © bropek 2700... 40. 10 Eléton » 48 5 do bro mix 5 J 26 45 12 do 11 50 1 do dust 1200 C8 I 4-ch pekoe 1263 12 62 2 de copgou 300 a2 a 4 4 oh k 284 29 - —_ w 54..% do .upes 26 h ek eou 1 or] 28 Rayigama ... 47 1% fe it pek 5 «2 4 66 3 do pek dust it 23 39 48 15 do pekoe 750 = «36 15 58 2. do 30 49° 3 do pek sou 165 428 l¢-ch red leaf; 328 20 31 50 3 do dust 210 26 a Sa ee 38 Kelani 51 48 4-ch bro pek 2365 51 Mesers. SomMERvILLE & @o. putup for gale at the a 52 66 do pekoe a) gs Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 2ist June, Ls Por tah Pee: ER theundermentioned lots of tes (67,002 lb.), which sold 36 652 do pek dust 150. 24 as onder :— pal Arslena os oa 4 te ee pek pe " Lot Box Descrip- Weight - : 0 ekoe ; 39 sa 19 da ete tae 960°08B No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. roe * 40 59 1 do dust 61 20 1 S, in estate 41 Narangoda .. 60 13 ch’ or pek 12300 «= 43 mark os a0 oe bro tea 900 «618 bid 42 617 do pekoe 630 «= 39 2 21 i4¢-ch duet 1120 «(27 43 62°41 do pesk sou 3690° 30 3 Wattagalla 44 63° 2 do sou 160 28 KV «» 22 10 ch bropek 1050 27 bia 45 64 4 do dust 300 35 a 23 8 do pekoe 800. aL 46 OH -. 65 10 do pekoe 9004 5 24 10 do pek sou = 23 bid 47 Hatdowa .. 66 12 do bro pek 1200 = 44 bid e 25 2 do dust 24 48 67. 9 do pekoe 900° 39 7 Hilandhu ... 26 20 do bro pek 2400 46 49 68 25 do k sou 2250 29 8 27 17 do ) 1360 33 ) 69 4 do ro mix 360 «=s«d19 9 Benvenla .. 2 23 ch pek 2300 «63 Si Depedene .,. 70 35 ¢-ch bro pek 1925 «45 10 29 25 do Rekoe 2500. 36 Sa 71 31 do pekoe 1550 34 lL 30 1 do ust 125 32 63 72°34 do peksou 1700 = 3 12 31 1 do fans 120 3% 5S 73 6 do sou 300 24 13 G@w -» 34 10 do Bro ax 750 65 14 4 do dust 820 2” 14 33..2 do lust 230 «22 6 T ‘we 84 83 do pekog 270 #t 15 Forest Hill.. 34 3¢@ch red leaf 12% £7 66 Nikakotua ... 85 4 do 16 Mousakande 35 28 do bro pek 1400—Ss«6L 1i-ch pek sou 477-30 17 26 31 do _ pekoe 1395 «42 70 Woodlands... 89 12 ch bro pek 1200 54 - 18 ~ 37 2 do. eongon a a1 90 10 do pekoe 1000 40 © 19 38 6 do dust 335 «= 26 12. 91 8 do pek sou 760 30 20 392 do redief 84 16 13 $2 1 do dust 100 38 21 Morningside # 12. do. bropek 1 47 m4 93 2 do red leaf 200 «17 22 1 12 do — pekoe 1 24 15 Hiralouyah... 94 21 do’ wunas 1804 20 23 42 12 do pek sou 1200 «3 16 95 6 do 24 43.2 do congou 180 2 1}4-ch bro mix 662 «20 5 44 3 do dust 390. & 17 96 4 do dust 273 23 26 CR D in estate 13 97 2 ch fans 203 34 Mark «. 45 8 do bro pek 890 46 9 RU +» 98 6 %-ch bropek 340 44 27 48 4 do koe 412 32 80. 90 7 ch _ pekoe 665. 32 28 Ingeriya 47 6 $-ch pek 330 «52 81 100 4 do pek sou 360 26 29 48 9 do pekoe 450 38 2 Roseneath .. 1 14 do pekoe 1470 «35 30 49 15 do k sou 720 «32 63 W, inestate . 31 50 3 do ro mix 160 25 mark ee 2 I do peksou 107 25 32 51. 3 do bro tes 204 «8=29 84 Ajlakolln .,. 3 24 do pekce 37 33 52. 1 do _ dust a. 28 35 4 1% do peksou 1700 = 30 34 Box -. 53 4 ch bro ~ 400° 70 86 Knutsford .. 65 65 4-ch or pek 315 54 35 54 7 do pekoe 630 +42 37 | & 6 do bro pek 337 48 36 55 3 do pek sou 270. «86 88 7 31 do pekoe 1694 383 a 66 1 do pek fans 70. 98 89 8 2 do © pek sou 91 = 42 Diyagama ,. 61 4 ch pek 400. 48 90 9 2 do © red leaf 6415 43 64 3 do 91 10.2 do fang 1L OT lég-ch pekoe 362033 96 AL, in estate 44 63 1 ch pesou 100 3630 mark ee 15 11 ch bro pek 1952 37 45 @@ Lich dust 78 #8693 9T 16 2 do orpek 210 35 46 65 1 do fang stameai 8 4 98 17° 4 do pek sou 398 29 47 66 1 do Mixed 4l.. 18 9 . 18° 7 do sou 666-26 48 Walahanduwa, 100 19. 3 do k fans 420 _ 29 Invoice No.1 67 ¢@ do bropek 400 «(6B 101 Diganakella 101 6 do. aa pek 660 451 49 68 6 do pekos 600 «48 102 103 14 do pekoe 15400 46 50 . 69 4 do sou 40038 103 105 8 do peksou 800 32 51 Walahanduwa 70 6 do pek 600 «65 104 Woodthrope 107, 9 ch bro pek 900 45 52 71 5 do pekoe 600 42 105 10! 8 do pekoe 600 Sins 53 72 6 do pe sou 600 32 106 111 12 do pek«gou 720 30 54 73° 6 do sou 600 27 107 | 113 1. do dust 103 92 55 74 2 do pek fans 330 06«— «8 ———4 56 . .7% 1 do red leat 100i Messrs. Bennam & Bremner put up forsale at the | °? Yehalatenne 76 _ eh a. “aa Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on -the 21st June, | 58 f 7 #8 oh meat : 800 37 bid the undermentioned lots of tea (9,247 Ib.), which | 59 78 2 do O18 : . sold.ee wyder 38 Gr i zo 2D pekson 282g bia of Ox . Descrip- Weight . @ 3 . 18 No.’Mark, No. Pkgg. tion .. Ib, ve, | Sh,Pera Kande- LAER. ie OBIS Slt Stee" ket vee 80 - do bro pek 3120. 50 1 ;Acrawatte .. 30 4 oh ~ orpek 860 60 4 62 8 “S15 3\d0 - 8680 34 2° 82 4 do bro.pek 440 “65 |. 63- $2 13°46 “peek son 1690 31 3 34 13 do pekoe 1170 44 | 64 “43 3a ci Oe 5 'Hornsé 26 (Saya. Bee cae SS Oh “Caomechs) 30020 & Hornsey .. 38 13 do pek aou 1285 33 . {| 65 $4 6 do dust (Acme . 6 40° 2 do fans 300 30 “3 Ba ait chests) 33 Lot No. sold as under :— Lot Mark. Hegella P Morahilla Gg Siriganda .. Wilpita EAS Pay Mahalla No. Mark. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Ss Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Weight No. Pkgs,- tion. lp weeeaar cs No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb. c: 653 DKG@ eo» 230 15 -eh na 865 Alg-ch bro pek 2058 50 54 SK es. 232, 11 §-ch anat "380 3a 86 34 do pekoe 170084 55 234 9 do congou 450 36 ai aa ia pek, on ae a iai| 06 236.21 do pekfin 1471 56 9-10 de seaeeet a youniia 57 Galkadua .., 238 24 ch peksou 2400 32 90 16 do uBe 1350 28 58 Baddegama,,, 240 15 do bro pek 1575 61 91°59 do -bropek 3245 48 . Ste oh Dipekge 1080 44 92 21 do pekoe 1050 42 ot Seat, ioe, wet eet. | BIN 93 28 do jpeksou 1100 32 bld | 6 F ich | cust 90 26 OBEOT. Gio -sHaduat 16 24 angdale ... 248 13 do bropek 1430 65 Ost ol) dou. brommix 60 21 dia | 83. 250 41 do pekoe 3690 45 98 1 ch bro pek 88 «3B 64 252 7 do pek sou 630 (3a 97 40 box or pek 400 R101 65 Oastlereagn 98 103-ch bro pek 600 «53 KC -» 254. 4 ch bro mix 360 «= 26 99.10 do pekoo! 500.38 66 Asgeria +. 266. 6 do bro tea 500 24 100 12 do pek sou 600 32 67 258 1 do dust 148 26 ‘12 ch dust 209 23 68 Scrubs os. 260 7 do dust 1120 26 2 1 do congou 102 24 69 Yoxford .. 262 4 do dust 500 25 3 1 do bro mix 87 20 70 Kirrimettia.,. 264 2 do ~ dust 286 «A 4 8 ch bro pek 330. 56 71 VO -. 266 4 do bro tea 440 18 6 3 do pekoe 316 40 72. Peacock Hill... 268 4 $-ch pek fans 280 28 6 5 do peksou 500° «32 73 270. 1 do -bro mix 45-17 Vrel do sou 100 27 74 JH 8, in estate te mark .., 272 10 do or pek (metal 10.-1-do- cengou 102 26 chests) 1000. 5¢ 1l=1 do mixed 90 29 74 274 17 do pekos 1615 3D 12 294-ch-broorpek 1595 48 76 276 3 do — peksou 285 32 1812 ch ‘or pek 1080 41 717 278 1 do bro tea 110 az 14 2 do fang 240 26 84 Farnham .., 283 47 do bbro or pek 2115 oT 15 1 do dust 150 21 85 290 82 do pekoe 3280 42 16. 93 do 3725 31 86 292 53 do pek sou 2120 36 17 3 ch congou 300 26 87 °294.19 do sou 760 ae 18 3 do redleaf 300 16 88 296 2 do dust 180.26 89 Rambodde .. 298 7 §-ch sou 350 3a . 90 ace : ao aust =e 150 | 28 gL 02 oO ro pek dust 75 2 Messrs. Forpes & Wauxker put up for sale at the an pete ye Ce tans ee aa Chamber of Commerce Sale-room onthe 21st Jure, a Pansalatenne 08 aS 2 ba pek ag es . . . 4 08 24 do pekoe 2400 the undermentioned lots of Tea (261,456 1b.), which 95 310 91 do. pek eo 1995 ° 36 96 312. 5 do congou 6U0 as 5 97 314. 6 $-ch dust 275 24 Box Descrip- Weight 98 Ss a 00 a 3 of re leat = ag . 99 eco OL ¢ ro tea 1 ‘i No. Pkgs. tion, Ib. Cc. 100 Be i 7 220 2 ae toner 2 a 101 eltotte .. 32 ct) ro pi 100 Te ecg rea teat rte 105 Gleneagles... 330 21 ch — pekoe 1995 48 ch unas 3 108 332 35 do bropek 3850 68 138 21 4-ch brojpek = 126056 107. Kirklees 334 3 $-ch dust 285 26 140 20 ch pekoe 1900 ©6338 ashi 108 336 26 ch pek sou 2800 43 142 8 do pekseu 800-29 109 338 28 do pekoe 2800 56 144 2 do dust 140 24 340 49 bh d k 595 62 146 6 do bropek 660 47 is F ech Drom a6 p 1li Brunswick... 342 4 oh pekfans 520 2¢ dAGataé asin —"'spakae feo: x87 113 344 27 do nas 2700 4B Ipae adel a4oukila 113° Oaskieben .... 248 20do pekfans 280 28 154 9 do pekoo 855 87 11g 350 29 do: pekoe 2000, 4@ CaN on eee Y 116 352 37 do flow pek 3700 5% 158 13 do pek fana 910 28 117 St. Helen . 354 15 do pefans 1500 28 160 24-ch~ bro mix 90 15 118 Weoya «» 356 56. do bro pek 2800 43 164 31 do bro pek 3410 65 119 358 55 do pekoe 2475 ar 166 40 do pekoe 3800 38 120 360 47 do pek sou 1880 33 168 17 do pek sou 1615 34 12L 362 5 do pek dust 800 24 170 13 ch, bro pek 1170 70 122. Weddegodde 364 1 do bro pek 80 54 3172 19 do pekoe 1425 69 123 366 4 do pekos 240 34 174 17 do pek sou 1105 46 124 368 4 do pek sou 240 2h 176 2 do bro tem 190 24 125 370 1 do bro mix 60 27 178 21 3-ch bro pek 1050 &8 126 Moalpedde... 372 3 do bro pek 150 57 180 16 do bropek 800 ~=—s«&8 127 374. 3.do pekoe 135 37 182 14. ch pekoe 1400 46 128 376 15 do pek sou 600 33 184 4 do pekoe 400 46 129 378 3.do unas 135 43 186 11 do pek sou 1100 88 130 380 4 do red leat 160 22 .188 3 do pek sou 800 38 131 882 2 do congol 80 23 199 2 do dust 140 a7 132 Fred’s Ruhe 384 26 do bro pek 1300 52 192. 1 do peksou 100 28 133 886. 27 ch pekoe 2565 42 i ar Aad xe iat we 22 134 388 18 do- pek sou 1800 32 Cc TO pe 61 198 25 do pekoe 125044 1cot Wes sess, Bingo 200 4 ch dust 400-37 l4-ch bropek 620. 58 202 loch congou 50 27 136 392° 6 ch pekoe 630 38 210 3 do bro pek 3604 137 394 1¢-ch bro mix 60 wt 212 9 do pekoeNol 855 35 138 396 1 do dust 8 =. 214 7 do kK sou 525 ~ 30 139 Malvern ., 398 8 do broorpek 480 53 216.3 do ekgou No.9 255 25 240 400 17 do orpek w20. 43 218 +4 do re pek dust 560 26 141 402 7°do~ pekson 420 35 220 4 do fans 640. 23 142 404 1 do congou 50 2 222 l4-ch red leaf 65 6:16 143 406 1 do dust 70. 2 224 19 ch bro pek 2090 68 144 Deaculla ... 408 6 do bro or pek 3860 53 226 8k 4-ch or pek 153065 145 410 13 do. or pek 780 49 228 16 ch Pekoe 1520 48 148 412 5 do pek sou 300 of LBK Woodslee - .s Hakurugalla Deniyaya N Harangalla .. Pedro OT) H& H Ao Macaldenia ... HAT, .... Nahaveena ... KA Dunkeld 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Sat, “dt - Box _. Degerip- Weight CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LORDOM. We. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ~ (F Pie : 2 rom iT ‘ommercia dW 8 le 2 3)| oe 149 Court ge 41 ty) ro pe rks an en © N OOFF sold in 420 28 do 1120-69 ze Be har ine mde gt 154 Bugagalle .. 4 ° ‘pe Ex “ 4 5 : a aa ak co. fh pet sain aan Bee! em —Craig, 30 108s 6d; lo 16 Ib lOle; Ut = ele er ape |e ee ise Meficland .., 432 14 ch bro pek 1470 52 Ex “Rewa”—Waldemar, 1b 109s; 60 18 108s; 90 1088 187 434 10 do pekoe 900 = 35 6d; lo 1b 998; 301208. Radells, 10 97s. Kowlabens 268 436 10 do peksou 900 Bh 2b 96s + 159 ¢ 438 1 do dust 80 94 . gee Sie ge 2 | force ese 44 o pek sou ; lo it s 6d, Cavnavarella, 2c 1¢ 1088 6d 60 a 7 ae ais i do in fo as 1088; 1 988 6d; It 1298, ws 450 0 #0 165 BT ph ao aust wo 25 Ex ‘‘Mabratte”—Wattegodde, lo lt 1b 106s 6a; Be il tte... 454 12 sou 6 32 i K se inlcten .. 456 18 -ch bro pek’ai*) A008 List 106 64; 1 O78; Ib 1i¥e. 169 58 19 ch pekoo 1605 «BS 270 Monrovia ... 460 5 ch CEYLON coc “— 1#ch bro pek 550 59 ASA : af ry 1 3 pekoe, ae ae OA SALES IN LONDOR. 0 do pekso Lay te 293 Me a> tabi mao os (From Our Commercial Corre: ) nv 468 1 do unas 100 30 Mixcrxe Lanz, June 2nd, 1893. 1 470 7 do fans 730 92 ; ni 8 12 pede 1S 3 | Be “Clty of Rhioe"—Goonambi, 8 bage 67 37. re 4 4 178 . ik 476 20 eh or pek 1000 ba Maris, 4 bags 926;20 83s. Eriagastenne, 2 bage 92s: ; 4 te) ekoe 7 fe 4 St. Leonard’s 480 40 do bropek 3000 48 Ex “Kaisow’’—Yattawatte, 75 bage 1178 64; 1 76s. mal 482 28 do pekoe 1400 34 1 70s 6d. Me. 2 SS nes ag ae Ex “Mabratte”—Mshaberia (OBEC), 4 bags 70s am SL oo ‘ Ma! 64. bss 3 ‘ch ¥ ; t i84 Bulatdole -. 488 1 ych bropek 800 36bia| Ex “City of Khios”—Kondesalle (OBEC), § {bags 185 _ 0 6° ch — pekoo 870-31 bid 19. ms8 M, in eatase j 2 ‘ oe / mark a 492 23 toh bro or Pek 1380 39 2Ex “Port Melbourne’—Ravenrcraig, 1 oase 110s; lin... 494 o 0 : ag eee ae see liege ) sou “« ” : 3 3 too “1 e Dek fen 10039 Hx “Dunera”—(BB), 18 bage 1184; 2 708. “of sa@??. 4 ie = ieee eo || 2 ee ee : o Tro mix we Bt. Heller's. $08 36 }-ch bro. or Pek 1080 58 ca Ex “Senator” -S1(ME)LM, 15 bags 86s 64. oe 4 99. Dae aaoho eat oo, a x “City of Khios”—Warrispolle, 111 bage 116s. ] lis 614 3 Ro Ape mix = 18 10 81s, : e! ek ° Papaema,- Tye ai dot. pecs ©4100 Ex “Mabratta”—Warrispolle, 70 bage 116s; 20 117s; 570 t a0 pek ‘dust ‘$50 rH ae de Sa af we Bi 3 MoO” Bi , At London Dock :—Suduganga, 33 bags 118s; 2 986 ame ie Fi (ae fans 600 27 6d; 3 76s 63; 1 70a 6d. iY nieg Lares Se 0 © @ Ex “Kaisow—Palli, 895 bage 115s; 22 84a; 6 7. x a3 3 “e sepgou = 300 Victoria, 12 begs 116s 6d; 1 7is; 1 728; 1 70s. Elm. id woot gon redleat 16s a4 shuret, 1 kag 71s; 10 117s 6d Qupnslend gees po faa, Bs 20 Lying at New Hibernia, Wharf :—Narangalls, 1 \ »». 836 14 a Barkindale ea is do Dekoe 1380 8 bag 86s. t 540 sou se ” Fl ¢ cl oa 1 ao a 14 Ex Keemun —Palli, 1 bag 78. A6 Rsperanse ;. 652 13 aren bro.orpek 702 58 Ex “Oroya”— Beredewele COC, 9 bsge 119%; 1 Biz 554 50 Cv) pekoe 9336 4 packet 66s. Se Bg Ea aban broorpek 1900 60 Ex “Mabratts”—YM, 64 bags 2H eee B74 al Bs pekpe am > ra’ a” Tai 4 72s 6d. ‘ a 6 ee i = czD .. 58 4 ch «dust 420 26 Bx “Dunere” -Medagadde, 17 begs 1175; J ms 2 ee ee 2 at 200 20 7353 P| 14s. z itheri lo ‘oO “we a eee oo é do. pekce 610 37 _ Ex “Mabratta, SKK, 18 begs ‘BBs 6d; 2 80s; 10 233 ‘ 588 8 do peksou 720 8632 56s 6a. 4 Bismark ... 588 7 oF tse ek to EA . Bs = ay ao a ns 340 3 Ex “Orizaba’ "—Laumcit, i bagetie: 8 83s 6d, 4 sp 1 do auat 1003 ; Ex “Ophelia”—1 bag 69s. ‘(CYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. PricE :—124 cents each; 3 copies NO. 19.] Cotomso, Jury 4, 1893. { 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. ) Lot Box Descrip- Weight COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. San 14 348 18 4-ch pekoe 180051 Messrs. A. H. THOMPEON & Uo. put up for sale at the | 19 Tart eIMG 5h ao Pe gou 500 37 Obamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 21st June the | 20 18 3 do dust 390 26 undermentioned lots of tea (40,917 Ib.), which sold } 21 Alliady » 19 14 do bro pek 840 42 GS SN Hee 23 Gert ae @enat 188 ae hes wee 2: : c ous’ c Ee M Box Deserip- Weight 24 Agra Ouvah 24 863-ch -broorpek 3870 78 o, Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. b, cs 25 26 83 do. bro pea 3735-8 bid 1 Brae ee iy 88 4=che : dust 150-23 26 28 61 do pekoe 2745 53 2 2 13 do congou 585 27 27 30 27 do pekoe 1215 38 3 Woodend .. 3 2 ch B0U 170 2) 28 32-2! do, pex fans 139 33 4 4 2 do dust 280 22 29 33 3 do pek dust 216 a7 5 Ooropellawa 5 4btox bro pek 88 46 80 Ottery and 6 6 13 do pekoe 260 31 Stamford % 7 7.8 do pek sou 106 26 Hill eee od) 13) do bro pek 780 55 8 8 1 do congou 24 20 31 36 12 do or pek 600 50 9 9 1 do dust 20 £2, 32 28 10 ch pek sou 900 36 10 Aberfoyle ... 10 624-ch bro pek 2236 43 bid | 33 40 1 do dust 15026 11 12 66. do pekce 2772 34 bia | 34. Gonavy «ee 41.20 do bro pek 2000 48 12 14 8 do peksou 464 25 35 43 4 do sou 360 30 13 15 3 do dust 198 22 36 Talagalla .. 45 30 do bro pek 3000 59 . 14 KOBO ..,., 16 13-ch bro pek 5] 43 37 47 20 do orpek 1800 44 15 1789 Teh pekoe 80 32 38 49 17 do pekoe 1615 36 16 18 2 do pek sou 200 Q7 39 Mocha ae) Bls,54. CO, bro pek 3740 71 17 DEC se 9h) (5)ido ans 250 28 40 53 32 do pekoe 3200 55 18 20 3 do pek dust 160 22 41 55 23 do pek sou 2070 46 19 "21°19 do — red leaf 950 18 42 57 8 do fans 960 33 20 Ascot .. 22 18 do bropek 180055 43 : 59 3 do dust 390 =. a1 24 20 do pekoe 2000 40 44 Glentilt com 00..19, do bro pek 1900 55 22 26 1 do congou 100 45 45 62 12 do pekoe 1200-56 23 27. «1 «do dust 150 22 46 64 16 do pek sou 1600 35 24 Gipgranoya.. 28 9 ch peksou 810 33 47 66 13 do sou 1300 82 25 29 243-ch dust 180 23 48 Yapame we 68 24 do bro pek 2640 55 27 AGC .. 32° %6 do? ‘ou 54021 49 70 17 do pekoe 1870 = 41 bid 28 32 5 do souNo.3 500 «15 50 72 12 do pek sou 1200 37 29 33. 1 do duet 150bae oh 51 74 4 3-ch dust 360-26 30 Relugas ... 34 2 do dust 2800-25 52 Galloola .. 75 1 do dust 100. 27 31 35° 2 do red leaf 88 15 53 76.1.) ch congou 100 95 32 Hoonugalla.. 36 4 do bro pek 420 40 bid | 54 Birkin amet no sc) 4 80U 150 26 33 BG,, in estate 55 78 2 do dust 140 24 mark me (Oterrle day ‘brovorpek 125 48 56 Overton .,, 79 22 ch bropek 2200 «64 34 38 63-ch bro pek 350 44 57 81 31 do ~— pekoe 2480 49 35 39 7 ch pek sou 705 31 E 83 12 do pek sou 1080 46 36 40 12%-ch dust 1080 21 59 85 3 do dust 210-28 37 Wevetenne.., 41 7 do bro pek 350 = -34 60 86 1 do sou 46 24 38 42 3 do pekce 144-29 61 Lawrence .. 87 22 do sou 2200 25 39 HE .» 43°16 ch broorpek 1792 54 bid | 62 Blackburn .. 89 12 do bro pek 1320 50 40 MD -» 45 16 do bro pek 1680 45 bid | 63 101 14 do pekoe 1500-34 41 Kosyaha- 64 agg 9 do nes aes BS wella .. 47 8#-ch pek sou 384-26 65 05 4 do us AL) 42 Engarakande 48 10 I ‘a pek 59L 40 bid | 66 Troup «. 106 1 do congou 100 25 43 j 49 10 do _ pekoe 412 30bid | 67 MR «e107. 3 do .. dust 24325 44 Ravasiabage 50 57 ch bro pek 6270 47 bid 45 52 38 do pekoe 3800 =. 338 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNEB put up foraale at the ae ea or de per gow ae 3 Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room onthe 28th June the 48 KAS ma Ye as next 810 28 bia undermentioned lots of tea (7,566 lb.), which sold 49 58 6 do orpek 672 out as under :— ; 5 50 Charlie Hill 59 2 ch bro pek 200 48 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 51 60 34-ch bropek 160 45 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ibs eae: 52 61 8 do pekoe 400 33 1 Battalgalla.,, 20 10 ch soul 950 34 53 62. 6 do pek sou 500 31 2 22°" 2 ‘do dust 300 30 54 63 2 do sou 200 29 3. M .» 24 34-ch_ red leaf 165 15 55 64 3 do fan 150 37 4 AWA cog We TD bro or pek 65 2 56 65 2 do red leat 100s «18 5 28 2 do pek sou 13605 6 Elston, in estate : Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Ohamber of mark .. 380 25 ch peksou 9250 32 Commerce Sale-roomon the {let June, the under- | 7 7 a a4 ay pro pek 1200 3 mentioned Jots of tea (89,415 Ib.), which sold ae | & Rene eoe ee 5g!) g.Nao pekoe 800 30 under :— 10 38 7 do peksou 70 8625 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. fon, Ib, ce Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for sale at the 1TEN +» 324 1 ch red leaf 100 «19 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 28th June, la Tamaravelly 325 2 do mixed 200 «19 the undermentioned lots of Tea (50,392 lb.), whioh 2 Saumeraz .. 326 11 do fans 1320 = 26 1d der :— 3 328 7 do dust 1050 93 9 alles lea Coes Descrip- Weight 4 WT w=. 330 8 do pekoe 450 39 Lot oe eae a 5 332 9 do pek cou 810 36 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. b. ¢ 6 Cabragalla .. 334 37 $-ch bro orpek 2220 52 1 Kanangama.. 1 33 $-ch bro pek 1980 43 7 738 71 do or pek 4260 48 2 3 27 do pekoe 13°04 8 338 26 do peksou 1660 34 3 5 20 do pek sou 1000.29 9 340 3 do congou 150 28 ry 7 33 ch peksou 3300-28 10 34L 3 do dust 210 35 5 9 17 do sou 1530-27 13 Glasgow... 346 18 do bro pek 1800 60 6 11 7 do fans 630 616 PRODUCE SALES LIST. ' —_--- ron SSS 2 CELYON Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. CF 7 Manangoda.. 12 6 ch bro pek 500 47 8 13 8 do pekoe 300 36 9 14 9 do pek sou 900 31 10 16 2 do fans 200 a1 ll YOM OE nt bro mix 75 22 12 18 1 do dust 66 22 13 Oolloowatte.. 13 9 do 1 §-ch bro pek 856 46 14 21 15 ch pekoe 1200 34 15 23 14%-ch bro fans 68 al 16 24 1 do dust 50 17 H »» 2 10 ch pekoe 1000 30 bid 18 Pambagama 27 2 do dust 180 21 19 23 11 do congou 990 24 20 AGC triads Oo sou 180 21 21 30 8 do sou No.2 800 15 S 31 2 do dust 300 21 23 Sapitiyakoda, invoice No. 25 .. 32 32 ch bro pek 3530 = 45 bid 24 34 50 do pekoe 5000 32 bid 25 Ossington .. 36 12 do _ bro pek 1820 89643 26 Hattanwella 38 74-ch dust 350 22 27 39 9 do congou 405 25 28 Ugieside .. 40 7 do dust 560 22 29 41 6 do bro tea 300 23 34 Aldie we 46 26 do bro pek 2600 ~=50 bid 35 : 48 25 do pekoe 2150 40 bid 36 59 81 do pek sou 2635 34 bid 37 Nahalma .., 52 53 é-ch bro pek 3190 42 bid 38 64 55 ¢ pekoe 4959 32 bid 39 66 7 do pek cou 630 28 bid 40 Vogan -. 57 20 do bro pek 2000 «= BL 41 59 30 do pekoe 2100 35 42 61 18 do pek sou 1440 30 43 63 5 do bro pek sou 350 27 44S TRUM CLO! bro pek 672 80 bid 45 65 9 do pekoe 810 25 46 Willesden ... 66 8 $-ch bro pek 616 41 47 65 3 do pekoe 182 33 -48 K’'Della -- 68 8 ch bro pek 780 48 49 70 15 do pekoe 1350 33 50 72 8 do pek sou 720 29 5l 74 14-ch pex dust 70 22 Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room oa the 28th June, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (113,548 lb.), which soli a3 under :— és Lot Box ; Weight -No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb roy 5 Gonavy «. 115 20 do bro pek 2000 40 bid 6 Dickapitiya.. 117 20 do bro pek 2200 «46 7 119 28 do pekoe 2000 39 8 121 19 do pek sou 1900 34 9 Oallander .. 123 204-oh broor pek 1120 45 bid “10 125 23 do or pek 1288 out 1l 127 37 do pekoe 1512 out 12 129 21 do pek sou 1176 out 13 Templestowe 130 17 ch or pek 1700 57 14 132 22 do pekoe 1980 51 15 134 10 do -pek sou 850 34 16 Handroo -- 136 22 4-ch bro pek 1100 43 bid 17 188 12 do pekoe 600 32 bid 18 140 17 do bro‘sou 850 27 19 142 4 do dust ~~ 120 23 20 Galkanda- watte ww. 143 22 ch bro pek 2200 57 bil 21 145 55 do pekoe 4950 36 bid 22 147 14 do pek sou 1260 32 23 146 3%2-ch dust 225 23 34 150 1 do red leaf 59 17 25 Madooltenne 151 12 ch bro pek 1260 #8442 26 153 12 do pek sou 1200 31 Oi 155 1 do dust 120 23 33 Kirkoswald... 166 31 do pek sou 3100 33 bid 34 168 40 do pek sou 4000 33 bid 35 BK -. 170 21 3-ch dust 1924 25 36 Nagur,PHJ 172 3 ch bro pek 300 4) 37 173° 3 do pekoe 285 30 38 174 41 do pek sou Bd) 24 39 175 +1 ‘do bro tea 98 17 40 Logan .» 176 10 4-ch unas 500 17 41 Tarf o. l7eee, gon bro pek 770 42 42 180 23 do pekoe 2300 33 43 182 4 do pek soa 330 29 44 Somerset ... 183 2 do pek sou 236 33 { 45 184 4 do dost 400 24 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkges. tion. lbh «6. 46 Meedum pitiya +. 185 17 4-ch broorpek 1020 48 47 187 28 do pekoe 1680 36 bid 48 189 1 do son 60 49 Talagalls .. 190 28 oh bro pek 2800 49 59 Cruden «+» 209 23 ch flow pesou 2300 35 60 211 13 do sou 1800 35 61 Oruden -- 213 70 ch flow orpek 7000 47 bid 62 215 75 do Po 7500 8=—- 33 bid 63 Ayr +» 217 21 ¢-ch bro pek 1050 45 64 219 22 do oe 1760 31 65 221 13 do pe sou 1040 28 66 223 2 ch l¢-ch dust 325 = g2 67 224 3 ch fans 270 21 68 225 1 do pek dust 100 «22 70 237 «(12 4 }-ch esou Nogll40 22 bid 71 PHE «- 939 11 ch ‘i 9 ¢-ch bro mix 1330 16 bid 72 K «+» 231 56 do pek sou 200 73 K, BT in estate Mark.. 232 8 do bro tea 150 15 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for gale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 28th June, the undermentioned lots of tea (91,889 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Weight No. Mark. No. Pkga Description. Ib. ce. 1 Kurwitty ...19 8¢-ch bro pek 416 44 2 20 9 do pekoe 450 37 3 21 7 do per sou 336 31 4 223 14 do unas 644 29 5 23 6 do bro mix 324 21 bid 6 T, in estate merk on, 2 oo eh unas 810 32 7 25 3 do Ee sou 285 38 8 26 7 do ro mix 700 26 9 27 2 do fans 2300 23 bid 10 28 3 do dust 420 23 bid ll KDGNA.. 29 28 do unas 2600 8638 bid 12 30 1 do sou 95 24 13 31 38 do bro tea 318 27 14 32 1 do dust 88 22 15 L «. 33 2$ch dust 120 24 16 34 do bor pek dust 180 25 17 Labugama ,., 25 19 do bro pek 950 8646 18 36 8 ch pekoe 720 34 19 37 16 do pek,sou 1360 =. 26 bid 20 38 3 do sou 255 22 21 Gallawatte... 39 44-ch bro pek 200-36 22 40 7 do pekoe 350 32 23 41 6 do peksou 300-27 24 42 2 do bro tea 100 16 25 43 1 do dust 50 21 26 Abbotsford D 44 144-ch pekoe No.2 700 328 27 45 8 do pek sou No. 2 400 27 28 46 3 do congou 150 28 29 47 6 do dust 480 23 30 Kelani ww. 48 24 do bro or pek 1440 48 bid 31 49 58 do bro pek 2900 48 bid 32 50 72 do pekoe 3200 8636 Cet 51 38 do pek sou 1710 = 32 34 52 19 do sou 760 28 bid 35 Forest Hill... 63 26 do bro pek 1300 51 bid 36 54 48 do pekoe 2160 40 37 55 20 do pek cou 900 33 38 56 1 ch dust 130 23 39 Parusella ... 57 33 §-ch bro pek 1980 46 40 58 28 do pekoe 1400 82 4l 59 28 do pek sou 1400 29 42 60 14 do bro pek sou 630 23 bid 43 Malgolla .. 61 84 do or pek 4200 44 62 59 do pekoe 2250 36 43 63 17 do pek sou 765 31 bid 46 64 59 do pek sou No 2 2655 3 47 6 4 ch du.t 520 24 48 Allakolla ... 66 35%ch bro pek 2275 47 49 67 29 do pekoe — 3045 35 bid 50 68 17 do pek sou 1700 29 bid 51 69 2 do dust 150 23 52 70 1 do dust 75 23 53 Roseneath ... 71 27 do bro pek - 1755 47 54 ' 72 18 ch pek sou 1890 28 55 GL wee das 7 edo. bro mix 665 18 56 AR aw. 7 2 do fans 240 26 57 75 3 do red leaf 290 «(16 58 76 9 do dust 1089 22 59 77 6 do congou 22 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. Oe No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. Gz 60 Wattagalla, 43 682 3 ch dust 400 22 KV ne 978. 10 —ch bro pek 1050 837 44 Meddetenne 634 13 do bro pek 1400 44 bid 61 79 10 do peksou 1000-21 bid | 45 636 18 do pekoe 1809 38 62 Lyodhurst .. 80 12 do broor pek 1200 ai bid | 46 688 1 do dust 140 23 -63 81 35 do bro pek 3500 35 bid | 47 O .. 690 do bro mix 750 19 64 82 60 do pekoe 5100 81 bid | 48 Wewesse .., 692 151 4-ch bro pek 7350 46 bid 65 83 21 do pek sou 1785 28 49 694 30 do pekoe 1500 40 68 81 2 do unas 130 23 50 696 50 do pek son 2590 32 67 85 1 do dust 150 a2 61 698 2 do sou 109 24 €8 86 1 do redleat 85 17 52 700 4 do dust 32) 23 69 Yahalakelle.. 87 4 do red lesf 320 Aly, 53 702. 1 do fans 70 23 70 82 1 do dust 15021 | 54 704 3 do unas 150 =. 29 71 K VK, Kah- _. | 55 ‘Esperanza ... 703 50 box bro psk 500 49 bid 3 gahena .. 89 10 do bro pek 900 46.bid | 56 Anuningkanda 708 12 ch bro pek 1320 43 bid 72 90 14 do pekoe 1260 37 | 57 710 12 do pekoe 1200 36 13 91 9 do pek sou 765 32 58 712 12 do pek sou 1200 28 74 92 1 do pek dust 75 23 59 714 19 do coagou 2014 21 75 Polgahakande 93 2 ch unas 190 31 60 Warakamura 716 18 do bro pek 1908 43 bid 76 Pelawatte ... 94 8 ch 61 718 18 do pe) 1e=do fans 65 Qt 80 NWD +» U7S6%e T= do bro pek 108 50 95 13 1 do dust 89 33 8L 758 2 do pekoe 176 33 96 14 1 do bro mix 60 24 82 760 1 do dust 80 25 97 Yellebende .. 15 1 ch dust 150 23 83 Wellington... 762 1%4-ch dust 60 23 98 Hopewell .. 16 1-ch dust 67 23 84 West Holy- y9 Rangwela .. 17 1 ch bro pek 100 37 rood ~ oe a64iU 2. Sh fans 140 23 100 18 1 do Ppekoe 100 31 85 765 2 do dust 340 24 101 10L 3 do Pek sou 390 28 86 St. Vigean’s... 758 1 $-3 dust 75 23 pe RS he 87 MA we 770 16 ch bro pek 830 ar bid Messrs. Forsges & WALKER put up for sale at the es yee i Be Deon ae 20 as Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 28th June, | 90 773 4 do brotea 400 25 the undermentioned lots of ten (206,684 lb.), which | 91 _ 78 19 3-ch = dust 1520 ed sold as under:— 92 G Eo in Lot Box Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb. c. 93 ap eee 7 a Fon i es vee ue teu K .- 598 2 ch unas 200 35 94 784 28 do pek sou 1630 43 2 Bonacoord .,. 600 3 -ch dust 255 25 95 786 2 do red leaf 100 20 3 Galkadua .. 602 7 ch bro pek 700 42 96 788 2 do sou 110 33 4 604 6 do pekoe 570 33 97 790 5 do dust 440 24 5 606 7 do pek sou 700 25 98 Agarsland .. 792 41 do bro pak 2050 48 bid 6 608 14-ch sou 50 20 99 794 50 do pekoe 2500 T bid 7 Ewhurst .,. 610 25 do pekoe 1125 36 100 796 37 do pek sou 1665 30 bid 8 612, -;1, .ch congou 100 25 101 798 I3 do sou 585 27 _ 9 Caranden 614 17 do bro pek 2005 46 102 800 3 do red leat 135 17 10 616 13 do pekoe 1373 35 103 802 5 do dust 409 2 1l 618 5 do pek sou 534 23 104 West Hapu- 12 620 1 do dust 150 25 tale «. 804 64-ch peksou 300 34 13 Rockside ... 622 13 do bro pek 1430 41 bid | 105 896 6d congou 3u0 3L 14 624 7 do pekoe 700 33 106 Dambagas- 15 626 12 do do No. 2 1200 3L bid talawa .. 8)8 1 ch congou 100 27 16 628 4 do pek sou 400 26 107 810 1 do dust 135 29 17 630 6 do bro mix 660 20 108 Bacherton.,. 812 13 cd bro, pek 13u0 52 bid 24 Caledonia 644 26 do bro pek 1430 43 bid | 109 814 13 do pakoe 1105 835 bid 25 646 22 do pekoe 1210 35 110 816 14 do pek sou 1120 26 26 648 2 do bro mix 110 19 111 Koorooloo- a7 «© _H, in estate galla .. B18 2 ,ch sou 180 38 mark .. 650 23 $-ch sou 1150 28 112 820 5 do pek sou 450 29 38 OCH .. 652 3L do dust 2480 25 113 622 5 do pekoe 475 3 YE) ays iy ar, CEES Or congou 600 25 li4 824 11 do bro pek 1100 45 30 656 12 do fans 1260 24 115 Clunes 825 33 ch pek sou 2970 28 31 Targuair ... 658 7 3-ch bro pek 353 32 1l6 828 123 -ch =pekoe 5536 35 82 660 10 do pekoe 497 21 117 830 116 do bro pek 5800 47 33 662 17 do pek sou 854 22 118 Deaculla 832 23 ch bro pek 220) 50 34 664 1 do congou 46 17 119 834 28 do pekoe 2800 39 35 Polatagama 665 64 do bro pek 3840 47 120 83) 2 do congou 180 25 36 658 102 do pekoe 5100 33 121 838 3 4-ch dust 240 23 37 670 50 do pek sou 2500 3L 122 Palmerston 840 4 do bro pek 240 78 38 Abamalla .., 672 19 do bro mix 760-5 123 842 10 ch pekoe 750 «55 39 674 6 do dust 390 23 124 844 6 do pek son 420 45 40 IKV 676 3 ch bro tea 300 20 125 8i6 1 do bulk 100 36 41 678 2 do bro mix 200 16 126 848 4¢-ch duet 320 23 42 680 4 do fans 360 26 127 850 1 do bro mix 65 rat 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. | Shot Box Descrip- Weight CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibs *c, —_—_ a8 CS OK (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) ia ae 852 1 eh dust 150 «24 Maqcrne Lane, Jee Oth, E08. 129 é "854 1 do pek dust 150 24 Marke and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE cold in ad Yataderia .., abs 8 a ele or por Esta nd bid | Mincing Lane up to 9th Jone :— 132 860 a do pele 51460 rit Ex “Dunera”—Ragalle, 1b 103s; 5c 1048; 30 1t 1049 tai S808) do pekow 5250 out | te gun cticrpe pe 862 17 do 2 sou 1615 out Ex 1 le 0 2¢ 1b 108s; 2c 1b 105+; It 36 Weoya ,., 864 47 }-ch peksou 1880 29 bia | 1b 100s; 1c 120s. jog Thornfield..... 86523 ch bro pek 2530-67 bid | Ex “Glenfruin”—Balmoral, 20 1b 105s 6d; 20 1b 1028 130 Bro. 72 22 Pekoe |. 2500, 49 | G4: Ie 9Ys;1 1188. Mousa Elle, 3c 108%6d; 3¢ Lt 1056; 140 872 3 4-ch Polkdbat 240 29 lc 1¢ 998 6d; 1c 124s, Kirklees, 2c 1b 1058; le 1t 988 a) Mousa Elia ome ae os pee sou oy A 6d; 1b 928; 1c 118s. pl since St Ex ‘City of Vienra”—St. George, lt 106e; 2c 1b 143 678 19 do r pek 855 59 ’ , 144 880 22 do preek 1320 59 1046; 1b 985; 1 1185;1 112s. 146 Dunbar .,. 884 13 do bro pek 1800 54 bid Ex “Mahratts’’—Gowerekelle, 1c 2t 109€; 5c¢ 105s; lo is Seok ae. cekee MC. 2 bid’) 1b opp Gdpsea2Rs, 7 890 3 do dust 420 26 Ex ‘City of Canterbury’’—Gowerakelle, 8c 1b 104s. AT Otse 8 SOR E2 ADS eRe | nla eeaw Ex “Mabratta’—Neyatedde, 1b 118%; 20 106s 6d; 4c 161 894 12 do pekoe 1080 36 y : ’ : 152 898. 7 do pekeon 680-33 1b 102s 6d; 1t 119s; lo 1b 102s 6d. SE Oee en eRe O-etlns Crist 80 28 Ex “Senator”—Aldourie. Ib 104s; 1 98s; 1t 96s, mark +» 900 1 ch Ex *‘Mabratta”— Bogawantslawa, 1b 108s; 1b Ic 104s; “3 2 A ra ie pek aie 7 lb 10631 112s, ekKOG 156 4 2 do 3 sou 170-22 “Dunera”—Pittarat Malle, 2b 106s; 20 105s; 5 102s Pp 157 6 1 do sou 110 16 6d; le 2t 1028 6d; 2 95s; 1t 1b 114s 6d. : + Pie congou 120 20 Ex ‘‘Kaisow”—Louies, 1b 109s; 1b le 106s; 30 103s 159 10 2 do — bro tea 220 816 6d; 1b 98:; 1t 116s, Ouvab, le 1038; 30 1t 101s; 1t 93s; 160 Ellekande .... 12 13 ch congou 910 32 1 112s; le 90; 2b 995; 2c 104s; 386 1b 1028; 1b 90s; 1t abe = “A 3 pek sou ee is 112+; 1 948; 2 bags 100+. Experapzo, lb 106s; 3c 1t : 163 ie'o § wink ft aeee 600 |. oB8 105s; 3c Lt 1028: 1t 96s; 1¢ 117s 6d. Keenagebsella, 20 164 20 5 do red leaf 375..~ 17 lb 103s; lc 1b 978; 1t 1053. 165 Bismark .,, 22 8 4-ch bro pek 480 42 bid 166 24 17 do pekoe 850 38 167 26 7 do pek sou 350 32 i aie ae” wee | 170 MH, inestate eae CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. mark -. 382 4 ch pek s0u 400 22 a AN ff i oe 4 ae pee an aot =o ap (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) orwood ... o ro 2 - 173 88 38 do pekoe ado 31 bia Mrxcinc Lane, June 9th, 1893. 0 § a = a 1 deh dst ar sy a Ex ‘‘City of Vienna’’—Eadello, 4 bags 80s. eee 0 ans ds 2 va 7 177 TB iol 4B! 1 poh” dust 80 «92 Ex ‘‘Mahratts’”’—(MR), 17 bags 74s. 1978 ; 48 1 ch 1 $-ch fans 214 24 179 50 1 ch congou 100 a2 —S 180 Ukuwella.. 62 15 do bro pek 1575 47 sah Sas peepee et OD. SF CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES 182 M N, in estate IN LONDON mark «. 656 8 ch . 10 4-ch bro pek 800 36 bi ; 183 N, in estate ; From Our Commercial Correspondent.) mark 58 12 do bro pek 585 51 bid ( J 9th, 1893 isp Castres te Speke Seno 2 ss di Seas ES : G . 2 Ex “Kaisow”—Mysore AL 1, cases 1s - a 187 A MB » 66 8 do brotes 104 16 2 : 5 188 Chesterford u ne bro pek s6i5 49 me we +2 a8 ie 1 2 an i ‘* 189 Oo pekoe x “Mabra —Peru 1, 6c 1s - 1000 31 3 . is 14 4 ae Rreou 100-23 Ex “Oity of Oalcutts”—Nawanagalle, 2c 1a 3d; 11 192 aes 25 is a re ais 10 38 1s 6d; 4 1s 2d;1 1s 5d. ; sited Hee, 193 o¢ a tia Ex “Senator’—Tyrelle, 40 28 7d; 5 28 8d; ; 80 2 do bromix 180 89.3 ‘i 198 Ederpolla .. 88 65 4-ch bro pek 3230 43 bia! 1s 8d. Altwood, 3 2s 3d. Myagalla, 2c 2s 9d. ‘“CEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 20.] CotomsBo, JULY 17, 1893. :—12% cents each; 3 copies 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Merers, BENHAM & BREMNEB put upfor saleat the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on’ the 5th July, the undermentioned lots of tea (7,368 lb.), which sold as upder:— Lot No. Mark. 1 G, in estate mark oe PA oo Anamallia ... 9 Elston oe Box No. Pkgs. Descrip- Weight tion, lb. c. bro pek 1000 40 pekoe 900 29 pek sou 640 24 red leaf 270 15 fans 200 19 red leaf 495 15 pek sou 18 24 dust 525 24 pek sou 2430 83 bro mix 160 29 dust 130 22 congou 100 18 unas 500 23 Mr. A. H. Tompson pur up for sale at Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 6th July, the undermentioned lots of tea (47,010 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. 1 ASC oo a 3 4 CGR ooo 5 Managalla .. 6 7 8 9 10 Nahalma .. 11 12 Ugieside ... 13 AGO ove 14 15 16 Sapitiyagoda, Invoice No. 26 17 18 19 Sapitiyagoda, Invoice No. 27 20 21 22 D On 93 Ossington .. 24 25 98 OS 00 27 MLC HO 28 29 30 31 32 33 Vogan oe 34 35 _ 36 37 under :— Lot No. Mark. Fernlands ... Nohakettia ,.. Agra Ouvah,. aOnNogmab- AF Box No. Box No. 237 238 239 211 243 245 247 249 Pkgs. the Desorip- Weight tion, Doane: fans 760 28 pek dust 150 22 red leaf 300 15 unas t a 29 bro pe 55 ’ pekoe 1665 } withd’n dust 100 23 congou 90 24 red ieaf 45 15 bro pek 8190 41 bid pekoe 4950 83 bro mix 166 18 pekoe 1000 30 sou No. 2 600 17, duet 150 21 bro pek 2310 44 bid pekoe 3000 =. 33: bid Pek sou 900 33 bro pek 3740 44 bid pekoe 5400 83 bid pek sou 2100 33 red leaf 200 16 bro pek 770 45 bid pekoe 1800 36 pek sou 700 33 bro mix 73 24 or pek 3250 48 pekoe 2710 36 pe son 1105 34 do 495 34 sou 520 28 dust 260 23 bro pek 1200 52 pekoe 1190 39 pek sou 1020 34 bro pe sou 170 27 dust 260 23 Mr. E.Joun put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 5th July the under- mentioned lots of tea (95,537 lb.), which sold as Pkgs. 1 ch 2 do 27 $-ch 18 do 43 $-ch 45 do 58 do 2 do Descrip- Weight tion. lb. Cc. unas 80 29 sou 180 28 pekoe 1242 32 bro pek 1008 50 bro or pek 1935 71 or pek 1800 56 pekooe 2610 41 bro tea 92 18 § Price t Lot Box No. Mark, No. Pkgs. 9 Nahakettia .. 2650 15 ch 10 252 20 do 11 254 17 do 12 256 2 do 13 Hila .. 257 38 ch 14 259 30 do 15 261 27 do 16 263 94 do 17 265 12 do 18 Mocha +. 267 29 do 19 269 27 do 20 271 18 do 21 Anchor, in estate mark ee 273 35 ch 22 275 32 do 23 277 12 do 42 Great Valley 279 40 box 25 280 24 oh 26 282 42 do 27 284 8 4-ch 28 Whyddon ... 265 12 ch 29 487, 12 do 30 289 12 do 37 Blaokburn ., 312 11 do 38 _ 314 14 do 39 Bowhill 316 4 do 40 317. 1 do 4. NW .. 318 5 do 42 320 7 do 43 322 7 do 44 324 '&@ do 45 325 4 do 46 Tientsin +.» 326 20 $-ch 47 32 24 ch 48 330 2 j-oh 49 Meedum- pittiya +. 33l 28 do 50 Cruden «. 333 70 oh 51 35 75 do 52 Ayr +. 337.12 do 4 $-ob 63 PHK -. 339 11 ch 9 4-oh 54 Talagalla .. 341 13 ch 55 343 19 do as under : — Lot No. Mark. 1aQaw Kuruwitty .. K, in estate mark ove Pelawatte ... DGR vee KDGNA. Diyagama Benveula ... C A, in estate mark D RE Box No. Pkgs. Description. 19 6 ch bro mix 20- 2 do dust 21 5 4#-ch bro pek 22 6 do pekoe 23 3 do pek sou 94 9 do unas 25 6 do bro mix 26 2 do dust 27 3 do unas 28 8 ch 2 $¢-ch bro pek 2 12 ch 3 4-ch pekoe 30 15 ch 1 j-ch pek £0 31 61 oh sou 32 6 do bro pek 33 26 do unas 37 20 ¢-ch bro pek 38 20 do pekoe 39 18 ch bro pek 40 20 do pekoe 41 80 §-ch pek sou 42 3 ch bro pek 43 18 3-ch bro pek 44 10 do pekoe 45. $1 ch 4 4-ch pe sou Descrip- Weight tion. lb. Ca bro pek 1580 47 pekoe 1800 33 sou 1616 30 dust 300 26 bro pek 3800 54 pekoe No.1 2700 36 pekoe 2430 33 pek sou 2160 29 dust 1560 25 bro pek 3190 67 pekoe 32700 50 pek sou 1620 42 bro pek 3850 55 pekoe 8040 43 pek sou 1260 36 bro or pek 400 48 bro pek 2400 52 pekoe 4200 36 dust 240 24 bro pek 1440 55 pekoe 1200 47 pek sou 1200 38 bro pek 1155 46 pekoe 1470 36 sou 400 28 pek dust, 170 22 bro pek 485 48 pekoe 610 32 dust 840 27 red leaf 400 20 congou 400 23 bro pek 1000 81 pekoe 1920 52 dust 140 31 ekoe 1680 44 owery OF pekoe 7000 47 bid flowery pek76500 38 bid pe sou No, 21140 29 bro mix 1330 20 bro pek 1300 53 pekoe 1805 37 Messrs. SOMMRVILLH & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 6th July, the undermentioned lots of tea (52,984 lb.), which sold Weight Ibe)“ e. 480 21 240 22 270 45 288 34 138 30 414 30 312 21 160 23 162 27 975 53 1412 42 1634 3 103 24 500 47 2600 84 1100 52 1000 34 bit 1800 47 2000 34 bid 3920 33 bid 300 out 990 40 bid 500 32 bid 270 32 2 CELYON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb ¢. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ce. a8 46 13-ch dust 85 33 64 218 284-cn pek sou 1568 = a 34 P «» 52 10 ch bropek 500 = out 65 220 5 do dust 4400s 35 Rondura ., 53 15 do bro pek 1500 40 bid | 66 Bismark ~,,, 222 8 do bropek 4800s 45 36 64 10 do pekoe 1000 382 bid | 67 Duabar «.» 224 11 ch — bro pek 1100 —s«453 31 55 2 do pesou 200 =. 0 68 226 22 do pekoe 1980 = 43 28 56 4 do _ bro tea 360 0=—«.18 69 228 6 do ik sou 5400 34 ri HHH ae8 ee i sch pay pek “A a ul Elfindale .. ae 4 tech aM oat ad = 0 @ 3 o fr A4 59 2 do pe sou 104 9-27 72 234 12 do dust 60628 i Depedene .. ef i of aro pek os a e Anningkande = : - bro pek - 4 °o pekoe : °o koe cA ee ee Ble Bg ee ees Mag oO sou 4 4 do congou ¢ ee an oe ae ee ee D) us y elrose nes c rope a Razeen m os 4 ik 21 or pek a A 3 268 24 Pa aoe 4 2640 - 9 do pekoe f 250 8 é-ch k dust 225 50 68 4 do pek sou 160 29 81 Castlereagh .. 252 18 ch pekps 1620 38 pia 2A ee er 69 1 do fang 60 2 S Bearwell ... 14 20 do bropek 1990 4 n estate 22 do ekoe 1980 mark .., 70 28 do broorpek 1880 31 bid | 84 358 5 do congon 479-27 53 71 36 do sou 1800 27 bid | 85 260 1 do fans 1068 54 Abbotsford,D 72 7 do pekoeNo,2 350 43 86 262 4 do pek sou 360 «31 5b 73.7 do pekoe., 2 3850 35 87 264 2¢-ch dust 168 89-23 — 88 D «- 266 6 ch congou 45 26 Messrs. Forbes & WaLKER put up for sale at the | 89 268 2 do nas 17028 Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 5th July, rs eel ily 2 ~ pe leat 178 a the undermentioned lots of Tea (187,971]b.), which | 99 po” 2 29g0 Ipuaa, doce ee sold as under :— ' 9% K «- 276 8 4-ch k dust 560 24 Lot ox _., | Weight 94 Ukuwella .. 278 18 ch Ono pek 1s90 47 No. Mark. No. Pkgs Description. Ib. «. 95 280 22 do pekoe 2200 «85 1 Deniyaya ., 90 5 ch bropek 67543 rh Mada Hy pea emg ee pe a 9% 7 do pekoe 7 33 3 eie5 do ‘peklcon 495 «99 8) || 98 rds RS kd Pee er 4 Kagahba .. 96 2 do congou 200 29 100° P, in aiate 18 ¢ pe . bid | en yas | ean mark .. 299 6 ch bro pek 380 35 6 KA e» 1CO 8 ch pe ae 101 293 3 ch pe fans 249 a7 o.1 1280 26 7 Nahaveena,, 102 323-ch bropek 1600 55 Aa a bons txvecee alee 8 104 20 do pekoe 1000 43 ee peri te, = 9 106 49 do pek sou 2450 34 IDAChtdeAielin.. cece ana lee an oe 20 Harangalla.. 108 35 ch bropek 3850 43 bid erapolla... 298 66 do Ope 41 bid: 11 110 25 do pekoe 2375 34 bid | 105 300 28 ch = pekoe 2520 32 2 igh js fdoj! apekaion gee BOB 302 19 do peksou 1520 31 43 Kirindi .. 114 31 do bropek 3100 47 aH 3047 do son 560. 88 14 116 27 do pekoe 2025 34 +A eee ak ee = Aiels —3 15 118 10 do pek sou 65031 308 3 ach dust 210-23 16 120 2 do dust 271 23 110 MiddJeton ... 310 23 do bro pek 1150 68 18 Havilland ., 124 57 do bropek 2850 53 bid | Ht rec he Mb eA oe 2090 45 19 126 44 do pekoe 1980 37 bid | 133 Ain fie de errs Deh ay 20 128 36 do pek sou 1440 30 bia | 22° 316 1 do dust 1 24 21 130 51 do bro pek 2805 56 114 Bagdad +» 818 124-ch dust 960 23 93 132 39 do pekoe 1950 42 a” re fas! Greg eee ee 23 134 32 do pekeou 1440 33 TAGS ee ee ee a4 136 1 do bro mix 50 18 ++ 324 1 box dust 14 22 2 138 2 do dust 140-33 118 326 1 g-ch bro tea 68 86 fF 119 St. Helen ... 328 14 ch pek sou 1260 320 = Glendon ae a%0 30 ce pek sou 2700 rc 120 380 15. do pekoe 1275 35 .. 142 2 do ust 300 : 28 Mapitigama 144 JI do unas 90 a BDW 332 22 do bro pek 1930 45 bid 29 148. 1 do éust 150 23 A. 334 3 do bromix. 270 20 30 148 1 do red leaf- 85 19 a 3862 Pek dust 189 26 21 SSS .. 150 7 do pekoe yoo 34 12 338 4 ch = dust 400-23 32 152 2 do red leat 204 19 12 BDWP .. 340 5 do red leaf 560 22 33 GAP... 154 1 do sou 100 26 pe ing Sich Mae, 34 Lunugalla .. 156 2 4-ch d 1 12 24 = S us 352) eae ee ees 128 Glanrhos ... 348 10 ch bro pek 1000 58 26 Kolodenia .. 160 6 do bro tea 756 28 i 348 14 do or pek 119047 31 BR . 162 17 do fans 1870 28 131 350 21 do peksou 1680 34 38 164 17 do bro tea 1530 36 he 362 1 do dust 145 26 329 166 143-ch dust 980 24 1 354 1 do congon 108-30 x : 133 Volleyfeld.. 356 3 de unas 300 432 40 KB a) 68) 9 a) chi bro tea 240 28 2 : 41 170 3 do dust 390 24 134 358 1 do bro mix 100 23 42 Udabage .. J72 514-ch bro pek 3315 47 135 360 1 do sou luo 4 43 174 38 do pekoe 2280 33 136 Horagas- a4 176 22 do pek sou 1100 31 Kelle +. 362 65 4ch bro pek 300 48 49 Rockside .. 186 13 do bro pek 1430 39 bid | 1387 364 7 do pekoe 387 33 51 Talgaswela .. 190 30 do bro pek 3000 47 138 366 15 do pek sou 846 29 52 192 23 do pekoe 2185 47 139 368 1 do cougou 44 20 53 194 14 do pek sou 1260 85 240 370 2 do bro mix 130 18 “6 196 9 oe sou - oss 31 1a Pati Rajah a4 0 on br pek 1000 47 198 1 do congou 27 42 _ o pekoe 1100 3s 56 Hunugalla .. 202 6 do bro pek 630 941 143°? - '376 @ do pefans 200 30 - 57 -204 8 do pekoe 800 34 144 378 1 do congou 100 58 206 10 do pek sou 1000 30 145 380 1 do dust 130 23 59 = . 208 5 do bro mix 500-25 164 Silver Valley ais j do bra or ae 48 50 . 60 Keenagaha a5 165 te) ro pe! 50 37 Ella -» 210°1 Go dust 170 22 166 422 5 do unas 235 32 Si 212 4 do unas 400 18 167 N,in estase 62 Marguerita.. 214 583-ch bro pek~ 3480 60 mark w. 424 12 do bro pek 585 eB 63 216 26 do pekoe 1456 = «55 168 St. Helier’s 426 3@ do bro orpex 1430 49 bid Lot Box No. Mark, No. 169 428 170 430 171 ~Park -. 432 172 434 173 436 180 Radella .., 450 181 452 182 454 183 456 184 Arduthie .., 958 185 460 186 462 187 464 188 466 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. a Sn — —eo—wsrKwhKwhKh—mO SSS Descrip- tion. pekoe pek sou pek sou sou dust Weight lb. 1200 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up forsale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room onthe 12th July the undermentioned lots of tea (4,330 lb.), which as under :— Lot No. Mark. 2 Battalgalla ... 3 Tavalam- tenne 5) 6 Mahanilu .. rf Lot No. Mark. 1 Aberfoyle Pambagama AGC F, in estate mark ae Dw eRe Ossington .. DEC AGT GC AN Kanangama ... Manangoda ., M A, in estate merk fe 47 HS : Kanangama. ... Wevetenne ,. Kttapolla Box No. Pkgs. 40 10 ch 42 2 do 44 15 do 46 10 do 48 1 do 50 3 do 62 3 do sold Descrip- Weight tion. soul dust bro pek pekoe pek dust bro; peksou 270 dus Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 12th July the undermentioned lots of Tea (51,957 lb.), which sold as under :— Descrip- tion. bro pek pekoe pek sou dust sou bro tea bro mix bro pek pekoe pek sou bro sou dust Ppekoe sou sou No 3 sou dust unas bro pek pekoe bro pek red leaf dust bro mixe] bro pek Pekoe bro pek pek :ou lb. 950 200 1400 1000 150 360 Weight lb. c. 1080 45 bid 1740 35 bid 600 29 325 22 112. Q7 100. 17 200 16 1050 37 600 31 300 28 350 14 100 22 50 27 180 18 1600 15 480 27 810 24 700 32 6050 45 bid 5400 82 bid 770 45 600 14 100 21 200 41 255 32 240 29 306 23 270 27 bid 200 31 100 25 bid 300 18 bid 438 out 1560 41 bid 1400 31 bid 2100 §=27 bid 1300 27 bid 1080-25 630 16 260 91 £0 17 350 30 bid 126 25 825 40 bid 1375 80 ibd Mr. 3 E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 12th July, the un- dermentioned lots of tea as under :— Lot Box No. Mars. No. Pkgs 1 Faithlie o. 340 7 ch 2 347. 5 do 3 848 3 do 4 Ottery and Stamford Hill ve 349. 20 do 5 10 7 do 6 12.5 do 7 13i#el “do, 8 Nahakettia.. 14 40 4-ch 9 16 47 do 10 18 16 ch 1l 20 1 do 12 Ardlaw and Wishford.. 21 32 4-ch 13 23 24 do 14 25 20 do 15 Wishford ... 27 15 ch 16 W oo 429 174 dO 17 31 18 do 18 Faithlie -» 33 22 do 19 35 20 do 20 : 37 17 do 21 Eila ». 39 380 do 22 41 40 do 2% 43 21 do 24 Mocha eo. 45 21 ch 25 47 17 do 2 49 14 do 27 53 3 do 28 54 4 do 29 ON .. 55 2 3-ch 30 Dickapitiya., 56 16 ch 3l 58 23 do 32 60 15 do 33 Westhall .. 62 2 do 34 63 7 do 35 N em GDee 1919 CO) 36 Great Valley 67 43 ch 37 69 37 do 38 71.12 do 39 13° 4 do 40 Glentilt ». Y4 23 do 41 76 14 do 42 78 20 do 43 80 5 do 44 81 9 do 45 Kotugedera.,, 104 27 ch 53 106 28 do 54 108 24 do 55 MR we 110 4 3-ch 56 Little Valley 111 14 ch 57 113 :#19 do 58 115 «1 «do 59 116 1 do 60 TK «» 117 2 do 62 Troup oo. 118 do 63 Bollagalla ., 119 21 3-ch 64 121 18 ch 65 123 12 do 66 125 1 4-ch 67 128 2 ch 68 Parragalla .. 127 92 do 69 129 12 4-ch 70 P G, in estate mark +. 131 25 do 71 133 14 ch 72 135 2 do 73 136 8 do 74 WT -» 1388 2 do 15 139 1 do 76 140 1 do (98,223 1b.), which sold Descrip- Weight tion, lb. ec. fans 700 33 sou 425 30 dust 420 24 fekoe 1800 41 pek sou 630 33 sou 450 29 dust 173 22 bro pek 2240 49 pekoe 2162 37 sou 1600 31 dust 150 28 broorpek 1600 65 bid or pek 1080 56 bid pekoe 1300 41 bid pekoe 975 42 bro tea 1190 33 pe sou 1170 34 bro’pek 2420 55 bid pekoe 2000 39 bid pek sou 1700 34 bro pek 3000 withd’n pekoe No.1 3600 36 pek sou 1890 33 bro pek 2310 67 pekoe 1700 50 pek sou 1260 42 ust 390 25 bro tea 400 20 bro tea 134 13. bro pek 1760 49 ekoe 2300 36 pek sou 1500 33 sou 180 23 bro mix 630 S bro mix 900 32 bro pek 4300 50 pekoe 3700 34 pek sou 1140 34 dust 320 26 bro pek 2300 58 pekoe 1400 48 pek sou 1966 40 sou 488 34 dust 720 27 bro pek 2862 = 41 bia pekoe 2800 35 sou 2280 30 dust 375 26 bro pek 1290 = 46 pekoe 1630 36 pek sou 100 27 dust 80 26 red leaf 180 18 fans 450 27 bro pek 1155 46 pekoe 1620 37 pek sou 1140 34 dust 94 21 bro tea 130 20 bro pek 8280 38 bro pek 720 35 sou 1250 30 sou 980 30 bro mix 220 14 dust 1000 24 unas 192 30 do 96 33 do 97 30 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 12th Jaly, the undermentioned lots of tea (88,657 lb.), which sold ss under:— Box No. Pkgs. (hl. Ch 1 box 75 4 $-ch 76 +4 do 17 2 do 78 1 do 79 40 do Descrip- Weight tion. Ibi) “or upas 118 26 bro tea 160 22 bid red lesf 1860 ls bid pek dust 140 25 dust 70 u4 bro peko 2200 57 4 -CEYLON. PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. lb. c. ee q (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) 80 55. $-ch ekoe 2200 «36 a 81 23 Fe ok sou 920 32 Mrxcine Lane, June 16th, 1893. 10 cai dads acters. Comat Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in il Naseby ws 84 15 do bro pek 750 68 bid | Minoing Lane ap to 16th June:— A 85 19 do pekus 950 61 bid Ex ‘‘Yorshire”—Gampaha, 5o 104s; 30 101s; 1 968; I 99 Mousakande 92 65 ch ro pek 56061 118s. Balmoral, 1b 103; 2¢ 99s 6d; 1 982; lb 114s. 21 porost Hill... O4 1 do duct 1a0 BA Ex “Gaekwar”—Broughton, 10 107s; 2e 1¢ 105s; Ib 22 Hatdowa ie 95 l6qdo bro pek 1600 49 95s; 1t 120s. Amberst, 40 105s 6d; 2 102s 6d; lt 968; lo a3 96 12 do pekoe 1080 37 1218; 1¢ 1028. Alnwick, 3c 1b 105«; 10c 101s 6d; le 2b a 87 aa ae pok tou B80 2 1016 64; ble ow 20 1t 1. Niabedde, 1b 109s; 1c 1¢ : 0 ro mix 1078; 4 104s 6d; 1t 1088; 2b i 46 Allakolla ... 99 30 4-ch bropek 195042 bid toe a ios, eel a oe Meh Gch keen GED Be Ex “Glenfruis”—Wibaragalla, 1b 109s; 1 115s. 29 2 1 do dust 100-22 Ex “Gaekwar’—Onuvat GA, lo 1048; 4c lb 10le; 1¢ 380 O BD, in estate 858; 2 bags 97s 6d. mark .. 38 6 do bro pek 720.0 43 81 © a Bi in estate haa gle BEvEe =: Ann Mincine Lang, June 23rd, 1893. ae taser ay E Marks and’ prices of CEYLON COFFEE eold in 3 st: ‘aia 56 2 do koe 232 28 bid Minoing Lane up to 28rd June :— 53 i ead. dO ro tea 400 165 bid Ex apr jo te 1b 103s; 1 113s. 34 HS, in estate Ex “Chancellor’—Albion, 8c 1t 108s 6d; 8c 1042; le mark -- 1 304-ch pekoe 1800 39 lt 968 6d; lo 1 1258; 1c 1b 90s;'1 bag 98s; 1 86s. Bb) i Busd AQ;, Hen 450° 99 Iona, 1¢ 103s; 40 1t 102s 6d; le 1b 98; lc Lb 118s; 36H, imipstste 18 876; 1 bag 98s. Walton, 30 102s 6d; 3c lb 98s; 1t 95s; merk .. 9 @ do bro mix 220... (14 1 107s; le 1b 85s 64; 1 bag 91. 9 d dust 1125 25 H ’ Sy Te hak "che 100 97 Ex “City of Oxford”—Keensgsheella, 40 1b 98¢. 42 tren ch % Ex “Oanfa’’—Dehiogalls, 2t 1048; 1% 1b 1008; 1 95s; 14-ch red leaf 162 16 1 109s; 1 81s. 43 16 1 do dust . wee “4 44 M lla... 1% 17 ch ro pe ” OOO is «AB 10 Go pekes = 1000-88 =~ | CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 2 k 977 33 Eta ts a he - a (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) sCDivaeana ao oe ee 100 33 Maxcrnc Lang, June 16th, 1893. 49 22 1 do peksou 83-8 “ ” ,, = Clariant cM de bro pek 1920 40 bid | a Gaekwar”—Cocoawatte, 24 bags 103s; 1 74s 2a 2 8 do brotes, 4803 , EE, ‘Soindia”—Rook Hill. 17 bags 118+ 63; 1 Tas; 3 28 4 ch bro pek 400 66s. Sa sie | i 27. 2 do __ pekoe 150 35 Ex “Glenfruin”—Dea Ella, 8 bags 115s 6d;3 74s 6d; 55 28 Ate pekoann ise 1 76s 6d, 5 ; ae Ex “Scindia’—Coodulgalla, 30 bags 118s 6d. KPO. 4 85 52 g' 14 67 Kelami: .. 80 47 do bro mex 3855 36~=S«| 13 bagell5s. Keenakellie, 17 begs 1188. ; 59 82 25 do pek sou 112534 ==: eo th Hy 1 ge menos 17s a9 Mrxcrxne Lanz, June 23rd, 1893, 62 Eautadord we 85 4 fc or pek at - gees gent tke oe ee 62 bags 118 64; 7 b Ez a 31 23 a meee 1283 83 Ex “Gackwar’—Glenalpin A, 4 bage94s6d. SD, 23 65 38 2 do pek gou 92 ©25 bags 76s; 5 66s 6d. Victoria 1 bag 85s; 1 84s 6d. 66 39 2 do fans ae ae SD, 4 bags 80s 6d. 67 Peria kande- Ex “Yorkshire’—Arduthie, 12 bags 88s 6d; 1 64s; kettia w. 40 11 ch bro pek 14380 40 bid 1 683s, 68 41 29 do pekoe 3364 35 _Ex “Kaisow’—Palli, 1 bag 68s sweeps. 69 42 8 do peksou 1040 «29 70 I P. ee 43 16 do dust 1440 27 : TL KX ertato sag or pk. —«s280:«8Bid | ~=CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES 79 45 8 do pekoe Bae Butt IN LONDON. 7% y 2 an ek fans 516 = out ae 14 47 1 ee an 48 20 bid (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 45 L we 48 ns on ARE = age emi Mincrxe Lane, June 23rd, 1893. 16 49 16 ch souNo.2 1440 16 did Ex “Oanfa’’'—H Matie AL, 4 2¢ 5d; 2 2; 1d; 3 2s 17 50 2 do 2d; 4 Qs; 11 25 1d; 3 1s 7d. Neahallawaywatte, 8 le 34-ch duet 478 22 8d; 8 1s 9d; 2 ls; 2d; 2 1s 3d; i1-ls 9d; 6 1s 5d; 4 78 KEarleton .... 51 -1 ch congou 10029 1s 6d. - E 19 52. 4$-ch fans 280 35 Ex “Chancellor”—Delpotonoya, 3 33; 4 2s 64; 5 Js: 80 by 78 ado ees aay? fa6 1 1g 10d; 1 1s 9d. 81 GB oD Me pe a6 Bvatltes 478 29) Ex “Oopack’’—L>onoogalla, 2 1s 3d. 84, a7 }-ch bro pek 1350-43 bia Ex “Glenogle’—Nugagalla, 3 1s 5d. 83 Hegalls .. Be 19 re pekoe 950 32 bid Ex “Soindia”—Gallantenne, 1 38 8d; 4 287d; 1 2s $s 58 16 do pek sou 800 1 8d; 3 262d;1 2s 3d; 2 1s 10d. 86 59 3 do bromix 150 18bid | Hx “'Chance'lor’—Lebanon,1 3s; 3 285d; 3 1s 10d a g ar i7 a praltex 2 ‘e 216 5d. fs : ”__Vedehette, 1 38 6d: 1 2s 4d: ger ee “62 7 do pekoe 1250 37 bid | OS ae pam —Vedehette, 3 1 2s 4d; 90 63 9 do pek sou 900 §©30 bid 8 JG; : ‘(OBYLOM OBSBERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. eee eee NO. 21.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Cotomuso, Juty 24, 1893. Price :—12} cents each; 3 copies 30 cents Messrs. ForBES & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 12th July, the undermentioned lots of teu (339,952 1b.), which sold as under:— Lot Box No. Mark. No 1 H&E H we. 468 2 Kuruodu- watte wv. 470 3 472 4 474 5 476 6 A . 478 7 480 8 482 9 484 10 486 11 SSJ, in estate mark ~. 488 12 490 13 492 14 494 15 496 16 KA o» 498 17 500 18 502 19 504 20 506 ai Sutton «. 508 22 510 23 512 24 514 25 516 26 Galkadua ... 518 27 520 23 522 29 524 30 Mooroyia .. 526 3l 528 32 530 33 532 34 534 35 536 36 538 37 Moragalla .. 540 38 542 39) 544 40 546 Al 548 42 550 43 &52 44 Moragalls .., 554 45 556 46 558 47 560 48 Panmure ,,, 4562 49 Kirirdi -. 564 50 566 51 5€8 52 570 53 Augusta .,. 572 54 574 55 576 56 578 57 Kcorooloo- galla .. 580 58 €82 59 ; 584 €0 S, in estate mark £86 61 588 62 Macaldenia 520 €3 592 64 594 65 596 66 598 67 H A T, in estate M M mark «+» 600 Pkgs, 1 ch RH RWW ROR WY WO He Re PW ANDER Re Ooo oro - ead 4 BOS yn pet ta pt ee CT et BI DO HO CO mre wWamo or Descrip- tion. bro mix bro pek pekoe pek sou sou bro pek pekoe pek sou scu unas pek sou pek sou G pek sou D pekce er pek bro pek pekoe pek sou sou fans bro pek pekos pek sou dust unas bro pek pekoe pek sou sou bro pek pekoe pek sou upas bro mix congou pek dust bro pek pekoe pek secu unas bro mix pek dust red leaf bro pek pekoe pek sou bro mix bro mux bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou pek scu dust or pek tro pek pekce pek sou dust pek sou Weight lb. 100 Cc. 22 bid bid Lot No. Mark. Chesterford .. M&C . Battewatte... Lankapurs ... Heeloys Ganapalla? ... Lenkapura, WwW Kirt lees K se C, in estate mark D F, in estate ? mark Ac Pansalatena Malvern Ederpolla .. Ww Deeculla St. Lecnard’s Farnham ... B&D CRD Dunkeld DKD Kakiris- kaude monte —AIUMO- NR RP WDD - (ll eet no Descrip- tion. bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou perEce bro pek pek sou pekoe bro pek dust pez sou pekoe bro pek dust pek fans bro pek fan pek sou pe sou pekoe bro pek dust pek sou pekoe bro pek dust dust bro tea copgeu fans bro pek pekoe pek sou congou dust or ye pekoe pek sou bro tea bro cr pek cr pek pek son congou dust dust pek fens unas bro pek bro or pek er pek pek son cong u dust bro pek pekoe bro mix dust bro cr pek pekoe pek sou fans dust dust red leaf dust red leaf bro pek or rek pekoe pe rou pek fans bro pek pekoe pek sou dust fans 2650 1080 2600 1430 100 2400 2500 2520 340 450 10 6 copies 4 rupee. bid bid bid bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. eee Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weig No; Mark. No, Pkgs. tion. Lbs, No. Mark, No, Pkgs. Priel fd San 157 t 780 1 4-ch congou 50 024 263 108 9i-ch pek § 158 782 1 do _ red leaf 5094 265 110 4 3 ous 200 ‘3 159 Munamal .. 784 4 ch bro pek 40) 41 270 ME «» 112 5 do dust 4000-33 160 : 786 8 do unas 800 38 271 1lf 5 do brotea 315028 161 788 1 do _ bro mix 190 = 93 271 KA -» W6 2 ch pe sou 194-21 bid We apy ; Ae dust 80 23 273 DN D, in estate 2 to) congou 90 23 mark -. AI8 12 do 1644 LBK +» 794 1 do red leaf 210 21 274 120, 1 do ~ - "too “ 165 Inchstelly .. 796 6 do bropek 618 41 215 Ww +» 122 83-ch pekoe 4c0 ae 166 798 5 do pekoe 486 31 276 Liskilleen.., 124 20 ch bro pek 2000 50 ra 167 ; 800 3 do Fou 285 27 277 126 24 do pekoe 2160 3 168 Palmerston 802 4 ch bro pek 255 82 278 126 8 do pek sou 800 3 169 804 9 do pekoe 675 48 bid | 279 130° 1 do dust 140 22 170 806 5 do pek sou 350 = 4 285 Thornfield.. 142 294-ch bro pek 1740S 6 171 808 13-ch dust 40 36 286 144 18 do pekoe 1800 5 172 Pedro «. 810 15 ch bro pek 1350 64 bid | 237 146 4 do pek sou 400 3 173 812 17 do pekoe 1275 49 bid 288 148 2 do pek dust 169 39 174 814 22 do pek sou 1430 88 bid | 289 Castlereagh 150 9 ch bro pek 900 59 bi 175 Kakiris- 290 152 28 2-ch or pek 1260 57 ws kande -- 816 14-ch fans 50 33 291 154 16 ch pekoe 1440 ‘ 176 818 1 do fans 50 32 292 Ukuwella .. 156 12 do bro pek 1260 ri 178 Beaumont .. &22 10 do young hyson 10000 65 293 158 11 do pekos 1100 7 179 824 10 do hyson 1030 * 55 bid 294 160 10 do sou 950 r+ 180 Wellington... 826 1 4-ch sou 50 933 295 Hapugaha- - 183 Bogahwatte 832 10 do laude «+» 162 25 do bro pek 2500 1}-ch bro pek 296 164 26 do pekoe 2600 vd No, 2 1278 27 bid | 297 166 18 do pek sou 1800 36 185 MG « 836 4 do unas 235 §=©35 bid | 298 168 2 do dust 300 «95 186 NWD «» 838 3 do bro pek 321 48 293 Aigburth .,, 170 5 ch congou 500 28 187 840 2 do pekoe 182 34 300 172 6 do fane 630 188 EH -. 842 7 4-ch pe sou 315 33 301 174 2 do red leaf 150 = 189 844 4 do red leat 18u 25 302 K «. 176 & g-ch dust 375 2 194 Sembawatte 854 38 do bro pek 2090 42 bid | 303 OO «. 178 65 do bro pek 3250 42 bid 195 856 13 ch bro pek 1300 41 bid | 407 Polatagama 186 8#4-ch Dro pek 5160 7 196 858 424-ch pekoe 1890 out 3S 183 155 “do pekoe i750 34 197 860 12 ch do 1140 81 bid | 309 190 45 do pek sou 2250 é : 198 862 103-ch pek sou 400 28 11. do do 1150 “i 199 864 3 ch do 270 28 310 Abamalla.., 192 9 do bro mix 450 2 - 200 866 2 3-ch bro tea 110 «2 811 194 7 do dust 455 3 201 868 5 do dust 400 22 312 Clyde .. 196 33 ch bro pek 2500 6 202 Yataderia ... 870 23 ch bro or pek 2530 387 bid | 313 198 12 do pekoe 1050 ; 223 872 30 do bropek 3300 29 314 200... tio, peceat anes oe 204 874 99 do pekoe 10395 25 315 202 3 do dust 420 S 205 876 16 do pek sou 1520 23 3:6 Torwood .,, 204 23 do bro pek 2300 7 bi 207 Farm .. 880 4 ch dust 6ov 20 317 2.6 30 d» pekoe 2195, a ban +208 882 1 do red leaf 78 16 318 208 § do pek sou 760 = bid 209 Wewesse ... 884 424-ch bropek 2100 50 -| 319 210 6 do sou 600 2 bid 210 886 37 do pekoe 1830 = 38 bid | 320 Denegama.. 212 34-ch fans 180 33 211 888 31 do pek sou 1580 33 324 AOB »-- 200..% doa dust 980 4 212 89) 1 do sou 50 25 325 222 3 do pek sou 285 ~ 213 892 3 do dust 240 25 326 St, Helen .. 224 23 do bro pek 1980 re 214 Langdale... 894 49 ch bro pek 5390 44 bid | 327 Lycgrove 226 14 do bro pek 1540 a 215 896 55 do pekoe 49506 37 328 "928 22 do pekoe 2200 SL 216 898 12 do pek sou 1080 34 329 2:0 6 do pek sou 606 > 217 900 8 do dust 1000 26 330 232 41 do dust 150 . 218 MAF oo 2) 2) ‘chi dust 306 28 331 L L -- 234 2 do Fd 219 4 1 do congou 100 29 13-ch unas 243 220 AG «6 7 do bropek 847 25 332 T .. 936 2 do fans ich sx oe 2al - 1 2 Ba Rekee 1332 ae 333 238 2 do aie 116 = ) do pek sou 168 334 atdola .. 223 N «» 12 13 do- sou 1300 34 335 Boletos ae a oF —— ums oer 224 14 1 do dust 150 24 5 3-ch pekoe 960 29 225 Lillawatte.. 16 20 do sou 1600 26 335 2i4 5 ch congou 540 = 21 bid 226 D, in estate mark .. 18 2 do pek dust Messrs. A. H. Tompson & Oo. put up for eale at the ois on hin No.2 200 «25 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 19th July estate mark... 34 23 do bro pek 9300 45 ane ppdermponones lots of Tea (65,838 Ib.), which 235 36 13 do pekoe 915 35 AN OPO a a8 aa 5 do rok sou 250 a Lot Box Weight : 0 2 do ust 233 B P S ipti 238) Matalin. "Azad Oe ee Res No. Mark. ; No. Pkgs. Description. lb. c. 939 TA 23. fi pekoe 150 35 1 Pambagama‘... 1 1.4-ch dust 90 22 240 46 do pek sou “2s 2 a 2 3 ch congou 270021 DAI 48 12-ch Fai 5723 3 New Corowall 3 432-ch bro pek 210 8664 250 Easdale .. 66 40 ch bro pek 4000 52 ‘ 4 8 do. pekoe 40043 251 68 27 do pekce 2430 42 5 5 1 do dust 60 30 259 10 21 do pek sou 1890 38 « Woodend ea; (8 tide s0u 95 23 253 72 4 da dust 520 25 By nay! 9 1 do dust 130 Ql 254 Harrington 74 12 4-ch flow pek 540 63 9 Pussetenne .. 10 21 4-ch bro pek 105041 255 76 11 do broorpex 660 60 10 12 24 do pekoe 1200 32 256 78 6 ch pekoe 540 42 11 14 11 do pek sou 550 30 257 80 5 do peksou 500 «387 12 MLC «. 16 65 3-ch or pek 3250 43 258 W, in estate ; 13 18 54 do pekoe 2700 33 bid aan 82 174-ch fans 1445 25 14 - 20 34 do Pek sou 1530 32 259 KA .. 84 4 ch peksou 360 25 15 22.18 do sou 72000 «27 260 £6 1 do pek dust 140 20 19 Ettapolla ... 28 15 3-ch bro pek 825 44 261 88 lbox unas 1 19 20 AGC ee 30 1 ch sou 90 24 262 90 1}-ch redleaf 59 20 al 3), AL aOR EGUNGH © 400s 536 : 33. 2 do dust 300 : 266 Mousa Ella 104 20 do bro pek; 1200 58 bid | 22 _ 20 Get 106 14 do or ae 630 63 bid | 23 Myraganga... 34 64 do bro pek 704045 bid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Weight | Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs Description. Ib. ec. No. Mark, No. Pkgs, tion, lb. ¢ 24 36 51 ch pekoe 5100-31 bid | 53 Maha Uva... 350 34 >-ch bro pek 1870 57 25 38 22 do pek sou 2200 80 bid | 54 352. 8 ch pekoe 760 50 26 P -» 40 3 do dust 450 24 bid | 55 354 5 do pek sou 450 40 27 42 2 do bro mix 168 20 56 West Hapure 28 AK AOC, 7 tale +» 356 9 %-ch pek sou 450 39 in estate 57 358 10 do dust s00 28 mark 43 40 3-ch pek sou 2000 3k 58 369 10 do — congou 500. 35 29 45 9 do dust 720 24 59 Weoya +. 362 63 do bro pek 3150 43 -30 C, in estate 60 364 86 do pekoe 3870 34 mark +» 47° 5 do congou 250 25 BL 366 54 do pek sou 2160 = 32 31 % 48ta3) chi pek sou 255 25 62 £68 5 do bro mix 250 9-26 39 49 6 do soul 600 18 63 370 9 do pek dust 540 24 33 51 1 do bro tea 88 17 68 KPG -- 3880451 ch bro tea 110 20 34 Aberfoyle \... 52 18 3-ch ‘bro pek 1080 43 bid | 69 Harangalla.. 382 14 do bro pek 1540 47 35 K +. 54 6 ch ~ bro pek 672 out 70 384. 15 do pekoe 14250035 36 56 9 ch pek S10N, 826 TL Oe 386 4 do pek sou 360 = 30 37 Vogan + 58 46 boxes bro or pek 230 57 bid 72 Citrus + 388 4 3-ch bro pek 200 41 38 60 15 ch bro pek 150054 73 390 6 ch pekoe 600 31 39 62 20 ch pek 1700 «35 bia | 74 392 2 do 40 64.12 ch pe sou 1020-34 : 13-ch pe sou 260 26 41 66 3 ch bropesou 240 30 75 384. 4 do unas 20026 42 67 2 ch dust 260 24 ts » B08 2 do pro or pek So) a iowita .. 68 8 ch congou 720 27 7 3 ¢ ans 310 5] bal Bam 7 7 ch iyo nen 810 26 78 2100) odo, pek dust 150 23 45 72 7 ch dust 1120 22 79 402 13-ch red leaf 60 18 4 REE 2 bi 46 Nahalma ., 74101 3-ch bro pe Bo Et eos Vienna Geen ak bro mix 50 20 47 76466 "chen pels Sepa e Oia cia ge Helios, Wa0G ei Bch bro orpek 714 54 48 78 39 }-ch pesouch 1950 31 bid 82 Zany cin pekoe 600 236 83 410 3 do peksou 300-32 Messrs. Forbes & WALKER put up for sale at the | gq “iD ai ddoeey pro lanix 117.—«d8 Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room 5n the 19th July, | 85 414 2 do dust 160-2 -gbe undermentioned iots of Tea (217,095 lb.), which | 8} CSK 416 1 ch _ red leaf lou 24 2 87 418 1 do pek dust 150 9-24 sold as under :— : : 2 25 i pee ae 88 420 1 do dust 102 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 89 Hauteville .. 422 3 ch No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c, 13-ch red leaf 34628 1 GMRA .,, 246 5 ch_ red leaf 450 24 90 424 8 do fans 410 35 2 248 %1.do fans 120 23 91 KB 426 1 ch sou 95 27 3 250 2 do pekoe 184-27 92 428 4 do bro {ea 440-28 4 CH, inestate 93 KR, in estate mark +. 252 16 3-ch sou 800-32 mark 430 4 do bro mix 440 18 & Oia +. 204 13 do dust 1040 26 94 Pantiya .., 432 4 do red leaf 300 18 6 256 4 do red leaf 380 20 $5 New Forest.. 434 2 do sou 218 27 7 Hanagama.. 258 2 ch bro pexk 200 42 96 Deltotte 436 21 do bropek 2100 44 bia 8 260 2 do pekoe 200 30 97 438 3 do pekoe 270 =. 33 bid 9 262 1 do pek sou 1000027 98 440 17 do pek sou 1530-36 10 Kananka .,, 264 5 do bropek 500 41 99 442 4 do sou 36031 “ll 266 10 do pekoe 1000-33 100 444 42-ch dust 600-24 12 268 2 do pek sou 200 28 101 Kagaha 446 1 ch congou 8L 26 13 270 4 do sou 377 27 1u2 448 1 do dust 150 25 14 272) 1 g-ch dust 39019 107 Lankapura, 15 Kalupahana,., 274 6 do pekoe 295 33 W » 458 22-ch red leaf 120 20 16 2 Gmee ech dust 172 18 108 460 3 ch pek dust 300 24 -17 Midlothian .,, 278 14 4-ch bropek 840 55 109 Killarney .. 462 202-ch bro or pek 1300 47 bid 18 280 11 ch pekoe 990 40 110 464 2) ch pekoe 2000 38 bid 19 282 4 do peksou 360 33 lll VO +. 466 2 ch bro tea 220 16 20 284 13-ch dust 90 24 112 468 3 do dust 360 3 21 Bismark .,, 286 7 do bro pek 420 43 113 Doomo .. 470 4 ch bropek 44046 22 283.19 do pekoe 950 41 114 472 4 do pekoe 440-36 bid 23 290 9 do pek sou 450 93 115 474 1 do unas 110-97 a4 292, 1 do sou 5028 116 476 12-ch dust 55 (4 25 294 4 do dust 310 29 117 Peacock Hill 478 2 ch pe fans 14024 46 296 1 do red leaf 60 20 118 J HS, in estate 27 KA >» 298 1 do bro pek No, 2 520 27 mark -- 480 6 ch orpek 600 45 28 300 3 do orpek 156-28 119 482.10 do pekoe 950 32 29 302 1 do pek sou 42 25 | 120 484. 1 do pek sou 95 27 30 304 5 do fans 395 22 12L Manick- 31 306 1 do fans 7 21 watte 486 15 do bropek 1650 GI 32 Meddeteane 308 8 ch bro pek 880 51 122 488 25 do pekoe 2500 46 33 310 7 do pekoe 70S 36 123 490 lu do pek sou 1000, 37 84 312. 6 do Pek sou 600 a3 124 492 1 do sou 100 27 35 314 4 do brotea 420 27 125 494 2 do dust 200g 36 ; 316 1 do dust 140024 126 Esperanza... 496 14 }-ch bro pek 700s 44 bid 37 Hurtspier- 127 498 29 do pekoe 1334 32 bid point 318 9 3-ch pekoeNo.1 450 32 128 500 2 do dust 168° 23 38 320 3 do do} 4} 2” 150 26 129 502. 5 do red leaf 200 22 39 SK +» 322 7 do dust 560 = 38 130 Wevess2 504 18 do bro pek 900 52 40 324. 7 do congou 350 37 131 506 18 do pekoe 900 40 41 326 12 do pefans 840 dl 132 56S 18 do pek sou 900-35 42 Deniyaya .. 328° 7 ch bro pek 740, 42 133 Farm «- 910 6 do dust 420 24 43, 330 11 do pekoe 1070-33 134 512. 2 ch red leaf 18) 23 44 832 6 do pek sou $25 28 135 Bogaha- 45 FredsRuhe.,, 334 26 4-ch bro pek 130053 Watte ve wolteclOt ch 46 336 30 ch pekoe 2659 = «3 1j-ch bro peNo21978 —30 bia 47 338 20 do pek sou 2000 32 129 MG +» O16 4 ch upas 236 32 48 WA 340 3 do bro pek 360 40 240 Ellekande ,,, 524 11 do unas 1100. 42 49 342. 2 do pekoe 200 25 141 526 8&8 do pek sou 720 35 50 344. 1 do 142 5 202 648 27 do flowery pek270U 46 bid CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON,. 265 Gleneagles.. 654 10 do pekce ~ 950 41 bid ‘ 33 re 219 aaa 3 cS Beeson Be aa a Ixion”—St. Leonards, 1c lt 105s; 5c 1t 102s; 1c 221 XB,inestate _ Do 97s; i bag 98s. PB, le 116s. (SLT), 2c 1t 93s 6a mS mark ay 66 8 dg bee a z BE out Portree, le 109s; le 1b 103s 6d; 1b 92s; 1 1101 90s. : ; : : ; a ‘ 299 Dewala- 2 968; lb 1t 111s 6d; lo 922: 1 bag 972, Kkande ... 702 61 do bropek 6100 40 ‘ 230 701 75 do pekce 375.« 33 ee ae lo It 933 6d; 1b 80s; i 608;1 87s. 231 706-46 co peksou 3910 30 x “City of Bombay”’—(D S 3 232 Yoxford ., 708 63-ch dust 420 23 ie a aie Y ia( Dyin Ripa), 20 ates eee. 233 710 1 ech congou 100 x ‘“Ixion”—Haldommu L : . 55: 234 Kirrimettia. 712 4 do bromix 416 29 lle, te 108s; 2b 1033; 1b S5u;_ 235 7:4 1 do bro pags 18 aS a 1 112s, Idulgashena, le 1058; 1e 1¢ 99s 6J;1t 94s: 1b, é Talgaswela.. 716 22 do bro pe 2200 i e st aml aeease do pekee aose ed 1983. Dansinane, 1b 96s; 1t 93s; 1b 84s. 4 : S iD 32 7 ae s at f 10 ty Bo POR Get rttigp Ex “‘Ixion"”—Newton, 1t 104s; 3c 1b 1003 6; le 955 240 924 1 do bro mix 95 = 23 1¢ 1092; 1b 89s; 1 bag96s; 1 93s. a3 Deen UTITEIEEEEEI EEE SGEREnEREEEEEEEREE ‘““CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ———e Cotomso, Jury 31, 1893. parce :—125 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA Lot B 5 ae Degen . peiete 2s No. escrip- Weight paneer PENH AM & BREMNER put upfor gale at the | 51 te AG Pkgs. tion. th e er of Commerce Sale-room on th 53 20 11 3-ch bro pek ‘ the undermentioned lots e19th July, 5 222 6 d P SOAs of B 53 ) ekoe G Ag apo tea (9,022 Ib.), which sold | 24 2a ae nee sou 300 a Lot Box D - 55 295 1 da peo een re es escrip- Weie 56 Bowhi 2 o bro tea No. Mark. WOMER eS! aoa Cight Ss ee moe .. 226 1 oh sou 100 33 1 Hornsey ... 20 i ch tou 665 - 31 AS asaen cen amt a do bro pek 2862 = 41 Airy Hill |. 94 7 }-ch” peko 300 20 59 vs 0 bropek 1900 55 00 7 4- pekoe 350 <0 231 13 do ekoe a wo +. 26 2 ch bropeksou 200 23 bid | ar w_t 233 18 do Ook sou mag a > 28 2 do dust 312 hae = o. 237 25 do bro pek 5 7 6 Pemberton .., 3 A : pup 62 5 Pe 2500 44. bid 7 +, 30 17 3,ch — bro pek 850 36 bid | 63 eS ee do 2500 44 bid 3 32 20 ch peksou 1700-5 64 239 9 do pekoe 810 36 ; : Boeshdaph see, ga) S| ig oe aging go. Dewees ed lea 100 15 3 2 oO sou [ LO? 38 4 4-ch dust 240 20 G5 Faithlie ., 245 22 ch bro pek 2190 82 bid ston .. 40 28 ch pekeou 2520 35 iter ; 247 20 do pekoe 10neE 12 42 6 d 68 Ythanside 2000)" 40 13 Toe Stiga SE a 69 GB oo esMah aa eae ate 2 us 130021 7 OO ey do fans a4 = 46 2 do congou 200 19 us 252 9 do bro mix 40 20 is Rangwela w. 48 5 do gou 475. «19 2 #H 254 14 do sou 1260 © 32 .. 50 2 do dust 280 21 2 Heatherley.. 266 2 ch - —_——. rt 1 }-ch bro mixed 300 rc. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber < 4 aon a x ommerce Sale-room on the 19th July, the un- 74 Tawrence ... 258 17 ite: dust 225 «22 Gertrentianed lots of tea (106,130 lb.), which sold | 7° Kabragalls, HS 1615 26 ex s— M 280 17 4-ch 76 6C a (3c bro tea 850 25 Hee Box Descrip- | Weight 71 mee 263 3 ae Paki 4.2 LOD Rng 26 o. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. lb c 78 Santeic do beoivels fan 960 35 ; : : us 11209 1 Saumerez ... 141 14-ch broor pek 55 38 b) PTE seo a ee 21038 2 142 1 ch 81 Tart vw» 263 4 4-ch dust 350 26 1}-ch or pek 141 35 Ba oe 269 4 ch pek sou 440 36 2 Ew, 83 Meeriacott PIO Ok Coleya dust 625-25 1 i-ch pekoe 14233 84 a.. 272 2 do bromtx 160 19 4 445 oe 83 aie sy coe thet 240 23: 1 j-ch = fans 661 Q7 88 a7 fans 66 25 Bee ar 10 Go ca aust 894 20 SrA Cie PES IED aa) eee ia abakettia... 148 2 do dust 260.) 126 88 3... 276 33 ch bro pek 3795 = 43 Z 149 8 do sou 760 31 89 278 51 do pekoe 5100 40 9 151 52 4-ch _ pekoe 2600 34 90 SECA OmmePeksoue 1 2400))) 136 153 34 do bropek 1892 49 91 Pa CEI 2200 33 10 Glasgow .. 155 28 ch bropek £840 64 92 NB 28418 ¢chss dust 1350.25 eae a" ese |B kk Be mes Oo pesou 1600 iY US 990 43 161 10 do dvst eho Bee paces cera iy 2902 eg t0m = bro pekes = 2520 43 14 Agra Ouvah.. 1333 ch brocr pek 16:0 72 96 302 20 do — pekoe 1900 35 16 165 43 do or pek 19°5 Gt 91 Henegam Spm Pek sou 1530 33 ae 167 30 do pekce 1350 50 93 gama ... 306 3 do bro mix 330 5 is 169 19 do pekce 855 38 pire eae auet 450 22 19 ual ; ca pee sou 43 36 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & O t 7 pe fans 180 3 sey oO putup fo : SD ene AO COR ctor 3 te see of Commerce Sale-room on the 19th Jaly, e undermentio ich ri ratte Om MIROMEEI athe cbromsek tc oe sold@as sen ned lots of tea (98,273 lb.), which 26 FRG daa eien. | 980"? 3B Lot Op o pek sou 990 «63 ox Descrip- i 27 183 2 4-ch dust 15026 Ne. Mark, NOWBEL Seamictiogy Neene ZB Talagalla ... 187 24 ch bro pek 2400 50 SS. 10n. lb. ce. 7 188 16 do or pek 1440 40 LEZ 30 191 2 be be ‘ +» 84 & ch — congou 440 21 bid 3L DND, inestate ao dust 320 23 A Wewetenne... e o 3-ch bro peK 250 46 bid ca mark .. 192 5 do _ bro pek 500 95 4 67 14 Pan pekoe Pde 2 194 4 do bromix BL 15 5 OSHS, wn 68 Ue ch~cees oe One o ce) ust 9 p aS Moneragalla 197 42 do red leaf 300 0 6 69 i a Broeee BSSaiay 50 36 8G 198 1 g-ch dust 15 22 7 Z01b% dow? sek ad 130033 7 .. 169 1 do bro mix 30.18 8 71 36d peecu 1500-33 33 WP 200° 1 do unas 80 26 9 7a 1g ao 9 a airs oe on 201 1 «ao bro mix 50 22 1 4-ch fans a Sa 202 2 do unas 140-98 10 13. 3 oh ed leat 20028 bid i omerset an 2 en Pek sou 230 37 13 P, in estate as on at he ; 4 Oo ust 312 26 k - Rs rs Verelapatra ae 2 ch Broor pek 360 43 14 Parusella it st Pt Io pak 2550 4 te) ro pex 650 ‘ i crows oer: Bhs i (2 He 210 7 do M1 i ogpudestitgeagtNo. 2 1600" $0 POG sygity chy Baad ate 35 18 se Mian tetvomial | t8. 35 + ah sou i238 9 ? 3 4( 99 “an Yepawe .. ais aS de oe pek Be 53 20 Gleualla... 83 18 oa feo onex 1980 ro} ekoe 32 46 21 7 pis au Ln aos peksou 1200 38 22 85 50 ag Se 3000 39 bid 4-c dust 160 a4 23 86 11 do pek sou 990 30 2g CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weigut No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ths. No, ‘Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ec. oe a 43 a bo pe sou No.2 4200 = 28 108 HH ., 15 . Po’ 5 8 3 do sou 270 20 bid c bro pek 4 40 bi 26 Box .. 89 5 ch _ bro pek 500 51 109 117 5 ch pek sou bis 25 bid 27 90 10 do pekoe 900 «3k 110 119 8 do 28 91 2 do pek sou 180 9 1}-ch sou 857 20 bid 29 Aadneven ... 92 16 do bro pek 1600 61 111 121 4 ch brotes 321 «(17 bid go aa 15 do pekon 1350 836 38 vl HT _—_—_—_ 1 4 6 do peksou 54084 Mr. A. . Tome 32 Dabanaike.. 95 14-ch su 50 25 Gheuh { dom ‘pat op’ fereeda' ay 1Ss 53 96 ,1 do congou 50. 25 amber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 26th July, Bt LL o ri pe Ao oie a the undermentioned lots of tes (55,982 lb.), which 36 99 15 do pekoe 157533 sold as under :— 49 Lyndhurst .. 5 33 do broorpek 3300 45 Lot Box Weight 43 4 at ie ye pek 216 34 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb. «c. cy 1 ° pekoe 0 33 45 8 96 do peksou 2210 31 en oak ce gee 450-29 46 Polgaha- 3 4 do pekoe 340 34 kande .. 9 39 do bropek 3900 52 8 4 6 do bro pek 54041 41 10 25 do pekoe No.1 2125 , 34 4 Go 6 7 do pek sou 665 33 102 1 do do 85-26 5 8 1 do dust 160-4 48 11 14 do pekoeNo.2 1120 33 6 Bo 9 6 do pekoe 67236 49 12 4 do pek sou 940 29 7 Bogahagode- 50 13.1 do. sou 80 25 watte .. IL @$ch bro pek 2140044 51 OG, in estate 9 12 1 do pekoe 60 35 mark .. 14 6 do_ bro pek 720 43 iD 18 7 do pekod 850 | 33 52 Ingeriya ... 15 11 4-ch bro pek 605 «43 a 14 5 do pek son 250 32 53 18 12 do pekoe 600 33 ; - 15 6 do bro mix 30027 54 17 23 do pek sou 1104 31 e yraganga... 22 64 ch bro pek 7040 46 55 18 6 do bro mix 318-33 Dae oe 24 51 do -pekoe 510086 56 19 3 do brotea 210 23 i : 2 349 4 do ca = a = ‘kettid .. 60 11 .do bro pek 1430 40 bid | 25 © 350 3 do dust 20 6 «26 oe Hiralouvah .. os a moe Be pek a nv bid a Madooltenne 10 13 ch bro pek 1365 48 } oO i ae 2 121 100 83. 1 4-ch do 54 out 297 ec. 1 1s cs ae i001 33 101 pes ed Pekoe. 7 out 30 Doorooma- ae : 102 ; -ch pek sou out della a6 y ob 103 Naseby ... 105 18 do bro pek 750 68bid| 31 © eas aa ee Mss 48 Be ie ee Rae = aio cS Be se ~ athe oe akolla ... 0 TO pel “F 9g Yo pek - , oer osama 33 eo astas eae lle ae > bgeebh dust _ 167-92 34 26 18 ch pekasou 1440-33 107 113. 2 do congou 100 22 35 bs 1 do dust 150 30 as under: — Lot No. Mark. Gw an ) eo A E T, in estate mark oe Forest Hill .. Malgolla .. Rayigam .. Arslena D0 AR Allakolla .. Lonach as Peria Kande- kettia Raxawa oe Elchico 5 Oo Yellebende Marahilla Depedene .. Gallawatte . Chetnole ., CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 _ Messrs. SommpRvitip & Co. put up for sale at the | Lot Box Descrip- Weight ‘Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 26th July, | No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib; *'e. the undermentioned lots of tea (60,292 lb.), which sold | g5 Gienella ... 48 18 ch bro or pek 1980 46 i 86 49 16 do or pek 1600 50 Box Weight 87 50 21 do pekoe 3100 36 No. Pkgs Description. lb. Gs 88 51 a co do No.2 2900 33 6 7 do bro mix 2527 89 Pa vg Gl 90 28 5 4 do 3 2 66 2 $-ch Cue oe ae au Messrs, Forpes & Wauxer put up for sale at the 67 8 do dust 640 29 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room onthe 26th July, 68 2 do brotea 100 =. 26 the undermentioned lots of Tea (176,074 lb.), which een: oer 400 oy sold a3 under :— te) ek fans 270 nt F . : Tages doapt ued als 80 31 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 73 2 do dust 264 25 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 1 LPG 820 8 ch bro mix 890 32 74 5 do unas 500 3-336 2: ... 822 1 do redleat 105 19 75 8 do pek sou 760 34 3 Court Lodge 824 49 4-ch bropek 2450 TL oy 76 6 do bro mix 600 32 4 826 31 do pekoe 1240 55 bid 71 2 do dust 250 26 5 828 38 do pek sou 1330 42 bid 81 12 do bro pek 1314 55 6 PLE a. 830 .5 ch bro pek 500 46 82 15 do pekoe 1575 44 7 832 10 do pekoe 900 4h 83 1 do congou 100 31 8 834 4 do pe sou 360 36 84 1 do dust 130 «29 9 TB .. 836 14 do dust 2100 =.26 85 79 4-ch or pek 3950 50 10 Nahaveena,.. 838 10 }-ch bro pek 500 60 86 65 do pekoe 3250 3937 11 840 4 do pekoe 20044 87 62 do pek sou 2340 34 12 842 7 do pek sou 350 40 88 27 do sou 1080 32 Gi 8: S33 01) 844 6 do dust 450 21 89 4 do dust 300 26 14 Beaumont 846 5 ch pek sou 675 37 90 20 do bro pek 1100 = 54 15 848 3 do dust 510 27 91 23 do pekoe 1150 =. 38 16 G@ -- 850 13-ch dust 65 21 9A te edo! pek sou 385 34 17 Chesterford .. 852 17 ch bro pek 1785 54 93 5 do bro mix 250 33 18 854 14 do pekoe 1400 37 94 4 do dust 280 26 19 8556 9 do pek sou 900 3s 95 36 do bro pek 1800 56 20 St. Catherine 858 6 ch bro pek 540 47 96 52 do pekoe 2600 40 21 860 5 do pekoe 425 38 97 19 do pek sou 950 35 22 862 5 do pek sou 450 33 98 1 do dust 50 18 23 864 1 do bro tea 90 20 99 3 ch congou 375 24 24 Glenorchy ... 866 423-ch bro pek 2520 69 100 1 4-ch_ red leaf 59 18 25 868 47 do pekoe 2585 49 L 3; ch fans 310 35 26 870 6 do pek sou 300 40 2 2 do a7 872 1 do dust 100 27 1 }-ch bro mix 258 22 2% Aigburth .. 874 29 ch bro or pek 2465 45 3 1 ch dust 120-25 29 876 37 do bropek 3145 44 4 144-ch bro pek 910 49 30 878 37 do bro pek 8145 44 5 40 do pekoe 2400 37 31 880 35 do pekoe 2975 36 6 14 ch pek sou 1400 34 32 882 35 do pekoe 2975 36 T 1 4-ch dust 100 26 33 884 32 do pek sou 1870 33 8). 45. ¢do congou 250 19 34 Hapugaha- a 9 13 do bro pek 766 41 bid lande 886 26 do bro pek 2600 56 10 1 ch 35 888 32 do pekoe 3200 40 14-ch fans, 200 35 36 890 25 do pek sou 2500 8637 11 3 do bro pek 150 4l 37 892 2 do dust 300 25 12 2 do _ pekoe 100-35 38 Ganapalla .. 894 55 3-ch pek sou 2750 «34 13 4 do pek sou 200 99 39 896 119 do pekoe 5950 37 14 9 ch dust 1395 25 40 898 85 do bro pek 5100 47 41 Dammeria .. 900 34 ch pekoe 3400 50 15 1 %-ch bro pek 50 43 42 2 40 %-ch broorpek 2200 63 16 1 ch pekoe 80 - 33 43 4 10 ch pek sou 1000 40 17 1 do pe sou 8 32 44 6 2 ¢-ch sou 116-34 18 L4-ch bromix 85 24 45 Gampaha ... @ {1 ch dust 100 28 1 do do 40 18 46 10 21 do pek sou 2100 38 bid 19 2 do dust 160 95 47 12 45 }-ch pekoe 2475 49 20 2 ch dust 300 28 48 14 37 do bro pek 2220 62 21 2 do fans 159 38 49 St. Helen ... 16 3 ch pek fans 300 32 22 2 do bromix 200s 31 50 1g 4 do bro tea 400 22 23 8%4-ch dust 697 26 61 Sembawatte... 20 34 do bro pek 3400 4& 24 1 do congou 44 31 52 22 29 do pekoe 2755 37 25 25 ch pek sou 1875 38 53 24 8 do pek sou 720. 32 26 2%4-ch dust 164 439 a 26 1 do _ bro tea 109-28 27.1 do _pek dust 78 (24 55 28 34-ch dust 240 26 28 10 do ro pek 550 47 66 MA 30 2 ch bro pek 200 33 29 8 do pekoe 400 43 57 32 1 do pekoe 95 36 30 10 do — pek sou 500 3= 37 58 34 1 do tek sou 90 30 3l 2 do dust 150 26 59 36 5 do brn tea 500 29 32 1 do bro mix 33 31 60 38 25 4-ch dust 2000 26 38 2 « ¢h : 61 Alpoor oot) AO uNas dO bro pek 1200 49 1 #-ch_ bro pek 274 40 bid | 62 42 18 do pekoe 900 «35 34 5 ch pek sou 515 7 63 44 18 do pek eou 900 36 35 8 do ; 64 46 10 do dust 600 =. 30 1}-ch sou 857 92 65 Ingurugalla 48 3 ch pek sou 270 33 36 4 ch bro tea 391 21 66 50 4 do bro tea 480 29 37 18 4-ch bro pek 990 53 yh LES) 5 do dus: 870 26 38 23 do pekoe 1150 38 68 SV seetoke “7 tde dust 980 28 39 20 do pek sou 1000-36 69 APK ww §6 4 do dust 660 27 40 4 do sou 200 «31 70 Clyde 55 20box bro pek 200 51 bid 41 2 do bro mix 100 =:18 71 60 190 do pekoe 1900 =. 4: Did 42 4 do dust 320 25 72 KC, in estate 43 5 do pekoe 250 33 mark 62 4 ch dust 480 25 44 7 do pek sou 350 30 73 64 1 do bro mix 100 31 45 2 do bro tea 100 17 74 Katooloys 63 1 do gou 95 30 46 3 do congou 150 30 95 68 2 do bro tea 200 21 47 4 do dust 300 26 76 KB cc OnE OO. dust 250 27 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ‘ 5 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight Wo. Mahe No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ¢. a oon, ten 0 38 150 Ketsadola .,, 218 igen -¢) ro pek 0 18 74 +1 do sou 90 88 151 220 7 do pete re ~ oo 79 Kelvin +» 76 64-ch fans 350 40 152 222 1 4-ch pekoe No.9 50 39 20 78: eX, OCh, 153 224 6 ch pek sou 540 3a 1 4-ch red leaf 132023 154 226 1 do sou % 3) 81 80 1 ch congou 8031 155 LSG@° ... 228 1 do $2 Midlands .. 82 1 do red leaf 15 23 1 4-h bro pek 155 37 83 C, in estate 156 2:0 1 ch pekoe 100 31 mark oe HBA S2 edo unas 90 34 157 232 #1 do unas su 30 B4 wt, BES ad? do congou 440 33 158 234 #1 do fans 1000s 2k 85 88 2 do red jeaf 116 al 169 236 «1 do bro pek fan 120 23 86 G . 90 8 ch dust $5027 160 Polavagama 238 41 4-ch bro pek 2460 «59 97 92 3 do _ bro tea 285 24 161 240 46 do pekoe 2300 «41 88 Annfield .. 94 2 do brotea 24400 4 4 162 242 25 do pek sou 1250 8937 89 Galkadua ... 96 8 do bro pek 8CO withd’s. | 163 Palmerston 214 5 $-ch bro pek 200 91 90 Havilland .,. 98 844-ch broypek 4620 51 164 236 10 ch pekoe 750 iT 91 100 44 do pekce 2200 42 165 248 5 4-ch pe gou 350 40 92 102 40 do perk sou 1806 36 166 N DD, in 93 104 «1 dy re mix 50 8920 estate a4 106 1 do ust 80-26 mark 250 1 ch bro pek 95 Farkindale.. 108 8 ch bro pek 800 45 | 167 U +» 252 1 do bro = ~— 96 Harrow Ih BE fle) copgou 300 34 No.1 100 45 97 112 24-ch brotea 164 24 168 254 8 do bro pek 98 St.Martin .. 114 10 do broorpek £00 655 No, 2 3003 99 116 32 do pekoe ‘ 1600 39 169 Wandala 256 4 $-ch bro pek 240 46 100 pale «. 118 1 ch bro mix 7 18 170 258 6 ch pekoe, 600 35 101 G ' 171 260 4 do k gon 380 estate 1733 PD M, in = a: - mark +» 120 16 43-ch bro pek 880 87 estate 102 122 22 do pekoe 1100-53 mark -- 264 2 ch congou 164 836 103 124 24 do pek sou 132046 174 266 li-ch red leaf 66 2% 104 126 3 do dust 258 30 175 WW o. 248 2 do or pek 64 48 105 128 1 do sou 5684 176 270 1 do pekoe 50 3h 106 | Anning- 177 Moalpedde.. 272 13 do unas 650 44 kande .. 130 10 ch bro pek 1100 = 54 178 umont.. 274 21 do younghysonll55 66 107 132 11 do pekoe 1100 42 179 276 18 do byson, 1008 5B 10B 134 9 do pek sou 900 34 184 F NM, in 109 Oolloowatte 136 8 do bro pek 720 «54 estate 110 188 11 do mark +» 286 17 do pekoe 1530 38 13-ch pekoe 920 42 185 288 8 do pek sou 72000 «27 i111 140 1 do bro mix 30 32 186 290 4 do fans 400 232 112 142° 1 do dust 35-85 187 Comeaway 296 19 4-ch copngou ~1045 2= 42 413 Pansalatenne 144 23 ch pekoe 2280 8640 188 298 8 do dust 720 ~ 34 114° Ukuwella... 146 14 do bro pek 1470 44 189 300 6 do brom«x 360 «3 115 148 a ue pekoe a0 38 Opalgalla .. 150 oO congou 0 31 LLL item! Aki od note sh evan 154 Cs) us sa icditence annette waa ss0 31 | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, 120 158 8 yuh congou Ae 32 odde .., 160 7 3-c sou 36 y i aay Ramb GUA en eee iw oe (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) 123 164 2 9 me pe dust aa aa Mincixe Lang, July 7th, 1893. 166 1 do ‘an8 . = 1% Ghettion... “170g, de> beaiek 1200 44 bia | __ Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE old in 127 172 16 do pekce 1600 33 Mincing Lane up to 7th July :— 128 174 1 do pek sou 100, 83 Ex “Dictator”—Nonpareil O, 2c 1b 1078; 70 1b 1048 129 176 1 do _ brotea 120 23 2 * 2 133 Ambawella 184 13 3-ch _ bro pek 780 63 64; 1b 95e; 1 1198; le 1b 938; 1 bag 99s. 131 186 14 do pekoe 710 49 Ex ‘‘Ixion”—Gonamotava 30 108s; 10 1048; 2c it 135 aes 2 a Pek sou 100-38 104s 6d; 2c 978 6d; 2 121s 64; 20 1b 94«; 5 bags 104s; irimettia.. 19 c Zs. ai as : 14-ch bro pek 650 48 i bea ee , 4137 192 14 ch pekoe 1400 35 SS ie eid es Media, «abe a | eee a oe ee 39 196 1 do red lea 10 198 1 do CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. gen tees | «» 200 43 do ro pe 43 i Ve ian 203 46 do pekoe 2070 35 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 143 204 28 do peksou 1120 33 Mincixe Lane, July 7th, 1893. 444 Monrovia .. 206 i oe OES pek ie * ue na 208 Oo pekoe “Txion’'—Armagh: ry 4, 145 aoe do Bak son 510 s H : a Ixion gh; g 668; 1 bag 50s. SD, 0 uy FE 5 148 314 3 26 fade ve 300 39 Ex “City of Canterbury”—Dickeria B, 4 bags with- 449 216 1 do pekdust 150 33 drawn 100s. “CEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. —— 4 Pricr :—124 cents each; 3 copies 9 , NO. 23.] Coneuso, AUGUST 12,1893. 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. ‘OLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Cc No. -Mark No. Pkgs. _ tion. Tbsane! Messrs, BENHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at the 3 32, 1 ch red leaf Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 2nd Aug., 4 2 do te the undermentioned lots of tea (3,853 lb.), which sold 33. 14-ch dust 405 27 “aS under:— 5 REE Ei ioe ue 3 ae red pest 189 20 ey . awland ... C) us' 225 withd’m Rot Hox iF Deccie Welent 7 Mocha *. 36 29 ch bropek 3045. 75 o. Mark. fc) gs. tion. : c 8 38 26 do pekoe 2600 59 1 Wo «. 20 2 ch +» bropeKsou 200 28 9 40 18 do pek sou 1620 47 2 22 2 do dust 312-26 10 Talagalla ... 42 28 do bro pek 2300 53 3 Battalgalla... 24 7 do sou 665 39 ll 44 17 do pekoe 161542 4 26 2 do dust 300 27 12 46 4 do pe sou 430 36 5 Hornsey ve » 28" 36 *do sou 570-339 16 Callander ... 53 20 do broorpek 1120 53 bid 6 30 2 do dust 200 27 17 65 23 do or pek 1288 51 9 Panapitiya... 32 4%-ch bropek 206 50 18 57 27 do pekoe 1512 4l 8 34 9 do pekoe 462 34 19 59 21 do pek sou 1176 36 9 36 1 do pek sou 48 26 20 Blackburn ... 61 12 ch bropek 1320 48 10 MC «. 38 5 ch 21 63 14 do pekoe 1540 36 13,ch brotea 560 = 27 22 65 5 do pek sou 550-32 il 40 7 ch dust 520 29 23 67 1 do bro tea 110 23 “12. Elston, in 24 68 2ich dust 170 26 estate 25 Cruden -- 69 50 ch flowery or mark ede nus ech: pek sou 810 38 pek 5000 55 —— 26 71 38 do flowery pek 3800 46 Mr. A. H. Tompson put up for sale at the | 27 73 10 do do pek Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 2od Aug., |». BT eu a teon ear the undermentioned lots of tea (24371 1b.), which | 55 yakooloowa sold as under :— Forest 76 7}3-ch unas 308 = 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 30 Meedum- qe r % - pittiya .... 77 11 do bro or pek 660 53 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 31 79.10 ch * pekoe 1000 46 1 Ugieside .. 1 44-ch dust 320 26 32 Bittacy -- 81 31 4-ch _ bro pek 1705 54 2 2eoach: 33 83 27 do pekoe 1080 43 3 $-ch bro mix 250 26 34 85 23 do pek sou 1150 42 3 on ata eCh) bro tea 180 33 35 87 5 do congou 250 3L 7 Sapitiyagoda, 36 B 88 3 do dust 20 2 Invoice No.29 10 16 ch bro pek 1760 48 37 Dickapitiya... 89 33 ch bro pek 3630 51 8 12 20 do pekoe 2000 43 38 101 28 do pekoe 2800 53 9 14 7 do pek sou 700 36 39 103 23 do pek sou 2300 45 10 Ossington ... 16 3 do bro pek 330 55 40 105 1 do s0u 100 31 ll 17. 8 do pekoe 800 42 41 J, in estate 13 19 4 do pek sou 400 38 mark -. 106 28 box pekoe 140 40 13 21° 5 ¢do dust 150 24 42 Cabragalla ... 107 4 $-ch 44K V M,io 1 box or pek 250 47 estate 43 108 6 $-ch pok sou 358 34 mark .. 22 4 4-ch bro pek 207 43 44 109 2 do congou 81 30 15 93 5 do red leaf 204 21 45 110 3 do dust 192 25 16 24 1 ch No &red leaf 84 18 46 Verelapatna 111 45 ch bro pek 5175 53 17 25 33-ch fans 199 19 47 113 40 do pekoe 4400 55 18 26 3 do bro tea 150 20 48 115 19 do pek sou 2090 43 19 27 2 do dust 151 2k 49 Tarf .. 117 10 do bro pek 1000 43 20 Sapitiyagoda, 50 119 26 do pekoe 2340 37 Invoice No.30 28 46 ch bro pek 5060 48 51 121 4 do pek sou 400 35 21 30 44 do pekoe 4400 42 2 Yapame .. 122 26 do bru pek 2860 59 22 32 21 do pek sou 2100 36 53 124 17 do pekoe 1870 52 33 D -. 34 3 do red leaf 300 21 54 126 14 do pek sou 1400 45 24 CA «. 35 4 ch bro pek 395 36 bid | 55 128 34-ch dust 240 30 25 WT +. 36 1 ch _ bro pek 88 31 Laos 26 37 1 ch unagssorted 100 27 27 38 2 3-ch red leaf 100.)=s«18 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. putup for sale at the 38 SBC 39 2 ch pekfan 231 3 Chamber of Commerce Sale-roomon the 2nd Aug., a Vogen sey a = pox oener ee roe BG the undermentioned lots of tea (51,723 lb.), which 31 43 26 ch pek 2210 43 sold as under:— a a 16 Ge Pe sou 1 a6 Lot Box Descrip- Weight . 4 rO pe sou : Iw r Roe a e 4 ASibaenh cide 200 28 | ‘No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibs, 4 4c 35 Charlie Hill 49 7 3-ch bro pek 350 «= 45 bid 1) GAL .. 53 8 ch _ brotea 640 26 36 50 1 do bropekNo.2 50 39bid | 2 Panawal .. 54 3 do sou 225 26 37 51 10 do pek 500 34bid | 3 55 4 do dust 400 26 38 53 8 do peksou 400 30bid | 4 Polgsha- 38 55 6 do sou 394 20 bid kande «. 56 13 do bro pek 1390 50 40 56 3 do pek fans 180 25 bid 5 57 18 do pekoe 1530 39 41 57 3 do red leaf 150 16 6 58 4 do pek sou 340 36 48 LS t. 67 04uch bro pek 178 34 7 59 1 4-ch brotea 60 a ——— | 8 C A,in estate Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber mark we 60 83 ao per sou 4067-38 of Oommerce Sale-room on the 2nd Aug., the un- a 4 Oe ans = dermentioned lots of tea (74,281 lb.),. which sold ie 63 13 do pek dust 936 99 as under :— | 12 Kelant .. 64 38 do bro pek 2090 53 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 1 13 65 63 do pekoe 2385 40 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. | 14 ss as BS pekmon ne ~ 1 Pundaloya .. 29 1 ch bro pek 128 38 15 y 2 do us 2 = . 30 8 do renian 1160 30 | 16 68 2 do pek dust 160 33 17 2 BRondura, Invoice No, VI Mousakande GWw Morningside HIS oe ss - L . Sirisanda RE Rayigam Woodlands Goonambil Bombra H HH Box No. Pkgs. 69 9 ch 70 14 do 71 5 do 72° 1 do 73 9 $-ch 77 (14 4-ch 78 14 ch 79 1 do 80 6 do 81 4 do 82 10 ch 83 8 do 84 8 do 85 1 do 86 2 do 87 2 do 88 4 A-ch 89 7 do 90 12 do 91 5 do 92 2 do 93 6 do 94 #3 ch 95 10 do 96 do 97 13 $-ch 98 7 do 99 26 box 100 21 3-ch 1 26 do 2 34 do 3 1 ch $-ch 4 1 ch 5 1 do 1 $-ch 6 5 do 7 9 do 8 6 do 9 21 do 10 20 do 11 8 ch 12 8 do 13° #7 do 14 1 do 15 1 do Teel do 17 23 4-ch 18 22 do 19 17 do 20 2 do 21 2 do 22. 2°"do 23° 1 ch 24 3 do 25 4 do 80 2 do 31 9 3-ch 82. 3 do 33° 2 do 34 #1 ch 35 2 do 386 56 do 37 1 do 38 2 box 39 2 do 40 1 $-oh 41 1 box 42 1 do CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ——_— rN Lot Wo. Mark. Descrip- tion. bro pek pekoe pek sou pek fans or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou bro mix congou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek ekoe pekoe Pek s0y ee Weight Ibe. Ge 990 1400| with- 500{ drawn 100 720 700 55 bid 1470 42 120 28 450 25 380 31 1000 48 _ 800 38 800 33 120 29 200 22 260 26 200 58 350 42 600 36 200 al 100 22 250 29 333 35 867 31 800 29 695 26 655 22 260 R112 1260 64 1300 48 1700 40 148 §= 93 82 29 236 270 37 bid 450 32 275-97 bid 1155-555 1000 40 800 51 780 46 645° ag 130 21 70 92 70" a7 137655 1199 46 943 939 96 26 101 33 150 25 10962 800 = 50 397 B4 © 22940 bid 438 29 bid 200 34 bid 108-80 bid 96 18 bid 230 24 bid 404 20 bid 93-20 38 46 44 45 54 45 22 36 44 365 Messrs, Forpus & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on, the 2nd Aug, the undermentioned lots of Tea ( 223095 lb.), which sold as under :— - Lot No. Mark. 1 2 3 4 5 Benue KA ee Yarrow on FH M, in estate mark 306 308. 310 312 314 316 318 320 B22 324 Box No. Pkgs. Descrip- tion. bro pek pekoe congou dust bro pek pekoe fans bro pek pekoe pek sou Weight I '. 112 Lot No. Mark, Ewhurst Caledonia .. Ellengowan... Kurulugalla.. Court Lodge Heeloya ove Clunes ie Luccombe .. Mousa Ella... Dea Hila .. Lankapura, M Chicago... Udabage Debatgama .. Torwood Bopat Gahalkande,,, oe Algooltenne,.. Lyegrove .. St. Leonard’s Farnham .. Bagdad ove DK os Galkadua eb ir; Dunkeld Dambagas- talawe: Box _ _ Weight No. Pkgs. Description: Jb: 326 4 ch fans 406 328 14 4-ch bro pek 700 330 14 ch pekoe 1400 332 «1 do dust 130 334 10}-ch bropek 550 386 8 -do koe 440 338 11 do 'o pek 605 340 10 do pekoe 560 342 42 do bro tea 110 344 7 ch bro pek 700 346 3 do pekoe 285 348 4 do pek sou 360 350 1 do red leaf 100 362 294-ch bro pek 1885 354 22 do pekoe 1100 356 23 do pek sou 1085 358 15 ch pek sou 1500 360 15 do pekoe 1500 362 14 do 24 }-ch bro pek 2480 364 35 ch bro mix 3500 366 33 do pe sou 2970 368 80 do pokes 7200 370 64 do ro pek 6100 372 12 do pek sou 1200 374 31 do ekoe © 3100 876 18 do ro pek 1800 378 5 4-ch pek sou 250 380 10 do pekoe 500 382 16 do or pek 720 384 21 do bro pek 1260 386 9 ech pek sou 845 388 19 do pekoe 1900 390 18 do bropek 1890 398 1 ch red leat 100 400 1 do dust 80 402 6 do fans 375 404 18 do pek sou 1800 406 34 do ekoe 3400 408 51 $-ch ro pek 2805 410 27 do bro pek 1350 412 49 do pekoe 2450 414 7 do pek sou 350 416 1 do sou 50 418 1 do dust 75 420 48 do bro pek 3120 422 30 do pekoe 1800 424 19 do pek sou 950 426 8 do dust 560 428 3 ch fans 330 430 3 do congou 270 432 1 do red leaf 100 434 3 do dust 360 436 17 ch bro pek 1700 438 23 do pekoo 1955 440 6 do peksu 570 442 14-ch dust 85 444 23 do bro pek 1150 446 32 ch pekoe 3200 448 25 do k sou 2500 450 14 do ro pek 1470 452 14 do pekoe 1260 454 16 do pek son 1600 466 14 do bro pek 1540 458 16 do pekoe 1600 460 4 do |§ pekKsou 400 462 1 do dust 1650 464 174-ch bro pek 1020 466 !13 do pekoe 650 468 45 do bro or pek 1200 470 71 do pekoe 2840 472 95 do pek sou 3800 474 1 do fans 440 476 5 do dust 375 478 2 ch bro tea 184 480 4%-ch dust 340 482 4 oh sou 300 484 4 do dust 500 486 1 do unas 85 488 12 do bropek 1200 490 10 do -pekoe 950 492 10 do pek sou 1000 494. 2 do sou 200 496 14 do bro pek 1470 498 244-ch or pek 840 500 12 ch pekoe 1140 502 2 do congou 160 504 3 do dus’ 435 ° . RESSSPASRLSSERRSSLESSSS SRSRSIERASSSSES KSegeRSeayeseserss EE 189 . Mark. Killarney .. Agar’s Land Glanrhos Hunugalla.,,. Marguerita Wewessa ,, BEB see BDWA.. G, in estate mark Katadola ... Mapitiagama Labukellie ... L,in estate mark oo sss Denegama., KA 30 Lillawatte.., VLE AS N o” Anningkande Deaculla ,., Malvern ,, Pedro oe CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Pkgs. tion. lb. C No. Marx. No. Pkgs, tion, lb. Cc: 506 11 ch pekoe 1100 55 190 684 -19 ch pek sou 1235 47 608 13 4-ch brocr pek 780 70 191 686 9 do dust 1080 40 510 68 do bro pek 3400 53 192 Munamal .. 688 9 ch 512 47 do pekoe 2350 51 14-ch bro pek 950 843 514 45 do pek sou 2025 38 193 690 12 ch 516 7. do -boror pek dust 455 43 1 }¢-ch pek sou 1245 32 518 3 do dust 240 28 194 692 1 do dust 15 25 520 7 ch bro pek 7135 56 195 Macaldenia 691 10 do bropek 500 54 bid 522 9 do or pek 810 45 196 696 30 do bro pek 1500 63 524 19 do pek sou 1425 37 197 698 16 ch pekoe 1600 55 526 1 do congou 80 35 198 700 11 do pex sou 1100 44 628 14-ch dust 65 32 199 702 24-ch dust 140 29 530 6 ch bro pek 630 49 200 HA T inestase 5382- 7 do pekoe 700 38 marix -. 704 1 ch pek sou 100 2 534 14 do pek sou 1400 35 201 Patirajah ... 706 8 do bro pek 800 50 536 13-ch dust 81. | 24 202 708 12 do pekoe 1200 38 538 2 ch bro mix 200 «27 203 710 2 do fans 200 «32 540 80 3-ch To pek 1800s 67 204 712 2 do congou 200 29 542 20 do pekoe 1120 60 205 714. #1 do dust 130 24 544 20 do peksou 1120 ©6448 206 Ukuwella.. 716 14 do bro pek 147062 546 27 do bro pek 1350 58 207 718 17 do pekoe 1700 «4k 548 20 do pekoe 1000 53 208 Deaculla .. 720 14 do bropek 1400s gL 550 42 do pek sou 2100 40 209 722 13 do pekoe 1300 49 552 7 do s0u 350 34 210 724 2 do pek dust 200 24 654 3 do dust 240 26 211 726 143-ch bro mix 65-30 556 1 do red leaf 50 26 212 Silver Valley 728 1 do bro pek 59 52 558 3 do unas 165 29 213 730 2 ch pekoe 180 = 38 560 2 do dust 103 26 214 732 3 do sou 261 33 562 1 ch bro mix 90 23 215 734 1 do dust 90 28 564 3 4-ch pek dust 270 29 216 736 14-ch congou 45 27 566 1 ch dust 100-6 217 H& H ve) Moon ke =ch’ == broymix 110 25 218 Middleton... 740 23 4-ch bro pek 1150 68 568 7 3-ch bro pek 431 40 219 742 18 ch pekoe 1710 52 570 A do pekoe 226 36 220 7144 7 do pek sou 665 40 572 6 ch 221 St.Helen .. 746 17 ch pek sou 1530 36 24-ch pek sou 715 30 222 748 15 do pekoe 1275 42 574 ch 223 750 21 do bro pek 1890 54 1 $-ch sou 140 26 224 Crathie 152 27 do _ bro pek 2700 §=58 576 1 do dust 58 22 225 754 29 do pekoe 2900 50 578 1 ch sou 90 25 226 156 5 do pek sou 500 41 580 1 do dust 160 26 227 758 1 do souchong 100 30 582 8 do bropefans 420 38 228 760 4 do dust 100 25 2 do do 200 28 584 1 do bro tea 100 20 229 Thornfield... 762 363-ch bro pek 2160 6g 586 4 do dust 700 «3 230 764 18 ch pekoe 18004 588 2 do sou 70 38 231 766 4 do pek sou 400 45 590 1 do red leaf 94 26 232 768 2%4-ch pek dust 160 31 592 34-ch bro peNo2 180 38 238 Melrose 770 2 oh bro or pek 200 48 594 2 do dust 140 29 234 772 29 do bro pek 3190 46 bid 608 4 ch bro pek 480 34 235 774 30 do pekoe 3000 §=39 610 4 do pekoe 424 29 236 Amblangoda 776 9 do bro pek 990 49 612 3 do pek sou 309 29 237 178 6 do pekoe 660 45 614 1 do do No2 100 24 238 780 4 do pek sou 400 36 616 1 do sgsouNo.1 105 24 239 782 1%4-ch dust 80 26 618 4 do sou 360 28 ay RE 620 3 do pek dust 390 23 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up forsale at the nen nee ake A aR aa Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 9th Aug. the 626 2 ch red last "904 20 undermentioned lots of tea (6,470 lb.), which soid 628 18 do gou 1440 30 as under :— : 630 7 do pekoe 645 42 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 632 8 do peksou 720 34 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ib‘a sc: 634 9 do sou 900 36 “ 636 1 do bromix 100 23 1 G, in estate 638 1 do dust 150 31 mark eo 1450, 8erch bro pek 800 46 648 7 do bro pek 770 67 2 16 9 do pekoe 855 32 650 5 do pekoe 500 49 3 18.7 do .‘pek sou 560 31 652 5 do pe sou 500-38 4 20 3 do red leaf 240 21 654 2 ch copgou 200 31 5 WO 22 2 do dust 300 30 656 2%4-ch dust 150 25 6 PA _ w 84 6 do bro tea 600 28 658 9 do 7 tou in 1 box bro or : 5 estate 660 15 4-ch or a Fer oes be ; mark +. 23 21 do pek sou 1820 39 662 7 do 8 38 E fo bro mix oe a 1 bo 9 3 do congou 3 2 664 1 bch nekgou aor 40 10 Anamallai... 32 3 4-ch dust 225 28 Lbox = dust 81 25 11 YLK «. 34 5 ch | red leaf 400 30 666 1 ch ——— lbox congou 75-28 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for sale 4t the 668 8 ach Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 9th Aug., aya ma brs broorpek 519 63 he undermentioned lots of Tea (32,391 lb.), which lbox orpek 820 old as under :— ae 672 7 4-ch pek sou 411 ay Lot Box Bim Weight 674 1 do No. Mark. No. Pkgs Description. lb. c. 1 box dust 88 26 1 Woodend .. 1 1 ch sou 85 31 676 1 $-ch 2 2 1 do dust 135 25 1 box congou 80 9-28 3 Charlie Hill., 3 7 4-ch bro pek 85047 678 14%-ch red leat 42 24 4 4 1 do do No,2 50 45 680 19 ch bro pek 1710 80 5 5 10 do pekos 500 36 682 22 do pekce 1650 65 6 7 #8 do pek sou 400 33 PRODUCE SALES LIST. 4 CEYLON Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. : 7 9 8 ch sou 394 8632 8 10 3 do ek fans 180 8635 13 Panelkande... 18 1 do ro pek 125 Be 14 19 6 do pekoe 512 31 15 21 1 -ch sou 45 27 16 22 1 ch red leaf 15 BG 17 Gallatotta .. 23 10 do unas 801 34 bid 22 Sapitiyagoda ; Inyoice No. 31 32 38 ch bro pek 4180 46 bid 23 44 33 do pekoe 3300 38 bid 24 Comar ee 36 21 4-ch bropek 1050 40 bid 25 38 11 do pekoe 550 80 bid 26 40 4 do ek sou 200 830 bid 27 41 2 do ro sou 100 18 28 42 2 do dust 100 24 29 NA ee 439 21 ch congou 1890 32 30 45 8%-ch dust 660 25 31 47 9 do faus 495 32 bid 32 Nahalma .. 49 37 }-ch bro pox 2109 47 bid 33 61 44 do pekoe 2112 38 bid 34 63 9 do pek sou 405 36 bid 35 Clinton «oe 55 8 ch 1¢-ch bro pek 819 8945 36 Bogahagoda- watte eth i 1) bro pek 130 49 37 68 7 do pekoe 350 36 38 69 7 do pek sou 350 35 39 60 2 do congou 100 «28 40 GA an. ble ere Qn bro pek 395 36 Mr. EK. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 9th Aug., the under- mentioned lots of tea (65,097 lb.), which sold as un¢éer:— Lot Box Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb. c. 4 Nahakettia... 134 23 4-ch bro pek 1288 86557 5 146 49 do pekoe 2450 48 6 Hila os 138 27 ch bro pek 2760 60 7 140 40 do pekoe No.13600 39 8 142 15 do pekoe 1350 57 9 144 12 do pek sou 1080 35 10 146 20 do dust 2600 26 bid 11 148 3¢-ch fans 276 12 Great Valley 149 29 ch bro pek 3190 63 13 151 37 do pekoe 3700 45 14 153 11 do pek sou 1045 39 15 155 1 do congou 90 30 16 156 5 %-ch dust 400 33 17 Gilentilt .. 157 23 ch bropek 2300 870 18 159 15 do pekoe 1500 54 19 161 20 do pek sou 2000 45 20 Tientsin ... 163 25 4-ch bro pek 1125 83 a1 165 22 ch pekoe 1760 52 22 167 223-ch dust 140-35 23 Glasgow .. 168 29 ch bropek 2320 868 24 170 16 do pekoe 1600 52 25 172 12 do do No. 21200 46 26 W—T - 174 50 do bro pek 5000 53 27 W -» 176 2-ch or pek 98 57 did 28 177 do bro pek 300 41 29 178 =2 do pekoe 100 30 bid 30 O «» 179 7 do peksou 350 31 31 Whyvddon .. 180 18 ch bro pek 2160 61 32 184 12 do pekoe 1200 50 33 Ardlaw and ; i Wishford.. 184 12 do pro or pek 1020 79 34 186 19 j-ch or pek 855 71 35 188 26 ch pekoe 1690 52 36 W -- 190 18 ch bro tea 1440 43 ay/ 192 7 do pek sou 490 42 38 194 1 do dust 140 = 29 69 M. Watte .. 195 20 do koe 1800 42 bid 40 Eadella .- 197 31 do ro pek 2100 41 199 15 do pekoe 1350 43 42 201 17 do pex sou 1360 38 43 203 2 do fans 240 36 44 204 2 do dust 280 26 45 Wlwelmad- de -» 205 1 do ; 1}3-ch redleaf - 137 22 46 NW +. 208 6 ch dust 720 37 47 Kotuwa- : gedera 207 +4 do bro pek- 424 51° 48 209 7 do pekoe 700 39 49 911 3 do sou 285 36 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent) Mincine Lane, July 14th, 1893. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane ap to 14th July :— Ex “‘Chancellor”—Elbedde, le 105s; 2 108s; 1b 94s: 1 1128; 1 100%; 1 92s;1 85s, Ex “Dictator’—Ouvah JB, lo 105s; 9 LOls; le Lb 95s 6d; le 100s; 1 832; 3 bags 98s. Lying at Red Lion and Three Cranes Wharf: - Bogawantalawa, lb 948;1 100s. Ex “Dictator’—Kahegalla, Lb 107s; 2 lb 105s: 5e 102s 6d; 2b 1028 6d; 2 9586d; ic th1l7e 6d. Regilla, 1c 104s 6d; 6 103s 6d; 2c 1t 998 6d; le 114s; 7 bags 90s. Ex “Ixion”—Troup, 1t 1b 102s; 2c 1b 1028 6d; 1t lb 976; 1t 1048; 1b 84s; 1 bag 976. Ex “Arabia” —IngestreO, lo lb 1038; 20 10le 64; 1t 1b 958 6d; 1t 110s; 1b 87s; 1 828; 1 bag 101. Ex “Oity of Bombay’—Kirkoswald 123 &., le 1078; 3 1048; 1b95s8: 1 116s; 1 97s; lo 1b 948; 1b 89s; 2c 1188; lb 818; 1 bag 1028; 1 938; 1 76s. Mincinc Lane, July 21st, 1893. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 21st July :— Ex ‘‘Polyphemus”—Poonagalla, 1o 92s; lo 1t 89s dim [bag 97s. Hentimalee, lo 1t 833 6d. Ex ‘‘Arabia”—Ingestre, 1 bag 83s. Gampaha, 4c 1t 1b4s; 3c 99s 6d; 2t 93s 6d; le 1148;1 875; 1 bag 94s. Ex ‘“‘Oruba”—Badulls, 26 2b 102; 5c 978; 2o 1t 97a 6c 91s; 1 85s; 2t 106s; 1t 1b 85s 6d. Ex *-Goorkha’’—Thotulsgalla, 1b 1098; 2c 1046 6d; 1¢ 1016; 1b 95s; le 1218; 1 90s;1 bag 102;1 Sls. Ex “Pindari”—Keenakellie, 1t 95s; 2c 958; le 1b 9le; 1028; le 1b 80+; 1 bag 90s. Ex “Wanderer”—Gonamotava, 2c 1058; 7 1026; 1 5s; le 1b 1203s; 1c¢ 1b 90s 6d; 3 bags 106s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lang, July 14th, 1893. Ex “Dictator’—Elmshurst, Z bags 655 6d; 1 pocket 186d: Victoria, 2 bags 65s 6d; 2 50s; 1 pocket 6ls 6d. Mrincrxe Lane, July 21st, 1893. Ex “Polyphemus”—Eriagastenne, 1 bag 66s. Yatte- watte, 21 bags 65s. Ex “Oruba”—Yattewatte, 13 bage 65s. Ex “‘Arabia”—Ingurugalla, 5 bags 112s; 1 66s;8 85s; 2 6386d; 4 115s. Asgeria, 1 bag 66s; 10 96s 6d; 2 636d. Ex “Izion’”—Kumaradola, 9 bags 105:. Ex “Dictator” —Lower Haloya, 1 bag 63s; 1 61s; L pocket 65. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, July 2iet, 1893. Xx “Agamemnon” —(WG), 5 cases 1g 1d. Ex “Glenavon”—Maynetreer, 3 cases 1g 2. Ex “Avoca’’—Niloomalley, 2cls 8d; 3 1s 44; 1 Is 3d; 1 1s. Loolecondera (OBEC), 1c 2s 61; 7 28 4d; 10 1s 8d; 3 1s 54;1 18;2 1s 6d;2 1s 7d: 1 1a 2d; 1 1s 4d; 1 Is 3d. Dangkande (OBEQ), 60 Is 91; 2 le 6d. Narangkande (OBEC), 5c 1s 103; 1 185d;1 1s 3d, Ex ‘‘Pindari’”—Delpotonoya, 3c 28 4d; 3 1s 10d; 2 1s 4d;1 1s 6d. Ex “Ping Suey’’—Gonawella, 2c 1s 9d. Ex “Scindia”—Gaijl.ntenne, le 1s 94. 5 Be gPoxmpee’— Wariiagella; Te 23 3d; 81694: 31s 8 5d. “@EYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM. SALKS. NO. 24.] Cotomso, AuausT 22, 1893. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Ssle-room on the 9th Aug,, the undermentioned Jots of tea (58,377 |b.), which sold as under : — Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkgs 1 RT oo tthe mle 2 44 6 4-ch 3 RE 45 5 do 4 Walahan- duwa 46 6 ch 5 Vit 6 48 10 do 7 49 2 do 8 Benveula . 50 21 do 9 61 23 do 10 OH «» 52 1 d-ch il 63 1 ch 12 Narangoda.. 45 6 do 13 55 13 do 14 66 10 do 15 67 1 do 16 Roseneath .,. 58 33 3-ch 17 59 12 ch 18 60 20 do 19 H A W, in estate mark ve Olt Hkedo 1 j-ch 20 62 1 do al 63 1 ch 1 }-ch 22 64 1 do 93 A, in estate mark see 60% 10). do 24 66 6 ch 25 67 5 do 26 68 1 4-ch 27 69 1 do 28 70 1 do 29 Hatdowa ... 71 15 ch 30 72 #12 ¢o 31 73 88 do 32 74 5 do 33 Mousagalla... 75 15 do 34 (Kee oly 1 4-ch 335 i Sich 36 W Bo fhe BEG) 37 73 +1 do 38 80 1 4-ch 39 Lyndhurst ... 81 24 ch 40 82 19 do 41 83 17 do 42 84 35 do 43 AP .. 85 2 do a4 86 9 4-ch 45 87 2 do 46 88 1 ch 47 89 2 do 48 TT, in estate mark ». 90 6 do 49 91 5 do 50 92 5 do 51 93 2 do 52 Diyagama 94 2 do 53 95 2 do 54 96 1 do 55 97 1 4-ch 56 98 1 do 57 99 1 do 58 Woodthorpe 100 4 ch 1 $-ch 59 L3 yeh 60 2 1 do 61 3 1 d-ch 62 Ingeria Aor oy ae 62 5 10 do 64 6 18 do 65 7 5 do 66 8 6 do 67 9 2 do 68 Arolena «- 10 4 do 69 ll 50 do Descrip- Weight tion. bro mx dust bro pek bro pek pekoe pek sou sou bro pek pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou congou bro pek dust pek dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro mix bro pek or pek pek sou sou red lesf red leaf bro or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe bro mix fans dust unas pek sou bro mix dust bro pek pekoe pek sou favs mixed dust bro pek pekoe pek sou red leaf bro pek pekoe pe sou unas bro mix bro tea bropek pekoe Ib. 112 420 370 bid bid Lot No. Mark. Watteagalla, K V Ja Perla Kande- kettia Ivies eae :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. Box Weight No. Pkgs. Description. lb. c. 12 19 4-ch peksou 950 39 13 2 do dust 102 26 14 4 oh or pek 400 45 15 4 do bro pek 420 46 16 2 do pekoe 200 34 178 do pek sou 890 Bt 18 2 do sou 300 23 19 12 do bro pek 15£0 52 20 18 do pekoe 2160 38 bid’ 21 4 do pek sou 320 33 bid 22 2 do dust 200 25 24% 8 do bro pek 500 56 24 13 do pekoe 1170 = 40 bid 25 10 do pek sou 800 36 26 1 do bro tea 120 25 27. 1%4-ch dust 75 26 Messrs. Forsgs & Wauxsr put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 9th Aug., the undermentioned lots of ten (168,975 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot No. Mark. 56 PO H, in estate mark Galle 9 Clarendon Bismark .. Kelaneiya Brunswick ... Chesterford ., Gonawella ... Beddagama.. Ketadcla ... Moalpedde ,.. Wolley Field Castlereagh .. Beoherton .., North Brcok Box No. 7192 794 796 798 800 802 804 806 808 810 812 814 816 818 820 £22 824 825 828 830 632 831 836 838 840 Pkgs, Descrip- Weight tion, lb. ce pekoe 445 33 red leat 160 18 congou 120-26 dust 80 26 bro pek 360 pekoe 630 pek sou 160 | witha’n cou 135 dust 240 bro pek 720 m6) pekoe 800 49 pex sou 200 42 bro pek 4845 61 pekce 5300 47 duat ~ 230 27 congou 800 35 hyson No. 1 675 75 do ,, 2 585 68 do ,, 3 990 60 do 80 5 bro hyson 160 33 bro pek 1575 €8 pekoe 1300 44 pek sou £00 39 bro pek 1500 50 bid pekoe 700 40 pek sou 600 88 bro pek 735 48 bid pekoe 360 = 40 bid pek sou 270 39 dust 80 27 bro pek 370 50 pekoe 700 37 bru pek 550 46 unas 60 34 pek sou 855 36 congon 280 32 red leaf 180 27 dust 70 27 bro pek 95 4T pekoe 90 35 pek sou 200 83 bro mix 100 24 fans 60 31 crpek 1020 57 bid bro pek 1785 68 bid pekoe 26520 48 bro pek 1300 52 bid pekoo 1190 4? Lek sou 1120) 36 bro or pek 1540 51 bro pek 1980 45 pekoe $045 38 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight : 5 No. Mare. No. Pkgs. oe 1b c. — Mark as Pkges Ss bes 58 Hllekande,, 898 3 ch redleaf 225 30 166 iy ; Sire bo 900 7 do pek sou 630 40 314 4 oh 60 2 12 do unas 1200 53 167 hE on rn 4 61 42 dc dust 250 81 168 16 ei 1 ee im 37 62 6 14 do copgou 1120 38 169 G EG, i 218 1 do red leat 80 al 63 Wewese .., 9 35$-ch bropek 1750 64 tatetre 64 10 30 do — pekoe 1500 50 bid ar 220 65 12 21 do pekeou 1050 42 a $ Se ee 66 APK .., 14 2 ch dust 280 30 u eF Pet) ee 160 42 67 Ingurugalla 16 2 do pek sou 1280 37 1 : a4 4 do pe sou 20-39 68 j 18 4 do brotea 480 28 a i a Ae ii 130-26 69 Aegeria ... 20 2 do dust 263 98 ty aap 2% 1s-ch redleat (28 20 70 29. ddo rotten 400 30 ys ugusta .. 230 54 ch bro pek 5400 5a“ 71 Oondegalla.. 24 1 do bro pekfan 140 34 7 938 38, do pekoe 2350 a4 72 O, in estate 176 234 11 do pek sou 77033 mark .. 26 2 do bro tea 200 29 id en Pm ae 73 Tillyrie ... 28 & do dust 6.0 30 i 238 Af-ch redief 4 at ma MC ano MeG bro pek 1000 51 2 Munamal .. 240 1 ch bro pek 10044 15 82 11 do pekoe 1001 40 Mp. Se 76 34 1 do unas 103 36 sai ira pee | i Deenawatte.. 2 A ap bro pek 1760 49 bid | jg5 au a = be 185 3s do ekoe < 79° H, inestate peko 2000 «37 bid | 188 ammoor .., 258 20 $-ch bro pek 1000 «6S mark .. 4&0 8$#-ch pekoe 43084 Ld 260" 2 fo. .pekoe 110045 80 42 3 do unas 110 26 +4 262 17 do — pek.sou 850 41 81 44. 2 ch congou 246 23 ‘ hit Soe a 1400047 es md i 4 Zed leaf 955 25 192 J.H.S., in -C ust 160 24 estate mark... 26) 4 84 Malvern Pee lt wey tadiret bro pek 385 39 193 an 6 = ig 4 J 85 52 16 do pekoe 880 46 194 270 1 ch pesu 95 37 86 54 29 do pek sou 1595 36 195 272 #1 ch bro tea 11026 87 66 3 do sou 165 34 196 Winsley ... 274 45 4-ch younghyen 2475 68 9£ “VBEDIW Pies eee oO. bro pek fans 240 37 197 276 27 do hyson 1510 60 bid 95 72 3 ch red lesf 386 26 198 Elfindale ... 278 31 4-ch pek 1395 40 96 MAH © 74 8 do. congou 300 =. 29 199 M.G. .. 280 12 ch or pe 1080 —s BL 97 76 2 do red leat 200 23 200 282 #17 ch ek 1581 37 98 Cottaganga.. 78 4 do bro tea 440 35 201 28¢ 1 4-ch dust 62 25 99 80 2 do red leaf 160 20 294 Manangoda 299 6 ch brops 600 BL 100 Galaha .. 82 11 do pek sou eyo 43 205 292 6 ch pe 540 38 101 84 1 do dust 150 30 299 294 7 ch pe sou 670 37 102 AD no th GV de bro tea 630 22 207 296 2 ch fannings 219 «32 103 88 40 4-ch do 180U 27 208 298 1 4-ch dust 55 27 104 40 18 do do 648 26 x9 300 1 ch red leaf 110 20 105 92 4 do do 200 23 210 302 1 4-ch bro mixed 56 w» 106 94 20 ch bro sou 1520 28 211 Marakana... 304 4ch1 4chbro pe 440 51 107 96 3 do do 240 27 212 356 3 ch pek 226 4% 108 Lankapura, 213 308 41 ch pe sou 70 37 W co) JOSle ao bro pek 1870 61 bid | 214 30 1 ¢-ch dust 43 29 109 100 31 do pekoe 2100 48 bid 110 102 13 do pek sou 1170 39 111 aus A in Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at the 1 ranks . 104 1 do dust 150-97 4 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 16th Aug., 112 106 17 do pekoe 1530 42 bid ; 3 aa 108 6! do & beeper cong PEs the undermentioned lots of tea (4,641 1b.), which sold 114 Ganapalle ... ug 8 ae pek sou S160 id ble a§ under: — 115 12 3 to) pekoe 188 id . . 116 114 46 do bropek 2760 51 Lot Box Descrip- Weight av U .. 116 1 do red leat BD es No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. a 18 le >Sch’ 1 g-ch usr TM Pema cages 119 Uda Radella 120 4 do peksou 180 651 5 $y Ao sare aioilida 120 122 18 do peroe 84 73 4 a2 1 do fans 78 28 121 124 29 do broorpek 1624 85 Ss ariaiel 24 4 $-ch Biniken 220 22 122 Uda Radella 126 20%-ch pek sou 1000 52 Eee en” ee mao -Hleuigon 120s 128 128 20 do pekoe 1000 76 : aatekio Saluie 170 95 124 130 20 do bro orpek 1120 85 5 obltane 30, ao’ 2S'tre' pels 55 37 125 St. Helier’s 132 35 do bropek 1750-61 3 noe oY ate a! io © erdtabe 14528 126 184 15 ch pekoe 1500 48 10 341 4 do unas 182 21 127 186 6 do pe sou 600 41 134 Polatagama 150 41 do Bro pek 246¢ 62 — 135 ; 152 45 do ekoe 2250 46 136 154 32 do ok sou 1600 43 Mr. A. H. Tompson put op for sale at the 137 156 7 do fans 420 40 f Oommerce Sale-room on the 16:h Aug. 146 Horagaskelle 174 6 do bro pek 870 46 Ohamber of0 : ee 147 176 8 do pekoe 434 34 the undermentioned lots of tea (89,140 lb.), which 148 178 12 do pek sou 688 32 — 149 180 1 do congou 52 26 sold as under : : f 150 182 1 do bro mix 70 18 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 156 Citrus ee 194 11 4-ch bropek 650 = 550 No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. ib. lames 167 196 1 do bro pek h 180 a8 No.3 52 41 1 AGC chai a5 y 2be ee 5 = 158 198 8 ch pekoe 800 37 a Ao? sa way ans 169 Ch als 4 Kalkande .. 5 23}-ch orpek = 1380 43 bid 1}4-ch peksou 335 43-36 Fi k 2100 32 bid 160 $02 3 ch unas 300. 31 5 (foe YASS Flos 559 30 bid 161 206 2 do 6 i INS I Sle : 1g-oh fans 255 32 7 IY oe, 00 0 e uae =n = 206 Th k 45 (28 8 Clarendon .. 12 15 ch bropek 1721 50 162 lc pek dust 1 Fy "4 1064 40 163 208 14ch red leaf 55 «19 9 Sp pa 53° 164 Kirindi .,. 210 24 ch bro pek 2400 54 10 16 68 uo pe sou o x 165 912 17 do pekoe’ 1275 43 1L 18 state pee Mr. dermentioned lots of tea (107:208 lb.), ove Nabalma , Invoice No. 13 Miraganga .. P Sapitiyagoda, Invoice No, 31 Sapitiyagoda, Invoice No. 32 Aldie Comar Naba)ma, Invoice No. 14 Wahakula .. Karrandella Clunes Gallatotta .., Kananga .. MLC LM ove MC AGT as under :— Lot |: No, Mark, 1 Nagur, P H J ees 3 3 4 Tamaravelly 6 KD cen 6 Bogawana, in estate mark aYe 7 “8 9 Dickapittia.., 10 11 12 Logan ele 13 NW se 14 15 16 Doonbinda .. 17 18 19 N 50 20 Tarf On 31 22 Kirkoswald..,, pS) mM Box No. Pkgs, CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Descrip- tion. dust red leaf pek sou fans bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe dust pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek so bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou unas bro pek pekoe pek sou fans dust Bou red leaf dust pek sou sou pekoe pek fans bro pek pekoe pex sou E. JoHN put up for Box No. Pkgs 216 65 ch 218 6 do 220 1 do 221 2 do 222 8 do 224 21 ¢-ch 226 12 do 228 12 do 230 17 ch 232 19 do 234 14 do 236 63 4-ch 237 7 ‘ch 239 8 do 241 6 do 242 7 do 244 10 do 246 #1 do 247 +4 do 2418 3 do 249 2 do 250 60 do 252 29 do 254 36 do 266 14 do Weight lb. c: 100 24 150 17 750 34 450 37 2109 45 bid 2112 36 7160 46 bid 4300 44 1050 37 130 26 4180 46 3300 36 bid 2420 49 2400 39 180 27 550 81 bid 200 23 bid 4482 46 bid 4680 37 850 33 bid 3500 49 4940 37 bid 1100 33 800 49 810 38 bid 400 34 6150 35 6390 37 bid 3610 34 bid 801 32 2100 45 2200 35 990 31 350 25 150 25 855 29 650 22 600 26 190 28 755 18 bid 100 26 142 out 300 44 340 37 240 35 sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 16th Aug., the un- which sold Descrip- Weight tion. Ib. c. bro pek 600 45 pekoe 570 32 bro sou 89 29 duet 200 withd’n peksou 760 37 congo 1155 32 bro mix 720 24 dust 1080 27 bro pek 1870 54 pekoe 1900 49 pe sou 1400 39 unas 150 23 pekoe) 630 37 congou 800 32 red leaf 450 27 bro pek 770 53 pekoe 1000 42 dust 100 30 bro mix 400 29 pek sou 270 38 dust 280 a7 pekoe A 5700 42 bid do B 2755 42 bid pek sou A 3600 do B 1400 Lot No. Mark. 26 27 28 29 30 Templestowe Ottery and Stamford Hill Ottery and Stamford Hill A L ae Nahakettia... Ww Talagalla Madooltenne Agra Ouvah Black burn Alliady Dickoya DND ina estate mark Lawrence Galkande- watte Ayr Galawtte ... Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo putup for sale at the 3 Box Weight No. Pkgs. Description. lb. e. 258 25 ch or pek 2500 62 260 30 do pekoe 2700 48 bid 262 12 do pek sou 1020 39 bid. 264 4 do dust 520 a7 265 21 $-ch bro pek 1269 57 257 21 do or pek 1155 64 269 20 ch pekoe 1800 48 271 18 }-ch bro pez 900 65 273 18 do or pek 900 68 275 12 ch pekoe 1080 52 277 15 do pok sou 1350 41 279 8 do sou 720 33 281 8 do dust 280 27 282 6 do dust 1068 23 284 37 4-ch bro pek 2072 56 286 28 do pekce 1400 42 288 15 ch pek sou 1425 38 290 1 do dust 150 29 309 24-ch or pek 98 50 bid 310.2) do pekoe 100 32 31L 27 ch bro pek 2700 = 51 ~ bie 313 24 do or pek 2166 41 bid 315 12 do pekoe 1146 37 bid 317 4 do dust 640 25 318 12 do bro pek 1260 54 320 12 do pek sou 1200 38 322 59 4-ch broorpek 2950 77 324 67 do er pek 3015 63 326 50 do pekoe 2250 49 328 15 do doM 675 40 330 2 do pek fan 120 27 331 2 do pek dust 130 31 332 14 ch bro pek 1510 46 334 25 do pekoe 2625 33 bid 336 3 do pek sou 315 3l 837 3 3-ch = dust 220 24 338 18 do bro pek 900 45 340 18 do pekoe 900 35 342 20 ch bro or pek 2200 56 bid 344 13 deo bro pek 1560 39 bit 346 118 4-ch pekoe 5530 37 bid 348 5 ch bro pek 500 -30 350 7 do bro mix 658 22 It 2 do dust 300 29 12 41 ch eou 2870 26 14 22 do bro pek 2200 73 16 48 do pekoe 4320 46 18 3 do pek sou 270 2 19 2 4-ch dust 150 25 320 22 do bro pek 1100 53 22 39 do pekoe 1755 36 24 5 ch do 450 36 26 15 do pek sou 1275 33 28 24-ch fans 110 30 29 +1 3-ch_ bro pek 53 40 30 1 ch 1 $-ch pekoe 140 3L Sl] 34) rch pek sou 340 27 32 7 do sou 636 23 34 2 do dust 300 25 35 2 do 243-ch dust 350 25 36. 1. ch red leaf 100 29 Chamber of Commerce Sale-roomon the 16th Aug., the undermentioned lots of tea (37,221 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot No. Mark. KDGNA ..,, Kelani aun Box No. 31 Pkes. 28 do 1 do 3 do 1 do 1 $-ch 39 do Deserip- tion. unas sou bro tea red leaf dust bro pek Weight Ib. 4 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Phgs. tion. )) Pata oi 10 31 59 do pekoe 2656 38 Al 38 25 do pek sou 1125 37 12 39 9 do sou 405 34 13 Neucha‘el, Ceylon .. 40 14 ch bro pek 1470 65 14 41 13 do pekoe 1235 43 16 42 12 do pe’ sou 1140 37 15 43 2 do d st 200 25 17 44 1 do bro tea 95 22 18 Allakolla 45 35 4-ch bro pek 2100 49 19 46 26 ch pekoe 3400 =. 36 bid 20 47 22 do pek sou 2090 = 33 bid 21 48 24-ch dust 210 30 22 RVK 49 do bro pek 100 38 23 5U 1 do pekoe 50 33 24 51 3 do pek sou 150 80 25 Box 62° 7 ch bro pek 700 63 26 53 13 do pekoe 1170 46 27 54 3 do pek sou 270 36 28 ba qa do. pek fane 70 31 29 Depedene , 56 404-vh bro pex 2200 5u 30 57 64 do pekoe 3200 33 bid al 58 64 do pe sou 3200 34 32 59 4 do sou 200 <3 23 60 4 do bro mix 200 2. 34 61 4 do dust 320 25 35 HS, in estate mark 62 17 ch bro pek 1530 3945 36 63 3 do sou 210 32 37 Hopewell 64 14 4-.b or pek 700 49 a8 65 19 do pekce 950 36 bid 39 66 18 do sou 810 32 40 Aadneven ,.. 67 21 ch bropek 210058 41 68 18 do pekoe 1620 46 42 69 4 do pek sou 360 39 43 Knutsford .. 70 5 %-ch bro orpek 314 11 44 7i 6 do bro pek 338 49 45 72 22 do pekose 1252 35 46 73 2 do pek sou 88 30 AT 74 +1 do red leaf 47 24 48 ta (2 do fans 154 29 49 Pelawatte 76 8 ch _ bro pek 898 50 bid 50 i eas pekoe 848 43 51 18 8 do pek sou 853 33 bid 52 Halpatenne.. 79 2 ch bro pek 239 49 bid 53 80 2 do pekoe 323 40 ot 81 7 do pek sou 741 34 5d F 82 3 do sou 378 30 bid 56 SS 83 2 do pehoe 205 32 bid 57 84 5 do unas 426 27 bid 58 Uhuwela 85 26 do bro pek 2760 49 59 86 33 do pekoe 2300 37 bid 60 Gallawatie .. 87 1#-ch bropek 50 32 61 88 17 do peice 850 30 bid 62 89 2 do pe sou 100 28 63 90 1 do dust 50 95 Oi 91 2 do bro tea 100 18 6 W we 92 2 do unas 29 66 Goonambil ... 93 24 do bro pek 1434 52 67 94 22 do pekoe 1190 42 68 95 16 do pek sou 878 36 69 96 1 do tans 63 23 70 97 1 do bro mix 52 5 71 98 1 do dust 80 26 q72miP .. 99 19 do dest 1710 28 alahandu- ae Bide .. 100 7 ch pekoe 700 42 aA 1 6 ao pekoe 510 32 bid 35 2 5 do pek sou 425 30 bid 16 IGA .. 3 6 }-ch pek sou 318 32 7 RL vce MELO Ch unas 596 30 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mrncrne Lane, July 28th, 1893. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 28th July :— Ex “Pindari”—Needwood, lo 1b 111s 6d; 4c 1b 107s; » Ao 1b 1028; 1t 94e; 1t lb 113°; 2 begs 100s6d. (NWT), Je 1 90s 6d. NW, 1b 84s, CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. [ Ex “Titan’’—Sherwood, Ic 1t 106s; 40 103461; le 1b 963; 1t 111s; 2 bags 100s 6d. SWT, 3 bags 89s. Ex “Coromandel”—Onvah, lo lt 104s 64; 50 101s 30 1t 10le: 1c 1b 938; le 10s; 1 868; 3 bage 978 64. Ex ‘“Mcrksra’--Beauy:i*, lb 101s; le lb 107; 8o- 103s; 1b Die; 1 1108; 2 bags 100s G1. BY, 1c 89s; L bag 84s. Ex “Manorsa’’—Beauvais, lo 1t 100s; lb 91s; 1 100s 64- Ex ‘‘Merkara’’—PDO, 1b 105s; 20 103s 6d;2 99s; 1b 922; 1 110%; 2 798 6d; 2 bags 96s 6d. Ex “Piodari”—Mausaga!la, 1b 1072; 3c 1062; 63 101s; 2 95861; 1 1103; le 1b 852: 1 bag 99s. Ex “Bslliarat”’—OavahJB, lc 1b 104s; 126 100s 64 2 95s; 1t 119s; lo 117¢; lo 1b 898 6d; 4 bags 100s. Ex ‘‘Dictator’—OuvahGA, lo 106s 6d; 60 102s; 1; 95e; 11208; 16 89a; 2 bags 100s 61, Ex “Pindari”—Diddesiale, Standard Co., le 102s; 20 1b 99s 6]; 1o 958; 1b 1098; le 1b 928 6d; 1 bag 968; 1 bag 89s. Ex “Goorkha”—Delrey, lc 109a; 3 101s; 1b 95s; le 123s; 1 89s 64; 1b 83s 6J;1 bag 98s. Ex “Merkara”—Rew, Lb 107s 6d; 2c 1068; 5c 102s; 1t 943 6d; 1b 115s; 1t 89s 6d; 1 88s 6d; 1b 100s; 2 bags 983 6d; 1 86. Ex “Pindari’"—Gowerakellie, 1b 1058; 20 1b 105s; lo 1b 105s 64; 1c 1b 120s; 1c 1b 89s 6d; 1c 868; lb 95s; 2 bags 101s 6d, Ex “‘Ixion”—Gomalia, 2c 105s; 1b 117s. Ex ‘‘Merkars”—Roehampton, 1b 107e; 20 1t 105s; lt 933; 1c 118s; 1 87s; 2 bags 98s 6d; 1b 10Is; 1 88. Ex ‘‘Shropshire”’—Ury, 30 104s 6d bid; 56 1003 6d bid; 2c 95s; 1t 1103; lo 1b 883 6d; 2 packages 94s. Gowerakellie, 4c 1043 6d; 20 1b 943 6d; 1b 111s; lo 1t 87s, CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDONs ‘(From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, July 28th, 1893. Ex “Polyphemus”—North Matale, 9 bage 70s; 1 70s. Ex ‘'Merkara”—Aloowihbarie 7 bags 75s; 3. 67s 6d. Ex ‘‘Piudari”—Palli, 20 bags 97s; 20 95s 6d; 22 958 27 843 6d; 11 76s; 15 508; 1 62s. Ex ‘*Wanderer”’—Udapolla, 2 bags 90s; 52 94s 64;3 61s; 1 65s. Lying at New Hibernia Wharf—Glenalpin, 9 bage 82s; 7 748. Lying at Red Lion and Three Cranes Wharfi—V ie toria, 23 bags 95s; 3 858 6d; 2 67s;1 51s;2 62s. Ex “Dictator’— Victoria, 19 bags 91s. Elmshurst, 17 bags 682 Ex “Oruba”—VM 35, 50 bags 70s. MK, 21 bags 1102; 20 100s; 14 1 pocket 100s, Ex ““Wanderer’’—Mahaberia (OBEC) 3 bags 503. Ex “Merkera”—Mahaberia (OBEC), 4 bags 56s. _ Ex “‘Chusan”—Kondesalle (OBEC), 3 bags 60s. eq ee ‘‘QEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ed NO. 25.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs, Forses & WaLkeEr put up for sale at the Cotomso, Aucusr 30, 1893. Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 16th Ang,, the undermentioned lots of Tea ( 256,124 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. 1 A, in estate mark oe Clarendon Meddetenne eee Traquair Kakiris- kande one Talgaswela .. 8, in estate mark eee Galkadua G nae Kelaneiya Knavesmire Harrington... Glenorchy .. KS L BE acs Pansalatenne Lyegrove ,. H, in estate mark Atherfield Ascot Box é Weight No. Pkgs. Description. lb. 314 3 ch bro pek 300 316 2 do pekoe 180 318 1 do pek sou 88 320 5 do £0U 400 322 6 4-ch bro pek 360 324 7 ch pekoe 630 326 2 do pek sou 160 328 1 do 1 3-ch sou 135 330 3 do dust 240 332 14 oh bro pek 1540 334 4 do pekoe 400 3836 6 do pek sou 600 338 1 do dust 140 340 6 $-ch bro pek 292 342 4 do pekoe 205 344 10 do pek sou 500 346 1 do copgou 46 348 5 do bro pek 250 350 11 do pekoe 550 352 1 do sou 585 354 1 do dust 65 356 1 do congou 50 358 26 do bro pek 2600 360 15 do pekoe 1425 362 12 do pek sou 1080 364 4 do sou 380 366 2 do congou 170 868 3 ch pek sou 255 370 10 4-ch dust 720 Byres) adi bro pek 900 374 7 do pekoe 665 376 9 do pek sou 900 378 4 do sou 400 380 86 do bro pek 3060 382 31 do pekoe 3100 884 2 do dust 230 386 2 do congou 200 388 15 do bro pek 1650 390 28 do pekoe 2680 392 12 do Ppekoe No 2 1140 394 7 do sou 660 396 14 $-ch flow pek 630 398 19 ch boror pek 2090 4:0 12 do pekoe 1080 402 4 do pek sou 400 404 2 do ust 280 406 35 3-ch bro pek 2100 408 42 do pekoe 2100 4lu. 2 do pek sou 100 414 1 ch ust 95 1 do 1 }-ch dust 213 416 2 do pek dust 171 418 1 do tans 63 420 2 ch red leaf 200 422 40 do bro pek 4185 424 26 do pekoe 26.0 426 2L do pek sou 1995 428 7 do congou 700 430 44-ch dust 300 432 14 ch bro pek 1540 424 17 do pekoe 1700 43 6 do pek sou 600 43 1 do dust 150 440 11 4-ch bro pek 537 442 9 do pekoe 416 444. 7 do pek sou 376 4is 2 do £0u 135 448 2 do dust 170 450 2 do fans 161 452 3 do dust 240 454 12 do sou 600 466 2 ch congou 200 c. 3 bid bid B&D ee Salem é6 Galahakande Ederapolla ... Gallantenne Udabage Battawatte .. Ganapalla Heeloya .. Mousa Ella Killarney JKV 06 Waitalawa.. Nugagalla .. Aigburth Casilere(gh Brunswic« .. Caskieben .. Gonawella.. Radella Monrovia ... OG A,in estate mark eee Hayes Ellekande .. Bismark a Price :—125 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. SSS SS A a ae 2 rar re SC Cy I Ce -Y Box No. Pkgs. 458 1 ch 460 3 do 462 1 do 464 2 do 466 25 do 468 61 4-ch 470 33 ch 472 34 do 474 2 4-ch 476 2 ch 478 4 }-ch 480 24 oh 482 33 do 484 8 do 486 5 do 488 2 do 490 48 3-ch 492 22 do 494 16 do 496 1 do 498 2 ch 500 19 do 502 40 do 504 21 do 506 17 4-ch 608 39 do 510 43 do 512 48 do 518 4 do 520 14 ch 522 15 do 24.15 do 526 4 4-ch 528 10 do 530 16 do 532 23 do 534 2 do 536 11 ch 538 19 3-ch 540 8 do 542 1 ch 544 25 }-ch 546 54 do 548 10 do 550 13 do 552 61 do 554 8 do 556 4 do 558 3 ch 560 4 do 562 12 do 564 2 do 566 2 do 568 30 do 570 22 do 572 1 do 574 25 ¢-ch 576 29 ch 578 15 do 580 14 do 582. 2 do 584 7 do 586 8 do 588 7 do 590 4 do 4592 4 do 594 1 do 596 15 do 598 10 do 600 8 4-ch 602 93 do 604 61 do 605 104 do 608 4 ch 610 4 do 612 7 do 6l4. 7 do 616 5 do 618 4 do 620 3 do 634 13 do 636 8 ch 638 2 do 640 1 do Descrip- Weight tion. lb. ( dust 150 27 dust 450 25 red leat 124 19 congou 160 28 pek sou 2500 37 bro pek 3050 48 pekoe 2640 3d pek sou 2720 3S congou 160 26 bro mix 160 19 dust 260 25 bro pek 2640 46 pekoe 3300 36 pek sou 720 33 bro mix 600 21 dust 300 29 bro pek 2880 45 pekoe 1320 36 _ pek sou 800 35 Lr congou 60 32 ust 309 27 pek sou 1900 40 pi pekoe 4000 54 os bro pek 2310 62 pig bro pek fan 1020 36 pek sou 1950 35 pekoe 2150 41 bro pek 2880 55 dust 216 25 pek sou ean 38 pekoe 1600 44 bi bro pek 1500 += 50 i pek sou 200 48 pekoe 450 56 or pek 640 66 bro pek 1265 69 or pek dust 170 28 pekoo 1045 42 bro or pek 1140 56 or pek 400 53 bro mix 110 26 bro pek 1250 63 pekoe 2700 49 pek sou 500 37 bro pek 650 69 pekoe 3050 47 pek sou 400 35 dust 320 a6 congou 300 30 dust 440 21 or pek 1020 «87 bid unas 200 49 fans 266 32 flow pek 3900 57 pekoe 2200 47 pek fans 130 3L bro pek 150 5uU bro pek 2900 58 pekoe 1350 47 pek sou 1260 40 dust 260 28 bro pek 700 47 pekoe 760 35 pek sou 665 33 bro tea 400 27 fans 400 30 pek dust 150 25 pekoe 1350 40 bid bro pek 1000 50 bid dust 400 29 pe sou 2650 37 peeko 3200 48 bro pek 5309 56 red leaf 320 32 bro pek 360 47 pekoe 630 44 pek sou 560 41 unas 475 47 dust 500 30 congou 210 35 bro pek 750 6U pekoe 800 49 pek sou 200 «40 dust Mo 8 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib... No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. | as 165 Palmerston 642 10 ch bro pek 850 386 83 “ aa} 4 m4 pend dust = 4 166 644 16 do pekce 1600 52 279 870 1 ch bromixed 100 25 267 646 6 do pek sou 5450042 280 Malvern .. 872 8 ch bro pe 800 «66 172 MCC, Co. 81 674 10 ch k 1000 45 M tn, Sb DB eg ape sou 500 = 80 982 876 2 ch 7 mixed 200 23 a78 Hes de OC, (push 1100 26 283 Burnside .. 878 15 4-ch brope (Y50 62 bid aut Ve ae Oy eee See 284 £80 20 do pek 1000 41 bid 6) oO vs 2 rk P 16 634 22 do fans 2221 0 as 7 $ o am «ae ativngama.. 666 10 do bro pe 178 & #68 19 do Peuee k a e Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put upfor sale at the 179 670 1 do pek sou 10038 Chamber of Commer ale- 180 Regalla ... 672 55 do bro pek 6050 68 bid i, cakes owes : on the 26rd Aug., 181 674 48 do pekoe 4320 52 the undermentioned lots of tea (9,018 1b.), which sold 182 676 21 do pek sou 1890 46 Si 183 678 4 do dust 360 26 reir ue 184 680 6 do fans 720 37 1 Hatton 24 11 ch # ~broorpek 1198 69 bid 185 682 2 do bro mix 200 36 2 26 6 do 186 Bogahawatte 684 li ch dust 1766 28 1 j-ch bro pek 751 40 bid 187 686 1 do bro mix 120 36 3 98 53 do pekoe 2373 36 188 Moralioya.. 688 4 do pek sou 400 32 4 30 1 ch bro mix 88 18 189 690 44%-ch dust 280 25 6 32. #1 do dust 68 26 190 R vw. 692°10 ch dust 1600 4g 6 F&R ». 34 64-ch peksou 300 27 191 Koladenia.. 691 8 do _ bro tea 378 30 7 36 8 do dust 400 26 192 Doomba .., 696 38 do _ bro tea 378 §=6497 8 48 1 do red leaf 50016 193 Kirrimettia 693 1 do bro pek 103 47 9 Hornsey «. 40 6 ch pek sou 570 oA 194 760 1 do pekos 116 41 10 42 1 do fans 160 §=630 195 702 2 do bro mix 208 = 36 11 Battalgalla.. 44 7 do sou 665 35 196 Carlaback.. 704 6 do pek sou 500 49 12 46 2 do fans 300-330 197 706 5 do dust 700 = 37 13 Hope Well .,. 48 24-ch bro pek 113.0 «47 198 BR 708 15 do brotea 1350 98 14 50 2 do pekoe 11235 199 Narthupana 710 2 ch dust 200» 97 15 Elston, in 200 712 1 do _ bro tea 9 92 estate 201 Peacock Hill 714 8 do pek sou 720 34 mark oo 2 oT ‘ch pek sou 1530 28 202 716 2 do pek fans 140 30 16 64 2 do bro mix 200 «8630 203 718 13-ch bro mx 45 20 17 56 1 do dust 130 a7 an § Ss Si at ia a ch pele sou 348 41 — embawatte 7 2 do ropek 3200 45 bid Mr. A. H. Twomeson put op for sale at the 206 724 28 do pekoe 2600 36 bid | Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 23rd Aug., 207 725 11 do peksou 920 = 34 h d 208 764 do?. ‘bro'tea 100 98 the undermentioned lots of tea (32,659 lb.), which 209 730-4 3-ch dust 320 96 sold as under :— 414 Middleton... 740 16 do bro pek 800 67 bid 215 742 12 ch pekoe 114053 1 Brae « 1 5 -ch dnst 250 §=©.26 bid 916 Lowlands.. 744 6 do bropek 600 = 60 a 2 7 do congou 330 48=— 29 217 746 4 do pekoe 360 4d 3A +» 8 18 do brogou 659 8 29 218 748 #5 do pek sou 400 37 4 5 40 do pekoe 2400 32 219 MMS. .., 750 154-ch dust 1050 9 65 7 23 do or pek 1380 40 220 D, in estase 6 Clunes ssf nte Cle pekoe 6390 86 bid mark 762 2 do pek dust 200 25 7 ll 29 do pek sou 2610 30 bid 221 Donside .. 754 2 do dust 300 9295 8 Comar .. 13 11 4-ch pekoe 550 =. 28 bid 222 Weoya .. 756 26 3-ch bro pek 1300 949 9 15 4 do ek sou 200 27 bid 223 758 11 do bro yek 10 Nahalma ... 1€ 37 do ro pek 2109 «45 No. 2 550 36 bid | 11 18 83 do bro pek 45 224 760 31 4-ch pek 1550 36 bia | 12 Myraganga.. 20 65 ch bro pek 71500 47 225 762 25 do pe sou 1125 33 13 AGC oo 22. 4 do sou 360 28 226 764 ¢ do pe dust 300 25 14 93 13 do sou No. 2 1300 17 bid 227 Munamal .. 766 1 ch bro pe 100 8650 15 25 2 do dust 300-25 228 768 2 ch pek 200 33 16 Woodend ... 28 1 do sou 90 25 229 770 +3 ch pe sou 300 30 17 27 1 do dust 140 ps) 230 U2. 1 ch congou 92 24 1s AG sie, 2 ee 23) 974 14-ch dust 70 95 13-ch bro mix 160 18 232 Dunba r.. 776 25 ch bro pe 2500 68 19 Hattan- 233 7i8 22 ch pek 1980 48 wella mete ao dust 250 24 234 720 3 ch pe sou 270 40 20 30 5 do congou 225 29 235 782, .1 (ch dust 130 26 21 31 1 do red leaf 45 23 248 HW -- 808 8 ch unassorted 264 33 22 K V M, io 249 310 1 g-ch dust 43 26 estate 250 812 31 4-ch pesou 1550 36 mark pss Pye? Pra bro mix 220 20 266 Kurulugalla Ses 4 ch brope 380 45 23 33 4 do red leaf 352 18 257 2 ch pek 180 38 24 34 1 do dust 107s 24 258 a 2 ch pe sou 170 34 28 HS oe hha Cle bro pek 225 40 bid 259 830 4 ch bro pe 38045 29 39 2 do pekoe 190 32 bid 260 832 2 ch pek 160 39 30 40 1 do pekoe 101 30 bid 261 &34 2 ch pesou 170 35 31 BC «. 41 14-ch pek sou 34 = 18 262 836 1 ch sou 90 8629 g 263 KPG .. 838 1 ch _ bro tea 1420 24 264. G +» 840 2 ch dust 250 25 Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber ao Pd on ples oe a ee DEOHER ame of Commerce Sale-room on the 23rd Aug., the un- ame eam iy (HF gn geae 305 ee dermentioned lots of tea (79,276 lb.), which sold 268 848 1 ch bro mixed 100 20 as under :— 269 +. 850 1 3-ch sou 67 = 26 1 W-T ww. 87 8 ch _ bropek 800 58 270 Buepoltanne Boe 12 ch brope 1200 51k 2 39 7 do pekoe 630 41 271 13 ch ek 1300 39 3 41 20 do peksou 1800 36 272 356 12 ch po sou 1200 36 4 8 43.6 do sou 540-33 273 Pinest.mrk. 858 8 j-ch pek 430-32 5 Talagalla .. 45 27 do bro pek 2700 59. 214 860 3 do unassorted 170 27 6 47 24 do or pek 2160 45 bid 275 862 11 ch red leaf 956 «©. 21 bid 7 49 12 do pekoe 1140 35 bid 376 Deaculla 864 92 do bro pe 2200 55 8 Ela ewe 51 18 do 1800 «BS Lot Box No. Mark. No. 9 538 26 ch_ 10 Coslande .. 55 27 do ll 57 13 do 12 Mocha -. 59 29 do 13 61 24 do 14 63 12 do 15 65 5 do 16 67 2 do 17 Callander .. 68 20 $-ch 1s 70 20 do 19 72 21 do 20 74 28 do 21 76 22 do 22 Eadeila wen Ouran Gh 23 80 17 do 24 82 22 do 25 Ballagalla... 84 28 3-ch 26 86 16 ch 27 88 12 do 28 Maddagedera 90 28 do 2 102 23 do 30 104.19 do 31 Kotuwa- gedera .. 106 13 do 32 108 11 do 33 110 11 do B4 112. 9 do 35 MR we 114 2 4-ch 36 Dickapittia.. 115 16 ch 37 117 15 do 38 119 16 do 39 Killin - 121 10 3-ch 40 123 6 do 41 124 4. do 42 d2559 1° do 43 PTH 0d 26eu'3 do 44 Henegama.., 127 2 ch 45 128 2 do 46 Troup +» 12950 1 do 47 GK ee 180 14 do 48 Old Made- gama »» 132 3 }-ch 49 133 5 do 50 OM ve hd4 «9 2) do 51 135 1 do 3 136 1 do 53 Coslanda .. 137 16 ch 54 139 11 do 55 14t 2 do 56 Overton «. 142 21 do 57 144 30 do 58 146 18 do 59 148 1 do 60 149 4 4-ch 61 Cruden se 150267 sch 62 152 38 do 63 154 20 do 64 156 12 do CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Weight Pkgs. Description. Ib. pekoe No, 1 2340 bro pek 2970 pekoe 1300 bro pek 3045 pekoe 2400 pek sou 1080 fans 600 dust 260 bro or pek 1120 bro or pek 1120 er pek 1176 pekoe 1268 pek sou 1232 bro pek 2300 pekoe 1530 pek sou 1760 bro pek 1°40 pekoe 1440 pek sou 1140 bro pek 3080 pekoe 2185 pek sou 1710 bro pek 1365 pekoe No.1 1100 do ,, 21100 pe sou 855 dust 148 bro pek 1760 pekoe 1550 pek sou 1600 bro pek £00 pekoe » 800 pek sou 200 dust 50 dust 215 bro mix 230 dust 250 eongou 100 unas 1260 sou 165 dust 400 bro pek 120 pekoe 56 dust 80 pekoe 1600 pek sou 1100 dust 300 bro pek 189U pekoe 2400 pek sou 1620 sou 62 dust 280 flow or pek 2600 do pek 2660 do pek sou 1400 sou 1080 bid Messrs. ForBgSs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 23rd Aug,, the undermentioned lots of ten (318,021 lb.), which sold as under:— 1 Pussetenne.. 884 18 3-ch 2 886 22 do 2 888 8& do 4 Hakurugalla 890 13 ch 5 892 20 do 6 894 3 do 7 Koorooloo- galla «. 896 3 do 8 898 2 do &9 900 2 do 10 2 1 do 11 Harangalla ., 4 63 do 12 6 40 do 13 8 4 do 14 Kelaneciya 10 30 do 15 12 25 do 16 14 1 do 17 16 1 do 18 Langdale .. 18 14 do 19 20 26 do 20 22 37 do ai 24 11 do 22 ' 26 6 do ‘93 Esperanza ,, 28 14 4-ch a4 30 30 do bro pek 900 pekoe 990 pek sou 360 bro pek 1300 pekooe 1900 pek sou 300 bro pek 285 pekce 180 pek sou 170 Tred leaf 90 bro pek 6300 pekoe 38:0 pek sou 360 bro pek 2950 pekoe 2500 dust 115 cougou 100 bro or pek 1540 bro pek 2860 pekoe 3700 pek sou 2090 ust #50 broor pek 700 pekoe 13390 bid 3 Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion, IDs wvice 25 32 6 ch red leaf 215 24 26 34 1 do dust 84 25 27 Wewessa 36 10 4-ch broor pek 6580 64 as 38 19 do bro pek 950 60 29 40 26 do pekoe 1300 42 30 42 22 do pek sou 1100 41 31 44 1 do sou 50 32 32 46 2 do dust 160 28 33 Keenagaha 26 Ella son toe enc unas 800 34 Easdale Arvin (nin GS alts to) bro pek 800 59: 85 52 5 do pekooe 450 47 36 54 4 do pek cou 360 39 37 66 1 do dust 130 26 38 DMR ce OS! bdo bro pek 530 47 39 60 11 do pekoe 1085 36 40 62 8 do pek sou 786 33 41 64 1 do pek faua 120 30 42 Court Lodge 66 294-ch bro pek 1885 71 bid 43 68 25 do pekoe 1250 60 bid 44 70 20 do pek sou 900 §©6 443 bid 45 72 42 do pek fens 1980 46 C H, in estate - 30 mark . 74 8 4-ch sou 400 23 47 CH ; 76 10 do dust 800 29 48 MP a the Ph saga sou 200 31 49 80 656 do dust No.1 700 29 50 82 6 do do ,, 2 1020 25 61 RA W, in estate mark 84 24-ch dust 140 26 52 Galaha & 1 do sou 44 34 53 AgarsLard... 88 22 do pekoe 1100 46 bid 54 90 10 do pek sou 450 34 bid 56 92° 6 do sou 270 31 65 94 4 do bro or pek dust 240 37 57 L, in estate mark choy thie Ba bed pekce 72 33 58 98 1 do peksou 104 30 59 Beverley 100 1 do bro pek 110 +50 (a0) 102 18 do pekoe 1800 40 61 104 5 dc pek sou 500 36 62 106 64-ch pek dust 390 32 @€3 Kananka ,,, 108 10 ch bro pek 1100 43 bid 64 110 1 $-ch do 60 43 65 112 15 ch pekoe 1572 35 66 114 11 do pek sou 1100 33 67 116 11 do sou 1045 32 68 118 2 do bro tea 178 28 69 120 1 do dust 154 25 710 DD, in estate mark ». 122 3 3-ch bropek 174 44 71 124 3 do pekoe 144 35 72 Udabage 126 22 do pekoe 1320 36 bid 73 Cone Css in estate mark 128 32 ch pekoe 2880 39 bid 74 130 10 do bro pek 1000 49 bid 75 Talgaswela .. 132 14 do bro pek 1400 57 76 124 29 do pekoe 2750 42 bid 77 136 18 do pek sou 1620 37 78 138 14 do sou 1260 34 79 1d4u' 2 ¢o dust 290 26 £0 142 3 do bro mix 285 28 8l Aningkande... 144 12 ech bro pek 1320 64 82 146 13 do pekoe 1300 47 83 148 14 ch pek sou 1400 35 84 150 3 do congou 300 30 85 142 «1 «4-ch = dust TD Qs 86 BDWG 154 20 do bro pek 1000 59 87 156 60 do pekoe 3000 43 88 158 17 do faus 814 35 89 160 8 do dust 720 25 g0 D .. 162 20 ch pekoe 20c0 —-39 ‘bid 95 Warakamura 172 9 ch bro pek 945 40 did 96 174 8 do pekoe No.1 800 35 bid 97 176 7 do do 4, 2 700 933 bid 98 178 6 do pek sou 570 30 99 St. Leonard’s 180 18 $-ch bro pek 1080 51 100 182 18 do pekoe 900 36 101 184 2 do do No.3 100 47 102) Warwick 186 23 do bro pek 1380 80 103 188 31 do pekoe 1650 58 bid led 199 1 do conpgou 50 38 105 192 1 do dust so 80 3t 106 Dengama 194 5 $-ch bropekNo.2300 35 107 198 8 do sou 400 33 108 198 «62 «do dust 140 25 109 900 5 do congou 250 8«3t 110 202 9 do unas 640 re) CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot No. Mark. 111 113 118 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Clyde ne Torwood .. Pera/enia ... N’ Wad as Castlereagh North Brook Shamrock o- Beaumont oo L, in estate mark sia Maha Uva... D, in estate mark oe KA Fred’s Ruhe Wa AY) B ow Patulpana ... Queensland Heeloya .. Deanstone ... Massena .. Luccombe .. Aberdeen Dammeria .. BW Gleneagles... Uda Radella Clydesdale ... Barkindale... Descrip- Weight tion. lb. bro pek 2000 pekoe 1250 pek sou 800 dust 140 bro pek 1700 pekoe 1700 pek sou 900 dust 240 sou 400 dust No.1 980 do ,, 2 1360 bro pek 318 pekoe 445 bro pek 1050 pekoe 1260 bro or pek 1980 bro pek 1870 or pek 1260 pekoe 3360 pek sou 1140 unas 185 young hyson 2450 hyson 230u pekoe 70 pek sou 67 dust 50 bro pek 2090 pekoe 855 pe sou 450 dust 75 congou 50 bro pek 600 pekoe 645 pek sou 170 red leaf 85 pek dust 235 bro pek 645 pekoe 309 bro tea 151 pek dust 420 dust 480 bro pek 1375 pekoe 3800 pek sou 1800 bro pek 2:0 bro mix 60 dust 90 bro pek 700 pekoe 830 bro pek 260 pek sou 150 do 250 flow pek 2600 pekoe Z000 pek fans 130 pekoe 1500 bro pek 1500 or pek 2100 pekoe 2430 pekoe 1250 or pek 1250 pek sou 1120 pekoe 3000 bro pek 1200 dust 100 pek sou 450 pekoe 800 bro pek 2000 pek sou 600 Pekoe 5000 bro pek 110 bro or pek 2800 pekoe 2430 bro pek 2140 pekoe 900 bro pek 2415 pex sou 945 pekoe 1305 bro or pek 2090 peK sou 120 pekoe 585 bro pek 1925 bro or pek 1625 bro pek 8u0 pekoe 720 pek sou 475 dust 87 bid 5 bid 3 bid bid bid 2 bid bid bid bid Lot Box Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. Ib. ec. 206 Havilland... 394 73 do bro pek 4015 66 207 396 60 do koe 3000 37 bid 208 398 42 do ek sou 1890 33 bid 209 400 1 do ro mix 50 23 210 402 1 do dust 80 26 211 Ireby «» 404 10 ch bro pek 1000 68 212 406 13 do pekoe 1430 48 213 408 7 do peksou 700 «35 214 N 410 17 do pek fans 1190 30 b 215 SK 412 104-ch congou 450 52 216 414 9 do pek fans 630 34 bid 217 416 7 do dust 560 26 bid ai8 MV 418 1 ch fans 146 26 219 420 13-ch dust 90 «26 220 422 1 ch 1¢-ch bro mix 175 a4 221 T -. 424 11 do bro pek fans 770 36 222 Stisted +. 426 35 do bro pek 2100 61 223 428 15 do pekoe 750 40 bia 224 430 14 do pek sou 630 32 bid 225 432 13 do s0u 520 30 bid 226 Yoxford ... 434 6 do dust 480 26 227 TB » ESS. 2 “ch fans 104 25 228 Huraetpier- point «. 4388 2 $-ch bro pek 100 45 229 440 7 do pekoe 330 35 230 442 3 do pek sou 160 §=3l 231 444 2 do dust No, 1 100 27 232 446 1 do do , 2 0 15 233 Farnham .. 448 48 do bro or pek 1920 52 234 450106 do pekoe 4240 38 bid 35 452 105 do pek sou 4200 32 bid 236 454 5 do ans 275 28 237 Polatagama 456 38 do bro pek 2280 «86-558 233 ‘ 458 57 do pekoe 2355 37 bid 239 460 48 do pek sou 2400 32 bid 246 462 2 do fans 190 33 241 Abamalla ... 464 7 do bro mix 350 3l 243 466 &do —_ dust 520 25 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincine Lane, Aug. 4th, 1893, Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane upto 4th August :— Ex “Chusan”’—Kahagalla, 1b 106s; 2c 1t 105s; 50 101s 6d; 2c 1b 101s; 1c 945; 2t 119s 6d; 1 bag 102s; 1 98s. (KGT), 2c 96s; 1 bag 88s. Ex “Aseaye”—Hiralouvab, 1t 108s; 2c 102s; 1b 98; 1 118s; 1 85s; 1 bag 100s. HLC, 1b 84s. Ex“ Merkara” Pittarat Malle, 1b 105s; 1t 104s; 20 1b 101s; 1t 95s; 1b 108s; le 893; 1 bag 895. Ex “‘Assaye”—Bercagalla, 1c 1t 107s; 30 103s; Ub 94s; 1t 119s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lanz, Aug. 4th, 1893. Ex “Oity of Agra”—Delmar (OBEC), 1t 106s; 2c 1043 6d; 8c lb 1026; 1c 1t 968; 1c Ib 120¢. Lying at Metropolitan Wharf.—Walton, 5 bags 65s. Ex “Nubia”—Warriapolla, 8 bags 578 6d. Sudu- ganga, 6 bags 57s 6d, Ex “Mira”’—Palli, 32 bags 65s; 2 73s. Ex ‘‘Pindari’—Palli,1 bag 70s. Ex “‘Merkara”—Arduthie, 6 bags 39s 6d. Ex “‘Assaye”—HYL ES 8, 5 bags 623 61; 2 538y. Hylton OO, 16 bags 72;6d. HYL B B, 8 bags 46s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mrncrne Lane, Aug. 4th, 1893. Ex ‘‘Mira”—AL1, 9 cases 1s 11d; 12 2s; 2 1s 3d; 16d; 6 187d;9 1s 3d; 4 18 43; 3 25 1d. ““@BYLON -OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. — NO. 26.] CotomsBo, SEPTEMBER 8, 1893. eta :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo putup for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 23rd Aug., the undermentioned lots of tea (55,696 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot No. Mark. 1 G@w Ho 2 3 Fcrest Hill .. 4 5 Diganakelle 6 7 8 Rayigam 9 10 Kelani ove 11 12 13 14 15 16 Razeen oes 17 18 19 20 Hiralouvah .. 26 Hopewell .. Depedene .. 31 Adlakolla .. 32 Gallawatte .. 63 Pelawatte Halpatepne.. 36 SS vee 38 Yahalatenne 43 New-Valley... Pine Hill .. Crurie eo Ukuwella ... 65 Naseby ooo $s BD ove 69 DW oe 70 mL eee 73 Box No. Pkgs. Description. ra Ror r NU pw -Re HE Nmaomnwna oe f ° oa bro mix dust pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekce bro ,ek pekce pek sou gou dust pek dust bro pek pekoe pek sou fans bro pek pekoe pekoe fans No. fans ,, fans ,, or pek pekoe pek sou dust pekoe pekoe pekce bro pek bro pek sou pekce unas bro pek pekce pek scu fans bro mix or pek pekoe pek sou dust red leaf pek sou red leaf bro tea unas congou sou pek fou red leaf Weight Iba ct 400 25 321 28 140035 130.27 £50 54 1320 2 400-34 2310 61 20.0 38 1792 61 2385 40 945 36 160 32 210 manos 150 = -.28 400 47 52u 35 1120-32 120. 31 2 47 41 42 55 42 B 36 O2memr sl 276 ok 513 «50 400 33 378 = 31 bid 55 24 3200 37 bid 3600 40 850 30 bid £98 54 239 E4 278 30 205 35 426 29 9C0 49 600 34 bid 260 29 bid 150 25 25 20 280 76 000 45 bid 1ec0 = 35 224 25 60 al 1425 31 100s 33 85 34 85 31 190 3l bid 330 37 300-39 ¢90)) 97 719 «44 22 28 56628 1.0 40 1365 50 1600 = 40 750 76 1000) 56 75 withd’n, 596 29 1018-28 419 33 863 31 185 19 Lot: Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 73 Rendura... 77 27 ch bro pek 2970 55 bid 74 78 12 do pekoe 1220 42 bid 75 79 4 do pek sou 400 BL bid 76 80 3 do bro tea 430 27 bid 77 81 4 4-ch pek dust 320 30 Mesers. A. H. THOmMpPson c& Uo. put up for gale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 30th Aug., the undermentioned lots of tea (39,623 lb.), which sold as under -— Lot Box Weight | No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. Ib. c. 2 D ove 3 ABE dO: red leaf 200 14 3 3 5 do dust 750 23 4 Mavagalla.. 45 13 4-ch bro pek 660 42 bid 5 7 31 do pekoe 1406 34 bid 6 Ovary *do pek sou 53 7 10 3 do dust 150 24 8 TLS 2"4do congou 90 a7 9 12 2-do bro pek sou 110 27 10 Clunes seo 132729 * ch: pek sou 2610 withd’p. 11 Myraganga.. 15 28 do bro pek 3080 50 bid 12 17 20 do pekoe 2000 39 bid 13 Sapitiyagoda Inyoice No. 33 19 29 do bro pek 3190 44 bid 14 21 30 do ekoe 8000 6 15 23 2t do ro sou 2400 32 16 Wahakula ... 25 22 ch bro pek 2200 52 17 27 34 do pekoe 3230 38 18 29 6 do pek rou 800 34 22 «Bilston, 37 17 do pek sou 1530 36 bid 293 APK (e389) “2tdo pek fans 980 25 bid 23 GLH we 40") IVdo pek dust 149 26 25 Charlie Hill... 41 3 3-ch fans 180 34 26 Vogan a, 480217 Sch bro pek 1700 = 64 27 44 20 do pekoe 1800 43 28 46 12 do pek sou 1020 39 29 48 3 do bro pek sou 3240 33 30 49 2 do dust 280 27 Mr. E. Jonn put up for sale at the Ohamter of Commerce Sale-roomon the 30th Aug,, the under- mentioned Jots of tea (43.208 lb.), which sold ag under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. lb. c. Lie dX o. 158 5 3-ch pekscu 200 31 2 Ky Ber in estate mark emlo9! 1 dO bro tea 350 23 3 8 Denegama 160 9 do unas 540 39 4 Littevalley.. 162 23 ch bro pek 2530 60 5 164 €3 do pekoe 3300 46 6 166 1 do dust 150 25 7 Doorooma- della vo 16%, 65 G0 bro pek 630 54 8 169 19 do pekce 1879 37 9 Kotuwa- gedera.., 171 11 do pekoe No. 21100 35 10 Talagalla .., 173 21 ch bro pek 7100 56 ll 175 4 do pek sou 480 35 12 176 +1. do dust 160 34 13 Great Valley 177 35 do bro pek 3850 60 14 179 39 do pekoe 3900 46 15 181 5 4-ch dust 400-28 16 Eila .. 182 20 ch bro pek 200 60 17 184 18 do pekoe No. 1 162 33 18 186 18 do pekoe 1620 35 19 Tientsin .,. 188 23 4-ch bro pek 103565 bid 20 190 25 ch pekoe 2000 47 a 193 2 $-ch dust 135 a7 24 Glentilt «» 193 20 ch bro pek 2000.65 93 195 13 do pekoe 1300 50 bid 24 197 21 do ek sou 2100 45 25 NW eo 199 2 ch ro or pek 240 31 96 200 1 do congou 100 97 QT 201 2 do red leat 2000 al 28 962 2 do dust 189-38 29 Orwell . 203 @ ch sou 240 6 30 204 3 do sou 210 3 31 205 3 do dust 450 44 2 Lot No. Mark. re fie alin 33 34 Yapame ss8 Messrs. SOMERVILLE Box No. Pkge. 208 2 ch 207 +1 do 208 23 do 210 15 do 212 14 do 914 4 do CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST. Descrip- Weight tion. lb. dust 240 red leaf 80 bro pek 2530 pekoe 1650 pek sou 1400 dust 320 & Co. put up for sale at the c, a4 16 bid 58 bid 48 bid 43 29 Chamber of Commerce’ Sule-room on the 30th Auy,, the undermentionéd lots of tea (98,807 lb.), which sold ‘a8 under ; — Lot ’ No; Mark. Panawal .. RE 0 KU + CONATR&we Narangoda .. Glenalla .. Elandhu AG DOC, in estate mark one Kuruwitte ... K, in estate mark “7 S, in estate “mark ae Benyeula .., DW ave Kuruwella .. OH eo IGA 600 Panawal, LE... Allakolla . Roseneath ... Comillah ... Morhilla_ ... Box No. Pkgs. 84 2 ch 85 3 do 86 3 4-ch 87 IL do 88 10 do 89 7 do 90 4 ch 91 6 do 92. 1 dv 93 6 do 94 8 do 95 12 do 96 2 4-ch 97 19 ch 98 23 do 99 22 do 100 26 do l 1 do 2 37 do 3 17 do Aiowbech 5 5 do 6 14 $-ch 7 do 8 do 9 do 10 do ll Ore wow mMonRa Q ° 12 53 do 13 do 14 do 15 do 16 do 17 ch 18 9 3-ch 19. 22 ch 2) 18 do 21. 6 do 228 115 do 1 do 23 9 do 1 4-ch 24 14 do rae ON 25 2 do 1 }-ch 30 25 ch 3lL 35 do 32 10 do 33 7 do 34 9 do 35 ch 36 68 -ch 37 2 ch 38 2 do 39 27 3-ch 40 17 ch 41 14 do 42 2 do 43 29 4-ch 44 12 ch 45 15 do 46 2 do 47 2 do 48 4 do 49 6 do 56 5 do 51 18 §-ch 52 29 do 63 19 do 54 22 do 55 2 do 56 1 do Descrip- Weight tion. lb. sou 140 dust 300 bro or pek 150 bro pek 605 pekoe 940 pek sou 315 sou. B15 dust 480 red lesf 80 bro pek 630 pekoe 720 pek sou 1080 dust 150 bro orpek 2090 or pek 23 0 pekoe 2200 do No.2 2600 sou 90 bro pek 2950 pekoe 1360 pekoe 400 pek sou 426 sou 720 pek fans 420 bro pek 208 pekoe 88 pek sou 432 sou 255 unas 2650 mixed 432 dust 198 pekoe 50 pek sou 50 bro tea 881 pek dust 720 bro pek 2200 pekoe- 18)0 pek sou 660 fans 120 dust 125 500 419 pek sou 863 red leaf 185 bro pek 2625 pexoe 3500 bro pek 1000 pekoe 639 pek sou 720 pek sou 318 pe fans 440 bro mix 170 dust 272 bro pek 1890 pe oe 1785 pek sou 1400 dust 150 bro pek 1835 pekoe 1260 pek sou 1575 red leaf <00 ~ dust 200 bro pek 400 pekoe 540 pe tou 500 or pek | 990 bro pek 1595 pekoe - 950 pek su 1100 | dust 15 fans 50 27 bid Lot No. Mark, 59 60 BB do 15 do bro mix dust bro pek pekoe Box No. Pkgs. Description. te. -¢, Weight 6392 3uaesi‘i aT 1300 40 bid 1509 31. bid Messrs. ForsEs & WALKER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 30th Aug., the undermentioned lots of Tea (162,4241b.), which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. Ambawelle Hs St. Martin’s COnaverkonre G P M, io estate mark 12 N en 15 Macaldeniya 19 Huougalla .. Dunkeld des Wewesse .. Melrose ti Melyero A .. Farnham .. CRD TRE oe 46 Warakamura Lankapura, M Lankapura, Ww ae 55 Lankapura, Ww Kirklees... Box No. 468 Descrip- Weight tion. lb. bro mix 2880 bro pek 96U pekoe 90 duet 100 bro or pek 450 pekoe 1450 pek ecu S10 dust 140 bro pek 2040 pekoe 1750 pek sou 1870 rou 1600 bro mix 100 @ust 3eo bro pek 1559 pekoe 1200 pek sou 600 dust 74 bro pek 1525 pekoe 700 k sou 700 ro mix 100 bro pek 2205 or pek 1190 pekoe 12385 bro pek 950 broorpek 650 pekoe 1300 k sou 1200 pek sou No 2 250 sou bro pek dust 74 bro pek 3850 pekoe 2750 kK sou 2100 ust 480 bro pek 825 pek sou 990 dust 55 pekoe 4240 dust 440 red leaf 200 bro pek 200 pekoe 380 pek sou 55 bro pek 943 pekoe No.1 800 ao ,2 700 dust £0 fans 75 pek sou 2100 pekoe 2500 bro pek 1595 or pek 3100 pek dust 300 pek sou 1080 Pekoe | @€00 bro pek 2970 bro tea- 55 dust 350 pek sou 200 pekoe 27320 or pek 1845 dust 85 pek sou 2100 pekce 1870 RSs assSss CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No; Pkgs tion. lb. c¢. No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib;,._1¢- 68 Mousa Ella.. 602 4 %3-ch pek sou 180 = 43 161 788 1¢-ch congou 53 a7 6o y! 604 8 do pekoe 400 50 162 790 1. ch dust 13) 26 70 606 12 do or pek 54061 165 St. Helier’s 795 243-ch broorpek 1200 56 71 608 20 do bro pek 1100 67 166 798 10 ch pekoe 1000 40 72 Ganapalla ., 610 8 do ust 7200-28 167 820 6 do pek sou 600 37 73 612 5 do pek fane 250 36 168 H, in estate 74 614 50 do bro pek 3000 49 mark «. 802 3%-ch unas 180 26 75 Brunswick .. 616 18 do young hyson 810 55 bid | 169 804. 1 do unas 30 25 16 618 13 do byson oe bg5 out a 11 620 21 do oO 0.2 V4! out 78 622 2 do twankay 160 out ere, ia RBar © pEEANER put up for sale at the 79 Middleton ... 624 24 do bro pek 1200 62 ommerce Sale-room on the 6:h Sept., - 80 626 18 ch pekoe 171043 the undermentioned lots of tea (5,802 lb.), which sold 81 Woodslee .. 628 14 4-ch unas 700) 3 as under: — g2 Chesterford.. 630 23 ch bro pek 2415 53 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 83 632 21 do pekoe 2100 36 No. Marx. No. Pkgs. _ tion See 84 634 14 do pek sou 1400 31 5 . fa 85 Pusstenne .. 636 18 4-ch bro pek 900 =. 35 1 Lauderdale .. 14 5 ch dust 650 = 26 86 Harangalla .. 638 4) ch p2koe 3800 37 2 16 2 do pekfans 240 30 87 Galkadua .. 610 6 do bro pek 600 45 3 18 2 do s0u fang 240 39-30 88 642 6 do pekoe 570-35 4 20 5 do congou 50025 89 644 5 do peksou 500 = 3 5 eg 22 3 do sou 270 3=—29 90 G w. 646 4 do sou 400 2 6 Pannapitiya., 24 1 4-ch bro pek 5548 91 Pedro .» 648 14 ch bro pek 1260 75 7 26 3 do pekoe 149 35 “$2 650 19 do pekoe 1425 60 8 28 1 do peksou 240 (27 93 652 16 do pek sou 1010 45 9 30 1 do red leat 25. 20 94 654 3 do dust 360 30 10 32 1 do dust 44 26 95 Havilland 656 60 ¢-ch pekoe 3000 41 11 WO 3t 1 ch dust — 175 26 96 Shannon’ .. 6&8 I4 ch or pek 140) 52 12 ¥ -. 36 1 4-ch bromix 60 17 97 660 18 do pekoe 1710 38 13 Farm vee! 00, 2¥ ch dust 280 26 98 662 2 do pek sou 190-33 14 40 2 do redleaf 190 18 99 Thornfield .. 644 34 4-ch bropek 2040 66 16 YLK. ve 44 83-=ch red leaf 210 20 100 666 21 ch — pekoe 2100 50 17 Mahanilu .. 46 10 do pek sou 900-33 101 668 6 do peksou 500 40 18 Mayfair ... 48 5 do bro sou 500 28 102 670 4 4-ch pek dust 280 ©8633 19 50 6 do pek fans 960 30 103 Ingurugalla 672 2 ch peksou 180 32 20 Bilston +. SL 5 do pek sou 450 34 04 v 674 3 do bro tea 360 24 2L 52. 2 do bro mix 200 34 105 Kirrimettia 676 3 do bro mix 312 35 oe 106 | 678 1 do bropekdusb149 = 25 Mr. A. H. TuHompeson put up for sale at the : A rik dg. dust 10s 2 Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 6th Sapt., a ae 6 9 BONED: : the undermentioned lots of tea (29,195 1b.), which walle- .. 682 3 do bro or pek sold as under :— tears Reeniias fans 360-34 Lot Box Descrip- Weight ich. “brompek 645 29 bid No. -Mark No. Pkgs. tion, lb. ec. 110 686 7 do pek dust 420 23 1G0 doy ie Beda pek sou 720 3L 111 Warakamura 688 10 ch bro pek 1050 41 2 3. 1 do dust 15 25 LIP} Vere ? 699 10 do pekoe No 1 1000 38 3 Sapitiayagoda 4 23 do bro pek 2530 47 113 692 5 do do ,, 2 500 3t 4 6 25 do pekoe 2500 3L bid 114 694 6 do pek sou 570 31 5 8 16 do pek sou 1600 31 115 696 20 do sou 1900 30 6 Ugieside be Vl0% sido bro tea 110 30 1146 MMS dos « 698p 2c do: bro pek 232 38 7 Managalla ... 11 13 4-ch bro pek 660 41 bid iy (fm : 700 2 do 8 Ranasing- 1 i-ch pekoe 241 28 bage oe 1838 25i0ch bro pek 2730 42 bid 118 702 2 ch dust 320 20 9 AGC tee 616) Ofer do sou 90 95 119 Harangalla 70t 28 do bro’ pek 2800 46 10 16 15 do sou No. 2 1500 16 7120 att): 7A 706 16 do pekoe 1520 38 ll 18 4 do dust 600 2> 12) NAN «. 708 6 do bro pek 600 43 12 Dikmuka- 122 710 6 do pekoe 570 3L lana .» 20 2%-ch dust 100 25 123 712 2 do pek sou 199 24 13 21 21 do red leaf 60 20 124 714 1 do bro tea 95 27 14 Charlie Hill 22 1 do red leaf 50 16 128 MG ie) aero ch dust 225 25 15 93 Jal) do pek fans 50 33 129 West Hapu- 16 24 6 do 60" 390 98 tale oo 724 3 4-ch pek sou 150 39 17 25 8 do pek sou 4)0 3L 1 do do 50 27 18 27 #4 do pekoe 200 33 130 7268 2 do dust 160 33 19 23 3 do bro pek 150 40 131 728 4 do congou 200 = 38 20 Kanangama 29 21 ch bro pek 2205 43 136 Moragalla.. 738 5 do ) : 21 31 25 do pekoe 2375 30 2%-ch bro pek 600 37 22 33 13 do peksou 1170 «28 137, 740 7 ch pekoe 700 30 23 35 5° do fans 450 20 138 742 3 do ek sou 300 28 - 29 Bandaragama 45 3 ch pekoe 275 32 bid 139 744 1 do ro mix 70 ~=6.20 30 APL ese AGI! U2 do pek fans 280 83) 140 745 1l4-ch pek dust 75 32 31 GLH 47 1 do pek dust 149-30 141 748 1 do red leaf 68 14 32 Vogan Fac- 142 Patirajan .., 750 7 oh bro pek 700 45 tory 48 23 box bro or pek 115 16 143 752 9 do pekoe 900 41 33 49 21 ch bro pek 2100 62 144 754 1 do faus 100 30 34 51 24 do pekoe 20140 45 145 756 1 do congou 100 28 35 53 14 do pek sou 1196 38 148 Deltotta .,. 762 32 do bro pek 3200s BL 39 55 4 do bro pek sou 340 39 149 764 3 do pekoe 270 39 37 56 2 do dust 260 29 oh Eléndal nak me te pek sou 1170 33 ndale ... 763 25 }-ch fans 125030 Mr, E, JoHN put up for eale at the Ohamber en BDWP ... ney Hh ae behest be a6 of Oemmerce Sale-room on the 6th Sept. the un- 164 114: 4: do bropekfan 240 34 dermentioned lots of tea (48016 lh.,) whioh sold ae MDW ae 4 gh red leaf a6 16 as under :— , ose 2 do dust 20 25 : Sch reer 187 780 14¢-ch pek dust 90 927 ee Mark Bas Phes Descrip- W seh ; 188 Glanrhos .... 782 10 oh bropek* 1000 51 Mee tee 0, §8. non. Ib. &. 189 784 12 do orpek 1020 42 1 Meedumpit- 160 786: 17 do pékeou 1275 3& tlya «. 216 13 4-ch broorpek 715 ot 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Tot Box W eight No. Mark. No. Pkgs Description. Ib. c. 3 217 11 ch pekoe 11000— 4 32 NW «. 219 88 do bropek 3800 48 4 221 24 do pekoe 2160 33 5 223 17 do pek sou 1830 = 38 6 Nabakettia.. 226 25 4-ch bro pek 1400 34 7 228 19 ch pekoe 1710 52 8 230 7 do pek sou 7000 32 9 Anchor,in estate mark .- 282 25 do bro pek 2750 63 10 234 19 do pekoe 190u 51 14 Allington .. 242 18 4-ch bro pek 990 49 15 244 do pekve 1300 38 16 246 21 do pek sou 1050 32 17 248 1 do bro mix 50. 22 18 249 2 do dust 160 27 19 Yapame ... 250 15 ch pekoe 1650 48 20 Glasgow 252 30 ch bro pek 2400 71 21 254 12 do or pek 960 R100 22, 256 23 do pekoe 2300 52 23 MA .. 258 3 do sou ae 32 24 Kirkcswald .. 259 38 do pekoe 610 1 25 “61 19 do do 1805 } witha D. 26 263 <5 do pek sou 2500 36 bid 27 265 14 do do 1400 36 bid 28 Ayr ',. 267 23 3-ch bropek 1160 50 29 269 35 do pekoe 1E75 36 30 Q71 20 ch pek sou 1700 31 31 273 2 do sou 170 2L 32 274 1 do dust 41 25 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. putup for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 6th Sept., theundermentioned lots of tea (34,958 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. IDA 1 Bilandhbu.. 61 2 4-ch bro tea 160 25 2 62 2 do pek fans 140 3l 3 €3 5 do dust 400 24 4K «. 64 18 do pek sou 810 35 D 65 4 do dust 280 32 6 66 2 do pek dust 150 a7 “4 67 3 do red leaf 120 18 8 CA in estate mark oo. 68 89 do pek sou 4450 38 9 69 7 do unas 350 = 40 20 70 10 do bro mix 600 82 31 71 2 do red leaf 106 21 12 72 10 do ek dust 720 28 33 Rayigam ... 73 32 do TO pek 1530 67 4 74 30 do pekoe 1280 39 35 Depedene .. 75 29 do bropek 1595 48 16 76 51 do pekoe 255¢ 36 17 17 27 do pek sou 1350 36 18 78 3 do bro mix 150 =. 20 19 719 2 do dust 160 25 20 S—T eo 80 l1box wbropek 23 40 21 8l 1 $-ch — peKoe 43 32 22 82 2 do pek sou 110 29 23 83 1 do duet 60 26 24HIS eo» 84 6 do bro pek 300 48 2 8 6 do pekoe 300 §=33 26 86 11 do yek sou 550 3L 37 87 7 do sou 280 28 28 88 1 do dust 70 28 29 Wilpita oe 89 8 ch bropek 236 45 bid 30 90 2 do pekoe 2202036 31 91 2 do pek scu 216 33 32 92 7 do unas 166 31 33 93 1 do red leaf 08 19 34 94 2 do fans 260 34 35 95 1 do mixed 103 25 36 IP eo 96 21 do pek sou 1575 30 37 New Valley 97 13 ch bro pek 1495 65 38 98 21 do pekoe 2310 46 39 99 12 do pek sou 1200 8636 40 38 e- 100 6 do bro mix 19 Sl 1 1 do fans 100 18 bid 42 2 1 do dust 140 29 43 New Tunis- galla «- 3 11 ch _ bro pek 1155 60 Ad : 4 8 do pekce 720 8639 45 5 9 do pek sou 810 35 ri 6 l4-ch dust 80 25 43 Woodthorpe.. 7% 2 ch bro pek 214 44 bid 48 8 1 do pekoe 75 36 42 wih. 9 1 do bro sou 65 30 30 Diyagama .. 10 2 do bropek 187 48 51 1l 4 do pekoe 400 37 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. bh. s, 2 12 2 ch pek sou 170 31 63 TT, in estate mark oo &8; 8) do pek sou 68) 31 54 14 7 do unss 700 al 55 15 4 do bro mix 420 30 56 16 1 do faas 115 32 57 17. «1 do) dust 150028 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mrixcine Lane, Aug. 11th, 1893. Marks and prices of VEYLON COFFEE ¢old io Mincing Line up to IL b August :— Ex ‘‘Muttra’’—Leangawelle, le lb 106s; 5¢ 103+; 30 102363; 2 95-; 1 121s; 3 bags 99. 61; 7 S83 6d. (From Mixcine Lane, July 18th, 1893. Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 18th Auzust .— Ex ‘‘Prometheu,”—Keenakel ie, 1b 110-; 50 106s; 3c lb 104s; le 1b 95s 61; lo 1b 1263 64. Ex “Java’—Mshauys, 3c lb 106s; 6e 100s; 1t 92s 6d. lo 1t 125; 1b 108s 6d. Gowerakellie, 2c lt 104s 6d; 4; 1b 100s 64; le 933 6d; 1t 124s. Ex “Legislator’—Lunugalla, 1t 198-; lo 1b 104s 63; 1b 94%; 1 124s. Ex “Java”’—Ouvah, Ic 103s; 5c 995 6d; 4c 1t 993 6; lo 1t 92-; le 119-; 1 90s;3 bags 98s, Ex ‘‘Legitlator’—Craig, le 2t 104; 2 101s 6d; 1 94s ge 115s, Mausagalla, 3c 105+; 3c 1b 102; 2c 94+; 1 121s. Ex “Sbropshire’—Craig, 4c 1t 1043; 2c 1t 1002; It 948; le 12is. Ex ‘‘Manora” -Ragalla, 1t106-; 7¢e 103s; 83 993 6d; 2c 121+; 7 bags 93s. Ex “Legislator”—Alnwick. 30 1t 1024 6d; 80 2t 98s; le 1b 9286d; 2t 1b 110+; 2c 86s; 3 bags 9836d; 1 82s, Ex‘ Muttra”—Pingerawa, 25 1¢ 103s 6d; 1¢ 1b 90s 64; 2b 1043 6d; 2 100s; lo 1t lb 86s; 2 bags 95561;1 75s. Ex “Pindari’”—Liddesdale, 1 bag 85s. Ex “Oity of Khios’—Agra Ouvah, le Jb 1218 6d; le 1b 90s 6d. Ex “‘Austral”—Gampahs, 60 101s; 40 1t 935; lo 1t 93s; lo 1t 88<; 1 bag 75s: Ex “‘Legislator’—Mahapahagalla, 3c 985 64; 1b 988 6d; 1c1t lb 94s 63; 1t 91s 6d; le 105s; 1¢83s; 1 bag 832. Ex ‘‘Ningchow”—Champion, large size, le 1t 100a 6d. Ouvah, 2c 101863; 12 98s 6d; 2 93s; lo 16 87s 64; 4 bags 988 6d. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON: (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lanz, Aug. 18th, 1893. Ex “Legieletor’—Rockhil!, 1 bag 62e; 4 68s 6d. Dynevor, 19 bags 648; 8 52e; 1 85s 61. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent,) Mincine Lane, Aug. 18th. 1893. Ex “Legislator’—Asgeria, 3 2s: 2 188); 1 1s 4d. Kumaradole, 2 23;2 2a 1d;1 1s 3d;1 1841. Ex ‘Pert Victor’—Dryburgh, 2c 1s 4d, Ex “Dictator” —Kitoolm:ola, 2 26 9d; 2 286d; 1 Is- 11d; 2 301d; 1 le Sd; 1 ls 3d; 2 ts 4d. Ex ‘“‘Orestes’’—RB, 1 1s 4d. Ex “Olen Stuert”—Nugagalla, 1 1s 3d. ‘6 CEYLON OBSERVER” PRES&, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. —e NO. 27.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. CotomsBo, SEPTEMBER 18, 1893. Messrs, Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 6th Sep, the undermentioned lots of Tea (172,722 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot No, Mark. Pays 3 Dambagas- talawa Bismark Palmerston Kocrooloo- galla Ederapola Elfindale Hayes Gampaha Hethersett mark Sandring- ham Luccombe Killarney Massena Marguerite KHL AV’ Beddegama H, in estate Knavesmire,. oe sae on Box No. Pkgs. Description. 806 808 810 812 aaah -) OO DH RON OO NIE a fo} Weight lb. dust 140 red leaf 116 pek sou 105 dust 485 bro pek 1760 pekce 1800 pekoe No, 2 500 sou 492 bro pek 490 pekoe 600 pek sou 200 bro pek 530 pekoe 1185 pek sou 810 bro pek 400 pekce 180 pek gou 335 bro pek 1000 pekoe 12:0 pekoe No.2 88 sou 840 pek dust 120 pek fans 80 bro mix 80 dust 50 dust 360 pek sou 2400 pekoe 3350 bro pek 5700 dust 100 pek sou 2300 pekoe 2400 bro pek 1925 pek fans g5¢ pek sou 1860 or pek 2240 bru or pek 2604 bro mix 240 pekoe 1440 bro pek 2700 pek fans 300 pekoe 5280 bro pek 2160 bro or pek 1520 pekoe 665 bro or pek 1140 or pek 750 pekoe 1250 bro pek 1140 pekoe 1064 pek sou 784 dust 360 bro mix 70 bro mix 665 dust 500 bro pek 810 pekoe 540 pek sou 830 pekoe 160 dust 390 bro pek 87 pekoe 83 red leat 182 dust 330 bro pek 1800 pekoe 1630 pek sou 450 sou 450 dust 280 bro pek 165 pekoe 91 dugt 83 red caf 64 c. bid bid bid bid bid Mark sss Udabage .. Molpedde ... Munsmal Stisted Koorooloo- galla LBK eee Dewalakan- de 0 North Brook Y Kirindi Augusta Kataboole ... Talgaswela., Silver Val- ley ue Polstagama Abamalla ., G, in estate mark AG {Eaee :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Pkgs. Descrip- Weight tion. lb. sou 336 red leaf 206 bro pek 4800 pekoe 2230 pek sou 1350 pek fang 90 bro mix 455 dust 560 bro pek 1050 pek sou 900 unas 250 copgou 200 dust 140 bro pek 200 pekoe 400 pek sou 1000 congou 90 bro pek 4080 pekoe 1050 pek sou 675 bro pek 580 pekoe 200 pek sou 365 red leaf 100 red leaf 200 broor pek 680 bro pek 3040 pekoe 4000 pe sou 1360 bro tea 300 dust 360 congou 176 red leaf 180 bro or pek 1870 bro pek 2200 pekoe 4095 pek sou 1235 ekoe 1785 ro tea 210 bro pek 1800 pekoe 1200 pek sou 195 dust 150 red leaf 6L bro pek 4100 pekoe 2925 pek sou 585 dust 300 red leaf 90 bro pek 1000 pekoe 750 pe sou 130 dust 75 red leaf 32 or pek 1620 bro pek 1430 pekoe 3330 pek sou 3700 dust 140 bro pek 225 or pek 570 pekoe 180 pek dust 660 bro pek 1800 pekoe 4370 pek sou 900 sou 810 bro mix 190 bro pek 86 pekoe 184 sou 144 congou 45 dust 48 bro pek 2160 pekoe 1440 pek sou 1550 bro mix 180 duat 130 pekoe 200 sou 970 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Weight Loot No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb. c. 160 224 34-ch bropekfan 200 37 461 226 1 box dust 26 26 162 Nahaveena 228 94 4-ch bro pek 4700 —s 61 183 230 49 do pekoe 2450 46 16 232 57 do peksou 2850 37 165 234 1 do congou 50 28 166 236 7 do dist 525 26 167 BPA .. 2388 25 do bro pek 1250 38 bid 166 240 7 do pekoe 206 «= 32 169 242 9 do pek sou 410 26 170 Algooltenne 244 16 ch bro pek 1600 51 71 246 14 do pekoe 1400 37 172 248 12 do pek sou 1200 31 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put upfor sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 18th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (9,327 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 1 Tavalam- tenne os 12D) ah, ‘ch: bro pek 1100 56 2 22 9 do pekoe 900 43 3 Ireby oe Geko) ‘do or pek 900 €0 4 26 12 do pekoe 1320 47 5 28 7 do pek sou 700 37 6 30° 2 do dust 200 28 7 Sutton .. 382 20 do bro pek 2100 67 8 34 14 do fekce No.1 1260 58 9 36 1 do do” ,, 2oei00 42 10 88 34-ch fans 207 33 mu YLE .- 40 8 ch red leat 240 19 22 Annamalic,.. 42 4 do dust 300 20 13 Elston ../ 48 31 ch pek seu 2790 33 14 44 2 do br > mix 200 32 16 45 1 do dust 130 27 16 46 4 do congou 400 22 Mr. E. JoHN put up tor sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 13th Sept. the un- dermentioned lots of tea (84,363 lh.,) which sold @3z under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs tion. Ib. ce 1 Nagur,PHJ 275 2 ch bro pek 200 42 2 276 2 do pekce 190 30 3 277 +1 do bro tea 85 20 4 Talagalla ... 278 23 do bro pek 2300 «57 > 260 19 do or pek 1710 43 bid 6 282 14 do pekoe 1330 26 bid 7 284 2 do pek sou 240 31 8 285 1 do dust ~ 140 26 9 Whyddcn .. 9286 14 ch bro pek 1630 50 bid 320 288 12 do Fekoe 1200 49 bid il 290 12 co Fek sou 1200 4l 12 Kila we. 02 18 Co bro pek 1800 60 13 304 18 do fekoe No, 1 1620 38 4 306 18 do pek sou 1620 32 45 Qveensbeiry.. 308 24 do pek sou 2160 40 16 Templestowe 310 21 do or pek 2100 60 bia 17 312 31 do pekoe 2790 45 bid 18 $14 12 do pek sou 1020 35 bid ww 316 6 do duet £40 30 2D 318 1 do bro mix 198 25 21 Mocha .. 319 41 do bro pek 4305 70 bid 22 821 26 do pekce 8600 48 bid 2 ee 20 ilo pats sou fh 42 bid 2 3 do ans 3 * - 25 326 23 do dust 280 } withd'n. 26 Ooslanda .. 327 36 do bro pek 28t0 8 86F0 a 329 39 do pekce 3900 35 bid 28 331 13 do pek sou 1800 34 29 335 2 do dust 300. 26 30 Ottery and Stamford Hill «. 334 34¢-ch bro pek 2030 56 bid 31 336 $5 do or yek 170 62 bid 32 338 381 ch pekoe 2790 465 bid 33 340 14 do pek sou 1260 35 bid 34 349 8 do sou 720 31 i) 344 1 do dust 150 27 36 Orwell +» 345 1 do red leaf 80 17 37 Ythanside .., 246 4 do red leaf 360 22 26 ON 347 +7 do bro mix 700 98 39 Galkende- watte +. 849 22 do bropek 2280 8 ©71 bid Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 40 10 46 ch pekoe 4050 49 41 12 2 do pek sou 1600-36 42 138 2$-ch = dust 150 a7 43 Bogawana .. 14 9 3-ch congou 495 29 44 Logan -»- 16 10 do unas 500 = 25 bid 45 Dikoya -» 18 19 do broorpek 2090 51 bid 46 20 12 do bro pek 1320 = 31 bid 47 22 51 4-ch pekoe 2550 85 bid 48 Eadella Jb) S39 Ok bro pek 1700 63 49 26 12 do pekoe 1080 48 50 28 12 do pek sou 960 «= 3 bid 51 Kotuwage- dera .» 380 16 ch bro pek 1575 37 bid 52 32 11 co pekoe No 1 1i00 33 53 34 12 do pekoe No. 2 1200 33 54 36 9 do pek sou 855 31 65 38 6 do sou 570 = 29 56 AME «. 40 27 do sou 2565 30 57 42 10 do fans 7150 34 58 44 42 do redi leaf 120 19 59 Maddage- dera -. 45 28 do bro pek 2210 56 60 47 21 do pekoe 1575 40 61 49 18 do pek sou 1260 a4 62 Henegama .. 61 1 ch bro mix 100 28 63 62 1 do dust 130 aK 64 Berkin ~~ 538 1 do bro tea 100 27 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Oo putup for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 13th Sept., jhe undermentioued lots of tea (88,472 Ib.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No, Pkgs. tion. lb. c. i a sis AG Atel «cde copgou 73 23 3 19 32 do 44-ch dust 516 25 3 20 4 ch red leaf 430 15 4 W > Ao op sou 83 28 5 22 1 do 1 4-ch red leaf l4l 16 6 23 #1 do ust 60 26 (fal UF . 24 7 ch sou 615 25 bid 8 25 1 do red leaf 94 17 9 26 3 do dust 239 26 10 Fcrest Hill.. 27 7 do bro pek 784 = 62 bia il 28 15 do pekoe 1575 47 12 29 #1 do dust 130 29 13 30 1 do congou 100 27 14 Malgolla .. 31 85 $-ch or pek 4675 8656 15 82 48 do pekce 2400 37 16 33 36 do pek sou 1620 B4 17 Ukuwella ... 34 26 do bro pek 2763 53 18 35 29 do pekce 2940 35 bid 19 Mouvsagella.., 36 13 ch bro pek 1290 47 20 37 9 do pekoe 874 33 bid 2l 38 9 do pek sou 8i4 228 .. 59 3 §-ch brota 150-23 bid 23 . 40 7 do dist 560 2 24 A i eps ag bro tea 50 22 25 42 2 do dust 160 28 26 Mapitigama.. 43 23 do bro pek 2530 53 27 41 19 do pekoe 1900 38 28 45 15 do pek sou 1500 33 29 46 1 do bro mix 112 20 30 Lyndhurst .. 47 18 ch broorpek 1800 48 31 48 17 do bro pek 1530-36 32 49 14 do pekoe 1190 34 63 50 11 do pek sou 935 32 38 Hatdowa ... 55 9 ch bro pek 900 «47 “9 56 17 do pekce 1&30 38 40 57 36 do pek sou 3240 02-33 41 55 4 do bro mix 360 830 42 Polgahakan- de .. 59 93 do bro pek 2300 | 559 43 60 25 do Pekoo 2125 39 44 6l 56 do pok sou 450 34 45 62 3 do fans 330-30 46 Ingeria .. 63 6 -ch bropek 330 48 47 64 8 do pohoe 400 33 48 65 14 do ek sou 67233 49 66 4 do ro mix 200 «38 50 Glenalla .. 67 15 ch bro or pek 1650 50 51 68 19 do or pek 1900 41 52 69 17 do pekee 1700 38 63 170 92 do do No. 2 33 54 Tl #1 do sou 83 26 55 ™ +1 do bro pek sou 80 20 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST. 3 Lot Box Descri i p- Weight ) i i No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibe C No Mare No Pkes Descrip- Weight 56 Box | be rte Shy dn bro pek 500 66 36 ‘Siauno ea = Hes ~ i Bi 74 1l do pekoe 990 43 37 i ais on 8 oe ores Rad e ae 7 2 do pek sou 180 33 38 324 2 de ate ) er a2 ai dae 76 1 do pek fans 70 30 42 B&D .. 332 2 do Bi ts 100 a ee so Mae M7. do bro pek 700 47 bid | 43 Cottaganga.., 334 33 do bea k tee 5 62 78 4 do pekoc 360. 35 bid | 44 336 15 do koe. aie as ne 79 6 do pek sou 480 33 bid | 45 Sueil0icde & pekia ty est taeainai 80 1 do dust 140 26 45 Wevwesse 340 31 }-ch br ae hh ae 8{ Kelani .. SL 37 $-ch bro pek 203561 47 “342 26 Se ame ae & 82 40 do pekoe 1800 42 48 244 22 7° Paw a ru ay 83 17 do pek sou 705 35 49 346 6 d Te TOLN ae oh ee y 84 3 do sou 135 30 5U 318 #1 a6 ee oe a4 es K’Hena .. 85°95 ch bro pek 500 47 al 350 2 ao aust 30 a a 86 6 do pekoe 540 37 52 Battawatte... 362 7 ch ae 700 a i a 3 ge param 240 = 333 43 354 18 do PeKGen 1800 54 “Te ° us 80 28 54 5 y P 6 a Vincit «7 262 7 do bro pek 700 43 55 Dea Ella ae G ao Se Bay ot 73 g0 7 do orpek 700 36 56 Means ae Pee caeties oe 91 4 do pek eou 400 33 57 352 18 aa peers Tego e 18 92 1 do dust 12012 58 Reap a ide obra sae k B10 3 k to) red leaf 1 9 S 5 Ua 17 Gallebodée .. 91 6 do pekoe 50 33 bia COR GEE, ee Toe eee —apee oh as Pa Feria Keanie- a ate 10 oh pekoe 1000 48 ettia 7-19" 12) do bro pek 1566 5 52 gant eras 320 a0 D 50 62 372 a 26 33 do pekoe 3760 35 63 Galkadua ... sta 5 oh ae Ik 300 32 Baan 97 9 do pek sou $45 33 64 376 5 d me s ae nee) OSes Ch 65 378 «64 6 pene? 400 33 1 }-ch bro mix 153 66 a al a 62 Hagegalia .. 99 53 do bro pek —-2650 at 67 Ghest rford.. cmans ano ies ap) BE 83 100 34 do —pekoe 170037 63 “eo 3B LSEGe aed ea s ea00. clon ge 1 26 do pek sou 1200 3i 69 386 "1 a pence a a Se 3 s ag eae 250 = 25 70 Mousa Ella .. 388 5 $-ch Tee ei Oy is 89 SP, lin estate is 38 Us pean las pene 250 peabid Tae ama eae 73 BuuCgs ds @ (repel => 1989 267 ia 30 ; t poh bro pek 478 40 bid us Ka .. 396 2 ch Bro Pek "23 35 en Alnoor a= 0 Fa 1 4-ch copngou 676 25 bia | 78 sh 08 a a urenek 1Ae0 a oy 8s ¢ go nek aoe 435 98 bid 17 402 28 do ee cou 1400 33 a ae ads pek fans 232 © 8 bid us 408 4 go EO) mls 110.3 14-ch bro tea 2717 ~—s-:18 bid 80 aye oe a0 SB 408 3 Z 94 ll 2 do red leaf 86 16 biq | 8t Beaumont ... 410 4 a eos 108 36 Se ern 412 2 do dust 310 = : 1llee ae 2 5 Messrs. Forbes & WALKER put up for sale at the | 84 : 416 23 do bee 2350 re Ohamber of Con:merce Sale-room on the 13th Sept., a ae : ae per icou 80) 35 the undermentioned lots of Tea (218,1691b.), which | 87 Ingurugalla.. 422 1 do ek s0u rT 34 ae atandar:— 88 424 2 do bro tea 24 a ih : \ s Ea Beoerare .. $26 65 do pekoe 5280 38 bid ox escrip- - Weight ste «. 434 68 $-ch bro pek 4080 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. fear ib Oo ? vue see 4°96 2l d VN : , coe ) ek sou 1 , Derahavands 250 BL ch irottta 255 93 a Brunswick .. nie 21 do eoune hyson uae a bid 3 3° do fans 200 3 440 12 do hys.u 540 57 bi 3 Bava 24 3 do dust aoe BR a 4.2 21 do bysou No.2 945 BI a = aledonia ... 256 8 4-ch bro pek 440. 51 99 C ptadige ; peksou 500-32 bi 28 Ai a Saye Beaeoe 119 rae 32 Warakamura 312 14 do bro pek 1470336 ma ee Aigbarth .. 600 4 do Saitou 400 30 aa aie 10 do pekce No.1 1000 Ba 128 Waital Le Mi dust 650 a7 a 3 + do do 2-700 By a awa.. 504 27 ¢-ch bropek 1350 67 SmEB! do pek sou 760 30 “ 506 62 do pokvo 310045 130 5 ‘8 7 do pek sou 350 uM 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. pt Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box a ht No. Mark, No. Pkge ri Ibe ¢. No. Mark, No. Pkgs Description. Ibe e. 227 Crathie 7022 11 ch brope 00)o.. 1a) Gh” Me ae eke cee ae 28 704 15 ch ek 1800} Free ee Fits an eee” «en ee 5p ‘Suaxklaliale. Tree on compe! ae OF 135 Dromoland.,, 518 1 ch flow pek 105 2 Ae 4 4 cs or pea on 4 136 520. 8 do or pek 840 44 233 case Ge pe i y « e i oie wee, ie ee |g Cas 188 b o To 139° Peacock Hill 526 1 ¢-ch bromix 45 20 as Gleneagles Ho us ch per - 1340 ba 140 628 1 do pek fans 70 26 27 TB tia can ne a4 3 142 L, in estate 559 Vwarthin “F —= Ned t= ap Re % mark ° 532 40 do bro pek 2200 47 bid 239 726 27 do bro or pe 1080 60 143 4H, inestate 5 240 728 64 do pek 2560 40 mark 34 34 do bro pek 1870 45 bid 241 730 68 do pe seu 2730 4 144 Heeloya 536 13 ch pek sou 1300 36 242 732 9 do ouch 360 «99 145 528 15 do pekoe 1500 43 243 734 ll do “= 550 35 146 510 16 do bro pek 1600 = &3 244 736 6 do dust 400 7 147 Weeoya 542 44 #-ch bro pek 2420 57 245 738 12 do bro tee 480 23 148 544 26 do pekoe 1300 43 MOBRB .. 7 2 do unassorted 120 38 149 546 38 do do No.2 1710 38 247 742 3 do duet 2447. 150 548 30 do pek sou 1500 34 29 W 746 oh bro pe 230 38 151 650 12 do sou 540 82 250 748 6 ch 1 fob bro.pe ee 33 152 552 3 do pekdustb 180 7 251 Rambodde . 150. lk Aah sonce ~- 153 Low lands.. 554 5 ch bropek 500 49 252 753 4 Aa, alee 75 86 154 553 3 do pekoe 270 37 953 164 9 do brope dust 150 45 155 ‘ 558 5 do pek sou 400-32 954 geht Hos” Gans 65 35 156 Harangalla 560 22 ch bropek 2200 51 255 P.D.M. est. mk 758 9 ch congou 180-35 157 562 18 do pekoe 1TL0 34 26 H&H 7é0 38 ch bro mix 300 al 158 b64 36 do peksou 3240 33 257 Ettapolla 762 13 4rch_ bro pe 728 «46 159 Liuccombe.., 666 26 do peksou 2080 32 258 764 14 do pek 78438 St. Catherine 568 5 oc bro pek 450 46 ais rt 570 6 do pekoe 510 37 162 572 6 do pek sou 540 32 163 574 1 qo pek fans 100-32 . 576 1 do ae "Lach bro pek 180 33. | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON 165 578 2 ch pekoeNo’l 195 33 167 382 1 fo igs Oba (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) im 1 4-ch — congou 13247 Mincine Lane, Ang. 25th, 1898. 168 584 2 ch pek dust 296 95 170 Beas icen Soe ok oor 4 Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in i 5 - ro pe f i gg ee 9) ly oe pekoe on a Mivcing Lane up to 25th August :— 592 5 ch pek sou 5 : , e : ; ; Ws HAT w. 594 1 do peksou 100s Ba Ex “Barrister”—TC, 1b 94+; 2t 906 6d; 1b 84e; 1 968 174 Meddetenne 596 a RS tbe inn Bs 1 77s; 1 bag 81s. 598 8 pakbo 800 40 Ex ‘‘ Ningchow’’—Kahagalls, 1t 107e; 20 1t 105s; 50 ue 600 8S do pek sou 500 33 101s 6d; 2c 1¢ 1018; 2t 104s 6d; 1t1b 122s 6d; 1 bag 90s, U7 Shay 2 9ch poduat Tuyen tie, (KGT), lo 1t 1b 90e6d. KG, 1b 85s. Meerisbedde, ad See Dunbar Pai ee = it 103a: 20 100s 6d; 2c 98s; 1b 109s; 1 102s. (MBT), ale Beta ae yo 90 40 1t 83s. Ravenswood, 1t 108s; lo 100s 6d; 16 96s; 1b 90s; ty odes & Gp Subrober 800. dae 1 102s, (RWT), 1t 5s. 8CRWD) lb 76s. RW, ib 78s. ee G38 10 do Sarnia, 80 1t 1026; 4c 1b 976 6d; 1t 90s; 1 1208; le 88s. 640 6 oe PEE Sou 370 30 1 bag 98e. a als 3 Pe F 60 27 Ex ‘“‘Barrister’”—St Leonards, 1b 995; 3¢ 1t 976 198 Bae an | dunt 11028 do 93; lo 1148; 1b 998, (SLT), 1e 1t 865; 1 bag 80s. 199 646 1§-ch sou 33-26 Ex Ree SE Deheeny oe ne A: “a wets 700 Thark 4cG480 Taph go cbxopek 004 #48 Soni aeaees ae Abipas Gd; As 54 bage'99s. , mee cl 8. an Ge fam MONO, a as al Ex “Goloonda”—Ragalla, 1b 103s; 8c 1 101s; 5e 3 ey oan KK sou 180 27 994 6d; 1c 1b 1178; 7 bags 88s 208 656 2 do ie Ex “Lancashire” —Ooncordia, 1b 100s; lb 111s; 1 1 j-ch © dust La 80s; 1t 1b 788; 1 bag 75s. ahs G58, 1 gh po redjleat 43 “ Ex “‘Barrister”—Niabedda, 1b 109s; 2c 105s 6d; 50 Lt 206 SOO) eee ee | ee oe 1048; 1¢ lo 96s 6d; 2b 124s, NBT, 2o 91s. Tala at ie? te "4 f8 900 34 Ex ‘“Ningchow’ "__Gonakelle (C), 11078; 3c 1b 102s; 208 ous 3 ch peson «880-28 -—'| 59 14 1069.69; 1t 190s. GE, 20 879 6d; 1b Ble, 310 668 2 ch bro tea 200-38 Ex “Mahratts”—Gonamotava, 2c 105s 6d; 12 100s 6d; 211 Jambugaha 0 3 oe ey a MG a 4c 1b 95s 6d; 20 120s (privately). ae 674 6& do pe sou 250 31 ald Ederapolla, 978 24 Fch bro pe 1200 5 ee aig 680 26 do pekNo.2 1089 35 | CRYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 8: () f Bike ae a 5 6 o pe 3 - 240 Middleton 688 20 4-ch bro pe 1000 Bs (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) aal ene ae oveou AEE 39 Minoine Lanz, Aug. 25th, 1893. 222 @ 2 e- 694 6 }ch pe fan 330 89-38 % : ae Onteey 696 58 ao pesou 290039 | ix “Clyde!"—Walton, 6 bags 84s; 4 55s. nied 8 oO e) i 5) : on 700 52 do be orpe 3120 63 bid Ex “‘Bohemia’’—Handéroo, 18 bags 96s out; 4 bags 628 ‘( @EYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. _ NO. 28.] CotomBo, SEPTEMBER 29, 1893. { PrIcE :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Mr. A. H. THompson put up for gale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 13th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (26,972 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Wo. Mark. No Pkgs 1 Kalkande .. 1 38 4-ch 2 2-6 ‘do =3 3 30 do 4 5 24 do Bisel Nye; 56. faaly ch 6 9.5, do 7 14,6" do 8 13:1, do 9 14 1 do 10 Holloowella Inyoice No.1 15 2 do il 16é 8 do 12 18> 9) "do 13 Halloowella Invoice No.2 20 12 do 14 22 9 do 15 24 10 do 16 Sapitiayagoda Invoice No. 35 26 24 do Mie 2g 30 do 18 Comar 30 16 3-ch 19 32 8 do 20 34 3 do 21 35 1 do 22 Ardlaw and Wishford.. 36 12 ch 23 38 21 4-ch 24 40 12 do 25 Wishford ... 42 11 ch 26 O .. 44 8 }-ch 27 46 6 ch 28 48 7 do 29 Bogahagoda- watte ... 50 2 $-ch 320 51 6 do 31 52 11 do 32 54 4 do 33 C ee en {°) 34 56 3 do 35 57 9 do 36 58 6 do 37 59 5 do 38 60 1 do 39 Woodend .,, 61 1 ch 40 62 1 do 41 WH .» 63 7 4-eh 42 65 4 do 43 WA -. 66 -7 do 44 67 3 ch Descrip- tion. dust pek sou pekoe or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou pek fans bro tea bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe | pek sou bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro or pek or pek pekoe pekoe bro pek pek sou bro tea bro pek pekoe pek sou sou pek sou sou bro pek sou bro mix bro tea red leaf sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou pek fans Weight lb. ¢e. 1886 28 360 32 bid 1800 34 bid 1440 45 bid 630 42 bid 425 35 bid 540 30 100 ay 100 17 180 40 bid 720 47 816 41 1080 63 720 50 900 43 2640 46 bid 3000 36 800 43 400 33 150°> 30 50 26 1020 76 945 60 1080 47 990 47 400 46 570 38 700 38 120 48 330 34 550 32 200 26 324 105 a withd’a, 305 43 85 28 125 26 407 40 bid 193 32 280 30 480 28 Messrs. BenHAM & BREMNER put up forsale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-roomon the 20th Sept. the undermentioned lots of tea (5,605 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. 1 Hornsey 2 Ravgwela ... 4 5 6 ( 7 Mahanilu ..,, 8 9 Box No. Pkgs. 18 6 ch 20 3 do 22 2 do 24 7 do 26 6 do 28 9 do 30 22 do 32 2 do $4 1 do Description. sou red leat fans bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou dust red leaf Weight Nh 570 37 300 24 300 28 700 40 600 32 900 29 1870 37 280 28 85 ott Messrs. A. H. Toompson & Uo. put up for gale at the Obamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 20th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (37,163 lb.), which as under :— Lot No. Mark. AGT ro Myraganga .. 1 a ROCaeNOwhre Sapitiyagoda Invoice No, 36 D WH S, in estate mark oes Vogan Wahbakula ,., AGC ono AA ae G, in estate mark Mr. E. Joun put Box No. Pkgs. ee 8 Cl 3 4 do 4 4 do 9 34 do 11 23 do 13° 9 do 15 ~2 do 16 1 do 20 19 do 22 36 do 24 16 do 26 2 do 27 3 do 86 7 $-ch 38) ole do, 39 1 do 40 16 ch 42 22 do 44 12 do 46 2 do 47 3 do 48 23 do 50 28 do 2 3 do 53 4 do 54 7 do 56 2 do 57 34 do 59 1 3-ch Descrip- tion. red leaf bro pex pekoe pek sou red leaf dust bro pek bro pek pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek sou sold Weight lb. e. 800 43 340 37 320 33 3740 53 2300 40 900 36 260 25 Ju 19 2090 53 3600 41 1600 36 200 18 450 25 407 35 37 45 48 30 1600 64 1870 45 1020 38 260 30 255 32 2300 64 2660 38 300 35 360 27 700 25 300 27 3400 40 64 24 up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-roomopn the 20th Sept,, the under- mentioned lots of tea (75,332 lb.), which gold ag under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight | No, Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 1 Nahakettia.. 54 lL ch bro pek 1100 56 2 56 21 do pekoe 1890 35 3 58 9 do pek sou 855 33 4 60 2 do dust 280 26 5 HB 61 102-ch pekoe 450 38 6 Hila 62 20 ch bro pek 200u 60 7 64 32 do pekoe No.1 2880 86 8 Great Valley 66 28 do bro pek 3080 73 9 68 32 do pekoe 3200 47 10 70 44-ch dust 320 §=- 28 11 71 #5 ch bro mix 475 25 12 Lameliere ,,, 72 33 4-ch bro pek 1980 61 13 74 24 do do 1200 63 14 76 26 do pekoe 1250 44 bid 15 78 20 do do 800 44 bid 16 80 26 do pek sou 1300 35 17 Mocha +. 82 41 ch bropek 4305 75 bid 18 84 36 do pekoe 3800 50 bid 19 86 20 do pek sou 1800 47 20 88 3 do fans 360 8633 21 89 2 do dust 280 127 22 Galkande- watte » 90 22 do bro pek 2200 71 bid 23 Templestowe 102 31 do pekoe 2790 40 bid 24 104 12 do pek sou 1020 35 bid 25 Talagalla . 106 19 do or pek 1710 43 bid 26 108 14 do pekoe 1330 37 bid 28 K os 2D 6) ‘do pek sou 200 25 29 K, B T, in estate mark oe 112 2 do bro tea 100 19 ) 80 Bittacy »» 113 86 do bro pek 1950 58 31 115 27 do pekoe 1350 39 32 117 23 do pek sou 1265 35 33 119 +5 do congou 250 25 34 B, inestate mark -» 120 2 do dust 160 48 Blackburn ... 121 15 ch bro pek 1650 47 36 123 21 do pekoe} 2265 38 87 125 1 do dust 150 25 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb. c. 88 Tart «. 126 6 ch pek sou 480 67 Sirisanda .. bropek 7300s 66 39 127 3 do dust 300 68 pekoe 850 43 40 Killio ww. 128 74-ch bro pek 350 69 pek sou 1860 36 41 129 4 do pekoe 200 sou 144 «5 42 130 3 do pek sou 150 70 43 Parragalla ... 131 10 ch sou 700 bro mix 161 a 44 133 1 do bro mix 110 71 45 134 6 do dust 690 dust 1820-27 % 136 3 do fans 330 712 unas 300 36 47 Kotuwa- 73 C P gedera « 187 15 do bro pek 1575 bro pek 1100 40 bid 48 Agra Ouvah.. 139 51 4-ch broor pek 2550 74 °F 49 141 48 do or pek 2160 bro mix 1735 21 50 143 84 do pekoe 8780 75 ik dust 1000 26 51 145 20 do pekoe 900 76 KD peg pek 660 88 bid §2 AO a» 9147 7B ‘do dust 210 17 pekoe 1400 30 54 Oraden -. 150 53emall-chorpek 2650 78 W—T “ 55 152 23 do pekoe 1610 bro pek 478 38 bid 56 154 11 do pek sou 7170 79 T ove congou 4000-27 67 156 5 ch sou 500 80 unas 500 27 bid se 81 Chetnole .. congou 100 25 Mesers. Somervittn & Co, putup for sale at the | 52 5 dust 300 25 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 20th Sept., a @ bd =a theundermentioned lots of tea (69,343 lb.), whioh sold | g¢5 nag pek son 190 35 as under :— : 86 dust 300 25 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 87 bro mix 230 «25 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. es 1GwWw .. 12 5 ch bromix 365 Messrs. Forspgs & Warner put up for sale at the 2 13 2 do dust 224 Chamber of Oommerce Sali m 3 Glassel ta dade do. BON 90 3 €-room on the 20th Sept., 4 15 Q4-ch dust 180 the undermentioned lots of tea (214,161 lb.), which 5 H S, in estate 3 cae PY ie i .one bro pak 1170 sold as under: : ; 6 17 13 do _ pekoe 1040 Lot Descrip- Weight 7 18 3 ch peksou 210 No. Mark, Pkgs tion. lb. c. 8 19 8 ch s0u 560 9 20 2 do fan 200 lL BL z ase 4 bro pek 400 47 10 2l 1 do _ bro mix 100 2 8 pekoe 720 «37 ql 22 4 do dust 460 3 3 pek sou 270 «33 12 Rayigama .., 2% 27 4-ch bro pek 1215 4 Koorooloo- 1a 24 27 do pekoe 1080 galla 5 bro pek 5006 14 Arslena «.. 25 39 }-ch bro pek 1950 5 2 ekoe 180 637 15 26 47 do pekoe 2350 6 4 ro pek 400 54 16 27 18 do pek sou 900 7 : 2 pekoe 180 37 17 28 1 do dust 61 8 OH, in estate 18 Walahanduwa 29 13 ch bro pek 1300 mark is 0 sou 500-33 19 30 14 do pekoe 1400 9 CH ose Z dust 560 30 20 31 18 do pek sou 1800 10 4 red leaf 380 24 al 32 3 do red leaf 270 1l Ketadola 3 bro pek 330 46 22 33 6 do sou 600 12 6 pekoe 590 «32 23 Ivies «. 84 144-ch bro pek 700 13 5 pek sou 450 29 24 35 19 ch pekoe 1710 14 1 sou 75 27 26 36 16 do pek sou 1280 15 : 1 congou 88 26 26 37. 24-ch bro tea 100 16 F H M, in ‘ 27 38 1 do dust 80 estate 28 Orurie .. 89 14 ch _ bropek 1470 mark “Re bro pek 860 49 29 40 12 do pekoe 1140 17 pekoe 800 37 30 41 12 do pek sou 1140 18 do 100 33 31 42 3 do dust 450 19 pek sou 270 31 32 43 1 do bro tea 95 20 . fans 34 33 Rondura . 44 15 do bro pek 1650 at fans 50 30 34 45 15 do pekoe 1500 22 dust 100 25 3D 46 13 do pek sou 1384 23 pekoe 400 32 36 47 1 do bro tea 110 24 Dek sou 270 29 37 48 63-ch pek dust 480 25 do 100 28 38 Strathellie .. 49 3 ch bro tea 330 26 fans 200 35 39 50 13 do bro dust! 1040 27 do 450 32 40 Mousagalla.. 51 9 do pekoe 874 28 pek dust 200 25 41 KU -. 52 7 do sou 615 29 Daphne 39 pek sou 560 «31 42 Ukuwella .. 53 18 do bro pek 1365 30 bro tea 1085 31 43 54 16 do pekoe 1600 31 dust 700 27 44DMR «- 55 10 do bropek 1100 32 KA “ja pek sou 1100 24 45 56 17 do pekoe 1700 33 Radella ane bro pek 3000 63 46 67 2 do pek sou 180 34 pekoe 1440 45 47 58 2 do son 170 35 : pek sou 1350038 53 RE .. 64 9 do bro pek 450 36 dust . 260 28 52 65 8 ch pekoe 680 37 Essex mae bromix 1320 35 55 66 7 43-ch pek sou 315 38 dust 320-28 56 Roseneath ... 67 33 do bropek 2145 39 Glenorchy ... bro pek 2820 73 bid 57 68 17 ch pek sou 1785 40 pekoe 3300 48 68 IP «we 69 14 do dust 1260 41 dust 160 30 59 Yahalatenne 70 8 do bro pek 801 42 MAH Bb congou 300 27 60 71 6 do pekoe 603 43 red leaf 300 20 61 72 do 44 Hunugalla .. bro pek 1260 44 12-ch peksou 225 45 pekoe 500 «3 62 73 1 ch fan 125 46 Pek sou 400 22 63 74 box bromix 20 47 dust — 113-28 64 HRHI -. 75 282-ch bropek 1540 48 bro mix 100s 26 65 76 22 do or pek 1980 49 Wewesse .. bro pek 1050 3=65 66 77 ~=©— 06oh pekoe 450 60 pekoe 800 4% bid ——" we CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. cc. No. Mart. No. Pkgs. tion. lb ©& 61 866 15 4-ch pek sou 750 39 142 148 17 ch pekoe 1445 38 -62 868 2 do gou 100 »=30 143 150 15-do pek sou 1200 33 53 Ferndale ... 870 16 ch bro pek 1600 67 144 KC von. fans 480 35 86 36. 27 4-ch_ or pek 945 69 173 210 17 do dust 2300 ©4630 87 38 12 ch pekoe 1140 49 174 Carlabeok .. 212 2 do pek sou 230 42 88 DKD een ehO's 06.0: uuas 600 38 175 14" 43; do dust 360 40 Son 42 6 dc pek fans 930 28 176 Asgeria .. 216 4 do bro tea 400-28 90 Bismark dom Ce Seether ee) bro pek 489 57 177 P@ -. 218 2 do dust 290 28 91 46 7 do pekoe 700 46 178 Harrington 220 18 4-ch flow pek 810 62 92 48 1 ch sou 100 40 179 232 15 ch obroorpek 1650 62 93 50 13-ch dust 80 32 180 224 10 do pekoe 900 47 94 Moalpedde... 52 11 do bro pek 550 48 181 226 5 do pek sou 500 42 95 54 10 do pek sou 450 34 182 228 2 do dust 280 29 96 56 2 do congou 80 29 183 Woodslee .. 230 10 3-ch wunss 500 «32 97 58 8 do red leaf 360 £24 184 232 2 do bromix 100 32 98 60 2 do dust 140 29 185 OA sea ue Lon peksou 665 33 99 Horagas- 186 Monrovia ... 236 6 do bro pek 600 53 kelle Sor RT oy aXe bro pek 426 53 187 238 «#9 do pekoe 855 3€ 100 64 8 do pekoe 410 37 188 240 8 do pek sou 760 33 101 66 12 do pek sou 654 31 189 242 3 do bro tea 300 26 102 68 1 do congou 503-6 190 244 2 do fans 200 3€ 103 70 1 do bro mix 72” 18 191 246 1 do pekdust 140 2 104 Bearwell .. 72 32 do bro pek 3200 65 bid 192 FredsRuhe... 248 32 4-ch bro pek 1600 57 105 74 33 do pekoe 2970 out 193 250 37 ch pekoe 3515 39 106 76 5 ch pek sou 450 out 194 252 25 do pek sou 2500 34 107 78 4%-ch dust 380 out 195 WA «. 254 44-ch bropek 260 44 108 Harrow se CUM CLL congou 100 35 196 256 2 ch bro pek 250 44 2 do do 200 33 197 268 23-ch bro mix 100 25 109 82 5 4-ch bro tea 390 = 31 198 260 2 ch »bromix 200 a5 110 BDWA ,, 84 19 ch bro pek 1900 57 199 262 14-ch unas 65 3k lll €6 35 do pekoe 3520 40 200 264 2 ch unas 230 3k 112 88 26 3-ch bro pek 1560 67 bd | 201 Pussetenne... 266 16 3-ch bro pek 800 39 113 90 26 ch pekoe 2500 48 202 268 24 do pekoe 1200 3z 114 92 7 do pek sou 700 38 208 270 3 do ° pek sou 150 30 115 94 24-ch dust 160 29 204 272 do dust 140 o£ 119 BDWG... 102 21 4-ch or pek 1050 60 205 Crathie «- 274 24 ch bro pek 2400 66 120 104 23 do pekoe 1150 43 206 276 32 do pekoe 3200 4g 121 106 44 do pek sou 2200 31 207 278 14 do pek sou 1400 37 “122 Lyegrove ... 108 12 ch bropek 1320 58 208 280 1 do sou 100 30 123 110 18 do pekoe 1800 = 40 209 282 3 do dust 300 26 124 112 6 do pek sou 600 34 z10 Kahagaha ,,, 284 1 4-ch broor pek 57 34 125 1T4es 1. do dust 150 27 211 286 1 do dust 79 25 126 Melrose .. 116 21 ch bro pek 2100 60 212) (Br eDwVi. ... 288) 11 ich fans 1045 35 127 118 10 do pekoe No. 1 1000 44 213 Talgaswela.. 290 16 do bro pek 1600 53 128 120 9 do pekoeNo.2 900 42 214 292 14 do pekoe 1330 44 129 122 10 do peksou 1000 =37 bid |} 215 294 8 do peksou 720 435 130 124 74-ch dust 490 30 216 296 6 do sou 450 32 131 126 4 ch sou 440 30 217 298 2 do congou 170 29 132 128 4 do bro pek fan 480 39 222 Silver Val- 133 B&D ». 180 2 do red eaf 242 19 ley -- 808 6 4-ch unas 276 «= 38 134 Ascot MLO ie endo congou 100 31 223 310 1 do congou 37 26 135 1384 1 do dust 150 30 224 312 1 do dust 45 26 136 Atherfield,,, 136 5 $-ch dust 400 29 225 Ellekande... 314 3 ch bro pek 270 64 137 138 8 do sou 400 33 226 816 10 do pekoe 900 39 138 140 4 do bro mix 200 22 227 318 65 do pek sou 400 38 139 CRD +» 142 4 ch dust 4cO =. 30 228 320 5 do congou 350 32 140 144 3 do red leaf 300 24 229 Hethersett 322 1 ¢-ch fan 80 35 141 Beeherton.,, 146 17 do bro pek 170055 230 324 17 ch pesou 1530 «52 PRODUCE SALES LIST. i i 4 ‘ CEYLON Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs tion. lb. c. 231 826 21 ch or pe 1680 70 282 328 30 hich bro or pe 1860 85 bid 233 Beaumont 830 25 $-ch younghy 1250 60 bid 204 332 17 ch byson 1802 48 235 Sinuagolla 334 74 ae bro pe 4070 47 | 236 Wewesse 386 1 box go oldentips 13 R6 bid 27 8 C «. 308 ch ro mixed 300 21 238 340 14 ch dust 1120 27 229 312 5 ch pe sou 740 8 29 20 MMS o. B44") «61 Och pek 78 28 241 346 1 ch vad leaf 81 19 242 348 1 ch congou 91 23 243 350 41 ch pe dust il 28 244 852 1 ch pe fan 116 = 30 245 BTN .» 854 6 4-ch sou 314 «31 246 866 1 do red leaf 32 18 247 358 2 do dust 164 27 248 Koorooloogalla 360 6 ch _ bro pe 600. «51 249 362. 5 ch ek 450 36 250 Agers Land 364 45 g-ch bro pe 3750 54 251 3266 20 do pek 1000 41 bid 252 368 21 do pe sou 945 34 | 370 «65 «do or pe dust 3800 35 254 372 1 do red leaf 60 21 255 374 1 do bro mixed 50 28 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 27th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (13,920 1b.), which sold @s under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. -Mark No. Pkgs tion. Ib, a, 1 Battagalla., 14 5 ch sou 470 35 2 16 2 do red leaf 200 23 3 18. 2 do dust 300 30 4 Hatton -. av 1 do dust 80 30 5 22 13 do ‘pek sou 1170 42 6 24 43 do pekoe 3870 50 bid g 96 19 4-ch bro pek 1045 76 bid 6 Anamallai.. 28 3 do dust 225 27 9 Pemberton... 30 31 do bro pek 1550 43 10 32, 1 do bro pek dust 75 29 li 34 18 do pekoe 1620 35 12 36 1 do pek dust 75 27 13 38 17 ch pek sou 1445 33 4 40 1 %-ch dust 15 27 15 Elston, in estate mark on 4a cl pek sou 720 16 BRangwela ... 44 3 do bro pek 3800 46 17 46 3 do pekoe 300 33 48 4 do ‘pek sou 400 30 CEYLON COFFEE SAL ES"IN LONDON (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincine Lane, Sept. 1st, 1893. Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up tolst Sept. :— Ex “Golconda’—Haputale, 1c 1b 104s 6d; So Ib 101s; 2c 1b 96s; 1c 123; 3 bags 100s; 8 89a. ‘Amana- fowa (MCCCo.), 1c 100:; 20 1b 99s; 1t 93e; lb 105s; 1 bay 983; 3 84s 6d. Broughton, lo 1058 6d; 3 10]s. 1 953 6d; 1t 120s; 1 89a6d. Hix ‘‘Aden”—Sherwood, 1t 105s 6d; 4c 102s 6d; 20 1t 97s, 1t 1216; 2 bags 101s 6d; 1 885 6d. Leangewelle, Ac 105; 4c 101s 6d; lo 1t 965; 1b 96s; 2 bags 101s 64d; 4 88s 6d. Ex “Mabratta”—ldulgashena, 1b 104s; 1 1002; 2c lb 988 6c; 1c 938 6d; 1b 105:; 16 88s 6d; 2 bags 998 6 6d. Haldummulla, 1b 1088; le lt 1045; 2c "Lt 1b lille; 1t 1b 943 6d: 14 1189; 1 bag 993. (HMT) & (HMP), lc 88s Gd avd lt 773 6d respestively. Katagalla,; le 1t 104s Gd; fo 1¢ 1003 6d; 40 1b 958' 6d; le 1b. 114s; 1 bag 99s; 1 96s. KTG, 18 1b 88s 6d. Wiharegelia, 1b 109s; Ib bd rai 63; 30 1b 101s 6d; 1b'1t 107s; 1c 1276; Ex “Prometheus”— Niabedde, 1¢ 107; 40 1b 105s; a 2e 95s:6d; 20 124s. G Ex “Barrister’’—Gowerakellie, 2b 109s 6d; 30 1t 1b 106s; 8c 102s 6d; 1 95a; 1t 124s. Dx “Senator”’—Dambateone, 2c 1t 1068; 6c 102s 6d; 30 1b 97s; 1c 1248; 1 8768; 30 1t 10ls Gd; 2c 1t 96s; 2 bags 101s, Ex “(Gancashire’—Delmar (OBEC), 1b 1678; 3c 103s 63; 40 96e6d; 1t 116s; le 90s. Ex “Mabratta”—Ouvah OGA, lc 1062; 4c 10le; 1t 92s; 1t 119s. Ex “Merkara”—Roehampton, 3c 98s 6d bid. Mincrna Lane, Sept. 8th. 1893. Marks and prices of OEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 8th Sept.:— Ex “Ningchow”—Goodwood, 1c 1048; 20 1b 101s 1b. 90s; 1 114+; 1 848. Ambawelle, 2c103s; 6c 1t 101s; lb 90s 1c 1124; le Ib 84s; 1 bag 94s. Ex “Olan McNiel”—Pittarat Malle, 1b 103s 6d; 1b 1c 103s 6d; 50 100s; le 1b 1008; 1b le 95s; le 123-; 1 86s; 3 bags 978; 1 77s. Ex “Senator’—Thotulagalls, 1c 1b 104s; 40 101s; 1b 93; 1b 123+; lo 848; Lbag 99s; 1 98s. Sheen, lo 103s; lo 1b 983 62; lb Ole; 1 103-; 1 84s; 1 bag 96s. Oos- lenda, Lb 985; 20 98+; le 1b 904; 1b Ole; 1 1028; 1t 77s; 1 bag 84s. Rappahannock, 2c 105s; 6 988 6d; 2 95s 6d; 1c 1b 118s 6d; le 863; 18 77s. Fordyce, 16104; 20 9¥s 6‘; 1b 92+; 1t 118s; lb 86s, Morar, lb 106s; 1t 96s; 1b 122s; 1 83s;1 695. Alnwick, le 105s 6d; 5c 1b 100s; 481t 95; 64: 1t 106s; le 84s; 1b le 1t 828 6d; Ic 1t- 30s 6d; lo 8Ye; 22 bags; Sle 63; 3b 768;1 bag 97s 181s. Liddesdale, Standard Co, 1+ 107s; 4c 103s; 2c 1t lb 97+; le 1225; le 88s 6d; 1b 94s;1 Sle. Ex “Muttra”—Ragalla, le 1063 6d; 7 108s; 4976; 1 120s; 1 bag 96:;7 893 63; 1 88s 64. Ex “Genorchy”’—Ragalla, 1b 100s; le 1t 100s; 50 96s;20 1b 96s; 161183; 1 bag 96-; 3 875 6d; 1 bag 80. Ex ‘“‘Mabratta”—Gordon, le 105s; 2 100s; 2 96s 6d: 1t 120s; 1b 87s; 1 bag 96s. Ex “Golcouda”—Ragalls, 1 bag 96s; 1 bag 88s 6d. Ex “Manora”—Ragalla, 1 bag 836 61. Ex “Muttra’’—Pingarawa, 1 bag 883 6d. Ex “Senator”—Roaz, le 1t 85+; 1t 2b 658 6d; 2b 57a. Ex ‘'G'enoorchy”—Amberst, lc 105s; lo 1t 1008; le 96s; 1b 109:;1 903; 3b 84s. Ex ‘“‘Ningchow”’—Oampion, 3c 99s; 1b 1048; 1b 90s; 1 75s. Ex ‘Goorkha’—Binny’s Coorg, Cannon Kada, 1 bag 84s. Ex “‘Legislator"—Mahapshagalla, 1 bag 84s. Ex ““Mahratta’”—Ouvab, Ic 1t 102s 6d; 5¢ 993; 30 1b 998; le Lb 933; 1c 1148; 1c 86s: 3 bags 99s Ex “Glenorchy”—Sherwood, lc 106s; 30 1b 104s 63; 3c 983 6d; 1c 1078; 2 bags 100s 64;5 86s 6d. - Ex “Oity of Bombay’ *—(C),1 bag 100s. Ex ‘‘Algeria;’'—Gonamotayva, le 1b 101s; 20 1b 97s 60 1b 116s; 1t 89s; 1 bag 89s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mrnotne Lang, Sept. 1st, 1893. Ex “Clyde”—Warriapolla (bags more or less. exter nally stained with coal dust), 20 bags 95s; 30 97s;6 85 64; 31 95; 12.85s6d; 15 688. ‘Ex © ‘Nubia”—Warrispolla. 19 bags 65s, At London Dock—Sudugangs, 11 bags 66s. Ex “Dictator”—Sudugaaga, 4 bags 62s; 3 62s. Ex “Chasan”—Snuduganga, 10 bags 69s ‘6d. No cardamoms sold in auction this week. Mrxorne Lane, Sept. 8th, 1893. Ex ‘‘Senator”—Ross, 20 bage 908; 15 903; 6 50s. ‘‘@EYLON OBSERTER” PRESS, COLOMBO. 5 : THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 29.] CotomsBo,. OcTOBER 9, 1893. fee :—123 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 27th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (36,379 lb.), which sold as under: — Loot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Wns. @s 1 Pambagama 1 5 ch dust 450 26 2 11 do congou 990 26 bid 3 PB 4 3 do pek fans 390 32 bid 4 pw 87a do dust 320 26 5 Gmeeleado red leaf 90 15 6 Ossington .. 7 5 do bro or pek 550 60 qT 9 14 do pekoe 1460 41 bid 8 11 6 do pek sou 600 34 bid 9 13 1 do dust 122 27 bid 10 FEW . 14 3 4-ch_ red leaf 150 20 il 15) °3' «do fans 150 29 12 Teel do dust 50 26 13 ASC ep lite ee eE® pek sou 600 29 14 19 2 do fans 100 28 15 20 6 do red leaf 300 22 16 21 1" do dust 50 26 17 NA eaablon (chi congou 1425 30 18 Ekkieoya ... 24 33 do bro pek 3300 50 bid 19 26 47 do pekoe 4230 36 bid 20 F, in estate mark w. 28 52 do pek sou 4680 33 21 30 11 do dust 1430 9-5 22 «L, in estate mark oo 3 a 11 do sou 990 27 23 Brae ~- o2 2 4%-ch’ ‘dust 100 26 24 3° 2 do congou 100 80 D5peAG Ker ALC; in estate mark ne DOL oo G0 pek sou 1650 34 bid 26 388 4 do dust 320 26 27 39 2 do congou 100 27 bid 28 Ugieside one) 404 ach dust 520 26 29 41 2 do bro tea 200 28 30 Oolloowatte.. 42 22 j-ch bro pek 1203 57 31 44 14 ch 13-ch pekoe 1427 43 32 46 1 do bro miz 78 26 33 47 1 do dust 75 27 36 W 51 3 do pekoe 126 26 bid 37 AGC 52 1 ch sou 90 26 38 53 9 do sou No, 2 900 18 bid 39 6 2 do dust 300 26 40 56 2 do pek dust 120 23 41 XXX tay Ole ke CO bro pek 18 28 42 58 1 do pek sou 97 27 43 Sapitiyagoda, Invoice No.37 59 20 do bro pek 2200 63 44 61 34 do pekoe 3400 46 Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 27th Sept. the un- dermentioned lots of tea as under :— (48,765 1b.,) which sold Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Marx. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. Cc: 1 CN .» 158 24-ch bro tea 120 74 2 Tientsio -. 159 24 do bro pek 1080 74 3 161 25 ch pekoe 2000 48 bid 4 163 1 4-ch = sou 48 28 5 1st 2 do dust 13 33 6 Glentilt Ae Be PRTG bro pek 2300 70 7 167 14 do pekoe 1400 52 bid 8 169 20 do pek sou 2000 40 bid 9 171 12 do sou 1200 35 10 Harranagalla 173 3 do pek sou 270 32 11 Mahsgalla .. 174 38 do sou 336 19 12 Lawrence .,. 175 32 do sou 25.0 35 13 N SolZit le Gia bro mix 600 31 14 Dickapittia.. 179 14 do bro pek 1540 65 15 181 18 do yekoo 1800 46 bid | 16 183 16 do pek sou 1600 i8 17 Madooltenne 185 15 ch bro pek 1500 60 18 187 12 do pekoe 1200 40 19 1s9 12 do pek sou 12.0 38 20 191 2 do dust 280 27 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 21 Kahagalla 192 16 ch bro pek 1618 45 22 194 25 do pekoe 2325 34 bid 23 196 2 do sou 186 28 24 Kirkcswald.., 198 27 do pekoe 2565 48 bid 25 202 41 do pek sou 4305 36 bid 26 Nahaket ia... 204 12 do bro pek 1200 59 27 206 17 do pekoe 1630 88 28 208 9 do rek sou 855 33 29 210’ 1 do us 126 26 30 Galkande- watte tee (21) “34> ch bro pek 3400 81 31 213 28 do pekoe 2520 55 32 Talagalla 215 23 do bro pek 2300 57 bid 35 217 1 do dust 160 27 34. FT fen 218 ¢_ bY dO bro pek 400 36 35 219 6 do pekoe 618 26 36 GT 221 7 do sou 700 27 37 223 7 4-ch dust 665-27 38 225 2 ch red leaf 108 21 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Uo. put up for sate at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 27th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (63,897 |b.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ip; wes 1 Woodlands, 1 7 ch bro pek 700 53 2 2 7 do pekoe 645 41 3 3 3 do pek sou 285 37 4 Abbotsford... 4 14 do or pekce 1470 58 5 5 10 do pek sou 1000 41 6 , 6 84-ch pekdust 640 3L bid 7 Rayigam .. 7 203-ch bropek 1200 62 8 8 19 do pekoe 1045 42 8 9 12 do pek sou 720 36 10 10 8 do bro mix 440 28 bid iL 1l 6 do dust 420 26 12 WVT +» 12 3 do bro tea 165 20 13 13. 7 do dust 660 8626 14 Castlemilk .. 14 36 ch bro pek 3780 63 15 15 17 do or pek 1445 54 16 16 37 do pekoe 3700 45 17 17 18 do pek sou 1620 40 18 Raxawa ... 18 28 ch bre pek 3(80 58 19 19 20 3-ch or pek 1100 48 20 20 12 ch pekoe 1200 42 21 21 16 do pek sou 16u0 32 22 22 3 do fans 3C0 32 bid 23 23. 2 do dust 300 26 24 24 1 do bro mix 120 Q4 25 NewValley.. 25 8 do bro pek 920 65 26 26 13 do pekoe 1432 49 27 27509) do pek sou 900 37 28 28 3 do dust 270 27 29.8 N UG in estate mark ss 49! (29° "do bro pek 2000 6L 30 30 11 do pekoe 1045 41 31 31 14 do pek sou 1260 37 32 32. 3 do dust 255 28 53 Ernan 33° 8 ch pek fans 624 33 34 34. 2 do bro mix 152 27 35 #5 5 do dust 425 26 36 Hiralouvah.,. 36 1 box bro pek 20 42 37 37 8 ch bro mix 704 2 38 38 1 do fans No.1 ll4 31 oo 39 3 do 1 $-ch do No. 2 B69 25 40 40 3 do dust 209 25 41 Diyagama ... 41 2 do bro pek 200 45 : 42 2 do pekoe 200 34 43 43 1 do pek sou 100 33 a4 44 23-ch dust 50 26 5 Kanaka 45 18 ch bro pek 1845 59 46 46 283 do pe! oe 2790 41 47 $7 138 do pek sou 1235 37 48 48 14 do sou 1269 32 49 49 1 do fans 103 37 50 60 2 do dust 254 a7 51 U! uwella 51 13 do bro pek 1365 50 52 52 16 do pekoe 1600 33 53 Aadeven 63 27 do bro pek 2700 ta 54 54 22 do pekce 1980 51 55 55 4 do pek sou 860 37 566 PTE ee 56 18 §-ch bro pek 900 33 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Weight Lot Box Deseri Wei s ya e - eigh No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. lb. c. No. ‘Mark No. Pkgs. rigs Ib : c. 57 aos aa roe ae 66 Gorakoya .. 506 4 ch bropek 420 50 aaa 67 608 4 do pekoe 400 33 74%-ch = pek dust 1300 27 68 510 2 do k 2 58 H .. 58 10 do unas 500 28 69 caine a 10 Chesterford.. 612 21 do ropek 2205 61 He JODS Ao BH n ee ake pek 1210 a 70 514 14 do pekoe 1400 40 bid c ekoe 1200 1 A 61 Biv acer toenon 900 35 os anise cig 40. co. pees ee 62 62 3 do bro mix 375 34 13Hllckande 6, 4p> chee.) ae 63 Abbotsford... 63 1 4-ch pekee 50 out | 74 re aa ee oe 64 64 1 ch pek sou 100 85 bid | 75 524 3 do =e 5 31 65 Ingeria ... 65 6}-ch bropek 330 49 76 508 3 de Renee eg 68 66 8 do pekoe 400 34 71 2 8. ee ee 67 67 12 do pek sou 576 30 78 630 2 do Poppi 260 pu 68 68 3 do unas 150 32 79 632 1 i-ch oung bh 60 rs 69 69 7 do bro mix 350 27 80 534 1 do trae 7 85 4 70 70 4 do bro tea 269 24 BL 536 1 do do No. 2 75 out San 82 Malvern ... 538 20 do bropek 1100 47 Messrs. ForBEs & WALKER put up for sale atthe | 83 540 24 do pek sou 1820 35 Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 27th Sept., a 542 1 do rou 5527 the undermentioned lots of Tea (164,7801b.), which Be Shaunon 544 8 do bro pek 440 = 70 bid sold as under :— 87 5 . Cs pee 7, 46 . a o son Lot Box Descrip- Weight 88 Anningkanda 550 4 do aS aiiioke 440 - No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. 1b. 10; 89 552 5 do pekoe 500 42 bid 1 Munamal .. 376 4 ch bropek 400 48 99 554 6 do pek gon 600-33 Q 378 6 do pekoe 600 = 85 9l Salem .. 556 2 do congou 170 (a7 3 380 9 do pek sou 900 «Ba 95 Court Lodge 566 7 -ch broorpek 490 8¢ 4 382 1 do dust 130 28 pi 568 41 do or pek 205085 5 384 1 4-ch bro tea 56 QT 98 570 30 do bro pek 1809 77 6 Kelaneiya .. 386 23 ch bropek 1955 66 99 512 53 do pekoe 2650 70 7 388 17 do pekoe 17.0 43 bia | 100 574 38 do peksou 1320 49 8 390 1 do dust 11538 a 576 3 do pek fans 240 36 9 392 1 do congou 100 30 102 Pedro a IS. AZ, ch bro pek 1530 80 10 Poyston ... 394 6 do bropek 600 60 via | 1% 580 22 do pekos 15408 iL 296 5 do or pek 450 46 bid | 104 582 23 do peksou 1889 43 12 398 5 do pekoe 450 39 105 584 3 do dust 3303 13 400 3 do pek sou 270 36 106 Hakurugalla 586 13 do bropek 1300 62 14 402 1 do dust 95 29 107 588 20 do pexoe 1900 39 15 St. Helier’s... 404 28 4-ch broorpek 1405 62 108 590 2 do peksou 200 30 16 406 11 ch pekoe 110043 109 692 3 do dust 210 «29 17 408 5 do pekeou 500 37 110 Wolleyfield.. 594 1 do or pek 80 «47 18 N w. 410 6 do bropek 540 48 iL 596 1 do broorpek 90 32 19 412 4 do pekoe 360 37 112 598 2 do pekoe 20) 30 20 414. 2 do pek sou 180 33 113 600 1 ch pek sou 100 21 416 1 do unas 84 30 1l4 602 1 g-ch do 50 23 22 M .. 418 1 do bro pek 11042 115 SK 604 25 do pekoe 112566 23 0 n. 420 14-ch bro pek 50 42 116 603 4 do dust 320. 3k bid 24 Knavesmire.. 422 13 ch bro pek 1430 ©8650 1i7 608 7 do congou 315 25 424 20 do pekoe 1900 38 118 610 8 do pekfans 520 652 bid 26 426 6 do ao ,,2 6500 34 19 MNG 612 1 ch bro pek 100 4l 27 498 3 do sou 240 28 120 s 614. 1 do pekoe 100 34 28 430 1 do dust 150 27 121 St, Martins 616 24-ch bro pek 100 46 29 Palmerston.. 432 8 4-eh bro pek 425 69 bid | 122 618 20 do pekoe 1000 =. 86 bid 30 434 13 do pekoe 975 54 123 620 23 do pek sou 1035 31 31 436 5 do peksou 350 41 124 622 7 do dust 490 22 39 Maha Uva .. 438 48 do bro pek 2640 63 bid | 125 Stisted .., 624 32 bropek 3529 52 33 440 10 ch pekoe 950 47 bid | 126 626 15 3-ch pekoe 750 38 34 442 6 do pek sou £40 39 127 623 13 do pek sou 585 34 35 444 14-ch dost 80 28 128 630 8 do sou 360 26 33 Wewesse .. 446 28 do bropek 1400 69 129 632 5 do dust 325 26 37 448 23 do pekoe 1150 50 130 Langdale ... 634 36 ch pekoe 3500 42 38 450 18 do pek sou 900 42 131 636 12 do bro pek 1209-73 39 452 1 do sou 50 ©=—-80 132 638 12 do pekoe 1080 49 40 GPM, in 133 640 1 do pek sou 90 43 estate 134 wb 642 1 do Pek dust 136 29 mark a. 454 37 do bro pek 2220 48 137 Patirajah .. 648 8 ch bro pek 809 50 4l 456 44 do pekoe 2640 62 138 © 650 11 do pekoe 1100 = 35 bid 42 458 53 do pek sou 3180 48 139 652 1 do fans 100 29 43 460 10 do dust 900 = a4 140 654 1 do congou 100 24 44 462 13 do sou 650 37 141 636 1 do dust 130 26 45 464 3 do red leaf 150 27 142 D, in estate 46 WF W «. 466 18 do bro pek 990 54 mark .. 658 10 do bro pek 950 39 AT 468 13 ch pekoe 1235 40 143 660 9 do pekoe 795 31 48 470 26 do pek sou 2470 35 144 KA csp S2y okt de 49 “Ambawella... 472 17 3-ch bropek 1020 76 12-ch pekoe 165 29 50 474 23 do pekoe 1150 63 145 664 2 ch pek sou 190 22 51 Kirrimettia.. 476 7 ch bro pek 700 45 146 666 1 do sou 106 15 52 478 17 do pekoe 1700 35 147 668 9 do bro tea 765 out 53 480 1 do pek sou 100 27 148 670 9 do bro pK dust 1330 27 54 482 2 do red leaf 200 20 149 K, in estate 55 M ww. 484 1 do bro pek 110 39 mark ww. 672 4 do pekoe 430 22 56 Narthupana.. 486 2 do dust 300 26 150 674 3 do pek sou 310 21 57 488 1 do bro tea 95 22 151 676 3 do fans 346 18 58 L .». 490 12 do dust 1920 28 152 678 2 do dust 300 22 59 VO -. 492 4 do bro tea 440 19 153 BB .. 680 63ch bro pek 250 48 60 494 1 do dust 120 38 bid | 154 BDWG .. 690 12 do pek sou 600 30 61 Castlereagh... 496 12 do bro pek 1260 68 bid | 155 Middleton .. 692 3L do bro pek 1550 68 62 498 20 do pekoe 1800 42 bid | 156 694 23 ch pekoe 2310 50 63 Yahalakelle.. 600 18 ch bro pek.. 1800 40 157 Havilland... 6935 71 3-ch bru pek 3903 62 €4 502 16 do pekoe 1600 33 158 638 55 do pekoe 2800 39 bid 65 604 28 do pek sou 2240 30 159 700 38 do p3< sou 1710 36 Lot Box No. Mark. No 160 702 161 704 162 Lameliere ... 706 1€3 708 164 710 165 Luccombe}.. 712 167 714 167 LER M, in estate mark woe. ALLO: 168 Uda Radella 718 169 720 170 722 171 724 172 Mousa Ella 7246 178 728 174 72 175 732 176 AD sepeiod 177 Ganapalla ... 736 178 738 179 740 180 JA2 181 Tarrekelle... 744 182 746 183 748 186 K, in estate mark oes) OG 187 Park -. 758 188 760 189 762 190 764 191 766 192 BW tee) 408 193 770 194 772 195 Glenrhos .. 774 196 776 197 778 198 780 199 782 “207 Waiwick ... 798 208 800 209 802 210 804 211 £06 212 808 213 TH .. 810 214 812 Oommerce Sale-room ov the 4th Oct,, 28 9 ch CEYLON Descrip- Weight tion. lb. bro mix 100 dust +0 bro pek €00 pekoe 250 yek sou 250 pekoe 4400 bro pek 2080 sou 2560 dust 375 pek sou 855 npekoe 1665 bro orpek 2530 pek sou 200 yekoce 400 or pek 500 bro pek 1080 bro sou 456 dust 360 pek cou 2200 pekoe 2100 bro yek 2100 broor pek 5910 pekscu 698 bro pek cou 2930 pekoe 200 bro pek 2415 pekoe 2869 pek sou 1650 sou 1800 dust 1050 pek sou 1200 pekoe 2070 bro pek 2256 Tro pek 1360 or pek 1445 rek sou 1425 copgou 70 dust 145 bro pek 1¢20 pekoe 1560 dust £0 bro pek 240 pekoe 500 dust 80 pek sou 1400 sou 810 os Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Ohamber ‘o the under- PRODUCE, .SALES., LIST. * -mentioned lotsa of tea (68,901 lb.), which under :— Lot Box Descrip- Wei No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb 1 Fatihlie ver, 26) eL0) ch scu 850 2 228 33-ch dust 225 3 Bollagalla ... 229 24 do bro pek 1520 4 231 16 ch pekoe 1440 5 233 12 do pekscu 1140 H{ 235 1 4-ch dust 90 “© vo 286 4 ch bro pek 440 8 £38 21 do pekce 1995 9 Kahegalla 240 25 do pekoe 2325 10 Talagalla .,. 242 23 do bro pek 2300 11 Templestowe 244 12 do pek sou 1020 12 Great Valley 246 13 do bro pek 1430 12 248 17 do pekoe 1700 14 250 12 do pek sou 1140 215 252 24-ch dust 1€0 16 Mocha 40, 2538.26 dO, bro pek 2730 17 255 25 do pekoe 2500 -18 257 12 do pek sou 1(80 19 Hila ans) $209) 100 Fcoh bro pek 3000 20 261 4¢@ do pekoeNo,1 3600 21 Anchor, in estate mark -- 263 23 do bro pek 2530 22 265 20 do pekoe 1800 23 267 13 do pek sou 975 24 269 16 do pek dust 1280 25 Tientsin .,, 271 25 4-ch pekoe 2000 26 Galloola » 278° 2 ch dust 200 27 274. #1 do cecngou 100 28 Ottery and Stamford Hill 275 24 }-ch bropek 1440 29 277 36 do or pek 1800 ght Cc. sold c. 7 ae bid Lot No. Mark. 37 Overton Je 41 42 Orange Field PNR oor 51 NW Messrs. SOMERVILLE a3 under :— Lot No. Mark. 1G W oo 2 3 Katherine Valley LE NK B oes Narangoda .. Depedene ... Benveula Doomo GA Cevlon... Ukuwella K DGNA... Morahilla .. Polgahakan- de af Glasgow one eee 279 281 283 285 286 288 290 502 204 306 8C8 309 310 312 31t 315 316 317 318 319 320 322 323 325 327 328 329 331 333 334 336 337 Box No. » WRUOCWREE DEO pe is} i=w “ Box No. Pkgs Description. 3 Weight Ib. c pekoe 2790 47 pek sou 990 40 sou 630 27 dust 150 27 bro pek 2720 TL pekoe 1300 52 pekoe No 2 1200 47 bro pek 1710 7k pekoe 1600 46 pek sou 1170 36 sou 85 24 dust 130 30 bro pek 500 46 pekoe 475 36 bid pek sou 190 29 sou 86 26 bro tea 50 18 bro pek 200 «45 pekoe 100 33 bro tea 100 20 pekoe 1400 42 broor pek 360 30 pekoe No. 2 900 35 congou 500 29 dust 480 28 red leaf 300 19 bro pek 1500 56 pekoe 1890 38 do 425 «8 pek cou 1615 34 dust 320 28 sou 425 18 & Co, putup for gale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 4th Oet., the undermentioned lots of tea (74,769 lb.), which sold Pkgs. HR ON OHH oo oo woo 24 ch Descrip- Weight tion. lb. bro mix 300 dust 250 bro pek 182 pekoe 220 pek sou 283 sou 306 fan 113 dust 40 fans 65 dust 11 bro pek 300 pekoe 700 peksou 810 sou 80 dust 75 bro pek 1650 pekoe 1650 pek sou 1200 bro mix 200 cust 240 bro pek 2700 pekoe 1700 dust 240 bro pek 1870 pekoe 2400 pek sou £00 dust 160 or pek 200 pekoe 150 pek sou 120 bro tea 360 bro pek 1995 pekoe 2000 ubas 2300 sou 90 bro tea 318 red leaf 96 dust 54 bro pek 1265 pekoe $00 pek sou $00 bro pek 1100 or pek 300 pekoe 1710 pek sou 630 secu 320 dust 280 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincrne Lane, Sept. 15th, 1893. Marks and prices of ORYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 15th Sept. :— Ex “Senator’”—Gowerakellie, 1¢ 109s; 1t 30 106s 6d; Ge 1t 103s 6d; 20 1b 98s 6d; le 125s, 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. x 2sCrip- eight ‘ 7 ” ~ Tat sie pee Pes Doane Weigh 1 Ex ‘‘Orizaba”—Blackwood, |b 109-; 6» Lt 107s; 4c 1b 48 WAH 48 1% do bro pek 1300 43 101s; 1c 1b 963; le 125°; Lb Le 863 61; 2b 16 80561; 14 4D 49 10 do pexoe 1000 33 bags 71s ee, PS oe et nutsford ... -¢ pro or pek 29 52 6 i. 5 cuits eae eee 1 Se x ae a”’—Thotulagalla, 1t 104s 61; 6c tb 101s 53 63,13 do pekee 746 2 bid 6d; 2010636"; 1 122s; 1b 83+; 2 bags 99161. Aupittia- BR BBO ae ao am ee + kande, le 105s 61; 2c 1b 10is; Lb 93%; 1> LLls; 1t83s; Lb EG = BB 1 do fans iB a7 85s; 1b 983, «»» 57 5 Ch 5 5 id “ 23 A ee & > om sos i ae bi Ex ‘Glengarry’’—Gampaha, Ic lt 102s 64; 2¢ 1b 99a ay AK 0 ay 3 ch bro mix ap y3 64; 1c 945; 1b 114s; le 85s; 1 bag 87s. Buattswatte, 20 0 0 1 3-ch fan 0 0 ‘ * i 5 ay Bows are tang ae Uae 1b 1022; le 1b 973; 1t 93s; Lb 1058; 1083s. 82 62 54-ch unas 250 31 Ex ‘‘Ganges”—Balmoral, 2b 99s; 1 95s; 1 bag 90a; 63 Allakolla .. 63 50 do bro pek 2750 53 lb 833 ‘ aoe eee : 65 b} te) pek so “GC he . one Bhi ON Be 2B Ges pes iden pea} ‘ pele Roehampton, 1b 106s 64; 20 105s; 5 61 67 16 ch pekoe 168) 41 1028; 4c 1b 102-; 2:1b 985; le lb 1238; le lb 89s; Lt 68 ek sou® 7 5 . ~ > 69 S—T POG (yee 2} Mt ie cot 100 42 195 lb 793 6d; 2 bags 99s 6d, Beauvais, 1b 1043 64; 20 7 1 ch pekoe 100 80 2c 101s 6d; 1b 95%;1 117s; 1b 83s; 1b 79s; 1b 793 6d. 1 do ° Ex “Rewa’—Mausagslla, lo 105s; 2 101s; lo lb 95 1 5 3-ch k 250 27 , ’ ; 8 n a 5 Ph peseen 14a 26 61; 1b 114s 1¢ 85s; 1 bag 100s. 3 73. 2 ch dust ll 8 “ 5 rs ee . - a Be paren . 74 20h broorpsk 100°” 55 Ex “Lanesshire”—Craig, lo 1076; 3c Lb 102s 64; Se 75 15 6 do pekoe 240 40 978 63; 16 121s; le 89s. 76 m8 ; de Pek sou 4 ee Ex “Orizaba”—Nonpareil, lb 105s; 1c 1t 108s; 7o 78 78 1 do dust 70 Bs 1038; 1t 958; le 1219; le 90s; 1 bag 98s. Waldemar, Lb 4 ro #) BR a 1 ao pekoo 750 37 1058; 2c 1t 104s; 1¢ 95s; 1t 110s; 1t 83s. Gavatenne, 61 81 1 do ust 7 2b 91s 6d: i : ‘ 82 82 14 ch pekseu 1400 34 : ‘8 3 1 898; : 91e;1 768; 1 bag 73s. 83 83 8 do pekce 760 35 x “Glenorchy’—Udapolla, 7 bags 40s; 1 51s. a4 HHA . 84 12 }-ch pek sou 600 33 ‘B85 85 11 ch pek sou 990 33 B6 86-8 do poker, 800 HY bid a1 87 1,40 pekoe, et 2 | CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. g9 DC an eat eh 8a bro pek 765 40 bid ae ee 20 90 3 af nek pou ea. eo bid (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) oO un a 22 ; do Eon 5024 Mincine Lane, Sept. 15th, 1893. 93 bs) C) ‘ 14-ch dust 512 96 Ex“Glengarry’”’—Beredewelle, 53 bags 978; 3 68s; L o4 HH me bee i ue bro or pek ap 42 ae 598; 3 45s. o5 ¢ congou 27 bi Ex “Olan McNeil”—Hylton, 4 bags 585; 1 54°; 2 86s, 96 96 a os — he oe Ex “Mira”—Victoria, 1 bag 45s. ; : 97 ED oF! al db paaan 1134 98 bid Ex “Java’—Elmsburst, 9 bags 953;1 553; 2 25s. eee . “Ni 7 + 28 WG "98 9 ch peksou 855 38 Ex “‘Ningchow —Glenalpin, 10 bags 72e; 2 bags 44s; @9 OA, in estate Monerakellie, 3 bags 558;5 49s 6d. “f ees be 99 933-ch peksou 4650 39 Ex “Bohemia”— Vauxhall, 35 bags 47s 6d bid. a , in estate Ex “Senator” Monerakelle, 2 bags 61s bid. : ee ee a ee aeeea a onal Ex “Algeria”—Rockhill, 7 bage 100s; 3 55s6d;1 57s. = “Glenorchy”’—Dynevor, 2b 71s; 7 75s 6d; 4 402 103 5 do bro mix 525 28 Ex en y. yne ’ age ; s 6d; R03 105 343-ch dust 210 28 54s 6d; 1 60a. Mahaberia (OBEC), 2 bags 31s; 2 67s 204 oS estate eR 6d;5 70s. m eo c “cc Tis - ar’ Baca Meobben 455 25 bid | 9 = Merkara”—Mahaberia (OBEO), 3 bags 723 6d. 105 109 +6 ch = 1 4-ch sou 646 25 bid 306 X, in estate mark AS bb aa oe te bro tea 93020 bid CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES 107 c Ds g i 468 Diyagama...115 2 do bropek 200 45 IN LONDON. 109 117 2 do _ pekoe 200 35 ——_— 310 119 ; ioe eaten Be ABs (From Our Commercial Correspondent,) aa iaee as? mies 40 26 Mincrxe Lane, Sept 15th, 1893. Bl2 Vincit . 123 8 ch brocrpek 800 43 Ex “Glenorchy’—Hentimalie, 2 23 14; 4 1s 10d. 113 125 9 do or pek 909 385 Kalbudai, 1 2c; 2 1s 97; 21s 8d. Tonacombe, 21s 4d. a4 127 3 do pek sou 300 29 bid AL Mysore, 21 2s 3d. : Ex “Diomed’—AFS, 27 23 2d; 5 Is 6d; 4 Is 7d. AL, 10 1s 10-; 6 1s 11d. Mahallaway Watte, 4 1s 11d; 2 1s6d; 4 2s; 14 2831, : Ex “Mahbratta”—Gallantenne, 1 3s 3d; 42s 8d; 1 28 3d;2 18110; 1 1s 6d;3 1s 4°;2 Isdd. 4 Ex “Diomed’”— Vicarton, 1 23 1d; 1 1s 9d; 1 1s 6d; 1 1g 4d. Duckwari, 2 2s 9d; 2 2e; 1 1s 6d; 1 1s8d 2136d;1 184d. Cl, 5 136). Ex “Glenoreby’—GOF, 9 1s 94; 6 1s 643; 3 Is 4d; 1 1s 3d. Ex “Glengarry’—Kobanella, 2 28 2d; 11 2sdd. ~ 6‘ EBYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEK, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAULKS. NO. 30.] Cotomso, OcTOBER 16, 1893. { Prick :—12% cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupea. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Mr. A. H. TsHompson put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 4th Oct., the undermentioned lots of tea (45.300 Ib.), which | sold ss under :— Lot No. ‘Mark 1 DEC 2 3 4 Kanavgama... 5 6 7 8 9 MS 10 il 12 EtkieOya 13 19 Dambalagalla 21 22 23 24 WJston, in estate mark soe 25 26 27 Kalkanda ... 28 29 30 E 31 Enguerra kande coe 32 33 Vogan eos 34 35 Be 37 38 39 Willesden ., 40 41 BWL cep 42 43 Hattawella... 44 Descrip- tion. fans pek dust red leaf bro pek pekoe pek sou fans dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pekoe bro or pek cr pek bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou bro mix dust sou pekoe or pek bro pek bro or pek bro pek sou bro pek sou Weight Moe Me Os 150 29 40 “ 200 15 2310 47 2375 28 1080 33 570 28 150 28 1000 32 bid 1200 28 bid 1500 27 3300 49 bid 4230 7 bid 126 26 1300 55 bid 1260 54 bid 1700 45 2970 38 bid 1140 33 bd 1530 35 100 29 130 28 180 27 bid 1200 35 bid 480 44 bid 558 —49 bid 846 45 1156 39 1500 64 1700 47 1020 39 130 28 115 75 160 26 1000 28 bid 621 28 bid 2446 40 bid 857 31 bid 100 26 50 26 Messrs. Forszs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 4th Oct., the undermentioned lots of ten (209,847 lb.), sold as under:— Lot - No. Mark. 1 Traquair... Moalpedde ... Galkadua .. COSGNOAMB ih q 13 Dambagas- talawa .., 15 Esperanza .. 18 Wewesse ., Box No. 614 816 Pkgs. 3 $-ch 4 do 7 15 do 14 2 do Descrip- Weight tion. bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pek sou congou dust unas bro pek pekoe pek sou sou pek sou dust bro pek pekoe red leaf bro pek pekoe pek sou sou dust red leaf Ib. 151 185 350 which Lot No. Mark. Bismark Iddagodda .. Kelvin Udabage Macaldenia.. H AT Elfindale MP Dunkeld DKD Koorooloo- galla APK Alnoor Koladeniya ... sss Torwood Clyde Condegalla ... Moralioya P ae North Brook Algooltenne Ederapolle .., Iddagodda Brunswick Aberdeen Chesterford . KA Weoya ™ Box No 860 862 Pkgs. 7 $-ch 6 re do Descrip- Weight tion. lb. C. bro pek 850 || 65 pekoe 550 42 bid pek sou 200 «39 bro peksou 80 27 dust 270 28 fans 186 33 dust 198 29 bro pe 2340 55 pekce 1380 35 pek sou 1200 33 bro mix 585 15 bid fans 330 out dust 560 26 bro pek 850 64 pekoe 80 46 pek sou 400 40 fana 120 37 dust 222 30 pek sou 100 29 fans 800 20 red leaf 315 15 bid dust 600 a7 bro pek 408 out pek fans 218 29 dust 154 28 sou 163 25 sou 270 29 dust No. 1 420 29 dust No.2 680 26 bro pek 2205 66 or pek 1015 65 pekoe 1140 46 upas 620 38 bro pek 1100 ' pekoe 3g0 pW ithd’a pek sou 62u dust 280 29 bro pek 1400 57 pekoe 1750 36 bid pek sou 17480 32 bid pek fans 330 35 dust 420 29 bro tea 378 30 sou 122 36 red eaf 194 24 dust 394 29 bro pek 1900 61 pekoe 1785 44 pek sou 720 37 bro pek 2000 62 pekoe 2700 42 pek sou 1000 34 dust 140 aT bropek fan 280 33 pek sou 200 30 dust 120 30 dust No.1 700 31 dust ,, 2 850 36 sou 400 27 broor pek 2210 54 bro pek 2415 38 bid pekoe 53u0 33 bid pek sou 1 30 BL bro pex 15u9 43 bid pekoe 21.0 35 bid bro pek 209 56 pekoe 2080 41 do No.2 2v80 33 sou 400 30 fans 80 31 pek dust 7u 27 bro mix 40 20 bro pek sou 80 3u hysen 90 55 bid hyson 5+5 a1 bid hysou No.2 855 43 bid twauray 130 OD) bro vek 205) 57 pekoe 1400 38 bid pek sou 1.00 43 Did bro teu 765 i8 bro pek 8:5 49 pekce 2500 al pek seu 1430 a pek {ong 450 3t bro mix g50 i) 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box : No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib, .e No. Mark. No. Pkgs Description. —— c. 112 Lueccombe ... 136 55 ch pekoe 4400 38 192 Ouvabkelle, 113. PD, in estate 4 Bes 1 ch pekoe 95 35 mark +37 LBB 8 ‘do pek sou 540 40 193 Dromoland., 298 8 do or per seu 37 bid 114 Maha Uva.. 140 48 %ch bro pek 2640 63 194 PH J -» 3800 2 do bro pek 200 41 115 142 10 do pekoe 950 48 19) BDWA ,, 304 1 do bro mix 90 16 116 Lankapura, 196 BDWP ... 3% 2 do red leaf 224 16 WwW esellt, #3. pek dust 300 28 197 808 3%-ch bropek fans 180 30 117 146 @2%-ch red leaf 100 17 198 310 3 do dust No.1 240 27 118 148 12 ch pek sou 1200 34 199 312 4 do dust ,, 2 876 26 119 150 42 do pekoe 4620 40 bid | 200 Chicago ... 314 23 do bropek 1265 49 120 152 21 do bro pek 2310 61 201 816 44 do pekoe 2200 37 121 Killarney .. 154 1 ch dust 145 29 202 318 8 do pek sou 440s 122. 156 5 do pekoe 475 57 203 320 1 do sou 55 25 123 158 15 4-ch broor pek 1050 70 204 322 2 do fans 180 27 124 160 13 do or pek 715 67 205 Agarsiand... 324 20 do pekoe 1000 37 bid 125 LC «. 162 4 ch pekoe 320 28 206 Weddigoda 326 3% do bro pek 150 47 126 164 1 do _ bro pek 80 »=-60 an 328 10 do pekoe 500-32 127 LB RM, Gi *Ridpotiwet 330 12 do pek sou 600 28 mark .. 166 20 do gou 160025 400 ti. ee ee ee 130 N .. 172 1 do bro mix 90 17 bid | gi7 em6i4 ded wekteon iam Oe 131 114 8 do sou 800 33 912 a «2 4 132 1746 2 do dust 300 29 213 340 1 do dust 150 28 133 D, in estate 214 NGS, in mark «. 178 2 do pek dust 200-29 estate 134 Osledonia.. 180 2 do bro pek 200 40 mark «. 344 16 ch peksou 1520 29 135 182 2 do pekoe 200 38 215 242 12 do bro pek sou 1250 22 bid 136 184 2 do pek sou 200 33 216 Polatagama 346 61 4-ch bro pek 3050 59 137, Knayesmire 186 11 do bro pek 1210 50 217 348 45 do pekoe 2025 40 138 188 18 do pekoe 1710 37 218 350 27 do pek sou 1215 38 139 190 6 do do No.2 570 338 219 Abamalla .. 352 4 do bro mix 169 30 140 192 5 do sou 440 27 220 354 4 do dust 240 25 141 Citrus ww. 194 10 $-ch bro pek 600 = 46 221 356 2 do taus 86 8625 ia 196 6 a8 pek sou 300 30 1a 198 2 ¢ Mr. E. Dek, “toute daz JOHN put up for sale at the Ohamber of 144 Moragala ... 200 2 ch Oommerce Sale-room on thellth Oct,, the uader- 1 4-ch bro pek 266 45 . - 145 apa" 2 ch" pakoo 200 «33 mentioned lots of tea (55,409 lb.), which sold as 146 204 e do pex sou 285 089-29 under :— 4 2.6 c : oo 1 4-ch bro tea 335 27 Lot Box Descrip- Weight ass hs 208 «1 ap fans ‘ 120 26 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. cc. 49 Harangalla.. 210 42 ¢ bro pe. 4200 48 bid 150 Ganapalla .. 212 76 $-ch pekce 2a00”"'39 bid’ | & piiteuveliey” ap vad aa’ Sepoee OMe 183 214 69 do bro pek 4146 52 bid 3 341 28 do pekoe 2890 41 162 Dammeria.. 216 2 do sou 160 9.36 4 343. 1 do peksou 100 31 153 218 8 do pek sou 800 43 5 344 1 do dust 150 a9 154 Clydesdale 220 6 do pek sou 660 45 6 Bogawana 165 aa 3 ao pekge i 1260 a in estate 15 224 1 oO ro pe 1421 7 ’ ps i fe cat eatenek tee ie | y SMR ee eh ae ee 158 Talgaswela.. 228 22 ch bro pek 2200 59 8 ra 349 24 do pekoe 1912 36 159 R80 20 do pekoe 1900 42 9 10 3 do pek sou 270 «99 160 232 12 do pek sou 1080 36 10 ll 24ch dust 160 30 161 234 12 do sou 1080 34 ll Troup Beh AaE in tsi 120 «30 162 236 2 do bro mix 190025 ree F 12 Tart «. 13 10 do bro pek 1000 37 ee Z28;ogl do, qcongon 85 28 13: 15 19 do pekoe 171028 tas é H bs -» 240 284-ch pek sou 1400 36 bid 14 17. 3 do ek sou 255 26 Bb} » in estate a mark .. 242 6 ch peksou 590 out | 13 WT > caer ee matali ieee 166 Augusta .. 244 60 do bro pek 6000 57 17 92 27 «o pek sou 2430 36 167 246 50 do pekoe 3750 38 18 ag 5 haa soul 450 32 168 248 14 do pek sou 1060 35 19 K 26 5%-ch pek sou 200 30 169 250 2 do dust 3u0 26 20 K BT in a5 170 262 2 do_ red leaf 178 20 estate 1721 GE O, in mark oo 2) 8 Go) ofhre.tes 150 2% estate 21 Coslande .. 28 7 ch bro pek 770 57 marp e«. 254 18 ch bro pek 1800 58 22 3) 14 do pekoe 1400 4L 172 256 16 do pekoe 1200 =. 89 23 32. 4 do peksou 400-32 173 268 3 do pek sou 195 32 24 33. 1 do dust 150 8629 174 260 1 do dust 147 26 25 Eadella te 2 SE 423 de bro pek 2300 64 175 262 1 4-ch red leaf 45 20 26 36 16 do pekoe 1440 »3= 40 bid 176 Kirindi we 264 20 ch bro pek 2000 is") 27 38 20 do pek sou 1600 36 bid 177 266 17 do pekoe 1275 39 23 OL sy 408488" ch bro pek 1980 57 bid 178 268 65 do pek sou 375 32 29 42 9 do pekoe 900 8 §=6.39 bid 179 270 1 do duet 132 29 30 44 13 $-ch dust 1300 180 272 1 do red leaf 50 =. 20 31 46 2 do red leaf 110 19 181 Farm .. 274 2 do dust aso. (27 32 St.John’s .. 47 20 ch bropek 2200 = 67 _ bid 182 276 3 do red leaf 270 13 bid | 33 49 27 do pekoe 2430 49 bid 183 Farnham .. 278 29 %4-ch brcorpek 1160 - 59 34 51 24 3.ch pek sou 1440 8=38 You 280 64 do pekoe 2560 40 35 63 2 do dust 3000 30 185 ‘ 282 43 do pek cou 1720 34 36 Kirkoswald.. 54 26 ch pekoe 2600 45 bid 186 Tonacombe 37 56 35 do pek sou 3675 34 bid Ouvah .., 984 21 ch bropek 2310 «77 83 Alliady -» 88 18 }-ch bropek 1080. 45 ; 187 286 56 do pekoe 5600 61 39 60 20 do pekoe 10v0 33 188 288 68 «dco pek sou 800 37 40 K t ... *62°°2 ch 189 290 4 §-ch dust 360. 26 6 4-ch §=pek sou 500 = 30 190 Norwood .. 392 3 do bropek 180 836.50 47 Logan es 64 5 ch dust 600 2 191 294 2 ch pekoe 194 33 48 66 7 do 600 630 21 bid Mesers. SOMERVILLE & Co, putup for gale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the {lth Ouvt., theundermentioned lots of tea (83 933 Ib.), which sold | as under :— Lot No, Mark. 1 WG LW i MTA Rayigama Hatdowa ... Kuruwitty ... Malgolla Allakolla .. RE soe Kelani Woodthrope Ukuwella .. KU i Mahadeniya New Valley ... Peria Kande- kettia eae one Bombra Lyndburst .. DBG ose Box No. Pkgs. ) Ae) 03 7 $-ch 2 8 ch 1 4-ch 3 2 ch 4 4 do 1 tech By ex Rds 6 14 do 1 4-ch Tee £e el 8 7 9-ch 9 2 ch 10 4 do Teds LZ edo 13. 1 do 14 1 box 15 3 do ls 2i 3-ch 17 20 do 18 19 do 19 12 ch 20 13 do zl 29 do 22 ao 2s 6 do 24 15 3-ch 25 10 do 26 5 do 27 41 do 28 24 do 29 24 do 30 2 do 3L 80 do 32 64 do 33 51 do 34 25 ch 35 12 do 360-2 4-ch 38 8 de 39 10 ch 1 3-ch 40 2 ch 1 3-ch 41 53- do 42 83 do 43 39 do 44 5 do 45 2 do 456 6 do 47 4 do 48 13 do 2 do 49 15 do 50 5 do 61 1 do 52 1 do 57 14 ch 58 14 do 59* .55 = ut gids person go © | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 412 2 do usd 2 7} es te Denegama.. pe? 4 a sou oro ss (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) 5 fo) congou {ncn . ¢ 115 NGS, in Mincing Lane, Sept. 22nd, 1893. Ss ae fe -agts rope vamaowse | Marks and prices of OEYLON COFFEE sold ia 116 Chesterford 588 19 ch bro pek 1995 56 bid | \Minciag Dane up to 22nd Sept. -— 117 690 16 do pekce 1600 37 bid : “2 592 eB ae ek sou ay of bid Ex ‘“‘Yorkshire”’—Keenakelle, 1b 107s; 20 106s; 2c Lt al onrovia .. 594 to) ro pek 3 220 veer 596 11 do oenee Ww45 85 bid 102s; 1c 1t 9636d; 1t 1178. Concordia, 1b 98-; 30 983; wat Bes 8 dg pox eon ue a 1b 105s: 1b 90s. Alnwick, lo 1b 99364; 2c 1t 96s 6d; 133 Go as”. fans 300.28 1b 1058; 1¢ 903. Sarnia, 20 1t 1072; 4c 103s 6 1; 1e 95s SAY, OF) Poaued “Cnn PONE ciAee 2p 6!; 16 121364; 1t91e. (ST&LC 8), 2b 78s. Brookside, Baie i a 606 103-ch bro pek 600 44 1 1063; 40 1b 101s; 40 968; le 108s; 2c 8986d. (ST & us Sa eee eat oY 3 LC A), 8 bags 87s; 1 bag 87864. (ST&LCS)PB, 1 bag 128 1 do duct. : au ae 87s 6d. (ST&LC S), 12 baga 79-; 2863. (ST&LC B), 129 5 1 do redilea v9 ou > bs ve 3 é 430 Kirrimettia 618 6 ch bropek 600 46 2 bags 78s;1 86s. Verelapatns, 2b 103-; lc 1b 993 64; 131 318 12 do 1b 96s; 1 110s; 1t 85s. Brookside, 1 bag 100s. Sarnia, ; a eee see a 1 bag 1003. St. Leonards, le 103s; 1c 1t 101s 6d; 40 aay 1b 963; 1t 118s; le 1t Lb 90s; 1 bag 982. h leaf 200 19 5 134 A a Ate a 8 30 Ex ‘ Senator”—Niabedde. 1¢ 103s; 52 100s; 2% 1268. Lone 2 ch a Y 298 gitungeie 13-ch bro pek 250 49 Ex ‘Yorkshire’—Batgodde, le 4b 101s 6d; 1 107s; 136 3 ch pekoe 30037 3 137 4 do pek sou 400 39 1b 1233; 1 87s. . aS i vn cee 2 at Ex “Orizaba’’—Bellongalla SD, 5 bags 81s; 2 82s: 140 1 do congou 500 27 A Ex “‘Yorkshire’’—Needwood, 1b 1083; 1c 1b 107s 6d; ee a eee 26 ch pekoo = 260037 PHA | 3 Lt 1b 103s; 101t 97-: 10 129s; 1e 8836d; 1b 82s; Lt fenngycc oo: 4008 en MOREE 2 57 bid | g0-; 1 bag 1003. Ravenswood, 2t 105%; 1 998 6d; Lb ekKOe y i x 1 Sn 17 ie rei sou 1615 2 1153; 1b 91s 6d; 1 85s; 1 bag 79s. (DO), 20 103s 6d; 945 646 6 do congou 6 : 4s: Ills: 1 84s: 1b 85s: | bag 88s; 4G 648 44g-ch pekdust 360 26 Ho 16, 100s ih 9 Sst LESs ; es po 147 Middleton .. 650 23 4-ch bro pek 1150 65 1 bag 983s. : 148 652 23 ch pekoe 2070 45 153 Palmerston 5 13 Pb pro pek gee Ee bid 154 e ekoe 25 155 bes° 9 do. pekson = 810.-«40.s's:« | CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 256 G,in sgatate ee nar 3 —_ = mar. eee fo} 4 @: 4 4 ich gow 366. «16. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 157 670 1 ch } anh MiNcine Lanz, Sept. 22nd, 1893. 14 4-ch bro mix 714 : Ze ss ~ 168 ; 672 1box dust ee 26) Ex “Doranda”—Warriapolla, 14 bags 93; 40 988; 189 Lameliere ... 674 184-ch bro pek 1080 60 bid | 13 97 6d; 12 668; 15 bags 58s Gd. Suduganga, 56 bags’ 160 Aig trae ekae 550 43 bid | 975; 16 745; 10 563 6d. or EAN SO opal BOS aah PO ae Hx “Orizaba”—Sunnyside, 22 baga 92+; 7 653; 3 74s 262 NGS, in estate ; = Nibs, 1 bag 77 ’ ; e : mark .. 680 15 ch broorpek 1880 30 bid 6d; 3 57. ibs, ag (18. ‘¢ @EYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, — NO. 31.] CoLomBo, OCTOBER 23, 1893. {Epics :—125 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents ; ; 6 copies 4 rupee, COLOMBO. SALES OF TEA. Messrs, BENHAM & BREMNER put up for sa’e at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 11th Oct., the undermentioned lots of tea (12,627 lb.), which sold as unaer:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. ‘Mark No. Pkgs tion. lb. ce. 1 Battagalla .. 16 15 ch sou 1425 34 2 18 2 do faus 300 30 3 Sutton 20 34 do bro pek 3740 70 bid 4 22 16 do pekoe 1440 453 bid 5 Da e700 pek sou 64 37 6 96 23-ch = fans 154 30 7 Hopewell ... 28 1% do bro pek 70 45 8 30 ty do} pek sou 67 30 2) 32) 1, do unas vy} 3u bid 19 Elstov, in estote mark re eS BR lal pek sou 1980 33 11 SB CD) bro wix 109 29 1z SO eed cong u 200 20 15 Irebo 44 6 do or pek 690 65 16 46 9 do pekoe 990 42 bid 17 48 6 do pek sou 600 BB is wo 49 3 do dust 405 37 Mes:rs. A. H. THOMPsON & Uo. put up for sale at the Obiambcr of Commerce Sale-room on the 11th Oct., the undermentioned lots of tea (58444 Ib.), which sold as under :— , Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. lb. Cc. 1 Yahalakelle.. 1 3 ch red leaf 240 19 2 Blackstene... 2 1 do bro pek 80 44 3 MLC .- 38 304-ch bro pek 1650 47 4 5 41 do sou 1845 23 5 7 10 do dust 70u 20 6 : 9 8 do red leaf 400 19 7 AGC cor LOM ch sou 270 24 8 ll 2 do sou No, 2 2000 17 9 13 2 do dust 300 25 10 14 2 do pek dust 240 26 11 Dambala- galia .. 15 14 do or pek 1260 55 bid 12 17 33 do pekce 2970 39 bid 13 19 12 do pek sou 1140 32 bid 14 Dambala- galla »» 21 12 do orpek 108056 15 23 12 do bro pek 1200 58 bid 16 25 14 do pekoe Nol 1400 47 7 27 34 do pekoe 3230 88 bid 18 29 11 do pek sou 1045 32 bid 19 AK A OC, in estate mark Ceylon 3l 37 }-ch bropek 1850 53 20 83 45 4-ch — pekoe 2250 = 39 Qi 35 15 do pek sou 750 de 22 37 3 do dust 210 3U 23 38 2 do c.ngou 10u 25 bid 24 Ardlew and Wisbford.. 39 12 ch broorpek 1020 75 bid 25 41 20 3-ch or pek 900 64 bid 26 43 15 ch pekoe 1350 45 bid 27 Wishford ... 45 9 do pekoe 810 46 (packed with payer between the lead and the tea.) 28 or $-ch bro or pek 165 60 bid 29 re 5 *do bro pek 250 40 bid 30 49 8 do pekoe £00 37 bid 31 51, 1 ch dust 50 29 32 Willesden ... 52 18 4-ch bropeksou 1000 27 bid 33 54 13 do sou 621 27 341 BWL a 06m alaach bro pek 2196 39 35 58 17 $-ch pek sou 857 28 bid 36 Bogahagoda- wate ». 60 4 do bro pek 240 47 37 61 17 do pekoe 35 32 38 63 6 do pek sou 3u0 2 39 64 2 do dust 160 29 40 BS 65 5 do red leaf Ba) 16 41 Wabakule | ~ 66 28 ch bro pek 2800 56 43 68 35 do pekoe 8325 36 43 70 #3 do pek sou 300-80 bid a4 L, in estate mark fe Lara CO, sou 270 18 bid | | ; Chamber of Commerce Sale-room a) Lot Box Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. Description. tb. 0, 45 72 72:. ch dust 260 28 46 73°15 do unas 1500 30 bid 47 Comar 75 17 4-ch ~~ bro pek 850 44 48 17° 8 do pekoe 4:0 Sk 79 4 do pek sou 200 3a 80 2 do dust 100 80 81 1 do bro sou 50 17 82 —°2). do red leaf 100 14 83.92: ich faus 115 29 bid 84 3 4-ch ~~ sou 150.24 bid 85 8 do pek sou 400 29 bid 87 4 do peoe 200 34 bid 87 5 do bro pek 250 45 bid aie ae ie CLL 1 3-ch = bro mix 955 20 64 98 10 ch pek sou 900 2T 65 100. 1 do duct 90 26 Messrs. Brnuam & BREMNER put up forsale at the on the 18th Oct., the undermentioned lots of tea (10,127 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibe {ech 1 Hornsey ese ©620)'. 3, (Ch sou 285 32 2 22 3 do fans 450 28 3 Hatton +» 24 8 4-ch bro pek 440 79 bid 4 26 20 ch pekoe 1800 b4 5 28 7 ¢o pek sou 630 38 bid 6 30. 14-ch dust 8) 28 7 Hope Well... 32 1 do unas 72 32 8 Ireby ate Ske cen pekoe 990 36 bid 9 Suttou 36 34 do Dro pek 3740 65 bid 0 38 16 do pexoe 1440 45 bid: BA: 4u 4 3-ch pek sou 200 26 Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the QOhamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 18th Ocl!. the un- | dermentioned lots of tea (115,978 1b.,) which sol-t as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Dee ce 1 Galloola el evomeel ‘ch congou 100 25 2 76 1 4-ch dust 70 «23 3 DE an ie 2) mah sou 740 33 4N 79 12 ao br» mix 1200 31 5 Haniroo 81 26 §-ch bro pek 1300 51 6 83 2L do pekoe 1050 35 bid uf 85 18 do pek sou 900 32 bid 8 87 1. do dust 8) 9 Agra Ouvab.. 88 46 4-ch broorpek 2990 79 bid 10 90 51 do or peek 3060 63 ll 102 82 do pekoe 4920 46 12 lea 18 do pek sou 1080 36 13 Talagalla 106 22 ch bro pek 2200 52 bid i4 1¢8 23 do bro pek 2.00 52 bid 15 li 19 do or pec W7le 40 bid 16 112 13 do pekoe 1.3> 35 bid 17 114 2 do pek sou 240 29 18 lls «61 do dust 160 27 19 Ottery and Stamford Hilt 116 32 4-ch bro pek 1920 61 20 118 26 do or pek 1300 60 bid 21 120 3k ch pekoe 3ub) 41 bid 29 122 13 do pek sou 1170 35 23 Great Valley 124 21 do bro pek 2310 61 24 126 #5 do pekos 3500 41 id 25 128 2 do bro mix 1¥9 21 26 129 «63 j-ch = aust 210 gs 27 «Galkande- watic 130 25 do bro pek 1250 72 28 132 46 ch pekoe d4idu 41 bid 29 134 7 do pek sou 640 45 30 136 3 4-ch = dust 25 26 31 Glentilt 187 24 do bro pek 1440 61 bid 32 149 20 do pekoe 1040 50 33 141 15 ch pee sou 1500 36 34 143 lL 4-ch = duot S308 bid 2 SEYLON PRODUCE) SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight | Lot Box Descrip- Weight No, ‘Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib! 8! No. Mar«. No. Pkgs. tion. &. Oa 35 Mocha «. 145 24 ch bropek 2520 70 27 27 1 ch congou 100-23 36° 147 29 do pekoe 2900 49 bid | 28 28 14 do dust - 130 «95 bid 37 149 22 do yek sou 1980 36 bid | 29 GW -» 29 7 do _ bro mix 581 16 bid 38 151 5 do faus 600-38 80 30 4 do dust 0B 8-25 39 153 3 do dust 420 629 31 Palawatte .. 31 8 do bropek 883-50 bid 40 Hila +. 154 35 do bropek 3500 52 bid | 32 32 11 do pekoe 1194 = 40 41 156 30 do pek No.1 2700 37 bid | 43 33 13 do pek sou 1346 33 42 Templestowe 158 27 do or pek 2700 58 bid | 34 Allakolla ... 34 25 de pekoe 23875 = 86 43 160 37 do pekoe 3515 40 bid | 35 Hopewell .. %5 18 $-ch or pek 909 45 bid 44 162 14 do peksou 1260 3t bid | 36 36 18 do pekoe 900 «38 bid 45 CGabragalla ... 164 21 4-ch bro pek 945 57 37 37 18 do sou 810 30 bid 46 166 36 do pekoe 1800 = 45 88 RIE -. 88 8 do bropek 400-37 AT 168 21 do pek sou 1050 39 a9 89 10 ch sy 170 5 do sou 250 = 31 1 4-ch pekoe 945 8 28 re 171 2 do dust 120 29 40 40 2 ch 50 Kotuwa- 1 $-ch pek sou 215 8626 gedera .. 172 13 ch bro pek 1300 52 41 Goonambil ... 41 22 do bro pek 1300 Ba Bl, 174 16 do pekoe 1600 33 bid | 42 42 22 do pekoe 1213 38 52 176 14 do pek sou 1400 30 43 43 18 do peksou 977 = 884 53 178 %34-ch ek fans 225 30 44 4i 1 do fans 64 26 54 DE is ate 0) “Ch bro pek 1050 47 45 45 1 do dust 79 25 55 181 21 do pekoe 1911 32 bid | 46 46 1 do bro mix 63 14 56 Obapelton .. 183 12 do bro mix 1080 25 47 Hagalla -. 47 26 do bro pek 1300 46 bid 57 185 2%-ch dust 170 3L 48 48 20 do pekee 1000 35 5 RAJ eo» 186 12 eh bro pek 1200 45 49 49 14 do pek sou 709 21 59 188 13 do pekoe 1300 32 bid | 50 50 3 do bro mix 150-23 60 140 15 do pek sou 1500 = 380 51 51 1 do dust 7 a 61 Glasgow .. 192 33 do bro pek 2640 61 bid | 52 Comillah .. 52 4 ch bro pek 400 4 62 19% 19 do pekoe 1900 45 bid | 53 53. «6 do pekoe 450 31 63 196 4 do dust 600 30 54 54 6 do pek sou 600 27 64 Lawrence .. 197 35 4-ch sou 1750 3L 55 55 1 $-ch dust 80 24 65 Tarf «. 199 4 ch pek sou 400 Bt 56 1P -» 56 19 ch De sou 1425 30 bid 66 200 3 do dust 405 29 57 Yellebende .. 57 8 do bro or pek 760 60 bid 67 NB ws a0 15, do bro mix 1650 34 58 58 6 do bro pek 660 58 bid 68 203 11 do dust 1617 28 59 59 19 do pekoe 1710 41 bid 69 Somerset ... 205 3 do dust 200 29 60 60 15 do pek sou 1000 34 bid 70 Kabragalla... 206 10 4-ch bro tea 5u0 2. 61 Yahalatenne 61 5 do 71 Killin «. 208 8 do bro pek 400 40 1 }-ch bro pek 536 50 bid "12, 209 5 do Pekoe 250 31 62 62 4 ch pekoe 280 35 bid 73 210 5 do Pek sou 250 25 63 v3 2 do pek sou 170 32 bid 74 Maddagedera 211 22 ch bro pek 2420 52 64 64 1 do fans 90 24 1B 213 20 ch pekoe 1900 37 bid | 65 DG -» 6 1 do pekoe 100 41 bid 16 215 17 do Pek rou 1530 33 66 RVK «- 66 5 $-ch bro pek 250 8635 77 Henegama ... 217 1 do bro mix 100 25 67 67 3 do pekoe 150) 31 78 218 2 do dust 230 2g 68 68 11 do pek sou 55025 49 Bogawana, 69 Malgolla .. 69 40 do orpek 2200 =62 in estate 70 70 60 do pekoe 2500 41 mark ww. 219 24 $-ch bro tea 1920 28 val 7L 93 do pe sou 4185 32 80 221 6 do congou 334 29 72 Box oo» 72.9 do or pek 900 26 81 Verelapatna 222427 ch bropek 3105 } witha’n 73 73 21 do pekoe 1890 = 35 82 224 22 do pek sou 2420 ‘ee | a= 74 6 do pesou 510027 rs ie DC (ends Sere aa vial OO ts) bro pek 765 t Messre. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the | 77 77 5 do pe nie 464 45 bid Charaber of Commerce Sale-room on the 18th Oct., aR ae 2 pe unas 186 { i f tea (84,143 lb.), which | 7 o sou 522.38 bid ae Cae ata DEES BS ee Bed I, 80 Ukuwella ... 80 9 do bropek 915 . ot eae i 1a alo pekoa 1000 27 Lot Box Deserip-. Weight 8 a: Y to pek 10054 No, Mark. No. Pkes, tion. Ib. ec. a me Asan B30 W820 of Palins 20047 bid 1 Panawal Etale 3 ch ’ nok mar os OF e congou 270 37 bid . Gl « 1 1 ch sou 95 26 85 Glenalla .. 83 14 do eae 1540 34 2 2 1 do dust 130-5 86 86 22 do or pek 2200 27 3 Lonach can) Sk GO) bro mix 1995 28 87 87 22 do pekoe 2209 56 4 4 7 do dust 108524 88 88 25 do pesou 2500 36 § Kanaka .. 5 7 do bro pek 700 50 89 89 1 do congou 100 35 ‘ | 6 6 8 do pekoe 16037 90 Rayigam .. 90 203-ch bropek 110056 . 7 7 5 do pek sou 475332 91 91 28 do pekoe 140) 36 | 8 8 4 do sou 3972-29 92 Wattagalla, 9 New Tunis- : KV +. 92 3 ch — orpek 200 35 galla .» 9 13 do bropek 1365 50 93 93 2 do bro pek 210 37 10 10 9 do pekoe 810 35 24 ‘ 94 9 do pe sou 50026 qi 11 12 do pek sou 1080 3-32 97S, inestate ; 12 Aadneven .. 12 10 do bro pek 1000 = 63_ bid mark .. 97 2 ch _ bro pek 220. bisa 18 138 12 do pekoe 1080 42 bid | 98 98 1 do 14 144 3 do pek sou 270 = 35 : 1 3-ch pekoe 153-29 15 Arslena .. 15 42 do bro pek 2100 57 bid | 99 99 1 ch pesou 100-25 16 16 55 ae pekae 2150 = 39 bid —— 7 17 25 do ek sou 1250 35 18 18 1 do Peat 5024 Messrs. ForBES & WALKER put up for sale at the 19 Mousagalla.., 19 13 ch § Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 18th Oct., 1Z-ch brope 1356 35 bid | the undermentioned lots of Tea (22 lb. i 20 40 10 ch pekoe O9ddhwE3 bid’! golds amen: a Ti — Qe | 21 10 do pek sou 907 32 3 . 22 W +. 22 123-ch sou 67 2: «| Lot Box Descrip- Weight 23 23 1 do dust 78 25 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. b: c. 24 24 4 ch red leaf 382 i4 95 Mousakende 25 14 do pekoe 1470 39 1 H&H «. 752 & ch obromix 400 25 26 26 5 do pek sou 50032 2 Bon Accord... 754 6 %-ch dust 540-28 Lot “No. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Mark. N ate Beddegama .. New Angam- mane Bry Kakiriskande Harangalla... Meddetenne D C, in estate mark Glenorchy ... Wewesse ... Kelaneiya Galkadua G Goomera Easdale oe Pedro 00 Luccombe Lankapura, w Sinnapittia . Farm D Star, in estate mark Bramley Langdale Shanon eo Deacula pe Malvern te Malvern, A... CG Queensland ... Coneygar Descrip- tion. bro tea bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou sou dust bro pek pekce pek sou bro tea dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou dust FOU dust bro pek pekoe dust pro pek pekoe pek sou sou dust bro pek pekoe dust congou bro pek pek fans pek sou pek sou pekoe bro pek bro mix red leaf red leaf red leat pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou dusr. bro pek pekoe sou pek bro mix 800 dust faos flow pek pekoe pek fans bro pek pekoe Weight Tb. 2040 735 369 450 bid bid bid 3 bid bid bid Lot No. Mark, TB oe Dunkeld .. Brunswick ... Caskieben ... N ; Waitalawa.., Nugagalle ... PRM wee Gonawella ... Gleneagles. . Aberdeen Mousaella .. ME Killarney .. LE RM, in estate mark ae L, in estate mark om Moalpedde... Citrus Fred’s Ruhe Wa Algooltenne KC vas! Pansala- tenne we Annning- kande ont BDWA .. CRD B& D cee Udabage .. Debatgama.. Box No. Pkgs. 32. 2 ch 34. 1 do 36 1 do 38 1 do 40 2 do 42 1 do 44 1 do 46 14 do 48 32 3-ch 50 12 ch 52 5 do 543 «do 56 34 do 58 24 do 60 1 do 62 14 do 64 32 4ch 66 78 do 68 4 do 70 12 2-ch 72 42 do 74 +6 do 76 3 do 78 2 do 80 6 do 88 27 do 90 15 do 92 9 do 94 21 ch 96 i9 do 98 20 do 100 =1 3-ch 102 22 do 104 30 do 106 52 do 108 7 do 110 17 do 112 16 do lig 30 do 116 2 - 3-ch 118 3 do 120 6 ch 122 19 3-ch 124 18 do 126 28 ch 128 § 3-ch 130 12 do 132 10 do 134 8 do 136 2 do 138 1 do 140 2 do 142. (3 «ch 1 j-ch 144 li ch 116 1 do 1 $-ch 148 1 ch 2 3-ch 150 31 do 152 33 ch 154 17 ch 156 3 do 158 1 4-ch 160 121 ch 162 16 do 164 40 do 166 3 do 168 1 do 170 21 do 172 12 do 174 16 do 176 26 do 178 4 do 180 2 do 182 3 do 134 3 $-ch 186 22 do 188 10 do 190 6 ch 192, 2 do 194 2 do 195 do Deserip- * tion. pek sou fans dust br» mix pek fans fans bro mix bro pek or pek pekoe unas pek fans fiow pek pekoe pek fans pek fans bro pek pekoe dust bro pek pekoe pek sou dust sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou dust pekoe bro pek dust pek sou pekoe bro pek pek sou pekoe —~ or pek bro pek bro tea dust pekoe bro or pek or pek 60u pekoe ! bro pek pek sou red leaf congou unas dust bro pek pekoe pek seu brotex bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek bro mix bro mix bro pek pekoe dust conzou pekoe pekoe bro pek pekoe dust red leaf dust pek sou pekoe pek sou bro mix red leaf fans dust 1200 1600 2600 350 200 15) 2040 1320 600 540 200 220 240 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. hot Box Weight > >a Wo. Mark. No. Pkgs Description. Ib. c. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON at Bane a 2 sey dust 120 Ay (F 0 G bede opat peel wal 1 do dust 7 29 “vom ur Commerci orres MiG Battewatte.. 202 1 ch dust 15027 ~ beh Correspondent ) 0 Oo ~=pek sou 500 = 39 INCING LANE Sept, 2 g A758 a\6 16 do pekoe 1, 1600 af bia Mana Gti eat : ie Pt 22, Leas. 9 0 ro pe 1320 = 68 bid ” prices o rYLON © ; 480 Avoca .. 210 18 do bropek 1810 66 Mi.cinz Laue up to29 bs YLON COFFEE sold in 81 212 1 do pekoc 189043 “eS P t0 20 bb Sept. :— 132 214 6 do pek sou 540 36 ed ; 183 Palmerston 216 14 3-ch bro pek TH) G vx “Duurra”—Haputale, lt 106s 6 1; 42 1053; 33 100k: asa 218 15 ch pekoe 1500 4\ 1 103s; 2b.g3 103s. HPT, 4 b , ; 485 220 8 do pek sou 720 3 : . ’ age 91s. Leavgawelle, 186 Torwocd .. 222 18 ch bropek 1600 58 vid | 2b 10%; le 1b 102%; 30995 1b 119s; 2 bags 108 6d 137 224 17 do yekoe 1445 87 bid Gw ay. a 4123 ate “26 8 do 4ck sou 720 4 LGW, 2bage 83s. Us S, in e-tate . c z. ' | mark 228 3 as cr pek 30086 Es “Y orksh re —Gowe-skellie, 3c It 1b 9636d. 10c 199 230 7 do pekos 665 3: bid s6d: : eA > . 2 ’ aL 232 1 do peksou 95 28 3 Gd; 3 104s; 5 98s G1. (GKET(, le 1b 92s 64, 292 NWD 234 2 do bro pek 122. -#U (GKEP), 2: 16883 61. 93 2:6 1 do pekoe 99 3y More 294 Lunukalla.. 438 3 4-ch vei leaf 189 Ib bid Es*K xmuu —Taviulagalia, 1t 120¢. 495 Bogahawatte 240 7 ch dust 1:20 87 Peer 496 Pouc.ck Hill 242 8 do pek sou G20 Ba Ex “Agia ’—K-lbarae, 1: 1065 3e 1t 1053; le 1t 98s: 497 244 23-ch pek fans 140-26 1b 120s: lo 11é F aise : ‘i 193 Cleve .. 246 9 ch hyson 981 46 bid 3; lo Les, 1: 91+; 3b ¥1-; lb 10d. 2 bags 102s; ayo 218 1 do gun powder 115 85 bid > 853 61: 2 le . ze i : ao 3 do twankay 492 24 6 60s 61; @Bse 6 ietabgs. 20 eaumont,., 2352 2 do pek su 214 81 Ix ** Me en cs ies ap va ite 234 2 do dust 3297 he sae az wri ; 20 2t Ib 1028 64; Jo 1 3 in estate 8; Ic 3; S;le 05s; Ze lb - 5 4 mark ., 256 Bi-ch brotea 400 37 1 86a: 1 96s © 2b Bis; 2 bage 98s; a + ral 253 4 ao ausp 600 Bt f t 205 Barimdale.. 260) oO ro pek 80 55 Ty 66 a” ? 2085 22 5 do or ek we ot sete Pr age 1¢ 1062; 2¢ lb 104s 63; 26 207 234 8 do pekoe 68) 4 8; 21s; 1 83:; 1 bag 102s. § 208 266 2 do pek sou 20) 32 ; ; VME INES. oD bagetae 208 268 14-ch dust Mi ABI Ex “Chancellor” —Oraig, 1o 1023; 3c 1t 1b 993 63; 1b Pi SY so 26 ae ee hs ap 115s; 1 893. (JMK), 1b 95s; 1t 948; 1 1003; 1b 86s; 215 Dunbar. 280 2) do bropek 20073 4 bays 85; 1 86s. Mahapahagalla, le lb 104s; 1¢ 1b 26 2 19 ch pekce 1710 = 46 Ols; 5s; 2s . : fy ida ee a a silver Valley -c ro pek 98 47 “A sia”? — = ‘ 27 r a0 See Gg) Hele baa Ex “‘Asia”—Maousava,9 bags 893; 5 87864; 2 83 6d; 22) 290 1 do brotea 101 26 1 653. 221 292 2 do dust 94 20 4 ee 222 me t Qt 1 do congon 5022 Ex “‘Yorkshire'’’—Ouvab, lo 1b 105s; 5¢ 101s 6d; 6o 223 Talgaswela.. 295 19 ec ropek 1900 57 + 2a ° ; ° i oa eapial We, arehen Tone oka 100;; 23 1t 978; lb 111s; le 110s; lo 1b 833 6d; 4 225 3u0 10 do peksou 900 36 bags 101s. 223 302 8 do sou 720 = 32 ? 227 304 3 do dust ADD eT Ex “Dunera”—Loeangawelle, 1 bag 84s. 228 306 3 do bro mix 285 20 929 308 1 do dust 90 26 230 Sembawatie 310 &4 do bro pek 5400 45 a 312 48 a petioe 4569 36 bid 2 314 16 do ek 8o 1440 33 233 Sk DER ACMM ETRE cain. coe CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON, 231 318 133-ch dust 104023 a4 R 559 eee 12 ou ane 12¢0 31 : 236 322 3 do ro tea 270 16 bid f 7 ee ormicmiy "er aa aor (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 238 Polatagama 326 46 3-ch bro pek 2760 53 bil Mincine Lane, Sept. 29ih, 1893. 239 328 89 do pekoe 1950 37 bid " a BY a ie oo sou ey 2 Ex “Asia”—(KA)A, 4 bags 553; 11 66s, : 4 do ro mix 9 2 Kx ‘‘Alg-ria’”—Rockhill, 7 bags 88s. 243 BDW,G 388 19 }ch pekton $503 Ex “Ge orchy”—Dynevor, 13 bags 853 64, 214 ( 338 #7 “do fanings 504 32 Ex “Diomed”—SL(MK)LM, 10 bags 578 641. 245 340 5 do redicaf 285 14 dix ‘Logislator”—SL({MK)LM, 22 bags 683 64. 246 343 3 do dust 27027 Hix “Ixion”’—PBM, 14 bags 58s 64; 2 57s. 447 KGK 4... 344 1 pa s0u 366 ©9621 Ex “Scindia”—PBM, 8 bags 55s, 4 3-c 218 316 1 ch bro mix 714 18 14 3-ch 219 C,SOK, Ceylon in estate mark 348 1 ch sou 100-20 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES 250 350 1 do red leaf £0 15 I LONDON 251 Golcouda .312 5 do bro pek 530 48 N . 52 354 8 do pekoe ° &00 33 Ep ia oe 253 336 1 do pek sou 100 28 234 KW Din (From Our Commercial Correspondent,) estatemark 358 24-ch dust 150 89.29 Mincrxe Lane, Sept 29th, 1893. 235, P\icy ea 360 1 ch red leaf Ae Pe 236 Hillekande.. 362 9 do pekoe 990 Ex “Gaekwar’—Kuru, 2 2s 1d:1 1s 66. 237 3t4 3 do congou 270207 Sn 5 . 9 256 366 5 do edieaf 475 26 Hay, Ocmipz’ Toaseouee ey 239 368. 5 do dust 7250 Ex “Legislator” —Kumaradola, 3. ‘CORHYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. — NO. 32.] Cotomso, NOVEMBER 3, 1893. Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. A. H. Taompson & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 18th Oct,, the undermentioned lots of tea (58,690 lb.), which sold as under : — Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion, \b. c. 2 Woodend .. 1 Ll ch sou 80 19 bid 2 2 1 do dust 125 26 3 Sapitiya- godde on) Bent) bro pek 1980 64 bid 4 5 43 do pekoe 4300 43 bid 5 7 13 do £0u 1300 35 11 Doragalla .. 17 12 ch pek sou 1080 BL 12 19 5 do bro pek 500 45 bid 13 2i 5 do pekoe 475 35 14 23° 2 do bro mix 200 16 bid 15 24 1 do dust 170 25 16 ASC «. 25 5 do fans 250 34 17 26 2 do pek dust 100 28 18 27 3 do red leaf 150 15 19 Halloowella 28 11 do bro pek 1100 64 20 30. 7 do pekoe 700 45 21 32 9 do pek sou 900 39 22 AGC ae Ota abedo! sou 810 20 23 35 7 do sou No, 2 770 15 24 87 2 do dust 300 26 25 33 2 do pek dust 240 26 26 Myraganga.. 39 52 do bro pek 5720 54 bid 27 41 32 do pekoe 3200 41 bid 28 43 11 do pek sou 1100 35 29 EK Y eo» 45 20 do bro pek 2200 45 30 47 15 do pekoe 1500 3L bid 31 DGaAO, in estate mark soot 49) 122 Ch) broorpek 1200 55 bid 32 51 34 do pekoe 3230 37 bid 33 53 33 do do 2910 36 bid 34 55 11 do pek sou 1045 32 bid 35 57 12 do do 1140 3\ bid 36 Ardlaw and Wishford.., 59 12 ch broorpek 1020 72 bid 37 61 15 do pekoe 1350 45 bid 38 0 «. 63 .3§-ch broor pek 165 54 bid 39 64 8 do pekoe 400 37 40 fF, in estate mark on Gowan pekoe 1500 31 41 68 3 do sou 270 15 44 G, in'estate mark oo YP aheetlo bro pek 105 35 45 73 4 do pe sou 330 26 bid 46 74 3 do bro tea 270 16 bid 47 75 1 do redleaf $0 out 48 Charlie Hill.. 76 2 4-ch pe fans 115 30 49 Ties 3) 500 sou 150 28 bid 50 78 8 do peksou 400 30 51 80 4 do pekoe 200 32 bid 52 81 5 do bro pek 250 46 bid 58 AGT cop. Ee Zon bro pek 200 45 bid 50 88 2 do pekoe 170 35 bid 60 89 2 do pe sou 160 29 bid 61 Oodovil eo» 99 6 3-ch bropek 317 35 bid 62 91 5 do pek sou 223 27 8 HG@A se» #92) (22) ch bro pek 2412 43 bid 64 94 10 do pek sou 963 30 bid 65 D ne O6EuL “do red leaf 70 15 68 Vogan +» 99 #13) ‘ch bro pek 1300 61 69 100 15 pekoe 1275 40 bid 70 101.12 pek sou 1020 36 71 102 2 dust 260 25 72 103 3 bro pek sou 255 27 Mr. A. H. THompson put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room onthe 25th Oct., the undermentioned lots of tea (79,323 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pgs. tion. lb. c 1 K'della Pel ln ns) 2 Clt bro pekl 8v0 44 2 3 1 do pekoe 400 B4 3 6 38 do pek sou 255 28 4 6 1 do dust 70 26 | 5 Kaenangama,, 7 22 do bro pek 2310 43 bid 6 9 20 do pekoe 1960 33 7 1) 12 do pek sou 1080 uo Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibs= ce 8 Atchencoil Restate Tra- vaicore Tea 13 35 i-ch ypek sou 1750 29 9 15 15 do unas 825 30 bid 10 RWT pied Ole nt ue CL bro pek 600 il {6 8 do pekoe 600 12 21 12 ado pek sou 1200 > withd’a. 13 23 1 do dust 140 14 24 1 do fans 100 1 SS oe? 20 127,00 bro mix 200 i2 16 QOoloowatte.. 26 5 do bro pek 536 47 17 23 6 do 14-ch pekoe 656 32 18 30 1 box bro mix 17 15 19 31 1 do dust 21 25 2Q Kosgaha- wella ee 382 2 3-ch bro pek 110 45 21 33 1. do pekoe 50 35 £2 Sf U5), do pek sou 250 30 23 35 1 do sou 50 2a | Qt 36 1 do fans 60 16 25 Clarendon .. 37 12 ch bro pek 1343 68 6 39 9 do pekoe 947 35 bid o7 Ab. do pekisou 521 28 bid 28 S—V ». 438 15 4-ch dust 1050 26 | 29 45- 4° ch bro mix 400 22 30 47 2 do fans 200 22 31 48 14-ch pe fans £6 25 #2 Tellisagalla.. 49 3 ch dust £33 26 33 50), 2). do congou 177 22 34 61 3 do red leaf 253 13 85 Sapitiyagoda 62 18 do bro pek 1980 €0 bid. 36 54 43 do pekoe 4300 41 bid 387 Myraganga.. 56 52 do bro pek 4730 52 bid 38 €8 32 do pekoe 3.00 40 bid 39 D GA O, in estate mork oe GORD. do broorpek 1290 50 bid 40 62 34 do pekoe 3230 35 bid 41 64 33 do do 2970 34 bid 42 66 12 do pek sou 1140 30 bie 43 Pambagama 68 3 do dust} 270 26 44 69 11 do congou 990 27 45 Dambala- galla Be ei ee ak) bro or pek 1200 49 bid 46 73 #12 do or pek 1200 40 bid 47 74 16 do bro pek 16C0 42 bie 48 77 32 do pekoe 3290 34 bik 49 79 12 do pek sou 1150 3L 50 Ugieside ie LOL OUAdO dust 810 26 91 83 1 do bro tea 100 20 52 €4° 8 ¢co bro mix 270 15 bid 53 AW see) 50) 10) (dO pekoe 1350 42 bid 74 EK Y 87. 18 do bro pek 1980 44 55 So = 7" do pe sou 700 30 bid 56 PD, in estate mark 00 Mtl DES GO bro pek 430 40 bid 57 93° 3 do pekoe 260 32 bid 58 Vogan we 94 15 ch bro pek 1275 40 bid 59 Doragalla 96 5 do bro pek 500 42 bid 60 W sel? 2. do pek sou 350 25 bid 65 Saidawatte... 106 21 do bro pek 3136 43 65 103 11 do 1 j-ch pekoe 1100 33 €7 Brae «. 110 5 4-ch = dust 250 26 68 Dino 3 do congou 250 22 66 Engurakande 112 7 ch bro pek 758 42 70 1l4 15 do pekie 439 BL Jl Mahanilu 116 1 do 1¢1 leaf 190 15 12 17 i ¥do dust 120 23 73 VKP 118 1 }-ch bro pek 19 35 val 119 1 do pekoe 10 25 75 Devagalla 20 2 ch bro mixed 200 15 — up for sale at the Ohamber of Mr. E. Joun put Oommerce Nale-room ov the25th Oct,, the under- mentioned lots of tea (87,865 lb.), which sold ag under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. Se 1 Yapame 226 2 ch bro pek 220 45 2 Shbawlands .. 227 1 do bro pek 115 45 3 228 2 do pek sou 200 30 4 Whyddon 229. 22 do bro pek 2610 59 5 231 13 do rckoe 1330 43 6 Eila ee 233 35° do ro pek 3500 50 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Tot Box Deserip- Weight | Lot Box Descrip- Wei ; e - eight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. lb, ©. No. Mark. No, Pkgs. float? lb. 7 235 39 ch pekoe No 1 2700 35 bid 28 Tepudeniya.. 28 4 ch bro pek 442 45 8 237 16 do pek sou 1440) ¥ 41a 29 29 6 do pekoe 570 30 bid » 239 16 do dust 080 } it d’n. | 30 30 6 do peksou 510-28 10 Allington .. 241 223-ch bropek 1210 50 31 3L 1 do sou 90 @2 11 243 39 do pckoe 2950 3k 32 32 1 do umas 99 «26 12 215 23 do pek sou 1150 32 33 33 1 do fans 105 =: 12 bid 13 247 3 do. bromix 150 16 3h 34 1 do bropefans 64 27 14 218 3 do dust 240 27 35 Kosgahahena 35 1 do uaas 100 25 15 Tientsin .. 249 30 do bropek 1350 55 y 1 do do 100. 20 16 251 55 ch pekoa 4400 85 85 Depedene .. 35 224-ch bropek 1210 49 17 253 1}-ch sou Ay OS 37 37 49 do pekoe 2150034 18 234 3 do dust 195 29 38 38 31 do pek sou 170932 19 Glentilt ... 255 43 do bropek 2580 59 39 39. 1 do — bro mix 5019 20 257 35 do pekoe 1820 48 40 40 5 do dust 409-28 21 239 32 ch pek sou 2359 33 41 Chetnole .. 41 47 do bro pek 2535 55 bid 22 Madooltenne 261 18 do bropek 1800 52 42 42 25 ch = pekoe 2500 35 bid 23 263 12 do pek sou 1200 33 43 43 12 do peksou 1209 83 24 Glasgow 4. 265 33 ch bropek 2510 61 44 Panawal, 2b 967 19 do pekoe 1909 45 _ Grnan ., 44 1 ch bro mix 80 24 26 Shawlands .. 239 15 do sou 1500 32 45 45 G do pe fans 360 29 27 e7L 14-ca dust 50-26 43 45 3 do dust 2400-25 26 Westhall ... 272 11 ch bdromix 99) «2h 47 Arslena .. 47 42§-ch bro pek 2100 (57 29 Galgawatic.. 274 24-ch red leaf 100 14 43 48 55 do pekoe 2750 «= 38 bid 30 Great Valley 275 35 ch pekoe 3500 «41 43 Mousagalla., 49 13 ch 31 Bewhill :. 279 224-ch bro pex 1232 44Ddid | _ 14-ch bro pek 1356 35 32 281°16 do peksou 16001 4.4, | 90 59 10 ch pekoe 996 «6-83 on Seay Oyt ae o> Par goo} Witsé’a | 51 Uxuwella ., BL 8 do bro pek B40 46 bid 34 Talagalla .. 281 24 ch bropek 2400 47 bia | 52 52 9 do 9 945 45 bid 35 286 12 do orpek 1030 36 bid | 23 53 19 do peros 1000-33 bid 36 DN OD, in | 5 SWK «> 54 21 da sou 1120022 acteta 61 Naseby -. 61 18 do _ bro pok 900 67 bid mark .. 288 56 do broorpek 500 18 bia | 8% J 62 24 do pekoe 1200 = 45 bid 37 290 9 do dust 1359 25 63 KA, in estate 38 302 15 do bro mix 1350 19 mark «. 6314 ch 39 Handroo ., 304 21 3-ch pekoe 1050 33 bid 1l}j-ch unas 1240 927 40 306 18 do peksou 900 29 bid | Sf 64 4 ch congou 31723 41 DE .. 308 2L ch pekoe 191l 3 65 New Valley... 65 7 do or pak 805 «47 42 Kahagalla .. 310 25 do pekoe 2325 as bid | 6 66 15 do pekoe 1650 33 A3 Maddage- 67 67 8 do pek sou 3890 Q7 dera .. 312 20 de pekoe 1900 33 68 Hagalla .. 68 264-ch bro pek 1300 = 48 bid 49 Cruden .. 9323 28 small-ch bro or 69 HHH .. 69 2 do bro pek 125 33 pek 2030 60 70 70 +. 3, 0n pekee 209 28 50 325 19 ch or pek 1900 50 7 71 1 $-ch pe dust 51-35 51 327 17 do pekoe 1700 40 72 Beaveula .. 72 14 ch bro pek 1409 44 D2 329 8 do pek sou 800 36 73 73.10 do pekos 1000 §=32 By) 331 6 do sou 300 29 724 WG oe Te. ome 54 Dickapitiya.. 332 15 do bro pe 1650 49 2 _ 4-ch sou 646 «5 55 334 16 do pekoe 1600 36 15 75. 8.ch 56 336 19 do pesou 1990 3k 13-ch congow 455-23 57 Meedumpitiya 338 133-ch broorpe 715 48 76 76 4 ch 5S 340 10 ch pekos 109035 ; 13-ch bro tea 230 «613 77 ‘B, in estate ae a, Be Se if j ce pek dust 67 26 Messrs. Somervitts & Co. putup for sale at the | 78 “oe po aie 95 83 bid Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 25th Oct, | 7 A ee 2 aT F = > : 2S ue Ser pones lots of tea (76,128 lb.), which sold Messrs. Forees & WALKER put up for sale at the § under : é : Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 25th Oct. Lot i Box, Descrip- Weight the uadermentioned lots of tea (169,800 lb.), which No. Marx. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. es sold as under:— 1 R-T, inestate ot Box Descrip- Weight mark aoe ch fans 112 12pia | No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 2 2 1 do unas 100 = 32 LeLKV .- 370 1 ch bro mix 105 «14 3 3 2 do bro mix 224 24 2 CH, inestate ‘a 4 §84-ch dust 560 25 mark «- 372 13 4-ch sou 650 32 5 CA, in estate 3 CH «ws. 374 12 do dust 950 25 ; mark .» 5110 do peksou 5500 39 36 4 Beddegama.. 376 7 ch bro pek 735 47 bid 6 6 13 do bro mix 728 29 5 K, in estate . 7 Ie B00 red lear 260 21 bid mark «. 378 5 do bro p3k 510 44 3 8 do pek dust 609 26 6 330 18 do pekoe 1710 86632 9 9 1 do dust 8 86-2 7 382 6 do do No.2 600 23 10 Diganakelle... 10 7 ch bro pek 770 51 8 38L 4 do sou 36) 27 i 11 16 do pekoe 1600 37 9 336 5 do unas 440. 23 12 12 6 do peksou 540 31 10 338 24-ch dust 170 27 13 13 2 do pe dust 200 26 11 m T L, io 14 14 12ch redleaf 56 17 estate 15 DMR oo a it Ton bro pek 1870 53 mark o, 390 25 do bro pek 1250 39 16 1s 26 do pekos 2600 36 12 392. 8 ch 17 17 13 do pek sou 1250 32 23-ch bro mix 783 20 18 18 4 do dust 480 27 13 394 15 do dust 1200 (27 19 Palawatte .. 19 8 do bro pek 883 49 bid | 14 Basdale 7“. 800 to cl pekoe 1170 AL bid 20 Malgolla .. 2) 404-ch or pek 2200 59 15 Cc oo» 398 7 2-ch peksou 350 34 21 21 56 do pekoe 2500 38 bid | 16 : 400 4-do pek fans 280 8636 22, 22 93 do pek sou 4185 36 wie: 402 5 do pex dust 425 31 23 Wilandhu .. 25 32 ch bro ps -2560 42 18 KM -- 404 12 ch 24 24 15 do pekoe 1100 30 2i-ch pekoa 1390 26 bid 2b Wallahandu- 19 Bismark. . 405 5 ch bro pek 500 55 bid wa vw» 2 22 do bro pek 220) 43 bid | 20 ? 408 8 do pekoe 800 45 26 26 2t do pelzze 2400 31 bid | 2k 410 2 do peksou 20) 32 pek son 500 28 bid | 22 Frels’ Ruhe., 412 38 do pekoe 36.0 34 Lot No. 23 100 201 Mark. Koorooloo- galla O A, in estate mark} Dambagas- talawa oe Lyegrove Middleton .. Ww B&D Laugdale Choisy on Deaculla D A Pedro co Agarsland 20 Glanrhos Kirrimettia.. Koladenia .., Ingurugalla.. vo 55 Warwick .. Kelaniya ., Polatagama., North Brook Gikiyana- kande P, in estate mark ase Patiagama.., Lankapura, Ww see Caskieben West Hapu- tale Court Lodge Hakurugalla Ellekande ,,, CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Descrip- Weight tion, lb. c. bro pekx 1610 54 pekce 1335 39 pek sou 290 33 sou 270 28 dust 1800 27 congou 200 QF pek ou BLkS 47 dust 560 40 bro pek 550 5D pekoe 1300 37 pek sou 309 29 bro pek 1050 64 pekce 1710 43 peksou 930 34 bro pek 10) 32 pekoe 110 28 pek sou 100 24 red leaf 138 16 bro pek 1930 56 bid pekoe 4300 41 pek sou 1030 37 dust fn oa 27 bro pe 20 oee 39, pekoe 300 t withd’n, pekoe 2070 39 bid pekoe 9) 35 dust 490 25 sou 530 27 bro pek sou 140 28 bro pek 1260 72 do 1350 59 bid pekoe 1190 48 bid do 1260 46 bid pek sou 600 38 do 840 35 dust 240 31 bro pek 2000 pekos 2150 pex sou or pe dust 240 DAY withVn bro pek 1365 50 bid or pek 1445 41 pek sou 1120 36 congou &8 24 dust 93 29 bro mix 312 32 bro pek 588 47 broorpek 488 53 bro tea 240 3) dust 480 31 bro tea 550 14;did bro pek 1080 74 bid pekoe 1595 51 bid dust 80 23 pekoe 2899 38 bro pek 276) 53 pekoa 1950 37 bro pek 3575 37 pekoe 3.00 32 pek sou 1235 30 bro pe dust 510 27 bre tea 220 out pel dust 150 26 red leaf $0 15 bro pek 1100 51 bid pekoe 2400 38 pek sou 100 27 dust 140 26 pekos 3630 38 bid pekos 2400 39 bid pek sou 250 85 copgou 250 29 dust 400 3l bro pe 2530 68 bid pekoe 1674 F4 bid pek sou 1040 41 pek fans 160 32 bro pa 11000 AT bid pekoo i700 34 pek sou 300 28 bro pe 210 60 pek sou 570 33 unas 1260 37 copgou 210 23 Lot No. 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 Mark, Lankapura, M 89 Gampaha .. Aberdeen .. Mousa Ellas GPPeM) in es‘ate mark oe Scisted ae N Ob Harrow oe Nayapane ,,, Ei Msav in estate mark ooo Macaldenia HAT aS S, in estate mark oO Medietenne D, Star in estate mark Chesterford DEK WHR Lunugalla .. Yoxford sss oo Moralioya.. St. Catheriae BW oo A, in estate mark ou Wandala ... BT Rambodde.. N Box No. = AB UW mr ee bo OF Pkes, 3 3-ch Descrip- Weight tion. lb. fans 225 peksou 800 pekoe 2700 95 pek sou 2900 pekoe 2000 bro p3 1680 pekoe 1500 bro pe 2600 pekoe 850 or pek 800 bro pe 18u0 bro ps 1620 pekoe 1485 pe soi 2160 soll 420 pa fans 540 bro pe 395 pekos3 700 pe sou 459 son 1200 dust 150 bro pe 550 pekoe 1655 pe sou 200 bro tea 165 pe sou 99 bro pe 309 bro mix 240 dust 353 bro ps 693 2koe 688 pe sou 530 fans 117 pe sou 145 dust 74 red leaf 73 bro ps 234 bro pe 1595 peko3 1100 bro pe 600 pekoe 630 pe dust 60 bro pe 1890 pekoe 1400 pe sou s00 bro tea 180 dust 250 tans 230 dust 695 red leaf 189 fan 1020 dust 560 sou 254 bro tea 570 red leaf §8 du t 142 pe sow 300 bro pek 450 peko2 510 pe sou 450 pe fans 100 Tans 780 bro tea 330 pe sou 640 pekoe 1080 bro pe 1563 bro pek 100 bro pek 315 pekoe 630 pek sou 120 sou 1.2 dust ot) sou 750 dust 150 bro pe dust 325 fans 6S bid bid bid bid bid id bid bid PRODUCE SALES LIST. LL LL 4 CEYLON Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. ‘Mark No, Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 191 L, in estate mark ww. 730 1 $-ch pekoe 33888 192 752 1 ch pek sou 100 28 193 154 14-ch dust 52 27 198 WW .. 7164 1 do bro pek Bk 385 Messrs. A. H. Toompson & Uo. put up for gale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the let Nov., the undermentioned lots of tea (42,864 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark. No, Pkgs. tion. lb. Cc. oe Ll 84-ch pe sou 450 Cr : Kalas 8 24 a8 Scns 1440 30 bid 3 5 10 do or pek 600 45 4 7 8 do bro pek 495 7 5 Kanangama.. 9 22 ch bro pek 2310 42 bid 6 AGC see 2 Lian) do), “yfou 180 22 q 12 7 do souNo.2 77013 8 14 38 do dust} 450 24 i od do EBs sty fo itiagoda,. 17 20 do ro pe 2 kc i asi 19 43 do pekce 4300 42 bid 12 Dikmukalana 21 4 }-ch dust 200 23 13 A&EL .. 22 1 do red leaf 50 Ce 14 Wahakula .. 23 20 ch bro pek 2009 44 bid 15 25 23 do pekoe 2300 31 bid 16 271 38 do pek sou 300 24 bid 17 28 3 do dust 240 827 18 Willesden .. 29 41 do bropek 4125 40 bid Q1 Myraganga.., 33 24 ¢ ro pe 6 i ansingbage 35 13 do bro orpek 1300 46 bid 6 ‘me tai 37 67 do pekoe 6200 30 bid 24 39 12 do peksou 1140 9-23 bid 25 41 34-ch sou 1300 21 bid 26 EK Y Bo thee Pion bro pek 1260 41 bid 27 Vogan .. 44 14 do bro pek 1400 56 bid 28 46 16 do pekoe 1440 37 bid 29 48 12 do bro sou 1020 30 bid 30 50 2 do bropek sou 170 23 31 51 23 box pro or pek 115 68 32 52) 1 ch dust 130 2k D, in estate #8 mark og he 2) sla) 1 4-ch fans 323 21 34 64 3 ch sou } 308 24 bid CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, Commercial Correspondent ) Mincine Lane, Oct. 6th, 1893. Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing{Lane up{to 6th Oct. :— Ex “‘Obancellor’”—Ouvah, 1c 1023; 9 98s6d; 3c 1b 94s; 10 107s; le 85s; 4 bags 95s 6d. Ex “Yorkshire’’—Oavab, 1¢104s; 4c 1t 100s 6J; 1c 94s; 1t 110s; 1¢ 87s; 2 bags 993 6d. Bix “Sultana””—Dessford, lb 109s; 30 1t 107s; 53 104-; lo 1b 104s; 1t 97s; 1c 1b 1253; 1t 903 6d; 2 bags 102s. Glenlyon, 1b 111s; 4c 1b 109s; 5c 106s; 2 1058 64d; Lt 993s; le 1b 126s; 1t 90364; 2 bags 102s. Ex ‘‘Dunera”’—Ragalla, 1b 1t 1018 64; 7c 100s; 6d; lt 10936d; 5 bags 93>; 1 bag 10ls, Ex “Senator”’—L'ddesdale, Standard Co., 1 bag 86s. Ex ‘‘Ohancellor’’—Pingarawa, lc 106s 6d; 5c 1b 103s; le 1b 97s; 2+ 1203 6d; le 1t 903; 1 bag 102s; 8 84s 6d; 1 903; 1 88s. Ex “‘Dictator’’—Berragalla, 1b 109s; 2c 1b 105s; 1c 100s; 1b 1218; 1 93s 6d; 2c 1b 86s; 1 bag 101s; 1 75s. Gonamotava, lt 1053 6d; 1c 1b 101s 63; 1b 1153: 9b 92 65; 1 bag 102s. (From Our Minoine LANE, Oct. 13th, 189¢ Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Line up to 18th Oot. :— Bx “Dictator’”’—Mahadowa (MCCCo.) 1c 1b 107s 64; Jo 1t 1043 6d; 1c 1003; 1b 116s 64; 1 bag 102s 6d; 2 89s. Hiralouvah, 1b 108s; lc 105s; 1b 101s; 1 116s 6d; 1 85s; 1 89s. Haldamulla, lb 1065; 2c 1048 6d; 1t 99s; 1b 116s 6d; 1 73s. Idulgashens, lc 104s 6d; 1t lb 101°; 1b 116s 6d;1 73s. Kahagalla, 1b 104s; 2 10Is; 1 116s 6d; 2 85s 6d; 1b 63s. Ex “Armenia”—Kehagella, 2c 2b 103s 63; 1b 116s 6d; 1 90s; 2t 72s. Ex “York-bire’—Onavah JB, 1 bag sweeps 84s, Ex “City of Khios”—J. J. Vanderspar & Oo., Colombo, O, 16 bage 86s 6d; Ex “City of Calcutta’—J. J. Vanderspar & Co. Colombo O, London, 5 bags 87s; 4 85s 6d. Ex ‘“‘Yorkshire”’—North Matale, 3 bags 923; 1776 19 95s; t 76s 6!; 2 85:;1 70s. Ex “Dictator’—Ouvah GA, lc 1b 105s; 3c 102s; 1t 952; 1b 112s; le 903 6d; 2 bags 101s 63. Onuvah JB, 1c 1043; 7 1018 63; 3 983 61; 1 116s; 1 92s 62; bags 100s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lanz, Oct. 6th, 1893. Ex “Lincashire’—Yattewatte, 81 bigs 95s; 20 71s 9d; 156 648;3 52s 6d; 12 67s 6d; 18 65s 6d; 3 64s; 5 44s;1 40s. Mincixe Lane, Oct 13th, 1893. Ex ‘‘Lancashire”—Sirigs!'a, 47 bags 100s 6d; 16 78s a ee Ro 5 de 5 53s6d; 148; 1 61s. x ‘‘Sh) onshire’’—Sirigalla, 33 bags 102s 6d; 10 74s: 1,6) ;1 inca hey tee Ex “Armenia’”—Eriagastenne, 14 bags 85s 64; 1 65s; 1 598;1 60°. Goonambil, 15 bags 92s; 2 59s; 12 85s 6d;1 59s. Ex “Barrister”—Rajawelle, 1 bag 553; 168s. Ex “Dictator” —8 aoa 92:5 2 Glee ; Ex “Ningchow”—Palli, 21 bage 648 6d; 364s. FE = “Muttra”— Amba, 20 bags 96s; 94 953;5 74s 64 s. Ex ‘‘Lancashire’—Amba, 8 baga 52s. Ex “Muttra”—Ardnthie, 17 bags 626; 4 70s. Ex ‘'Yorkshire’—E]mehurst, 9 bags 97s; 1 58s;1 53s 6d. Victoria, 4 bags 57s 6d;2 53s 64 ‘ CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent,) Mincixe Lane, Oct. 13th, 1893. . Ex “Glenesk”—Wewelmade, 3 cases 1s 4d;1 23 3ds 1 1s 7d; 11s 63. Galgawattte, 1 case 2s. Mys r>, 12 cases 2s 6d; 11 2s 7d; 2 1s 7d; 3 1s 104; 1 1s 9d; Tyrells, 2 cases 1s 11d; 1 1s 10d; 1 234d; 1 13 7d. Altwood, 2 cases 2834; 2 1s 9d. Ex ‘'O ieni”—(S)C, 3 cases 185d. . Ex ‘‘Kaisow’—Maynetrees, 2 cases 1s 9d. Ex “Legislator” - Dromoland, 2 cases Js 103, Ku- maradola, 2 cases 1a 50. Ex “Mahratta’’—Kitoolmoolla, 1 case 23 3d; 1 Ie 11d; 1 1893; 1 Is3d. Galaha,i case 2s 87; 1 238 5d; 1 2s; 21s 11d. Vedehetta, 1 case 257d: 1 28 2d; t ls 10d; 1 Is 63; 1 2;6d;1 2:; 1 1s 103; 1 1s 5d; 1 Is 4d. Cottaganga, 1 case 2; 2d;1 1s 10’; 1 1s 11d. Ex “Cbancellor’’—Midlands, 1 case 1s 11d; 1 le Sd: 1 1s 64;1 2s 4d. Ex “Golconda”—Tonacombe, 6 cases 2s 7d. Ex ‘Clan Alpine’ —Cottaganga, 3 cases 23 9d. Ex ‘City of Kbios’—Delmar (OBEC), 3 cases 1852 Ex “Glenorchy”—Hentimalie, 6 cases 23 5d. Ex ‘‘Merkare’’—Hentimalie, 5 cases 3s. “(CEYLON QBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. ‘THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. — 1 . NO 33.] Cotomno, Novemser 13, 1893. bse 123 cents each; 3 copies : 30 cents; 6 copies 3 rupee. E Ni A. | Lot Box Descrip- Weight COLOMBO SALES OF TE | No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion, =v LDi (Ge Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at the | 46 101 22 ch pekoe 1920) 33 -Chamb fare, Sal the 1st N 47 103 21 do pek sou 1785 27 amber o ommerce Salé-room on e ls Ov. | 48 105 1%-ch dust 80 26 of tea (3,845 1b.), which sold | 49 106 2 do sou 17045 the undermentioned lots ( )s [50 Bowhill ...107 92 do bropek 1232 43 “23 under:— 51 199 16 ch pek sou 1600 26 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Be Nagur, PH lll 4 do soa 400° 19 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib, c. J we 112. 1 ch bropek 100 42 [= a Q Battalgalla... 22 3 ch sou 300 28 54 113 2 Go pekoe 180 23 % 24 38 do fans 450 27 Wa oa nik H% F&R «. 96 44-ch peksou 200 29 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Oo. putup for sale at the 4 do ST aa 200 4 Chamber of Commerce Sale-roomoa the Ist Nov., 6 Hornsey 1. 32 4 ch sou 400 23 the undermentioned lots of tea (56,704 1b.), whick 3% 93 do fans 450 27 ares Z MC +. 36 52-ch dust 460 32 sold as under: aa antaton, 30 SS ee cheeey Drojtes e005 18 Lot Box Descrip- Weight bid atatele) No. -Mark No. Pkgs. tion, ibe pres mare « 40 1 do bromix 109 23 | 21 Wilpita ... 80 5 ch bro pek 550-45 11 ~ 42 1 do dust 130 ~~ 27 81 3 do pekoe 282-30 12 44 1 do cong.u 10018 3 82 3 do pek sou 324.28 13 Anamallia .. 46 33-ch dust 225 8926 4 83 2 do bro tea 200 «28 14 Farm -- 48 2 ch dust 280 89-25 5 sa 3 do pe faus 399-2 15 50 2 do red leaf 200 15 6 Soleo tans 100 2> 7 85 2 do copgou 184 QL & 87 1 do mixed 80 21 Mr, E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber , 9 WP +» 88 10 do pekoe S002 cee of Uommerce Sale-room on the 1st Nov., the un- a Woodlands ... 89 e e Ma ae oe ae bie dermentioned lots of tea (92,232 Ib.,) which sold | 73 ol ado Pat aan a00 aS “BPs under :— 13 92 1 do Gust 100 24 Lot Box Descrip- Weight AS Apston by) a ce eed leaf p00 13 Te Pree “ 3 aXxolla .. 9 -ch ro pek 655 43 bid No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 1s 95° 49h “Deke 1900 830 bak 1 AgraQuvah.. 10 274-ch broorpek 1755 83 7 95 10 do pek sou 950 23 12 30 d> or pek 1800 62 18 HIS -- 97 TA4--h_ bro pek 350 47 3 1t 40 do pekoe 2400 43 19 93 lu do pekos 500 34 4 Ottery and | 20 y9 22 do pek sou 110) 27 bid Stamford . 21 100 6 do sou 300-23. Lid Hl -- 16 36 3-ch_ bro pek 1980 56 22 2 Wehner red leaf 100 14 5 18 26 do or pek --1300 59 23 2 3 do pexdust 150 24 6 20 23 ch pekoe 2070 36 24> RONGULA, pees See lucn bro pek 2310 47 bid q 22 13 do sou 1170-22 25 4 19 do petoe 1900s 34 bie 8 24 1 do dust 150 31 26 5. 9 do pek sou 6090 28 bid 9 Eadella »» 25 15 do bro pek 1500 54 27 Bo. 8 G9 bro tea 33) 16 bid 0 27 12 do pekoe 1080 37 28 7T..°6 3-: pe dust 489 25 bid ll 29 30 do peksou 2400 31 | 23 Seed arch pe fans 110 7 bid 12 Tarf sce ol ehilido bro pek 1155 28 bid | 40 Strathellie... 9 3 do bro tea 33). 16 13 33 21 do pekoe 1995 25 3L 10 § 3-ch _ pekoe 610 27 14 #5 2 do pek sou 170 23 84 Rayigam .., 11 26 do bro pek 1430 48 ‘15 Bittacy tee 36 35 4-ch bro pek 1925 49 53, 12 34 do pesos 1700 3k 16 35 27 do pekoe 1350 35 34 Morningside 12 7 ch bro pex 100 46 17 40 27 do pek sou 148% 3) | 35 14 8 do pe.oe 800 33 18 42 2 do dust 160 24 | 36 15 4 do pek sou 400 29 19 43 4 do congou 200 24 37 16m l)3da fans 120 Ql 20 Coslanda ... 44 32 do bropek 16u0 50 bid | 38 17- Vi do congou 100 22% 318 | 46 15 ch pekoe 10) 34 bid | 39 Malgolla -. 18 5) 2-ca pekve 2500 338 22 48 9 do pekson 930 = 32 4) Alutkelle .. 19 lv do bro pek s00 45 23 50 1 do pe dust 100 27 al 20 14 do pekoe 7u0 30 24 Galkande- 42 21 17 do pek son $5028 - watte we 5l 26 4-ch. bro pek 1300 70 43 22 3 do red leaf 157 13 25 53.79 ch fekoe TI1L =. 388 bid | 44 Walahandu- 26 Loonagalla.. 55 4 do son 4u0 23 wa see 22 Bt ch pexoe 2100 §©30 bid 27 56 4 4-ch dust 340 Bt 45 24 #5 uo pek sou 5v0 27 bid 38 PDO »» 57 10 do pe fans 750 26 bid | 46 Tepvdeniya.. 2> 6 ch pekoe 570 28 bid 29 59 3 do dust 270s at 47 Arsiena .» 26 55 4-ch pakoe 2750 35 bid 20 Kila ee 60 57 ch bro pek 5700s 46 bid | 49 K.seueath .. 28 32 4-ch bro pek 1860 45 bid Bl 62 <0 do pek No. L 180 35 bid | 50 29 16 ch pek sou 1630 27 bid 32 64 16 do pek sou ls4du 24 bid | 51 Ingeriya ... 30 T7é4-ch bropek 385 4t 33 65 16 do dust 2080 29 52 31 8 do pekoe 4uU 32 84 Anchor, ino 53 32 16 do pek sou 768 25 bid estate 54 EY ads er veo wix 350 19 bik mark «» 68 25 do bro pek 2875 62 bid | 55 34 2 do Lro tea 130 25 35 70 22 do pekoe 2090 43 bid | AK #5 82 do dust 176-25 38 Mocha +» 72 24 do bro pek 2520 «668 bid | 57 RX ~e Gb Laon bro mix 120-2) BT 74 58 do pekoe 680 48 bid | 538 37 1 do faus 10 25 bidt 38 76 40 do pek sou 3600 36 bid | 59 CTM ee 38 3 do bro mix aiu 15 bid 39 Great Valley 78 20 ch bropek 22006 60 EU »» 39 & dh pekoe 400 3) bid 40 80 35 do pekoe 3500 o8 61 40 1 do c¢ ugou Gt wa 41 82 12 do pek sou 1140043 | 62 41 5 ao dust 420 35 42 84 4 $ch dust 320 25 63. 1P vce SSCL pe sou lasv 48 bidk 43 WT a» 88% lich pekoe 99) 3s 64 43 8S 4-ch dust 6iv 2 At 87 30 do pek sou 2700 33 | 6) S, inestate 45 Ayr ve $Y “46 4d-ch bro pek 130047 mars w. @1 2 do unas 66 oS 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ee _) hot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. M rk. No. Pkgs, tion. b. ©. No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. ib, a 66 T, in estate 60 Patiagama .. 864 10 ch bro pek 110) 47 bia mark -» 45 9 ch pek sou 810 23 . sr 46 3 do bro mix 3153 rs i ene Ps 47 2 do pekfaus 218 27 3 ee a ee 89 48 8 do unas 800 «28 “v4 692 Ide ens «1 rd pL he a a nee . gh oan Be 4 SAS te daa sig 38 1 araka ... 50 7 @ ro or pe 00 = 89 bi “3 staan : 72 Bl. 9 do on pak 900 28 bid ee Pussetenne .., aoe rf — 4 pee 1000 41 13 : 62 4 do pek sou 4°0 26 bid 63 900 2 h PexDo 130y 4 74 Wadurewe.. 53 104-ch unas 50025 » BoB 6b \c Sand henoaiieian ae pe i. a a m4 pagan sad yo! 70 Chesterford.. 4 18 do bro pek lsyv—s«BY bid t Betas; eee 186 oiit 44 St. Martin’s.., : J prob bro or pek 4 . 78 57 6 do cou p22 ous | 73 ores een . _ 79 Wahakula .. 58 18 do bro pek 2800 41 4 al OT er ote 80 59 13 do pekoe 100 38 bid} 75 Worth Brook 14 2D sch obennek 15 - 31 60 15 do peksou 1600 25 did | 72 No a ots S280 5. SE: bs 32 W Pee :) eee: Weer fy red leaf 315 lL 17 Castl h 18 12 re — pod 4 bi 33 62 2 do dust 280 23 ae ak” oF bro pe tel ter 1 3 1 do congou 104 18 bid | 78 Saas pee he ae 85 64 i oh ie ek 150 18 eo Eliekande .. + s #0 — pok ., = ; * o oe 105v : a 82 28 7 do - sou ¢30 BL Messrs. Forbes & WALKER put up for sale atthe | 83 ao 3 do red leaf 20 Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the lst Nov., | 84 Alnoor «» 32 18 $-ch bro pek 900s 88 bid the undermentioned lots of Tea (167,547]b.), which | 5° 34 23 do pekoe 1150 30 bid sold as under:— Be 36 31 do pek sou 4a5U 6 bia Lot Box Descrip- Weight 7 a : ° poe = 4 No. Mark. No, Pkegs. tion. lb. c. 89 42 4 do pek faus 220 27 i Munamal .,, 766 3 ch 90 Clyde o. 44 20 ch bropek 2000 48 bid 1 #-ch Lro pek 35448 yl 46 45 do pekoe 2250085 bia 2 768 5 ch pekos 500 30 92 43 8 do pek sou bw ss #7 bid 3 710 7 do 93 60 1 do dust 14026 23-ch pek sou 750 27 94 Torwool ... 52 19 do bro pek 1900 49 bid 4 772 1 do bro tea 50 24 95 54 13 do pekow 1500 = 36 bid 5 17% “AC do, dust 70 26 96 5 6 do pek sou 6iv 29 6 Tillyrie 776 12 ch dust 1800 2 v7 APK - 53 2 do dust 260 27 2f BS AN 778 4 do 9% NWD as “SO 2h bro pek 262 45 4 1j-ch dust No.1 610 2% 99 62 2 do pekoe 18028 8 730 5 ch bro tea 500 15 100 PG@ on. Bae oe dust 42) 26 9 Harrangalla.,. 782 20 do bro pek 2000 45 101 Ingurugall 66 2 do pekoe rou 18) a 10 784 22 do pekoe 1980 32 1u2 68 4 do bre tea 45) 237 35 Amblakanda 794 12 ch brocrpek 120 45 103 L 70 54-ch brot-a 20 =: 18 bia 16 796 19 du pekow 1110 3 104 "7a 6 do. pekoe ae ae) 17 798 t ‘do pek sou 90 25 1u5 Imaru -» %%4 20 do bro tea 1103s 18 pia. 18 : £09° 9 °do brotes 210 93 106 Warwick .. 76 18 do bropex 1030 61” 19 St.Helier’s .. 82 393-ch bro or pek 2145 52 luz 78 29 do pekos 15¥5 65S 20 804 20 ch pekooe 2000-38 1u8 Balgownie., 8 2L ch bro pek aidv = 45 aL 836 7 do pek sou 700 31 109 82 3L do pekoe a0 834 22 Palmerston.,. 808 143-ch bro pek 700 «58 110 8&4 17 }ch peksou 153099 23 810 16 ch _pekoe| 1600-37 11L 8 3 ch sou 270-20 24 812 8 do pekscu 120 31 112 88 3 do dust 390 abe 25 Dunkeld... 814 17 do bro pek 187) bd 113 Northcove... 90 10 ch pexsou 100035 26 816 253-ch or pek 1250 55 1l4 92 6 do congou sud 28 a7 818 17 ch pekoe 1615035 115 94 S5$-ch dust 400-2? 2 Massena oa a8 ach pekos 75U 3k 116 E, in estate 2 ‘ 2 0) or pet 60u i 30 Ganapalla .. 824 6 ao duat 450 Be a a ee ee = 3l 826 51 do pek sou 2550 28 bid it ae ‘SS ioe oy = ex) Be 32 828 78 do pekoe 3900 83 bid | ]y preset. AD Nees ropek =» 14L0 50 bid’. 33 830 68 do bropek 4180 45 pig | 29 ty oe 1v 40 bid 34 L ERM, 120 lu4 18 do pek sou 900-32 bia in estate 123 108 1 i dust re a mark vee 632° 99 sh “Yeon 10 5 ; 2 oe 26 35 Luccombe .. 834 1 do pek feng 120 = 123 -Hunugalla.. 11010 ch bropek 1109 4p 36 835 10 do peksou 1000 26 dia | 124 TES UO SS PERCE 90032 37 838 69 do pekoe 6900 33 bia | 12° 114° 10 do pek son 1000 3g 38 840 28 do bropek 3360-47 ma | 26 6, ee Fs Sere 39 Clydesdale .. 832 4 do peksou 400 49 127 Salem ve 118 6 do bro pek 63047 40 844 12 do pekoe 123047 ae 120013 | do ©» pekog 1170-37 pias 41 846 15 do bro peck 1630 6 129 18D ae aoe | eee Pros 818 16 do broorpek 192) ¢2bia | 182 Aad On oe one 43 Killarney .. 850 54-ch bro pek sou 350 91 131 , ieee ee 223 {160 © 26 44 652 4 ch pekoe 400 43 132 Caskieben ... 128 24 ch pekoe 240) 39 45 854° 15 j-ch’ bro or pek’ 1050 “65 pia_| 188 CBvisy "4. 180° 2 do ©” bro Pek ~- 240 ‘Go 46 856 16 do or pe 960 60 ae ; pete So de IEE 30036 47 Mousa Hila... 858 5 do pek som 250 40 bese a tna a) ee Sie eS 48 860 12 do pekoe 60U 43 bid 135 136 11 do pekoe 13 3u 49 862 13 do or pek 630-5 a ieee a0.) ae 100 a6 5) 864 23 do bropek 138) £9 dia | 138 P Lee ree o> SURBOR =. * 10S Se 51 Langdale .. 866 18 ch bropek 190 55 vid | 189 Monrovia... 142 7 do ropes 710 46 52 WolleyField 868 1 do 140 144 11 do pekoe | llwv . 29. j 1g-ch bro pek 150 41 ee ATO, ee | Oe 53 870 1 ch pekue 90 é 142 148 4 do gou 40 24 54 872 3 do pexsou 300 25 = aT eae” nate LO. at 55 874 2 do tromix 16) 18 ast 152 1 do pekdust — 14). “oe 56 Toragikolle 876 6%-ch bro pek 372 «44 145 Dunbar 15k 18 ch bro pek 180u 62 to) pek sou 622 26 147 158 2 do ek soz 180 5S 682 1 do congon 47 ly 143 16) 1 do ES 139 is CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibs: Lok 149 D, in estate Oe: mark vee OZ 2) chr pek dust 200 26 3 150 Hayilland .. 164 84 %4-ch bropek 462) 51 bid 4 151 166 67 do pekoe 3350 37 5 152 168 53 do pek gou 2385 2) bid 6 153 170 2 do bro mix 10015 qT 154 72 2 do dust 160 24 ll 155 Algooltenne 174 18 ch bropek 18C0 = 48 bid | 12 156 176 21 do pekoe 2100 35 bid 13 157 178 19 do pek sou 1900 29 bid | 14 163 Clunes «. 190 15 ch bro mix 1£09 15 15 16£ Bismark .. 193 4 do bro pek 400 49 bid | 16 165 194 6 do pekoe 608 39 17 166 196 2 do pek sou 15035 18 167 198 1 do unas 100-32 19 168 Polatagama 200 39 4-ch bro pek 2340 46 bid | ¢9 169 202 39 do pekoe 1950 33 bid | a1 170 204 22 do pek sou 1103 29 22 171 Abamalla... 26 5 do fans 250 37 23 172 208 2 do bro mx 80 21 24 173 210 3 do dust 195 25 25 174 Maha Uva.. 212 44 do bro pe 2420 26 175 214 11 ch — pekoe 1045 27 176 B16 \iewdo pek sou 630 > withd’n. | 98 177 218 14-ch congou 60 29 1978 2:0 1 do red leaf 32 30 179 222 3 ch unas 249 29 32 180 Glengariffe,,. 224 2 do cust 254 21 33 34 Messrs. Bennam & Bremner put up forsale at the | 35 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 8th Nov., | 33 the undermentioned lots of tea (11,638 lb.), which sold a as under :— r 39 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 40 No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. LDeeeeetc: a 1 Tavalamtenne 24 15 ch bro pek 1500 52 43 2 26 14 do pekoe 1400 BL 44 3 28 1 do dust 150 26 45 4 UCE BieGlo0l 0) dO! 46 14-ch pekson 452 25 47 5 32 4 Go bro pek dust 28) 29 48 6 Battalgalla... 34 4 ch sou 400 31 49 7f 356 2 do fans 300 25 50 12 Ireby oo 146 ©) 84 do or pek 920 5¢ bid | 51 13 48 11 do pekoe 1210 4t 53 14 50 5 do pek sou 500 35 53 15 Pannapittiya 52 3 4-ch bropek 128 41 54 16 54 6 do Fekce 283 30 bid 7 56 1 do pek sou 50 25 55 18 E 1 do sou 25 18 56 19 Elston, in 57 estate 58 wngrk .» 60 8 ch feksou 720 =30 59 —_——— 60 Messrs. A. H. THomPson & Co. put up for sale at the | 6! Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 8th Noyv., | 63 the undermentioned lots of tea (27,228 lb.), which sold ei as under: — Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ibs) We: ee 1 B8STNE viene ean Das CL bro pek 450 41 bil 87 2 3 6 do pekoe 510 32 68 3 5 7 do pek sou 630 26 bid 4WK os ptt 22)1d0 bro pek 9319 33 bil | 69 5 9 23 do pekoe 2300 896.29 bid “41 Ossington ... 20 5 ch bro pek 550 67 bid 12 22 15 do pekoe 1500 =86 bid | 70 13 24 7 do pek sou 700 26 bid | 72 14 EK Y 25 12 do bro pek 12¢0 40 123 15 Dambala- 73 galla «. £8 12 do brocrpek 1200 4 bid | 74 16 30 49 do pekee 4490 31 bid | 75 17 32 12 do be sou 1180 27 bid | JF 18 Ederapolla ... 84 31 4-ch bropek 1523 42 bid | 77 i RAl oe 78 Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for sale at the | 79 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 8th Nov,, | 82 the undermentioned lots of tea (165,449 lb.), which a sold as under:— 83 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 84 No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Lave d: a 1 KA neuecbe ed) oh 87 1 $-ch bro pek 210 out 88 2 228 3 ch 89 1 4-ch —_ pekoe 395 out | 9) Mark, Weoya Bismark Galkadua Gee vee Harrinstcn... Ederapolla ... Chesterford Goraka oy Knayesmir¢e,.. Maha Uva .. Munamal .. Calsay A D in estate mark Polatagam> Shanuoa Middleton .. T, in estate mark F LM, estate mark In eee Manangoda..,. Freds’ Ruhe.,. Wa ae Ellekande Box No. 220 232 234 £36 238 246 248 250 252 268 270 272 24 276 278 280 282 23k 283 290 292 29 295 228 300 392 BOL 306 383 384 336 388 390 392 394 896 898 4L0 402 404 406 paw Deserip- Weig tion. lb. pek sou 820 bro tea 57 bro mix 360 fans 105 dust 280 bro pek 2145 pokoe 3750 pek sou 1200 dust 260 bro pe 500 pekovs 700 pek sou 200 unas 200 bro pek 700 pekce 475 pek sou 600 sou 4.0 floy pex 765 bro or pek 1650 pekoe 1030 pek sou 6CO dust 280 bro pek 2250 pexce 2540 pek sou 2259 bro pek 2100 pekoe 1200 pek sou 1000 bro pek 625 pekoe. 300 pek sou 200 bro pek 170) pexce 2185 pekoe No.2 600 sou 4 270 dust 145 bro pek 2420 pekoe 1045 pek sou 630 congou 60 red leaf 32 bro pek 100 pekoe 90 pek fans 280 pek sou 1450 pekoe 2150 bro or pek 2540 dust 140 pe« sou 1100 pekoe 1400 bro pek 2650 bro pek 2340 bro pek 495 pesoe 1170 pek sou 1260 bro pek 2415 pekoe 1440 bro pek 198 pekoe 225 pek sou 153 bro sou 152 dust 145 bro pek 550 pekoe 750 pek sou 300 fans 380) dust 84 bro pek 1500 pekoe 2070 pek sou 1475 fans 220 bro mix 178 bro mix 92 sou 109 dust 15k bro pek 1600 pekoe 3325 pek sou 1600 bro pek yeu bro'mix 108 pekoe 600 pek sou 475 copgou 540 dust 625 5 bid bid bid bid. ! j withi’n. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Deserip- Weight Lot Ba Weight No. Marx. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibn2e kg, No. Mark. et Pkgs. Description. — ¢. 91 Becherton ... 408 15 do bro pe 1530 42 bid : y 4 s 92 07h, dot paki, ©1615 Sa bid | gee ee ao Soe ee 93 412 10 do pe son 809 29 bid | 1e7 ww C0 Rhee Sake ee os. m= 94 Aigburth .,,. 414 21 ch bro pa 210) 47 bid 194 Kotaganza... 602 38 ch bro pek 380 & bie 25 416..10yto, Gr pak = 1000 BB 189 “604 17 do pekoe 1530 35 bid 26 438, AD 00, :, BOKO8 g, 2090 . am 190 608 5 do peksou 450 81 bid 97 42) 22 do pek sou © 2200 31 191° Z) {n detate P 98 422 9 do fans 930 23 mark 608 1 ch bro pek 78 36 99 424 7 do congou 700 28 192 i 610 1 do [pe sou 106 26 200 Anningican- 193 Kikiriskande 616 10 do bro pek 500 5) de «. 426 5 do bro pe 550 45 bid | 19g 618 10 do pekoe 5003 201 428 6 do pekos 600 34 bid | 197 620 7 do pe sou 359 (39 102 430 6 do pe sou 600 29 198 622 1 dn dust 71 98 103 432 do conzou 290 25 201 Amblangoda 623 13 ch bro pek 1440 49 bid 104 434 1}ch dust 75 25 22 630 9 do pekoe 990 40 105 North Brook 436 31 ch brope 3235 37 bid | 293 632 7 do pesou Wo 8634 106 438 40 do pekoe 4099 23 bid 204 634 2é-ch dust 160 26 104 RG woot re 3 Pi pak sou 15 as bid | 50; Dunkeld .. 633 16 ch bro pek 1780 65 ao ox -c ro pa 109 414 23 do pekoe 115034 me st: + ae 110 “446 3L do pe sou 1550 30 111 Silverval'ey 4148 1 do bro p3 54 49 112 450 9 do pekos 486 28 iW 452 2 aa epugon 93 20 4 454 1 do ust 6) 425 A ii Homies. see tea ct bro ton i323 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, 1 458 1 do red lea 10) : 117 MoO Pa Gia. do bre tea 609. 23 (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) 18: - 462 8 do st 390 al si . 119 Hf aie orien 108 SL Mrixcrne Lane, Oct. 20th, 1893. a G5B inde Go ine ae Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in 122 Denegama., 470 6 4-ch 330 = -30 Mincing Lane up to 29th Oct.:— 123 =| 472 1 do ‘aa pe No.2 60 28 me vo res @ a fang ee oe ny Ex “Gleness”—Gampaha, lo 105s; 33 104; 3c Ib D} eee us i a , = 2 . 5 126 Doragdili ., 498; "1! ci") Bio pe iid alae 100:; le 113:; 1 bag 102s. GH, lo 1093; lo 8is; lb az Carlabeck ... 480 4 1S Pek sou 490 44 103s; 6 bags 833 61. Delmsw (OBEC), 13 103s; 5c 1b 12 482 10 $-c ust 650 49 : ~ 2 3 129 Trsaru | es do ‘bro eh 1000s 100s 6d; 1c 110s; ic 873; 1 bag 102s. 130 Melrose ... 485 20 c ro pek 2000 48 bid : Pe : . 131 488 id do: yekod 160) 35 bid Ex “Dictator’’—Ragalia, lb 106s; lc 1033; 7c 100% a re AD = ae ek son 1300 34 64; le 1153; 5 bags 903; L bag 86s; 1 bag 953. Liddes- 135 a. i 600 20 133 Frei’s Ruhe 498 1 ao peso 1009-20 dale, Standard Co., 1 105s; 2c 109364; Lb 1093; le Sle; oe Silver Valley 500 a ee oe an is bag 101s. Gordoa, 1% 1053; 2¢ 102361; Lb 113s; lb 923; 138 Castlereagh 502 12 ch bro pe don 0! Ei 1bag 102s, 139 604 13 do or 105.42 a 5 140 506 23 do poke 2070 35 Ex “Daaery’—Ragalla, 1 bag sweeping; 93s. 14L Amblakande 508 o broorpe 600 50 142 510 8 do pekoe 4 724 32 Ex “Pyrrhus’’—GO, 1b 1t 94s 64; 1b 993 64; 1b 86s. 143 512 1 do pesou 90 27 ¥ 144 M .. 514 8 do sou 810 25 Ex “Dictator” —Ormiston, 1b 1103; lo. 109s; 1t Li4-s 145 516 14 do dust 1100 28 lt 91s: 1b 83e us Ascot eye ee 4 do congou 110 26 5 a C Le ape CSE yor a “Pyrrhus’”—Gowerakellie, 1b 103; le 104s; Le 148 Ambawella 522 16 4-ch bro pek 880 70 Ec y = z - 149 594 18 do Bios 990 «48 1b 101s. GEE, 2b 90 ; 2a 1t 894 6d; Le L043. 150 Talgaswela., 523 25 ch bropek 2500 4ibid | Ex “ Glenoreby jaa, 1c 103s 6d. 151 BS 26. do, 5 pekas 2700 34 bit Ex ‘‘O-izaba’’'—Biackwooi, 1 bag sweepiags 91s. 4152 530 14 do pe sou 1230 32 153 632 13 do sou 1170) 30 154 534 2 do congou 170 23 155 536 2 do pe mix 199 21 166 538 1 do ust 150 25 T 159 Yahalakelle 544 11 ch bro pek 1100 §=45 bid CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LON DON: 160 546 14 do pekoe 140) 3k — 7 as 53 a ag pe Eon Hee Ze (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) o ua d : 263 Marguerita $34 a Poh Be or pe 330 48 bid Mrncine Lave, Oct. 20th, 1593. 164 5 © ND) 114069 BEx“Chusan’—Asgeris, 26 bazs 1003; 19 87s64; 5 165 556 10 do pekoe 600 «53 t 2 166 558 1a do pek sou 810 Al 57s 6d, Kumuaraidols, 3 bags 8ls; 18 90s: 2 553 63. 167 MB, in estate Er “Prometheus”—Glenury, 5 bags 903; 1 773; 30 qark .- 569 5 do bropex 300 48 bid | 91s 61; 3 75s 6d; 1 61s; 2 58; 6 743. Black Chom 168 562 6 do pexoe 330 ©=35 bid | 9 bage 533 63; 1 31s. 169 564 5 do pesou 33036 Ex “Ixion” —Kumaradola, 20 bags Sis. 170 Mousa Ella... 666 12 do pekoe 600 43 Ex ‘‘Algeria’—Ankanda, 14 bags 893; 2 703 61;36 Wa ee Bes aaa ig pek 1330 61 733 61;7 Als. 173 a 3a 1S fo pede © 1125 33 uf Ex “Legislator”—Maousava, 9 bags 978 63; 25 883; 174 574. 4 do peksou 280 28 2 603 6d; 14 55s 61. 175 576 1 do dust 150 95 Ex ‘‘Mahratta’ — Maousayva, 3 bags 81s; 13 86s; S 176 ae , ae 1 Heh rei ley oe 17 = 603 63;5 553 64. ; 5 177 Augusta .. 45 ¢ bro pe 4500 42 bid Ho 4 2bags 5586 ae Bet 184 dosh eae eee Be Ee ce ee wile: 19 ba ze 85s - 179 584 11 do peksou 770 28 oo C, freee: 6a; 5 583. 180 586 2 do dust 300 25 Ex “Oxus’—MAC, 9 bazs 56s Se 161 588 2 do rei leaf 170 ~«=«'18 Xx “Atrato —HLCP, 4 bags 65s. “CEYLON OBSERVE” PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 34.] mentioned Conomspo, NOVEMBER 27, 1893, Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupeg, COLOMBO SALES OF. TEA. under :— Lot No. Mark, 2 Talagalla Madooltenne ¥thanside .. GB one Ottery and Stamford Hil Agraouvah .,, Overton oo Blackturn BB = 00 K, in estate mark oe Fernlands .,, Cc Box No. 114 Pkgs. 5 3-ch = ho 00 BD Geo GO Ao BD a) COW 13 Descrip- Weight tion. pek sou bro tea dust dust Ib. c. 200 26 100 18 388 25 291 25 735 31 1710 27 285 25 2600 47 bid 1235 35 bid 240 28 320 25 1400 47 bid 1400 7 270 19 760 26 1170 35 2585 57 bid 900 50 bid 2430 41 1080 35 300 25 1700 42 630 30 1800 60) 2% 2080 38 1530 33 260 25 68 26 1360 - 47 1980 30 bid 180 23 220 25 135 18 ~ 700 17 120 17 1872 55 bid 2100 a4 bid 1550 35 bid 449 435 1710 30 bid 1995 32 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. putup for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 8th Noy., the undermentioned lots of tea (59,982 1b.), which sold | ea under :— Lot Box No, Mark. &No, 1 Dahansike .. 65 2 66 3 67 4 68 5 69 6 Diyagama ... 70 7 71 8 72 8 73 10 Narsngoda .. 74 li 75 12 76 13 17 14 GACeylon... 78 15 79 16> RV. x Pe tei) 17 $1 138 82 5 3-ch ee RDP RRP RRP ORF GH FRAP hee a an ° Descrip- tion. pek sou sou copgeu dust No, dust ,, bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe* pek sou dust sou bro tes bro pek pekoe pek sou 1 2 Weight lb, Ce 250 31 50 23 50 19 260 26 £0 26 700 40 400 29 400 26 85 25 6€0 37 bid 1100 28 1440 26 80 25 205 24 3t5 17 100 39 50°, 29 250 23 Mr, E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber of | Oommerce Sale-room on the Sth Noy,, lots of tea (48,589 lb.), which the under- | sold as: Lot No. Mark, 19 AGnw ne wrOoon 63 Neuchatel, Ceylon Natal GW Ellatenne a Usuwella .. KU Moragalla Woodlands .. Ailakolla ace Rendwa Roseneath TaN Gael estate Mark Dedugalla Doomo one K Hatdowa Sirisande IW Box No.” Pkgs 83 15 ch 84 33 4-ch €&5 24 ch 86 2 3-ch 87. 1 do 94° 9 3-ch 95 26 do 95 18 do 97 .3 do 98 3 ch 99.29 do 1¢0 24 do 1 10 do 2-9) do 3. 3 4-ch 4 1 do Die ze ch 1 4-ch 6 2 ch 7 3 dv 8 3 do 9 ~2-do 10 6 do ll 41 3-ch 12 19 ch 13 2t ds 1i 19 do 159 do 16 15 3-ch Vien ncn 18 1 do 19) 2-2. 20 1 ch 21 10 do 22 12 do PB im Comes) 24 12-ch 25 2 do 26 4 ch 1 3-ch 27 11 ch 1 3-ch 28 3 ch 1 3-ch 29 .8 ch 30 14 do 31 12 do 82 36 do 33 20 box 34 10 3-ch 35 8 do 36 16 do 37 13 do 38 1 ch * 1 $-ch 39 1. ch 2 3-ch 40 1 ch 1 3-ch 41 4 ch 2 3-ch 42 3 do 43° 3 ch Deserip- tion. bro pek pekoe pek sou dust unas bro mix pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro tea pe fans bro pek bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou pekoe pe sou red leaf dust pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro or pe bro pe pekce pek sou pekce bro pek pekoae pek sou or pek bro pek pekoe pe sou unas congeu dust bro mix pekoe bro pek pekoe Weight Ib.- c. 1810 53 kid 1980 37 bid 2280 31 160 25 Utt 25 E85 23 1300 2 810 157 315 2000 2100 1060 810 225 $l 258 40 bid 200 29 bid 303 214 bid 300 £0 bid 170 28 600 withd’n £665 40 bid 1990 51 bid 2310 47 bid 1900 35 bid 900 27 bia 1575 33 630 35 100 17 170 25 109 26 bi 1100 65 bid 1200 47 bid 309 36 80 24 120 35 609 3k 1095 26 bid 310 24 bid 800 20 bid 1400 45 1060 34 bid 3240 23 200 Rid bid 600 58 bid 400 33 800 32 650 30 biz 156 23 bid 288 24 18s 20 500 24 bid 160 26 20 20 bid Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 15th Novy., the undermentioned lots of tea (10,602 Ib.), which sold as under:~ Lot No. OPRAGE Se Ve “Mark Lauderdale.., Sutton wo ~ CaDmnmweowmr Deserip- tion, fans sou congiu dust bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou dust Weight ipetece 1440 23 720 a3 909 21 240 26 3410). 5B 2520 = 40 592 35 400 2 CEYLON Mr. A. H. THompson put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 15th Nov., the undermentioned lots of tea (55,678 Ib.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. 1 Kaenangama.,, 1 29 ch bro pek 2045 40 bid 2 3 22 do _ bro pek 2310 40 bid 3 5 26 do pekoe 2470 8=628 bid 4 7 15 do pek sou 1350 0-97 5 3 do bromix B15 922 6 Bogahagoda- watte -» 10 10}-ch bropek 600 89 7 12 20 do pekoe 1100 27 bia 8 14 6 do pek sou 250 2 9 15 1 do sou 50 =. 20 10 16 1 do dust 95 26 11 AGC och AZ. ee ch sou 270 22 12 18 10 do sou No. 2 1100 19 13 20 2 do dust 300 24 14 21 2 do pek dust 240 26 15 F, in estate mark «. 22 16 do unas 1600 = 26 big 16 24 4 do dust 520 25 17 “‘L, in estate mark +. 26 4 do gou 860 «2 18 Myraganga.. 27 16 do broorpek 1760 659 bid 19 29 19 do or pek 1900 51 bia 2 31 30 do bro pek 3000 ~=63 bid 21 33 33 do pekoe 3316 40 bid 23 Ardlaw and Wishford .. 37 25 ch broorpek 2250 177 24 89 35 do or pek 1925 69 bid 26 41 29 do pekoe 2610 40 bid 26 W -- 43 3 do _ bro pek 330 89645 27 44 10 do pek sou 100u 32 bid 28 46 38 do bro tea 300 29 bid 29 Ossington .,. 47 5 do bro pek 550 55 bid 30 49 15 do pekoes 1500 35 bid 31 Comar «- 561 30%4-ch bro pek 1500 4) bid 32 f 53 11 do pekoe 650 28 bid 33 55 6 do pek sou 250 27 34 56 3 do dust 150 25 36 Tellisagalla.. 57 9 ch ek sou 855 28 44 Hderapolla.. 71 31 do ro pek 1528 41 45 Vogan «. 73 19 do _ bro pek 1900 8656 46 75 18 do pekoe 1620 38 47 77 16 do pekoe 1440 35 bid 48 79 12 do pek sou 1020 34 a9 81 2 do bro pek sou 170 28 50 82 1 do dust 130 26 51 Dehiowita .. 83 7 ch congou 630 26 52 ; 85 2 do dust 32008925 Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 15th Noy., the un- dermentioned lots of tea (74,032 lb.,) which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkge. tion. Ib. 0. 1 sN .. 184 4 ch bromix 4003 2 Talawakelle.. 185 3 do red leaf 261 20 3°48 ee. 186 9 do sou 630 28 4 188 1%-ch bromix 48 20 5 189 3 ch dust ~ 330 26 6 190 6 do pek No.2 600 35 7 122 3 do fans 270 33 8 PG e. 193 15 do sou 1050 28 9 195 1 do bro mix 80 20 10 196 5 do dust 550 25 il 198 5 do fans 450 35 12 199. 9 do pekoe No.2 900 35 13 Little Valley 201 22 do bro pek 2420 53 14 203 32 do pekoey 3190 34 15 205 1 do peksou 100 = 8 16 206 1 do dust 150 26 17 Glasgow .. 207 51 do bro pek 4080 63 bid 418 209 19 do pekoe 1900 43 bid 19 Eadella e- 211 19 do bro pek 1900 E 20 2138 12 do pekoe 1°80 36 21 215 13 do pek sou 1170 1 22 Great Valley 217 23 do bro pek 2530 56 bid 28 219.34 do pekoe 3400 36 bid 24 221 1 do congou 90 27 25 222 2 da bro mix 190 19 26 923 5 i-ch dust 400 25 - 27 Glentilt oo. 224 24 ch bro pek 2280 55 bid 38 226 18 do pekoe 1800 29 228 27 do pek sou 2700 35 bid 30 230 20 do sou 2000 30 PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb, (co 31 Lamelier .,. 232 55 $-ch bro pek 3300 50 bid 32 234 34 do pekoe 1700 36 bid 33 2326 24 do kK sou 1200 31 bid 34 L oo 235 22 ch ro pek 2420 «=O bid 35 240 8 do ; 768 3a 325 242 «6 do ust 1020 80 37 Bollagalla ... #44 304-ch bro pek 1650 «46 38 246 18 ch pekoe 1620 33 39 248 12 do pek sou 960 26 40 250 Llé-ch dust 99 25 41 Lawrence .. 25L 27 ch 1 }-ch sou 2750 «27 42 0 ow. 253 18 ch koe 1710 30 43 Bogawana 255 3 do ro tea 210. «a7 44 256 3 4-ch dust 2700-47 45 257 10 do congou 650 33 51 Agra QOuvah.. 267 41 ¢-ch broorpek 2665 89 52 269 43 do or pek 2580 58 53 271 50 do pekoe 3000 45 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Jhamber of Commerce Sale-roomon the 15th Nov. the ur ‘ernentioned lots of tea (58,151 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. Ib. e. 1 Choughleigh 45 14 ch bro pek 1406 «(56 2 46 23 do pekoe 2070 85 é 47 7 do pek sou 630 30 4 48 2 do pek fans 1400-27 5 HE -» 49 7 do pek sou 700019 6 Kelani -- 50 60 §-ch bropek . 3300 55 7 51 81 do pekoe 3665 36 8 52 34 do pek sou 1530s 34 9 63 2 do pe dust 160 27 10 54 2 do dust 140 26 1l Rayigam ... 55 11 do bropek 605 48 12 56 13 do pekoe 650 32 13 57 9 do ek sou 495 31 14 68 7 do ro mix 335 27 15 59 6& do dust 350 «25 16 Arslena «- 60 50 do bro pek 2500 «52 i7 61 60 do pekoe 3000 37 18 62 27 do pek sou 1350-36 19 63 1 do dust 5) 24 22 MovSagalla... 66 14 do 1 4-ch bro pek 1457 4l 23 67 11 ch 1é-ch pekoe 1140 33 24 68 9 ch pe sou 900 30 25 W «. 68 Li-ch son 72. 3 28 70 ch ——ired leaf 200 «da 27 7l Lich = dust 62 25 28 Depedene ... 72 26 do bro pek 1430 44 29 73 57 do pekoe 2856-33 30 74 25 do pek sou 1250 bf 31 75 1 do red leaf 50 17 32 76 2-do dust 160 26 53 Kuruwitte .. 77 12 do bro pek 600 50 34 78 9 do p 414 36 35 79 41 do pek sou 1804 28 36 80 22 do unas. 1100 28 37 81 6 do bro mix 386 22 68 82 1 do dust 24 «26 45 W « 89 4 eh li-ch sou 365 18 46 90 2 ch : 14-ch_ red leaf 224 18 47 Sr a en bro mix 103 22 48 92 1 ch 1 3-ch bro tea 150° «18 49 Peria Kande- kettia -- 93 30 -ch bro pek 3900 44 50 94 25 do pekoe 2875 31 51 95 6 do pek sou 630 28 52 Goonambil .. 96 23 %-ch bro pek 1350 50 53 97 23 do pekoe 1236 34 bid 54 98 18 do pek sou 999 55 99 2 do fans 78 27 56 100 1 do dust 73 2 57 1 1 do _ bro mixed 60 19 58 Sirisanda .. 2 20 box orpek 200 RL20 59 3 8 do or pek 80 R128 60 4 102-ch _ bro pek 600° 57 bid Gl 5 5 do bro pek 300 = 557 Bid 62 6 7 do ekoe 350 3 - 63 7 10 do pek sou 500 32 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Wey No, Mark No. Pkgs, tion. lb. Co 64 VDE oe Sea Cl . Lic Sie 24-ch pekoe 1300 26 u canis 788 3 os fate a0 26 6 JW 9 8 do bropek 160-26 15 788 4 do bromix 290 20 86 10. 3 ch pekoe 260 out 76 Pansalateane 790 34 ch bro pek 3570 49 67 Ingerlya ... 11 5 7-ch bro pek 21546 17 792 27 do pekoe 2700-38 Cs) 12. 6 do pekoe 300 29 7 : 78 794 12 do pek sou 1140 30 89 13 15 do pek sou 720 27 79 796 3 do congou 300 27 70 14 ~3 do bro mix 150 23 80 798 42-ch dust 300 24 8L Middleton ... €00 17 ch bro pek 1785 60 bid Messrs. Forses & WaALK2R put up for sale at the ay eerey aes 802 39 2-ch bro pek 2145 45 Z = 4 nningkande 8)6 6 ch pekoe 600 32 bid: Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the ‘15th No -y | 85 Ederpolla 808 33 do pekoe 2640 33 bid the undermentioned lots of Tea (218,1361b.), which $6 Melrose ae a en Be pek 2000 52 = ae 12 1 o = pekoe 1600 35 sold as under :— 88 N Se si4 5 ch gow 600 «33 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 16 1 do ust 150-25 ; 90 Crathie 818 1 do sou 10025 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. kb. e, 91 ponhasltdataRaust Bink GS 1 West Hapu- 92 Pedro ew. 822'13 do bro pek 1170 76 tale ese 640 4 4-ch pek sou 200 31 93 824 19 do pekoe 1060 52 <’} 642 & do congou 200 29 94 826 15 do pek sou 900 35 2a 1 do do 50 20 98 Gonawella 834 92-ch pekoe sou 405 33 3 644 3 do dust 240 27 99 Moalpedde ... 836 10 do pek sou 500 40 3a 2 do do 160 23 100 Sembawatte 838 16 ch pek sou 1440 29 bid 4 TRE . 646 6 ch bro pek 500 40 101 BFP .. 840 3 }ch unas 145 28 5 648 6 do pekoe 600 29 102 8#2 3 do dust 195 28 6 jj 650 3 do pek sou 300 27 103 B&D . 844 4 ch dust 640 28 7 DC,in estate 104 JV W . 846 14 do pek sou 1332 26 mark «. 652 6 do pek sou 510 = 33 105 818 10 3-ch sou 4717 21 rj 654 28 4-ch dust 1960 = 47 106 850 Llbox dust Bi. 98 9 Kahagaha 656 do pek sou 74-28 1077 BDWA... 852 1 ch 10 658 1 do dust 97 = 25 2%-ch dust 350 = «86 11 Court Lodge 660 21 do bro pek 1365 75 108 854 2 do pek dust 180 27 12 662 12 do pekoe 650 60 109 BDWP 856 1 ch red leaf 112 16 13 664 15 do pek sou 675 41 110 858 2 4-ch bro pekfan 12) 28 14 666 1 do pek fans 97 26 11LL 860 2 do dust 174 27 15 Macaldeniya 668 13 do bro pek 650 56 112 CRD -. 862 3 ch dust 34225 16 670 5 ch pekoe 500 35 113 864 3 do red leaf 300 17 17 672 4 do pek sou 400 31 114 Kuruwille.. 866 17 4-ch bro pek are} itha’ 18 674 14-ch fans 60 28 115 868 25 do pekoe 1375 f 7 = 19 676 1 do dust 60 27 116 Kirrimettia 870 2 do bro pe dust 310 27 20 O .. 678 11 ch bromix 1650 19 117 872 2 do bro mix 28 27 91 Harrington... 680 29 }-ch flowpek 1305 57 bid | 118 Ingurugalia 874 2 do pek sou 180 27 22 682 14 sh bro orpek 13540 57 bid | 119 876 2 do bro tea 240 28 23 684 8 do pekoe — 720 41 1200 NWD -. 878 2 ch bro pek 118 45 24 686 3 do pek sou 5; 300 33 121 880 2 do pekoe 190 30 26 688 2 do dust 280 25 122 Peacock Hill 882 14-ch bro mix 45 18 30 SK -» 698 26 do pek sou 1040 57 123 884 3 do pek fans 210 26 700 2 do dust 150 34 124 West Holy- x 702 4 do congou 160 39 rood ee 886+; 2), ch bro or pek 240 39 33 704 4 do pek fans 240 48 125 888 2 do bro pek 210 38 bid 34 A >. 706 2 ch bro pek 200 35 126 890 4 do pekoe 400 34 25 708 4 do pekoe 370 28 i27 892 24-ch peksou 100 28 's] 710 9 do pek sou 815 28 128 J H S, in 36a 1 do do 65 26 estate 37 712 3 do sou 255 21 mark we 894 ch or pek 700 56 38 Harrangalla 7li4 8 do bro pek 800 43 bid | 129 896 10 do pekoe 950 34 bid 39 716 14 do pekoe 1260 32 bid | 130 898 3 do pek sou 285 32 40 718 20 do pek sou 1800 28 131 900 1 do bro tea 110 1s 41° Dammeria .,. 720 34-ch dust 270 26 132 L -- 902 7 do dust 1120 27 42 722 8 do pek sou 800 37 133 North Brook 904 18 do bro pek 1890 38 43 724 8 do pekoe 800 31 134 906 29 do pekoe 2900 39 44 726 8 do bro pek 480 44 135 Gleneagles... 908 3 do dust 390 26 45 Glenorchy .. 728 38 4-ch bropek 2090 70 136 910 27 do pekoe 2565 41 bid 46 730 45 do pekoe 2250 47 137 912 31 do bro pek 8410 60 61 NT 740 5 ch pekoe 496 30 138 Abereene 914 3 4-ch dust 210 25 52 742 14 do pek sou 1360 27 139 916 22 ch pek sou 1100 32 53 Esperanza ... 744 19 4-ch ekoe 874 32 140 918 33 %-ch pekoe 1650 34 bid 54 746 5 do red leaf 240 2i 141 920 50 do bro pek 2500 43 bid 55 Farm aageds. 39" eh bro pek 900 51 145 Luccombe .. 928 2 ch pek fans 240 24 56 * 750 12 do pekoe 1200 40 146 930 13 do pek cou 1300 3h 57 752 13 do pek sou 1300 35 147 932 71 do pekoe 7100 34 bid 58 754 1 $-ch dust 85 27 148 934 32 do -bfo pek 3810 47 bid 59 Limiliere ., 756 387 do bro pek 2220 50 bid | 149 UdaRadella 936 2%-ch dust 160 27 60 158 23 do pekoe 1150 37 bid | 150 933 1 do red leaf 40 19 : 61 760 13 do pek sou 650 34 ! 151 Patulpana... 910 10 do bro pek 500 33 bid 62 Wewesse .,, 762 64 do bro pek 8200 55 bic | 152 942 10 do peksou 500 28 63 764 55 do pekoe 2750 40 153 944 5 do sou 250 26 64 766 42 do pek sou 2100 33 bid | 154 Moalpedde.. 946 21 do bro pek 1050 42 65 768 1 do sou 50 89-7 155 948 21 do pek sou 1050 2 66 770 3 do dust 240 26 156 950 10 do red leaf 450 2 67 Erlsmere .. 772 4 do dust 280 8=.30 157 952 2 do congou 90 a7 66 kW oD; in 164 Dunkeld 966 12 ch bro pek 1320 56 estate 165 968 18 $-ch or pek 900 52 mark « 774 1 ch pesou 100-6 166 970 16 ch pekoe 1520-36 69 A BE, W 167 DKD 972 5 do pek sou 450 30 in estate 168 974 16 $-ch pek fans 1360 22 mark w» 776 14 $-ch bro pek 770 66 bid | 169 976 4 ch unas 420 «2S 70 7i8 17 do flow pek 760 62 170 Kelaneiya .. 978 52 do bro pek 4422 52 71 FW [.. 780 23 ch koe 2300 = ¢2 171 ¢80 48 do pekoe 4800037 72 782 16 do pek sou 1600 29 bid 172 #82 2 do aust 230 2 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot } Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark. No Pkgs. ~ tion. lb. Ct No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ib” “*e 173 984 2 ch congou 200 26 bid | 23 Saidawatte.. 37 27$-ch bro pe's 3253 = 88 bid , 4 24 38. § do pekoe 1463 30 bid 27a Qnecnsiend | Hig 650 O° oh See ee on a4 2 MGA .. 39 30 do bropek 380 42 bid 176 960 8 do™ unas B00 oy eat -- SD oe” eon? | Ee a7 99222; 40.0; Resane, 360, ap. yl By MAl¥anGR-- 40 SoD Gekpemtt ake SOOM 5 ; : a8 SEY, Siraiep 2200 78 ar Be 29 44 15° do _pekoe 900 13-ch bro mix 150... 04 30 46 8 do orpek 496 «= 44 bid 180 998. 1 do dust 90 57 — 181 Marguerita 1000 5 de bro or pek ld 48 182. Mansa dalla 2.1240. pexsou, 600 33. | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON 184 6 17 do or pek 850 56 — 185 8 53 do bropek 3180 gy (From Our Commercial Correspondent) ae ME 58 ag 2 a br tee Me 26 Mrxcrxe LAnz, Oct. 27th, 1893, 188 AD, in estate = Morks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE cold io mark .. 14 53 do broyek 2650 4p Mincing Lane up to 27th Oct.:— 189 KA 16 » a igh itt ot Ex “Keemun’’—Ouvah GA, 1b 1028; 4¢ 99s; 4e 96s a Se = 23 bid | 6d; le 1b 96+; le 109s; 1c 87s; 3 bags 9886d. Hepa-- 380) Babine Reena een eee - 1088 58 tale, 1t 107s; 20 105s; 1c 1t 101s; 1t12l+; 1bag 101s. 192 22-10 do pekoe 870 ag HPTT, 2 bags 928 6d. 193 24 1 do dust 92 97 Ex “Benslder”—Onvah, 1t 105s; 5¢ 1t 102e; 2e 1t 983; 202 Wilekande . 42 3 ch bro pek 255 57 le 111s; le 91s; 3 bage 109s. 2B fated 20 co DEEPEN SOY Ex “Keemun”—Niabedda, 1t 106s; 1t 3c 101s 64; Say Find kr Fat lbag 104. (NBT), 1b 102s, Govakelle, 1t 106s; 8c 206 50 4 do dust 490. 97 104:; 1c lb 99a 6d; lb 117s. (GKT), lt 89s; 1 107 62 4 do congou 320 99 bag 101s. a Brunswick ... a4 “ do saas 110 34 Ex ‘ Wanderer’’—Pittarat Malle, le 1b 105s 6d; 9¢ 5 d Roane OF 28 1b 103s 6d; 4c 99s; le 16120363; le 20°; 4 bag 1025; 1 ZO Dea Bile a. BB arbor | Proorpek. 210 1 bid | 86s. Goodwood, 1b 105s 6d; le 1t 101r; It 968; 1b 14-ch — bro pek 950 5 1068; 1b 87s. Ambawe'le, ibag 103s; lc 1t 102s 1t lo og 62 3 ch 98:; 16113s; ib 895; 1 bag 101s: le 1002; 2 968 6d; 1b 14-ch pekoe 360 363g 92s 63;1 100s;1 85s. 213 64 3 ra oe io Ex ‘Yorkshire’—ELM, lc 1t 1b 963; 1b 104s; 1 82. aie als . ee Ra 60 } 23 _. Mancixe Lang, Nov. 3rd, 1893, 215 68 2 do dust 140’ 97 Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in 216 70 1 do unas 50 30 Mincing Lane up to Nov, 3rd :— ae Langdale .. re iS ch tie © ae ayy 61 Ex ‘“Dalmatia’’—Craig, 1b 102s; 1t 1b 101s 6d; 1b e., g . 2 =* * ee 35m sot 4nd do hae 4700 BB ee bag 883. (JMK), 1b 92-; 1b 104s; 1b 83s; 227 92 13 do pecou 1170 35 Mae ” 228 Git omeatans 62557 Ex “Keemun’”—Ragalla, 1b 101s; 3c 1b 101s 64; 1s 229 96 8 do dust 390 96 111s; 1 tag 101s; 5 87s, 230 Farnham ?.. 98 234-ch bro orpek 1035 51 bid Ex “Wanderer’—St. Leonards, 2b 1003 63; 2c 2b 98s; 525 cs 2 ue peed 232034 1b 108s. (SLT)SL. 1c 1b 80s 6d; 4c 1b 802; 1t 1b 908. ; Soe aos 56 Da 1 30 Ex “ Dalmatia"—Concordia, 1c 104s 60; 1c 2t 101s 6d; 934 106 3 do dust 210 38 1b 175; 1b 91s. = 245 SL «. 108 15 do bro pek 900 out Ex *Senator”—Ross, 2b 76s 6d. 236 110 12 do pekoe 600 28 2% Polatagama a es de bro pek 2950 47 i ; 339 lie 28 co eves, 1935-38. bid | CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON:. 240 K we D, in ' — estate (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) mark . 118 1 ch pekoe 28 87 , _Mincine Lanz, Oct. 27th, 1893. Messrs. A. H. THompson & Oo: put up for sale at the | 6 ae po anger y seneliies 2s pee St) 2 Bes Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 22nd N UT) i oad?) & - sey the undermentioned lots of tea (31,161 lb.), which sold 3 = a ee = bags'92s; 6 Gls; 4 62s;. a under : — gaia ot Box Weight J No. Mark, von efi, , Mincine Lane, Nov. 3rd, 1893, CoA er b NG 2 qe Ree. pz ereppion. 1b: Re Ex “Dunera ’—Kondesalle (OBEC), 20 bags 97s. 3 8 ado) Smear Pasi use Ex “Golconda —Asgeria, 11 bags 107; 7 bags 97s, . 3 5 4 do peksou 320 29 Kumaradola; 10 bags 95s. ' 2 RWT ae E x do fans 10 21 i Ex ace Wee Finest, 20 bags 106s; 11. C) us 100 26 ags 106s. ; 6 V -» 8 15 do fekce 140 35 bid Ex “Dictator”—Delgolla, 39 bage 65: 7 10 12 a : ; eee - 8 AKA, in (0) pek sou 935 31 bid » _, estate mark.. 12 29%3-ch bro pek 1450 954 ‘a Bs a ae Perce 1400 35 bid CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES ne : P 1 181.8.d0, test | > gg IN LONDON. 12 A 19 2 do ccngou 100-26 ee es ip Sapitiyagodde pe EE Ee bye Tek aoe x ae (From Our Commercial Correspondent,) A oH 104 done eee Be as big itis . Mincine Lane, Oct. 27th, 1893. is D sa, BBINROIN do. o aage R00). als Ex “Orizaba”—Amblamana, 1 case 2s 7d; 1:1s lid; 19 Pambtagama 29 43-ch dust "340 25 1 Is 8d;1 Is6d; 1 1s 4a. 20 30 9 do congou 765 6 Ex ‘'Benalder’’—(OQBEC), 1 ease 1s 8d; 2 1s 11d; 3 21 Comar +» 32 30 do bropek 1500 35 bid | 13 10d;1 1s 6d. “CEYLON OBSERVER,’ PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. —_ NO. 35. ] CotomBo, DecemBER 1, 1893. Paice :—125 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. POLOMEOPSALES (OF TEA, | otter Sarees sates Wiis Uae ae ; -room on the 220 "3 the undermentioned lets of tea (63,211 1b.) which sola. Messrs. BENHAM & Bremner put up forsale at the | 48 under:— Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 22nd Nov., | Lot Box Descrip- Weight the undermentioned lots of tea (6,720 lb.), which sold | No, Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib ce EA ernie Ge : Monrevia .. zs i on bro pek 609 48 j h z a le ae pekoe 1100 27 bid Sot Box Descrip- Weight 4 ce ee tee ta ae a No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibsehie: z TO AC sens 100-27 Z i) pek dust 149 25 1 Hornsey se 28 5 ch sou 500 32 7 5S es 21 5 do pekoe 532 23 3 30 3 do fans 450 31 8 22. 5 do umassorted 445 24 3 Oolapane .. 32 64-ch dust 440 26 9 Lyndhurst .. 23 9 do broorpek 900 45 6 Mahanilu ... 38 15 ch pek sou 1350 33 10 24 9 do bro pek 810 46 7 Elston, in estate 1L 25 14 do pekoe 1190 33 mark .. 40 21 do peksou 1890 0 12 26 12 do pek sou 1020 32 8. PB anestate 13 ¢ 27 1 do red leat 100-16 Praric vs 42 14 }-ch dro tea 770 19 14 Katherine .. 28 2 4-ch bro pek 124 48 9 44 2 do pek dust 150 26 | 15 29 4 do pekoe 215 Be a6 r a 2 he pek sou 265 29 es Oo sou 250 24 Mr. E. Joun, put up for sale at the Obamber 18 32 1 do faus 59-30 - 19 Ketadola .. 33 2 ch or pek 213 43 of Commerce Sale-room on the 22nd Nov., the | 20 34 5 do bro pek 550 42 ‘undermentioned lets of tea (75,116 lb.), which sold ae 35 g de pekog ong 30 as under :-— ae LSG be dterle3-ch’ bro pele €0 3 , i y 38 3 ch 5 5 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 25 39 2 do Ret ie8 at pe a 4 26 40 13-ch bropek dust 64 25 No. ‘Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ipsec: 27 Rayigam ... al 26 do bro pee 21430 5a oO 1 TEN Tels. aol (ch red leaf 500 15 29 Chetnole .. 43 49 $-ch bio pek a Ba bid 2 Galoola ww. 275 14-ch dust 70 30 30 44 22 ch pek hooped 2200 33 bi 3 276 1 do congou 60 25 3L 45 12 do kep sou do 1200 35 5 4 Tarf hae) Add Weed, ch pek sou B- 400 31 32 46 32-ch cou 150 27 5 278 «8 $-ch dust 600 26 33 47 4 *do dust 800 26 6 Henegama .. 280 1 ch _ bromix 10028 34 Hopewell ., 48 11%4-ch or pek 605 45 bi 7 281 2 do dust 240 26 3 38=| 35 49 8 do pekoe 40) 33 bia 8 Maddagedera 282 32 do bro pek 3520 52 | 33 50 10 do pek gou 450 29 bid 9 981 28 do pekoe 2660 35 37 BL ll) box.” dust 3025 10 286 23 do pek sou 2070 31 38 Fore3t Hill 62 22 ch bro pek 2464 51 1l Ottery & Stam- 39 53 18 do pekoe 1890 37 ford Hill ,. 283 424-ch bropek 2310 60 bid 40 54 15 do pek sou 1500 30 12 290 30 do orpek 1350 = 69 41 55 3 do dust 390-26 1B 302 26 ch pekoe 2340 38 bid | 42 56 i do congou 100 26 14 304 14 do pek sou 1250 36 | 43 57 1 do bro mix 90 . 25 15 306 2 do dust 300 3b | 44 GW oe = 58 6 3-ch = gou 3800 27 16 W—T -. 317 35 do bro pek 3600 50 bid | 45 59 4 ch bro pek fans 440 23 17 Madooltenne 39 14 do bro pek 1400 652 | 46 @W -. 60 14-ch bro mix 5322 18 311 14 do bro pek 1400 52 47 61 1 ch dust — 145.25 i9 313 13 do pek sou 1300 3lbid | 48 W ow. 62 42-ch bro mix 200 witha 20 Tientsin ... 315 514-ch bropek 2550 71 49 63. 1 ch red leaf 100 17 2 21 317 20 ch pekoe 1800 45 50 64 2 do pekoe dust 230 26 22 319 17 do pek sou 1360 36 51 Roseneath .. 95 33 4-ch bro pek 2900 44 te eae 3 ach dust a ai 4 66 16 ch pek sou 1680 98 322 c sou 2 | 53 Diyagama .. ) 2 x 5 25 Eila o. 333 39 de Bre pek 3000 55 | ane os iySh Sa ae a 26 325 30 do pek No.1 2700 35 bid | 54 6 P ‘27 Mocha e. 3827 38 do bro pek 2830 70 | 5d e 3 oe esos a0 28 a oa 44 ao rene 4400 49 | 1 4-ch 33L 27 do pek sou 2430 36 bid 56 q 1 ch mixed 80 20 30 333. 6 do fans 72u 35 57 Ukuwel q p 990 2 hi 31 335 4 do dust 560 25 bid 58 nen o a as eee a 3400 30 bd 32 Bt, Leonard’s 335 2 4-ch pekoe 10.0 34 | 52 Earlston 73 43-ch fans 220 29 33 KT .. 337 1 ch peksou 95 48 60 74 7 ch dust 490 26 84 Mousagalla... 338 1 do bro pek 100 47 6L Ws: Ik Gh congou 100 2 35 Glasgow +. 339 42 do bro pek 3360 61 62 Benveula 76 2l ch bro pek 2100 47 36 341 20 do pekoe 2000 46 63 77 #13 do pekoe 1300 35 37 343 12 do pek No.2 1200 38 64 Polgahakande 78 10 do bro pek 1000 64 38 Talagalla .. 345 21 do bro pek 2100 56 bid 65 719 3 do or pek 210 50 39 347 14 do or pek 1260 33 66 80 20 do pekoe 1800 46 40 Templestowe 349 27 do orpek 28% 58 67 Slee, do gepek sou, 7.640) ee 41 10 34 do pekoe 8220 47 oe Saeed naa 510-38 42 12 12 do peksou 1020 35 oe ES Le cores jaune 1200-35 43 14 3 do dust 420 24 70 MR 81 4 do unassorted 440 28 44 Nahakettia .., 15 26%-ch or pex 1456 57 71 85 2 do red leaf 225 16 bid 45 17 18 ch pekoe 1235 36 bid : 1 g-oh 46 19 10 do Dek sou 956 31 72 Yahalantenne 86 4 ch bro pek 462 45 47 21 2 do fans a0 sk me Pi Td Red oS 48 Blackburn ,, 22 16 do bropek 190 43 | 4 5 2 do Tale Hi = 49 24 40 do pekoe 2200 33 | ‘ 5 } a ron a ve 50 BB «. 26 3% }-ch pek sou 165 28 75 @9 1 ch fannings 91 25 51 27 2 do dust 160 26 76 90 1 ¢-ch bro mix °5 21 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 2 Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. 77 Mapitigama.. 91 13 ch bro pe 1365 78 92) 11 ch pe 1109 79 93 8 ch pe sou 800 80 CCALCeylon 94 13 4-ch or pek 806 Bt 95 8 do bro pe 496 82 | 96 14 do pek 700 83 97 4 do sou 240 $4 ‘Allakolla 98 47 do ro pe 3055 85 99 40 ch pek 4000 86 100 27 ch pesou 25t5 - 87 1, @Jch dust . 300 ng Ives A 2 25 4-ch bro pe 1250 29 3 22 ch pek 2090 90 4 18 ch pe sou 1530 91 5 24-ch_ brotea 120 92 6 3 do dust 240 93 JCDS .. 7 22 do bro pe 1210 94 8 12 ch pek 1200 95 9 12 ch pe sou 1200 95 10 5 ch bro mixed 625 97 RVK K .. IL 34-ch brope 150 98 12. 2 do pek 1(0 199 13.44 do e sou 200 100 14. 1 do ro tea 50 101 Aadneven 101 12 ch _ bro pe 1200 102 103" _ 9! ch pek 840 103 105 2 ch pe sou 180 10a ABC 107 8 ch bro pe 809 105 109 16 ch pek 990 106 AS eel pe sou 180 107 Ernan 113 24-ch bro mixed 158 108 115 4 do pe fan 260 109 117 «2 «do dust 26 115 Hagalla 127 35 4-ch bro pe 1750 116 129 2 do pek 1100 117 131 15 do pe sou 750 118 133) 2. do bro mixed oe 119 135 1 do dust 120 TP ts 136 16 ch pe sou 1080 121 HJ At 138 22 4-ch pe sou 1100 2122 Allakolla 140 414-ch brope 2665 123 142 19 ch pek 1900 124 Tinest. mark 144 8 ch unasorted 80 125, 146 4 ch pe sou 376 1 148 3 ch bromixed 306 127 150 1 ch dust 145 123 GLA... 152 33 ch pek 2640 129 154 16 ch pe sou 1280 330 Waharaka 156 6 ch broorpe 600 131 158 6 ch pek 600 132 160 2 ch pesou 200 133 162 1 ch dust 100 134 Glenalla No, 10 1 15 ch broorpe 1650 135 28 ch or pe 2800 136 188 28 ch pek 2800 137 170 30 ch pesou 3v00 133 Knutsford 172 44-ch orpe 242 139 f 174 4 do bro pe 230 140 176 13 do pek 737 141 1178 1 do pe sou; 49 142 180 3 do unagsorted 171 143 182 #1 do fannings 80 Messrs. ForBRSs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 22nd Nov., the undermentioned lots of sold as under:— Lot Box No. Mark, No. 5 D, Starin ; estate mark. .128 6 130 Zz 132 8B 134 9 Citrus oe 136 10 138 A 140 12 142 a3 144 14 146 15 Nugegalla .. 148 16 150 47 152 1% 154 Pkes, 11 do 12 ch tes (207,786 lb.), which Descrip- Weight tion. Ib. bro pek 653 pekoe 1090 red leaf 70 dust 70 bro pek 850 pekoe 1196 pek sou 400 bro tex 100 fans 350 pek dust 230 bro pek 600 pekoe 1840 pek sou 250 dust 180 19 22 23 101 102 103 104 105 t Box Mark. No Waitalawa .. 156 158 169 152 Es3ex oo 16h 166 Dambagas- talawa .. 163 170 Munamal .. 172 Meiddetenue New Anga- maua LPG Golconda .. Dunobar on Harangalla .. Caskieben Palmerston... JH S, in estate mark ee Patulpana ... Patiagama ... Stisted Bearwell one D oe Ambawella.., 298 Donside Castlereagh.. Sembawatte.,, 234 Clyde Beaumont Torwood "ss. Dewalakande Lowlands ... ure Pe nmoocaukr.y toto rwWOOO Descrip- Weight tion. bro pek 1400 pekoe 3650 pek sou 400 dust 380 bro mix 1320 dust 680 ek sou 300 ust €0) bro pek 100 pekoe 10) pek sou 190 congon 78 bro mix 100 bro pek 2525 pekoe 1450 pek sou 950 dust 10 bro pek 122) pekoe 1018 pek sou 550 red leaf 100 unas 160 bro pek 125 pekoe 300 bro pek 3300 pekce 279) pek sou - bro pek flowery pek 2500 pec No.1 1509 pek , 2 2100 unas 400 pek fans 130 bro pek 950 pekoe 2400 pek sou 1030 Gust 471 pekos 950 bro pek 500 bro pek 2129 pekoe 4600 pek sou 2)0 dust 150 pekoe 1300 pek sou 800 sou 495 pe dust 550 congou 330 bro pek 337 pekoe 307 pe sou 55 dust 367 congou 315 bro pex 660 pekoe 759 dust 100 dust 300 red leaf 50 bro pe 1995 or pek 1360 Pekoe 1980 bro ps 3200 pekoe 1995 bro tea 100 du-t 400 bro ps 1600 pekoe 1890 pek sou 990 dust 2380 pe sou 110 dust 170 bro ps 2000 pekoe 1700 pe sou 810 dust 200 broorpek 374 bro pek 3800 pekoe 3600 pe sou 1870 bro pes 600 pekoe 450. Ve sou 45) dust 140 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box No. Mark. No. 106 Lyegrove .. 330 107 sh 332 108 334 109 336 110 Melrose... 338 111 340 112 342 113 344 114 316 115 348 116 350 117 352 130 Lankapura, : M +. 378 131 380 132 382 133 384 134 Aberdeen .,. 386 135 388 136 390 137 392 128 Dea Ella .. 394 139 396 140 398 1441 OGA +» 400 142 402 143 404 144 Killarney .. 406 145 408 146 410 147 Koladepia.. 412 148 Laxapana- galla o- 414 149 416 150 Liskil'een .. 418 151 420 152 422 153 424 154 O, in estate mark woo 426 155 APK +» 428 i566 VO »» 430 157 L, in estate mark ~» 432 159 KM A we 486 160 Moralioys... 438 161 Alnoor wo. 440 163 432 163 444 164 446 165 418 166 450 167 452 168 454 169 Tonacombe Ouvah ,.. 406 458 171 460 112 462 173 Chrystlers ; Farm ~» 464 174 466 176 468 176 Dunkeld ... 470 177 472 178 Ambawella... 474 1799 EW we 476 1s0 SL we 478 18L Miduleton .. 480 182 482 183 Coneygar .. 484 184 485 185 483 186 TB «. 490 187 402 188 404 189 Kuruwilla,., 496 190 4298 191 500 192 502 i193 504 191 AC -» 508 195 DF o- 58 196 §10 197 512 2.0 Fullerton .. 518 aul 520 202 Silver Valley 522 203 524 24 625 Lac} tan ag wn DS a 0D 00 SO Qa ° Descrip- Weight tion. lb. @: tro pe 330 49 pekoe 800 34 pek sou 100 30 dust 150 25 bro pe 1900 49 pekoe 1100 36 pek sou 800 29 pe dust 225 27 brope fans 409 37 sou 570 23 pe dust 170 27 bro pe fans 500 37 red leaf 180 17 pek sou 2100 30 bid pekoe 1600 34 bid bro pek 1980 54 dust 140 23 pesou 1100 29 bid pekoe 1600 34 broorpvek 2450 44 bid pe sou 540 Bk pekoe 1500 40 bro pek 2100 535 dust 150 28 pekoo 2250 37 bro pek 1600 55 bid pekoe 600 40 bro or pek 1610 68 or pek | 1330 54 bro tea, 544 23 dust’ 280 7 red leat 53 18 bro pe 1600 51 pekce 1300 38 pek sou 800 31 dust 140 25 bre tea 200 18 bid dust 28) 27 dn-t 840 30 bro tea 200 21 unas 318 32 Fe sou 200 2 golden tips 4 00 bro or pe 650 R3t4 bro pe 850 5L pekoe 1250 3e pe sou F50 29 pe fans 220 41 dust 280 §=28 bro mix 55 20 bro pek 1870 74 pekoe 5400 43 bid pek sou 500 35 dust 270 <6 sou 440 29 duso 26) 27 bro mix 122 27 bro pek 1760 5t pekoe 1440 34 bid bro pek 710 75 pe sou 1600 =—.29 bid bro pe 9C0 44 bro pek 3200 6k pekoe 2375 43 bro pex 550 65 pekoe 450 9 45 pek sou 180 32 fans 140 28 dist 90 26 bro mix 59 23 bro pe 935 38 pekoe 1375 23 bro pek 110 40 pekoe 44023 pe sou é 26 Pek sou 1355 30 fans 360 25 b.O mix 340 25 du-t 150 25 bro pek 400 35 pekoe 1003 unas 350 23 dust 10k 21 coayou 43 2L Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Marx. No. Pkgs. tion. KDC 205 Keenaga ha Ella 021528) 11 ch sou 100 206 530 1 do fans 125 26 206 532 1 do dust 165 25 208 534 8 do unas 800 26 209 Talgaswela,,. 536 12 do bro pek 1200 45 218 538 17 do pekoe 1615 BL 211 540 12 do pek sou 1089 32 212 542 13 do sou 1170 2g 213 544. 1 do congou 85 27 214 546 ¥ do bro mix 300 15 215 Ettapolla ... 548 11 4-ch bro pek 610 40 bid 216 550 18 do pekce 99) 28 bid 213 Kirrimetia.,. 552 6 ch 14-ch bro pek 650 48 218 554 10 do pekose 1000 26 219 556 24-ch pekoe 100 25 220 558 1 ch red leaf 83 20 222 MalvernaA,,, 560 11 4-ch bro pek 605 42 222 562 2t do pek sou 132) 30 £23 564 2 do sou 110 26 227 Hakurugalla 572 10 do bro pek 1009 43 228 574 14 do pekoe 1400 33 229 576 2 do pe sou 200 27 236 Sembawatte 590 16 do pek sou 1440 29 bid 237 SY .» 592 8 4-ch dust 560 25 238 594 16 do fans 944 3L 239 Harrington 596 27 4-ch flowery pek 1215 63 240 598 29 do do 1305 withd’n. 241 600 lj ch bro or pek 1870 61 242 602 14 do do 1540 withd’n, 243 604 12 do pekos 1080 44 214 6056 5 do pek sou Bde 36 215 608 2 do dust 230 26 2446 MIS W, in estate mark .» 610 6 }-ch bro pek 281 37 bid 217 612. 6 do 1 box pekoe 396 30 bid 248 614 11 ch congou 590 23 bid 249 616 3 34-ch unas 170 27 bid 230 618 1 «do dust 7a 25 251 Warwick .. 620 30 do bro pek 1800 8L bid 252 622 38 do pekoe 2090 59 253 624 2 do congou Ivo 33 254 625 3 do dust 210 27 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at tho Chamber ot Commerce NSale-room on the 29th Noy., the undermentioned lots of tea (18,603 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No Pkgs. tion. lb. Cc. 1 Battalgalla... 30 6 ch sou 600 31 2 32 4 do fans 600 31 3 3B, in estate mark we) SApeele do pek sou 95 23 4 36.261 do dust 108 25 5 Airy Hill .. 38 1 3-ch bro pek 59 6L 6 40 4 do pekoe 200 33 7 WO oe 42 12 ch bro pek 1380 36 8 Cc -» 44 7 do bro pek 765 32 9 46 6 do sou 520 17 109 D ws S0gmpa (do unas 172 19 ll Ireby -» 9 10 do or pek 1150 59 12 52 11 do pekos 1210 43 13 54. 5 do pek sou 509 33 14 66 3 do dust 300 23 15 53 1 do red leaf 70 17 15 Hattono -- 6) 234-ch bro pex 1265 90 17 63 63 ch pekoe 5670 50 OI b4 31 ch pek sou 2790 35 19 66 @4-ch dust 169 26 2) Battalgalla.. 68 7 ch sou 700 out 21 Ju 2 do fans 300 out Mr. E. JouN put up tor sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 29th Noy., the un- dermentioned lots of tea (62.386 lb.,) which sold as under :— : Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 1 Fernland .. 28 3 ¢ red loaf 30 18 (2 wW—-T 29 35 ch bro pek 3600 48 bid *3 3L 32 do pek scu lsd #2 “4 Agra Ouvah., 33 39 j-ch broorpek 2545 84 5 35 37 «do or pek 2220 64 6 eT 43 do pekos 2530 45 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ibs7he. 7 Glentilt .. 389 42 ch 18 4-ch bro pek 4980 = 6B 8 41 18 ch pekoe 1800 48 9 43 55 do pek sou 5500 35 10 45 12%-ch dust 840 31 11 Great Valley 47 23 ch bro pek 2530 «557 12 49 32 do pekoe 3200 39 13 51 12 do peksou 1140) 32 14 53 24-ch dust 160 25 15 Anchor, in 4 estate mark «» 54 17 ch broorpek 2040 0 16 56 19 do orpe 1900 §=60 bid 17 58 25 do pekoe 2375 = 48» 18 60 20 do peksou 2000 «41 32 62 17 do pek fans 1615 39 32 64 19 do dust 1900 26 32 L «. 66 22 do _ bro pek 2420 54 bid 62 Saumaerez ... 68 4 ch fans 480 23 22 69 6 do dust 900 24 25 Callander .. 70 184-ch broorpek 1008 59 26 72 23 do or pek 1288 48 57 74 30 do peloe 1680 37 76 18 do pek eou 1008 33 21 Logan « 7 3 ch £0u 300 15 18 NW «- 79 3 do red leaf 3c0.s«d15 90 80 2 do dust 210 29 21 81 4 do obroorpek 480 27 22 82 3 do congcu 3300-26 83 Kotuwagede- ie: «- 83 28 do bropek 2532 43 bid ¥ 85 35 do pekoe 2465 2 6 87 24 do pek sou 1740 28 36 89 2 do congou 160 19 37 90 1 do bro mix 80 15 38 101 54-ch dust 355 28 39 hs 102. «5 do pek fans 31538 40 K, inestate mark « 103 4 ch congou 40019 41 104 8 do dust 1200 25 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Salé-room on the 29th Nov. the undermentioned lots of tea (57,397 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. _ tion. Ip %e! 1 Kuruwitte .. 15 103-ch bro pek 520 50 2 16 5 do pekoe 930 34 3 17 17 do pek sou 748 29 4 18 21 do unas 966 26 5 19 7 do bro mix 364 21 6 20 #1 do dust 88 26 7 D, M,R, in estate mark 2 21 11 ch bropek 1210 45 bid 8 22 14 do pekoe 1400-34 bid 9 23 6 do pek sou 595 30 10 24 #1 do fans 110 28 il 25 1 do dust 120 26 12 Arsiena e- 26 40 3-ch bro pek 2000 56 13 27 52 do pekoe 2600 35 14 28 28 do pek sou 1400 30 15 29 1 do dust 60 25 16 Gallawatte .. 30 5 do broor pek 250 39 47 31 2 do bro pek 100 38 18 32 29 do pekoe 1450 3L 19 33 Il do pek sou 550 27 20 34 5 do brotea 250 15 21 85 4 do dust 200 26 22 Kananka .. 36 10 ch pek sou 9c0 29 23 37. 1 do pek sou 90 48628 24 38 1 do fans 184 26 ‘25 39 do dust 153-26 26 HH H e. 40 14-ch bro pek 51-336 27 41 1 ch pekoe 100 =. 28 28 42 1 do pek sou 100-23 29 RX ve 43 1 do bro mix 120 24 bid Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No, Pkgs tion. lbs 6 He. 30 44 1 do dust 150 y 31 DG «» 45 1 do bro mix 90 «16 bid 32 46 3%-ch dust 225 26 53 47 38 do fans 195 25 bid 34 MH +. 48 1 do bro mix 60 20 bid 35 49 #1 do duet 75 25 36 WP «- 50 10 ch pekoe 1000 =. 25 -bid 37 51 27 do € 80u 2700 25 bid a8 8 52 3 g-ch ro tea 150 18 #9 53 5 do dust 4c0 = 25 40 A «. 54 2 do bro tea 100 17 41 55 4 do dust 320 25 42 Naseby -. 56 2) 4-ch bropek 1000s 6 bia 43 57 24 do pares 1200 44 bid 49 EHJ 23 fib aoe 40, roorpek 1375 35 bid 50 64 29 ch or pek 2610 out 51 65 4 do pekoe 360s 31 52 D, in estate mark -. 66 2¢-ch bro or pek 126 44 53 67 2 ch obro pek 206 46 54 68 2 do pekoe 161 38 55 BG, in estate mark «. 68 5 do bro pek 510 34 56 70 2 do fans 224 out 57 7l 10 do bro mix 1000 17 58 Roseneath .. 72 27 3-ch bro pek 1485 “4 59 73 16 ch pekoe 1425 33 60 74 14 do pek sou 1260 «4029 cl OG w. 75 174-ch broorpek 950 62 bid 62 76 38 do pek sou 1900 63 77. «7 «ch _~CsoOpek fans 8403 64 W «. 73 5 $ch bro tea 550 27 bid 65 79 #1 ch red leaf 100 —:15 bid 66 Sirisanda .. 80 8 4-ch bro pek 480 653 bid 67 81 10 do pekoe 500 68 82 16 do pek sou 800 32 69 83 8 do unas 150 82 70 84 1 ch congou 78 «8626 11 85 1 do bro mix 83 8620 72 86 1 do 1 }-cch dust 201 27 73 F «. 87 35 do bro pek 1780 = 42 bid 14 88 18 ch pekoe 198u 80 bid 15 89 9 do pek sou 900 29 bid 76 $0 2 do pek dust 230 26 47 Ingeriya .. 91 634-ch bropek 330 50 18 92 7 do pekoe 350 32 79 93 16 do k sou 768 8638 80 94 5 do ro mix 250 48=—-23 81 95 4 do brotea 264 8938 82 Rayigam ... 96 21 do bro pek 1155 3=—s «550 83 97 23 do pekoe 1150 32 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincine Lane, Nov. 10.h, 1893. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold is Mincing Lane up to 10th Noy. :— Ex “Dalmatia”—Ouavah, 3c 102s;2c 1b 99a 6d; le 975; lo 115s; 1t 84s; 2 bage 99s 6d. Ex **Wanderer”—Ouvub, 1b 89-; le 87; 1c 83s; 1b 763; 1b 91s. ; Ex ‘“Cheshire’—Tulloes, 2c 1 1188 6d. Ex *‘Wanderer”—-Niabedda, le 102s; 1b 1126; 1b 80s; 1b 902; 2c 87s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincine Lane, Nov. 10th, 1893. Ex ‘‘ Keemun”’—(KA), 3 bags 58s. ‘‘OEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. —— NO. 36.] Cotompo, Decemser 11, 1893. Pricer :—12} cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Mr. A. H. Tuompson put ap for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 29th Noy., the undermentioned lots of tea (30,489 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. 1 AKA OC, in estate mark Wooiend Sapitiyagoda 5 eae PB Ardlaw and Wishford .. DONG Tm bw Tircoil oo Pp ue Vogan Box No. Pkgs. 28 4-ch 2 ch 1 do 23 do 36 do 10 do 30 4-ch 19 ch Descrip- Weight tion. lb. pekoe 1400 sou 160 dust 140 bro pek 2530 pekoe 860u pek sou 10v0 bro pek 1500 p-k sou 1710 bro pek 1320 pekoe 1030 bro pek 3253 pekoe 1320 pekoe No.2 463 dust 1098 pek sou 2660 sou 665 pek sou 95 dust 260 bro orpek 115 bro pekgou 170 pek sou 1020 pekoe 1800 bro pek 1700 Messrs. Forbes & WALKER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 29th Nov., the undermentioned lots of Tea (254,5501b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkgs. 1 Yarrow ve UZ8OeE ch 2 60H ws 6380 7 $-ch 3 4N 632 10 ch t 634 8 do 5 Galkadua ... 686 9 do 6 638 7 do 7 649 8 do 8 G 642 7 do 9 Radella ». 644 41 do 10 616 25 do ll 648 23 do 12 650 2 do 18 Knavesmire,,, 652 22 do 4 654 37 do 15 656 4 do 16 658 6 do 17 660 1 do 18 Avoca +. 662 11 ch 19 664 10 do - 20 666 5 do 21 WLM ». 668 8 do 22 670 11 do 23 672 1 do 24 674 3 4-ch Q5 Traquair ... 676 & #-ch 26 678 56 do 27 _ 680 8 do anne 682 1 do 31° Mahalla -. 688 2 sh 32 Bifindale .. 690 87 4-ch 33 692 52 do pr 694 19 do 35 Koorocloo- galla .. 696 16 do 36 698 9 do 37 700 6 do 38 702 2 do 41 QObeaterford... 708 16 do 42 710 11 do 43 712 7 do 44 Ingurugalla.., 714 £2 do “ BODY »» 416 19 do A HW8 15 do Descrip- Weight tion. 1b. bp dust 240 25 dust 560 95 bro mix 1200 33 unas 8U0 $5 bro pek 900 43 pekoe 665 42 pek sou 800 29 s0u 700 withd’a, bro pek 4100 60 pekoe 2250 42 pek sou 2070 35 dust 260 95 bro pek 2310 44 Lid pekoe 2430 31 pekoe No2 380 80 sou 426 a7 dust ' 135 925 bropek 1100 61 pekoe 900 42 pek sou 450 82 bro pek 800 54 pekoe 990 37 pek tou 90 29 dust 240 26 bro pek 205 out pekoe 248 18 bid pek sou 400 18 congou 40 19 congou 200 24 pek pou 1665 28 fans 2600 21 dust 950 23 bro pek 1600 50 pekoe 855 36 pek sou 540 32 sour . 180 28 bro pek 1680 49 bid pekoe 1100 34 pek sou 700 30 bro tea 240 29 dust 2660 27 fons i425 29 Dunkeld... Langdale Bloomfield ooo Lankapura, WwW Craigielea Rambodde .. Anningkande North Cove... P, C H, in "estate mark Galle ae Daphne and DH DH Daphne 86 Beverley DO Clydesdale ... Hethersett fe Luccombe .. Ganepalla .. Killarney Havilland ... Radella Castlereagh Yataderia .. Box 0. 720 122 724 726 728 730 732 736 736 7152 754 756 158 760 762 ~ m com tO Descrip- Weight tion. lb. . sou 246 29 red leaf 242 23 or pek 1296 40 bid pekoe 1176 30 bid pek sou 810 28 bid dust 88 25 bro pek 1470 57 or pek 1845 50 pekoe 1400 39 bro pek 2030 57 bid pekoe 4100 37 bid young hyson 1080 67 bid hyson 550 60 do No.2 1100 49 twaukay 340 34 red leaf 100 18 pe dust 320 26 pe sot 1200 32 bid pekoe 4070 38 bid bro pek 2090 42 gou 1200 31 bid bro mix 990 25 dust 200 25 bro pek 1300 65 pekoe 1305 49 pe sou 1350 34 sou 676 33 bro pedust 225 46 dust 75 27 fans 65 3L bro pek 990 46 pekoe 800 34 pek sou 1060 29 congou 200 23 pek eou 800 86 bro pek 150 40 pekoe 900 28 red leat 160 16 congou 320 22 dust 375 23 dust 100 42 bro tea 400 22 do 285 23 dust 120 24 dust 140 24 dust 118 24 pekoe 50 31 sou 70 25 pe dust 1495 27 do 55 27 50u 700 27 dust 240 26 dust 200 26 pek sou 130 33 duat 660 26 pek fans 75 41 pek sou 880 49 pekooe 1520 73 bro pek 1598 91 bro orpek 900 96 pe fans 150 25 pek sou 1100 31 pekoe 6900 §=- 35 bit bro pek 3360 49 pekoe 8000 34 bro pek 4800 47 bro or pek 1260 71 pokoe 300 43 or pek 1140 56 bro pek 4730 53 bid pekoe 3800 33 pek sou 2430 30 bro mix 100 20 dust 160 25 pekoe 360 40 bro pek 1890 68 bid or pek 1190 44 bid pekoe 1890 36 bro or pek 2100 44 bid bro pek 1890 31 bid pekoe 4300 3k pek sou 1330 =. 28 hid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Shot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. No, “Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. 136 Algooltenne 898 12 ch bro pek 1200 49 ature 137 900 17 do pekoe 1700 33 -« 6 ch peksoun 20 2 138 : 902 18 do. pekeou 1300 39 2)-Abertoen .. 070 eben’ Gees } ae 139 Deaculla ... 904 184-ch bropek 1080 5 bid | 9,. 7a 49 do broorpek 3450 44 140 908 31 ch pekoe 2199 43 at Amblakande 74 9 ch broorpe 900 650 141 908 23 do pekoe 9070 48 2oR 7611 do ~ pekoe 990 St 142 910 9 do ek sou 810 20 229 7B'\'2 do bro tea 200 (85 143 919 1 do bromix 80 28 a2’ Court Lodge: | ‘Bh »83 ich. poke.» MA ame 144 914 34-ch dust 240 35 a Ederpolla .. 86 64 do bro pek 2200 44 bid 45 EDP . 916 6 ch sou 480 25 al 2 eee eee 146 918 1 do bromix 60 17 233 a ee ere 147 920 3 do farts 3C0 28 JHW -. 92 34%-ch bro. pek 133 36 bid 148 922 44-ch dust 300 5 = 94 5 ch ek sou 465 28 bid M9 ORD .. 924 2ch redleaf 160 20 : 96 6 do Bro tee ee a 150 926 4 do dust 400 25 po 90 tO, COREOB 7 ae 151 Atherfield .,, 928 24ch dust 160 26 ’ 100. 3, Go, “ae to 48 162 930 5 do sou 250 26 153 KH 4. 932 6 ch bro or pek 680 37 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at the ans Bed B 32 bro pek 475 = 40 Chamber oi Commerce Sale-room on the 6th Dec., ace ods ae eed 4 a4 A ihe pndengewons lots of tea (8,991 lb.), which sold 167 910 1 do redleat 85 41 eT ape oe or a da aueh “ 990 24 Lot Box Descrip- Weight angranoya ts) ro pe 2520 44 bid 3 x j 160 946 31 do pekoe 2945 35 bid Be, guar sg: Me a ib. a 161 948 22 do pek sou 2090 30 1 Wo acainythie (te, | Gan dust 520 a7 169 950 5 do dust 650 26 5 Battalgalla... 26 7 ch sou 700 26 163 FP .. 952 1 do brotes 100 99 6 ; 28 2 do fans 3006 164 954 2 do fans 200 «29 7 Elston, in estate 165 956 4 do dust 600 34 mark .. 30 8 do pek sou 720 (BO 1686 VO ww 958 4 do orpek 400 49 8 2 4 do congou 400 24 167 960 6 do pekoe 570 34 9 Yahalakelle.. 34 1 do dust 155 26 168 Chesterford 962 20 do bro pek 2100 49 bid — 43 ons as itp pekos 1200 By Messrs. A. H. Tompson & Oo. put up for sale at the “Ehret pepe 3d Res a. : a4 aD Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 6th Dec., af tie eae eee Jide =p en the qndespyrotoney lots of tea (27,913 lb.), which sold as under ; — 173 972 4 do ‘ . 1 é-ch bro tea 460 14 Lot Box Descrip- Weight ate ord ] ae bro pek dust ae a5 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ¢. te) e fans ij F 176 978 3 ch Seon ead red 1 Kalkande .. 1 7 4-ch peksou 434 28 177 MMS _... 980 1 ch _ bro pek 110-33 3 20 do pekoe 1220 31 bid 178 982 1 do pekfans 101 97 + S05. a0 meme 310-89 bid 179 St.Gatherine 984 6 do bro pek 540 50 2 6,0; d0 | sai an 180 986 5 do pekoe 425 33 : Pambagama 2 5 a oe a ao 25 181 988 9 do peksou 810 30 * dae! 182 500.1 do pekifans Saaroowvay ae + eee YN i 183 Harangalla 992 14 do bro or pek 1400 47 bid 9 = ae OK Be ae 20 184 994 38 do bropek 3800 46 i a ee > = 186 996 38 do pekoe 3420 37 ae 16® 3. dep ones eee 186 998 7 do peksou 630 38 e soa ter ao one oe ae7 Valleyfield paps an bro pek 90 48 18 Wahgraka ... 30 8 ch bro or pek 800 40 7 19 2 o orpe 800 2 bi 189 re es ee 2 S14 aoe pene 40025 bid 190 Gall coh SS 9 19 a1 “Willesden ... 35 9 i-ch * bro‘pek Seon 191 S, in estate % Myraganga ah 18 ae oe pek ine = Apter“ aylo sp aaa” goo, aoe 35 “oma, at en se ft bid ee ekoe 5 2 aes Salem eo 13 : de bro pek 945 o a8 a 23 G0 at 3603 = oF : o ekoe 720 4d ; 135 16 mt ao Le ES, 235 Bf at Beton. 46 1 o pek sou 1422 28 bid ° congou 0 8 AY see 48 ch dD 14 non Ferndale 7” oa i aust K 2000 21 b 25 Ba ‘ an pekve ‘S70 30 eb ¢ ro pe 52 bid | 80 A?) a8 = A 24 32 do pekoe 3200 36 bid i a peer Os ee 4 id Bs nnamalie... 6 3 ae CEPT No.1 BA ps 3 Mr. E. aoe put up pega os ee Ohamber of 42 30 5 #-ch dust 25 ommerce Sale-room on the ec,, the under- oR Hunvgalla,. 32 11 i bro pek 1210 a mentioned lots of tea (132,445 lb.), which sold es 04, 34 8 do pekoe 800 32 under :— 205 36 10 do pek sou 1000 9 = , me lat acai a Lot Box : Descrip- Weight 207 BTN .. 40 1#ch sou 45 96 No. Mark No Pkgs. tion. 1b. pe 208 St, Helier’s... 42 37 do broorpek 2035 65 4 Tarf -. 110 8 do _ bropek 840-39 209 44 23 ch pekoe 2300 36 5 112 18 do pekoe 1800s 210 46 11 do peksou 1100 30 6 114. 2 do pek sou 200 «a7 911 Queensland 48 18 do flow pek 1800 61 J Doerocoma- 412 50 15 do pekoe 1600 35 della odio 2. "do bro pek 1100 5 213 K G, in estate 8 117 13 do pekoe 1300 35 mark ww» 62 64%-ch bro pek 281 35 bid G 119 1 do dust 140 25 214 54 S ie : aan Ae ty Fadella 50 up a go bro pek 2100 ©4648 bid ‘ Ox pekoe 22 bi oO ekoe 14 215 56 11 ch congou 890 21 bid | 12 124 16 do See 80u 1380 = 916 58 3%-ch unes °° 170 94 bid | 13 Ottery and #17 Polatagama £0 fe ge bip pek eee 49 bil Stamiord ee 1g. oO pekoe 34 bid 1 oie tall 32 3-ch bro pek 1 i 41 64 32 do pesou 1440 31 14 128 42 a an ano 30 bid 9 : 220 Abamalla.. 66 & do dust 280 25 15 180 27 do orpek 1134 64 bid CEYL ON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Deserip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. oO. No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib, c. 1g 132 13 ch pekoe 1080 40 bid | 6 112 1%-ch sou 5524 17 134 1 do dust 150) = .25 7 114 1 do dust 14 37 1g Fernlands!... 1:5 1 do red leaf 98 20 8 Udagoda .. 116 6 ch broor pek 630 38 bid 19 Anchor, in 9 118 10 do bro pek 1050 36 estate 10 120 26 do pekoe 2600 29 bid mark «» 136 19 do or pek 1900 §=©57 bid | 11 122 6 do pek sou 570-33 25 Whyddon .. 146 14 ch bro pek 1680 56 bid | 182 Weoya .o 124 62 %4-ch bro pek 3410 49 bid 36 148 13 do pekoe 1800 43 bid 13 126-97 do pekoe 4650 31 bid 21 150 12 do pek sou §=1200 34 bid | 14 128 30 do pek sou 1500 2g 28 St.John’s ... 162 16 do bro pek 1760 65 bid | 15 130 18 do sou 900 27 29 154 20 do pekoe 1800 47 bid | 16 132 3 do pek dust 195 25 30 156 14 do pek sou 980 33 bid 17 Loolcondura 134, 1 ch bro mix 112 31 31 Mocha -» 158 27 do bro pek 2836 70 bid 18 135,,.3 do dust 540 Q7 32 160 328 do pekoe 2800 48 bid | 24 Talgaswela.. 148 15 ch bro pek 1500 40 bid 33 162 22 do pek sou 1980 38 25 150 15 do pekoe 1425 32 bid 84 Templestowe 164 27 do or pek 2700 66 bid | 26 152 9 do pek sou 810 30 85 166 35 do pekoe 3150 35 bid | 27 154 8 do sou 720 28 36 168 12 do pek sou 1020 35 28 156 3 do bro mix 300 18 37 Kaenangama 170 30 do bro pek 3150 47 29 158 2 do dust 300 25 38 172 28 do pekoe, 2800 34 30 1607451) do congou 90 25 39 174 12 do pek sou 1149 30 3l Esperanza ... 162 29 4-ch pekoe 1334 37 40 Lila «> 176 85 do bro pek 2500 47 bid 33 164 1 do dust 90 25 41 178 70 do pek No.1 6300 35 bid | 3% 166 2 do red leaf 80 lg 42 180 13 do yekoe Tet witha? 34 Tarquair .. 168 4 do bro pek 205 29 43 182 16 do fek sou 1440 fe ene t35 170 5 do pekce 248 80 44 184 5 do pe fans 450 31 36 GAS ewe 172 2 ch _ bro pek 200 35 45 185 1 do or pedust 100 30 37 174 4 do pekoe 400 25 46 186 7 do dust 910 withd’n 38 176 1 do pek sou ~ 10u 26 47 CF »» 188 386 ch pekoe 3600 40 bid | 39 178 1 do fans 100 27 48 190 31 do pek sou 2945 31 bid | 40 Ederapolla .. 180 64 4-ch bro pek 3200 43 bid 49 Glasgow .. 192 35 .do bro peh 2800 60 bid | 41 Hauteville ... 182 5 do dust 450 27 50 194 22 do pekoe 2200 47 42 KB veel S402) ch sou 4 198 26 $1 EK e» 198 9 ch pekoe 360 25 43 186 3 do bro tea 330 33 62 K,BT in 44 188 & do dust 520 26 eatste 45 Kelvin .» 190 14-ch fans 60 2 mark ee Ae GO bro tea 160 19 46 192 2 do fans 132 31 63 Madooltenne 198 20 ch bro pek 2000 49 47 194 1 ch red leaf 70 20 64 200 14 do pekce 1400 34 bid | 48 Midlouads .. 196 1 do red leat 70 20 55 202 12 do pek sou 1290 31 49 Pantiya se, 198 2 do bro pek sou 160 26 56 204 3 do dust 420 26 5U 200 1 do dust 140 26 67 DE .» 205 8B do sou 640 32 51 202 1 do do 130 37 58 Agraouvah ... 207 32 %-ch broorpek 2080 Bu 52 Udabage +» 204 2%-ch bro mix’ 140 16 69 209 3L do or pek 1880 62 53 R A W, in 60 211 33 do pekoe 1980 45 estate 61 Eadella +e 213) 9) ch bro pek 1900 46 mark -- 206 & do dust 280 27 62 215 13 do pekoe 1170 35 54 Knavesmire 203 17 oh bro pe 1700 42 63 217 16 do pek sou 1280 29 55 210 22 do pekoe 1980 33 64 219 12 do fans 1440 35 56 212 8 do pek ,, 2 760 Pr) 6 BE »» 221 84-ch = dust 754 37 57 214 5 do sou 430 27 66 223 2 ch 58 N .. 216 10 do sou 1000 31 1 4-ch bro tes 936 18 69 218 1 do dust 150 26 67 Oruden >» 924 47 emall-ch or pek 2625 65 bid | 60 Nicholaoya.,. 920 11 do bro pek 1320 67 68 226 49 ch pekoe 4410 45 bid {| 61 222 15 do pekoe 1500 44 69 228 21 do pek sou 1890 35 bid | 62 D, in estate 70 230 8 do sou 720 27 bid mark Go PE PEI 1 pe dust 200 24 71 Talagalla .. 282 34 do bro pek 3400 47 bid | 63 St, Marbins., 226 74-ch broorpek 350 50 12 234 12 do pekoe 1140 34 64 228 15 do pekoe 750 30 73 236 3 do dust 480 25 65 Nayapsane ... 230 14 ch broorpek 1400 49 bid 74 Bittacy eo. 237 44 }-ch bro pek 2420 49 65 232 30 do pekoe £700 34 bid 15 239 31 ch pekoe 1550 26 67 Nilloomally... 234 1 ch dust 170 26 76 241 31 do pek sou 1705 8I 64% Aigburth .. 236 4 do fans 440 32 7 243 6 do congou 300 27 69 238 2 do congou 2C0 27 78 244 3 do dust 240 39 70 @ ciel i240 a, 40 eou 700 22 79 Ayr «. 245 31 do bro pek 1500 47 71 Lankapura, 80 247 24 ch pekoe 1920 35 WwW +» 242 37 do ekoe 4070 36 81 249 17 do pek sou 1445 28 72 244 19 do ro pe 2090 51 bid 88 251 2¢-ch sou 80 26 73 Luccombe ,,, 248 69 do pekoe 6900 32 bid 83 252 2 do dust 159 27 74 Galatota ... 248 15 4-ch unas 1059 26 84 253 2 do fans 104 3L 75 OD, starin 85 Overtcn +. 254 23 do bro pek 1380 70 estate 86 256 20 ch pekoe 18060 44 mark «es 250 18 do bro pek 800 30 8&7 258 24 do Pek sou 2160 34 78 252. 7 ch pekoe 610 Q7 8s OTN «. 260 1 do dust 164 27 17 254 2 do pek dust 240 23 89 Nagur,PH J 261 2 ch bro pek 200 41 78 Pussetenne,, 256 Il do bro pek 1100 36 60 262 -4 do Pekoe 870 28 79 258 8 do Ppekve 800 out 91 263 2 do upas 180 a7 80 260 1 do sou 100 25 92 264 1 do bro tea 90 17 81 2:32 3 do ljch dust 39084 Messrs. Forsas & WALKER put up for sale at the | 82 St. Helier'’s., 284 43 do broor pek 2150 59 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 6th Deo., | 33 aeeh SO 1GR po Ree ee 4 ee the undermentioned lots of ten (244,757 lb.), which | 55 palmoraton.., 270 2! $-ob Bra pek 1.40 67 sold as under:— 86 272 27 ch pekoe 2700 = 35 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 87 274 12 do pek sou 1080-82 ~ . 88 276 Ll gch bro mix 60 20 No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion, lb. ©. 89 P .. 278 6 ch dust Nol B10 238 “1 (0G -» 102 7 ch dust 1050 26 90 380 3 do dust , 9 510 28 2 V, in cstate 91 M Bin estate ; mark o». 104 5 do bro pek 600 47 mark wea) RR 12 da or pek 1296 42 bid 108 6 do prkoe 570 ~=—-80 92 984 12 do pekoe 1176-32 bid 56 do pek sou F00 28 93 286 18 ¢-ch pe sou 810 29 aon - r=) ao 110 3 do fens 312 30 94 Balgownie .. 288 24 ch bro pek 3400 2 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight ae. Mark, New LP REB: tion. lb, c. No, Mark. No, Pkgs. tion? ne G 96 pay dee! hekPhon 680. as 1 os, 466. 07 $ch ropes = SE a AP 7 o's ab cnet 520 - 35 184 Ingestre ... 468 4 do duet 340 25 a Beng Oa. ely i 185 470 2 ch fans 200 aa 9 Sembawatte... 298 31 ch bro“pe 3100 41 bid | jg oe 2 yo | ee 300 22 do pekoe 2090 -30."bid | ; ae oo See 10 302 19 do pesou 1710 27 bid | ipy Aberdeen ‘ ae. a 70 bid i ¥] 804 2 do bro tea 200 24 io estate 3 306 84ch dust 640 25 mark 478 «2 dust 104 Clyde 66 3808 15 ch bropek 1500 51 190 “ me ‘bel 140) withd'a, 105 310 20 do pekoe 1800-34 bid | 44 Oe a | 108 319 6 do pesou 800 29 5 ES 2. 2 107 B14. 1 do dust 140 28 0S sree ‘Seacun oh, he 108 108 PG ». 816 2 do dust 280 5 te Tle eee Ee ae ee ie 109 Bogahar +A 488 16 a pe sou 800 bid watte .. 318 1 do or pek 10 56 = oi a pokes = = 110, 330 4 do bro or pek 480 52 = #93 27 do broor pekles9 61. BiB ni’ 322 7 do dust 1120 #8 107 WMV .. 494 5 ch peksou (375 28 112 324 1 do duat 127 28 1*8 Metalawa ... 496 20 do bro or pek 2100 43 bia 113 326 2 do bro mix 176 46 190 totic Gee Be a ee | A 114 Havilland ... 328 86¢-ch Dropek 4730 51 bia | 100 Monrovia .. DOO 8 do bropek 8) 48 115 Doomba ... 330 3 ch bro tea 378 «= «98 a0} 502 10 do pekoe 1000-88 née D .. B39 8 do brope 896 = 35 ana mt 8 ch peu 88 Oe 117 834 13 do pekoe 1300 35 $03 90: 3 ch sou 200 119 336 8 do dust 1280 27 se . et Oe pe ans - te ae 119 Dromoland.. 338 8 do obrcten 360 25 305 Knavesmire 6:0 32 ch trope mM 46 120 Ingurugalla 340 3 do brotea 360 26 an Munamel 512 13 ch obrope i300 42 121 VO +» 842 5 do brotea 560 19 via | 2° bls 10 ch = pek 909 3 128 344 7 do dost B40 29 bid | 3)5 Sie ane 193 Dunkeld .. 3:6 18 do bropek 14:0 56 200 Elickande §=6 IB 8 ch pro pe BD 14 ; 348 12 do pekoe 120 =: 87 bid it 520 6 ch pek 510 3h 125 DED 4. 850 3 do pekeou 286 30 a 523 6 ch pe No.2 600 @ 196 352 3 do unas 330 © 80 ree 524 10 ch = pe Bou 750 830 127 354 4 do pekfans 640 22 a $6 8 6h 6 congou So 77 128 Chesterford 356 20 ch brope< 2100 46 bia | 31% 528 12 ch red leaf 900 2 129 Anningkande ar 10 do bro pek 1100 48 bid | dig py 530 5 ch pe fan 625 «(OF 130 3 8 ao pekoe Bu0 36 : ackwood 632 7 ch pe sou 630 33 131 Ba 9 do pesou 900 28 an 534 18 ch pek 1800 #4 132 364 3 do congou 300 24 2) P 536 21 ch bro pe 7358 6a 133 386 1 do red leat 100 16 219 clatagama 638 39 $-ch 1950 34 134 368 3¢+ch dust 325 35 Thee ete Ste 3 330-49 135 Batgodde .. 370 39 do bre pe 1872 69 ash 512 1 3-ch 7o 3 136 372 10 ‘oh pekoe 910 56 oat bia 8 s0u 13028 137 374 12 do peksou 1088 40 2 Qo +. bss 8 ch bro pe gla 40 138 376 4 do fans 472-40 an p48 9 «ch 1014-27 bid 139 i ‘i a7 3 ich dust . 270-38 298 Pee : ch ae i alvyer 0 14 do ro pe 0 43 3 at Yeas Sea''na 88 Shela ino 30 4 | 233 Hurstpierpoint 66 44-ch bro pe 400 45 bia 142 34 Tay rou 55 26 ce 568 3 do pek 150 32 143 Middleton... 386 45 do bropek 2250 63 a bey £2 9 Rogen 7. 6 144 388 15 ch pekoe 1425 43 2: 572 do dustNo.l 60 83 145 390 9 do dk fou 855 35 24LNH ee 582 4chl1 $-ch pe sou 899-82 bid 146 Bismark .. 392 16 oh Bropek 160056 le 56 A pe 111 (2 bid 147 394 25 do pekoe 2500 48 243 Ettapolla 586 11 ch bro pe 610 46 148 396 6 do pe sou 600 35 244 BSB 184-oh — pek 920 out 149 Ros 40 do. unas 1000 34 245 DE e- 9590 3 Gh uvassorted 20049 150 400 2 do dust 220 25 746 oe Sg Rees Ree 51 Pedro .. 402 13 ch broek 1170 67 bid | 247 Os bus 8 ch . dust ao 38 52 404 17 do pekoe 1190° 48 bid | 248 Pati Rajah 595 lo ch ~ brope 1000" 46 153 406 134-ch pe sou 780 35 249 ass aS ba 1. Re 1b4 Yataderia... 408 12 ch broorpe 12960 43 a 60a 1 ob ADEs ca 155 4i0 12 do brope 1260 40 2 at ea eee oe 156 412 43 do pekee 4300 30 bia | 259 |, acs dust 1 6S 157 414 12 do pesou 1140 98 bia | 253 Elfindale Shi, 72$cn pen = sap 3 158 MidJothian.. 416 5 }-ch bropek 300 49 a4 fR.23 gp | fatings 850 159 ; 418 6 ch pekce 630 41 ; 160 42) 1 do e = 1 4-ch pek sou 150 83 161 422° 1%ch dust 105 26 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. an Chesterford 424 18 do bro pek 1890 45 bid : — sh 164 u 48 3 fo ie Ron LO 29 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 165 Macaldenia 430 31 Feh bropek 1550 57 Minerme Lang, Nov. 17th, 1893. ic dag 2 GO 1 See anepon aes Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE so0Jd in 168 436 3 %-ch favs 180 37 bid | Minciog Lane up to 17th Nov, :— 169 H A T, in ; ; Ex “Mira’”’—Delmar (OBEC), 1b 948; 1c 962; 1b 102s; estate 1b 100s; 1b 87e;1b 99s; 1b 928; 1b 958; 2 bags 85s 6d. nf mark ae ve ; oh pel gou 706 2 Mahaberiatenne (OBEHO), le 992; 1b 99s 6d; 1¢ 95; 1b m1 442 1 eh ‘dust 74 26 1088; 1b 908. 172 444 1 ‘do — réd‘leat 64-20 Ex “Spondilua”—London PBM, 7 bags 81s 6d. 178 Hayes eo 446 2 do det 100 83— 26 Shoe 17: 448 23 do peksou 1150332 = a78 a 28 ag pare Maud 42 nae : 1 4 43 do brope 150 51 bid f 177 St, Helen... 454 20 ch pek sou. 1800 28 bid CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 178 456 21 do pekoe 2040 33 bid = 3 179 % 458 20 do bropek 1800 | 45 bid (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) nea Mousa Hila... ae a ed an oan ma Ofe Mincine Lang, Noy. 17th, 1893 bib ety p ekbe 004 i 7 ob fi / o 182 : 464 15) ae OF pox 675 «56 Ex “Orient”—Gangaroowa, 18 bags 95s 6d; 2 82¢. ‘““CEYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEEK, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAUKS. a SS EE EEE ESS { Patce :—124 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. NO. 37.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Cotomso, DEcEMBER 27, 1893. Messrs. SomERVILLE & Co. putup for sale at the Chamber of Commefce Sale-room on the 6th Dec., the undermentioned lots of tea (82,542 1b.), which sold 6a under :— Lot No. Mark 1 Wallahan- duva Narapgoda .. Hopewell Kelani Crorie ae a8) 5. P . Diyagama ... Panawal, Glassel .. Rondura New Valley.- Wabakula .. WwW a Roseneath .. Cumillah .. DMB, in estate mark Box No. OCONIRoiP wpe Descrip- tion. bro pek pekoe pek sou red leaf dust bro pek pekoe pek gou bro pe fans bro mix or pek pekoe pek sou sou red leaf pek dust sou dust congou secu red leaf bro mix bro pek pekoe pe sou dust bro pek do pekoe pe sou dust fans bro or pe or pek peksou or pek bro pe pekoe pek sou sou Weigh lb. e. 1680 49 29u0 33 1010 23 500 22 232 26 170 37 1400 29 1440 27 75 24 240 25 16C0 28 bid 400 27 1750 43 260 26 4u0 BE 225 20 900 43 bid 1050 27 bid 1810 25 bid 460-27 80 18 220 «31 300 28 280 628 1870 50 bid 1710 33 bid 2310 31 bid 1425.28 bid 1040-27 500 =—-39 300 28 400 23 80-26 168 27 264 26 2640 3800 29005 withd’n 300 240 17105 37 320 25 360 22 233 20 21g5 ~=—-«66 bid 2640 39 bid 1900 34 bid 2100 947 1400 30 1300 28 280 24 300 15 190 18 500) 46 450 32 600 Q7 60 24 1100 42 1210 §=42 bid 900 30 450 27 320 25 90 24 137535 2610 39 2700 27 160 61 600 46 bid 1170 35 900 32 340 28 Rayigam Box No. Pkgs. 74 6 ch 1 4-ch 75 14 ch 76 6 do 17 Al 4-ch 78 33 do 79 8 do 80 7 do 81 4 do Descrip- Weight tion. lb. bro pek 715 pekoe 1400 pek sou 525 bro pek 2255 pekse 1650 pek sou 440 bro mix 385 dust 280 Cc. Messrs. BeEnHAM & BREMNER put up forsale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 13th Deo.; the undermentioned lots of tea (6,136 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. Hopewell Tavalantenone F&R D0 Elston, in est. mark ~ COmMNOWARWNDH Box No. Pkgs. 26 1 3-ch 28 1 do 30 3 do 32 18 ch 34 10 do Ba SO) 38 3 4-ch 40 27 ch 42 3 do 44 1 do — Deserip- Weight tion. lb. bro pek 716 pekoe 70 pek sou 210 bro pek 1300 pekoe 100 dust 150 peksu 150 pek sou 2430 bro mix 300 dust 130 bid Messrs. A. H. THompson & Uo. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 13th Dee., the undermentioned lots of tea (100,920 ib.), which sold Descrip- Weight tion. lb. fans 600 pex dust 1:0 red leaf 450 bro pek 1500 bro orpek 1620 or pek £36 with paper under the lead.) as under: — Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkgs. 1 A Cis we 1 12 4-ch 2 3 2 do 3 4 9 do 7 Comar «.e 8 30 do 8 Ardlaw and 10 18 ch 9 Wishford ... 12 18 3-ch (lined 10 14 25 ch 11 W,inest.mark 16 9 3-ch 12 AKAC,in 17 32 4-ch 13 estate mark 19 27 do 14 21 18 do 15 23. 9 do 16 25 3 do LTR AW, 26 11 ch 18 28 18 do 19 30 2 }-ch 20 31 7 do 21 Myraganga 33 18 do 22 35 12 ch 23 37 19 do 24 39 25 do 25 41 14 do 25 AGC 43.2 oh 27 44 16 do 28 46 2 do 29 47 2 do 30 MF 48 14 do al 50 16 do 32 Bogahagodwatte52 11 4-ch 33 54.15 do 34 56 3 do 35 67 1 do 36 Charlie hill.. 58 2 do 58b1 do 37 59 #3 do 59b 1 do 38 60 13 do 39 62 5 do 40 63 5 do 41 CH 64 2 do 42 Vogan -» 6 18 ch 43 67 34 do 41 69 12 do 45 ii j1Ldo 46 72 98 box 47 73 863 «ch pekoe 2250 bro jek 5h bro pek 1100 pekoe 80 do 13800 pek sou 450 congou 150 pek sou 11u0 pekoe 1800 dust 140 c.ngou 665 bro or pek 1080 or pek 1258 bro pex 2237 pekoe 2603 pek sou 1422 sou 180 sou No. 2 1760 dust 300 pek dust 240 pek sou 1120 dust 1920 bro pek 630 pekoe 825 sou 150 dust 90 fans 100 do 50 sou nh) do 50 pek sou 60 pekoe 250 bro pek 250 red leaf 100 bro pek 1800 pekoe 3080 pek sou 1020 dust 130 bro or pek 115 bropek sou 255 c. 27 24 bid ce. the 13th D2e., Ce 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, a a ee Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No, Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. oo. No. Mark No Pkgs. tion. lb, 49 Dale ve 76 36 ch pek sou 1620 27 bid 6 k BO. 78 36 do do 1620 27 bid | 2 CT. oe $1 Ekkieoya .. 79 10 do ou 900 =. 25 5 88 1 do red leaf 05 o hg ie 910-28 6 8 1 do dust 100 f 2 i) unas 500 26 7 i 54 Wootend .. 81 1 do son RO 24 AB i A he $5 85 I do dust 13) 24 9 of 92 20 do pekoe 1600 $6 Comar +» 86 37 4-ch bro pek 1850 8938 10 R 93 6 do - 67 68 18 do pekoe 900 «29 PT 1 j-ch bro pek 715 58 80 1! do pek sou 5500-36 11 Kelani -. 94 64 do bro pek 3520 $9 92 2 do dust 100 25 12 95 109 do pekoe 4905 40 t 93° 7 do bro sou 356 16 13 96 39 do kK sou 1755 ‘61 Sapitiyagodde 91 21 ch bro pek 2310 53 bid | 14 Depedene .. 97 26 do bro pek 1430 62 96 40 do pekoe 4900 40 bid 15 98 54 do pekoe 2700 63 Sy} -. 98 1 do sou 95 19 16 99 24 do pex sou 1200 ‘64 99 84-ch duet 513 26 17 100 2 do red leaf 100 ‘sae 18 1 5 do dust 400 Mr. E. Joun, put up for sale at the Obamber | 19 Hatdowa ... 2 21 ch bro pek 2100 of Commerce Sale-room on the 13th Dec, the z : 7% id nay. ie A “Q Ane ‘ : 5 do pek sou i nadeemoupones lots of tea (69,456 lb.), which sold 2 owtes . Mei EOS-che? to bok 1600 a ; ? 23 6 37 do pekoe 13850 Lot Box Descrip- Weight oy 7 17 do _ pek sou 850 No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib: ac, 25 8 lL do dust 50 1 Faitblie -- 265 3 ch sou 255 27 26 Aadeven a 9 29 ch bro pek 2000 2 265 3 4-ch dust 225 33 27 10 20 do pekoe 1800 3 Orwell oo 267 2 ch sou 220 23 « 28 lL 6 do pek sou 510 4 263 1 do red leaf 100 19 2 K MOK .. 12 2° do dust 16) 5 TP e- 269 10 4-ch bro pek 660 45 bid | 30 Lyndhurst .. 13 15 do bro or pek 1509 6 271 13 do pekce 715 37 3L 14 11 do bro pek 990 q 273. 8 do pek sm 275 20 32 15 18 do pekoe 1539 8 27a * 1 do bro mix 51 19 33 16 12 do rek sou 1020 9 275 4 do pek dust 352 27 34 ABC oa Adame Co bre pek 200 10 Dickapittia .. 276 18 ch bro pek 1989 41 bid 35 18 2 do pekoe 180 11 278 15 do pekoe 1600 31 bid 35 19 +. do pek ron 90 12 280 15 do pek sou 1500 28 bit | 41 Rosenesth 21 35 4-ch bro pex 1925 13 Kotuwagedera 282 19 do bropek 1900 38 42 25 13 ch pekoe 1140 14 281 J3 do pekoe 13J0 926 43 25 17 do pek sou 1539 15 286 + do sou 760 24 44 Malgolla .. 27 65 4-ch orpex 3575 16 AgraOuvah.. 283 86 4-ch pek sou 2160 a7 4) 28 26 do bro pek 1560 17 290 6 do dust 540 3 46 29 54 do pekoe 270C 18 Ottery and 302 43 do bro pex 2530 89658 47 ; 30 50 do pek sou 2250 19 Stamforj Hill 304 26 do or pek 1170 49 48 G wo OL BAD on bro pek 1050 20 396 16 ch pekae 1440 39 49 32 6 do pekoe 600 Qi 38 14 do pek sou 1230 34 50 B, est. mark... 33 2 do broorpek 220 22 310 12 do sou 1080-38 51 34 1 do or pek 110 93 a2 1 do dust 160 27 AQ 35 5 3--h_ bro tea 248 24 Great Valley 313 37 do bropek 4070 5t 53 35 1 ch dust 165 25 3'5 55 do pekoe £500 35 | 64 RVK «. 37 24-ch bro pek 150 26 317 .4 do bro mix 380 223 | 55 38 2 do pekce 100 27 318 8 g-ch = dust 600 29 | BK 39 4 do pek sou <09 98 Allington ... 32) 22 do bro pek 1210 +440 bid | +7 WP 40 4 ch pek sou 358 39 322 49 do pekoe 2150 28 bid | 48 41 1 do sou 80 30 334 20 do pek sou 1000 30 Br) 42 1 do 31 326 1 do rel leaf 5) 15 13-ch pek fans 153 32 i 227. 2 do dust 160 26 69 43 6 ch dust 833 33 Pallawella ... 338 35 do bro pek 190 48 bid | 61 Rondura .. 44 24 do bro pek 2640 3h 330 2L ch pekoe 2100 30 bid 62 45 388 do pekoe _ 3000 35 332 11 do pek sou 1155 29 bid | 63 46 29 do kep sou 2900 33, 334 4 3-ch pek dust 210 32 64 47 3 do bro tea 390 37 Lameliere ... 335 46 do bro pek 2760 45 bid | 65 48 3 do pek dust 249 38 337 23 do pekoe 1150 #5 bid | 66 Strathellie.. 49 5 do bro tea 550 39 539 13 do pek sou 659 30 bid | 67 50 8 do rex dust 640 40 Eila ee S41 13 ch pekoe 1170 = 34 68 Woodthorpe 51 19 }-ch bro pek 950 41 343 16 do pek sou 1440 30 bid | 69 52 12 do pekoe 600 42 345 7 do dust gx 27 bid | 70 53. 7 do pek sou 350 43 Nahakettia ... 347 28 2-ch bro pek 2123 46 bid | 71 5f-21 do sou 50 44 : 3419 15 ch pekce 1425 32 bid 72 55 1 do dust 85 45 10 13 do peksou 1235 28 bid | 73 GA Ceylon.. 56 4 ch bro tea 349 46 12 3 do pek fans 450 27 47 L «. 13 35 do bro pek 3305 45 bid : 48 15 4 do pekoe its a Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for sale at the A Oroncekeld Ag 5 ag aust ek as 44 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on x 51 eats tanaipee vee pokes 500 29 the uudermentioned lots of tea (275,833 lb.), which 52 21.1 do peksou 10U 26 sold as under:— 53 WN 22 8 do try mix 890 . 54 Bowhill Gi 17 do pekoe 170035 Lot Box __., Weight 55 26 33 do pek sou 3300 27 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. 1b. 56 2 4 do sou 400 24 57 LLW -» 29 1 do sou 100 = 20 1 Dambagas- 610 2 ch peksou 180 i zo 2 talawa 612 7 3-ch Gust 420 Messrs, SoMervitte & Co. put up for sale at the | 3 Fairfield a : aw ce Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 13th Dec., 5 PD Cintestate else dow Koil 480 the undermentioned lets of tea (41,3961b.) which sold 6 | omatk 620 324-ch dust 2240 as under :— 3 10 Kirindi .. 628 20 ch bro pek~ 20600 Lot Box Weight 11 630 16 do pekoe 1200 No No. Pkgs Description. lb. cc. { 12 632 9 do jek sou 540 1 Woodlands.. 84 10 cn bropek 1000 «© 45 bid | 13 63L 1 do dust 139 2 85 11 do pekoe 1095 a9 bid ) 14 636 13-ch red leaf 45 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 es —— —————————————— 4 C - escrin- Vel Lot Box Descrip- Weight fot Peace es Bee eras waren No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. IDs 25 Ce Oa Ae eR SD ron: Be _. | 106 820 44-ch dust 340 27 15 GEOinestate 638 28 ch bro pek 2800 44 bid | 107 Macaldenia 822 3 do brorpek 180 41 16 mark 640 24 do pekoe 180032 108 BD W,G 824 3 do fanns 216 «630 17 612 14 do pek sou 840 29 109 876 3 do dust 2700 «27 18 644 1. do dust 150 28 110 BDW,A 828 1 ch pek dust 150 27 19 646 1 do _ red leaf Saale ll 830 1 do bro mix 90 = 21 20 Inchstelly oo 648 11 do bropek 1155 34 bid | 112 BDW;P 832 34-ch bropekfans 180 39 21 650 9 do pekoe 855-30 113 834 2 do dust 17426 22 652 7 do sou 665 26 1l4 838 1 ch red leaf 112 17 23 654 4 do congou 363-43 115 SL .. 838 194-ch bro pek 1190 «35 24 Ceurt Lodge 6&6 31 3-ch bro pek 2015 75 116 840 10 do pekoe 530 27 25 658 <2 do pekoe 110063 117 842. 1 do dro mix GD) 2 OE 26 6k0 34 do pekoe sou 630 41 118 B& D «. 844 5 ch dust 735 ~ 98 33 Kakiriskande 674 7 do bropek 420 43 119 Algooltenne 846 204-ch broor pek 1100 56 bid 34 676 6 do pekoe 330 3k 120 8438 13 ch bro pek 1300 45 bid 35 678 6 do pek sou 3c0 28 121 850 19 do pekoe 1900 =. 35 bid 36 y 680 1 do dust 76 “9 : 1272 §52 16 do pek sou 1600 39 37 Richlands .. 682 20 do bro pek 1000-57 bid | 123 a54et 9) Viol dust 360 90 38 684 23 do pekoe 1058 = 38 bid | 124 KWOD,in 856 33-ch dust 225 92 39 686 12 ch peksou 1080 36 125 estatemark 858 1 ch 1d leaf 8&3 = «18 40 688 2 do congou 16027 126 860 1 do bromix 120 26 41 690 2 do red leaf 180 = Ql 129 W .. 855 63-ch bropek 281 out 42 692 4 do dust 3(8 2325 130 868 6 do pekoe 306 25 bid 43 Torwood .. 694 25 do bro pek = 2500 ag bid 1 box 44 GSomz a dol apelice 1785 69 131 X «. 870 34-ch umassorted 170 29 45 698 7 do pe sou 630 2 132 82 ll ch ‘c f 700 4 do dust 440 26 pa ie Lhe GO 5 Aes a gad aes 46 ane k 2300 58 133 H .. 874 5 do pek sou 4645 25 ci, DICE T SPM ices il hd aaa te SIR 134 875 6 do brotea 512 20 bid 48 LOSS GO, pence = 32 135 C in estate 878 2i-ch congou 124 20 bid ag ve 706 5.do pek sou 450 138 860 3 25 eal as : , 24 ‘dust 280 28 a) rid leaf 156 20 bid UO ie Some ace tvsolbek fee0S 3k 1-7 882 1 do dust 45 35 se! TEU ROC On a ad 138 Patirajah .. 884 13 ch pekoe 1300 26 bid eon = 39 Denstone ... 5 F2 4-ch k 2340 83 bi 52 a 7 96 per oe: ny a6 bid 140 % 388 42 iG fae pek 300 45 ia 2 Treg ‘aah. Ncconinix’ @'1s60 18 141 Castlereagh 890 13 do bro pe 1385 58 Vech tr Sa 14 do pele 125037 — a 8 ¢ ° pekue 27 37 55 W181 ch dust arn a 144 KG .. £96 3 do dust 420 29 66 Wewessa .. 720 39 3-ch bro pe Tee 39 145 898 3 do congou 255 29 57 (EE B27 doy apekos een 32 bil | 146 Yataderia... 900 15 ch broorpek 1575 45 58 CEN WER MASON 2 17 902 15 do bropek 1575 37 59 a Se ar ate Ta ee oe 148 904 45 do pekoe 4500 20 60 Ue ne 39 96 bi1 | 149 906 12 do pe sou 1140-28 61 Poleahakande 73) 4 ch sou ae 150 Liskillecn ... 908 15 do bropek 170) 50 bid é 42 2-ch e fan 910 29 ae Pp 09 een 62 Cal ay w. 782 14 3-¢ p a4 vid | ISL 910 2) do pekos 180) 35 bid 63 iat zondoy ype sow” 1200 See eal (aed 912 6 do peksou 600 28 bid 64 736 97 do pekos | 4850 £2 yd 133 914 1 do dust M025 65 : 738 9)3-ch bro or pek 5400 9, DM’ | 154 MA,in estate 916 21 do bro pe 2100 4% 66 Aberdeen in 740 2 do dust 140 rat 733 EMTs 918 6 ‘do pexce 570 28 bia 87 estate mark 742 18 co pe sou 20 hina peal | 156 92) 3 do peksou 270 27 6S 714 25 do pekoe 1250 oe dl 157 922 4 ch bro tea 400,24 a maignom dog pbroyek == 3000 Oe PS) ase 924 6 do dust 480 25 70 Lankapura W 745 3 do pek dust 225 ray 159 VO Pigoe! 6 ‘do Cree ~€00 45 71 Killarney .. 750 6 do pekce 230 38 Bi 160 928 10 do pekoe 950 = 27 72 752 11 ch broorpe 1375 66 bi 161 Carlabeck .. 930 4 do pesou 3E0 4k 73 754 11 do orpek 115549 tid | 16a 932 12 G-ch dust 70 = 43 74 DA 7 156-2 ch ~dust 300,45 163 WHR... 931 8 ch obroorpek ¥€0 48 75 758 2 do pek fars B00 27 164 936 4 ¢o bro pe 420 «48 76 West Haputale 760 5 4-ch pesou 250 34 165 938 9 do pekoe 900 «3 71 762 5 do congiu 250° 28 166 940 8 do pe sou 400 27 bid 78 764 2 do dust 160-29 167 952 3 do fans 450 29 vid 79 C in estate 746 94-ch brope 5210387 1k8 9i4 4 do dust 70)° 23 80 mark 768 44 ch pekoe 398 30 bid | jg69 MC .. 916 9 ch pekoe 1014 27 bid 8k 710 6 do Fou SYS) 726. Ii0 Moralioya ... 918 3 do pe sou 300. 27 62 Wecya 722 623-ch bro pek 750 43 bid | 171 G50 lutdo |) dust 80 29 83 744 97 do pekoce 4850 32 bid | 179 Ingurugalla 952 2 do brotea 2100 «(7 84 Citrus w» 776 15 3-ch bropek 750 943 43 NWOD ... 954 2 do brope 183 («43 85 778 #1 ch bro pe Ne. 2 99 nose 174 956 2 do pekoe 183 2} 86 780 9 do pekoe 900 29 bid | 175 Atherfield.. 958 7 3-ch sou 330 27 87 782 1 do pek No. 2 150 25 176 980 3 do dust 240 23 1 3-ch 5 177 $64 2 do bromix 100.22 88 784 1 do unas 50 9-26 1s2 CRD .. 972 4 do dust 42 27 88 786 1 ch bro tea 100s 2 183 974 2 do red leaf 2000 13 90 788 2 do fans 200-38 187 CPM, inest. 932 21 3-ch bro pek 1260 83 91 770 1 do pekdust 203 25 188 mark ... 984 2) do pekoe 12-0 65 1 3-ch 189 986 3% do pe sou 190 48 $2 Monrovia .. 792 19 ch pekoe ~* 1000 27 bid | 190 983 7 do sou 385 3h 93 New Angamaue 794 2 do bro pe 2000 «88 bid | 191 ay £500; Befane 36S 38 %4 786 11 do pekoe 990 31 192 2 do red leat Sk 28 95 798 7 do pescu 750 28 193 Galkadua ... 9284 10 ch bro pek 250 4&7 1 g-ch Pe ae 194 996 8 Wo pekoe 720 32 96 80 2 ch dust 250 18 195 998 ¥Y do pek sou 900 2» 97 Pedro ws 802 16 do bro pek 1440 (Pa 198 Farm .. 1000 3 do dust 240 Bs 98 804 17 do pekoe 1190 46 bid | 197 Hunugalla.. 2 11 ch bropek Wie a 29 8&6 10 do pesru 60037 198 4 8 do pekoe e003 100 808 4 do dust 48030 199 6 10 go peksoun 0 @ 101 Chesterford,. 810 18 on bro pek ect ud eal 400 8 1 do mixed 100 869 7 aa ro pex 320 ‘ it He iota id ig at Panes $250 = 3k 901 Alnoor «» 10 102-ch bro orpek 550 2 bid 04 816 89 ch pe sou 1950 «99 202 12 a4 do bro pek 120045 105 Abefial'a .. 818 4}-cb bromix 200 2 £03 14 54 co pekoe 230) 32 4 CEYLON Hot Box Descrip- Weight Wo. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. 204 16 32 3-ch pesou 1600 205 18 6 do fans 330 206 20 4 do dust 280 207 22 1 do bro mix 65 208 AN siesudt Lido bro pek 50 209 Harrow .. 26 5 ch pek sou 500 210 28 1%4-ch dust 83 211 Stisted oof 80;01L ach bro pek 1155 212 32 16 do pekoe 1600 213 34 8 do pek scu 720 214 P .. 3B6 14-ch pekoe 68 215. 38 1 do pe sou 42 216 Letchimey.,. 40 1 ch bro tea llo 217 Thornfield,,, 42 44 4-ch bro pek 2640 218 44 24 ch pekoe 2400 219 46 5 do pe sou 500 220 48 33-ch dust 240 221 Avoca va ape u20. ae bro pek 2000 222 52 22 do pekoe 1980 223 54 6 do pek sou 540 221 WLM .., 56 33-ch dust 240 225 Dunkeld .. 58 13 ch bro pek 1430 226 66 27 3-ch or pek 1350 227 62 14 ch pekoe 1330 228 Horagaskelle 64 4 3-ch bro pek 236 229 66 7 do pekoe 368 230 68 8 do pek sou 452 231 70 +1 do copvgou 48 232 72 2 do bro mix 114 233 Bonaccord.. 74 9 ch bro pek 900 234 76 5 do pekoe 500 235 718 3 do pek sou 300 237 Queensland 82 20 ch flwery pe 2000 238 84 15 do pekoe 1500 239 86 9 ch unas 900 240 88 2 do pek fans 260 241 Amblakande 90 16 ch bro pek 1600 242 52 19 do pekoe 1710 243 94 1 do rek sou 90 244 96 1 do bro tea 120 245 ©,inest.mark 98 94-ch dust 675 246 100 3 do bro tea 150 247 Lamiliere'... 102 46 do bro pek 2760 248 104 23 do pekoe 1150 249 106 13 do pek sou 650 250 P, in est, mark 108 22 do bro tea 1100 251 110 4 do pe dust 300 252 AN ape 1h, 2h a) pekoe 50 253 114 1 do pe sou 50 254 Silvervalley 116 1 do bro pek 49 255 118 6 do pekoe 288 256 120 5 do pe fans 230 257 122 1 do congou 42 258 124 2 do dest 90 259 Kaluganga.. 126 3 ch fans 240 260 128 1 do pek dust 145 261 Kuruwille 130 154-ch bro pe 825 262 132 27 do pek 1485 263 1384 4 do pe sou 220 264 Chesterford 136 24 ch bro pe 2520 265 138 17 ch pe 1700 266 140 15 ch pe sou 1500 267 M E 142 3 4-ch dust 240 2688Mousa Ella 144 11 do pe sou 550 269 146 23 do pek 1150 270 168 17 do or pe 165 271 150 6L do brope 3355 272 152 57 do bro pe 3420 273 Farnham 154 32 3-ch broorpe 1440 274 156 69 do pe 3105 275 158 51 do pe sou 2295 278 Langdale 164 34 ch pek 3260 279 166 17 ch wpesou 1530 280 168 a eh dust 520 281 170 fanning 375 232 MV ww» 72 2 i 1 ech fanning 365 283 174 bro mixed 260 284 176 «#1 on dust 95 225 Barkindale 178 16 *ch bro pe 1600 286 180 4 ch or pe 340 287 182 6 ch pek 510 288 184 2 ch pe sou 200 289 186 14-ch dur§ 60 295 4V,inest.mark198 5 ch bropek 452 296 7 do pekoe 630 297 202 7 do pek fan 675 298 204 3 do . fans 255 299 206 1 do dust 15 300 Elfindale .. 208 17 4-ch peksou 166 201 216 7 do fans 35u 302 212 6 ch dust 300 35 bid 28 bid PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Tb. ce. 803 Fred’sRuhe 214 31 4-ch bro pek 1550 46 304 216 34 ch pekoe 3220 29 bid 305 218 18 do pek sou 1809 27 306 WA -» 220 6 do bro mix 780 40 307 222 4 do bro mix 40 25 308 224 2 ch red leaf’ 210 21 308 MP ow. 226 8 do pekdust 1088 26 Mr. A. H. Tompson put op for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 19th Des.,. the undermentioned lots of tea (44,728 lb.), which sold as under :-— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. | a 1 Clarendon .., 1 21 ch bro pek 2291 30 2 3 16 do pek 1534 22 bid 3 5 12 do pek sou 1121 20 4 7 #1 do dust 128 23 5 FE, W -- 8 1l$-ch fans 50 2e 6 Biu37 do red leaf 359 16 7 10 2 do dust 100 26 g K. Della spell ee ee bro pek 800 40 9 13 10 do pekoe 850 3) 10 15 4 do pek sou 320 27 16 Panalkanie.. 24 10 4-ch bro pek 484 22 bid 17 26 2 do pekoe 80 26 18 27 2 do red leaf 130 13 19 Nehalma ... 28 9 ch congou ¥00 21 20 Woodend .. 30 24 ch bro pek 2289 843 bid 21 32 25 do pekoe 2250 30 bid 26 AKa,C in 55 22 %4-ch bro pek 1100 46 bid 27 est. mark... 57 27 do pekoe 1350 = 30 bid 28 Comar 59 30 3-ch bro pek 1500 = 32 bid 32 Atchencoile+t. 69 61 do unas 3350 25 bid 33 Travancore 71 18 do bro pek 990 33 34 tea .- 73 10 do bro mix 500 20 5 76 3 do dust 210 18 36 76 6 do pek sou 330 20 38 RA «- 79 14 4-ch bro pek 700 out 39 81 22 do pekoe 1100 28 40 4 83 12 ch pek sou 1200 20 bid Al OX FE,T «. 85 7 }-ch bro pek 350 out 42 86 10 do pekoe 500 out 43 88 1 do : 38 ch pek sou 350 20 44 Ettapolla ... 90 11 4-ch bro pek 610 45 bid 45 Waharaka .. 92 6 eh bro pex 600 35 bid 48 93 7 do or pek 700 27 bid 47 94 3 do pek son 300 24 bid 48 95 3 do s2u 300 out 49 96 1 do dust 100 21 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincine Lane, Dec. 1st, 1893. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to Ist Deo.:— Ex “Kaisow”—WP, lt 104s; 3c 1003 63; 2c 97s 6d; lo 109:; 1t 87s. Ex “Barrister’”—Dukinofield, 1b 89s, Ex ‘“Oity of Canterbury’—Dun2gama, 1b 120s. (DGT), 1b 86s. Ex ‘Mira”—Warleizh, 1t 101s; 1b 95s; 1b 112s 1b 87s. Ex “Prometheus’—(DST), 1b 893. Ex ‘“‘Kaisow’—Hentimilie, 5 bags 88s 64; 4 87s; 1 bag 83s; 2 83a. Ex ‘“Arabia”—Hantaia, lo 1b 101s; 40 1b 923; It 103s; 1c 1b 863 6d; 2 bazs 84861, Hillsije, 1c 1t 99s 6d; 43 99s 64: lo 1b 993; lo 1098; 1¢ 876; lo li 888; 1c, 86s; 1 bag 98s. SD, 2 bags 85s. s ‘* CEYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES: ET 100 EE TES Price :—123 cents each; 3 copies NO. 38.] © CoromBo, JANUARY 4, 1894, S : 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs., tion. lb, Ce Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER put up forsale at the | 67 156 18 ch or pek 1620 33 bid 68 158 2 do pek sou 240 26 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 19th Dec., | 69 ET Dab Onaeais. dota uet 320° 95 c i 70 160 1 do bro tea 7 : the undermentioned lots of tea (10,202 lb.), which sold Wie Galkangee Stieo 15 As under:— ; watte «» 161 15 do pek sou 1350 39 Lot Box Descrip- Weight ue 193 a ah page ug a No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. o. 1 Battalgalla... 30 8 ch sou 800 29 TE be 2 32 24-ch fans 160 34 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Oo. put up for sale at the 4 Hornsey .. a a Fa cou 1G oe Chamber of Commerce Sale-room-on the 19th Dee =C. an O * silehiton B aai ves! ane bro pek 3630 60 bid hs yaderpentionya lots of tea (78,305 1b.), which 6 40 31 do pekoe 3060 2 pia | 804d as Under:— 7 42 1 do pek sou 90 z are . 8 44 1 Jo fans 192-25 xt Mark Eee Pkes a Mion Weight 9 Arundel .. i 3 4-ch apne 480 ai Q . : gS. ion. Mere 10 4 2 do us 1e7P eee Ot IO bropek 102 27 11 Elston, in est. 2 58 1 4ch pek a 53 Ad badt mark «. 50 7 ch pek sou 630-28 3 59 1 ch peksou 100 out: 12 F&R we 52 1 $-ch do 50 24 4 60 2 do pek son 240 20 13 54 1 do red leaf 50 (19 5 H.J.S. ... 61 144-ch bro pek 700 39 14 56 1 do dust 50 4 i 6 62 164-ch pek 890 3) 15 Mahanilu ... 57 12 ch peksou 1080 30 bid 1 63 54-ch Ai 230° 23 ———— 8 64 5-ch dust 250 26 Mr. E. JoHN put up for sale at the Ohamber 9 Mousagalla... 65 20ch14-ch bropek 2,096 33 didi of Commerce Sale-room on the 19th Dec., the un- 19 66 16ch13-ch pex 1,670 30 dermentioned lots of tea (111,831 1b.,) which sold | 1} yy ga a peeseon 1868. aa = ‘ be 2 : as under :— i 69 2 ch 1fch reileaf 215 18 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 70 13 ch dust 92 22 . 15 Kuruwitte ... 71 123-ch br: pek 648 42 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb, Cc. 16 7a Sich ten) uae! an 1 Agra Uva .. 30 334-ch broor pek 2145 85 17 73 25 $-ch pek sou 1,200 28 32 35 do or pek 2100 61 18 74 +8%-ch sou 368 25 3 34 39 do pekoe 2340 43 19 75 103-ch br» mixed 480 21 4 Ottery & Stam- ‘ 20 76 14-ch dust 88 24 ford Hill .. 36 32 do bro pek 1740 59 bid | 21 PeriaKandeketta77 37 ch bropek 4,810 46 5 38 42 do bro pek 2310 60 22 78 30 eh pekoe 3,450 34 6 40 27 do or pek 1134 50 bid | 23 79 5 ch pek sou 500 27 J Mocha 2g0t42260N ch bro pek 6300 72 | 24 80 44-ch dust 230 4 8 4t 26 do pekoe 2600 50 25 Allakolla -- 81 60 $-ch bro pek 3,300 40 9 46 20 do pek sou 18u0 38 26 82 50 ch pexce 5,000 30 10 48 48 do fans 600 32 27 New Tunisgalla 83 33 ch bro pek 3,465 48 1l 50 50 do dust 560 27 28 84 24 ch pekoe 2,160 30 15 Eila 12 1589 25) do bro pek 3500 5 29 85 22 ch pek sou 1,930 30 16 60 70 do pekoe No.1 6300 32 bid | 35 I.N.G, .» 91 1 ch brsmix 100 25 17 62 7 do dust — 910 25 bid | 46 92 2 3-ch dust 170 o5 18 Hoolo .. et Ciido bro mix 216 19 37 RX. ee 9823) Ich dust 150 25 24 Madooltenne 74 21 do bro pek 2100 46 88 -T, -- 94 6 ‘ch unas 500 27 bid 25 76 13 do pek sou 1300 29 39 95-10 ch pek sou 990 27 31 Blackburn .. 86 14 ch bro pek 1540 36 bid | 40 96 4 ch bro mix 420 25 82 88 12 do pekoe 1320 27 bid | 41 O78 Uich fanuipgs 120 27 33 BB «. 90 15 3-ch unas 810 28 42 98 1 ch dug’ 140 25 34 102 2 do dust 170 25 43 Arslena -» 99 30 4-ch bro pek 1,500 50 2 PG +» 103 23 do sou 1840 27 44 Beuveula ... 100 20 ch bro pek 2,000 40 36 105 1 do bromix 102.0 «17 45 1 12 ch pekve 1,200 30 37 106 5 do dust 7002 226 46 2 6 ‘ch pek sou 600 27 38 108 34 do pekoe No, 2 1400 28 47 3. 3 ch dust 330 24 39 110 21 do fans 2310 31 48 Mousakande, 4 10 ch br pek 1,120 45 bid 40 Little Valley 112 23 do bropek 2530 50 49 5 15 ch p-koe 1,675 33 41 114 34 do pekoe 3400 35 | 50 6 8 ch pek sou 800 2 42 116 24#-ch peksou 100 «7 51 7 1 ch dust 13u 26 43 117 4 do dust 240 26 52 G@. W. ee 8° 1 “ch fannings 136 25 44 Lawrence ... 118 22 ch | 53 Om 1'%ch dust 150 35 l$-ch sou 2255 =—-26 54 10 5 ch su 325 27 45 Bollaga'la .. 120 33 ch bro pek 1815 34 55 lL 2 do red leaf 158 19 46 122 15 ch pekoe 1350 29 56 Sirisanda .. 12 17 box orange pek (170 R15 47 124 12 do pek sou 960 27 57 13. 9 4-ch br> pek 540 50 48 Galloola .. 126 .14-ch congou 60 20 58 14 11 }-ch pek 550 84 49 127. 1 do dust 80 31 59 15 18 $-ch pek sou 900 30 50 HB we 12800204 ch pek 80 390 60 16 1 ch dust 155 27 61 Glasgow .., 129 30 do bro pek 2400 64 61 17 1 ch congo 80 %6 52 13L 21 do pekoe 2100 48 62 18 1 ch bro mixed 75 21 53 Nagur +. 183 2 do bro pek 190-35 63 Knutsford .. 19 38 $-ch 1 box oran peko 226 45 bid 64 134 4 do pekoe 370 26 64 20 5 %$-ch bro pek ** 301 29 55 1365 1 do mixed 95 15 65 21 16 $-ch pek e gag as 56 Maddagedera 136 31 do bropek 3410.45 66 22 a ech pek son lid 2 57 136 37 do pekoe 2565 $33 bid | 6T 23 «=©2°$-ch uvas-orted 106 27 58 140 19 do pek sou 1710 31 68 24 «2 4-ch fonings 140 26 59 Henegama .,, 142 3 do bro mix 300 24 69 E. BH: J... 25 9 4-ch br orn pek 495 37 bid 60 ' 143° «1 do dust 125 95 70 26 6 ch o-unge pek 449 BD) 61 Meedumpitiya 144 13 4-ch broor pek 715 49 a 27 2 ch pekoe 180 a7 62 146 10 ch pekoe 1000 37 72 Allakolla .. 29 18 ¢h pe sou 1,710 26 66 Talagalal} ,.. 154 39 do bro pek 3900 43 bid ' 73 30. 3 4-ch uase 300) 3 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Kot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight Wo. Mark.. No, Pkgs. _ tion. lb. cy No, Mare, No. Pkgs. iio = c. 94 Gallawatte ., 31°19 3-ch bro pekbul950 33 69 364 28 ch pekoe 2800 «35 15 34 9 4-ch k bulked 450 28 70 36 2 do pek sou 20028 18 33 6 ch roornpek 250 37 71 368 1 do dust 150-25 II 34 5 4-ch peoke 250 99 72 370 2 do bro mix 200 16 38 35 14 4-ch pek gou 700 a 73 Coneygar ... 372 4 do bro pek 440 75 79 36 24-ch unagsorted 10) 27 74 374 6 do pekoe 480 49 60 37 64-ch’ bro tea 300 15 TB iis 376 .2 do eX we 180 35 81 38 3 4-ch dust 150 24 76 Bismark .,, 378 6 do ro pek 600 50 £23.C,D.8. .. 39 18 ich bro pek 990 49 7 380 10 do pekoe 1°60 4 83 40 10 ch pekoe 1,000 33 78 382 2 do peksou 620083 84 41 8 ch pek sou 800 25 i9 384 68 do uoas 800-28 85 42 1 ch uuassorted 100 32 50 Palmerston,,. 386 194-ch bro pek 1140 «BT 86 43 2 ch bro mixed 250 26 BL 388 18 ch pexoe 1800 86 bid 87 Glenalla .. 44 21 ch broorn pk 2319 © 47 bid | 82 320 6 do pek sou 736 32 88 45 39 ch orng pek 3900 36 bid | 83 2 3 5-ch dust 240-36 89 46 33 ch pekoe 3200 32 98 Talgaswela,.. 422 15 ch bro pek 1500 a0 90 47 39 ch pek sou 3900 31 99 424 17 do — pekoe 1615 34 91 G. e 48 4 ch oran pek 400 27bid | 100 426 5 do pek sou 450-28 92 49 6 }-ch pekoe 300 ©=28 bia | 101 428 4 do sou 3607 98 H.H.H. .. 59 14#ch bro pek 45 2] 102 Hunugalla,.. 430 7 do bro pek 805 34 bid 54 61 1 4-ch pek gou 65 20 103 432 7 do pek sou 735 (37 104 2 434 10 do pek sou 1000 25 Messrs. Forbes & WALKER put up for sale at the +4 Catal aero | Oe a” a oe i S et Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 19th Dee. | 107 440 46 He pekoe 4600 32 5 . ) 4 y the undermentioned lots of Tea (236,322]lb.), which i. Castlereagh pind -4 a. ae = 59 gold as under :— 110 446 ll do or pek 935 41 AH : 418 19 - pekoe 1710 33 5 eas . 112 Anninpgkande 450 17 ©¢ bro pek 1870 48 ok eee ae e Descrip Weignt 13 452 6 do pekoe 600-32 ark, 0. kgs. tion. b. c 114 454 7 do pek sou 700 «38 1 Traquair .. 228 64-ch pekoe 245 20 115 2 456 1 do congou 100-2 3 230 10 do ypeksou 500 «18 116 Kelaneiya 458 4 do congou 4008 3 232 1 do congou 43 «18 7 469 3 do dust 345 26 4 Clova «» 234 8 do bropek 400 33 pid | 118 Farnham 462 32 $-ch bro orpek 1440 49 5 936 9 do pekoe 450 26 119 464 69 do pekoe 310532 6 238 22 do pek sou 1110 18 120 North Cove 446 7 ch congou 700 30 z 240 14 do sou 700 39.28 121 Ascut 468 1 do congou 9 26 g 242 6 do fans 300-28 122 470 3 do dust 450 26 244 2 do pek dust 100 «25 123 Pansalatenne 472 52 ch bro pek 6460 45 a0 SK ws 246 929 do pekoe 1160 73 124 474,39 do... pekoe 3900 81 11 St. Helen .. 248 26 ch pek sou 2340 27 pia | 125 476 18 do. pekson 1710 38 12 250 16 do pekoe 1380 30 bia | 126 418 2 do (“Songon 400. 2 13 952 31 do bro pek 2720 42 bid | 1<7 489 7 2-ch dust 525-25 14 Choughleigh 954 202-ch bropek 1100 57 bid | 128 PDMin 15 256 39 do pekoe 3310 38 bid estatemark 482 5 ch souchong 450 Bl 16 258 2 do pek fans 140 «26 129 484 2 do Unassorted 200 31 VW, Nee ee. 260 1 do bro mix 45 15 130 48 1 $-ch red leat 68 22 18 262 19 do fans 1230 33 131 Gomalia 488 4 ch bro pek 400 50 22 Harangalla.,. 270 28 ch bro pek 2800 33 132 490 4 do pekoe 320 35 23 272 19 do pekoe 1710 3l 133 492 2 do pek rou 160 31 24 274 3 do pekoe 285 25 bid 134 SY 491 24 do bro pe fan 2520 32 25 276 16 do pek sou 1440 = 28 135 496 8 do cuongeu 225 423 26 Glenorchy ,,. 278 40 3-ch bropek 2400 74 136 498 7 $ch dust 490 §=27 > >i 280 43 do pekoe 8150 48 137 Midleton 500 51 do bro pek 2805 62 33 A 282 1 ch dust 100 26 138 : 502 13 ch pekoe 1235 42 29 §8t.Catherine 284 9 do bro pek 810 41 138 Kehclwatte 504 10 do bro pek 1100 51 bid 30 286 8 do pekoe 68) 3l 140 506 6 do pekoe 660 35 bid 3l 288 11 do pek sou 990 28 141 508 5 do pek cou 500 31 32 , 290 1 do pek fans 100 27 142 510 2 do dust 160 27 33 Waitalawa... 292 35 %-ch bro pek 1750 50 bid | 143 J HS in estate a 294 79 do pekoe 3950 34 bid mark 512 10 do or pek 1000 50 bid 35 296 12 do pek sou 600 27 bid | 144 514 13 do pekoe 1236 33 bid 36 298 4 do ust 368 26 145 516 3 do pek sou 285 30 37 WNugagalla ... 300 19 do bro pek 250 52 bid | 146 Serubs 518 7- do dust 490 26 38 302 60 do pekoe 3000 32 bid | 147 Feaccck 520 3 do pek fans 210 26 39 304 8 do pek sou 400 28 bid | 150 OL PB 536 4 do pekoe 400 «33 40 306 4 do dust 360 26 151 Weoya 528 97 4#-ch pekoe 4850 31 bid 4i CHY «» 808 18 do pekoe 990 24 152 Kalupahane 530 7 box bro pek 35 45 42 1 BK » 310 2 gh red leaf .. 20) 19 153 532 40 do pekoe 200 30 42 H&H «» 312 10 do bromix 950 24 154 534 2 3-ch souchong 90 25 61 Bloomfield .,, 328 17 $-ch younghyson 1020 62 bid | 155 Kakurugalla 536 13 ch bri pek 1300 41 62 330 15 do hyson 825 51 bid | 156 638 21 do pekoe 2100 30 332 20 do hyson No. 2. 1100 43 bid | 157 540 1 do pek sou 100 26 54 2 334 5 do twankay 425 33 158 542 2 do dust 167 25 55 Brunswick ,,. 336 17 ch unas 1700 = 32 159 Citrus 544 9 do pekoe 900 - 28 56 : 388 3 do pek fans 390 28 160 Macaldenia 546 13 4-ch bro pek 650 54 7 $7 Caskieben .., 340 45 do fowpek 4500 55 161 548 7 ch pekoe 700 0B 5B 342 36 do vekoe 3600 33 bid | 162 ' 550 5 do pek sou 500 33 $9 344 7 do unas 700 =: 30 163 - 552 2 g-ch fans 108029 oO 346. 2 do pek fans ..260 27 164 554 1 ch sxouchong 100 26 @L Maha Uva .. 848 63%-ch bro pek 3465 48 bid |] 165 ~~ 556 1 h dust 74 827 G2 850 13 ch pekoe 1235 34 166 558 6 do bropek 294 «52 63 852 8 do pek sou 720 32 167 Luccombe® 560 11 ch peksou 1100 31 C3 354 14-ch dust 80 26 ‘168 - §62 1 do pek fans 150 26 @ TB «. 366 1 oh 169 K * 584 3 do pek sou 300 7 hide 1%-ch fans . 230 «29 170 Lankapura,W 586 3 3-ch red leaf 139 15 - ni a ae wee . 90 27 171 ; 688 3 do pekdust 225 27 ies } i FO mix 55 2 172 Aberdeen in ; 1 @ Patiegama,,, 362 14 ch bropek 1540 | 55 estatemark 570 do dust = CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 SR a tC eee aay Lot Box Deserip- Weight Lot Box D i i 3 : escrip- No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. Cc. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tions Aye Cc. 173 Ganapalla 572 7 4-ch dust 690 86.6 13 1 174 574 16 do bropefan 1120 38 14 ia 8 Me ue fons Tike a ce) ust 160 23 175 576 12 do pek fan 720 28 15 Rondura »» 15 24 do bro pek 2620 38 bid 176 Gleneagles 578 3 ch dust 390 = -.26 16 16 d ° 10 do pekoe 1000 26 bid 177 580 34 do pekoe 3230 45 17 17. 9 do pek sou 900 24 1978 582 36 do bro pek 3850 58 18 18 6 do pek dust 450 26 179 DM 684 2 4-ch dust 160 925 19 Ingeriya .. 19 62-ch bro pek 33) 39 bid 180 5856 4 do souchong 200 27 20 20 7 do pek 350 aT 181 688 10 ch pekoe 1000 33 21 21.13 do pek sou 624 24 182 590 10 4-ch bro pek 600 41 bid 22 22 4 do bro mixed 300 19 183 OGAin 25 Pelawatte .. 23 8 ch bro pe No.1 931 ont estatemark 592 2 ch dust 300. 25 oE pe miata abiero BesNo. 2; 889 71 Bie 184 594 26 do pekoe 2340 30 bid aye eee 185 596 17 do Bronger 1700 a4 bid mH Halpantenne 26 5 ch bro pek 571 32 bid 186 Rosendhal 598 2 do 2g an 6 ae Kes te) 507 5 a ¢ sou age aa s i oh eee: Hae au 29 Strathellie ., 29 13 do bro tea 1300 7 188 Lillawatte 602 8 do congou 720 21 ain ais PD AC BoC liga 189 Moalpedde €04 3 J-ch bropek 180 45 33 TALS DS EM elders ae 9 606 4 do pekoe 220 BL 33 33 26 do kK 80 2 191 608 7 do peksou 3/5 28 34 Bag do. ted lowe, oriole 192 610 2 do pesouNo.2,100 95 35 Vee 193 612. 1 .do; jy bramix 40 33 86 KU ood icouy congou emis 194 MM 614. 2 ch broper 216 95 37 Raita aa TS ek ceceou fe 195 H 616 11 do reileaf 885 16 20) AV cimiseatito alae uo OSHA ere. bey ae ; 2. ; 196 Avoca 618 22 do pekoe 1980 43 39 mark 39° 3 ch pekoo 270 25 ey 197 Koorooloogalla 620 15 do bro pek 1500) 42 0: Gs 40 4 do pek sou 360 §=23 5 Sen iddonne (fee ted aid Ree eo ek cou oT 28 4d é 7 205 Salem 6386 6 ch ig orpek 630 45 43 43 6 a0 aoe 248 oa 206 638 9 do pekoe No.1 765 35 d4 44 1 do econgon 48 20 207 640 12 do pekoe No. 2 996 33 45 Wilahanduwa 45 12 ch bro pek 120041 bid 208 642 2 do pekoestu 180 26 46 46 31 do pekoe 3100-80 bid 209 644 1 do dust 80-26 al 47 i4 do pe sou 140025 215 Langdale 636 17 do peksou 1530 33 49 Stoatheltio 1. 22 42 9° wBassorted 176 2a 219 Invurugalla 664 2 do ‘pek son 180 37 49 trathellie ., 49 19 do bro pek 12900 = 4. bid 922 Kirrimettia 670 3 do unassorted 318 27 ay EO (ele, dob kpelkue 100%. +60 223 612 3 do bromixed 312 96 os itemeaad, Cobierekiaoul) * 1700): 24 204 674 2 do pedust 101 97 3) piidaradeniva 9520506) dos! sbro)pek 80039 bid 225 676 1 do bro pe dust 157 25 g LE Es inl es: 168" 10 doi, “upekae 900) 91.526 226 VO : 678 9 do AGE 1080 33 54 tate mark 54 4 do pek sou 360 24 227 Narthupana 650 7 2-ch dust 69525 Be Bona LCs yesON BON a4 232 Meddeteune,, 700 21 do bropek 2310 3: bia | 28 BGien dows. dust eo NRE 233 702 13 do pekoe 1300 29 1 57 Neuchatel .., 57 15 ch bro pek 1575 45 234 104 4 do peksou 400 95 By Scot aueece rea ee 708 14-ch dust 75 a Orempckisous A620) 25 236 Weoya! «708/32 do bro pek 1760 oc a quleni2) Gob) Aunaescrted) 190 94 237 710 53 do pekce 9650 98 bia | od Aeee arch) ydust 170) 2a 238 712 60 do pesou 3000 27 3 eh) HD PRE TTE 60) 2 18 245 Monrovia .. 726 8 do brope 800 37 bid | gq MetMdola: «. 63.9 ch bropek 1008 35 pia 246 728 11 do pekoe 110098 s Faw 8 GOs Deke suo 2s 247 730 7 do pesou 700 ga 86 Seedy eecbaouy | i670), ize a ce) ORE Se ean ge ee 7 4 80 Bropotens ar 250 736 1 do pedust 140 496 ack 259 Forest Hili,. 754 1 do bromix 90 16 8 Yahalatenne 68 7 ch bro pek T1734 bid 260 MC. -» 756 8 do bropek | 912 37biaa | $2 69 5 do pekve 497 28 bid 261 Pattirajah.. 758 10 do brope 1000 43 bid Pre eciie bobs woul | LOA bid 4 : : x-ch annings 105 ge Munamal ,, he 4 Gs bro pek 1209 = 44 : 72,1 do _ bro ied 30 a Oo pekoe 270 30 Hiralouyah,,, 73 22 ch upassorted 1240 ty 764 1 do dast 160 25 74 1 do fannin 97 16 265 Oraigie Lea... 766 40 do unas 4400 80 bid 74a 74a 3 do fans No.2 318 pO a Bee Warwick .. 768 16 3-ch bro pek 900 75 Wadurewe .,. 75 6 4-ch_ bre pek : 30095, ra ! 710 21 do peoe 115564 76 14 do unassorted yu renee an oii ee ; fa quek 300 BL 4% 01 do dust 50 a oo c ro pek 710 out L soo, aL “do! bro pe dust 75 9 270 116 5 do pekoe 510 ou 2 er t. 719.2 do pek dust 350 , 80 4 do dust 300 ar Messre. SoMervitte & Co. put up for sale at the A, Ceylon... 81 5 do brotea AOR aaG Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 5th Tay: WG +» 83° 6 do bro pek 28k the pod exmientioned lots,of Tea (82,520 Ib.) whioh sold 4 H oh frost 300 38 ®8 under ;— Rosene - Ath oo 85 40 4-ch bro pek 2200 witha’ : 86 14 ch pek 1960 rey Box Weight 87 28 do pek sou 2520 S 0 No, Pkgs Description, lb, ee i Co duat 100% o ro mix 96 I Dopedene ,.,, 1 30 }-ch bro pek 1650 36 Hagalla oe ou ok eo bro pek 1850 o 42 do ra is 28 do pehos 13v0 3 3 45 do pe a an ae 92 18 do pek sou 200 a 4 ec ee a wo Ero mix 199 3g io duat ¢ uae me 2 6 Kelani 2 6.86 do broipek ieee ay Bombara ,,, 95 5 oh bropek 50084 bid 7 7 56 do pek aso bid 96 6 do pek sou 4914 8 Chip ieee sen es a0G ay Stockholm .,, 97 6 do koe 474-30 rs) gi a" 'das Vane 140 gs Forest Hill .,, 93 5 do ro pek 660 = 41: bid 10 10 2 do Bede? iets 99 15 do pekoe 1575-30 11 Narangoda ,, 11 6 ch ro pek 660 BS 100 8 do peksou 800 95 19 12 10 do Pekoe 1000 7 17a 2 do dust,acme ch :40 Pr 174 1 «do congou 100 22 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. LP Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No Pkgs. tion: Ib. ¢. 198 Gw «180 8 do sou 195 =. 20 1 +. 182 1 do fannings 126 «2 10 HH +» 184 16 do pekoe 1634 23 bid 106 186 12 do pek sou 112L =. 22 bid o7 IN G_.., 188 1 do red leaf 100 «16 08 +. 190 8 4-ch dust 270024 109 IF o. 192 21 ch pek sou 1575 26 110 194 84-ch dust 640 9= 25 111 Dahanaike... 195 3 do bro pek 195 26 bid 112 198 3 do pekoe 180 © 27 bid lia 101 7 do pek sou 385 = ak 114 103 2 do congou 100-22 115 105 1 do dust 60 a4 Mr. A. H. Tuomeson put up for sale at the Obamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 5th Jan. the undermentioned lots of tes (61,657 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Weight No, No. Pkgs Eescription lb. c. Bb MLO on EGORST oXh or pek 2035 39 6 9 10 bro pek 600 32 bid 7 ll 33 ae pekoe 1900 30 8 13 41 do peksou 1815 28 9 15 43 do sou 1935 24 10 17 27 do dust 1890 25 1l RWT 19 4 ch sou 400 15 Z2 Atchencoil estate Travancore tea 20 61 4-ch unas 3355 30 bid 13 22 18 do bropek 990 35 bid 14 STN E 24 (7% och bro pek 630 35 bid 16 26 6 do pekoe 510 26 bid 16 28 9 do pe sou 810 23 17 30 2 do pe fans 200 18 18 41 1 do pro tea 90 16 22 Ooloowatte 36 10 ch 1 4-ch brope 1148 35 bid 23 38 13 ch ¥ 1 4-ch pekoe 1313 29 bid 24 40 1 do $-ch dust 58 23 25 41 1 do eh bro mix 28 21 96 Brae 42 64-ch dust 300 24 27 43. 8 do congou 400 23 bid 28 D 44 2 ch dust 300 24 29 AKA Cin estate : mark, Ceylon 45 40 3-eh bro pe 2000 ©6440 bid 30 47 47 do pekoe 2350 20 bid 31 49 24 do pe sou 12/0 26 bid 32 51 4 do dust 320 24 38 Ossington 62 6 ch brope 660 45 bid 34 54 13 do pekoe 1300 30 bil BE 56 6 do pe sou 600 26 bid 36 58 1 do dust 139 24 BT Usgiside 59 «#46 do dust 750 23 38 6i 6 do bro tea 690 25 39 A, inest,mark 6% 21 do pokoe 1890 33 bid 40 65 4 do pek sou 400 26 bd 41 65 5 do bro tea 500 24 bid 42 AGC 67 303-ch bropek 1500 28 bid 43 69 8 ch sou No.2 880 18 44 71 1 do pe dust 120 24 A5 72 #2 do dust 300 22 46 AGO 73 3 do sou 270 21 47 74 4 do souNo. 2 440 18 48 15 3 do dust 450 23 49 76 2 do pe dust 240 25 50 Saidawatte 77 29 do bro pe 3480 35 bid 51 79 14 do pekoe 1400 25 bid 52 Engurakande 61 '5 do bro pe 523 30 bid 53 bs 83 -3 do ekoe +. 275 22 bid 54 §8,in estate mark 84 1 do ro pe 114 30 bid 55 85 2 do pekoe 209 23 bid 56 Sapitiagoda,Ia- , : pr oleaeap: 4 86 21 do brope 2310 47 bid CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial. aay gd Mrxcine Lane, Dec. 8th, 1893, Marke and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold io Mincing Lane up to 8th Deo. :— Ex “Olan McLean” "Brookside, le 99%; 40 1b 10le: ae 1s 6d; 1c 1b 898; 1 bag102:, (ST&LOB), 3 bags 53 6de. Ex “Oanfa”—Palli, 1c 1t 98s 64; 100 93s 64; 2c 1t 938 6d; 3c 1b 91s; 20 1038; 2c 1t 89s 61; lt 865; 1 879; 1 958; 1 81s; 2 903 64. Pittarat Malle, 1b 106s; 2c 103; lo 983; 1t 126s; 1b 91s; 1 bag 104+. Ex “Senator’ ”__Meeriabedde, lo ills; 2c 103s; 3c It 104s 67; 1b 99s; 1t 1b 127; 1 89; 2 bags 104s. Ex “Lancashire’—Ravenawo od, le 1b 108s 64; 1b 1045 6d; 1t 974; 1t 89s; 1b ba ¥ bag 98s. Minoma La Lane, Dec 15th, 1893, Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 15th Dec.:— Ex “Senator”—WP, lt 104s; 30 996 6d; 2t 983; lo 1076; 1t 89 ; 1 bag 91s. Ex “Laucashire” —WP, 2+ 104s; 59 94361; le 1693s 63; 26 105s; le 16876 6d; 2b 892; 20 81s. Ex “Senator”—Liddle sdale, Standard Oo., 1t 99; 1b 89s; 1t 75s. Ex “‘Algeria’—(newcrop), Kslburne, le 1b 963; 2e 123s; le Lt 1189; lo 1b 90s 6d. Ex “Senator? — Wiharagalla, 1t 110+ 61; 2c 106s 6d; 2c 1b 103-61; 1b97s; 1b 123s; 1b 89s 6d; i bag 104s. Ex “Lancashire’ *__Wiharagalla, lo 1b 106s 6d; 3c 103: 6d; 1t 95s; 1119s; 1b 88s 6d; 1 bag 103s 61. Ex “Senator’—Gowerakelle, 1t 97s; 1b 116s; 1b 89s; 1b 908; 1b 82s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Minoine Lang, Dec. 15th, 1893. Ex “Senator’—Asgeria, 20 haga 102s; 20 104s; 7 76s 6d; 12 758; 1 69s; 2 85s; 1 543 6d. Ingurugalie, - bags 75s 6d; 10 75s; 1 698; 2 85s. Kumaradola, bag 75s 64; 6 718; 3 69s; 1 54; 6d. Ex “Goleonda”—Kumaradola, 17 bage 75s 6d. Ex “Oruba”—Yattawatta, 1 bag 39a. Ex “Larne’—WSB, 2 bags 60s. Ex ‘‘Lancashire’’—Warriapolla, 9 bags 985; 19 903 6d; 12 56s. Ex “Laertes”—North Matale DAB, 5 bags 402. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent,) Mincrne Lane, Dec. 8th, 1893. Ex “Senator”—-Kura Mysore No. 1, average nett weight about 73 Ib., 2 cases 13 Iid. No. 2, average nett wright about 71 Jb, 1 ease 1s 93; vett weight about 77 !h., 1 case 1s 10d. Kuru Malaba’ No. 1, aver- age 801b. 2 cares 2s; 2 cases 23 2d; nett weight 80 1b. 1 e-se2s 1d; average nett weight 58 lb. 2 cases 1s 8d; 1 case 1s.7d;.No. A, nett weight about 311». 1 case 2g 3d. Maldi Leeds, nett weight about 24 lb. 1 case eee ay A te eu t] TS sae 89 Vogan 92 7 ao bro pe 1709 ot bia ome rage Mysore, nett weight about 70 lb. 2 $1 94 a A te gou 1020 30 bid Ex “Ormnz”—Tonacombe Mysore, 2 about 70 lb. nett 2 98 2 do dust 260 25 l:about 701b, 5 about 34 Ib. all3s. 7 63 92 ,2 do .brope sou,;85 24 |» Ex. “Mira” —Vedehette, total ‘weight 65lb. 1 at 3p bs Vogan a gs aa eee 1608 “4 bid | 3d; nbout.195 1b. 1 ar 9d; total weight about 124 1b. a at 2 40 Be gon 1020 - 1 aie ditto 958; Lat 2s: total weight about 55 Ib. ) (2) f ee 68 it 2 do «brepe sou 484 Ex:“Port Melbourne”=Dauckwari, total weight about ry @8 22 boxes broorpe 110 83 bid '65 1b. 1 case at 1s 6d, “(OEYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. Supplement to the ‘Tropical Agriculturist.” LIST OF PRINCIPAL SALES OF TEA AND OTHER’ ESTATES IN CEYLON DURING 1898, ————»->—_ — Name of Name of District, Estate. Parchasger. Amount, District. Estate, Purchaser, # Amount, Udapusse!- Standard Tex, GC». of Dimbula_ ...Bromley ..Mr. G. A. Dic ° leva ...Gordou ..Oy'on, Ll. «se R65,000 New Galwasmvnareick . Mesers. fines Ze Kotagala ...Drayton ...Draytn (Ceylon Muir&Oo, ,. £8,650 Estates Uo. Lid. ...R503,100 Do .. New Cornwall do ., R40,000 Kotagala ..,Yuillofizld., ditto ..-R162,99) | Dimbula ..Beleravia ., do ., £11,000 Udapussel- Ragalla states Co, , Huoaggeri)a..4 Gavatenne,.Mr. T. A. W. ; lawa _...Ragalla_... Limiced ve £59,000 Dickson »» R15,010 Do, ...Lulloes ...Mesars. Alstun & Dimbila ..11/12 Palmer- Mr. W. CG. Buacha- ‘ Wallace ««» R80,010 stou ee nen R56,000¢ Mackeliya...Minna ...Mr.F. P Willisms... £8,100 Do Lilo Bistarek 5 C im 2 he Do. ...4 Ladbroke,.Mr. G. F. Browa £2,000 Udapuas: ie Maha Us, eee: 54 ,550a Kurncegsla,.Lsabel see D Igolla Estate Co... R45,000 es Maha Uvar.,0o. Ld MS ehh R2 Ukuwe'a ..4 Grove ...Mr. J. Bs ber . R25,000 Walscbace chiawatte ANTssaee: Hamilt ie %220,060 Kandy ..Greenlands,.Mon:. Zaleski . Ri2,800 tae ie A Sumeatess 3 Badalla __ ...Dewature- Sunnycroft Tie Sonn a age gilla...Mr. A P. Sandbach... R13,500 Kolani IDE RAR Bea (Ge i anes Haputale ...Cotton ,,,.Mc. A. R. Wilson ... R10,000 Valle game ieee C Ld i Kelebokke ,.,Richlands,..Measrs. Gou'd and Der = Giauee states Go.,Jud ... £50,000 Blenuerhasset —.... R60,500 New Clunes..Clunes Estates Co. Kelani Glasgel and (or Erracht) Ld RE ape. ..Hroan .,,Pa awal TeaOo. ... £20,000 Do Debatgaine iE do e aglecs da Ilewa- Guallaha- cid 5 ert heta veekelle Mr. Williams ... Rl,000 Matale ...Borrohill ...Mr.Murray-Menzies R15,000 Durbara .,..Gangapitia..Mr. Siddi Lebbe .., 17,500 Dolosbage ...Parragolla...Mr. Alex. Gibson,. R100,010b Dikoya ...Marske .,.Abbotsleigh TeaCo... £5,5U0 | Kelani Ke ani Valley Lea Do. «wk New Valley ...Weereagolla Association, Ld... £8,250 Valley ...Mr. Quail .. £1,500 | Gampola ..Ganatenne.,.Mr. I. Paterson ... R2,500¢ Dimbula ...Sprinefield.. Mr. 1. L. Hampton... 23,500 | W. Matale...Ratwatte ...Mr.F.M. Mackwood R20,250 Maskeliya ...Midlothian..Mr. R. Porter ww» £4,000 Do ...Ukuwela .., Bastian Silva R1,820 Kalutara ...¢ Uulloden..,Messra. Fletcher and Do gt crandanda: Mestre: pewte & Chaar Nevett we. $15,000 = alrweather R770 Badulla .,.4 Brechin,.Mr. R. C. Wright... R20,00) _ Do © ...Olanapitia ...Mr.D.R.Fairweather R1,270 Do. 4 EB lawatte & Dimbula_ .. Gieat West- Great Western Tea Dabragalle,..Mr. A. Forbes —_.... R12,750 ern, Louisa & Scalpa...Co. of Ceylon, Ld. R584,000 Dimbula ...Stair Ceylon Tea Planta- eer Bi Pape Nreeehor nee tion Co. .. £9,750 aputale .,.Niadova ..,.Mr. G. H, Green,,, R10,000 Kolani Kelavi Valley Tea Maskeliya...M eria- Mesers. J. D. Valley ..Parusalla .,Plantation CO». £5,250 cotta and Fletcher and W, Hantane ..Gloucester & New Cale- Nevett - £11,500 Galoya .. Mr, H.R. Farqu- do: ia harson oe £500 Do ...Nikakolua Do -. £ 3,000 Maturata ,.Gorakello ..Mr. A. W.Jackson.. £2,750 Matagama...Fores: 230 ‘Galle ..Udagame, Sau- merez & Ginne- Udagama Tea and dominie -»Limber ('o. Lid. ..R260,000 Haputale ..Roseberry ..Mr. C.G. Inglis .. R30,000 Passellawa..Nugawella ..Mr. M. B. Evans .. R30,000 Deltota . ..Gonavyy ..Mr. W. H.Walters., £7,000 Laggala ..Masnagalle.. Messrs. T. Barlow : & Bros, -» R6,000 Medamaha- Nawans- Messrs, Spence & nuwara ,.gale .. Waddilove »» R8,900 Dumbara ...Kandewatte..omerpullo »»» R12,500 Moneragala,..Monaragale Histern Produce Kelle .. & Es ates Oo. LA. ..,.R4,600 Dikoya v» Lreby ...Mr, Morray-Slenzies £5,500 Polgahbawela..Sbannon ...Mr. @. Schokman... R2,500 Knuckles ,,Bambrella, Da- watakelle & Moragahagalla., Messrs, Ja- comb & Co.... £20,000 L. Dikoya .,Donnybrooke (now Exmouth) Mr. H L. Thomns...£1,000 Kelani Valley. Kynangama, Hila Tea Oo. Ld. ., £9,000 Haputale ..4 Mahakanda,.Mr. Alex. Gibson.. R30,400 Udepussel- .»Mr. J.L. Anstruther R30,000 lawa «. Gomalia Dolosbage ,, Hillside (Lessee) ...Mr, Alex. Gibson ...R20,700 «» R6,900 Rambodde ...Camnethan.,Mr, B. Aitken @ Subject to primary mortgage over both for £5,000. Ooconute. @ Paddy fields. acres ,,.Mr. E.'[. Koelman... R6,000 Madulkelle...¢ Madul.- kelle ...Mr. M. H. Thomas ... R35,010 Morawakorale Ho:es ...The Ceylon Conaoli- dated Tea Estates Co. £10,090 NewGalway Glenshee...Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. ..-£2,600 Colombo .,,Muturaja- wela :..Mrs. H.C. Obeyes+ kere R9,0008 Kalatara ..Heatherley.. The Rosehiugh Tea Co. Ld. .. £10,000 Do .»Culloden .. do ». £20,000 Maskeliya ..Merriacotta do es £12,000 Pussellawa..Sanquhar .. do »» £10,000 Coconut Estates, Negombo ...Waljapelle Mr. O. Richards... R77,500 Jaffna +»Kayankadu 3S. Marralpillai «-» R24.000 Chilaw ..Rajawallie Mr. Tiruvalingam ... R15,000 Negombo .., Yakkade- gulla Mr. E. A. Daniel ... R11,750 Do ... Mousa Lady Soysa R2,200 Do ...Lower Ku- du oya...U.D.S. Goonerekere R31,500 Do ...Upper do. ...G. Oross ... R80,000 Do ..-Maha oya ...G. de Silva ee R70,250 Hanwella_ ...Pigott’s land ...T. L, M. Abdul R5,000 b Subject to a mortgage of £2,000 stg. o Tea and ee ie oP EY *. RATE pe f- Germ ef oO Bw iTAe ve nue HOITEO % ao an tails ZA - i eu. : HOMES TOE MEY ate nize ton wh eh ( CERES Bar Ae RE ia ) oe eee 32 82 1 do souchong 80 23 23 38 4 do pe 3200-33 bid 33 33 12 do pesou 1080 26 sou 389 34 34 11 do pekoe 990 29 34 MyragangaA 39 35 do brope 3500 43 35 35 6 do bro pek 600 35 = eR ees 1615 30 bid 36 KMOK .., 36 1$ch dust 80 24 a v4 . fo: ee 415 37 Aadneyen ... 37 14 ch pek sou 1260 29 : o red leaf 8 16 38 38 18 do pekoe 1620 41 ao ae +» 47 60 $-ch bro pe 300031 39 39 13 do bro pe 2300 59 a4 49 14 ap pe 700 9-27 40 Naseby w. 40 274-ch pekoe 1350 46 os “4 o pe sou 500 at 41 41 19 do brope 950 €0 a4 oo bro sou 400015 42 OH .. 42 1 ch dust 140 22 5202 do dust 10024 rd ih a ae canes 240 * 39 AK AC,io es- 44 16 do pek sou 1280 tate mark 57 40 do bro pe 2000 i 45 45 13 do pekoe 1170 28 40 69 47 do pe . 2350 A ar 46 46 18 do brope 180087 41 61 24 do e sou 1200-28 bid 47 Chetnole .. 47 2 }-ch dust 150 24 42 Ossington 63 6 ch ro pe 660 «45 bid 48 48 14 chest pe sou 1400 26 bid | 43 64 13 do pe 1200-30 bid 49 49 37 do pekoe 3700 30 bia | 44 68 6 do a 600. 26 bid 50 50 77 4-ch bro pe 4235 40 bid | 45 Saidawatte .. 67 29 do brope 3480 34 51 Hatdowa .. 51 2 ch bromixed 160 21 46 Eogurakande 69 5 do brope 623-32 52 52 2 do dust 280 24 47 79 3 do e 275 «27 53 53 32 do pe sou 220 26. {488 « M1 1 do ro pe 114-20 bid 54 54 23 do pekoe 1956 29 49 Sapitiyagoda 72 21 do bro pe 2310 47 bid 55 55 96 do bro pe 2400 38 60 74 27 do pe 2700 33 56 Mousagalla.. 56 8 do 51 AKAG, in es- 1}-ch posou 830 25 tate mark .. 76 22 4-ch bro pe 1100 = 40 bid 57 57 11 ch 52 78 28 do pe 1400 22 1}-ch —_pekoe 1180 28 53 80 23 do pe sou 1160 58 68 17 ch 54 82 3 do dust 240 25 13-ch bro pek 1778 33 55 83 4 do congou 20021 59 W .. 68 1 do dnet 16 25 56 XXX «. 48 1 do tea 40 withd’n 60 60 3 chest red leaf 300 15 a 8 4 ch sou 3606 61 61 14#-ch sou 46 «1 és 86 1 _ sou 40 «#18 62 Malgolla ., 62 73%-ch pek sou 3285 28 60 87 9 * sou No, 2 990 0862 63 €3 73 do pekoe 3650 34 a 88 3 ne pe dust 360-23 64 64 20 do bro pe 1200 36 +3 2 3 a dust 450 23 65 65 71 do or pek 8905 aa sh ; oe Berd atte .. 66 39 Cc or pe 300 34 Bs Glenalla eb de Abe ae aatt 4 bid 63 Waharoka .. 91 8 ch broorpe 800 32 bid 68 Ketedola .. 68 9 do _ bropek 1008 = 35 4 24 z = or pe 1200 22 bid 69 Wilpita .. 69 1 do bro tea 106-23 : e 70 ; 70. 1 “ao mix 100 22 1 $-ch pesou 250 21 bid 71 71 1 do fannings 20 ie: a . At the moderate sale jast before E F 0 0 10. | Carystlers Fs 10} jamboddn H \ sce Tae ecaea activity prevailed law grad ore H a My en ‘arm 0 tof 0 1f | ture 41000 0 ot Song -, Gnd good mediums both attracti peecleatioris raced H 0 SOL yaa eM 1 of 0 10} | Viearton 37500 0 of oO - ‘8 : rales causing = pe more sitention af | Hothechild (EREO) Z 0 oo) | ree nm ic St. Andrews HL 0 10f 14 | Bo Pat EOS Cron a OG ae jc weekly average. During April an aversga of estball Ht 0 Oo} | Pits Ratmatie = = | Bisirgowrie Ba aMis waa maintained owing fo the continued mrerags of 91d | Blackwater 750 0 Tatapengede 0 Wh 0 iy || Broad Oak nom) 0 9 OF 8 Be artning alas for, price Saige | ReeO Bes a) sy | Sestrvale i 0 a0} soy | Calle H 49s 0p 0 10 er Baad epecsally Puroben Sekos Rates seit | Pees tL 2p 8 o 9 | Udaradella HH D(H} al OHIO Frogmore i teed tye oF EO eglect at thes time consequent om thir farming thi Adam's Peak H 2m 0 6 83 | Charley Valley it 10} 9 10 | Hapaiale H i 9) 910) 104 ARD OF TRADE RETURNS. largest proportion of tn: arming the | Puroag: or y iy om 0 Mi 9 6 - RNS. i SU paereaie sieettG(ealll (eal betel eceone x Ss 0 94 | Clarendon H 10) || Mavickwatle H Taqorrs op Tra daring tb cpeasion prantedly Wit iAbsy s period toca 284 |) SOT Hx 22000 0 0 10 | Crate i 19 0 1 | Marske H omy the past foor years. earall usl in; the failu [ops (EPEC) H 63.000 0 0 oy | Erest (0. |} Poyston H 1892. aa aa Hanks ercated a genera live of foreral | Ratvoloya re eee O10 | (Condogalle (EPEC) H 6 10 0 tf] Amusamalle H 90 of From India 5 ee tb. rr the country; dealers’ operations consequent] Le Valion pu 2/2370 0 0 of | Deaide H 0 9 0 10h | Balmoral H BE 0 St] Goylon 5,592,931 112,055,848 Show contacted wih the greatett cantion, aad atthe | Pen-ylan it aol00 0. ek | ee By 0 of 0 9) | Bon Accord iz 8 0 10h] Ohow | Te7alt7 solexo EET eo arcraxeihall lenses SO 0 gy | Faicteld H 0 Mf 0 10k} Deltotre hive 8} 0 1] Other Countries SE scape aoa he ra sale afar Waive Wellaioya (BRED) 1 ed By | Frotote i , gpa eae H SF 8 BET otal pec aarery small ope, the trade exhibited much jroumont a +5 0 oF | Morar i 9 n allow! H —| Tota ia, on apathy, being nervously apprehensive of comi much TAsoo 0 0 H 0 of © 10 | Kavdelaw ab 0 Of va 249,917,881 weiss sad a farther oll-rount Rot emmy Deaey, M3010 0 (i) 2E Pai Gist ciiagp|| natbroketem Sue 1891. posible. “At the set (rseioal Weise | Aitleomiwerecn FEU Gah | Yalambeoss gt Ci OH Re rete Pie Sal earn a ib. So. Bae ee tie cones ear ioareTE nate a ee oO 0 8 | Deveatort tte anos | raiecainy M CoO ml ates SS Tanuocens senor gis foto. evi out the country was brought +t HM S46% Oo 7 gM 4 ‘alagala, Thins 1 200,076) 42,109,718 tahoe fy tlie sbarp declioe which Hoon as00 0 ° Fea ae NSS 10) 0y v0) a) | vallaglan a s} 0 ef] Other Countries oasis 73,085,881 ore eal taken steve [emer Bab eh larg Hom 1 Lh al iaeotde Ho =| tot So See Ee canes and eke went faltil be Hoonooeoti 363,000 0 da 0 09 pede in SOG el fees Bs len —— Oeaper weat fally 11 [oonooestua B 0 8) | Rint; H 9 | Bellwood (ODEO) How .: 224,054,871 See ee eee reece saeland weer | ae i ium 0 O Bf | sue / ve GOTOH H 0 aL! | cantere eS Lael HE-COSERET ES EEA Seneca ee ee ee nea pati isla low aaceaten July the | a5 HM Seo) ol Bt 0 fineing Lane (SCTC) 0 a | Cece Bey fy ch 1) 6G) Be 7 towards the end of th quotation, altbough | Tyraoy 254,000 9 | pos u 0 0} || Dahanaike HM 42\6 Todia Tb. witlsoe ab te uci lw aogs of pet fe a SS Beis ao) at Hoof Bl eee tim fh al og 1 Gt ernin Cp a re eeeeee | Duvedin (CTC) B50 0 4 n 4 aren (sero) win tH 0 ay Keenagaba Bla ie ee Ge Gites Counter oh TST OR Re PETS Dorszalla IM 825,500 0 BO eee , Hare Heese H 48000 «0 gk 0 : Buh me sects | imam: ef | Riga oto ay ee sala see 4 of Auzast mcvic fadumava(CTPC) 247,000 0 7t 0 Coens 0 8} Oo a 0 7 Tettanever beds Beary exopy wl vices from ana(CTPO) 1, 2861000 7 HM M Bett : ; large ooo 0 78D Di i 0 10 M 49507 0 3} 0 9 ee reat ree emoela ee eee lee L 360 0. r ot Hsu 0 Toatn Ra EB feniya( CLEC, 2) 7a (0 ab | petal iL oo x soo 8 Sa a el ee Ci The Bore | Pamlagame Yat asym 0) ag 00 TE | Depeana Tia HE EAIMAANGrzay Parae 0 Stlicean 2 aera nn a Yo malian ratedaa | Suspyerott Tia osT OST Va Cat ee Exine H 0101 | Wenebetde ey) bn 0 3 | Otter Couatrics Pisin yety heavy one, s farther. ' ptember, which | °° L 390/500 Ht 0 3: featberion oM q 10 | Bellongalla Torey (0 By 0 1 eae eo ee ee eee yon! 6) 7h] Kiatoakelte a ® | Brae ci ; Bh Ole eal) meter ; ident that Cervo, a Kallebokkn 0 10) | Blackw Mao Bh OL ie rer Peep nyrele Reser lb eed nipnere 100.000 ts Tanetale & EAR | chee aCe Exrours of Dra during th asin Fi ireere rtmiere yay reo ne reer Dessford am te eu m. Mshagalls H = | D-Naas a ae oo) tet fae Rac EaE mueb briske 7 a Goattcll 43,500 Cotta — | Dryburgh i Pa Eee ae onren Norood (EPEC) 1h | Northcave in fw, | Heotoye er al re Tadin Aare fergie’ saltcy sraneed 3 ys bl Meas | eartniere Lee Kean eens i 010} | Togrogale ee Oe a ve Ceylon Sera medium Be 1b.) EE . Taye it) (CLPC} i cr x neds Bekows and Broten Pas on nile Bed | Frolmencd Hi 108.) St! Vigeon's bat ERIC (LEC) ae te ort Other Coonteies period rose from 8}4 Eek arereiera Valamal z 0 roy | Bbornbiela H ‘ Oy | Bittarelia ae Pave 0 74} ata Eee aE eae Nayabefe a 0 UE) Weresse te Ferme icet Matte | erceaee eS a a Rite as the ayerage went op to 10 ever, » short-lired ou: Onvahkelli a 0 11 | Avge (BPEC) MMO, 0 0 —| Queensland 4g ,500 ie Ws Boplemieteaill nearly 24 below Ib. at the ent of | Tangakelly (CTPC) H 1 of | Derzyolare SE rh he comet [eae Bele tt ub lees {othe Aciuma of 180? the Bighest point | Albion — ) 198.000 4 oat. | Bielinw HO, 0 0, 94 | Sembawatto(OTPC) UM 35,000. 6 Bf 9 —) Ind Te at ee et Te bee ene or Abbotaleigh papeeoa 0 11g | Ealelawn He moe ain Ge aatlliwetan Cee 0 Gy] Cevlow Freep eas ae eee heavy weight of | Cravle u Gingranoys See rataaienh te lake Tire Sena © Oca 208 China se Saath mn Taos proved too stony, and prices | ADEA 0 Hao Gheouit foo, a ol at Hao 0 ay 0 | Olber Count 9y8 and Tb. lor some ating bewscoon | POI a ids fg io 0 oO if Gamrcaket ‘sed ea weeks; the best liqaoring | Alewick x 118,000 Hayes M tty banat tenes | fA 0 8 Total as FEN — 7Se'reas for “pres” tended grb butordicary qualities | Héiobarah Ho 17,500 Kalopahani ie ae 7 0 & x 72) 80,007,187 aber nted gradually sasiee uit Nov.-| Sheet = 109,000. Kierimattin (EPEO)M 0 x 8 0 7) | SPOOR ov Ate Tex : ser ay Sou UR On eine dialer Glace > ai eee Mabe Eliya mo pon saat Hy ay fovthe See re sere tecuauueretans (UE) Cee ee te esta Gatton invery (HOTU) a OM) 0 farlborougt il faa ag = ae : ‘is es : ; 198,030 Maylaie ' 0 8 i 1 80,18, ‘ ¥ ‘ipto a yery quiet at trade hed again | abakelle (ZPEC) i , 1 og 0 #01 t 1b, 5 1890. rea A OTA 200) Battalgalin Hist a Now Forest i ° 4 0118 | Antsorts 1072, 1b. ri Re fel \ge had fallen 10 94 per II Kaday a 189/000 Nyansa. 1 80 204. Marana & = 229,030 08,914,217 104,64 i tm a of he clog a of Ta arti Nasapals (Dolo) Ho dean 0 immer oo og iin a * 9 5] sos consustenion (607,145 101,006,557 = te Be ti f 94 || Hattanwolle = i rN in ay te sergeant tet mi sieides teary | dees 1 uikan 110) | dempteume 09 0 ap tosis (OnE Bo | iatemeronie an Nt Chinn any as Ra bidbes pe ally notieesble fa the | Gosrarilla (STCo.ofc 500 0 heresin hie ; loge : bidserts geraer s ltt oi [tonsa the Koniaen E(@rGe.afGyR H 0 ay iitakande (TPC yt Dd 2 19 uf gain i bt OhiBw are, Se. Indian & Ceylon, These parts posscasing io ight Teas (com | Lindools H 0 fort A 0 sf oo Myra gaia es ; i seylon. 0. parls. pos fa rach fos maseked de Mal Bitterne i 1 | Naethupane = | 1ssh,..114,053,000 ¢ , pee faa pois etait li eee |COr ees A Bloombeld—- i 600, 9) BF 0) ag) UN arate eet 185. Tee73 0 Fe eRcoN ou ATEZ eof tho ola oe " declice o} i | Pana. a — | Cosayaloyl 7180, lana lb io $e nazar eat pee | Ayal & ‘f Danae (OBEC) tat Ho [pure taal Ne 7AM) T2800) 4) 824.5. da do inronse i 7 mmibagastalny a foxenjoatli = |“ Moxtan Za the gountty sound abst NewAes Baya the tal Cees (ONRC)H i mt 5 fal Ha) ‘ 7 M a ce Ghent Retey enough. The position maln{aloe sithough important | Mello-t i 0 i it Fs K & ( : int five years. fn DieavLs was however ver loed by the large yield | SP! se ej ayaa oie iso00 + 4 193, 1802. 1891, 1800) serena eae a te alsa Sg dee Ura Warrlapals no f wh, ay LE Serie Compared with 10/2 pramcasurata ak ihe Albot foil Anta 4 ae, GoTONIA Seana Bo7s0It Satine ip ihe ictal averagn, arate with the Alton (CTC) y u Aeaitgodte (OLEC) 0 i [Re oY Ee re oh teed type of Tea eiracterisc bra-rolled | Keo sre) Onvad Stellenbi } Coaiigalin: pope MC 07 a) | April © Sursi7a sTostig. abpsse4 is SA ae Crontke | Kelvin noi i Dooys Vale oo yey SCORERS GOSDOTA RugeaE) AOnTOTd ? fy la 7 >} us i (as es food eal ly Handing 9 Hiynilfon of 0 a HLOTL#s GIS wansen4 dacirable doyres, Up and briskness in » higb!: ‘000. Kilayanga 7 7 8 ae 7 ly | Cr) thea rrresy fee 0 B54 GO1ODH 8503) Aa quaatity. ree mere i Ua SVE ET EGC) a a $sia an1519 falas ee ttle H o BO i 25,000 isis 871260 ald 4 i Dah ol HuuleValloy HA 34,500 | 0 if Hoes syi5i72 8050065 2 Gi W 3} Moralloys e000 0 7 oN A7SAG5N 4756010 2888626 8) a K a Ey EC La i Rerranaaaly 2450) fies ‘Total. GASHin4 HLH 6070SHA ANOTTIAL sLLBOTO i 4 K Pitas —— na | Hite (OTP) AE Mauella, her enter ae ia 7 | Mosritiy Druiyinnis ow Onri0x Dex daeing ee Toaxant 4000) BRO. Hapitivagodde 000 the past fire. years sie “Notion 0 A} 0. FA Mirae ano) 7 i TBI 1890. i Ottery & Branford ! 0 0 Touts Ei et Ht TE De Ti “ii Ta PANTING 21000 0 7 A756 186) ATBNING ASGSD 9915070 1945982. eock HiIl TM Aligtistiy Ei 0 7 (09052 ATOOVTH 2844200 2125198 19IGLs ay ii Hao 0 7 AGIN0 SA5SHOH Bi 5 in ae so it N72 SNOLO7S 2137888 HY 0 7 rte een WB2I2 18T1078 PLESOE 00 0) 7 % 7492 ASTSH0 GOIS90 YSOR85 te ‘5480572 OLATOR 2067800 stints M , “Denolnual (BE Halo 4 1 a #0 \ Gls i al * o if Vd Ey Maryland wo 10) M ; op GuLLON Th hare i 4 i pa een Ghaterora Dig Bola t Dyeany oan Tusa He Vina Say tell init if bulTanoarairoo ot Manarayall |) Mowsyall i ) 0 ath | Udabae tat Oita 1) | 80 Daren tH rapolll | pases CEO. WHITE & COS ANNUAL INDIA, ie m Comparative Table, shewlog IM- | com’ iat oot tae A treat | of Cine, for tbe past elghisen Beascon. | TY bi fe \ CEY ‘eqalmnt £90,000 Ib. BIA HENS DOOM, ke KUMAON—Thess | from thoes a8trier oy) packages Ppaein 1 ae estias of Une ame peso <]) i orlty lacked falness 10 ex jaloess in the Notwithstanding that tbo total yield Be Ly | ease rE 70 200 Tees than at ime] 1,700 evinas weascn, Vix, guarters_ will probably, Ue Wee opeat key to be | aay ino CORP MAND 8. INDIA anticipated, eupplien 6 ly ” apes #La olber patie, tbe Madras Presitency spprar raftident for ordinary requirements i ft sheet Pee i Ld eaiaas, from anfayor ‘Ope of the ebleffeasres ne\loable, bolt tome | ss 1aBhan ra Re eee ae a Pat taviog besa landed fa Holland, while cooeiderDle ci tna Teas from Tolls, expecially from Amamand | |) nea ea Tee to be oped that the metth e wil aouble planters, HB ct a aoe 1 A de Darjeclt and also in most from the Rie ra Pee ed stp ‘Teas, with more stra, fyifor Eas eee Ceylon, was the marked variation In the y Te. ey ead le. With the larger out-pat looked {. Sten ca Te maty rw oo ||) ea ate ly ee hye ton grea lle, og Indl he mes ‘ts 2888.89 t i Tavsened,, 0 digeres farolee was followed by one maab falerler, " igo.b0 Timo 12190100 | SIZE OF LIBARS AND ASSORTMENT_Onio alto, eomparisg them with thowe puceeodeil by anotber good ones ‘ 1990-01 1,191,000 151,175,000 abla Sales) considerably, O70@Guent. AsvL 92 65,168,000 174,785, cainlog prices to flactoate e i 74,785 000 ikoown marke off ox. 1) 18021 46107,009,000 65,189,000 179,648,000 Beye ly, regular buyers of welll TRIO y Rost, ss \ezclece perionxd much disiestty {a oterminiog tbolf Course | Partly Hatiinnted f 112/000,000 70,000,000 15,000,000 BgEla a> ie Petipa na regarde parable. Fron Cha (f oud Total Hetee Homie . LEG grown Ke Ubinn Cons | 2 2a teeta my saa il om Sse anig | MONET MORY Meena er nag aa 323 |284 288 sis rvre obasgeabls than ocdnaey. a iy, ME Meads | for, ik walt Gn goods bret esa be sett | == a 222 | 533 |74 INDIA —In ovotradiatinetion to that of 1M, the | Season 1875-76 . 149,000,000 174,600,200 i [a the majority of cass the following axsoetment i | 2 > drawing (08 #9 way 1876-77 5..156,000,000 185,001,700 In favour: @ fine Broken Pekov, m good Pekow, I < é —— nia erop of tha seawon now drawiOR 0004 AO Poi acashh f 5 eee as ae ask! the Marlin 1 anizes Scawt'oon'oon kale on "ekoa Bonehong, to iuclada the 'b ld leaf from the | & > Bole 22 | SH= lore for the most part inferior, af Ik : if f, La of ant 2 14, 000/000 177,081,500 weer Be esl eictlansh Broken Jina Tea of | OZ 2 able, ly In of " 000,000 100) 54,000 ‘aonioge. Das should by sifted ont from) ao character then polos Gin ae dea re haeh a ee) Ae all the non ma in brosk by Itulf, 06] 33 Big 855 | $85 |2S tho abipments reesived from Avrain. Yast 2159'000,000 209,373,000 donty"” pareele aoealeable. ze 4 BAS | Z=2 |=5= fant ear, Type” Poke Boochong—the lee of TARLBS 7140/000,000 240'n28,000 as LE OF PAGKAGES.—Motal packages have | = : yer, yen index of tiv Sto of eters a1 208/000 wren tora frequeotly used of late, gud avaralabare | _ STH eae! whieh [s, to some extent, 0 ae hss ae eked arrived in good order and cxndition. By thoersater | 2 Fale ZEB | cSs\Se~ the market—war worth up to A1¢16A, pat a Mile Leasing 215,011,000 Part of thellone Teade whey: havo been taidy will | SE 3 -164,, and, at (86 timo ” i) 951,107,000 0, tery, forwatloas reasons, find they | = = be | era in January last 11 touched 6 1-101 9 Aa Ts Hp cannot desl with them, Theretre, 1 Watsabla fer | eect | S85 | 222 282 srerivtop, Inquoled'at 72168 pero, ThAfShakes |) tania. ; 10x99 (70. the Contiseet aboal bs sent in wooden packages, | 5 = = 2s8|se8 [c= Pardes savetces havo alo ranged thie eamifrom | 5, 3869-00 A ecfit while tho molale may be utilised for other 422 aR hat of Jast. Neb mach AKON. ss, 09,748,000 290/017,000 Fino and floes: ure g nerally, proferred ia halle | © : ease ie 14, to 3d, per Ib, under thal 1 TOLG2 6. 00,214,000 24,999,000 chests, and when clroumstances do not permit of 3) | = = 4 so8)229 oe - desire was shown by tho Tradot> parchare oH early TROL. 64,690,000, 297;208/000 bh tae an it inlght be ounitle to pack | 5 24 0 i rt (chests, which wenTd como within ths defintlos | 7 a ae mgorts, and bonlness dragged vntll the mie Patkly Latimetoa) 4,000,000, 289,000,000 OA targa Desk Hosea ofita ea wall bateare | |B 223 | 225 |222 Kejtember, whes goveral buying tok 4 MT Duty, until I0ik Apt, 1800, 04 thoald bo laken thst the gross weight does not ex ey Se eAU | es 328 | 253 Rea aera tee thao. astal, bat dealara nd Geral Boing | 4d. Yer iit, 2800), 08. per Id, afterwards | cont A810, otherwisa 1b, deaf ak to be allowed, | 8 7 = we slack, aa They. wars dlssppolaied wiih IOKUANby. || UNst--Aeanahipmante for ike Gonllbenh, on aeetyal) | readiser, P Lae gaa att ae ate | es 2) 8 13/2 ADA see OSS Te ear, ant bopod, by waiion, to oblaln Petter | Sexson tRabh ti a Gar Ln a Pa RE a (a raaraesdl nae va fous ances, reralicg as 5 Shas jolar on, Tho ebarscter of tha crop bowers Dalag | the Horau Exton, trom ote tbe proportion | ing he rsa ot na Da Te ecezpanee I5\bal a tS a Z| = lel EFAIFER : the roralen por” bi _ a E = vccertained, » steady bualooes for all usefsllq4Oring | Abin, Shipmenta from Jara sale A eer Rye a2 4 |e S22 $33 ‘Teas has since continued, withan Increariag fmand | om they, vin ln diferoat - , meoaeding to the | by alten n to Oe me jantal dem wffected (the grows wel 4 ‘Se | SS=\es de ae ae echo aie hd a accordaces herewith. zee | F S52) *52 |es~ From ‘ai, 10 Abe Wit ult,, the yverage jard of Trade returns {0 iananm Seale foe 718,000 puakane eet onOERTORRTT Pree NTO retaras for the past three, | Loxpoy Wamnaves, Cannan & a95| 229 |g88 Te GS, per Wbq eompared with 10 Ti, per Wb, for | Home Connumetion, Grp, ‘Point Delivertor. at a SHE) SES |2 on 000 puakan ee Ie I60 wall SY8, perth) fox | (oUDR Ballrexion {rom all tho Bonded Warehouxos in Sa 26 2 Ps FI i the United Kingdom.) a rea e sen) ersloee 707,000 paekayes {0 1491 402 Vb, 38 2A 22/259 4 me | ose | Soe A the Jafloenes of pte on wemewinpton, | moa 207,1,000 te Cen ills a a +s abowing the Influenes of price on ecoxuraption, 1H92 207) (2) & SS ; Tanding and Hous- 9, 0 a. gE |e 2 sh Je Lastraetvo to notlo| that fa Whe) apying of lant | 260L oon hog pa area aan aki Alege 4 le 22g 328 332 year, when common gradoa were ahott 24. per 10. | crease ot nearly one: millionslt. Management Nato 2 9 2 3 110 Billeder itd Reta Gearer than at present, dellverlon fell Gf in w very | ting, but may bo acconntod.for by the high prices He ed ORL OLS, igi eciaee E aus | oer = toartod mater, tbe tolali of Todla ‘Toa\forithe|wix | current foc ‘commen descriptions daring the Bret Petit, Got D9 pPlsss Bf ra write from dascary 2st to June S08 Eaing SAAT, | eehiuie a marked decrease, probably duo tolarar | ent per Week 0 00} a| Aaa << geals (1) 1b,, maainer 012,000 Th, Jn Yoo wane period | direct ahinmonts to tho Gontinent A opeane, 2 |84 a5 EEy 232 8 Hit = rieceesury In eatimating oar wants for tho coming ma 3 23/57 2 aS Ja 1892, Ia tho second half of the yoar, whoa qi0k mano, AbkL thin qeadoal changing of tho eitvation se 25 Ere | gm tions recoded, = reaction tot Jn, nod elearances, | shoald bo kopt in view. At prosont crop eatiwsten a7 5 #8 )25 = szs|seele_< notwithstanding tho coal @triko and the consequent {rom Tudia have not beon recoived, and mast when Cran Gh cy cherece |e B | es qt Z austell Mhey do arrive te considered oly approximate, ar eit om bers > ie] see yartial paralysinofmany Indastries, wore 67/088,0001b, } ax nearly overything deponds, boto in India and Laniling and Hontiog ato 0 6 10 0 6 Of) are = FER 2 = Trlnat 5,500) 1. his sovaon yp to the 250} | Ceylon upgn tho weatbee during masafactre, be Soe oo AO oO il = = £25 | 523 |282 Set er wevar; appear to. be the quantities thax | DUldins and ‘Cerio a 53 | 252 |=3> February 78,107,000 1b. had been taken feom the | Wit mo Holy be. meet from tho Uifotent countries | Boking or ‘Tariog A io Sie 5 Pouded warehouses, compired with 73,002,000 Jb,; | to mncot our requirements, viE.i— ‘soparatoly «= 0 8 5 0 S/R 7 = pep = so that, sboald the total from India be 116 million Tet por weok 00h 0 OF O OF 0 OL) FR ZES aii 242 |3te Tb,, tho priocipal portion of tho oxcess has already India may be expected to faraish ND, dotermlping tho Class ander which a | & Nenstoh 228 | 223/225 aaa, Geylon . Broik is eharacable, the average arors weight must | = i ee Ey SEE EES CBYLON.—Tho yleld from this intend has furthor Java 1 bo ascertained. When tho fraction of the averages Fi expanded, imports during the year onding Deowmber Chine ” Ie half ponad or mors, the higher rate will app! 2 2 £ ‘Biat Jest being 05,894,000 1b,, against 63,011,000 1), ‘Phar the ayerage of = Break being #9} 1b. gross, ¥ g = 3 = jo 1692; while tor sho eight mouth» from July 1aty 2 wholo Break will bo rated at s0-1201b.; but the Z = 2 =, Moh coeDait alles they, wore 40,020,000 1b,, aqainat 4 EE | Breraceneing Jers shan #0) 18, thy whole bres: will 2 Silt fhe 3n4t5,000 1b, Fer the reasons which ethan | PROSPEOTS—Stonld these, figures prove correct, | be rated at £080 Th alts le Geliveries of India Tem niludod to above, consumption | It Inevident Te ET Kylee COMPARATIVE TABLE (SHEWIN —— bas not abown the elaticity whioh mij ve beon | frown Tea len HJaa§ weapon ix cans WEIGHING —It should further te borne in mind: | COMPARATIVE E EWING TH A expected, figures for tho years 1893. nit 1802 bal Fikes from the arcas planted oat ord yoars aloco | havin all caves in ie advitablo to ald at the Garden are 3 THE CALCUTTA; COLOMBO) AND, LONDON Heee ea soar, loca’ We Vegioalagrot 181) how: | Will now come lato, beatings ‘and it ian question | «few ocucesof Toxin wash packace over tho quantity MONTHLY PUBLIC SALES FOR 1895-04 AND 1892-93. ever, Jaouary aod Isbranry fare oveh shown whether the oatlook foe some time is sulticiontly | invoiced, «0 to avold the loss |n waight often = Soom Increase of fully 7 million Ib, In. the smoant tiken Rood Vo indee anata ornare Lo ymake) felis oxton- | caused by fractious Bt panna which (though takeo wae fora wraribouies over (he sama monthalio 1808 | sous. Tho present rato of Tome Comames on Sppanes || foto aceon tin the Loadon Warehense ob a 5 P Fr ae rita havibg bean curtailed) the siutle. | Mardy ‘onoughiito absorb thean focreanlng wurpllos, | wet. recognised “by tho, Customs Hetnoriiee etn (qaugres asp) Gavontno Eon 0] he (Oa Raat] Bates. Heal poiton. bas improved. Quality hse not varied | 8* evring to thelr eipir or it hy go focter | Noighing here. Oo tho oftct hand) the tare should Fat ee fact ipartera’ account.) Heal Pouring the olgkt montha under roviow ibalog | if domestic ura shiny t ine woight of China | geale m fow ounces under the poonds invoiced, font. Galentts Colombo Calantta Colombo 1898-91. 1592-95. geoenally ot with oaly 8 amall proportion of pera: Gooteauently thei tcnporiance of continaing | For example, taka wo cheats, oust) welg Tog 114 7b. seared Coylon. Jara India. Gaylon. Java. ine, and aver have not fluctasted so mooch as aE Sons iN K ae P) P| ——s Ana and) Arerazes BAY BOA regye wrsutraca O401 | of everzouelioteroaied) {nc(be) development ofthe aon Oe tb eliyh WAT Le att Pkgs. Pkgs. Pgs. Phas Phas to Wd. per it, an will by tho table on | industry. Prado with the Continentisatesdily growing, Actual Ton 15 | isealled 79 ol oe Toate toela made at, tho Chleago esioition || No.1. { ee 5 Wo | stay w= THB 2115213 OF #eavon' natn M6 4 seiy rub lo, Rebroary 28th, 77000 puskazos | Will probably havo n far-reaching fetch, te the trea 1 » 9 ee a, OT 97605 2396 Dnt BIL. peel. mgulnncOqd per Tbs foros) United Staten. Considering that the world’s eonuom- | No. 2 Reeeaeis es 3006. season's ee ee aha peel IWsafor, aahuod ||) pelon of eo, motjineludiog Yue amoant used loguliy))” Tn the, frat fastanea theresa las (1.15 uses, and 2 ea in, T4103. Th Chinese from 480 tg 470 mllion Th, of whch | Ja tbe second only of 1 ounee. a7) Renn Octet 18259 nat fadia and Ceylon do not nt present farviah ono-half, Ct i rh 354 2 41003 21002 3 peason's AY A Seven tare Hltaaiiow Neoited theo | yore most bo amplo room for exonneion If the ANALYSIS OF CROP. Z Tune SS0 ee OL ¢ $5002 219 OH wrason'e eon7g 4866 vat tohwavy direat ahipmonte to prodiuss ‘of China and Japan can be atill fartber ME—On the whole, quality bat been inforior to ACA Now seaton’s, nce nae to ia ty t ayemoalions frou al placed in, tho canntrios where they ary nt prosent ‘of 1892, od from ain gardenabas varied con- GRIT, capone of A eel an om Nar pecs ion | eblecy akin. Tha bon alceedyeecared eons | peer n sa Werayes of different iorolees ond 23, ata rk erie oar Rete it | quartors, expoctally as wi ‘seon by tho shipmonts | from the same no n985 80786-15015 OE a Ey enon 71d. Det. fot Sod Pcyaey ia, 1euLoe,_ | 19.2ee Auetralian, Colonten and the Peruiuy Galt | hie no (doubt ix trace Jay sua waists 8¢ 78459 4201 seine} a9 4618 Fant ia tena offered warelot a given below. maar woather at tinss prevalent, and als, {9 gome iostancor, New season's Nencmons rpc, uo appresntel ty Bott Bom nod Coat | Yad, from May 1, 168, to Febraary 14th— No tho, creat dically, exert ode a ailioee 100878, aon pental ‘bayors, but those with thin Aus Hom- Ame- Sundry TAA 46 talllion Ib. ia the provioal araton. i $3992 2501059953 14309 ___Chiet Bare ih sympathy with other gromttir, waco de- tnbtts Hem Ame Suaey ota | MCG AND. SYLIETDariog the carly Aap Torte Oe at fab as ‘i Chiefly én Varian Golf mmooths mauufactnre was carried on under uofavoorable 3 2s 1b. 11 1b. th elrcamatance ‘and an) Tee ruflerod ‘accordingly, | Soptember... 0089917488 7335119751 167575 55423 4470 196475 7199 2526 . 7 ia 1803-4 5/88,000 9,609,000 809,000 685,000 i log thin in cup, Later, however, thero was a F Sasa FROM GONDON: The otal amonn | Te25 gAay;aK) Taro S000 ATH oN Ao | BM jd iroprovemant wad somo very useful iavoless | Obtober | Go a a Tae 64685 2502 178522 7033 4805 Conopared with the two pravloda years, ts as foo 1601.2 288,000 3,053,000 180,000 500,000 #,092, 000 ero reoeived Partly owiog i feeah cletranoss comioy Navember. 16) aps We seats 50539 4381 171688 4foia $008 poe nt mt Goylous teow May 1 (1853 Lo abroacy 14 — raring, th yield nals langer—abous $8 million If Dveea Ot ES a cerry aeel 223 4479 “A890 aso Sooo rom 1 y to end of February 1804 ‘ i: nl ogainat WH million I>. in 1802, January 15605 533 176431 91023 1825 162035 900L 4316 odin. Coylon Calon wide baton Moe 101000 78800) 740900, | DAWSERLING AND THIAL—At watnolletble,| Febrawy, 14243 1600) 16089 14000185811 Boa7k 1802 “O9s4 ids ae La O80 0 ‘ 4 Jast year, aome invoices from tha Fame garden wero x Geo, ea 3 FOL 5 B10 00) 800 200248 00 508 00 133 YOU Fekoloew ile thot bees rare om inferior. |General 1208956 74S 3H3H4 1035610 702066 43164 YE25 190, 2,173,000 1,181,000 18) \ANDEAOLURE—Nodhiby darlog 1609 elfmatia) | PMID, the, erop) hea Dogan) rently imeirer at a 9 Yous Sepk00) 1688000 pebrerabeac nar arte crt rgaitod Pata men tree gu od CEE sare ={ A008 greed No Salos EN aso 70408 4928 throngbost Iodia for tho production of Gne quality. | GOATS Excessive Nasbor have f/equantly pre. April. Z eS ee, 69143 56034 6003. allel) throughout she season, reollriag'ake woaou. | Total... AaN778 SHAQ" SAE) SEY Pigs Page, RE GID ANTS - - - es. The. Pkgs. Pigs. Pegs and for the threo complete yeare— From Ist January to Slat December 21,000 4,006,000 1,202,000 21,851,000 62,000 448,000 2,841,000 27,653,000 10,000 2,083,000 2,285,000 25,285,000 Th ae dlatricta judging ron tho stslo—groxt ca Ha Bien Ah aioe Sho crop, altheu:h | Fueturn of fue ‘Tea almost out of the questions Quality to that of tho previous gear in cup, Sens oltan peer eee ape as cos | N-B.—To, da’e 1,169, to tnekte. aod Wherefore it {eto be hoped that the | 4 million Tb. (000 packages of tho 1893 India crop bays heen sol 5 : Sy te Seal eS a » * AL NS S Aw A \\ A